Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Synthesizing
Made Hery Santosa, PhD
info@mhsantosa.com
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Quiz
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Quiz
5 Plagiarism is:
(a) a dangerous disease
(b) an academic offence
(c) an academic website
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Quiz
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Quiz
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Quiz
11 Proof-reading means:
(a) getting a friend to check your work
(b) checking for minor errors
(c) re-writing
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Quiz
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Academic Writing
involves
terminologies
complex
sentences
uses various
footnoting and
referencing
systems
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is precise,
impersonal and
objective
WRITING PROCESS
identifying lexical items associated with this content;
formulating syntactic structures;
inflecting words to give them the necessary morphology;
monitoring for appropriate register;
ensuring that the intended new text is tied into the immediately preceding text in
a way that maintains cohesion;
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formulating and executing motor plans for key strokes that will form the text on screen;
establishing the extent to which the just-generated clause or sentence moves the
text as a whole nearer the intended goal; and
revising goals in the light of new ideas cued by the just-produced text.
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Text 1
To promote tourism and market destination, it is important to
study the tourists attitude, behaviour and demand. The studies of
Levitt (1986) and Kotler and Armstrong (1994) suggest that an
understanding of consumer behaviour may help with the
marketing planning process in tourism marketing. The research of
consumer behaviour is the key to the underpinning of all
marketing activity, which is carried out to develop, promote and
sell tourism products (Swarbrooke and Horner, 1999; Asad, 2005).
Therefore, the study of consumer behaviour has become
necessary for the sake of tourism marketing.
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Text 2
The romance of travel has always fascinated me, and our recent
trip to Thailand lived up to expectations. We flew from Dubai and
after a comfortable flight arrived in Bangkok just as the sun was
rising. Our stay in the city lasted only a couple of days before we
set off for the hill country around Chang Mai, where we were
planning to visit some of the indigenous tribes who live in this
mountainous region. When we arrived the weather was rather
disappointing, but after a day the heavy rain gave way to
sparkling clear sunshine.
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Text 3
Equally, from a political perspective, the nature of state involvement in
and policies for tourism is dependent on both the political-economic
structures and the prevailing political ideology in the destination state,
with comparisons typically made between market-led and centrally
planned economies. For example, the ThatcherReagan inspired neoliberalism of the 1980s, and the subsequent focus on privatisation and
the markets in many Western nations contrasted starkly with the then
centrally planned tourism sectors in the former Eastern Europe (Buckley
and Witt, 1990; Hall, 1991). At the same time, of course, it has also
long been recognised that the political-economic relationship of one
nation with another or with the wider international community (that is,
the extent of political-economic dependency) may represent a
significant influence on tourism development (Telfer, 2002). Thus, in
short, tourism planning and development in the destination tends to
reflect both the structures and political ideologies of the state and its
international politicaleconomic relations.
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Basic competencies:
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This could be
paraphrased:
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Paraphrasing
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Paraphrasing
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Paraphrasing
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Effective paraphrasing is a
key academic skill needed to
avoid the risk of plagiarism: it
demonstrates your
understanding of a source.
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Paraphrasing
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2. It has been reported that the richest one percent of Americans own 40%
of the country's wealth.
a. The richest 1% are 40 times as wealthy as the rest of Americans.
b. If the gap between rich and poor continues to grow at the current rate,
the richest one percent will soon own 40% of the country's wealth.
c. 40% of the country's wealth is in the hands of only 1% of Americans.
d. 99% of Americans own 40% as much as the richest 1%.
1. 25% of adolescents who have one baby have a second baby within two
years of the first baby's birth.
a. 25% of babies are born to mothers who are adolescents.
b. One out of four adolescent mothers has another baby before the first
baby reaches his second birthday.
c. A quarter of adolescent mothers gives birth when their first born is two.
d. 25% of adolescent mothers become pregnant again when their first
babies are two years old.
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Quiz
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4. Research data suggest that girls who witnessed maternal abuse may tolerate abuse as adults
more than girls who did not.
a. Women who witnessed the abuse of their mother as teens are more likely to become
abusive adults.
b. Women who observed the abuse of their mothers when they were young are more likely to
endure abuse themselves.
c. Women who were abused as children are more likely to abuse their own children.
d. Girls who testify about maternal abuse tolerate abuse as adults more readily.
5. Martha thinks that the issue of adolescent problems is important to write about.
a. Martha thinks that adolescents like to write about their problems.
b. Martha feels that writing about adolescent problems is worthwhile.
c. Martha believes that the dream of most adolescents is to write something important.
d. Martha thinks that adolescents can write about their problems.
3. The judge was relieved when the jury was finally ready to announce its verdict.
a. When the jury announced its verdict, the judge was relieved.
b. The judge asked the jury to arrive at a verdict.
c. The judge welcomed the prospect of an imminent verdict.
d. The jury welcomed the judge's relief.
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Quiz
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Practice this
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Change the word class of the underlined words, and then rewrite the sentences
In the 1920s Alfred Sloans management theories helped General
Motors to become the worlds dominant car company.
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Practice this
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Practice this
Today the industry owns some of the most famous brands in the world.
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Compare your summary with others in your class. What is needed for a
good summary?
_______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
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Summarizing
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(a) Write the summary from your notes, re-organising the structure if needed.
(b) Make notes of the key points, paraphrasing where possible.
(c) Read the original text carefully and check any new or difficult vocabulary.
Study the stages of summary writing below, which have been mixed up. Put
them in the correct order.
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Stages of Summarizing
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Paraphrasing attempts to
restate the relevant
information
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Summarizing
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Example of Summary
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Practice this
MECHANICAL PICKERS
Although harvesting cereal crops such as wheat and barley has long been done by large
machines known as combine harvesters, mechanising the picking of fruit crops such as
tomatoes or apples has proved more difficult. Farmers have generally relied on human labour
to harvest these, but in wealthy countries it has become increasingly difficult to find pickers
willing to work for the wages farmers are able to pay. This is partly because the demand for
labour is seasonal, usually in the autumn, and also because the work is hard and demanding.
As a result, in areas such as California part of the fruit harvest is often unpicked and left to rot.
There are several obvious reasons why developing mechanical pickers is challenging. Fruit such
as grapes or strawberries comes in a variety of shapes and does not always ripen at the same
time. Outdoors, the ground conditions can vary from dry to muddy, and winds may move
branches around. Clearly each crop requires its own solution: machines may be towed through
orchards by tractors or move around by themselves using sensors to detect the ripest fruit. This
new generation of fruit harvesters is possible due to advances in computing power and sensing
ability. Such devices will inevitably be expensive, but will save farmers from the complexities of
managing a labour force. In addition, the more intelligent pickers should be able to develop a
database of information on the health of each individual plant, enabling the grower to provide
it with fertiliser and water to maintain its maximum productivity.
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Read the following text (3.1) and the summaries (a)(c). Rate them 1 (best) 3.
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Practice this
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Citation 2
Intelligence is the capacity inherent in the human brain that
is developed expressed in social and cultural contexts
(Gardner, 1999, p. 38)
Citation 1
Human beings are learning organism seeking, organizing,
coding, storing, and retrieving information all their lives,
building on cognitive structures to continue learning
throughout life (certainly not losing capacity to learn);
continually seeking meaning (McKeachie, 1988, p. 14).
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Synthesizing
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Synthesizing
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Citation 3
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Synthesizing
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Citation 4
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Example of Synthesis
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What is summarizing?
What is synthesizing?
What is analyzing?
What is paraphrasing?
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Reflect
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Twitter: @mhsantosa
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EAP - English Study Program
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