Miklés Torkenczy Practical Hungarian Grammar CORVINAch © Nil Tn 08 Nope my ped eit oe sea te pis Contents Aeviations Pronunlto, eer sound sorespondnses riche ours Nout ses Pexpoisons Pronouns ‘Adjetves nd Adverbs Nera Nee Defines the Bene ad indie 1 estat Ts ‘The Past Tense ‘The Conditional ‘The Conjunetveperave ‘Tee Faure Usage: Tense, Condon ‘Conjusive-mpeaive Nofinie toms ut ers Yer Stems Verbal Sutices| Proverbs ‘Word Formstion Barvaional Sixes CConseutons and Sentences Tex of Subets nex of Wor Index of Derivasonal SuitiesAbbreviations se fst person singular 2s Seond person singular ae the person sigue in frst person pra a9 secon person poral 3a "hed person pla. Tog 2seipe ag sub gpl object wo sinve a slave Posies pucreson comp comparative con! onditons eon) onjunetve-imperaive ‘tne Imperative indefinite plural Posessve present abit Subative se finger Po fuperessive a {indicates that the preceding comtonaat ist be doubled No! sands before an farmed smencedresfonn é consonant (char and formule) v ‘Vowel (in chars ad formulae) Sands before a senunceptiaeform which is not used ty some spore or obsolete 1. Pronunciation, letter-to-sound correspondences 41 The alphabet “The Hungarian alphabet es 44 eters, They ae sted below topeter with ‘he pronunciation of the name of acheter in Hungarian, Te ancy tis appear inthe fterional Phos Alpe PA). 2 (ay 1 sh ram) i fed m fel bbe the) ° tel © tte 1 teh y feel Wel Ty Eeleipsiton) fw) a (ae) m fem) St & [ey nen) ot Ges [age] ty ep) to eel © lol vy fey © (el Stel we [doped tee oe) x Tike) ze feel Se Yipstion) & lel Piped 2 feel P the a they Ge) aa) fea Note that in the pronunciation ofthe name of a vowel ete, the vowel i Tong even ifthe name refers tow shot rowel sud, Thus the lst vowel Teter in Rosa log and vad toto te spel iter, ut ‘rth pronounced with 4 phonetaly lng fy omless one ans mphasize the difeence) Note ago ha thence of consonant fte® {hat consist of + single closed slate are pronounced with fil fog. Ee) less the sable end i cons ‘Ace accents on vowel eters represent eng (and never ates). Thus, Toth lng eounterprt ofthe long esumerpan of 8b Long ouster of 3 ct1 Promnciation, eta to-sound comapandenees ‘Consonant eters other than 4; 9) an be doled to dente phone feally long consonant hall oil "hear, old fol] sso esepp {ep "kop roppan (ropa, rack (kin) ‘outside’, ema (ens) "to fa ete In the case of raps only the fist letter i doubled to express lengthy ep rissa! [rea] “With pte”. egg [may] sour her Kon [E89] “por, lass klos| "grea etn few words con Sonat length sno indicated by the spelins: ep xy [eles [es “Thins always the sce with one-llable wonds thst nd in (Toei igri) ee, pech pes) "bad Hack, krack [rox] "breakdown sick ithe) ee “The consonant ete wa oi’ the sense that they only appear in foreign or archaic words sah as Westeén [vee aly nae, por [Eseroks) yophut [jokhure], quatrocento[kvatrotfento- ee The laters cannot be Suble. Hungarian has he following vowel: Sound Lever Example PR Syeb) 1B i ite ta £ ‘i Wy) a i by ‘ ‘ te © aa fe) é iB fo) 6 ro ts) é ae ta « iu tw é ‘ay fol ° fos a) 3 oo 5 : a t ‘ wal {In Hangavian, vowel eter tpicaly has a canstnt phonetic value, i ‘evenly tee Is a one-toronecorespndence between vowel eer hd ‘owel sounds As‘ given vowel sound is epescted bythe same ‘Vowel eter, and given vowel eter slays staods forthe sane 031 our. veplr exceptions are proper names wth achat pe! Dessewfy (eyes), Dy (dart ste ‘Pronunciation, etrte-sund comerpondences Somevtat more replaces Berween the spelling and the pao ‘ave valve Teagth (as opposed to quai). Tis length erence may bosptematc (oHumgsrian wordstems cannot en in sho (eo, lous ending ino are regularly pronounced with (e}-e-p. quarocento [kv3t seo Gates aan} ona on (vin colloquial standard Hungarian wordssems of more tan one ‘ilable re prnounced witha fal shorty, ul (even) if they end Ia vowel later spelt witha long compare fy] eel syed [yxy ing bu br] sreow” and dy (2) ‘cm Sometimes However the length diference is rather unpreirtable: posta [peo] "post ois’ sinha sinha} thea’. ds (oxf] sq ‘There are no diphthongs in sandard Hungarian, so adjacent vowels ae pronounced as separate sllable: Malate! [kitake | "evelop. ae {fie “that of isso et, Adjacent wencal short wewels ote han fa canbe pronounced as separate Mezcal vane soups Fas he co ‘espofing lng vowel og. vat acu’ [yskcosmava ke, ol iia "ool [zoaorgnfeorlergia,coapae leith do ie) tut nce ele Again some archaeal spel pret names ie excep tional eg, Ga gal, Weores. [vary]. et Hungarian hs the oloring consonants Sound Later Example PaSmbo) o wa , 5 fats tt t ate to 4 oa f 5 Iya i ® meee ih e id tg] : ¥ iat i Eera g@ i & eee Se ‘ z S a Bie i Bix Each ofthe consonnt sme above ein og (geinate)form 8 wel, [| fonn op [es hee “pack hall eae splints Indicted hy doting te consonant leer oh is letere the digraph {hat stand forte sod: hee “pranks meces wae ‘Within the word hs pronounced [h) bafre vowel (68 hai, rad! "ote door ‘nyt a (] before consonants anda the end ofthe sword (doh “mt smells doa rom the sy te). Ne ht in the Word eek “Conch the eter 8 aa pronounced fore 1 contonaia al word: finally eseh“Casch” (fel seh rom ®) (Canc [fetal but eek "Case pl fehek). Other Words which fam tee nthe same way (bt ean erie pananetonwith ‘rongunced h before a consonant and wet al) nl uh shee Imeh be’ cpu, dh "anper' rh scales oh Walacian “The consonant eter to consonant sound correspondence equi conta {Teive sound i sally spit with the sane leer combination an oe ters given leer combtatin) ually sa fo he sme ound US) temaiscounstexamples are some artialy spelt proper names (e Sitehony (oesVenil Kost (Rafat). Zarkenety (rorkene), forign {palling (epee pent “oad luck, Here band nane> es) and the sand if whieh is Ganpeeditbi sometimes spelt as ia “sp Se somes a5 1) (fly siver), Acsilaton tt are nt gad by ae eligi tmati coumeoxamps the stove The a ‘ones ue the Following 1 Prenton letter te sound coreondences 1.3.1 Regressive woive assimilation “Te voiced abstrents [bd J. do, ds,» 2, 3] change to hr voice Tata yes! FTreapetiey when followed by Nek ifs hAl-eg dian’ [dop “age it th] aed ram he) The s(t ‘im Tihrew bea cto foram (okt ‘zig (seem smoked me (reat) rar tomey esto iru) tom psc ete ‘The viclesecbartents [pf «ky, ST change tthe voiced conn bg: dh 3] ape when ones byt voiced absent (bd. gy d3, 2.3) 2 fopoes (ke zed) taining; heb hed “em seven sik [ga gba] out Of the) bug's Resterber (Keeredzben] ine ages desi ago “trom (a) carpenter’ sefoe (se-vben) in he safe’: meszb ene2- Tb out of he's (hogbo] “the stomach’ ee = Nowe that (4 does not case vice assimilation (he oes obs fens (pt 60K, es, 1] preceding] semain viele ae tor (poltson} ‘gh’ lvany (etex spectacle’ ee) and oes not andergo voice assimilation (eH doesnot become ced ‘then fllowed by avoicedobstusnt (Iby ds gs dys, $108 donb doxbot rom the) may sel, 41.3.2 Degemination (shortening of long consonants) Long consonants become short en preset or flowed by another ‘omsonant: gotta [atl with 3 ude vrrtam [esrenl Tae ‘thon (othon] home ee 1.3.9 Afteiation ex, # assimilation) ‘Wen the sop td yj] at followed by (the combination spo rounved she geminal fact [te 4 mete (metrt)“tching ride fotots oF] ee he ith ie". gsr [meet] Tour Une Whe the stops 6, dc ae fllowed by Ji te combination is pro- nounced atthe geminie Mest [ef Alay (keel dou favades. Heh] troubles egy [othe wate1.3.4 Palatalization Y assimilation) {ed cm mH Become fee. ms mj especie, when folloked by seg. ge aco} “ae Sees ada [23] se gives Dang (baze}“hiser eer bate nage [nap9) oat of sna Ise ives has hans ate obs of (053) he shes 41.9.8 Nasal place assimilation The nasal [n] becomes {mn} before (pb, mn} Before, 3. 9). and (2) befor (, g}-This obligatory within he word eg. angba! (31) “nga gone [gone] ong, bu oponal arose word bourary poriseimpor, senpor]coa-dut nagyon kos [najopksral, noyon ‘eroft very harmful" oan mas fojamamay. ofnmay] so different, 0). 414 Vowel harmony Ts Hungarian mot suis tarmonize withthe tern hey ae attached to, (Geman) aifering in the sfx vowel, andthe ection ofthe solic alernants determined by te stom vowel). fi “The basi ts are he followin. Vows ele belong tthe fot st, [ss .0, Oh nthe ack at oy 0, 8d). ont vowels ee eter rounded Gd 2,5) oruroundes (fe. Sutin may be {) Non-hamonic “Those sixes have jus one frm, which thy do ot change regai- less wh the tem vowels ae: eg “ul Hens stor “atone Meteo 1b) Harmonic form ‘These suites have wo alemmtive forms, one with one ofthe font vowels and anther containing ae of the back vowels © -ban-Den Sisal! ftom -al-a (language et ©) Harmonic thee-form “These sulines hive thee sltematve fons, one with the back vowel 4 Prenunciaon, itr eund coreepondencee ‘vanother wth he front unrounded vowel ead thi with he font rounded vowel eg hoa-hes?2 o-onenOn on According othe rule of Vowel Harmony 1) Back vowel stems (hos hat aly contin bck vowels take the back tear ofthe two-man tvs frm sine “babes stan “in (he) nose” oaths? Iaahos "0 s) house" 1) From vostl stems (those that only contain font vowels take the {Hoa altemants of the two- form and tre form sis bbe “in ertben in the) pardon ohh ta? Heth: "o (he) garde Ai) Mixed vowel stems thse tha onan back vowels and root vowels) enrally take he back allerant of the tworform and thee form ‘ne: aw ben i tdnpérbon “in (te) plate beydrban in the) outlaw epirbon in se) paper ‘alin "in he) wert “heat heist ‘anyérhoz wo (he) plate’ Dendro o(he) oataw pepirhos"o(e) paper" ‘alighos othe) word Ite las vowel ofa mixed stem se ad here fs back vowel inthe preceding sabe some stems ke sul leans with fon ose) (ea olterbon in October) thers velit eg, dungeon dn {elien "inthe jungle) |) Stems with rounded foot vowels (2, 3 in their fina syllable "ake the rounded rot (2) alters ofthese form sie oat heh rn on he) circle {lon on (he) eats Na tito fom is ve onde oat alter Lowering Stems: compe the ral sui nfl "eats" (a Tow ‘ing stam) and Lord els (a nolowerng stom) See the sco Sion of Lowering Stems in Seton 81 = Aat-hannonic tm: thee ar abot 60 exceptional oat vowel stems (ost of tem th some with) that take te ack teats Of the "o-form ad hee fom sufine: sian “in he) grave” shes to (the) grave! Examples include: edly aim ‘lerekammy waist Seine fngok fat Fam son? ‘dom my za? Ii crt bea" erst Ii "bridge dam ny ig’ hal hic ‘eal get fa? om ‘pf na sae (naomi ow" ‘jam my bow" re from Tete (it ik ‘zom Tdi fia" tna my aero” ‘iit "open ‘iat “ay ope’ arom ‘utom open! Siren rok Lexy Sir gee" ‘rom my eave’ id ecole? $eidom sold Sia ‘Son ‘Linkale’ et sere ison ‘sere? ira irom yt Stemfinal a abe lengthen into d and respectively before sixes. ace! pdl-rdl antennae hoot “toe apa ‘fer’ apd, aps! apdban——apdnak ‘ina ‘apple’ més inal imdbon—andnak feve'camel” ter evtrcl’ —iredben”—tednol te fefe"oont’ felts erst atten etmek te + Not tht thee i no Lengthening before some elie jtive forming megye “county” (a) ent'ae Jakes ate" orate tne of ‘vortatar ate ne of his depart’ sd “ness atone Ser ike fasrert"welte steor/-sersce mes’ Toba tipi by la 1.6 Word stress fi ‘Stes lays fas. on he Fis sabe of the wor insolation, Words may loge sess hen incorporated ito pases an enone,24 ‘Thee cle Te defi ae so The vrata ‘Bed before consonants! words and az wed before vowel es Ss the ea a fhe oor ‘in nual (non contasive,no-empatic senenes) the ark ae not soc ‘The ales may no recive inflectional or derivation endings hus ‘ey reno flected Tore, nme, sas “iheengle” asaiok “the eagles” a.zasat “orth cage’ raj “Me doer — ajdt the doors’ azqtdnak “Tor he door cayhal aan ‘ey halnak "Tora fish 22 ‘The definite ances used before erin kinds of proper nouns, pare- tl, the nam of moun anges (a2 Apo the Alps) hillsnoutaine (a'Yanashegy “snes ll), versa Dang the Dae’) seas (a Fekete ‘enger ‘the Black Sen ses (o Balaton “Lake Balaton eons (Ale {le Great Hungarian Phin), Stet (a Copal toa Cpa Ste), Toads fo Ratées "Rakes! Road), sqatee fa Rakes Rk ‘Sqoe) counter consisting of more than on ulypensted word (> ‘merital EgyesitAllomot he United Sats o¢ Arsenal) newspapers (e iagyar Hla), books (ax Eds Aa) d insta a Magyar Ta. ‘ményor Akademia ‘he Hungarian Academy of Sciace [No ate i wed before the names of continents (Arka “ASCs, outings of one word or more than one hyphenated word (Magyar onde Hangar" Evel lrrszag‘Norber Lland), counties (Barara), ‘ioe! townsvillages Budapest Ia cologuanformal usage the dette arte i often aed before personal names (fist nmes or surames. This usage i sometimes Potalised by ports. infor ‘oom Hol vane Kristi? Hot van Krsife “Where is Christopher” Besziiem a Kovdcesal Beszétem Kondcesal have talked to Kove ‘née halla aRuhayt edad. Emm hllotom Rutt lade Twas forurate enough to her Ray lest? ‘= Not that the coogi use ofthe definite atte before person nas ‘ples a degre of failantyfiseverencfinfornaliy. Thus Enmée hllotam a Ruth? Shatespearerf ead “Tas fortunate enough o hear Rut lecture on Shakespeare? 50K, but {No! Ex més hallotam a Rutayt a Shoespeare-f lad "wos fount enough to hear Rata lecture on Shakespeare? 22 Usually no amici wed teore nouns or noun pases funcloning as sec complement Jinos rend. Einstein flu vol “Jolin i 3 pticean? stein wa physi? ‘Akobra has, Exh: palo xs. “The cobeaisareptle’ "This hoe wl be palace? ‘In colloqul usage the indefinite aici is wed before singular nouns ‘or noun phrases functioning as subjost complements. Ts usage Sometumas penalised hy pars. ins egy rend. inten egy fits vol “Io isa policeman insein wea phys A obra egy his sade ey pata les. “Thecobrisarepile? ——"Thishoue willbe palace!eet ie in alte definite alee ne wh encom “ein Soe mms ene xpeson ha eee nay mean heer ger “heer may be dangers say mean gel in genera "Mefsefit was aared to ils ‘Aor vaaes eer ating A potho: vonzidon _———$$$_$$<—$—<—<———— 34 Structure “The non in Hungarian consis of teste plus ive inflectional lots, sitions where nections sigs an toc ‘Te fest lot india one, dhe second sot indcaterrossessvrenzo, the hind ti tes None Fossa tbe Zour lt indicates NOMINAL POSSESSIVE ‘en andthe th shot nates cA. Fach of thse sles ay be empey the enmaied status ofthese exes (inl, non-pssessive on posesor, singular orsesred, tale) i always aul safe: The Nostra rssesivs buna can oly be poral Ifthe NOMINAL POSSESSIVE ‘loti fie “Tha, schematically dhe srt ofthe noun fo 1 mw ow y | stn +MnEex OSES + (SONAL POSSE + NOMA OSRSINE HUMBER) ¢ CSE | bearer: ot mm WV Ole Hoare tate ea Tiron are ee hed acc [owaiet bandh ok “tens ferdinand om sy en frat berh ‘ hao en Sonar bar om amy fond nce rdtone Dare ome “thay end” rtm ard m4 that fe Ac! ion ards me § 1 Stomatmy baad acc cited bards gh om ftw my te ac + Noe tha the rs farm shove (the minted singular stem in oi ‘ss ete ual dtionary fom fr noun Hungaria, Note tat grammatical gender doesnot exstin Hungarian,24 Singular possessed The singular is unarka in Hngrian 1s. -omem-dim 1h -antnak " 2 2p odedsd 2p ounce ak “The purl isa hamonsing thee form sll -ob-eak where the choice a tek etd ‘of te appropiate varia is determined by Vowel Harmony (Se Seton 386 lye Spl jut jak i ate ‘a-ak ényok its? emberek people’ ie “pampkins ‘odtok “ses! rorek"mendows” Sot Redgshogs” The suis vowel sale tea fhe euler Lowering Stems (Gee Section), a appears afer back-vowel stems and appease Ss ront-vowel sims ncading the ons that havea rounded vowel Inthe stem final sya), {falak'wlls’——sxBgek nals’ fowok Yeo” flees ‘The suffix vowel unstable: doesnot appear the tem eds in a vowel ‘Ths the pla sk fer Vowel fn ste ole ravens’ hoes cane! “hie “The pla is the sfx iat jeu a-e(lnsend of t-te rou is mara for Fosse ols ey ravens* Aalajaln ‘ny has” lene“ daughter ‘adnan chisel Herein gardens oemetn 5) eye” For the choice between the variants se Section 3.3 on FOES RHERSOX fine, 3.3 Possessive/Person he noun refering to the thing possessed x marked with the POssesswvel| RSON sufi: (oro my sik Down our sek te). “The suees expressing the poser of ingulrposressed nouns ae the fallowing | | ‘These sufiaes are harmonizing two- or tes-orm sues where the 208 oe erent ran tnt by Nowe! Hamony (ee ow asc Las tai bar circle? sg botom bese Lavo 268 bowed ised. Lins Sse bod ise five Il doant stink tend 2pl bowiok here ‘rae Spl bot hea ‘rake ‘The ial vowel inthe 1st and 2nd person sixes is unstable and des not appear afer vowel fia te, ai Ere "Bath’ testy love a a? te iow Sse Meise Boe desi 1p fajink Basin tern 2h hoywot sate ep Bh fank kre Reet ‘Tenax vows le nef the replant 2 som singular and pura an the It perso singular ae Lowering Stems (ee Section 1-2 appears afer bck vowel ns te ¢ appt ler al troat vowel seme Cneuding the once that ave a rounded ‘owe the sei syle fog tot? fa foe tot faa se fosam fem 1Dl font ——fiink 28 fone’ filed 2h ovate fateh st fom ft ah form faa“The choice between the ess and the nal variants nthe 3 person (single sod pura) determine partly bythe lest sound ofthe tem and arly bythe las the stem Delon ‘Vowel fn stems tke jn variants aia“ ship’ Consonant tens ake ss variants if he inal consonants, Eraieren ty gy mp boot (eg hase bites mountain’ lina ‘ahs daar some heft eto), Oder consenting) Stems may (more res predate the inal vartants (bo ‘higher sk pada ‘hisherts bench fara hishetits arm’ ce) onthe less one (ile sfberts edge. de “isherits blood’. te.) ‘Altemting Stems and Lowering Stems usually take ess variant okra “hers st ala hist sh See Chapter 4 and See fon), ‘= Note that hare ae any regulsos (bie ‘hiker sin’ fame ‘J hiss far’ ene inert ming’ ete) saz “The sufies expressing the possessor of plural posessed nouns are the following: Plural possessed eg jai-eical-e +m ph ial eihai- e+ nk 2g tein +d 2p italia + 08k 38g yal jehaineine ph itjalellalet 6k ‘Te pond suffixes consist of he plural marker andthe posses ‘Svensk. Te lar have jst one oem excep in be 2 er sonra ret the bmonng woo sto The cee ‘Siveen th variants termined ty owe Hamony See Secon 1) bose yoy sticks’ ‘ite "yours Doran yours wines’ Aareitek Your les" Note hatter no marke inthe 3 penon singular. “The choice of he plural fore the possEsivifrsnso snake is eter ined by several actos. ‘The non harmonizing variant appear ithe sem ends ina vowel which fal higt heron” spend love lig aim enndin—Iphdaink—te Be fale tena’ 2 fate tempat Se tout Mespat’ 3 hai enya he stern il ends nan jhe sufi aye harmonizing je The ‘ce between ef determined by Vowel Marmont (See Sin) Brsi‘Beth’—ocsi‘cat” Brosh’ ng. Ere oes pl Eraaelak hoesiank 2s Ersajed doceld pl Ersfetck kocejaok See Brendel keen Spl Erssjekkoceyik ‘The choice bsewoen the less an nial variants of he sufi expest- ing plural possessed x determined ty the sue ats a the exe fe “inular pees 9 person forme dacussed above I fon for sine lar poset les, fs les fo lara possesed too if tela for nul possessed, sna or plural posesed ax wel, The choice betwen the vain in a as opposed to eis deterid by Vowel Harmony (Se Section 1. bot ick? Aés'hie’ karte Ise orjsin vel ein 256 hoya Aeeid reid 3s bogat Mase Ire pl bojaink vin havent 2pl hogatot —Aesetck rete Spl bogus Aesete ioe ‘= Note that he inal su variants may cause asimiion whichis ‘unindcated i he speling (© pada [poy-2). For the atl promin= {atin of the consonant lusts Eenisting of 4 comonant se Secon 13:4 on Paaalization 3.4 Nominsh possessive “The Nommva, POSES fr wsed when the possessor nou cur lone Standing fore whole possess constuction (non pas). Ti nota ‘oresive sue non harmoncooper 7 = on = fzelape olimand, Aza tua Kno un cement sures at scape, Sa cpualiaaatat oe * tectinvamata, Aston aum dene cae ‘ar ‘Tabooksthetexter's. ‘That bock the ache's book, mart oe fr abou pabconclg kaleet ae ae — a Reino) | reereeee = oe — eames, tate te ET e Sree oo e inne Se a aaa : ones Sisemts Tiere Spey aa aes teat, |F ian! oom ‘gat, Task and capensis ow han one tng prssred by Ie ae ae a ‘cotinine lansing e a fdndéka "Chrsiophers present. soe ‘Seaton 28:1. Note that the pave ns non-sytactc ares as wel, Nokia alma "He leaned gaat the wal” “The cases ingroup M expres “isirament (MSTRUMENTAL, €g, Baltdval ‘gto f le ent od with an axe"), purpose’ (eAUSAL iy. [A Eabadeisetharobl The fog fo feedon) andres (TRANS TW e Pilani valozot “She trea os butler)“The cases in group C relate fo pce. For example, A grobdban ona (Se reading the roam esse “The cases in groap D expres dco, Some of hem canbe aed in both syllal and temporal sons, eg Eloi asi He waked yp (0 Ihe oases Noli dlgonunt “We work ul eg (rattan) “The cases ingroup hive o do with time. For example, Tliltosunk syolkar Lets ret at gat reaeoRAl), Nopontarldtocnt. “We ‘at every did, (asmsteveonnoeA!) ‘The cases in group F ze amined bg, The misrUBLTVE ie be eas Une remo canbe ted temporally (KOnemként odom {La kanyydramar "Tam sling xg rary bythe book). Oe exa ls: Kune Deugrot 2 asba “(Stet junped ito the ake tozeier {bith ness dog: Ember nem fogdhaon elo eyenltenséset. “Agata Being {anno acces inequali' er setae "(he ‘eared as man being 1 In ation to these uses, vetnounsfetvs often rie tha thei dlopenden nouns) pear in3 cam case goverment’) The egied ses we (aore-or les) sapeditable and man Be exc Sepaftely {reach verbnoyniadjcive. For example, gyi V4sua.Are eng {oN Beir wv. (Seit ans fo pence’ alalmacdik Wes ive" atapt to N's Alalnastada a mete drdshos. "We opted tothe hot wether: serelmes vaio love wih N” Sarees ‘mandi (Ss love With Aman 3.6.2 Forms Some of the case suffixes ae harmonizing thes frm sulfines ike hoe! thes) two frm sss (ike halle). hers ae now haroele ke “tor. The choice between the variants of the harmon suis 5 Adenine by Vowel Hanpony (See Section 1 ob drum’ sem ‘eye" kd fog sowmamve dob san sex decussate dabot eet bar Dave bmok = remmek nok nsw dobbal ——emmel———‘del. Cavsacmien dere Semen ‘det cece dob femme nade oon ‘lobban ——oemben ‘dbo SureREsswe dao omen ‘tim —__- ‘esse oonat——szemnél nel. nose ‘ooh Sembe tbe fone ‘loner emboli beaanve dntrst Seema suave ‘tora mene bore eure dott emit Wa suave ‘hor rember‘ ‘remorve ole ome sig Dismmcrve ——sobonként—Semamknt kine rssocutre —— dobowtal™—sremeatl™ ada Pome ‘lookent—Seeméne ‘dint 3621 temporal and dative tempor “The tenoRal andthe Dione aoRAL sixes Behave ws normal tronic sizes tut only combine with paral expressions napost, "every day Aeon “every wee. etuorihinae, every Thun). 5.2.2 acmatine “The intial vowel of the ACCUSATVE is unstable (des not appear (and thas we get he arian) ‘ifthe sem ends in a vowel aia sitace” toe esti ‘ifthe tem ens na vowel olowed by the consonants 5 62, ees aH, eM MN, eartace’ “lovevace’ ‘paresace? desesst—“jastace! est apoursace” —sigest—“Atentintegce" fee “intessce", bros “broncheace™ earost “paper ace! aie ‘Sieace sie ‘weg aut ongrace, fable “Tooballeace foe wimtace” rt “Tower in ounce’ fio Finncace™ liye “eace™ fenny(et “pustace™ pence ‘moneyace”|(The unstable oe pears ‘hen the stm ends ina consonant or consonant caster oter than ‘he oes ited above: oor *seumtace™ rae bof th stent is a Lowering Sem. in which case the unible vomel ‘repr ae (se Secon 41 0 haeh sles) The choice of av csdeermined by Vowel Harmony (See Setion 1. fe Note that he sceusatve of Lowering Stems does havea vowel even ‘ven the sem happens to ead na Sonsanant ter which thee no ‘owe! in regular stems, semet “epeence™ asa ‘somachenoc’ Iehentt“oweace™ filet ‘esac’ ae “aerate” fe net "watervace’“Kapnyet“eevace™ 1 Note ht the unstable vowel appears in the acastive of Vowel delet ‘ng Stems even When they pen to end ina coysona fr hich there sno vowel ina regula stem. (See Section 4.2). tat 7 tise “tence! har oe ‘tion Poca 62.3 speressiv, associating dtibutve-tempora stribative ‘The inital vowel of th sureniSSvE Concent assonamve otal! cs nt) i ere Fo onl) th ‘ean Conkini-enként-onkén nt) ie unsabe does ppest Alter stems ending ia a vowel ain jt ajinkint “om ship? “heater with (a ship" “Tor every ship" oesin fossa socsnknt ‘o(adear’ ——“ogetier witha) ea” forever ear win sexta tevdnként “on apeamel” —“fogther with) cael” —“Torevery camel” _Atwer Lowering Sms (See Chapter 4 on noun ster) the inal vowel ofthe the amsecrive the Dmsuive Tokay the BSTRITVE, burn the Snenese ies ofthe Ula “lle oo “oan DUNE AGRA STRIVE fovea sport forse Age wi won’ tyson’ Meron tah fiat stove sent Teeter ies? “evr wine ‘fort lest faerins ‘ete wit (nee ‘Trova Jogo co? wor flotcnite at ‘anc nea 3624, jnstrumental ranting ‘The mona (le) Ho the TRANSLATE (va ey i Tita stem thn ond with «vo Iajival— “wid (3) sip’ —— ind “ar) ito a ship® ocsvat “with (a)ear™ ——oestnd om) int acar™ fesndvel “with (@) glove’ ‘eszdré (um) into a glove ‘terse, when he ter eds with consonant the nih v of al ve. nn becomes ena th the sem Gal eonsonan sTAUMENAL TRANSLATE lothal wid (drum? dobd ur) into a dru” Semel Coittan)eye—szemmé un) into aneye" (ike “th pape’ "Gkke—“tm) into a pumpkin Noell yn suffixes behave ia this Tore are no aemating Pita sulfaes at well ste a var 1° hata “sity levers roan forming -vi-vny:Kivany “sight deverbaladverb-forming ale lop scat, which are wana afer vowel fil stem, ‘it wheal mse unchanged venir consonant inal stern4. Noun stems ngrin stems typically donot change when slfxe ar aed to them, Regular exceptions to ths genetlsaon result from the sound res di ‘tted in Chapter I: Resessive Voie Assimilation Seton 1.31, Degen ‘nan (Section 132) Alieation (Secon 133, Pulatallzatin (Section 1124), Nasal Place Asiniation (Section 13.3), and Final oe Lngthen ing ection 1.5). Thee are rogular inte sens that they automaally anu exceptoni=sly apply ote last sound of very ster tat comes under {he parvicw of any of tse ales. Regressive Voice Assimilation, Deger Inaion,Atcaion,Palstazation and Nasal Place Asnltion are mot Iniatedby the speling, bt Fina. ¢ Lengthening ‘There are, however, some ineguar stem ype, which do change when suffices ar aed to them or ease unpreicuble changin the saline ‘Thenominal neat he folowing 44 Lowering Stems Lowering Stems donot ange themselves, but cause some regulates inthe coie of the suivants: Aer those ters (0 the sutin-ina snatable vowel -ale insted ofthe regular ol (aot inthe SaperesiveD, and (i) the unstable vowel of the accusative retained even afer stein Consonants hat eherwise cause the deletion of the unstable vowels Compare datok songen flat “wallrs éetek ‘doubesre Iebek ‘places: tejolm “sourcreamsrossrenslsg! Glen “apstossiansag? dae songance’ flat “wallace! Behe “doubeence’ helt ‘plceeace! tefl “Sourereamerossirns:isg’ er “apeace! For further examples see Section 3.2.1 for the HAmRAL, Section 3.3. forthe relevant assess ensON sizes and Seton 3.62. for the fnccosaTie, the Sorbessvn, the sasocetive he DESTRANTEVE TEN Fomat and the perma he following i ist of some common nominal Lowering Stns ‘ir “preyhound! lige id ‘pole ae eat Fold “moon ‘ty fo. ow" figdr ny" aay haley lay ‘andr “donkey" & fe” “tendon? atl! “beard my ana ‘oon Sq) eu bogie tis tan any "wing ba asic ‘basket’ ad” in oa iy “tet in “el ek ‘in ook Bo. "wor Pa i some 20g al ‘ond fr “ve my Tmenster ‘nds a eg" fae Min" ara leet ar" rs a Ion ome! ‘alp “sok” & id goo’ tray oe os Duk ole" tars” pamer fat madara tehin "Sow" fale nay er tg le a melt “breast (ae Tout fa més honey’ Hi" isi “hasband” see “Tne ‘ir Seq" Jondt ‘hread™ mos “rms take" foe “oo ing "Work ofan’ oll eather fala ‘cat, ground jak ‘sock eae fit sear ‘ode “summer” gy i ‘prs ‘oat handle’ ley ak ‘ally wg" ‘ott anon (ores be" par dt ra Mere fay ‘ldel “Sie i nseman fat a road fae beat iy ctr has andes ‘ate 6, pode “lass cap’ ely re “copper”Mr cane a ee af "ater® mom nen voley valley” Although ite nprdictable which nominal stem is Lowering Stem, some Snepulst nour classes sr always lowering a6 well All nominal tems tau Vowel ortening Stems ae Lowering Stems (See Sections 43 an 9, 4.4.4 Lowering suffixes Not ony stems, bt sies may be lowering too, For example the LEAL andthe PoSsEsrreRsoN sfines lower ardiolat ‘wickeuanastsce’ compare bart ‘ekrace ‘ardromat "Sick ROSSER sg 0°" “The noun forming 1-6 "ship, nes doesnot Dardrdgor “iensisipince” compare harétor “sckeace™ 1 Inlectionalstixes ar loverng derivation sufies ae nonowe ing omer hey ae adjective forming [Se Chapter 32 on devationl suiees) Se ss ae ect thangs depending te sage fhe ix (aerating stems) The nominal oes ae the following 4.2 Vowel-deleting Stems. These sgl ein woe owe acing cmon The wove receding the ten-final consonant regal eld (ete ate four excep ‘onal omnia stems sah wortbless tig aval "haytsck, oat Up bajar moustache’) ‘In Vowel-deleting Stems the vowel prcesng the stem-Final consonant eltes if the sus tached fo the sem bogie with a vow. Sufies ‘with ina utable vowels keep thet Sutil vowels ad behave Tike vowel anal sues: inal su Dohor bus’ Bokarbo in (3) bush oko “bush feper‘srawery" eperion "in(a)srawbery” eprek‘stawberscs’ Bhar oe harem “intandox hist “oxen “Tomanrve ig caus NAL -€t,and NOMA FOSSESSVE dae excep Anal tecase they Dein wih a vowel, but do nt caste vowel dlton In Vowel deleting Stems “ an 4 okey “bus ‘otorie boost bore per’ “siwubery’ epee’ spe apere| Bir ox har hinere ane Note tat inthe accusam the snstable vowel ofthe accusative sfx appears after Vowel- deleting Stews even when they happen 1 end in ‘Consonant ser shih here no vowel nthe ACCUSAIVE na eB Tare (See Section 862), hatte eae fisngce’ Shiro ime foxrace Iaszon “proie Inst proerace torony ower forme owersace bagoly ‘ow bagive —“omteace baju. “mousache’ —Bajzor_“"mortachesace™ + Some nominal Vowel eletiag Store are Lowering Stem as wll “The fllowin itis of sme common nominal owel-deleting Stems (dhe undetined one are Lowering St). ake frost fimo ‘item fot “Som fase fos “came! ‘fen fro “owt fever fone? “och mn or’ eve it oe Pedant “empire ‘taaan “ate bo oa ‘rnatlon “rv” Gator “Sant of dower ‘rue cae aap fin odwte ioe omer Somat coe “aeanbery ‘Banco “safe Sr “nant ‘Becton “ing” from no fessor et Giden “et fataom “power fate "Snotn’ Son” Tres"her win potel ‘rodalom Teste tarot faxalom ‘exctemen™ shor fom mse" Sebo ‘alam “ows anor Tapoer “cas Eien ve erasiedlem, ‘commerce’ fron ‘pel teslon contort nobor—“Sculpur’ Tareq. “hat eae! osadalon “society form ‘sot felt “na tobok ka terem hal trim all tok seeret ‘maton ‘all forok “throat marae “ai forony—“tower" Imeler ‘verb ‘értnclom “history” ‘majo “monkey” faesok okt Indres—“poson” ‘kor “roe” Goat shay ‘bel a ail “ores hing Boron “linen ‘om ea “danger? pisok ith “uke 1 Noe tat ll Hungatan nouns ending in-afom-elem are owe-delet- ing Stems = Note that vowel ein uns ead in lon ae alt Lowering Stems (Nouns ending i sel ate slo Lowering Stems, but his in unde ‘Pcable in Standard Hunerian [the dale erred in hs book, r= Note that in thee words pehely “Muff, Acly chalice” and ter ‘eit, ot only ese @ vowel los, bu he consonant Nanking ‘he unsible stm vowel change pace whe te vowel s deleted Cini sai ‘ini uti teher ‘weigh? wherbon in (a) weigh? terok ‘weights’ ehety “chalice” tekelben'n a) cate” elyek ches” Pately “sit pehelyben “in (2) fu pelbik ts t | | | 4.3 vestems ‘There are 2 ral] number of tems that end ina Vowel i lation and before consonant sus, but end in th consonant» when fol Towed by a vowel si Tisai, CAUSAL AL id NOMINAL POSSESSIVE ~ do not lege the changes to the stms dened teow Le although they ‘Se vowel ial th shape of w stems preceding thm isthe ame imo. (ti, alr ct) Noe thal ein v-tns e al Lowerng Stems (ova “# Srresivek pee 4.3.4 wadding Stoms 1 “ors grass ni maga’ 5 sem id “pipe AS toe’, mk "eof a snow rd wo a 16k” ad atl» beers We ‘nial sues (fives with an unstable nial vowel cant as vow in al ative) hose’ fi pass md mage 6 ste’ x pp’ hs sone shoe thetevowels wn thy ake a belore a women sui: Cina us sta sa 16 hore’ abun “in(a) hore” Torah ‘hose 65 pine’ athena pipe’ rdek per = Note tht the vowel of ni “work of is aiding tem, but oes not hore: mck wrk of Tithe hoe stems hs snow sd “word and lake" seminal d changes ‘to 9 tea vowel (ina suis aria ai nn a {6 “wont? asdbon “in(a) word? Sava word” te ake’ tébon' “in(@lake’——tavak "lakes" = Note tht the Accusative of “won 6,Inthe thee stems flu vilage’ ar “rane ae Tose the tem final vowel changes into» before vowel ils nial ai inal sus fala “ings” (2) vila’ flak “ilges dara ‘crane (@)rare” —“dorak ‘eanes™ ‘ae ‘owe! (@)louie’ Teme ee" ‘= Note that these stems can be used in a regular nom-alterating way (Go fa "vas" and sometimes its ore usual fo use them 98 regular way (eg dara erabeeace et ouse+Ace’) 4.4 Vowel Shortoning Stems Some stems shorn their last (or only) stem vowel when followed by ini tis init yd ‘summer—mydybam “in (a) summer” myarak ‘summers {ge stand” ‘Edshen' ina) hand” Hesek “hands te Sine ‘shen “ina fe’ Mek “Tes 2 Tumanarve ig, CAUSAL-HINAL-t, and NOMINAL POSSESSIVE -é do sot cause vowel shorening (eg mii, set, Adz, et). though they are vowels Note tint the SUFERESSIVE-on-n-dn doesnot cause vowel shortening inmost cates (eg. nydnon, Ke, te.) It optionally can if the vowel 1s Ford (etn (ty20n(tyzon}: wen [vezen/vizen} ‘on wate) [eas aways shortens inthe SUPSESSIVE: 09" Note tht al Vowel shortening Stems ae Lowering Stems (nya ‘oummers et es The following is ist of some common nominal Vowsl-sharteing Sem agar “greyhound! — ders fea! ia. Eonar ja hate onde “hecle” née “moute’ fend “butocks eo “pipe flee ‘enough’ fond! “thread” ‘drdes onap? a Nan" ‘ems ar Sooont fe: “mind ‘ster “Toot hee ‘andr ‘donkey ha oe Sater ‘rt fe enn Sa Se fe, ie omer “ine andl “Sen Sen ‘cour leer "eal Se “igie fe “one hen oe fe tan a Sie foster teres pm tone rpe Tae Bip ‘mie? Fp hem en Som oe evel oer ee : = fey oe vee “nen tee ome tet ime Sinde Sy ‘= Not that ek sul isthe only Shoring Sten in which te shorten. ing vowel isnot the Int sylale of the sen lelatsoulence™ (hs also a Vowel deleting Stem). 4.8 Unrounding Stems ‘There ar afew stems with nal and th change these vowels ino ¢ and respectively when followed by cera yossessivineson sins, ipa te ones that may bei th oral he Pura Possessed sulfites (ce Section 3.3.2) andthe Singular Porsessd ud person sixes (Gee Seaton 331) erd6 “foes” endaje “her forest" erditek “your forests? 6 “oor —— gaia “hs dor” 0 ‘aot "Sour doors” “The commonest ouning Stns he fllowing as ae eo Power cee tas ‘ans top mess seus hy However, these stoms may behave in regular Way, Le. the change is Sometimes optional (eg erdje "hers forest4.6 Final Vowel-deleting Stoms “There are three stems, boreal’ yar ‘crow andy ha may Asie theirstem fn vores the same evisonment asthe ge See {Sona before the FORA bows boria“tseal” boriaok“yourealves" bora “eaves ffir iho “beryouty’ Yfatot ‘Your youths’ Wok “youth wt Nara “is ow" Salk “Jour cows’ Yarat “crow However, these sts may behave in sepulr way, Le Ue change i someineseponal eg varia "erin crow’, Dorji eaves) 4.7 Migcollancous irregular steme 1 fi “son’ has regula singlar ad purl possessed forms (i dees the fina vowel ands « bake harmonic Lowering Stem). Nee tht fi "byte regula Bison! fi bosfriend? sicULAKrossessip Isp fam ‘fi ase Sad Suid ; Sse fe Fie ph fant ‘ink 2a fiatok tok Sal fuk fuk ueaLrossessen Ing. faim ‘fie 28 ald uta See fal a tpl fink fans 2 fii futok aN atk aie ‘5 Some of ie sige an pr posse foms of pa fie’ an aye ‘eter’ ae ier (these forthe se final vowel i Selted sd the appropriate sffis-vrans tach othe consaaa ial te) psn anydint apaiok anit Spl aaiapsie any BE 227 285 29E Nae afer many pene ther and es ‘younger both only have ronsearve forms, "Some of the sng and paral possessed forms of ‘mouth have inegla lemative variants (in which the seminal js deleted nd Uesppopeate etic variant sch to the vowels see) oe SINGULAR POSSESSED Isp soim/cdjam Ba feddjad Sse tie Ih sadnkcsnt 2 satokedinok Spl Sod PLURAL POSSESSED Ing sudan 2s Salad Bisa pl saint Bl djalok 3 deck "The ACcUSAIYE an he PLURAL Of id ae’ ate Bi (rs) and ‘rah respectively in abin ote regular Tors ian bil The‘singular an plural possessed fos also have ieglar atematve vari n(n which the ster-inal 6 changes a bs iodge? SNCULAR FOSSESSED tag PuumaLrossesseD eg 28 Se nt 201 ap ican ia rd Pitino bikin irion bok Birgu boiut dirimbrsin iar iain Mrdinsbirink. Ditonto bi oF The murat off "ma, male is fia 5. Postpositions ‘Some of the preposionsl meanings found in English ae expressed in “Hungarian by ponpostion. ln ths expect posipost rear Hike case ruins. Homer, the are nol ataced to te now aif, hu fll [Sa cepa word (or efdadds wan ater te pefrmance’) ahd may even fefer‘o more than one noun o a nominal grup ar elas ts a wacsor ai“ the pecermance sn the dee) As th name Supsest ost ‘ostons normaly elo the non or omit prop they rele ‘The most important postpostons ae the following Pos ets oe ota mig moss mosul ‘ts ‘tar faoufelen ae pout melee mele oxo eee fale felt Orientation Deore from Pimecron from Dinero from Dinkerionc from cron from Meaning Usage in font of before’ SAC TIME “osinfontof”srnce “tomin ont of” —Srnce “behind sce ‘osbeting! since “fom:behind sac. “under, below, during” soxce ME “rortelow™ snce “from elon” sme ‘above, over" sence “above Sc romsbetecesoag SPACE “ovards" smsce from be deci of? Staceetal se sence, Fe fed Sate Space, ARSRACT nd ste jnnen see “om his sie Shice, asteact a “though across, Seace ME fortis) eres "ehoigh ers, space “tower eas! devel “mares Iederelabd “rst hones™ ‘emendD ‘teaser legsfemete “meanest er Seta deh “hana isan ani-hameonic tem, i. exceptionally taketh Back vowel vane of hamming sles (See Cher) Some adjectives exceptionally do nt nave a sfx inthe supelaive: fled “botom’ also “lower legaleé “poommost fils, op” flat “highes’ Iegfetes “opmos aed “otsie’ “kasao “cte Jegtatss “omermose Detié ‘aside’ belsbe “nner” Teghelss “insennos Sila "Sie" leh “more ote side” lepeild ‘outermoe? Adjective and nove ‘Note ha nyobb binge’ epnagyobb “biggest have bb instead of the eavlar a, Faves moat ace, es ole, Somers hv eeRiate te ont home hee ere ha tere Sar sSicdlacy soa weve, nck some fog on ft ce ertae sve oon ues “Thora more es reg way of desing wre from aces ibe one ala als ems Te coe eee e san vacant dteomine by Nowe Hen bok ra cn oer tal somewhat ayn ACE se cia cmt vowels var of ese suns wed ee Cp (eon mond fomaton arden “sonaly mort “ty” Senta “heath a al ex Naha nagon means rr eon Nagy es," Noy Set agp ogo Se thine a). The ans ithe all-suite te messing Regn none aallo ng mene Gera 12.4 compurtie ana supreme compan of comparable aver fred ie that of aves “TR comparative sulle precedes the verb sxes mentioned above va sulien ‘get vedo Redeem Tar eet Ta “wily degen tc sy Note the iegilar comparisons ‘wel? Jobban ——_tegiobban i inn “ae Hos eguesb enon ie! nae ath ‘tenn “Sn Teneo teleebbejects and ners 7.3 Comparative constructions Equality ors ngation sexys by te bate form of adjectives and ‘she athe constant HDs minX ios oly as it én “Toi i tow ae a” an nm gn te “Sdn iota stow amt al lan nt ene. “iia go at ie Ez aro nem olan 2, mint a em. “This penn as good amie an eorsan vee Jas "(Sine ves a ae Fades? ‘en ban svorgan veer, nt nor “(Se doves not dee fata Fob doc Inequality (eit negation) may we exprese by the comparative form of adjectives snd adverb andthe onseucton ADIADGsOOMP mit NOM of ADYARVHCOMR . XtaDESAVE Nios agabb mine Pr. = a ara Peer ‘fein shower than Pa “Tos tower tan Pete’ 14s lass mi no asabo alam Sb este an a “ln shower ta Ta: gos nem sib mit. no nr sa nom, ‘en ot owe tan Exa‘oljoBbumiuazemtn. Ex iljobaxeoknndh. “ls ens eter ha ie “Thi pn bate han ne Ezatolnm obb. mina: enn, Ez otal nem jabba nine, “Tis pen ea baer mine” "Thee no eer than ie Gyorsabban sez, mint Jénos.—_Grrsabban vez! Sino. SiS deves tase: an Toh’ "(Sede ute ha a does em vce gyrsbban, Sage. Nem ee sorgbhan Jno su (She doesnot divas fast as oun "She oes ase at 8 Jb? ob nt lowe than Ta ‘Aaiocowe nd hore Supslave inequality (rt negaon may be expres bythe pele iRbiaem rane ed adverb preceded ty te dite ale nora lglosab> “ohn te stones? Janos nem telassabh Son ewes ea oll aleiot® Te pens the bes” atl ner a egit ‘penta the Bos! nos vecet@lggvorsabban Son dies Fastest Nem Janos verte lepavorabban iPr wo es Cases ex Yete hat the superative construction the pospsition ka oen Tope to identify the group from wth the election made: ios a lelassabh fk Al “To the lowes ofthe Boys:8. Numerals Nomeras canbe used utibtvely and nonatibuvely. When used to ality cans, ruber recat he none ty quay ope one doe’ nese lap i our og: Numbers canbe ic suns which ae they can ae the sal nomial cas nding eg nage fo, ACCUSATIVEahataban in the sity Moe fou 8.1 Cardinal Numbers eet shen ge sae Fis — ce sim ie cc iM Wncgren ae 2m ae ome aoe sic ioe a. i, Fete se ne ie ee = Site 1 500 ecerdunde 2.000000 emits 988 ererllensdemotcvan. 1 600.000 O80 esis ‘at (ejmilised) 2.257 kterentiteséhuszonbt 6000 C00 00 html 100009 ssecer 1 200360201 egy: 12S O12 S2dtuszonaecer Erdem tent usichaenecer 1 000.000 smal eyo wont) "The noun following an edna always singular ay hie “one house? wands two owes" Iuszonarhée ——“Sbawee™| = Not hat he ordinal 2 has two forms of whi normally Ls use stribtvely before a nounadjestivefuver: ks ue 80 dws tr is used elsewhere: Ken Lana "Tau to Be nem kent “Tis snot two! end may be sed tibtvaly if we wt emphasize the a ‘© Now that irom "and cer “1000 ae Vowel- deleting Stems (ste Chapter) fama "34n0e% or 0O0°ACC™ ‘© Note that rom 3% mole 8 is 20% arn "30 and se "10" ‘ne Loering Stems Arma "Stace toa ace’, hss 204A, anmaincat"i0¥sce and saat “Qb4ACe samen yi lower” ing sfx: hava "6O4ACe™ See Chapter. = 164-7, 0" and hte “20" are Vowel shoring Sts ace Chapter ‘The shoeing often (ncetsisteny)unaeated In the spelling {Rho cate of tz and har: feet "T+Acc et [tize] "IDeA" and ‘scar Thasoe]"20¢ace™ + Large numbers are uly writen witha space where English ves ata ph with comma where Els uses a perig. Thus, Hung ‘sn TE 654,32 comesponds fo English 787.584 32, 8.2 Orainat Numbers (Onin numbers ar formed by adding the amos uote Cae and akin the eas of Lowersng Stems} ga cada none oF aad 2 dso i cies S* harmadik2 mepyet 230 hursonharmadit US egy Yan egyhuzod S* Bad 240 hussomegyedit ie gph moo Seeded roa 2s hamonsi Wt egyhowed i100 egpezed $8 ole Be Becancar Note at hermad, olen, uzad sad have ad insted ofthe rep ‘98 Mende 258 huezonpotoad ar 2d 1s eit Jo" hasconlfenceaie = leed neve appears witht an inl crn pleted is may used 115 Aoenegyet So harminca {nmathematis Is everyday equivalent ial 128 renter 31 harminceapeit 18 teerhamadie 40% pexyvened 148 teemnepyedt Soe ened 13% teenaeah ‘am oronad Te teenhatode WU hemenedit 19% teenberedit. 20% movevanadie 168 taenmpoico 508 fllenevenedt 19% teentencedie sor eden 208 Isai 1000 vei 21x haconegyeit 1000 000% fiom fe hutontenedit 1 Note the ropa ela “1: Note alg that the steal af wade doesnot lengthen tod (se Secton 13). iat a lowering uli: aaa 2086 4c Ordinal se tie endig belo te barnoaiing suf zorsert Sess (Cr the) Ste” eevee (or the) 4 ba ‘madcor Gore) 3 te Note ae the teu eed 18) {ime ad msadszer othe) te + When writen with numbers, ona Clowes by a period 3. (adis= harmadit ods ie eon 0.3 Fractions Fractions are forme by sung th hamnizing ening edb ae “au in the ence of Lowering Stems) tot cdinal number haga ete, a te: Pantone ean combine mith peeing cal eyo 1/6, Siheted ST nggsed 48 Uz eakened V8 egsnoload U3 Gguormad 18 eyllenced Ms tgmesyed WO exyaced44 Structure In Hungarian »oojgatod et frm const of the stem ps two if tna sos, ic, psitous whee iectonal suis cancun The st the ui pos hat of TSS a seco pe a “Ths, schematically the strate ofthe ve is o 4 1 Stem + TENSEIMO0D + ERSONAUIBER Esamples: © 1 1 Glos virtk —sdrtak Shey ted? virntk hdr (ne wirorok dr Jatt rule "yom wai ‘Bot msohaoo and ensoNNUNMER ay be expressed bya 20 su Therefore, ever both) of tes su ins ema Example: 0 Tt Gloss viet we “he Wate érok hr ok Twa vr ‘or (oleh wait = Not tht the lst form above (present il peronsingla inefinite = the Brews) thew "leony fom frst Hangin, “The rese/00 slot expresses Present, Past, Conditional and Conjune {e-lmpertive. Te lof Fast edo ote fc tha itr ine net fxs by separate si, butte Present and other comple forms tied expres (se Chap 15 ad Section 6.1) Tn ado othe ‘hol person and aumer dsnetione the FeRSON NUMBER slot expesses the" Genefntenes of the objeto he vet 10. Definiteness: the Definite and Indefinite Conjugations In Hongaran,ifesen verb forms ae wed depending on whether the ‘bjt the vs deft’ o nines Tks tinction docs mot ext {n Emp compare te flowing Seteces an their Engl anton tnasokexy Adel am reading book harem a Koever “Tam reading We book ‘The ‘deli’ we. “indefinite convas is present np mater what THe ooo sali the retson sae sue combines with sos a the Preven, the Past he Conditonl and ie Cononcive imperative Obas egy tins, “(She is eaing a bok Otvazes kone "(Se reading the ook Obavot ay kine “(S)be was reading book” Ovast a ve. \SJhe wa reading the Book Ha olvasmtk ex kone, Tread a book, mcgrusodick "would calm down Ha ovasndm a kine, ‘fread the book. rmegrugodnek would culm down’ Olas exe nytt “Read a book! Obvaid a honyver! Read the book” ‘Ths the Hungarian ee has two conagaton (the fexsonMBER sus fal into tw cases: indetate sd efi ‘se Nott nto cases, namely nthe 1g0 ma anh: IL conceenAL, {ergo dflereace between the definite ad the indetit ars(e. {he defnteness conan nearalse) tata rg kinyver “Trea book Otvatam sone, “Tea the book? Obvasndnk ex bony ‘We woud ead a book? Otvaindnk Hone "We Would ead he ook10. betes 0st Usage “The genzral rae for he doce of the definite vs. the indefinite Snjags tion the following ‘A inefnte ver fom is sed if the vers intransitive (Fuk. “am ‘ming:) or (sith dec objet which coams bs indie [Afi ve orm is use he eth hat ditt object which counts ‘edit. 10.1.4 Dirset objoct phrases which count as Indefinite -Adioct object pase count a definite and equi the indefinite con Suton stan +n pase wit sn indefinite aie: Orasok ey Kort "Tam reading nok + anoun pase with po acl (and it sot» proper neu): Copti oe medenciben, “She aw a shaskin the pool + Nt tha athe am pion oes aun won eg ef rite er fom ili ina 6 medencében. ‘She saw Julia inthe poo! +e pigs premodified by a numeral without the definite atile) Ha ep ott a medenciven. “She saw Seven sharin the pool” + first or sco peson pronoun but not a lexi pono rif tamer engomitéged. —_"Chistopher knows majo = Note hata fira/second person reflexive pronoun wosld ree & ‘etnies Kriss ier man. ‘Christepherkeows asl: er Note ha special fe fae sfx used intend of the ‘oral indefinite porsc singula if tet fs =8c0nd feron objet See Sections 113,24, [Sand 14}, + an nterogative pronon (Dane he ane et contain a ik and have ‘igus aetiony eg, Hho} mi, ny, ha “howe may imiven, men what so Mizatars? ‘What do you want” ‘or Note that ani ntropaive pronoun with unique ideaiiction ‘pronoun (ei mehr hich (one) Bored, yea hich (one) in sequence’) would rogue 3 definite Yer orm: Melis akarod? “Wish one do you wat?” + one ofthe fii set of pronous minder “everthing? cont ‘his manu ut hat anya ev ‘poting Semon “hoki so rbot lake someon Yalamennyé! some amount ‘lant ‘something Yalamaven “Some in! (Nem sereten skit "Se didnot ove anybody? noun ple whote noun spewed by 2 ofthe inerogative roto or pomouns Hist above: Miyen Aimy ofasoa? Minden kanye obasot “what kind of bok ie read? (She rad very book «expressed with constrain whose ver i an ifntve: Meg atarok smal magyar. “Lwant olor Rongasan’ 10.1.2 Direct object phrases which count as definite Indirect objet cots definite (and seis the definite cviustion) ies rope noun with or without definite ail Sakina amedencében, "(Soe saw Jali the poo ‘Danita. (She saw the Danae “noun pase witha definite se: Otasom 2 sonnet am reading the bok” "Nate pt vloen at ch oi fine ve ue ow‘possessive noun phrase: som a knee mean my Onaiom Perr kinwde, ——‘Tamveaing Ras nk 2d pon pont atom “ear he detonsrative pronoun es “hist; dhe universal pronouss mind “al, valamenns aa tellesive pronoun. fecipocal pone a lon ‘ronan, a esprocal pronoun, ora 1m a , om ‘itm lancom “Toe ll hem: tom gana ‘Tog all ig cama See eich othe! Uo ne om “me ne Na i ces ie ert = tic a Wie an +0. prs whose nou i premade by pun Keted under Previous two points: aa ee Medi ua trom? Which dog dot see? om ten “Toes hace {Lom selamennyi hus, “Tose a aga? expres by a au: tm, bogy a cet tom, boy ot hat best is sanng here Vise hese comes int 11, The Present Tense “The Present Tense I unmarked (ets expressed by aero sufi in the ‘exstiqoon slo. The posowumber distinctions and the detitenes Aisinetons ae expressed by sulle inthe Fexsow Uns lo “The indefinite yensowNUnDER suies ae the following in the Present ‘Tee Soave Pama Ist -obet-ot snk xo sthantent tok 8 18th dk uaa wos names cnck + Tse suffixes se harmonizing two or tre frm suffixes where the choice ofthe appropit anon varan i determined ty Vowel sr ad wer Bor neste “pve! “Sea “pust “Bring” “eine” “Soak So Ist lok verek BR hosok—vések fork tro dee verte host’ el fosoh Es a a a a PL Isr adunk veri snk fink Iho lok Yertek Tue etek oar Sno Gna Yermek Tom eamek nek{$1.4.4 The 200 moeF suffix and sibilant-tnal stems, Some ofthe variation in the present indefinite snes inthe tale above |S not de to Vowel Harmony. Notably, in the second petton singular the suns sic replaced bythe harmonizing thee sul of ‘the stem ends int iba, se 9c Compare wi ee “bring! “chisel” “cook? “pie” "eat ps 230 OER hosol vise! fleB adsense de 11.4.2 the 2:6, 2, 3 mer suffices and clusterfinal stems Ther is some adtlonal varaon ot shown inthe table above. The se ( ptson singular, the second person pal suffolk sad ‘he tid person poral sufi nate ve vowel al vain well (at ont te-10k nnd -anat!onekyerpetively), Tere vlan ‘peat he ste chs in contonnn cluster oi 250 on. an. old “ume ——aldase oldook ——oldanak fest ‘pint fosters Jestdek ——_fesenck ‘hisd “figh’ Iiladese ‘eiggBI6L adeno ssic help’ segdess sete ——_—segienck ‘ant “weach’ ——tantase ano tantenak ‘Net tha nd in ¢ preceded by ang vowel but not the sufi ten Behave in an iiosycratc way. The rlevans ten ae te following forgive heath "col 'sce Ta) in 41 ne ag md ‘operate ap et "open wie’ 2” 236 an. aa ced hocsitah: ——bocsioMok ——_bocetana \ it fisens fixowek fivenet. th Inte ‘soo tence tat tie lama Tex) lima Suma) mie Initenek a Siainak tar ‘aaa iA ‘leno ‘Some vets which end in consonant chasers eaceptinaly do not ake the inl vowel (arr sew" srr. rok Yarrmat). Al “Ufo er tence hall “ea ull fl ell ave, nee and ‘all "confess log to is xceptiona rou c= Noe that Vowel deleting Stems take the nonowel-nitl variants of Sega rset eg meno ee 1 imnigek "Youn Owl matognak “hey pro Vowel Zeek Se ik ems nay egal tae the he no-vobel-eal vara or he the vomtanial tartans fini ales bah eee ote lak stat AOR naa youy ae 9 Dat firme frdenek "they take «bat See Seton 191 oh Vower-eeting Stems nd Chap ter Isom ives 11.2 Present Definite “The definite reson MUN sues re flowing inthe Preset Tense Soiouan Prorat sr ‘mem im ‘jute a-ak 200 -odved “oak aot seo sols teak Se ‘ae Inthe bi ove (and hencetorwar) the symbol nds tat the re ‘eding consonant has ro be double, ie the sem-fnal consonant gr tes betoe the suffix vowel (eg. moss + maul [mofo] "was CUncemes nes slat ise vey] “cay [IPL ms er. +The presen definite suTixes ae hamonizing (0-0 three-orm st: fines where the chose ofthe appepente variant is deterned by vowel Mason (nos that sometimer the varias ee very llernt compare ‘ion varias the back variant the sg) af ver Uk hos fe ive’ "Sear “pus! ring’ “cist” “CokSots dom verem 13k hocom —vésem dm zo dad vered (OLB horod vised iad a> aia ve Loma sl fh PL Isr adick —verjtk lott horeak vésrtk fate ‘2x0 aitok verltek Yak rato tk Stok ‘ao agit verik lik hosed alt fk 39.2.4 The ae 06r suttix and the suum oermiré suttines “The 3d pron singular sfc end all the plural definite susie ave va {ns that ence gemination of the stem ial consonant if he eons ‘ne ofthe sibs, in the abe showing the define sues, ANehave indist thte vant withthe spill symbol}. 1 Not that inthe {st perso plural the geminaton fhe stem a sbi lant happens toh i back and front stems (eg, hozauk AND Ws ‘feet By ects, in Sed person sigs athe poral 2nd Se persons, the geinationsnducing sufi vaiant ely combines ‘wih bck sibilant final stems: compare Nozea BUT ve és (350) Tozsdok BUT vested, sek (291); dowd BUY 5 fo 3. Note thatthe nit si variants may cause assimilation hich | ming! i the speling ead (9) Fo the acta! promunce ‘Son of te consnae less Cots Ofcom st Seaton 13 Ge Pain. " “ 11.3, 190 subject 220/m object: the -lak/-lek/-alak/-olek suffix he subj ofthe vets Ist perso singular andthe object i 2nd pr fom sigur spi at Lata clk six i wed tse ‘ofthe regula inetnite conjgation (eal tht 2ed person jets cout ‘Sinden eters) Compare: Iso 29cim" Enid ged, ve age. ee ou Hehe ses 00." Ente ged A ect ge. ah yous Wey wach You” Er oreo eke. Mi artank eke “hal yu Me ld You” En iomerek ge. Kifiomer ged. Ainow yon "Chron knows yous. “the oie berween the fa ala Lele sus variant ter- esc by Vel Harmony lak nse taal vs. mere, + Cluseefna stems Fee nae asian of the sulci Used after stems hat end in ‘omsonuat listo: fart “oi talk old ‘une’ oldalak est ‘pain’ festlek Ii “ie ——_Adelek “Agu, some verbs which end in consonant ster exepionay 0 no SEAS taal vowel All verbs ending in 4 govainate consonant elong otis group (gar "sew" aria). : cote tn 14 2c” forms of ves tat end ingest only oe ty wo (og ell hate, despise ral bale Yu") RSE Ginetta these forms may coincide speling and in pro- Free ont wit te as Lac sock Tor (ee. rahe hae 88: tk mosopem That washing up.) ev Nove tat Yows-deleting Sens ahah noaowe nal varians of the Lot 2a a eg. morag ‘growl = ropa ‘tow ato ‘See Seton 19, on owe deleting Stems Forte use ofthe Present Tens, se Cape 16. ‘cat opp wit fon st The consi fms of ek ot vt The12. The Past Tense ‘The Past Tensei marked wih the past ene sc which appears in ‘ENSEMGoo st alowing the verb em: The persontice atone she dtnieness sions ae exes ysis he Hse 12.1 Tho Past Tense suttix {Re pes tne suc nme olows the sem and mayb eo by allio or eine ransonhoume sui hare log saat . ‘The vowellessgeminate variant ofthe pas tense sofix only oscars ir aang Ye stems word-nally nd before PesONDMGER su. tae sated stor 386 past Bune 350 PAST DEF tee ‘leroy afew vr sms Gro 16st a ‘0 eat down’ rd ‘seit’, #28 "wee), all of which end in & vowel in ASS onary loos n ony Ser Seca 42.2 -otereee-att Ess ia inital vel then he coi of ei in ove depends on Vowel Harmony: cole ' ‘ot et a worst noe “lot Ss0mstmer oo so past nner 121.8 -otsnotbtt vent The choice between a Vowel inal variant teat ws. the vowels ‘arias depends an what provdes and flows the ps sufi, 2.1.81 Word.nat porton ‘Wha te ps sf sn orf! poson (ein the 3d person singu- Jar indole which i mmarked), the choice Petween te Nowell ratio ve, the vowellese variants determined y He lst Sound) ofthe am to which te past Sus ded (The vowelles variant) cur in word-inal positon if the stm ends ina sngle consonant which is. Lr Min hn, teflon ‘dere “Vani” "ka ay’ “Blow “Mow rst Kihint hinge est fit fot bth stem belongs tothe lass ofa Final vrb: salad roped rasreatmer —saladt rept ‘Altogether ther are about 10 ver stems that end ina The te chaste pro ‘unos eo [a8 aston which e ot indicted by the sein ‘KSher (fs proncunced whe the clusters preceded by ater con Sena (ar +m true [or4fuk] “old 21 cos DEF) ad Tong [API pronounced when the luster fe yrecedad by a owe et a wie eaf9 ] “open wie CoN Pa. +The sfx arian ae harmonizing o-oo fort sixes where ‘he choice ofthe appropriate harmon vara edt’ By Vowel Hin ‘comunca hana ere om st dnt ve ‘poit Thur” "pour? “open wide “is So 1" romuak sek sek sak ek séomel Snes endl’ edt siren dinuin—tdson zen PL romsunk —sredink —Sntink etn vin 2° romsatok svetekGnsetekrsatok—_vdstek 3 romuanak srrenck dnsenek —tusanak—_vtenek Ccosnncrveheseave Dee rom ada Ont te ve ‘spo Shar "pour* pen wide? ie Sov ronam —séryom —Gasem sam tse 2 romvad —sérwed © nged tsa ved 2° rome ste Ongena te ee a 2 rontdiok —sérwick snatch etstok tek 2 rompik rssh Onasch14. 1he Contnetve iporative 14321 Shore Forme (The indefate 286 short fonms ate formed with the sfx which ‘beesin th me Way ab the catesponding sui the las Tom ont sét Stat we ‘poi Thur "pour" “open wide" "miss" 250 toma ronal srl — ins eis soar rons sis use we (i) The definite 280 short fem se formed with the s+ ad + 1d. Te rening tnd luster alayspronoonced 138) pont gért tte “ eit” Thu’ “powr? pen wide” mise 286 tone ronsad —sérsed —Snsed —sdad——vetsed sucwt romsd ord Sad dnd 14.3.3 ot or axt-fnal verbs ‘Ver stems in the thie suber of inal verbs end in so ‘These verb ake the Cini conjenve imperative definite or nde rte) eninge Seton 14 ao 18.2) Homeve he ver stern delete the wri whon the onjuntvempertive sing i added an os the preceding # se gominned at +L] sy get + Canh feet PetCo ono 1-8 (on nan ie rLcoNs ter The sufi variants are harmoizingt9o- or th-for snes where he cote of the appropiate haronic Yarn determined by Vows) Hamm CComnenvesenanve eer out ee fest “tiie “tatuen’ “pain ssa Vieszek——_fessek oss Veamst—featt oon essson——_feszen 14. 1he Connctvempertve PLO oggumk ens fetnk 2° oggatok ——esetek ——_fsstek 3 extanak igre fenenek Ccomnmerivesneananve Dre Sar Ser Sar —LELr—C CL = oe tue fe no cat ehh Se ee ee elt Gael 143.31 Short Forms {3 the inlet Bs shot forms are formed with he sux -D which ‘eaves tthe sane way the comesponding ulin the long orm set} see Cae ext eset fea “Gividet ——“ittent “pain 230 UNG ostel liesmet feast, sor oa esse fess (6). The deine 25 shot fsa formed with he sux. Nate that Tie ial deletes bloe this sig oda +9 ont ewe fet “aide “tates? “pain 250 Lone ose joared —fssed sort ont ese fet 4348 In Stand Hungarian he conjnetive-impeaive definite verb form of {at stems never Mena wih the presen define ver er of he14. 1he Conunctivempertive ‘tem. (This i lice te Wehaviont of non waaay ‘The following is comparison of those (non-idemial) present definite tnd conjancavesmperstve dete vert form of Sina stems whi ‘would cine inte eat foo: final toms (ce Seton 142) sal ems, see Seaton PresoerDernre ——_Cowuncnvptrnarve im jue + osu ok : rents ose : osc fest 2 Pes tm tok asso rongok ond ogo mca anti + dk one 2 rons osegdk 3 ssa 30 da ‘ isa rome * rote 1 Te nonstandard Hungarian, some conjonctive pervs definite ver ferme may te esis with some preset define ver fortis even or ‘inal stems, Notably, the conjure smpersive fra above are ‘sedi the Present Deft by some native speakers of non-standard Hingston, This considered to be ncorest by pas 1644 Ase subject 2se/n objoct: {he salak/Folek/-Clalah/-(eek orm Similarly to the Present Tense the Past Tense andthe Contin, he subject the wer i Ist person singular andthe bjt 2d pers sin furor pla special ending sed in the Conjuntve-Inperatve ns well In the Conjunctive-Impertive, the ending is fala eek! Caat! Cheek ‘where yess he dong of te ste fil conan the easonan ‘Boneofthe sn sd 1h The conjunctive eerntve “The choice ofthe apropite jalot-Dalak vs. eek variant ‘Breamined by Vowel Haron ad wr ‘vet Theat “puke “rig? So 1 adialak verfelck Uokjetek howalak veel feelek "The thee types inal verb behave the way descebed above in Soe- thn 13 ofa es ‘ 0 m Ser Shae Spr Shae Sede “ain So. 1 disslak dteek rons sévetek ontalak fesselek foes fle “hist! “cook = For the usage ofthe Conjunctive-lmpeatve, see Section 163.15. The Future 15.4 The Future Construction ‘That is no specte fate aus in Hungarian, There ie However # con Siration whieh refers fe ins The cnsnecton consis he Vb Jon + smiIve Fog takes the definite of indie poset endiasS3 the inintve alway’ of the ipersoal kin Le. taafntve with bossesive endings, ore Chapter 1”). Fos may pecee flo the Inn five Gite sctual positon is determined by eats an the ctor) Aldi forok Pozokaludn. "Tl seep Inthe following CxS the tre Constrction silted with te ver clare ™ ohasnifogek ——_fogokobvaant ~ obaanifogst | fogec ova a ohsni fog fos ofan moo abvunijogunk ——fogunk vas »~ hasnt fogtok opto olvaeni * roan foznak ——_fognak ctv 1s" 230m bani foglak ——_fogla oust se lain’ josom foam ooaunt ~ ‘tvasnl food fet vant ” clini foul ——_fogi bras mor colvsmifegink ——_fogiuk olan ~ chain’ fogiiok —_fogitoX olan 3° clvanifosick ——_ folk olasnt 16.2 The Futre of van Sone does nor ocr nt Fre Cnstraton—i en vi it tc spe tae fone Bios Feet." wil pp. ‘es ar ased on tem rand hve he eau ese de> soi" les 2 ese xe mo lect tet ye lesa vcr ne a setae cero mana16. Usage: Tenses, Conditional, Conjunctive-Imperative 10.4 Tenses "here sno equivalent of the English prs and continuous temevnood phic i expussed with conjugated ver frm in Hungarian (oes pes fixes may expres perfective meaning, so Sotion 21°) +The Present Tese may refer to preset ure ine: Meszek aanrniroa, “Tam gol tothe fbr? Hlolnap megs a Linyveisba “Tern wl got the Neary ézem acer Tam watching wevision’? Maid nézm aves “Later Wil wath eeison +The Pat Tent in refer to any action stata ook ace nthe pst. xan be ratte no English with Spe Pas, Past Coins as Perfect an Past Peres Continuous Tegnapolsaston ey Kinet, Tread boot Jeena” pen exy kone! aso “Helse? was rating book? Astor besten vel, mir basta a Kinet “He a aleady read the book wien Ilo thm. rr Note that te English Preset Perfect comesponds tothe Hungarian Pst Tent ifthe meanings estaare or asin pst bur ie Present Tense ithe mening she “upsothe presen pe ange Tense, Condon, Conjunctve erate tam fms ave seen the il: Ledobiaakinyreta fre ‘SheMet hs tuowa the book onthe floor” 1968 a anak "They have ive here sine 1968 Mista vagy rend? “Wow Tong have you been a ptieman?™ The Present Tense may efecto the prseoto the fete. Tus, fare time maybe expresed in So ways wit te Present Tense, and with the Future Consttion Kimegy a: dlamdsra eel goa going/ il to the away station Kfogmesi az dlomdsa, Helse wl goo the rly station” + There ie no sequence of tenses rule in Hangar, so dependent ses ‘may be in an tee Galuding he Pre) even he man caus 6 the pase : ‘Autmondta, hogy Mari zbmet ‘tebe achat May ba Te: Act mondea, hogy Mai elmex: ‘Stele ai hat Mary was leaving ou leave ‘et mond, hogy Mariel fo menu “Hehe sad tht Mary would eave 16.2 Conditionat + Thecotonl is wed in ha. (4a i. then conan conse (Fhe tee conditional constructions 1¥ 1 (4f2 sind Christopher Stel go tothe cinema) i expressed ih he Preset ov he Fate 1 Hingsrian, oth ie Preset andthe Ete may pes eter (nd ‘ath ofthe ra classe a mestolan Kifer, (athor)ebnegik moi, find Citopher we'll goo the cinema"18, Usage: Tenses, Conditional, Connie imperative es fogom ald Krist, (abhor) elnesyink macba ind Christophe we'll go tthe ina ‘Ha mex fogom tala rit, (ator el fogunk men mob “IE find Cstophe, we'll go othe cnc Ma mestaldlam Krister, (able) el fsa mena moi, ET ind Christopher we'll poo the enema onctiona oestrction T 2 found Chistopher, we would goto the cinema’) expressed withthe Present Conditional aba lace Mo mestlitnin Kristo, alban elmennénk motba “If Mound Cristophe, we'd gota the cine I enne, ha bbe lenin, would be nice Tsuen more? Conditional constnstion 73283 (1 had ound Christopher we would ave zone tothe cinoma is exprested wih tne Pst Codon ioe clases ‘Ho mesttitom vlna Kristo (abhor) emetink von mozia. “IEThad found Christopher. wool have poe tote chen Yi et von, ha ee tan volna, ‘hwo have Been nice had sen erin more? +The Present Conditions is wed in polit requests Anat ery poh size? ‘Wvould you give me's las of water? +The conditional i used o express wishes: Bacto lenne id, “ifonly Thame” Besa lt ona idm, oaly had me 2 Conjunctive-Imperative +The Conjunctive-Imperatve is used indirect and indirect onan) request Néie bia ablaton! Lok oat ofthe window!” 46. Ueanes Tones, Conon Ca “Gren ide! “Coe bese! Nemenink aturit “Lats not gt slp ‘Autmondtad, hogy (én) nz i ablakon. ‘atid me to look on ofthe window iia at Rr, hoy ek ae “Juli ass ne to ome ee ‘at javasle, hoy ne meni aud. : Helse apgeted ha we Shoal ot gow sloop’ +The Conjunetive peat i wed 1 express atone that seme {iy commands, seqoet or want somebody 0 nthe com ‘Sint the ConunctveInporane appears inthe subi ae, ‘Ast chrom, hog ved ‘ant yout ake oft (Cia nt sere hogy seresen. Su sould ike hiner lve you ‘oyparancsola hog ne gondola ‘Sheet ordered eo fo ik + The Cojnetive Imperative is wed tab for nstucdonsSugeesons/ Permission ete. (= ican be sed in the meaning expressed English By Shall, Shall ne? Shou, Should we?) Levigastam a hajan? Sal hve my act” Hoy texte? ‘er al wept down Nesériam be o a6 ‘Sh ck the dor?” +The Conjnetive Imperative i sed in clauses of purpose: Asért megs a ota, hoy veyek egy Ak popagit. “Tam going tothe sop toy bios pot!16, Urge: Tenses, Condon conjunctive periie Fein timp, hogy ne ina stb “Th tbe on he 2a he wot be fi nthe da! 1 Note tt in negative clases with a Cnjunciveingeratie form, the ‘negative Wor ne Is sed instead of nm (ee Seton 3.4 on negation. 1 Se Section 23 forthe positon of peeves in clauses with Conjune. tive-tnyperative vert forms. oe 17. Non-finite forms 417-4 Infntives Infntives are used in special constitons with sas tke vere and rominl (ee Secon 285 for itintal cosroctons os ae tenisceni, obits o play tennis (fe) Renyelen vagy tentzecn’ ‘You have no chose tt py te Noten io tenes “TNs good forme wo ply tenis" “There ae Wo kinds ofnfitves: he persona” ifntive andthe “J Seal inate 17.4.4 Tho Impersonst ifinitive The impersonal ifn formed with he pa a ali -i--n sihich added othe be vette. Te choice tween the wowina “rans -at -on i eterno by Vowel Harmony. The ce eee the owe sion. tev vats Oped 8 end (0 The owe nial varias occu if the ster ends in conona elustr except rt ‘ant le ons eat ‘ol "pulr aac” “geo IWINSTNE tora tent onan ula Not that hal hea el have to, nee’ voll ‘cones 4 Aull all” ‘ne excepioal bees they on in Ba they ake t= Vowels ‘mien vat othe nto alt en enV allan’ tellent —sal (compare dn to tan égetn ‘tobe ashamed 0) ntant‘the stem ens ina long vowel pos fant oft tocatt tthe er en {antant éetent fen! bocstent stant mien sient ten tnd 1 The stems ‘seen 6 fs) “anal neer sop’ are exceptional esau ed i's ng tel ls bake hel aan teh remind m:n (49 The consonsnntal variants occur in alt cases not covered by () above fon vertedit tare ‘shoot’ “how” ight “Sanat "sew INenITVE (Oni fognt—verekednd laren Vowel deleting Stems take the -n varie. moral ogo nd citer the vowel: variant or the consonant ial Ysa of the infntive sts ean be atached to Vowel deleting ik Stems ey fic "nd x fdent "to bate (se Seton 19.1). > ‘+The infinitive ofa Cait stem i based ont slteatve tom: yrs “fight verehedni to fight soe Section 1941) "+ Note the infntives of the mogul verb eat, a es “tae, boy Iie "believe as ‘ear ee "he, become estat stk ks an “be me "Come: teu, en nn, een ‘no Kenn mens, nn Se Section 19.5), 17.4.2 Tho Personal tnfinitve: Infinitive with Possessive ‘Surrices ‘The Infnie can eciv the nominal possessive endings As opposed to the impersonal nfnuve the endings ofthis "pesonal'infiive cel indicate he sbject of the ver in inate fons even if there lo ove Ssbject impersonal infinitive ‘Nokon obvand el, Tus read? (over subject) Ofvaimi tel “One mst ead ho over Subject) peronal infinitive ‘Nokem ofasmam kel Ovasnom kel ‘Tim read? (oven subject) “Tims read (no over sabe) ‘Phe personal infiniti endings (which consist f the infin suis plas « potsessve sun) ae the folowing Sour Pua ™ som-nenicnim nant ‘nomenon ‘unt eae ~ od ned-nbd oto etek ‘nodened ‘nono oncek| ” -wianie i t colatenie nie “These sures are harmonizing two: o thre-form suffixes where the ‘choice ofthe appropriate armen vat is determined by Vowel Har at monde fost ted Save ook “pine hea S01 cdnam monn nésnem festonem kn i 2 oduad mondenod némed fstened (Sid tandened ‘mondena—nismle fede Loale adrunkmondantok cnn freak Ulaak hindontak anotok ondanotok nsnctek ferent Lik izdeneeh niu mondanak—nénlak fee otk ice denon “The coice between the vowel-inlal and consonant variants is eterno by the sae lator ss the esse of the impersonal aie Sufix sami-envs ni gicarsed in 17.1 above: ithe spersoral iia tive ending after aver stem i vowel nial, ten the personal infinitive Endings ler he sne vr atm are vowel nial 0, Note thatthe personal nfintivs ofthe mega vrs es ‘pu eae uy selves “cay Fee, become el “a‘tik ‘in’, van he my “goin “come” are ase on the ems en (th bi vi, ee em, mee on espectively ene, ‘enn, ini, vn ence. etned, mene it, (se Section 193) 1 The personal inintve of «Cait stm is ase omits atematve stem ‘era Tigh. teretedned for you o fg se Secon 19.41 17.2 Participtos ‘The sctive (resent pcp the passive (pst) participle and he Frure pariple ae ured in adecival orci. ‘ahurasd ember “ie angry an’ ar ardtom my lesa fie" sz eidgvendé munks “ie job oe done! 17.2.1 The Retive @rosont) Partciple ‘The stv participle formed withthe arnonining tvo-frm sli 8, whic is aed tote are ve ster. The choice the spore ba ‘monic vsiant is detefined by Vowel Heron ate kid arog Sand” “Chisel” ‘stupa’ “shoot” "prowl scmverwnnems al6 isbn mores 12 The sctive panicle of Cav sem is based omits lems ste serosa igh, trededs fightin see Section 1943. or Note te behaviour of 4 ands Stems (19.43) and the regular Sens (195 and 19525) bore hese resent pcp sit fic harap be angry with sb haraged anBtyJon ome =n ‘somning ete 47.2.2 The Passive Past) Partciple “The passive (past) patcple sufi ete same a hepa esse sf “outed Te als forthe Selection of variants are esetally iene ith those ofthe ast ese sls vias (80 12.1). Ts the “sg pt hd form aver rogues ental ith pt price Kris tkipenegy ola afizeebol. "Chsoper toe & pape oat fs sop: A kite dat a flare dob ‘He the te tom-out page on the Noor” Maio meer Mary converte? ; ‘Mra ment ember. “Marys aceverted person. In few cases there ita unexpected ifleence beeen the 5g pst net xn and ihe pst atl In these cases te fst participle sti ws eg ‘Sou vowel (4 conuanat ti! varlan sequel the ale 350 sr BRE RAST PARTIE ante ia ‘ot torres” tore ‘aro fam eave’ font fovot 17.2.3 The Futuro Particiole “The fate patie six ie formed wih the harmonising t¥0-orm si: and dnd. The choice ofthe spropiate armen vant dtr ‘nina by Sowel Hany Fis St practically extinct a a eoductve Your of sutton m pet ay cola! Hungarian Cespectally the {poten Tanguage) and only survives in faes Which have become Tet ‘Bised Conc) adjectives or nouns: jovendd “fue end ey 1 Seis. Typical, felavessuse ane ued to express eanings which ould be expressed by the fuure panic: eg a meatand elk “e ge tobe tn’ = kk ami eg el the per tha wl hase 17.2.4 The Adverbial Participle “Tye ales pricil fone wth he harmonising t0-orm sulix Mes which ages ye hare ver sen. The baie othe app pte harmonic variant fs determined by Noel Harmon: aloe" Pekagvs ene lah neveve sae tan adverb of an Zologv vast teveét. “read ne leerysi yes are a idiosyncratic las of verbs. They cam be identified Py the on harmonizing if SUM they take Instead of the usual i the 3 et “on slagulr Present nde tk heeft ol, ex sefehe {alle 04k hfe exapestimod "hse dreams ompare the 380 PRS mer of moni es "set es mara eet Ll verbs are often ineasitve (i.e. have no objet andr haves sbect Shih is aoa ent (re. not doe ofan aston tt not posble fc ieniy meses ofthe Ue cass on he seo tenant nea fing because there are Wanstive andor agente“ ers on ad there 19 lnanestive andr "son agente” nan verbs a wll eampare te “agcntve’ jc play” and ofa “read and te lntranstve needle eo animal) and mephal "ce ‘There used io hea separate yer conjugation inal the saga persons In the Prsot Indie, tye Conditional Ingen and the Imperative CConjanetveIndetiite- Tn prset-day sands! Runs a the pec i conjgaton forms have despre (rent od shied aoa tives tothe regular forms) except the Is eon singular andthe dpe Son singular Preset Inde its forms. nthe Tt person snglar Present Indefinite th definite sti -om-mm sted hough he ela set Ste otk ene ent wel) and nthe ed person sng snd fie the sufi instead a a fecold” “al” Segeape’ ean So 1" févom —esem —ssitdm——sodom ficok ek adhe maak am fk ek otk moe er Note hat some speakers consider he atemative(roguly) Itpeson forme appre ae some ik verbs ( erot “cok Trike, ‘2), Some - verb, however have no special m-emi~im variant ‘Sem it the fa peron singling the ob -t-dtform i sed by all Td al, Ded sen ai hide’ i "become Forte behaviour of Vowel eng Stems of thei ype ee Seis Wteand 1942, “The feowing sa tof some common ik ver (Sone ot the verb stems Ite ave vane wth poets ef. Chapter Siyhish may have ferent mesniogs. Only the stems are sted here — the atts ae also eer) alaptit “bead on folie “low ‘icc “asp fulton “salle tes seey Sirti athe Grote “hein prporion ose" gyiik “gather Gram "Bow feboik ‘foam Gt “he drenched! haji ‘bend ink “eat alist “Ast fomk “to Iatdotie "be dying’ rot ms flask ‘canbe ed? ‘ome “afl inte ‘peel bok “ei Tangs, “sound kone Mangan “destin mak give Iaragscit “beangry” bch, nk avait “snow” roktodek “4s emu“, be yore lt “oseap Fansite msg Seine “sida sit eik“ae" Iongasik ohincik ‘sme’ tk fies semember me ork Sine" lasik “nk ik ‘al hk ind 3° nck ‘sweae Esk ‘alow fc ‘ea icesk lay” fisk ——“becold fet “hele” Seri, "Te, secie' opst "become wom? roi “shine ful “broad Gg at Hovordsck “tute fogs “ete fit “crawlek reside? sop lasik “soem alert lage dni mil weit smoralik fenik month adr ene ‘oi Imi” ‘pase dependon* tr a torndelk Iugscit “heal ‘Srtn ‘alike nik Gre “a down ok Gai “sp oe ‘clk “spree! co (one ek oct bande “sho Nip iri “opula’ Yaarik tat “gush vat Fell einen in ah Tohangdsik ‘non upand dove’ Yi ‘mii “became worse Yh ue side" iam Bark ‘defoca’ Tindale Sdrmacit ‘orgie fom” it Ml “escape” amt Sonja “betray al “suck “be bon? as fe imastis! “bape emp” cha desire “sesh come divorce! “Peeame Bane ‘soos ‘ce “ike (of ghning) ‘re “pen ocome depraved 19. Verb Stems Hungarian stems typically do not change when suites are aed to then, ‘Regular exceptions to ths generalisation rel fom the sound rues ds ‘sed in Chapter I Reresve Vole Assign (Seton 11; Depem ‘nat (Section 13.2), Ariston (Seton 13), Pltalization Seton 134) Nasal Blac Assimilation Section 133) and Fal ye Lengtben ing (Sston 13). These are regula inthe sense that hey statically fn exceponlnty apply to te st sound of eer sto tht comes under ‘he purview of my of thse ales. Repreasive Voce Assi, Degem Inalon, Afra, Paltlzaon and Navel Place Assmilaion are not {ndiatd hy the Speling, bol Fal oe Levgthenig There are, however, some ireglar stem types, which do change wea fie ce aed other, cause musa changes inthe sales oe hae Some otter unpredictable properties. ‘The eral ans ae aicusodin S ‘Shape the nominal es See Chapt). Noe there are no verbal Lowering Stems (no vst stems comps fable to he ones gcse in Seton 1). 10.4 Vowol-deleting Stoms: Swese esl nnn vowel fone hy asngle aonas The vowel precediag the stem final consonants Teal fea ete i one cep onal verb stem: i sr), 1s Nowe deleting Stems the vowel receding the stem fina onsanan is Usable it delete ifthe es aac the tam Bins wah a omc i aig “i si sodor “rol” godoria “3s oF” sadrom “0 mes 1 ever ‘rwcop’ Sepered 20S DE tprek. ‘Lag mas NDE avr “orae’ —gpdOmtk Su MES ber” goer “Seg ras Di19.4.1 The Past Forms of Vowel-deloting Stems, 19.1.1 Words Pesion After Yowelscletng Stems, in word-fisal postion ie. nthe 3 person Sngutarindetiite, which is unmarked), the past sfx appro (0 the sowelless variant ifthe stem ie nont Vowel deleting Stem whic ends in for inthis cas the unstable vowel of the stem ae ot delete since the sufi is cnsinant tal abot par mst3so meer robot ayotier i the vowel na yartant ifthe ster is (a) a nei Ve deleting Stem which enna consonant other hun! oe) is ‘an il-lass Novi deleting Stem ln these cscs the usta Vowel ‘of testes deleos since he uli is vowel inal, ® o foros, irik fedit ego "tom ‘Jump’ “hate” "hee PASE SSOINDEE forgow rae agro firdOa_Letegcet 19.112 Now-wordsnal poston: preceding a rxsonnen sf, Alter Vowel-deeting Stems, hen tbe past ux prsdes a vowels FERSONUNER sfx (Le. in all persceymumbes other than the Sed pot on singular ndevinte), the pst sui peat (the rowdles vrian he tm is poi Wve dein Sie Ini eh aie ove fs dsm ee ee ‘aol ir frog ot ee rast Isobe rabolion —gydttem —forogtm (6 the vowed iil variant -on-c-04 OR the vowetes variant {he stm san class Vowsldeeing Sem Int ease curt ‘vowel ofthe sem is deleted or retained spending on Whether he ‘vowel othe consoan-inal vara of i pat sain coe "The choice between the two variants ix etna fc, but not that the form withthe voles variant sometimes unespecedly des not ‘hist oF is of quistonable acespabiiy (eg lege “breathe but INotit Ilegcenem "I eethe) The comesponding Tors wit the ‘owe nal var ways seem t be possible se find eg Sept atest” Pest 150OEF ago — fiona ‘onan ‘ftom geo 104.2 Vowol-doloting ik Stoms Some veal Vovel- deleting Stns rei verbs a wl The usable vowel ofthese sts (hich Would show p before a consonant il sll) ‘ot apparent in the tons fn of hee vers, which have the suis “Ik Homever te unstable vowel always predictie- At fe replant ows Stems tng cor whe een deed 9 the receding vowels he stem aconing tothe rales of Vowel Harmon} (Setton 18): uri’ rd to ate’ lego beste ele [pon 1 beat gy jump agora to jmp Foethe pst Ferma of Vowel doing Stems, se Section 18-1 19.22 26 rm on, 24s No, FE OE, 80 i Cononows. and tsar Forms After Wel deleting Stems, both the vows nt and he non vowel {nial varnts of the 28e Paes INber the 2PL PE IND, the SPL PRES In, the 136" 28 the CanoreonA andthe gv snes ae pownble, The usable vowel of he sem 5 deleted oe ained depending firwbsthr the vowel or the consonant nal vara ft suit {chosen Thi is shown below using the verbs Fri "bathe egsik "weather jump? a ean: suf arin afer Wo deleting it toms ee fines: ride -otet-ot TegelDest RIL eth OK ugoriok_agrnok {Some ote vob sens ised have abt with pest fC fist fica Somat hve seen mesnng, Waa few ceptions oly he ftgeaek eget aoe eee oan ae aso vowel dlang Sens) Sas Oct ea-el-amak-enck ——agoraak—sgranck ‘ pp sre ‘ndelg ‘waren’ — eet ‘angrove firddnek | fardenck ‘éramtik “flow” " ‘hidnyzik “be missing” lager leegenet col, Minit enous Isc 2g ki eb ta ek eoriah spol fea esnae’ Nee Foes Hite Noes “Samp Mepetit (eget Meat ou nh nse ma -aventen ‘et A conor gorath —ngranth fh pon eee oéloz ‘aim’ hunyorog Seren Seerents Site inoaee Ino? nant et got ngrant Searels ingot Bian fied Boel ae i Wises es = Pies 1 AterYowe eefng nm tems aly cose il vrs Shdek “sole ere ite Somes wap Ps ieentbeaP Pus nner be tct | AnH “pum amend” SSghie te Coupmosac and ie benenvesatace ar posse Tae SARE ave es ‘cab vowl of ese aie fag ee suv her Yoweeeing emi ims oti “iy wih! iro” “Se oa Senet ee! ferret “at ‘aot fog fe “ct Keg “Kt cers” ‘oo A Fretcg “Seimei” — apes" 20 mes sre abot forgst | feo “tc Meine: ae ee frog ore oe eeu 2PL PIs INDHF oh OK rook forgo a feo ae 2PLPes oer -mak-neame-enck——rolank frock fides —“Retowsing? Kor" 1c 250h® kl ek boa — fool | let earners, Cowra, “atonen rabindk —fognth 1 Fino “snake ‘er Re si rol? ape yh no Insourve—-nlaniens rabolnd —forogni ey ne “ae vest“ regenera aun The lowing i i of ome commen Yowel- eng Sem frelon ee egress ‘mnageu! Boor ore est ran meiner “roenie™ ‘hen vata an alte fog inthe persona ini, i. when ini jal ‘ben imegtorel ‘avenge’ ToS Senate nee ba a an mor Speman hee : tenet “oan lit “adoap aoe : : ss a SS =a = a aa ee = a os are ex Foal on ee ee a= =. Bar oe. Se = — ee Prolog ‘evaporate’ wore wipe’ ae ee = eo ene ae — coo a5 oS ny = a0 = =o ir = = — oe = oe en co a So Bene 18.2eting Ste Ast ll Hungarian vey stems end in consonan consonance te ate a snail number of stems tht end ins towel when they sec ‘mista, They ae 2 "ook, 1dshoot owed "weave nee be and mp “weae down These sens ae all -addag Stems, Le they inl eonsonant when eowed by voll sli OF these stems, 15 “shoot Ad “grow sd weave’ 76 “scribble shorten thee vowels when they ae av before vowel suff ntl six ‘initia sus y6"scibble’——rdnat they scribble’ vom 'T scible™ 1 shat Tek “they shoot ‘rom 1 hoc “The sem vowel of f8 "cook and ‘wear down’ does nt shorten nil ulix ‘insu yd wear down” nydack they wear dowa’ mydwi “I wear dose FBeook Finot "ey cook” B08 cook Note dt ia teas (faite and indefinite) ese stems enna vowel 10 hich the past plus the apposite rexsonhvonen sixes are ‘St: tele serbbled” "else sho rua "they sab Bled fe they soe ‘2 Those sts take the nil sufixes inthe Corgoncrve-bureaatiV (Get and Sndtint, se Seeuons 1 and 142), Not thal he Su Fix spear nthe sort form ofthe 2nd person singular delat Toad seh ete” 419.3 Defective Stems Defective Stems ack cra forms tha regular verbs have (hey have Incomplee pais), Fr example, Defective Stns do have Cojunetie-ngertiv forms fitis na psn tose he sere ea (obi a Defer Stam, nenatrctions hat would rare a ConjntveInperalve orn totem atarom, hogy eka oe ONem aharom, hogy coke. fe Mos Defective St ate veg cnt), two ae nomi vert tient ands ster) Al Bete Ste ed in Sonant hee are he two Consonant presedg the sit the ‘Seo very, bt tnt ponble elf ero stem defective node on thet i sage sone. or engl ut ‘Sup for beh, soca noneeciv (compare he ry sla ‘ecient: Nem arom hogy faldalar "ent want YOu to amp fortreth?“The missing forms ate aot random. Only forms in which he defective sem is followed by a vowelinital sufi re poste so suffices that ‘ily have consonant Vaan anno be ded to defective scm, 2silfx which has a yowelanital sarlant can be added to Defects Stem (iis vows-ina vara, naturally). For expe the sufi “ha he ay” does ot have seve iil variant, sno poste 05 may hcp" by aiding the suf he stem el bat hi poste to lth same str inte pst because the pt note! Goes fave a vowel variant: sutlodt ac ober Pst Nota ial iacarants oun as costal ace Sect 12141 and 3), ‘Te following ia ist of some common Defective Stes (Some ofthe ver stems ised have variants wid e-vert cf, Caper 21) which nay have diferent meanings, With afew exceptions nly ‘he ums ae Isted hore the variants are oso Detective Stems), arin beinproporion — magaslt. “ower? oe Invbesindrik“booie sted ihiramiit “evolveon’ ——_eghatonlt “confit wt beeleait “bell over mora ante ba a Seventh nullity ordat “pow” Gist store paraiit “pute Stiremik “pms auichly’ onl “bocome dst Sat ‘eel rik ‘ein Feasalomit ganer rend Nagttyremenbce Fst ie reba “ramble jeune come usc Sot make sel fe Joss ote siti de foum “in St ‘fer fabs “Toa si “Toor dary" dlp fost “amet hamantt—“egencrae’ Eel“ out fe ‘ike tie tse of fei rene fe out ‘edit ought Aciremik “Sante fnty loa ead ‘oh ating adie “teseeninthe vonage ma rae apex 19.4 sx/d and sz/e Stems 10.44 Cazik verte ‘Cui vet, verb tha ond consonant pls tee "dictignary orm (350 FAS NDE) bev special Way that hey have an alte Inthe alemative stems, th of he ending rik is replaced by oe (Geld Se) and erly by one (ls Some) Te ening -a-edand ‘ex conform Vowel Harmon seid stem siestem ‘aed ores smosalsit “washonese” ——_szdndélcit “ited movatedik Sande ovelsit —“arow lasek ‘uyhar veto pete = te the veh aro" ag’ fb’ li see whose dotnet ave a rca he ma ng ea te inn ala "po may be ac) and a ‘elapse tse on whee there ve sa laa “Tina be tend ov These tee aso pectin tha te of Ate inllecod form of theaters sms a ao mining. Note ‘the exceptional forms fekher “(s)he may be lying’, athat “(s)he may be sep" Thar smo meaning diflerence between the Ci tem and the ems tie sem ofthe sme ver, The atematve seme behave i completly repule wt like any regular verb (Tvs means hall emf forms ofthe aemative vrs exist) “The Cait stems. onthe other han, re very similar the Defective Stems they can oly combine vith vowel inal suis,+ Suis that only have consonant varia cannot be added to (Csi stems. For example the sli ha-het "may ds nt ave a ‘owel-inial arian, 0 i eanot combine withn Csi lem ad the altemative stp must be used forthe “hatte for asten mosatait ‘wath onesel mosatodhot ‘may wash esl igyelsak ty bar layetezer "ay try hard et. Nowe tht [al seve count ‘8 consonant itil (ee Seeions T1214. and 142), + Safites which only have vowel variants may combine both with | Casi stom andi alerative stm on, so typically Bo fos an be {et Iso rs “om!emt-om: mole or mosatedon wash myself S80 mas yell "y hard = gyckei tebe ts bar + Asuffix whic has owe tal vrs as wll as cnsemant ni ae fants can beaded to Co stem in oe lara) and othe leratve stem vs consonanntal vin 1930 fpicaly oth forms canbe use 3 PRES er -nol-nektcal-cnck mogeanak cr mosakodack they wash Memselves's gyehenel "iy ard aye eck ey ty bad ee ‘+ Note that the past the conditional andthe ffitve forms must be based onthe allemative stems (and never on 8 Ceti tem) inspite of the fc hat the eleva sfxes do have vase varia st tie St coN: ane wane) sor 3so 0H mgood he washed himself" (CNotmasaszat) laosatoda we washed ourselves (Notmoratsarna) ‘motatodea he would wash ime (Notmesaezana) mosobedndnk we would wash ourselves! Gnormotolstondnt) oe ‘mosatodei 19 wash nest Cwotmacakizon) = Noe the exceptional 3s 45 INOE fn id yan ala ‘hs con ase 008 In.inosr 19.4.2 -uszik/-esik vorbs ‘sit vert, verb that end in a wow! pls skin their “tons form (sc es Nou Behe ins colt regula ashi except when {he vowel preceding in or Thre VtOs belong t this proap” al [0 “lep allan “bargin” and ski “swear These seme ave ‘ltematve siems in which testinal changes toad ala alas skid. They ae used in the olowin ay + Sox that only have consonant inal variants ean only be weed 9 ‘he dial arative seme a "le allay brea” ld eae mny sear Note te form thar "ay seep al 2 ‘ixvarint coun as consonant (ee Sections 11.2141 an 2) + Sutixes tat aly have vowel variants ean ony be added 1 the ‘fina stems Iso rs afuom alls, etic. Note tha thes ‘hull let ou inthe eleva fone of fusion. ee + Sates which ve vowel nia varans well a consonant “alan tae ter consonant are usally added fo the “Dal stem of aera skis ep 3 its Noe kul ‘lida iho sometises the sind seme ean aio be ved). Tae ‘Efi stem must be sed pas, he eonitonal and the ii he Sates appear thei repli vara) 4380 05 ado este dda, pustinenoek albu, eskdrnk: COND ald, esi: INE ‘tdi eta “se oftenbeaves ina special way with these ines. takes the fia stem alas o (ably) alto form te 20 BOE Mes, 2h ‘Soar mes and et PRS 2sc most mss aluszal or alaoh Brinoer mats lurk orale Snimoer mes aluenat or alcanak (Gee Section 1.1 forthe rtfxes) By cons ll he Pt. the conditions and he fine Fons ae based fon thet in se olde (ace Section Yor the sutixes) conn Sdn (ee Seton 131 Tore uns) x ‘udst Gee Serio 17.1 forthe stl) «Note the regal form ofthe past sui in 366 PAST INDE at)49.4.3 sally and se/elv Storm ] rmegbecesik “become” tanalsik 1 some ot al) sd and Stems, he stem final 1- ie eplacd by 0 mmegeépiit “Reconent’ tle tefoe the serve (nes) onscic safix --2 (oe Seton 1721) Imelegitk —“Recome warm’ — tlie Dn th Nous forming su dl Imosaieit — “washonssel” trek movelsitv “grow perk ies — rotate Yasragiik “become thicker” haragscik‘beangry’ —haragvé——_aragrds Tomes’ “calm dow vets, “fh ait ‘slee at tints Gregiak" “become old? remedial avec" fivelos vende ‘sandisk ited retsit al Cscitonen ——Methin oan [Noe thatthe same spines ~ although they are vows nial —ae added tothe dina alters stem of ee (spe) and ss Stee es stds mosakeit ‘morakods ——mosatodés Soret ented Setedes tis unpretesbe whi ld Stem ie an d,s tem and which fone fms st 52 Stet “The following isto sd sls Stems, In the ssf stem ae der lined and sl, 2 stm are iat wit he symbol atthe (Some of th ver tm iste have variants with re-verbs ef. Chapter i) which may have dierent meanings With Tew exceptions, ey ‘he tems are ined he he vstant ae also Sd 2 Stem), atop furssit “push aeat ‘tik feasdagsnt “boone rh ‘ik Danae Ye auapcpons ‘unity “aap anpeit become rahe assasit —“fockarwnd ——piek “patho ‘wits haragsttv “be angry” cele 98 feyeteik Vain tty hard” dezeksit ‘Boas? Eels” “picka quae! iis ‘ramerber’ sis ‘chase? "swear" lerlepsck ste fasiey he megabit “empress? econo em apr te base ae apa a. In ation tothe sem cases Sse above there se fen vets whose ‘inpgation rela sep set ers take, Buy "oii cu lesb come et ct i "ink an "be Mey 20 Fn 10.5.1 tesz, vosz, hls, vss, lesz, exzik, lai “Te ist seven (ere put, ae’ vez take, aye “elev scary less be, become’ eal ‘a stank) behave smal. 198.11 Preset Tease nih presen (trite ant indefinite) they behave ike egular vers ee Chaat 1) Tee and ek are von as ekarpls, ut the ote are con [ted inthe same wy. Note tha! ek ea antarmon stem (ace Seetion 1) andthe the back vowel vrs of harmonic fees ed Som" icok tenet icon tessen 2° tol teh dused tered Pum icunk tessa fest teas 2° intok trek fisdok eset 2 ienak sinh195.12 Past Tose ‘inthe past finite nd indefinite) the stems of tes, es, hi, vs ese ee et it, it ee respectively sor 2 me Past oes ‘put ae any vent sinet teint in reterckiteok rect vitek ‘pu sce “cary fered ited erick sintok each vite The past tems of esi ik ree, it before vowel suis, and ever, itr inthe rd person ndetitesngar hen te PERSON NU ‘ex sul is zr. Now that si san an-harmoni tem (oe Seti 14) and thus aes he back vowel variant of husonic sins: ser a Pasr scene sik ik Sar any’ ‘tem iam endl inst, tink itn enetek—inatk eek ia ass Demos exit ik cara tem tam eed tad tek init etek init The Corltonal (finite and indefinite) stems of es, vse, hse, vse (es est whic he regular condionalrxsowiahaex sixes (Gee Chapter 13) ae added we ten, ye hin, vn ent ent respectively ‘Conomonas noe ieik es “tina “puta Sor” imeem 2 innit tem se ima tee PIT damdnk geen 2° tnndtok —enntck 195.14 Conjuetvetmperatie Conor Dae “arse “pa dim temném inns tem damn ent fnniok —tenndck terms ‘The Conlunctivelmpertive(Sfnite and indefinite) sans of tr, vse Ie, vi, lse esi git which the reg onjunteeimpertive dings are aed are ey neg) a), vB ey egy ese: tively. They al ake the Cinta vanants ofthe Cajuncive-nipetive dies Note, however, that wth the exception of hy which segues Icom gay when the endiags are tached, there 9 gemination sik ‘ok Som uot re ia ton aya 3 ayanat ast segyok ey seven envi fcgpetek segyenck “believe' igevek es igaven Ine iggyetek igavencksom be ” mor Pa » indok oat sega sesxéh Hasse ing high geek = Note that some of these verbs lack the altematve short foi the 234 ConjunetveInperatv (i lacks all deft forms bosses fname) Noe als tht st ofthe hot frm are seh eg ‘lain hey we ot ba om the ste tm Vartan ate eee ‘Conjuncvestmperaive forms Cconnunerve Intent 250, Mz ders faik ieee mses leave ie eget ee sexe vanyet expel inet igaves ad fegyed edd sensed ved vigyed va a Iesmarve end veant Hien vnni tenn Presexr Parnes — texS vex Mid vind leu NouN-onaING és teks = its 10.5.2 Van, mesy, J ies love sik lk and aa os BS exes ids “The emaning tie ilar vb, va “e, have me" jm come Bk on Pivtek 0a have oven more eps paris ‘All hs ae inane, 50 they do ot have definite onjugtions. 1952.1 Present Tene "ee tave’ "go" som yagyok —meguet 2 waxy ese eae mex PLP waxnink —— megyink 2 vugyok mente ce Sev ela mente 2 woh men! wt nent net bier seeFOP volute 1 Gye an gyrase shot ors inte second person singular — ayer 2 lot ene 1 ‘eter mie cllog a long orn eed 75 ace ca at = ‘extinct in colloquial Hungarian, mt meek ot 19825 Micon ter forme 1952.3 Condon vi om Cover. hore awe come =) my in beer semi i setae ‘Present PARTICIRLE les ‘jiws Soi" solndk ment —_ san 4 aa cea —— dnnet NOUN-FORMING -dst-és—evés ments saves a coir van — ‘= Note that the stem van does not have Infinitive, Present Participle and IT walnént mena dnt ‘Geeteons athe comsponig forms of fz eed sade 7 swdok —ennick Sate Sodom 313) 3 sahdnak ern nde 195.24 Conjuneivetperative CCowincnveshegsanve oes 2 | Soom eave ene ayet | tees meni’ yet soot Léey nen) ner an 3 teeyen—menien jan PU tesnk—meniint sank | 2H avert ene syed Bice | 3° Lerynot meni —_ sien f+ Noe thatthe stem vn doesnot have Conjunetive-epertve forms, and the Conjunctive-inperave forms of less ate ined nscale Section 19.518. ‘ |20. Verbal Suffixes ‘Some ofthe bl meanings that ate exes y aus o pia onstucons in English ac expesed by stfices m Hongaran Te so fics ited ee ar productive (eyo sy ean be set te ve without restriction and may be fellowes ty infection! satis Wn, onion, and Conunetsnperatne) 20.1 Causative: -at/-et/-tat/-tet ‘The casative is sed to denote tha he sbjct hs the acon expresed by the vet done by somebody ele The eatetve suis se lose ‘Te coe tetweem the back vowel variants versus the front vowel vere ass determined hy Vowel Harmony Generally, maosylabic stems take the -a-e arian and polyylabic stems ake he vars pols mos bald leat heres ‘eash? "rend read” ook for Ccausarive meget Ale ovata —terestt ‘Not tat he yale count must be sed onthe simple ver te, eg eomos “ash oi bates nthe sane wy as ou "wes la ‘Tere are many stoms tha! behave iosyrrccaly: xin scree tar make sb sep feltet makes ie down et a make og Noe te eatsatve ofthe mepuar stems z=", a,x take, bay Ings "bcive vss “cany esi "et "dk ex ree hie sek lk 1 Naw luo at some verbs donot ave a causative form, me (Compare fat" ta "make Sb a) A tandr notte az ost. Sth teacher mae the cas tng? Peter Vrisheresnel erestet a mdvid. Patras the Red Cros lok Tor hi sista. Reflexive sufiaes express thatthe subjet and the objeto the ver are the same. There are several lev sufi Adit-kdi-Anite-obd-keaie lt ech Ades ato -kese iit. ‘di dk “The variation in vowels is determina by Vowel Harmony, but eharwise is eaer unpredictable : [Examples include mos “wash” mosaRodik “wach iment selfs “comb fsa “com ineritse pl Tee tapllRork eed ibe sel e-News posit sup a felenve Incaning for many vests ending i the slices given abe, eg. fel exh standup 10 eporgondoToie "hike ‘Noe tht verbs withthe teflesve sae ik vet ad therefore he fal of te sala only appats in 350 PES NOE. Anagynénén oindemap hiromscor maa Sayan washes eset thee tes 3 ds Biro, hoy eile? re ou sre you have combed you ai” 20.3 Possibitity/permission:-hat/-hot The sai used to express possibility or permission aither‘This i a tly productive fom of verbal sulfation with the meanings expressed in Bghshby cam could, may, might be allowed terete Re ‘hoje between the vastans i deterined by Vowel Huon te és te a ce eat ma" Mihat ———nézhet ite "may see’ “may'wateh! “pay il? Noe the -Aa-het forms ofthe meg stems “at at ves “take, bay’ is, “believe nse ‘cay est “ety lk “Sik jon comes smeay “evan be fs vest ise vie eet ick het tehet vehet ier vier eet that. in megy van shaet —Wohet—mehet het Meanetem a forisar? ‘Can Took at your phos?” Még elisha onat, a seri "We my sll eat the ran we hy 21. Preverbs Hungarian verb often have prevebs, i. they often tke partic in pre fix postion. The most frequent preverbs are ste below is important toa thatthe meaning listed withthe prevers are often apprise because, quent tbe meaning of prefer combiation cant be dered irom te meaning fis pars ike the eombartion o'er ad § pepo in English). The meaning given below ar the “itera men ings or te reverts. No meaning wil be given ia Yerba prefix has no independent caning in oat. nthe examples ced below the revr ‘combines withthe vere tm ins leral meting. abt als" Gayunder ties ‘pt unde se" setae ough simegy ‘soos? te ite) lp sep ie’ ele into ewer ump ina" enn iid bennett stuck isd’ xybe ito ne together xvod int one Ben 1 away cimegy‘goavay” lien guint lel! sand up aga. resist 15 fora forth, 8o provost eh “draw forth, proce’ Hive Socud lrejn ‘cove forward? Lise elegy 909 {ibe ial cincompleteness> fb “atin al rede, so beside rok ae’sean 1.0m toe ‘lew ae coal ian fem in pnb eayen winery wa fare (otek binge” fare fee enews fexaner oboe” oe sono hye Soe eos sore re sae fect tatmarspsnt ea aps tre sine fea ee = bere ‘dei ‘sit here wing after: utdnamegy ‘Bo after” fer xs rough eee eg vibe oteend water cay oom tent inowe ten teak ve head vie tam bec 7 = me ven teed vezi tarts scund, coon ‘ered "walk ound? | vissia back issanhoe ing back” korbe in the middle Abzbekiapsl ‘interrupt loudly” | ioe | Sst maine sei red pefar above hav come pel tia tain gaol ‘aoc gt Son ft eh te ote! bapa te Sin ioe Bauer, mo ie mee * tein: ence bem fee mel eee uttof? Rage Jump out (0 nein ih pce ll dy es ae oi ho fie “hip ; Bt ye ik aay ote ao edamegs 0 pw! ) vis back’ visszaugrit “jump back’ foe ten Stl page na Py wk mest eee a soap os 4 Se ee nba ore attra aca | seta conte pti mening reves wily rue that she = 7 ‘dependent noun they refer to should be in some adverbial case (i.e. ones posing ambi ks er? pene nn ye sere, inincton Sere die bens mdr agom aboon ca spines fee an pes ee tay tele fal, competely {elerak ill completely } indie bexgr as vibe Tso ju othe ater we | ‘aaOdameayek ashes "walk upto the Neuse, Kimegvek a sob "go 04 ofthe rot," usr az arta. he jmped ont th ably? The cae required depends onthe preverb andthe verb stem ie the sme reverb may require diferent cases with efferent ver stems sth ne ‘en tern may feu dflernt ses wih ferent peverbe) 121.2 Aspectual meanings ‘Same of the verbal pretiaes have aspect mening. Tey usualy exeess "he completion ofthe action (lke some ues ofthe Fefet tenses in Es lish) othe beginning ofthe ston eoumtzon: meg efi ‘Anna tegnapcxinda ahi feladan, "Yesterday Ann es ong het homeo? ‘Anna tegnapmegesindaa isi flada, "esterday Ana completed (ong) her homework? ‘nna tegap vasa a bony ‘esterday Anna was reading her book’ Ama tegnap Kota a ny. “Yesterday Aa read er book tothe end ‘Anna tegnap ment az ton "esterday Ama was walking down he road? ana teen elmer, “esterday Aor te? Lip meaoano:meg, et A gyerck megs “The baby stared ok? Agyerek imosolvadon “The baby Stated oie 11 ot poste wo sy which ver tke which prover in which spec tual meaning. When they are wed in an aspectal meaning. proverbs ‘uly require ta the dependent nom they eer to the sone) should be nthe Accs 8) wemsne (fen the peverbsverb combinsion has & meaning which canot be eve from the meanings of ts pars For example Hou Cxindt"do"—Hesind! “il sho” Graces, over” Ser'bext” diner “cheston sb ‘When used i this abstract, iiomati sense, verbal prefixes usually rie that the dependent noun they refer to i there one) sould bet the Acamative ere ‘prereset ned te ping Meg gees rem metere eineas Feit Megseop hnyet “Thave bt he book | ‘Meg kta vennem a kdnyve "Thad to buy the book } Nem veto mee a inet. “Thave not Bought te book ABonyve ven mes Situs he book i have bought? or te postion ofpevebs in consrutons, se Section 23.622. Word Formation: Derivational Suffixes Hungarian as gest umber of derivation sfices, Only see of them fare productive, most are bjt fo idiosyncratic restions abd ca te ‘nl add a certain stems The following list conse the ot coon, (mote) prodasive derivation sufiaes Some derivation safes) Combine with thers, all eWatons sixes rece ifectinal one. Derivaiona suffixes do no owes eg, boldogsdgor “hapimess#3c") fxcepe when they are adeetiveforming (eg. Preasat Teas 0, However, the adpetveforming pivative Sfx doesnot lower (bot ‘loptalaok unhappy sp) See Section 4. 1-on sffiaes aad lowering, 22:4 Derived Verbe 22.4.4 Verbs from Vorbs tities (Cassie) s6e Seton 20. koto aod -keait “olkiskel- Aah akoth eke Soak “atk Reflexive) se Seton 202. + -hat-t(Posstty}ermision), ee Sesion 203. plgeogt-egetTget Fone hanonic slic see Vowel Herony) "The vowel nal variants occur air nionoslsbic tens, ‘he comonantinkal ons ter polygylbie sem anne: fequentive recites: ofas‘read”——ohaaga read ite oe ie emcee i cept” ‘am posh’ yoga push repeatedly 2 ook ‘meget Top fom time oie we Tnoget he ropetels" £2. Word Formation Deraina teee 22.1.2 Vorbs from Nouns satel BU oma: hamoaic sufi (Se Vowel Harmony) “Te vowel variants cur afer consonant stems, {he comenant inital one occurs afer vowel stems Insome cas the suffi vowel may disappear when ‘vowel ntl sufi flows the sue ill == Some verbs derived wih this ux ae it verbs, se Note hat the sufi iptl Wowe ea afer Lowering Stems (ee Section. ‘© Not that fina ale lengthen 10d, é befor a suffix (ee Section 13). MEAN: varius actinsaes ves tbe oun ‘moras’ porol du orolok 1s pres inde ‘ordust™ ork become ds” hn presen ga peste’ Ink Is pres inde Bethan Lezel hale Iefe"brsk? fel“ tural spend the sumer vacation Je isten cael om, armani sui (se Vowel Harmony) “The vowel nal vrants ecu her corscoast- Sal ts, thr eonsonant iil one occur ter vost final stems Insome cases sic vowel may spa? when owe il uf follows te set ‘Some vr derived with his sufi ae i vebs se Not that th stint vowel sae afer Lowering Stems (0 Section). ee Nas tha il ae lengthen to 4 before uitix (86 Section 1).MEAN: vaious actionstatesinvovng te oun “et pach? foto ‘patch wp" feet" eyeresrame’ eet Sop pes det clement’ elemes analyse" lems Sn res det Fiagony"crain’ Faggots cover wih acura’ ‘ruts eidge”——bridselt pay dg spinng! gyre ing" Jara falas" wal? ‘Bana ‘bees nall™ om: non-rmoni sufi eee Vowel Harmon) amc vaviousatinsates involving the non ‘always orm wens verbs ‘ExAMPLES ala foundation’ — ala “ound” an eaching’ taf teach sone tt owe anmonic suffix (se Vowel Harmony) “The vowel nia! varias occurs Consol stems, ‘he consonant ntl oe Seca fies woul final stems 7 Not that th suffi vowel sa afer Lowering Stems (ee Seaton 4.1. 1 Noe that final o lengthen to 4, ¢ before asus (se Section 13), easonc: “crete an N” Iealways fons insitveerbe, sopor“roup" xoportost op Fietin" {fies nate sp moa esl ee Aad makes ute ra posuer acs farradolom revchtion’ —_forradalmast‘evoluioize? ‘armnic wef suis (se Vowel Hazon) Tfahe en es in vue) fe vowel deleted before the sul “catch, nN al ih? alc “sh fej gua First aoa” Tike baterty’ Topeak eatch uteri” 22.1.8 Verbs from Adjoctives ot Torat: —non-harmoni uli (ee Vowel Hameny) Ifthe tom ens in Yowel, the vowel i deleted before he Ps esos “make ‘Aiweys forms wansive vers nasties: sp ‘beatifl” sedi make Basti ve wid Sake wi Jute 'hack’ flake Back? att ors: harmonic form sua (we Nowe Harmony) apeben ends ina vowel the wwe is deleted fore the ute ean ‘become ADs ‘Away os intransitive vr srs: sep Peau’ sei "Become Beau wai Cad become wi Jelee'black? een become ek? ite Toms Ratoni hee form sels (oe Vowel Harmony) respond int vomel, te vows! eed efor he saltNote that he suffix vowel is ot subject to Low ring, its of even ater Lowering Sem ee Soc. toa and Always Foms intransitive vb, ios red" iarodi "necome rel" ere ea ‘ered become run sOimbslysphsial gimblyidk become pei” omord'sal" Ssomoradit"become Sad" 22.2 Derived Nouns 122.2.1 Nouns from Nouns ssterate te harmonic wo forma sufi (ae Vowel Hamony) ‘= Note that inl a DO NOT lengthen od before his suffice Selon 15) 1 derives abstract nouns aletve nouns, darya;mesber’—aryandg "others egy ‘nounain’ —egyseg mountings” ‘harmonic two form sux (se Vowel Harney) ie sen ends vowel. the vonel detec! before he sul 1 derives names of eecepation, oli? hale “tera ny language” —myelice lingua” 2S "grpe™ alse vinta harmonic two-frm sulfis (ee Vow! Harmony) ean be attached othe sul x 4s cassed above, [ederives names of instiation field of activity. vas tae pane soonest starte harmonic suis (see Vovet famony) Th vowel variants cover Consonant fal tems, {heim ial one occur afer vowel nal stems = Not tha the suffi vowel Is le after Lowering Stems (oe Section) 1 Now that ial ae lngthen tod before as (see Secon 13) Iederives names of occupation and collective nouns ‘sal ‘able? astaloecarpenter™ ‘olds egsabe! “dudes grengrcer Grateatch Gris chmaker Jose pot foseas “pote amen wo fom ui os owe Harmon) ‘Typically can be tached to polyylabie moan stems hich are (nt Loverng Stems (ce Section 41) and () cndins im my ovine vowel iminiive cember‘man’——_emberke Grol table’ eta Srgvon weal? egyona ld woman’ — Rik esha ctkel-oeska-ecske-beshe Insmonie suffix (se Vowel Narmons) The vowels variants oct afer consonant Rial tens, {he consonan-ital one occu afer self stems “This he rly produce cminatie sin can ‘occur hen ake eats a many case even inthe ‘iswonmens where tafe ean,4 Noe thatthe stficinital vowel Stems (Se Seeon 41, Ste fala neti dei a aa ce ‘Section 1.5), foe ‘ ‘+ Note that Vowel deleting Stems always take his sux inthe dmintive (oe Section 42. ioe ater Lowering aj ‘roube’ ———bajoesha sorteer ricoh Bene ‘pemectke fap ha alaska Ale siness’ leeks few'eamel”feceshe ermyd "umbrella? Sernyteske Send iweas jonas ‘cates Nira fotor'wash—fobresta ‘tat fae ‘klasake ‘op-harmonie suffix (sce owe Harmony) ‘iSeatached o shortened forms of given names. derives icknames Peter Pet Marta Mara Mik Ma ‘on-harmonie suis (ee Vowel Harmony) Wis atachea to man's sorne or foe end of he fll ame (Suma followed bythe piven name > Note that fila, lengthen td before asus (ce Section 15). ov ok Napylisté ——NapLsotine 2 ee Katiaelo ‘ava ie Kaa Kase sonamoni fh (eYowel Haony) Ieisatahed to noun denoting persons including name) Lean follow s possessive sufi Trt is atached to com: ‘mon noun, it mst Be used Wiha definite aie Note that fila ¢ lengthen 4, ¢ before a suis (se Sexi 13 ‘ease: group of people ssciated with N ‘Nagra _Négrék Nopri wo his group’ Peter Peter Peter and his rou 7 Nagra Peer Nigra Ptr gts Pers bis oop Dard my in a ordtomeh my ter nd is 0p 22.2.2 Nouns from Verbs dete 608 -amonic tso-fm sfx ce Vowel Harn) Notte bosviour of dan si stems with i ix (Gee Section 19205). ‘denotes heaton ssl fla tead” ona veadng’ tebe oa Teese aun, Farag be angry’ hares “ange Veotedi "eh serotedés tng” harmonic r¥o-form sli (ge Vowel Haron) sont vaste ass yeader™ Fende"dece” ——rendesd econ”22.2.3 Nouns from Adjectives sslgste ‘ame —_hannonic form sii (ge Vowel Harmony) ‘© Not that ial a ¢ DO NOT lengthen od before his suf See Section 15, Deanne: Tt derives absteat nouns (nes. owes: ya ‘wil? dade “wildness Sone nie: foray whiteness™ ‘Folee black’ feketesé “backs 22.2.4 Noune from Numerals soseeste FORE harmonic suffix se Yowel Harmony) ‘Noe that the sufixinial vowel i fe after Lowering Stems (ee Seton 41) ‘ecanc: “me number? EXAMPLES: nepy'4” + ndgres ‘the number 4? ar ‘the number awe ates “the number 6 vole voles "the aber 22.3 Derived Adjentives 22.3.1 Adjectives from Adjectives Fat harmonic suffix ase towel Harmony) ‘The vonebiial vara ed to aetives that end in 8 consonant orn the dfivatioal slit the consonant ‘nial vain aches toot vowel final adjective em © Note ht nal a, engthen (0 Dafne sul ce Section 1). The sal i oxen ae the exceptional von Towering adjectives (eee Seton 7 on at lowering soca. MEANING: “More-oF ss having the quality of Adi? EMPL: prone” ponte Garey otha’ Scenes" ‘eivla rh mter having aise proensions Farchace” Fs oucatt fmeyig agonal ‘Geek’ fog ‘Grech ike Sree engin’ Sspolor gine danten-olan!selen-atlan-tten roms: harmonic suffix (52 Vowel Harmony) "The salon cen vas aod oats tht end in the derivation stilton sachs to ther vowel final adjective sts a ala! tr wed wth Conso- ania adjectives. cr Note tht final a legion to €or x sai ce Section 1). eave: ivative adjective "aking he gusty XAMPLES: mi anstc™ maven “witht attic quality” {uterine pole’ tdartatgn impale” feetusheo haem untuhe Homolyserious’ —fewmoaton “ot serous" olden apps” boldgtalan anbappy" 22.3.2 Adjectives rom Vorb hates owes harmonic to Zonn sufi (ee Vowe Harmony) Ieean nly be atached to transitive Yr MEANING: “le EXAMMLES: aed” ofahat redable Giesenjy’—— reshet“ejoyabe + hatatan-heteten own: —hannonicewo-fam sufr fs Vowel Harmony) Team oly beataced 0 tanstive vb22. ord Formato: Deron! Sues MEAN: “un able? BAMPLES: olay ead olashovadan “snreadahe ‘ez‘eajoy’ beset “onenoyae alonteten Fors: harmonic suffix Ge Yowel Harmony) annus MEANONG:_pvaive adjective. negative of Passive Partie anus: wr wait, expect” dada “unexpecte Kér-ssefor Lerten “unatcied +80 (Active Present) Paripe), see Section 1721, : + ote (sive Past) Patcipl), se Section 17.2.2 22.3.3 Adjectives from Nouns, ones Foss: armonic suffix (sce Vowel Harmony) cae ‘The vowel inal variants oer se consonant ems, {he consonantntal one cocuali vowel ial tems ‘= Noe thatthe sufi vowel sae afer Lowering ee ‘Stems Gee Sein 4.) ‘Note thar fala, engtion 4, é before satis ce Sexton 15) banc: aving N, like N, relating to N° | coi [BUAMPLAS: Lal pire” kalo ‘pirat like om fer storey’ eles ulistorey” enw Rado as tops exdsength’ ene “atong | nese "al ines Hke aia oe Fag oot Foes “raving 2 a a0 | rot mats harmonic 160 form suffix ee Vowel Harmony) | Te vowel vananseewurallerconsnan ia sms, Te consonantistal ones occur aftr woe a stm, Note that il ae lengten to before asx oe Seotion 18). This suffi can only be added 0 muneraetive plus oun constvetions, never toa soled nan, ae nay lab big oot” nagy lb ‘having Wg fot ‘ogy fl big car” ay fll “having ig eas gy os ig ca gyre Big ar Inogy owe tating bg car” snag eve aving ig cael” non-harmoni suffix (ee Vowel Harmony) Tels aot used with noume tat nd in el used instead, see below, fr Noe ht final 2. ¢ DO NOT Jngthen 1 4, before This sfc (ee Sesion 13) belong wo N,of N,peraining oN’ can be added 19 picenames nouns refering to te he hes of sears. ons, rotesogs. inorons. Budapest udapest Pees pedo Bes? Zale alot Za teanop egnapt oo amon sufi (ss Vowel Hasmony) Derives adjectives of measre from nouns tha ea mean a Un of meas mark fis ‘ies sy maroiny ‘ban of” ales Way of on-harmonie suffix (ce Vowel Harn) ‘Nate hat final 2, €DO NOT lenten 4, before tis Sue (te Section 15).cL al ihe alc hie’ Kany"ook’ ——_Kampzed bookie ua ‘dos ——sarerdoglte fae Fons: gor-harmonic suffix (se Vowel Harmony) ‘© Note that ala, e DO NOT lengthen to 4, éefoe this Sete Seton 15), BAMPLES: hal ihe aif type of ft Tuya doy? tte" of og” bet non-harmonic suffix ee Vowel Harmony) ‘Note tht fin, « DO NOT lenge 10 dé before this sul (ce Section 13), ot it alata ype et feya “dog apafjteype o do ‘non harmonic sui (Se Vowel Haron) 1 Note that ial a, ¢ DO NOT lengthen fod € before tis Sumi (ee Section 15). “belonging to N. of N, pertaining oN’ I can be aed to ss same of cannons laces oi hy ‘endin?sttuons and nous eeing tine a ple old soon’ ‘dbl “located ga the oon" enous ibe Toate in (us hae 122.4 Derived Adverbs 22.4.1 Adverbs from Verbs valve (Advesbial Pail), see Seton 17.24 22.4.2 Adverbs from Adjectives senenln owt harmonic sfx (ee Vowel Harmony) ‘The vowel nal variants occur afte consonat-final stems {hi vows stmt in ye The cons faclnitialone oor fer vowel fl Sens that end in 4a Eo the vowel fal variants or the sonst fini one canbe used afte stems a ein, Note that final lenathen wo 4, é Before sutix ee Section 13). ‘Mean: Inthe manner expressed by the aetve, “1 ‘mxanouts: alaoms sneaky” olazomosan snaky” rena” Seep oat vie ner ixraur— varh Society tng” wat | FoR: moni two fomm si se Vows Hemony) | ete: inate: enon fe ake mes ening ver | eos mor Hungate” mapoa in Hangs orcs Neat Coma i fon Banu anna in Banta23. Constructions and Sentences 123.1 The Possessive Construction In possessive constuction the poststor noun precedes the possessed oun The possessor hou i infected for the Barve cae and he Reseed Dou eceives a rossEsiviasox suffix The povessed muses aerey with he possessor in person. I the pores oun is lar hee the plural possessed version of the Fonsessitiensow sus. We secs ‘native followed by the definite arte as Peernck a kone Peter's book’ ‘sembereinekabordja “the people's end” Stockdmak ole te edge of the cue’ Péerack ahdnyvet “Pete's books! ‘eemberctnehabardtjat “the poops ends! ‘Poctinak as det "he ees ofthe cu’ 18s usual to omit Boh the dative efit andthe following definite ale (ever us one ofthe Péter kirve “Peter's book eembereh bora "he people's rend ‘rtaota cle “he edge ofthe cube Pater binyved “Pete's books a emboreh bara “the people's frends" ‘stockade the edges ofthe cbe™ 1 the possessor is expressed by personal pono, the nomi! of the ‘pronoun is used to the pronoun nay be optonally omen, én tonvem a kinyem ‘my book’ ste hadiod Sharda “sous en ‘om hen ‘hecia ‘urn ‘The 3rd person singular pronoun Sis wed thin she singular ania the lal ed pers a: Skinyve atinyve hes bok’ a8 honk a kbrak tht Bok 123.2 The Omission of Personal Pronouns. Personal pronouns nay occur in various postions in a Hungarian sentence (ube dec object jc, adverb et}, bul in some poitons ‘hey are ual omited they ae not emphaconrasive. These pos Hons athe subject poston andthe det objet poston (6 Subjet positon [Non-contstivenon-mphatc personal pronouns are usally mised In subject postion ina main cise (he pesonmumber of he sahject ‘Sinaked a the conjugated vib) ézema ev “sam watching TV? Strut. " cried? Orit sere fon Sil. il lve Sala forever? ‘=A. perzon subse pronoun cance e to from 8 sentence fom ‘hc n'a eigataiy ome scan happen nthe Preset “Tense, Soe Section 237.2): Omagas.‘Shefhe tall: OL plttusok. “They pliiins Ifthe subject pronoun resives contrastivfempati prominence, iis ot tod: iru wa ho cried i Diret objet position +21 person personal pron ‘Now-contastivefnon-emphati singular 3d person personal pronouns se ey sitet ct ton edi catation ofthe verb ineats the person of te oid diet abe Lived? ‘Can YO aon 6 bOvgh vse. Exes "There frB0t ceri Plural 3 pesson personal pronouns CANNOT be omit objets (cota ome Sporto obec pronoun ca oly be interes 4 ‘gular ob) Lito et? {Can yon HEM” Pele Bet, “” Léa: “a EN 58 eer *Wotg a OE FB Yay BYelejtenek minket. “ modest = Note that van is pever et out if itmeans “hae, posses: Nek vam egy {ole (She heap oe if emean ade O82 arta veh na, "The abe made of las! i, sannat ies, intone are tained the seas bein the ep son present ‘sift have an adverbial of space rina ssn von ‘Afi anya vonnak ‘Chistes is inthe room: Theboysare in he mine” «ite seosive emphasis in omparatve sentences Peter VAN ols oor mi Toms Peter IS as eer ae Thomas” eter NINES olan ots mnt Tams Pues ISNT se lever 2° Thoms ‘Compare the wnemptai: Peter oly ok. min Tos Péter nem oan oko int Tomé Peter isn ar clever as Thoma + in sentences asserting tha something eit oF doesnt exist, Yan dea Marcon "eres fe on MarsBomartinyok nnesenek "ies do nove” ‘in semences ike the following 7 6ra van. Détvan Sie oeoak? tis noon! Peck vor dias vam is Pray? eis aly 2002 van Meteg van “aus 202 “isha Vihar a Seat ran Thera storm’ Thee sa wind Bowing’ But van a) van There sa pany ‘There fsomething wrong! 23.7.3 Von with an Advorbal Participle Vn an ecur with an adverbial participle (se Section 17.2.4) 0 desc ‘use ofthe subject In a posite Sentence, this ype of va separates [reverb fom ite ver ste (wih ake the ef the pate). Ae be na kapesova. "The eevsen switched on! Mes eset tepve. "Yo wl be surprise: Az ablatok be sonnak tre The windows ar broke Aled me nins mesiva “te leer ot heen writen. INDEX OF SUBJECTS Din sag 15,95, 52.93, 98 510, 1 102 108,126,128, Da. Ing ib at bc 76.8.9, se 23245 89 5 Retarenne ey Seis dean aan ananay Sara skees a iste scion pee 4,158 scp 56 ao ws Sone eg ee ion sa en at ate beri prin 115, 191,172 ican IS tee 3.2. ieee a Sr 16,1316 12 Tene a9 4.48, SEE 9.1.25, 97, SERN wane Setin'ss Soe con a 33135. 96.45.48 Se ial tems 8,772.83, 86, oe 8, omar 8, 5%, 61.171 Somarave constctors 6 ‘tors 68, 6, 86-1 102, 107. ogg, 13,12, 28120198 a8 = ‘Shao sui 867 8899 ‘Sonne impernveG 0.92 You i208 18,1 omy 0,11, 102 1s ‘ompntve-impentive define ved eniaive-impersive info 2, "fvoeso sy 0, 108 Tbh 6 conan cst 7,23,28.78, 75, “ert 4,6, 8, 98.96 38, conetons Ti 85,160, 162,16 Papin 16190 ‘bv 34.25, 45,4748, 2.50,51, Site ei ‘Eecve nem 15,126 127 Moonenda of uote meen seemesrty Soret iis soa Saari Eerie Serene, Sa SS mes Seeeecess see sae 88 2 Sree eat Sea Smee actions 66 cn fet oisnson 104 105,107 Sonia Seas riage 92,94, 97.99, 100,113.15. 131, se yee 75, 116,124, 125,139,147 ‘cas vues sons 12 itive 25,248,889 Inpenives 16, {09 ate te Ingtni te 16.17, 70, Fede conuaation 54, 6,70,72, A216 77.8, 9, 99-9092 163 Inesve 28, 28 15 38,49, 51 ‘inal cemseuton 25,71, 1, e616 nnn 104 11,12, 121,12, 128,129: 185,157 Inia wih posesve sues Ince suis 19, 32,138 Irstosoeeeinfpemision Inurogatine avers 3,3, 162 ‘merge poo 52.7.7. ‘ivepalar comparative and supertaive Terms oot sop ste ye 30 19,18 ‘rol stems 3238, 3940.85, Soar ets 112,131, 134,135 “Tina verb ens 77,80, 101 fering tome 1, 20,2128 3.32, SSS i Heo i lowering ltoee32, 146 ‘mined vows es 13 ‘epton 19.170, sept prom 55, 56,168 tegtves 18,100 omimlpoucaie 19,28 24, 3,.35, Seah a1 omit poneatie mame 19,24 dex of ubiste notin 19,28, 25 42, 45,46, 48, site ne Seen, shaanie at sb aan on =o Eel awa nos ince at Sere lt pe Serna serene Eigen as Si sefbatnee h 9485 CE en Seana! ee aaa ari a 122, 166 7 i 4.0 plora 14, 26,22,23, 30,32, 38,38, PAPA NES ate ges 108,19 Poesia 242,46 Er ii osu permison 139 ome ta 19 roe 738 05,107 For contol net 8 108 [ree dite 73, 06,102,108, 131 er define vet orm 0, 102 roe mgt 13,10 108 118. set pate 1,135,137 ‘rest rs 7 102105, 106 107, tte preter, 10,126,130 14h 13, 148,16, 10,18, 172 mer nconarstns 15. rv 5155 rman 8 707 72, 160 161 reper oun 89101517. 70,71 (fon word, 183, ‘festa 12, 168, 10 ‘none fs ‘eave 18 tea pono 9 50.70.72 0 a sea adver 1, $3, 54 ‘ave cine Show forma 93, 94,5, 98, 00,101 ‘isan vom 9735 96 ‘Rina Hangran 9349096,Inde et beets slave 25,261, 48.1950, ee) Sree 5 38 29,3036 42.4, adding sees 38 ory ili er ere 7895126 slate, 9,60, 61,63 sents 68,1475, 76, 37.78, 81 Sac ast 2 ‘aes 83, 04949098 esesilaion 585106 102 11. 113,19, 138 1d ante noms 127,150,155, rea ‘idem 0 ects 7309, 105,106,138, ‘dv and ot em 14,130 Sia uo. ‘idy wome 130 ia ate 25, 2,24, 35,36 Sr stn 2.74,76,93.95, 150 owe ening tems 32363, eats 10 ‘aes etme dena verbs) owe eng stems 75, 88 112, temporal 35,96, 48. 18,09 ist Techno 80,7, 78, 86,92, you leting es 28, 32,3834, ios. tes Seats 71888113, emia 226,535.36 45,48 12012, 22,128, 134152 inl vere 7,83, 43, 88.98.95." vowetioums 6 ‘3H 9, 10,101,902, 105,113 mes opi beastie 34 33,29-88, Vani ves 139 st Vireo -el veits 7, niet rogue $9.72 ti Crowes ome 9 sheietine St, 162 SSSA RM Ee ais Se UI ae. INDEX OF WORDS at 1.1 asso SEUSS osm, kv sa. 19 eet ar Bi st 120 stars m3 aes creas et ety 3 Briss me Bon crores Shaya s2 erate ‘onan 3 ert ones mi ‘tomeess.s4 ‘ies she ee se as boost Se de fom lle 2 Bindpoan ss yesh Stentor ss Spelt. Skies ry Sencha Soma. 23 Stim eam Star se ots sehen Pata re as sen a6 Moni 117 127.180 tor 85.97.98 ‘Mak 17129130 cians ‘he bide nr barely 54 - ey Oatley 128 woe bateges 28 tows Prato 38 Pc 8, 88922 oar 31-36 oko 238,33 ta eoae smite 1.1.38 fg RMD, tomes Mayet wi ry es e wieitates a Se | Bane pelican, EOS Be ae oe mah a oe fe a Toes fod ‘tly ras a ko Slave ict fea PE ES iD Sate Stun se met ion fi sm, matt aw rails rag Bett wate om! Foe fet ey sel Se Bs fee a gee ae aos en icra mn, Be as Si Te a r,t ed oh fiom ean Eh me ee, SEB cau ori oan ‘ity ce am Pea Merl, ed atin His ig pats ore mia sa. fee, Sin | Bea ere, i esse Ses ae Cees Ete FR derdt\4, 36, 60 NGI Pease | ‘itr N19, 20,123 Aimee 125 irigyet 123 SES SEEM ise pete Foes ori oy aoe om Bele, ome? HME um, for eae SEE ain STS Blea SRNR, lai ee Be sats ee wit ise ee St ath sss Eo 3 Swiss | Et, gl = as Sarin | Bins BA ai Sos ry gar au OL | ge on eae ah, a Ieoiehs® ee ant ee Beta foxy ee, en a conten br rts fate oe Bea ee ane ant fat | ORS. Ran file on Bie FE es Paty Meiers ae Bi pet fa ein, ato lee, aie Betts feats Ea ine inti Sites ei fs ni oo Prostal 2 aig 3 eth, 57, 68,167, 138 mele 34 emer citi tek 3 erento 36 feral 2 12 ies a fens 62 tees 1421143, 144 Kit, 60 inn ee 3 tivet tose eee Ibori ‘epi? fend 37 tow 12 4031, 38,37 toa ia fon ua 67 Siarog 128 Ta eal (eet 30 ne 142 toe sap 3 toa 23 rh, 45 toe acu ti? tind tis ati 107 18 aos 127 feta Us ton fet 0 tae 18,120,121, i een tenn 14 tibet ig lento 130 (031.3537 fe fu id 96,12 ranged 1181 ue raga $19, 30,70 maga 8 mast or mele 35 mete wep te Imesbergrk 131 ‘meso 125 relat event 1 smeplsonl 123,126 mepovor fia ha 130138, ‘eon? St, 9 mist tesa, rae ronal 53 meao3t a a meee mae eee ‘mori 128, Sonate 7,131 ath ee = : ene 167 eta eat se 810110163 tine 170, 17 Ive 2,180,130 alae 31 testes rote, ‘oa 37 aa ies (357% 125, ‘paca 1 ‘sol 6 ah 10" ‘Slam 34 ‘han 82 Share ml 18,28 parse re 126 foe ‘Sh 38 oe es SRI Bas Pe, s,s Beak as,34 onl 138 oma ‘ohana 118 ni ‘onl 181 oa ‘Serine 134 Sropi 3 master ti, 6 an oe 6 rh 3 se 18 pana 31 37 mje 8 ir in8, 126 sonmupens Prolog 28 seh ret 1 126 Sper 9,128 pasar ie sin 128,126 Peder Buca