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6.013/ESD.013J Electromagnetics and Applications, Fall 2005
( p = q d dipole moment)
d
+q
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 1 of 40
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 2 of 40
Q inside V =
q N d i da =
S
dV
paired charge or
equivalently
polarization
charge density
Qinside V = P i da = i P dV =
S
dV
(Divergence Theorem)
P = q N d = Np
i P = P
B. Gauss Law
i
( E) =
o
total
= u + P = u i P
Unpaired charge
density; also
called free charge
density
E + P = u
D = o E + P
i D = u
C. Boundary Conditions
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 3 of 40
D i da =
i D = u
i P = P
dV n i D a Db = su
P i da =
S
i o E = u + P
dV n i P a P b = sp
E i da =
(
V
+ P ) dV n i o Ea Eb = su + sp
Q = q N dV = q N d i da = P i da
d ip =
Q
P
=
i da
t
t
= Jp i da
Jp =
Amperes law:
x H = Ju + Jp +
= Ju +
P
+
t
= Ju +
o
E + P
t
= Ju +
; D = 0E + P
t
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 4 of 40
= Eo z = E or cos
(r = R, ) = 0
R3
(r, ) = Eo r 2 cos
r
p cos
4 or 2
with p = 4 oE oR 3
s (r = R, ) =
oEr (r = R, ) = o
=
r =R
oEo 1 +
2R 3
r3
cos
r =R
= 3oEo cos
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 5 of 40
E =
v
,
d
s =
q = s A =
C =
A
d
E =
v
d
q
A
=
v
d
P = 4 o R 3 E o i z Pz = N p z = 4 o R 3 E o N
N= 1
s3
R
o 4 E = e o E
R
e = 4
P=
e (electric susceptibility)
D=
o E + P = o 1 + e E = E
R
= r o = o 1 + e = o 1
+ 4
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 6 of 40
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 7 of 40
E=
v
v
s = E =
d
d
q = s A =
i = C
C =
v C=
V =
( o ) A
d
q
A
=
v
d
v
o
Rs
3
R A
= 4 o
s d
C=1.5 pf
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 8 of 40
v 0 = C R s V
m+
p +
dv +
= q + E m + + v +
dt
n+
p
dv
= q E m v
dt
n
p + = n + kT , p = n kT
m+
dv +
= q+ E
dt
J+ = q+ n + v +
dv
= q E
dt
J = q n v
q+ E
q 2n
dJ +
d
dv +
q + n + v + = q+ n +
= q+ n +
= + + E
=
dt
dt
dt
m+
m+
p2 +
q E
q 2n
dJ
d
dv
=
q n v = q n
= q n
= E
dt
dt
dt
m
m
p2
p2 + =
q + 2 n +
,
m+
p2 =
q 2 n
m
( p = plasma frequency)
p =
q2 n
5.6 x 1011 rad/s
m
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 9 of 40
fp =
p
2
9 x 1010 Hz
(n + k T )
q+
dv +
kT
m+
= q+ E m + + v +
v+ =
E
n +
dt
n+
m+ +
m + +n+
(n k T )
q
dv
kT
= q E m v
v =
E
n
dt
n
m
m n
J+ = q + n + v + =
q + 2n +
qkT
n
+
E +
m+ +
m + +
J = q n v =
+ = q+ n + ,
q 2n
qkT
n
E+
m
m
= q n
J+ = + + E D + +
J = E D
+ =
q+
m+ +
q
m
charge molulities
D+ =
D =
kT
m + +
kT
Molecular
Diffusion
Coefficients
D+
D
kT
= thermal voltage (25 mV@ T 300o K)
= =
q
+
Einsteins Relation
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 10 of 40
J+ = 0 = + + E D + + = + + D + +
J = 0 = E D = D
D+
k T
+ =
(ln + )
q
+ +
D
kT
=
(ln )
q
+ = o e q / kT
Boltzmann Distributions
= o e + q / kT
+ ( = 0 ) = ( = 0 ) = o
2 =
( +
+ )
q / kT
sinh
e+ q / kT =
2o
q
kT
(Poisson - Boltzmann Equation)
sinh
q
<< 1
kT
q q
kT
kT
20q
=0
k T
=0 ;
L d2
Ld =
k T
2 o q
Debye Length
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 11 of 40
D. Case Studies
1. Planar Sheet
d2
2 =0
2
dx
Ld
B.C. ( x ) = 0
= A1 ex / L d + A2 ex / L d
(x) =
( x = 0 ) = Vo
Vo ex / L d
x>0
Vo e+x / Ld
x<0
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 12 of 40
Vo x / L d
e
Ld
Ex =
d
=
dx
x>0
dEx
=
dx
Vo x / Ld
e
Ld
Vo
L d2
V
o
L
2
d
x<0
ex / Ld
x>0
e+x / Ld
x<0
2
Vo
s ( x = 0 ) = Ex ( x = 0+ ) Ex ( x = 0 ) =
L d
=0
L d2
r = A1er / Ld + A2 e+r / L d
1 2
r
r2 r r
=
d2
r
(r ) 2 = 0 0
dr 2
Ld
(r ) =
Q
er / L d
4 r
1 2
(r )
r r2
E. Ohmic Conduction
J+ = + + E D + +
J = E D
= ohmic conductivity
J = E (Ohms Law)
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 13 of 40
F. pn Junction Diode
Transition region
Charge density
Electric field
V0
Potential V
An open-circuited pn diode
k T N A ND
ln
q
ni2
(X = 0 ) = p +
= n p =
q NA xp2
2
= n
q ND x n2
2
q NA xp2
q ND x n2
+
2
2
q ND x n
( xn + xp )
2
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 14 of 40
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 15 of 40
C=
D i da
qu
=
v
E i ds
E i ds
v
R= =
i
E i ds
L
J i da
E i ds
RC =
E i ds
E i da
E i da
S
E i da
E i da
E i ds
Check:
Parallel Plate Electrodes: R =
l
,
A
C=
A
l
RC =
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 16 of 40
Coaxial
R=
ln b
a ,
2 l
C=
2 l
ln b
RC =
Concentric Spherical
1
1
R1 R 2
R=
,
4
C=
4
1
1
R1 R 2
RC =
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 17 of 40
i Ju +
u
=0
t
iE =
Ju = E
i E
u
t
=0
u = 0
e =
u
t
u
t
u
e
=0
u = 0
(r, t = 0 ) e t
e
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 18 of 40
J i da = E i da =
qu
dq
dt
dq
q
+
= 0 q = q ( t = 0 ) e t e
e
dt
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 19 of 40
r < R1
u ( t = 0 ) =
QT =
0
u ( t ) =
r > R1
0 e t e
( e
r < R1
Er (r, t ) =
4
R 13 0
3
= )
r > R1
0 r e t e
Q r e t e
=
3
4 R 13
Q e t e
4 r2
Q
4 0 r2
0 < r < R1
R1 < r < R 2
r > R2
su (r = R 2 ) = 0 Er (r = R 2 + ) Er (r = R 2 )
=
Q
1 e t e
4 R 22
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 20 of 40
From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987.
Used with permission.
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 21 of 40
n C i v1 = C
dv 2
dt
v1 = V 1 e st
n C i v 2 = C
dv1
dt
n Ci V 1 = C s V 2
v 2 = V 2 e st
n Ci V 2 = C s V 1
n Ci
Cs
1 V1
=0
n Ci
Cs V2
Det = 0
n Ci
n Ci
=1 s =
C
Cs
root blows up
n Ci
eC
Any perturbation grows exponentially with time
From Electromagnetic Field Theory: A Problem Solving Approach, by Markus Zahn, 1987. Used with permission.
dv 2
dt
dv 3
n C i v 2 = C
dt
dv1
n C i v 3 = C
dt
n C i v1 = C
n Ci
Cs
Cs
n Ci
0
v1 = V 1 e st
v 2 = V 2 e st
v 3 = V 3 e st
Cs
n Ci
V1
V2 = 0
V3
det = 0
6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion
Prof. Markus Zahn
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 22 of 40
(n Ci )
1
n Ci
3
3
+ ( Cs ) = 0 s =
( 1)
C
( 1)
13
s2, 3 =
= 1,
1 3j
2
n Ci
1 3 j (blows up exponentially because sreal >0 ; but also
2C
oscillates at frequency simag 0)
i Ju +
u
=0
t
i da +
d
u dV = 0
dt V
n i Ja Jb +
d
su = 0
dt
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 23 of 40
A. General Equations
_
Ea ( t ) i x
0<x<a
E=
_
Eb ( t ) i x
b < x < 0
dx = v ( t ) = Eb ( t ) b + Ea ( t ) a
n i Ja Jb +
Eb ( t ) =
v (t)
b
dsu
d
aEa ( t ) bEb ( t ) = 0
= 0 a Ea ( t ) b Eb ( t ) +
dt
dt
Ea ( t )
a
b
v (t)
d
v (t)
a Ea ( t ) b
Ea ( t ) a +
Ea ( t ) a = 0
aEa ( t ) b
b
dt
b
v ( t ) b dv
b a dEa
a
+ a + b Ea ( t ) = b
+
a +
b dt
b
b
b dt
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 24 of 40
B. Step Voltage: v ( t ) = V u ( t )
Then
dv
= V ( t ) (an impulse)
dt
At t=0
b a dEa b dv b
=
=
V ( t )
a +
b dt
b dt
b
b a dEa
a
dt = a + b Ea
a +
b dt
b
t = 0
t = 0+
t = 0+
t = 0
0+
t = 0
b
b
V ( t ) dt =
b
b
Ea ( t = 0 ) = 0
b a
b
b V
V Ea ( t = 0 + ) =
a +
Ea ( t = 0 + ) =
b b + b a
b
b
For t > 0,
dv
=0
dt
b a dEa
a
+ a + b Ea ( t ) = b V
a +
b
dt
b
b
Ea ( t ) =
b V
b + b a
+ A e t
; = a
ab + b a
ab + b a
Ea ( t = 0 ) =
b V
+A =
ab + b a
b V
b
b
A=V
ab + b a
ab + b a ab + b a
Ea ( t ) =
b V
b V
1 et +
et
ab + b a
ab + b a
Eb ( t ) =
V
a
Ea ( t )
b
b
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 25 of 40
V a
su ( t ) = a Ea ( t ) b Eb ( t ) = a E a ( t ) b E a ( t )
b b
a
V
= Ea ( t ) a + b b
b
b
V ( b a a b )
( ab + b a)
(1 e )
t
Ea ( t ) = Re Ea e jt
Eb ( t ) = Re Eb e jt
d
a E a ( t ) b Eb ( t ) = 0
dt
Ea
a + j a Eb
b + j b = 0
Eb b + Ea a = V
Eb =
V Ea a
b
b
V Ea a
Ea =
a + j a b b b + j b = 0
a
V
E a = a + j a + ( b + j b ) = b + j b = 0
b
b
Ea
Eb
V
=
=
j b + b
j a + a
b
( a + j a ) + a ( b + j b )
su =
=
a Ea b Eb
b ( a +
( a b b a )
j a ) + a ( b +
j b )
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 26 of 40
V
Ra
Rb
+
R a C a j + 1 R b Cb j + 1
R a =
Ca =
a
b
, R b =
a A
b A
a A
a
, Cb =
b A
b
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 27 of 40
XIII.
Magnetic Dipoles
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 28 of 40
Diamagnetism
I=
e
2
e
2
m = I R 2 iz =
e
2
R2 i z =
e R 2 _
iz
2
_
_
_ _
Angular Momentum L = meR i r v = me R ( R ) i r i = me R 2 i z
2me
r p
=
m
e
linear momentum
L is quantized in units of
h
,
2
(Plancks constant)
m =
e L
2 me
eh
eh
9.3 x 1024 amp m2
=
2 (2 ) me
4 me
Bohr magneton mB
(smallest unit of
magnetic moment)
Imagine all Bohr magnetons in sphere of radius R aligned. Net magnetic moment is
m = mB R 3
Total mass
of sphere
A0
M0
molecular weight
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 29 of 40
m = i R 2 = mB
A
A
4
4
R 3 0 i = mB R 0
3
M0
3
M0
6.023 1026
4
For R = 10 cm i = 9.3 10-24 (.1) 7.86 103
56
3
H=
0 m
4 r3 0
_
_
E=
_
_
2 cos i r
+ sin i
4 0 r
Analogy
p 0 m
P = Np M = Nm ,
Polarization
Magnetization
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 30 of 40
EQS
MQS
i 0 E = u i P
i 0 H = i 0 M
p = i P (Polarization or paired
m = i 0 M (magnetic charge
charge density)
n i 0 E E
) = n i P
b
P + su
a
b
sp = n i P P
density)
b
a
b
n i 0 H H = n i 0 M M
a
b
sm = n i 0 M M
H = J
E =
0 H + M
t
Lectures 6 & 7
Page 31 of 40
B.
MQS Equations
iB = 0
a
a
n i B B = 0
E =
H = J
v=
d
,
dt
= B i da (total flux)
From Electromagnetic Fields and Energy by Hermann A. Haus and James R. Melcher. Used with permission.
sm = n i 0 M M
) (z = d 2 ) =
sm
sm z = d
M0
) =
M0
x H = J = 0 H =
6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion
Prof. Markus Zahn
Lecture 6 & 7
Page 32 of 40
i 0 H = 0 2 = m = i 0 M
2 =
(z) =
r'=0
r'=0
()
r =
sm z = d
V'
M
(z) = 0
2
M
= 0
2
( )
m r ' dV '
4 0
r r '
) 2 r ' dr ' +
4 0 r r '
sm z = d
r'=0
0 Mo 2 r ' dr '
4 0 r '2 + z
2
0 Mo 2 r ' dr '
r'=0
2
2
d
4 0 r ' + z +
2
r ' dr '
r '2 + ( z + a)2
1 R
2 2
d
2
r ' + z
2
r '= 0
2
2
d
d
2
R + z
z
2
2 r ' dr '
2
4 0 r r '
2
= r '2 + ( z + a)
2
d
r ' + z +
2
1
2
r '=0
R 2 + z +
2
d
+ z+
2
Lecture 6 & 7
Page 33 of 40
d
z
M0
2
1
2
2
2
2
d
R 2 + z
R
2
Hz =
1
2
2
d
+ z +
2
z + 2
z >
d
2
=
z
d
z
M0
2
1
2
2
2
2
d
R 2 + z
R
2
z + 2
2
d
+ z +
2
+ 2
d
d
<z<
2
2
Lecture 6 & 7
Page 34 of 40
H i dl = H
2 r = N1i H =
N1i
N1i
2 r 2 R
w2
4
= N 2 = N2 B
w2
4
VH = i1 R1 = R1
v2 =
H 2 R
N1
d2
dVv
= i2 R 2 + Vv = Vv + R 2 C2
dt
dt
If R 2 >>
d2
dVv
1
R 2 C2
2 = R 2 C2 Vv
C2
dt
dt
Vv =
w2
N2 B
4
1
w2
N2 B
R 2 C2 4
Lecture 6 & 7
Page 35 of 40
Lecture 6 & 7
Page 36 of 40
XVII.
Magnetic Circuits
In iron core:
H=0
lim B = H
B finite
H i dl = Hs = Ni H =
= 0 H Dd =
Ni
s
0 Dd N
i
s
B i da = 0
S
= N =
0 Dd 2
Dd 2
N i L= = 0
N
s
i
s
Lecture 6 & 7
Page 37 of 40
XVIII. Reluctance
R=
(length)
Ni
s
=
=
A. Reluctances In Series
R1 =
s1
,
1 a1 D
R2 =
s2
2 a2 D
Ni
R1 + R2
H i dl = H
s1 + H2 s2 = Ni
Lecture 6 & 7
Page 38 of 40
= 1 H1 a1 D = 2 H2 a2 D
H1 =
2 a2 Ni
;
1 a1 s2 + 2 a2 s1
H2 =
1 a1 Ni
1 a1 s2 + 2 a2 s1
B. Reluctances In Parallel
H i dl = H
s = H2 s = Ni H1 = H2 =
Ni
= ( 1 H1 a1 + 2 H2 a2 ) D =
P1 =
P=
1
;
R1
P2 =
Ni (R 1 + R2 )
R1 R2
= Ni (P1 + P2 )
1
R2
1
[Permeances, analogous to Conductance]
R
XIX. Transformers
(Ideal)
Lecture 6 & 7
Page 39 of 40
A. Voltage/Current Relationships
N1 i1 N2 i2
;
R
Another way:
R=
l
A
H i dl = Hl = N
i N2 i2
1 1
H=
N1 i1 N2 i2
l
= HA =
N i N i
A
(N1 i1 N2 i2 ) = 1 1 2 2
l
R
1 = N1 =
A
N12 i1 N1 N2 i2 = L1 i1 Mi2
l
2 = N2 =
A
N1 N2 i1 N22 i2 = Mi1 + L 2 i2
L1 = N12 L 0 , L 2 = N22 L 0 , M = N1 N2 L 0 , L 0 =
M = L1 L 2
A 1
=
R
l
v1 =
d1
di
di
= L1 1 M 2 = N1L 0
dt
dt
dt
di2
di1
N1 dt N2 dt
v2 =
d2
di
di
= +M 1 L 2 2 = N2L 0
dt
dt
dt
di1
di2
+N1 dt N2 dt
v1
N
= 1
v2
N2
lim H 0 N1 i1 = N2 i2
i1
N
= 2
i2
N
1
v1 i1
=1
v2 i2
Lecture 6 & 7
Page 40 of 40