Professional Documents
Culture Documents
"#$%&'(&)*)+%&,
!"#$%&'(&)*)+%&,
3.6'6J&6B0%)*,'D%;6;'86/,)*,'0)'%*06856*6'%*'0.6'+/8>60FK
-./0'%,'!"#$%&'(&)*)+%&,
1*2
3))$,')4'!),%0%56'/*2'7)8+/0%56'1*/$9,%,
!"#$%&'(&)*)+%&,
"# C/8>60'L/%$"86,'D(&)*)+%&F
M;'N)&%60/$'!864686*&6,'D6;H;'%*&)+6'%*6I"/$%09E'5%6A,')4'86&86/0%)*/$'
28"H,E'K;F
O;'P",0%&6QL/%8*6,,?'M'&)*&6B0,'0./0'&/*'2%4468'#9',%0"/0%)*;'R)"'H60'A./0'
9)"'6/8*QB/9'4)8'5,;'B"86'6I"/$%09
!),%0%56'5,;'7)8+/0%56'1*/$9,%,
!
!
!""#$%"&%'"$()(*+%,-.%/"01,)(*+%23"-"1(3$4
!),%0%56
D%,F
7)8+/0%56
D,.)"$2F
':%#680/8%/*'5,;'<*06856*0%)*%,0
3.6)89
-6$4/86'(&)*)+%&,
D%*2%44686*&6'&"856,E'"0%$%09E',)&%/$'A6$4/86'
4"*&0%)*,F
S,)&%/$'26,%8/#%$%09')4'/$068*/0%56'
6&)*)+%&',0/06,T
(44%&%6*&9
",%*H')4'86,)"8&6,'%*',"&.'/'A/9'/,'0)'
+/J%+%W6'0.6'B8)2"&0%)*')4'H))2,'/*2'
,685%&6,
7)')*6'&/*'#6'+/26'#60068')44'A%0.)"0'
+/>%*H'/*)0.68'A)8,6')44'DB/860)'
644%&%6*&9F
C)86')"0B"0'&/**)0'#6')#0/%*62'
A%0.)"0'%*&86/,%*H'0.6'/+)"*0')4'%*B"0,'
DB8)2"&0%)*F
="6,0%)*,'0./0'6&)*)+%&,'08%6,'0)'
0/&>$6?
-./0'0)'B8)2"&6
:%#680/8%/*'@%6A
G)A'0)'2%,08%#"06'H))2,
3.),6'A.)'A/*0'0)'B/9'A%$$'86&6%56
-./0'B8%&6'/*2'I"/*0%09',.)"$2'
H))2,'#6',)$2'/*2'B"8&./,62'/0
C/8>60'26&%26,'0.%,'/$A/9,
C/8>60'26&%26,'D%4'26+/*2E'0.6*'
B8)2"&62E')8'%*2"&62'26+/*2F
(+B%8%&/$',0"2%6,?
(JB68%+6*0/$
U#,685/0%)*/$
="/,%V6JB68%+6*0/$
3.6)89
!"#$%&'()$'('*(+'",'&-./%-,+-01'&".$23-01'23(2'-0')$(%'%-,$'-&'4$)+'
5"./%-5(2$#;'
(JB68%+6*0/$
!"#$%
q[/*2)+%W/0%)*?
qX$6/8'A./0'0)'/008%#"06'&./*H6,'0)
63$+'()$'&-./%$'"0'/7)/"&$8
63$")+'-&'",2$0'('4$)+'1""#'&2()2-01'/"-02',")'('&27#+
'
qL
q(
q
q
q
q
(J/+B$6?'%*&)+6'568,",',"#,0%0"0%)*'6446&0
1*)0.68'(J/+B$6?'@)"&.68'N&.))$,'DN&.))$'X.)%&6'!8)H8/+,F
'
'
(+B%8%&/$'C60.)2,
9(7&(%'4$)&7&'5"))$%(2-"0:
U#,685/0%)*/$
DMF'3.6'&/",6'/*2'6446&0'+",0'#6'&)886$/062
56$+0*(-7%,-.%1+,$80(-7%,3)8,#%6+9,*("0%"8)$(.+%"&%,-%+:;+0(1+-)%
<+:($)(-7%.,),=>
''
DOF'U0.68'6JB$/*/0%)*,'4)8')#,68562'&)886$/0%)*'+",0'#6'6$%+%*/062
\,6,'86H86,,%)*'/*/$9,%,?
'
;$/$0#$02'4()-(<%$?')#,68562')$&7%2')4'&./*H6
X)"$2'Z",0'#6'&)886$/0%)*?
=0#$/$0#$02'4()-(<%$?'4/&0)8,'0./0'&/*'/446&0'0.%,'86,"$0
DYF'1'0.%82'4/&0)8'6JB$/%*,'#)0.
'
DMF'[6568,6'&/",/0%)*
38/%*%*H'B8)H8/+'6J/+B$6?
]6B?'$./%"+.$02
<*26B')4'%*0686,0?'2)(-0-01'/)"1)(.
DYF'3.6'&/",6'+",0'B86&626'0.6'6446&0
DOF'N6$6&0%)*
'
U#,685/0%)*/$
O'+/%*'09B6,')4'2/0/?
$"% X8),,V,6&0%)*/$'2/0/
$&% 3%+6V,68%6,'2/0/
DOF'!/*6$''2/0/Q:)*H%0"2%*/$
X)"*0684/&0"/$'^'A./0'A)"$2'./56'./BB6*62'0)'0.6'086/062'%*'0.6'/#,6*&6')4'
086/0+6*0
]%44686*&6,'%*']%44686*&6,'D]]F
<+/H%*6'0./0'A6'A/*0'0)',0"29'0.6'6446&0')4'/',6/0#6$0'$/A')*'08/44%&'
4/0/$%0%6,'DU86H)*F;
=?'<4'/'B)$%&9'H)6,'%*0)'6446&0'%*'U86H)*'0.6*'A.9'&/*_0'A6'Z",0',0"29'
U86H)*'#64)86'/*2'/4068`
=?'X)+B/86'!)80$/*2'0)'@/*&)"568'^a'A.9'*)0'Z",0'&)+B/86'0.6,6'0A)'
$)&/0%)*,'/4068'0.6'B)$%&9'0/>6,'6446&0`
;;'JK
7/0"8/$')8'="/,%V(JB68%+6*0,
?8,$(@+:;+0(1+-)$%A%/,)80,#%2:;+0(1+-)$4%
*/0"8/$$9'$6/2,'0)'/',%0"/0%)*'$%>6'/*'6JB68%+6*0E'#"0'2)6,'*)0'./56'
8/*2)+%W/0%)*'%0,6$4
/'*/0"8/$$9')&&"88%*H'%*,0/*&6')4')#,685/#$6'B.6*)+6*/'A.%&.'
/BB8)J%+/06')8'2"B$%&/06'0.6'B8)B680%6,')4'/'&)*08)$$62'6JB68%+6*0
'
]%44686*&6,'%*']%44686*&6,'D]]F
'3.6'&./80'#6$)A'2%,B$/9,'0.6'B68&6*0/H6')4'D)"0&)+6^'4/0/$%0%6,F'6/&.'
,0/06'/*2'0%+6'B68%)2;
LM
NO
b64)86
14068
[/A']V]?'D]VbF'c'DXV1F
(J/+B$6?'
!(446&0')4'4/+%$9',%W6')*'0.6'$/#)8'+/8>60')"0&)+6,')4'0.6'+)0.68
63-&'-&'0"2'.753'#-,,$)$02',)".'*3(2'*$'23-0I'",'(&'(0'$?/$)-.$02:'
7/0"8/$$9'$6/2,'0)'8/*2)+%W/0%)*?
>$&2'$?(./%$'@'A"30'B0"*C'93"%$)('-0'D"0#"0'EFGH'>)"(#'&2)$$2'"72<)$(I
386/0+6*0'b64)86
DbF
X)*08)$'b64)86
D1F
386/0+6*0'14068
D]F
X)*08)$'14068
DXF
]%44686*&6,'%*']%44686*&6,'D]]F
'3.%*H,'0)'&)*,%268'A%0.']V]?
O$.$.<$)'('/"%-5+'-&'PN6'(0'$?/$)-.$02'<72'*$'()$'$4(%7(2-01'-2'
%-I$'"0$Q
qB86VB)$%&9'$656$,
q&)+B),%0%)*')4'0.6'0A)'H8)"B,
q7)0.%*H'6$,6'&/*'./BB6*'/0'0.6'6J/&0',/+6'0%+6
[6H86,,%)*']%,&)*0%*"%09'D[]F
R?(./%$'E:'L3(2'-&'23$'$,,$52'",')$5$-4-01'('&53"%()&3-/'"0'5"%%$1$'
(22$0#(05$S
X)$$6H6'
1006*2/*&6'
[/06,
N&.)$/8,.%B'
4"*2,
q86H86,,%)*'4)8+/0E',)'A6'&/*'/22'&)*08)$,;
q'[6I"%86,'B/*6$'2/0/
d!1
d!1
!8)#$6+`
]%44686*&6,'%*']%44686*&6,'D]]F
\*268,0/*2%*H?
[6H86,,%)*']%,&)*0%*"%09'D[]F
R?(./%$'E:'L3(2'-&'23$'$,,$52'",')$5$-4-01'('&53"%()&3-/'"0'5"%%$1$'
(22$0#(05$S
])'A6',66'.)A']V]'+%+%&,'/'86/$'6JB68%+6*0`
])'A6',66'.)A'0.6'[/A']V]'%,'Z",0'$%>6'0.6'&/$&"$/0%)*'A6'A)"$2'2)'%*'
/*'/&0"/$'6JB68%+6*0`
X)$$6H6'
1006*2/*&6'
[/06,
N&.)$/8,.%B'
4"*2,
7/0%)*/$'
,&.)$/8,.%B'
B8)H8/+
])'A6'"*268,0/*2'A.9'A6'./56'0)'#6'&/864"$'%*'&.)),%*H')"8'
&)+B/8%,)*'H8)"B,`
!),%0%56'
6446&0
-.9'2)'A6'",6'/'86H86,,%)*'%*,06/2')4'Z",0'&/$&"$/0%*H'0.6'[/A']V]`
O;e
d!1
O;e
d!1
[6H86,,%)*']%,&)*0%*"%09'D[]F
<*,08"+6*0/$'@/8%/#$6,'D<@F
7662,?'3.%82'5/8%/#$6'0./0'/446&0,'$02)+'-02"'2)$(2.$02E'#"0'2)6,'0"2'
)0.68A%,6'(,,$52'"725".$
R?(./%$'T:'R,,$52'",'L=9'"0'53-%#'072)-2-"0S
'
X.%$2'
7"08%0%)*
L))2'
b"2H60
'
=X
'
386/0+6*0
6)$(2.$02
;-(1)(.:
N725".$'",'
=02$)$&2
'
X)*08)$
B+#+3)("-%'0"6#+1
'
g
X)*08)$
'U'
!)56809'
:%*6
<*&)+6
!)56809'
:%*6
<*&)+6
3A)'&)*2%0%)*,'4)8'%0'0)'A)8>?
q3.6'%*,08"+6*0'+",0'#6'&)886$/062'A%0.'0.6%)0+,)1+-)%*,0(,6#+
q3.6'%*,08"+6*0'&/**)0',"4468'48)+'0.6',/+6'B8)#$6+'/,'0.6')8%H%*/$'
B862%&0%*H'5/8%/#$6;
[6H86,,%)*']%,&)*0%*"%09'D[]F
<*,08"+6*0/$'@/8%/#$6,'D<@F
6)$(2.$02'-&'#$2$).-0$#'<+'.$(&7)(<%$'53()(52$)-&2-5&'(0#'('
)$V7-)$.$02'2"'<$'(<"4$'")'<$%"*'&".$'572",,W
(J/+B$6?'G)A'+"&.'2)6,'/*'/22%0%)*/$'96/8')4',&.))$%*H'/446&0'4"0"86'
A/H6`
63-01&'2"'5"0&-#$):
q'R)"'+",0'&)*08)$'4)8'086/0+6*0Q&)*08)$E'#"0'/$,)'9)"8'8"**%*H'
5/8%/#$6
q'C",0',.)A'0./0')0.68'5/8%/#$6,'/86',+))0.'/&8),,'0.6'0.86,.)$2
q'[6I"%86,'/'$)0')4'2/0/
Y)"<%$.S
q'G/82'0)'4%*2'*%&6'8"$6,'0)'0/>6'/25/*0/H6')4
'
(2H6A)80.'b)J
<*,08"+6*0/$'@/8%/#$6,'D<@F
9
]6&%262'0)'$))>'/0'.%H.',&.))$'+/8H%*'D6J/+B$6?'Yg0.E'568,",'YY0.'H8/26'
28)BV)"0,F?
X)+#%*/0%)*')4'#%80.'+)*0.'/*2'28)BV)"0'/H6'86I"%86+6*0,'+/26'
$6H/$'+%*'28)B')"0'H8/26'2%44686*0
L))2'B68'96/8
'
'
'
1:<X(
g_
"
6)$(2.$02
=X
B+#+3)("-%'0"6#+1
N725".$'",'
=02$)$&2
X$)0.6,'B68'96/8
R#1$*")23'>"?
C/>%*H'#)0.'1$%&6'/*2'3)+'#60068')44
<*,08"+6*0/$'@/8%/#$6,'D<@F
3.%*H,'0)'&)*,%268?
1:<X(
g_
8
1H
L))2'B68'96/8
$"% 3.6'<@'+",0'*)0'/446&0'0.6')"0&)+6'17]'+",0'6JB$/%*',)+60.%*H'
/#)"0'0.6'086/0+6*0'5/8%/#$6;'
$&% 2*+-%(&%."-+%3"00+3)#C4'<@'06&.*%I"6,'86&)568'$)&/$'/568/H6'
086/0+6*0'6446&0,'D:13(F;'d60,'0.6'6446&0')*$9'4)8'0.6',"#H8)"B'
/446&062'#9'0.6'%*,08"+6*0'
3UC
h'!/860)'644%&%6*0
h'!/860)'%+B8)56+6*0
1BM
B
BM
BY
3BM
3H
,
g
3UC
X$)0.6,'B68'96/8
R#1$*")23'>"?
N0/80%*H'48)+'/'2%44686*0'%*%0%/$'B)%*0
!/860)'(44%&%6*&9'%*'X)*,"+B0%)*
1:<X(
g_
L))2'B68'96/8
1H
3)+
1$%&6
C[N&$)0.6,Q4))2^'''C[N&$)0.6,Q4))2
>
Bi
1BM
B
! C/8H%*/$'[/06')4'N"#,0%0"0%)*'#60A66*'4))2'/*2'&$)0.6,'/86'
6I"/$%W62'#60A66*'3)+'/*2'1$%&6;
! 3/*H6*&9'%+B$%6,'0.69',0)B'08/2%*H'/*2'*)'+)86'&./*H6,'/86'
86I"%862'0)'+/>6'%+B8)56+6*0;'
BO
BM
BY
3BM
3H
,
g
3UC
X$)0.6,'B68'96/8
R#1$*")23'>"?
3/>6V/A/9'!)%*0,?
Y()$2"'=./)"4$.$02:'1'&./*H6'0./0'+/>6,')*6'B68,)*'#60068')44'A%0.)"0'+/>%*H'
/*9)*6'6$,6'A)8,6')44
Y()$2"'R,,-5-$02:'1*'/$$)&/0%)*'A.686'9)"'&/**)0'+/>6'/*9)*6'#60068')44'A%0.)"0'
+/>%*H'/*)0.68'A)8,6')44
!8)2"&0%)*'!),,%#%$%09'L8)*0%68,
63$'.(?-.7.'(."702'",'2*"'1""#&'23(2'5(0'<$'/)"#75$#'1-4$0'('
1-4$0'(."702'",')$&"7)5$&
\,64"$'&)*&6B0,?
D/F !)%*0,')*'0.6'H8/B.
&686/$
YMg
<+:>%$;#())(-7%3,D+%(-%3#,$$=
X
lg
(
jg
Og
b
Mg
ig
jg
kg
A%*6
!8)2"&0%)*'!),,%#%$%09'L8)*0%68,
!8)2"&0%)*'!),,%#%$%09'L8)*0%68,
63$'.(?-.7.'(."702'",'2*"'1""#&'23(2'5(0'<$'/)"#75$#'1-4$0'('
1-4$0'(."702'",')$&"7)5$&
\,64"$'&)*&6B0,?
Z0#$)&2(0#-01'(0#'9)-2-5-[-01'23$'."#$%'\YY]^:
D#F''C)56+6*0,'/$)*H'0.6'
H8/B.
&686/$
YMg
3.%,'#-.-0-&3-01'.()1-0(%')$27)0')&&"8,'%*'0.6'!!L'/,'A6$$
<*0"%0%56$9E'A.9`
&686/$
X''''^a'''']
1*,A68?''&)+B/8/0%56'/25/*0/H6'
)4'86,)"8&6,
DMgElgF DigEjgF
lg
(
jg
b
Og
b
Mg
ig
jg
kg
A%*6
A%*6
!8)2"&0%)*'!),,%#%$%09'L8)*0%68,
(44%&%6*&9'X)*2%0%)*,
Z0#$)&2(0#-01'(0#'9)-2-5-[-01'23$'."#$%'\YY]^:
3.%,'#-.-0-&3-01'.()1-0(%')$27)0')&&"8,'%*'0.6'!!L'/,'A6$$
&686/$
1
=./%-5(2-"0:
;-,,$)$02'!O6&'(%"01'23$'YY]
A%*6
3)+
1$%&6
L%8,0'L"*2/+6*0/$'3.6)86+')4'-6$4/86'(&)*)+%&,
X)*2%0%)*,?
DYF 1$$'B8)2"&68,'/*2'&)*,"+68,'/&0'/,'B6846&0'&)+B60%0)8,'DB6846&0$9'
&)+B60%0%56'+/8>60F
N6&)*2'L"*2/+6*0/$'3.6)86+')4'-6$4/86'(&)*)+%&,
3.6'H)568*+6*0',.)"$2'
DYF &)*,%268',)&%60%6,'B864686*&6'4)8'2%,08%#"0%)*,E'2)'#/,%&'%*&)+6'
862%,08%#"0%)*'D862%,08%#"0%)*')4'86,)"8&6,F'
DMF /*2'0.6*',06B'#/&>'0)'$60'0.6'B)A68,')4'08/26'%*'0.6'+/8>60'4%*2'0.6'
644%&%6*0')"0&)+6'/H/%*
DMF 1'+/8>60'6J%,0,'4)8'6/&.'/*2'65689'&)++)2%09
3.6*?'
3.6'+/8>60'*/0"8/$$9'A%$$'86,"$0'%*'/*'644%&%6*0')"0&)+6'D%;6;'%0'A%$$'
S/"0)+/0%&/$$9T'/$$)&/06'86,)"8&6,'644%&%6*0$9F
L%8,0'L"*2/+6*0/$'3.6)86+')4'-6$4/86'(&)*)+%&,
[)$6,')4'd)568*+6*0
=?'N)'A./0'%,'0.6'8)$6'4)8'H)568*+6*0`
1?'
!()I$2'](-%7)$&:'*3$0'23$'(%%"5(2-"0'",'1""#&'(0#'&$)4-5$&'<+'23$',)$$'
.()I$2'#"$&'0"2'(53-$4$'23$'$,,-5-$02'(%%"5(2-"0W
'
=?'-./0'%,'+%,,%*H'%*'0.6'/8H"+6*0'4)8'0.%,'09B6')4'H)568*+6*0')*$9`'
D.%*0?'(2H6A)80.'b)JF
!()I$2'/"*$)'\0"0U5"./$2-2-4$'.()I$2&^
!C)*)B)$9'DY'B8)2"&68F
!U$%H)B)$)9'D46A'B8)2"&68,F
M:'
!C)*)B,)*9'DY'#"968'c'$/#)8'+8>0'09B%&/$$9F
!X/806$,'D&)$$/#)8/0%)*'0)',60'B8%&6,F
63$)$,")$QW
!!8)2"&0'2%44686*0%/0%)*
P"0U$?-&2$05$'",'.()I$2&
!1,9++608%&'<*4)8+/0%)*
!(J068*/$%0%6,
!!"#$%&'d))2,'