INTRODUCTION

TO OIL CARGO LOSS

DESCRIPTION OF CARGO LOSS

A.

PHYSICAL OR ACTUAL LOSS:

- is a type of cargo loss that physically or actually
occurs during the subjected process.
- Example: evaporation, leakage, slopping, pilferage,
contamination, spillage etc.

B.

APPARENT OR SPURIOUS LOSS:

- is a type of cargo loss that it is seen on the document,
but physically does not occur.
- Example: inaccurate B/L, Certificate of quality, Ullage
report etc.

RECORD ON CLAIM OF CARGO LOSS

1.

Majority of claim on cargo loss are apparent cargo

loss that discrepancy between shore and ship sides or
delivery and outturn figures are more than 0.5%.
This case cannot be accepted, since there is no
evident that is physical loss.

2.

The standard pleading for cargo loss in the past,

0.5% could not be applied no longer. Now this limit
should be stipulated in the sale contract or charter
party. This figure is never accepted by USA & other
countries.

OIL CARGO LOSS

CLASSIFICATION
OIL LOSS
DIFFERENCES/ CHANGE
IN
QUALITY & QUANTITY
QUALITY DETERIORATION

(Degradation, Contamination etc

QUANTITY DIFFERENCES
R1,R2, R3,R4

PHYSICAL LOSS

APPARENT LOSS

(real loss, actually happen)

(spurious loss/on paper only)

POTENTIAL FACTORS:

POTENTIAL FACTORS:

1.

Evaporation ( MINIMAL)

1. Inaccurate calibration: (expired, deformation, etc)

2.

Leakage or spillage

3.

Slopping

4.

Quality degradation or
contamination

5.

Crime, etc

- tanks (shore & ship),meter prover

2. Inaccurate measurement:
- temperature, gauging, water, sludge, clingage detection
- rolling & pitching
2. Inaccurate sampling:
- method, equipment, position, etc
2. Inaccurate laboratory analysis/determination:
- density,

GENERAL ACCEPTABLE LIMITS OF CARGO

DISCREPANCIES IN QUANTITY
Supply Losses
(R4 or diff of 1-4)
max. 0.5%

Sampling

SHORE
TANKS
B/L

Loading Losses:

Transportation Losses:

(R1 or diff of 1-2)

(R2 or diff of 2-3)

max. 0.5%

max. 0.2%

FACTORS OF APPARENT LOSSES:

1. Inaccurate calibration:
Shore tanks
VEF analysis
Vessel
2. Inaccurate measurement
Temperature
Ullaging/gauging due to:
- Pitching & rolling
- Undetectable free water
- Sludge or un-pump able
materials (hard)
Free water detection
3. Sampling & analysis (density, %BS&W)
4. Using different tables
5. Improper filling of shore lines

MP

Evaporation
Spillage or leakage
Slopping
Crime

Negligible

VEF analysis:

SHORE
TANK
Discharging Losses:
(R3 or diff of 3-4)
max. 0.5%

FACTORS OF PHYSICAL LOSSES:

1.
2.
3.
4.

Students table for 95% confidence limit

Stable & consistent
accurate

FACTORS OF APPARENT LOSSES:

1. Inaccurate calibration:
Vessel
VEF analysis
Shore tanks
Weigh bridges
2. Inaccurate measurement:
Temperature
Ullaging / gauging
3. Using different Density
4. Sampling & analysis (density)
5. Improper filling of shorelines

Supply Losses
(R4 or diff of 1-4)
max. 0.5%

SHORE
TANK
B/L

Loading Losses:

3
Transportation Losses:

(R1 or diff of 1-2)

max. 0.5%

(R2 or diff of 2-3)

SHORE
TANK
Discharging Losses:
(R3 or diff of 3-4)

max. 0.2%

max. 0.5%

FACTORS AFFECTING APPARENT LOSSES:

FACTORS AFFECTING PHYSICAL LOSSES:

QUANTITY:

QUANTITY:

1. Inaccurate calibration tables:

Weighbridge
Shore tanks
Vessels tank
2. Inaccurate measurement
Temperature
Sounding/Ullaging due to:
- Rolling & Pitching
- Overtrimmed or overlisted
- Undetectable free water
- Sludge or unpumpable materials
- Accuracy of sounding/ullaging device
3. Sampling & Analysis
4. Improper filling or displacement of the shore lines

1. Spillage or Leakage
2. Slopping
3. Pilferage

QUALITY:
1. Sampling (method, position & temperature)
2. Sample compositing
3. Analysis

QUALITY:
Contamination due to:
Spontaneous hydrolysis by moisture or free water
Hydrolysis by water or sea water entrainment
Reaction with the residue of the last cargoes
Reaction with coating, tank or interior materials.
Steam leaking (Heating system)

RATIO OF CARGO LOSS

R1 = loading loss

= B/L Qty loaded x 100%

B/L

R2 = transportation loss = SFAL SFBD x 100%

B/L

R3 = discharging loss

= Qty recd Qty dischd x 100%

B/L

R4 = supply loss

= B/L Qty recd x 100%

B/L

Legends:
B/L = Bill of Lading
SFAL = ships figure after loading
SFBD = ships figure before discharging

SHIPBOARD QUANTITY DETERMINATION

ENVIRONTMENT
CONDITION

TEMP.

DRAFT / TRIM

GAUGING

TRIM
CORRT

MEASUREMENT
& READING

CHARACT. OF
CARGO

FW
DETECTION

LIST

LIST
CORRT
CORRECTED
GAUGE

SAMPLING

TOV
VOL
FW

LAB. ANALYSIS
GOV
ASTM, API, IP
TABLES
OLD & NEW

SHIPS
TANK CALIBR
TABLES

VCF

GSV
% S&W
DENSITY 15
(API GRAVITY,
REL. DENS)

WCF

NSV

NET WEIGHT

Note :
Trim & List Corrections shall
be deleted for shore quantity
determination

TYPICAL DIFFERENCE OF VCF BETWEEN OLD & NEW ASTM

TABLES
( FOR API = 33.0 )
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

TEMP. F
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
130

OLD TABLE

NEW TABLE

1.0044
1.0000
0.9956
0.9913
0.9869
0.9826
0.9782
0.9739
0.9695

1.0046
1.0000
0.9954
0.9907
0.9861
0.9814
0.9768
0.9721
0.9674

DIFFERENCE ,%
+ 0.02
0.00
- 0.02
- 0.06
- 0.08
- 0.12
- 0.14
- 0.18
- 0.21

CATATAN : TEMP. MAKIN JAUH DARI 60 F, BEDA VCF MAKIN BESAR.

CARGO RECONCILIATION
1. IF THE DISCREPANCY BETWEEN SHORE AND SHIP FIGURES
EXCEEDS THE ACCEPTABLE/ ALLOWABLE LIMIT, CHECK
SHORE & SHIP FIGURES CALCULATION.
2. ENSURE THE LINE IS FULL.
3. REGAUGE SHORE & SHIP SIDES, INCL. TEMPERATURE, FW,
SUITABILITY OF THE MEASURING DEVICES USED, REF.
HEIGHT ETC.
4. ENSURING THAT THERE IS NO MISFLOW/ MISLOADED/
MISDISCHARGED:
- CHECK COFFERDAM, DEEP TANK, BALLAST TANK, FORE
PEAK, BUNKER AND OTHER HIDEN SPACES.

Continued
- CHECK DATA OF INITIAL & FINAL QUANTITY OF BUNKER AND
FUEL CONSUMPTION OF THE VESSEL.
- CHECK OBQ OR ROB AND RESIDUAL CARGO REMAINING ON
BOARD OR AT THE SHORE/ STORAGE TANK(S) WHETHER
ANY CLINGANGE, SEDIMENT, SLUDGE OR OTHER
UNPUMPABLE MATERIALS ?
5. ANALYSE DIFFERENCE OF FIGURES PER SEGMENT AND
QUANTITY COMPONENT.
- CHECK THE CORRESPONDING COMPONENT PER SEGMENT.
- CHECK PETROLEUM TABLE APPLIED, DENSITY, % S & W,
TEMPERATURE, SEA CONDITION, VEF ETC.

APPARENT LOSS IN QUANTITY

A.

CAUSES :
- INACCURATE GAUGING & TEMP. MEASUREMENT ( method,
equipment, condition, skill etc )
- INACCURATE CALIBRATION OF SHIP, SHORE TANKS AND
FLOWMETER.
- DISTURBED CONDITIONS ( cargo properties, surroundings,
vessel position & stability etc )
- INACCURATE SAMPLING & ANLYSIS
- DIFFERENT OR INACCURATE TABLE USED & INACCURATE
CALCULATION.

Continued
B.

PROTECTIVE & PREVENTIVE ACTIONS:

- ACCURATE GAUGING & TEMP. MEASUREMENT.
- ACCURATE SAMPLING & ANALYSIS
- SAME TABLE & METHOD OF CALCULATION.
- MINIMIZE CONDITION DISTURBANCE.

APPARENT LOSS IN QUALITY

A.

CAUSES:
- INACCURATE SAMPLING ( method, equipment, sampling
point, sample preparation etc ).
- INACCURATE ANALYSIS ( method, equipment, preparation,
calculation etc ).

B.

PROTECTIVE & PREVENTIVE ACTIONS:

- ACCURATE SAMPLING & SAMPLE PREPARATION.
- ACCURATE ANALYSIS

PHYSICAL LOSS IN QUANTITY

A.

CAUSE:
- EVAPORATION, SPILLAGE, SLOPPING, LEAKAGE,
PILFERAGE ETC.

B.

PROTECTIVE & PREVENTIVE ACTION:

- INERT GAS INJECTION/ BLANKETING, FLOATING ROOF
STORAGE, VAPOUR RECOVERY SYSTEM, SKILL & MORALE
IMPROVEMENT, SECURITY, CRUDE OIL WASHING ETC

PHYSICAL LOSS IN QUALITY

A.

CAUSE:
- CONTAMINATION, QUALITY DETERIORATION, ON FIRE/
EXPLOSION ETC.

B.

PROTECTIVE & PREVENTIVE ACTION:

- CLEAN & DRY COMPARTMENT WITH SUITABLE MATERIAL,
- TANK CLEANING, GASING UP, INERTING, N2 BLANKETING

CARGO LOSS CONTROL

1. CRUDE OIL WASHING ( COW ):

- improvement discharge operation by spraying the tank wall with

her own cargo.
2. GASING UP:

- removing residual gas in a confined space by blowing with fresh

air ( gas freeing ), inert gas, nitrogen or loading vapor ( purging ).
3. HEATING:
- increasing temperature for preventing solidification of the cargo.
4. RELIEF VALVE:

- a device for retaining gas in a tank/ vessel up to certain

pressure.

CLOSING SPEECH

THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION

GOOD LUCK