Paraphrasing, Summarizing, Synthesizing Hery EAP 27092014

Paraphrasing, Summarizing,
Synthesizing
Made Hery Santosa, PhD
info@mhsantosa.com
2 The difference between a project and an essay is:

(a) essays are longer
(b) projects are longer
(c) students choose projects topics
EAP - English Study Program
How much do you know about academic writing?

1 The main difference between academic writing and normal writing
is that academic writing:
(a) uses longer words
(b) tries to be precise and unbiased
(c) is harder to understand
10/25/2013
Quiz
4 The best time to write an introduction is often:

(a) first
(b) last
(c) after writing the main body
3 Teachers complain most about students:

(a) not answering the question given
(b) not writing enough
(c) not referencing properly
10/25/2013
Quiz
6 Making careful notes is essential for:

(a) writing essays
(b) revising for exams
(c) all academic work
5 Plagiarism is:
(a) a dangerous disease
(b) an academic offence
(c) an academic website
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Quiz
8 Paraphrasing a text means:

(a) making it shorter
(b) changing a lot of the vocabulary
(c) adding more detail
7 An in-text citation looks like:

(a) (Manton, 2008)
(b) (Richard Manton, 2008)
(c) (Manton, R. 2008)
10/25/2013
Quiz
10 The purpose of an introduction is:

(a) to give your aims and methods
(b) to excite the reader
(c) to summarise your ideas
9 Paragraphs always contain:

(a) six or more sentences
(b) an example
(c) a topic sentence
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Quiz
12 Teachers expect students to adopt a critical approach to their

sources:
(a) sometimes
(b) only for Masters work
(c) always
11 Proof-reading means:
(a) getting a friend to check your work
(b) checking for minor errors
(c) re-writing
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Quiz
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Academic Writing
involves
terminologies
uses the third

person
complex
sentences
uses various
footnoting and
referencing
systems
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is precise,
impersonal and
objective
WRITING PROCESS
identifying lexical items associated with this content;
formulating syntactic structures;
inflecting words to give them the necessary morphology;
monitoring for appropriate register;
ensuring that the intended new text is tied into the immediately preceding text in
a way that maintains cohesion;
searching for and retrieving relevant content;
10/25/2013
monitoring the thematic coherence of the text;
formulating and executing motor plans for key strokes that will form the text on screen;
establishing the extent to which the just-generated clause or sentence moves the
text as a whole nearer the intended goal; and
revising goals in the light of new ideas cued by the just-produced text.
10
to report on a piece of research the writer has

conducted
to answer a question the writer has been given
or chosen
to discuss a subject of common interest and
give the writers view
to synthesize research done by others on a topic
Writers should be clear why they are writing. The

most common reasons for writing include:
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THE PURPOSE OF ACADEMIC WRITING
11
Text 1
To promote tourism and market destination, it is important to
study the tourists attitude, behaviour and demand. The studies of
Levitt (1986) and Kotler and Armstrong (1994) suggest that an
understanding of consumer behaviour may help with the
marketing planning process in tourism marketing. The research of
consumer behaviour is the key to the underpinning of all
marketing activity, which is carried out to develop, promote and
sell tourism products (Swarbrooke and Horner, 1999; Asad, 2005).
Therefore, the study of consumer behaviour has become
necessary for the sake of tourism marketing.
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Features of Academic Writing
12
Text 2
The romance of travel has always fascinated me, and our recent
trip to Thailand lived up to expectations. We flew from Dubai and
after a comfortable flight arrived in Bangkok just as the sun was
rising. Our stay in the city lasted only a couple of days before we
set off for the hill country around Chang Mai, where we were
planning to visit some of the indigenous tribes who live in this
mountainous region. When we arrived the weather was rather
disappointing, but after a day the heavy rain gave way to
sparkling clear sunshine.
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13
Text 3
Equally, from a political perspective, the nature of state involvement in
and policies for tourism is dependent on both the political-economic
structures and the prevailing political ideology in the destination state,
with comparisons typically made between market-led and centrally
planned economies. For example, the ThatcherReagan inspired neoliberalism of the 1980s, and the subsequent focus on privatisation and
the markets in many Western nations contrasted starkly with the then
centrally planned tourism sectors in the former Eastern Europe (Buckley
and Witt, 1990; Hall, 1991). At the same time, of course, it has also
long been recognised that the political-economic relationship of one
nation with another or with the wider international community (that is,
the extent of political-economic dependency) may represent a
significant influence on tourism development (Telfer, 2002). Thus, in
short, tourism planning and development in the destination tends to
reflect both the structures and political ideologies of the state and its
international politicaleconomic relations.
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14
15
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1. Able to describe differences

between paraphrasing, summarizing
and synthesizing in academic writing
2. Able to write concise academic
writing by paraphrasing,
summarizing and synthesizing
Basic competencies:
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Paraphrasing, Summarizing and Synthesizing
16
This could be
paraphrased:
Why the industrial

revolution occurred
in Britain in the
eighteenth century,
instead of on the
continent, has been
the subject of
considerable
discussion.
There has been

much debate about
the reasons for the
industrial
revolution
happening in
eighteenth-century
Britain, rather than
in France or
Germany.
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Paraphrasing
17
This could be paraphrased:

Galileo was able to make some amazing discoveries with his telescope.
He made discoveries about the moon, about Jupiter, and about the
Milky Way. He was able to do this with a telescope that was less
powerful than even today's most basic telescopes.
In 1610, Galileo Galilei published a small book describing astronomical

observations that he had made of the skies above Padua. His
homemade telescopes had less magnifying and resolving power than
most beginners telescopes sold today, yet with them he made
astonishing discoveries: that the moon has mountains and other
topographical features; that Jupiter is orbited by satellites, which he
called planets; and that the Milky Way is made up of individual stars.
From David Owen, The Dark Side: Making War on Light Pollution,
The New Yorker (20 August 2007).
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Paraphrasing
18
has a different structure to the original

has mainly different vocabulary
retains the same meaning
keeps some phrases from the original
that are in common use e.g. industrial
revolution or eighteenth century
Note that an effective paraphrase

usually:
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Paraphrasing
19
Changing the wording of a

text so that it is significantly
different from the original
source, without changing the
meaning.
Effective paraphrasing is a
key academic skill needed to
avoid the risk of plagiarism: it
demonstrates your
understanding of a source.
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Paraphrasing
20
2. It has been reported that the richest one percent of Americans own 40%
of the country's wealth.
a. The richest 1% are 40 times as wealthy as the rest of Americans.
b. If the gap between rich and poor continues to grow at the current rate,
the richest one percent will soon own 40% of the country's wealth.
c. 40% of the country's wealth is in the hands of only 1% of Americans.
d. 99% of Americans own 40% as much as the richest 1%.
1. 25% of adolescents who have one baby have a second baby within two
years of the first baby's birth.
a. 25% of babies are born to mothers who are adolescents.
b. One out of four adolescent mothers has another baby before the first
baby reaches his second birthday.
c. A quarter of adolescent mothers gives birth when their first born is two.
d. 25% of adolescent mothers become pregnant again when their first
babies are two years old.
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Quiz
21
4. Research data suggest that girls who witnessed maternal abuse may tolerate abuse as adults
more than girls who did not.
a. Women who witnessed the abuse of their mother as teens are more likely to become
abusive adults.
b. Women who observed the abuse of their mothers when they were young are more likely to
endure abuse themselves.
c. Women who were abused as children are more likely to abuse their own children.
d. Girls who testify about maternal abuse tolerate abuse as adults more readily.
5. Martha thinks that the issue of adolescent problems is important to write about.
a. Martha thinks that adolescents like to write about their problems.
b. Martha feels that writing about adolescent problems is worthwhile.
c. Martha believes that the dream of most adolescents is to write something important.
d. Martha thinks that adolescents can write about their problems.
3. The judge was relieved when the jury was finally ready to announce its verdict.
a. When the jury announced its verdict, the judge was relieved.
b. The judge asked the jury to arrive at a verdict.
c. The judge welcomed the prospect of an imminent verdict.
d. The jury welcomed the judge's relief.
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Quiz
22
Techniques for Paraphrasing

argues > claims
eighteenth century > 1700s
wages > labour costs
economise > saving
NB. Do not attempt to paraphrase every word, since some have no true synonym,
e.g. demand, economy, energy
Changing word class:

explanation (n.) > explain (v.)
mechanical (adj.) > mechanise (v.)
profitable (adj.) > profitability (n.)
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Changing vocabulary by using synonyms:
Changing word order:

. . . the best explanation for the British location of the industrial revolution is found by
studying demand factors > A focus on demand may help explain the UK origin of the
industrial revolution.
23
Example: The rise of the automobile industry matches the

progress of contemporary capitalism.
It began in France and Germany, but took off in the United
States.
There Henry Ford adapted the moving production line from the
Chicago meat industry to motor manufacturing, thus inventing
mass production.
Find synonyms for the words underlined.

The growth of the car industry parallels the development of
modern capitalism.
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Practice this
24
Example: In the 1920s, with help from the managerial theories of

Alfred Sloan, General Motors dominated the worlds car
companies.
After the second world war the car makers focused on the styling
of their products, to encourage more frequent model changes.
From the 1970s there was criticism of the industry due to the
inefficiency of most vehicles, which used petrol wastefully.
Change the word class of the underlined words, and then rewrite the sentences
In the 1920s Alfred Sloans management theories helped General
Motors to become the worlds dominant car company.
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Practice this
25
Practice this
Today the industry owns some of the most famous brands in the world.
At the same time, trades unions became increasingly militant in

defence of their members jobs.
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Change the word order of the following sentences (other changes

may be needed)
However, many car makers are currently threatened by increased

competition and saturated markets.
26
Example: At the same time increasingly militant trades unions

defended their members jobs.
Compare your summary with others in your class. What is needed for a
good summary?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
Write a summary of one of the topics below in no more than 20 words.

(a) One of your parents
(b) A town or city you know well
(c) A film you have recently watched
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Summarizing
27
(a) Write the summary from your notes, re-organising the structure if needed.
(b) Make notes of the key points, paraphrasing where possible.
(c) Read the original text carefully and check any new or difficult vocabulary.
Study the stages of summary writing below, which have been mixed up. Put
them in the correct order.
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Stages of Summarizing
(d) Mark the key points by underlining or highlighting.

(e) Check the summary to ensure it is accurate and nothing important has been
changed or lost.
28
Paraphrasing attempts to
restate the relevant
information
Summarising aims to reduce

information to a suitable
length
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Summarizing and Paraphrasing
29
Teachers may play an essentially heroic or charismatic role in the

classroom and so doing may end up serving in the capacity of ego ideal
for the student. Some teachers will accomplish this by emphasizing their
expertise, and some will accomplish it by emphasizing their high status
within the students chosen field, but clearly it is possible for a teacher to
play the role of expert or socializing agent without becoming in any
meaningful sense a part of the students ideal. Perhaps the key attributes
of the teacher as ego ideal are his commitment, or, as it is sometimes
referred to, his enthusiasm. Some teachers who function primarily as
facilitators convey, by their devotion to an underlying educational
philosophy and by their capacity to be patient and helpful, certain
qualities which cause some students to identify strongly with them. We
cite this particular example because it is all too easy to associate the ego
ideal with the flamboyant teacher whose performances amount to an
intellectual and interpersonal demonstration of power.
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Summarizing
30
Teachers role as an ego ideal in the classroom may

be represented by a demonstration of personal
and interpersonal competences as well as his/her
expertise in a particular subject area.
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Example of Summary
31
Practice this
MECHANICAL PICKERS
Although harvesting cereal crops such as wheat and barley has long been done by large
machines known as combine harvesters, mechanising the picking of fruit crops such as
tomatoes or apples has proved more difficult. Farmers have generally relied on human labour
to harvest these, but in wealthy countries it has become increasingly difficult to find pickers
willing to work for the wages farmers are able to pay. This is partly because the demand for
labour is seasonal, usually in the autumn, and also because the work is hard and demanding.
As a result, in areas such as California part of the fruit harvest is often unpicked and left to rot.
There are several obvious reasons why developing mechanical pickers is challenging. Fruit such
as grapes or strawberries comes in a variety of shapes and does not always ripen at the same
time. Outdoors, the ground conditions can vary from dry to muddy, and winds may move
branches around. Clearly each crop requires its own solution: machines may be towed through
orchards by tractors or move around by themselves using sensors to detect the ripest fruit. This
new generation of fruit harvesters is possible due to advances in computing power and sensing
ability. Such devices will inevitably be expensive, but will save farmers from the complexities of
managing a labour force. In addition, the more intelligent pickers should be able to develop a
database of information on the health of each individual plant, enabling the grower to provide
it with fertiliser and water to maintain its maximum productivity.
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Read the following text (3.1) and the summaries (a)(c). Rate them 1 (best) 3.
32
(a) Fruit crops have usually been picked by hand, as it is difficult to

mechanise the process. But in rich countries it has become hard to find
affordable pickers at the right time so fruit is often wasted. Therefore
intelligent machines have been developed that can overcome the
technical problems involved, and also provide the farmer with useful
data about the plants.
(b) Developing machines that can pick fruit such as tomatoes or apples is
a challenging task, due to the complexity of locating ripe fruit in an
unpredictable outdoor environment, where difficult conditions can be
produced by wind or water. But recent developments in computing
ability mean that growers can now automate this process, which
should save them money and increase their profits.
(c) Strawberries and grapes are the kind of crops that have always been
hand-picked. But many farmers, for example in California, now find it
increasingly difficult to attract enough pickers when the fruit is ripe.
However, computing advances have produced a solution to this
problem, which will save farmers from worrying about the pickers,
and also collect vital data.
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Practice this
33
Citation 2
Intelligence is the capacity inherent in the human brain that
is developed expressed in social and cultural contexts
(Gardner, 1999, p. 38)
Citation 1
Human beings are learning organism seeking, organizing,
coding, storing, and retrieving information all their lives,
building on cognitive structures to continue learning
throughout life (certainly not losing capacity to learn);
continually seeking meaning (McKeachie, 1988, p. 14).
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Synthesizing
34
Synthesizing
All children are active learners, but they choose

which directions to move in. A child tends to move
in directions that have personal meaning, and
avoids situations she thinks will lead to failure
(Paul, 2003, p. 7)
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Citation 3
35
Synthesizing
If learners expect to be evaluated, feel

threatened, or feel they are being watched and
checked up on, it is likely that they will study for
the sake of the evaluation, to avoid the threatened
punishment, or to satisfy the adult watching them
and will lose some inner motivation to learn for
their own sake. They may feel they are no longer
learning from choice. (Moon, 2000, p. 23).
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Citation 4
36
Effective learning should take a number of factors into

consideration. First, the psychological factor that learners
are learning organism who need to learn new things
continuously throughout their life (McKeachie, 1988).
Second, the nature of human beings that all have the
capacity to learn (Gardner, 1999). Third, individual
difference, that is, every individual has a preference of how
to learn; and finally, affective factors which refers to
personal feeling. Every person needs a feeling of success,
being appreciated and free from any form of threat (Moon,
2000).
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Example of Synthesis
37
What is summarizing?
What is synthesizing?
What is analyzing?
What is paraphrasing?
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Reflect
38
Contact Email: info@mhsantosa.com

Website: http://mhsantosa.com/
Twitter: @mhsantosa
Thank you ^_^
10/25/2013
Questions, Comments, Suggestions?
39

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Paraphrasing, Summarizing,

2 The difference between a project and an essay is:

EAP - English Study Program

How much do you know about academic writing?

4 The best time to write an introduction is often:

EAP - English Study Program

3 Teachers complain most about students:

6 Making careful notes is essential for:

EAP - English Study Program

8 Paraphrasing a text means:

EAP - English Study Program

7 An in-text citation looks like:

10 The purpose of an introduction is:

EAP - English Study Program

9 Paragraphs always contain:

12 Teachers expect students to adopt a critical approach to their

EAP - English Study Program

EAP - English Study Program

uses the third

EAP - English Study Program

EAP - English Study Program

searching for and retrieving relevant content;

monitoring the thematic coherence of the text;

to report on a piece of research the writer has

EAP - English Study Program

Writers should be clear why they are writing. The

THE PURPOSE OF ACADEMIC WRITING

EAP - English Study Program

Features of Academic Writing

EAP - English Study Program

Features of Academic Writing

EAP - English Study Program

Features of Academic Writing

EAP - English Study Program

1. Able to describe differences

EAP - English Study Program

Paraphrasing, Summarizing and Synthesizing

Why the industrial

EAP - English Study Program

There has been

This could be paraphrased:

EAP - English Study Program

In 1610, Galileo Galilei published a small book describing astronomical

has a different structure to the original

EAP - English Study Program

Note that an effective paraphrase

Changing the wording of a

EAP - English Study Program

EAP - English Study Program

EAP - English Study Program

Techniques for Paraphrasing

Changing word class:

EAP - English Study Program

Changing vocabulary by using synonyms:

Changing word order:

Example: The rise of the automobile industry matches the

EAP - English Study Program

Find synonyms for the words underlined.

Example: In the 1920s, with help from the managerial theories of

EAP - English Study Program

EAP - English Study Program

At the same time, trades unions became increasingly militant in

Change the word order of the following sentences (other changes

However, many car makers are currently threatened by increased