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6.013/ESD.013J Electromagnetics and Applications, Fall 2005

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6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion


Prof. Markus Zahn
Lecture 18: Fields and Moving Media
November 15,2005

I. Ohms Law in Moving Media

Force on moving charge: f = q E + v B

Consider force on moving charge in reference frame (denoted as prime (') frame)
moving at charge velocity v . Then f = qE as in the moving frame the relative
velocity is zero.

With v constant, f and f are inertial frames (non-accelerating) so that:

f = f qE = q ( E + v + B ) E = E + v + B

in primed frame: J = E = E + v B

If system is charge neutral, as is usual case in MQS systems

J = J = (E + v B)

II. Moving Media MQS Problem

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion


Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 18
Page 1 of 20

Moving Contour C
d

E ' i dl = dt B i n da

v =

d
B h
dt
B and n in opposite directions

v = B h

d
= B h V
dt

Stationary Contour C
d

E i dl = dt B i n da = 0

C'

S'

E ' = 0 = E + v B in moving perfect conductor

v + v B

h=0

v = B h V

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion


Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 18
Page 2 of 20

III. Faradays Disk (Homopolar Generator)

B0 =

0 N if
s

J = E + v B E =

E i dl =

Er dr +
1

ir
J
v B Er =
rB 0

2 dr

E i dl = 0
3

vr
vr =

R0

Ri

Er dr =

ir

2 dr

R B 0
ir

rB 0 dr =
ln 0
R 20 R i2

2
d
R
2

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion


Prof. Markus Zahn

)
Lecture 18
Page 3 of 20

= irR r G if
ln

R0

Ri
,
2 d

Rr =

G=

0N 2
R 0 R i2
2s

Representative Numbers: copper ( 6 x 10 7 siemen / m ) , d = 1 mm


= 3600 rpm = 120 rad / s
R 0 = 10 cm, R i = 1 cm, B 0 = 1 tesla

v 0c =

isc =

B 0
R 0 2 R i2 1.9 V
2

v 0c 2 d
3 x 105 amp
R0

ln

Ri

T=

R0

= ir B 0 i z

r ir J B r dr d dz

= 0 z = 0 r =R i

R0

r dr

Ri

_
ir B 0
R 02 R i2 i z
2

= G if ir i z

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion


Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 18
Page 4 of 20

IV. Self-Excited DC Homopolar Generator

if = ir i
L

di
+ i (R G ) = 0 ; R = R r + R f
dt

L = Lr + L f
R G ] t / L
i ( t ) = I0 e [

G > R

Self-Excited

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion


Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 18
Page 5 of 20

V. Self-Excited AC Homopolar Generator

di1
+ (R G ) i1 + G i2 = 0
dt

di2
+ (R G ) i2 G i1 = 0
dt

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion


Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 18
Page 6 of 20

i1 = I1 e st , i2 = I2 e st

(Ls + R G ) I1

+ G I2 = 0

GI1 + (Ls + R G) I2 = 0

(Ls + R G)

+ ( G ) = 0
2

Ls + R G = jG

s=

(R G) j G
L

I1
G
=
= j
I2
(Ls + R G)

Self Excited: G > R


Oscillation frequency: 0 = Im ( s ) = G L

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion


Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 18
Page 7 of 20

VI. Self-Excited Periodic Motor Speed Reversals

di (R Gg g ) i Gm m If
+
=
dt
L
L
6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion
Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 18
Page 8 of 20

d m
= Gm I f i
dt

i = I est , m = W est
R G g g

Gm If
I s +
W
=0
L
L

G I
I m f + Ws = 0
J
R G g g ( G m If )

s s +
=0
+
L
JL

(R G
s=

g )

2L

R G 2 ( G I )2
g
g
m f



2L
JL

Self-excitation: Gg g > R
Oscillations if s has an imaginary part:

( Gm If )

JL

R G g g
>

2L

VII. DC Commutator Machines


Quasi-One Dimensional Description
A. Electrical Equations

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion


Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 18
Page 9 of 20

E i dl = dt B i n da

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion


Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 18
Page 10 of 20

1. Field Winding

E i dl = v

if
dl = v f + if R f
A
winding

Resistance of field winding


J

f = B i n da = L f if
S

v f + if R f = L f

vf = L f

dif
dt

dif
+ if R f
dt

2. Armature Winding

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion


Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 18
Page 11 of 20

Reminder: f = q E + v B = qE '

E' = E + v B
Take Stationary Contour through armature winding

E = E' v B

E i dl = v

(E ' v B) i dl

b
_
i

= va + a + R Br i z i dl ;
A

v = R i
B = ir Br ( )

= va + ia R a + R (Brf )av lN
=

di
d
B i da = L a a

dt S
dt

dia
+ G if
dt
B. Mechanical Equations
v a = ia R a + L a

F = i Jz Br = i

(G i

= lNR (Brf )av

_
ia
Br , f = F A w l = i ia lBr
Aw

T = f R = ia lBr R N = Gif ia

d2
= T = Gif ia
dt2

C. Linear Amplifier
1) Open Circuit
v f = Vf , ia = 0 if = Vf R f
va = G Vf R f

2) Resistively Loaded Armature (DC Generator)


va = ia R L = ia R a + G Vf R f

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion


Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 18
Page 12 of 20

ia =

G Vf
R f (R a + R L )

va =

G Vf R L
R f (R a + R L )

D. DC Motors
1) Shunt Excitation: va = v f = v t
v t = if R f = ia R a + G if

if (R f G) = ia R a
if =

Vt
V (R f G)
, ia = t
Rf
Rf
Ra
2

V
T = Gif ia = G t
Rf

(R f

G )
Ra

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion


Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 18
Page 13 of 20

2) Series: ia = if = it

it (R f + R a + G) = vt
it =

vt
(R f + R a + G )

T = G it2 = G

(R f

v t2

+ R a + G )

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion


Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 18
Page 14 of 20

VIII. Self-Excited Machines

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion


Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 18
Page 15 of 20

6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion


Prof. Markus Zahn

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Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 18
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6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion


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6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion


Prof. Markus Zahn

Lecture 18
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6.013, Electromagnetic Fields, Forces, and Motion


Prof. Markus Zahn

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