Failure Criteria

Failure Criteria

Dirk Eberlein
dirk.eberlein@hbm.com

www.hbm.com
19.03.2008, Folie 1

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Can the workpiece stand the load?

19.03.2008, Folie 2

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

The basics of experimental stress analysis

using strain gages is...

Measuring the strains on the surface of the test

object
Calculating the principal stresses and their
direction. Needed parameters: Youngs Modulus
and Poissons Ratio

19.03.2008, Folie 3

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Determining a biaxial stress state with

unknown directions
Installation of the
strain gage rosette

The
Thedirections
directionsof
ofthe
thegrids
gridsdo
do
not
nothave
haveany
anyeffect
effecton
onthe
the
results!
results!
19.03.2008, Folie 4

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Determining a biaxial stress state with

unknown directions
Measurement with a three element rosette (e.g.RY31)
a
c

b
Strain measurement in three directions a,b,c
19.03.2008, Folie 5

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Determining a biaxial stress state with

unknown directions
Important:
Always use three independent -bridges

Measuring grid a, b, c
19.03.2008, Folie 6

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Spider8-30

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Determining a biaxial stress state with

unknown directions
1. Step:

1 / 2

Evaluation of the principal stresses

using the following equation

E a + c
E
=

1
2
2 (1 + )

( a b ) + ( c b )
2

Only in connection with 0/45/90

degree rosettes!
19.03.2008, Folie 7

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Determining a biaxial stress state with

unknown directions
Example: Bending Beam
Measured strain:
a: -47,1 m/m
b: +74,1 m/m
c:
+175,7 m/m
What is the reason for these values?

19.03.2008, Folie 8

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Determining a biaxial stress state with

unknown directions
strain gage: RY91-6/120

a (0): -47,1 m/m

b (45):
+74,1 m/m

c (90): +175,7 m/m

F (Force)

19.03.2008, Folie 9

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Determining a biaxial stress state with

unknown directions
1 / 2

E a + c
=

1
2

2 (1 + )

( a b )2 + ( c b )2

N
N
190
000
2 47,1 10 6 + 175,7 10 6
2
mm
mm

1 0,25
2
2 (1 + 0,25 )

190 000
1 / 2 =

( 47,1 10

1 = 33,2

N
mm

19.03.2008, Folie 10

74,1 10

) + (175,7 10

6 2

2 = 0,7

74,1 10

6 2

N
mm 2

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Determining a biaxial stress state with

unknown directions
2 b a c
= arctan
a c

Z
only for 0/45/90 degree rosettes
N

Z 0 (+ )
N > 0 (+)

1 o
0 +
2

Z > 0 (+)
N 0 ()

1
180 o
2

Z 0 ()
N < 0 ()

1
180 o +
2

Z < 0 ()
N 0 (+ )

1
360 o
2

19.03.2008, Folie 11

Problem: The tangent is

ambiguous

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Determining a biaxial stress state with

unknown directions
2 b a c
= arctan
a c
= arctan
= arctan

: auxiliary angle

2 74,1 10 6 47,1 10 6 175,7 10 6

47,1 10 6 175,7 10 6
19,6 10 6
222,8 10 6

> 0 (+ )
0 ()

= 5,03

19.03.2008, Folie 12

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Determining a biaxial stress state with

unknown directions

Z 0 (+ )
N > 0 (+)

1 o
0 +
2

Z > 0 (+)
N 0 ()

1
180 o
2

Z 0 ()
N < 0 ()

1
180 o +
2

Z < 0 ()
N 0 (+ )

1
360 o
2

19.03.2008, Folie 13

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Determining a biaxial stress state with

unknown directions
Z > 0 (+)
N 0 ( )

1
180 o
2

1
180 o 5,03 o
2

1
180 o
2

87,5 o

19.03.2008, Folie 14

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Determining a biaxial stress state with

unknown directions
Axis of reference for the
direction of principal
stress 1: Measuring
grid a

Angle
= 87,5

Direction of principal stress

2: + 90.

Direction of principal stress 1

19.03.2008, Folie 15

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Determining a biaxial stress state with

unknown directions
Measurements using a 0/60/120 degree rosette
2

1 / 2

E a + b + c
E
1
2 a b c
2
=

+ ( b c )
1
3
1+
3
3

3 ( b c )
= arctan
2 a b c

19.03.2008, Folie 16

Z
N

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Determining a biaxial stress state with

unknown directions
Hint for your installation:
Install measuring grid a
parallel to lines,
weldings, corners.....

19.03.2008, Folie 17

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Strain
StrainGauge
GaugeRosette
RosetteChains:
Chains:55Rosettes
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on
every
everycarrier:
carrier:Who
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calculate
this
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byusing
usingaasheet
sheetof
ofpaper
paperand
andaapencil?
pencil?
19.03.2008, Folie 18

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

19.03.2008, Folie 19

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Mohrs stress circle

1 2
( ) =
sin(2 )
2

2
y
1 + 2
2
x
1
19.03.2008, Folie 20

x ( ) =

(1 + 2 ) + (1 2 ) cos(2)

y () =

(1 + 2 ) (1 2 ) cos(2)

X-Axis: Normal Stresses

Y-Axis: Shear Stresses
Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Mohrs Stress Circle

Example: Uniaxial stress state

y
1
2

x 1
19.03.2008, Folie 21

2 = 0
x , y do exist in every direction,
with exception of =0.
Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Mohrs stress circle

1= - 2

Example: Torque only

1 = -2

y= - x

x 1
19.03.2008, Folie 22

The shear stresses have the

same value as the normal
stresses

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

What do we know?
The principal stresses and
their direction as the result of
the strain gage measurement
Material characteristics,
took from books

19.03.2008, Folie 23

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Apart from our measurement results....

Material Characteristics.....
... are the result of tests using an uniaxial stress state
(for example: tensile test)
The kind of stressing in practise.....
... Is normally biaxial!
(for example: bending + torque).

It is not allowed to compare the material characteristics

directly with the results of a measurement!
19.03.2008, Folie 24

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

The Target of Failure Criteria....

... is to calculate equivalent stresses, which allow to
compare the stress state on our testing object with
the material characteristics, took from an uniaxial
stress state on the same material.
In other words: The Failure Criteria gives us the
value of an uniaxial stress state which has the
same effect on the workpiece compared to the one
that was measured
19.03.2008, Folie 25

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Conditions for the construction:

Normalized test sample

Mb
Mt

Mt

FN

FN

Mb
2

K
K ...

V
V
19.03.2008, Folie 26

Material
design values

V ... Equivalent stresses

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Conditions for a safe construction:

V ... Equivalent stresses

K ... Material characteristic

K
V

Compared

V zul

19.03.2008, Folie 27

K
=
S

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

S = Safety factor

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Important material design values are ...

Elastic limit
Breaking strength
Fatigue limit
Fatigue strain
Fatigue live

19.03.2008, Folie 28

Rp0,2
Re
Rm
sch
W
D

(0,2%-strain limit)
(elastic limit)

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Material design values

Attention: Material characteristics are given for room
temperature!

Rm
ReH
ReL

Rm
Rp0,2

With a wide range of elastic limit

19.03.2008, Folie 29

0,2%

With 0,2% limit

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Material characteristics

Rm
Rp0,2
dF, b0,2
F, 0,4

breaking strength
elastic limit
Liquid Flow limit (In case of bending)
Liquid Flow limit (In case of torsion)
Took from: Dubbel

19.03.2008, Folie 30

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Failure Criteria

Maximum Principle Stress Criterion

Maximum Shear Stress Criterion (Tresca)
Maximum Shear Strain Energy Criterion (van Mises)
Mohrs Criterion
Bachs Criterions Factor

19.03.2008, Folie 31

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Which theory in which case?

Important: The kind of possible failure!

Different kinds of failure do exist:

Brittle failure: Failure of brittle materials (e.g. casted iron)
Slide fracture: Failure of ductile materials (e.g. aluminium)

19.03.2008, Folie 32

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Maximum Principle Stress Criterion

Used in case of:

brittle failure: Object breakes perpendicular to the

direction of the principle stress
Stress state does not allow deformation of the
stress object

VV == max
=
max = 11

19.03.2008, Folie 33

1 ... Principle Stress

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Maximum Shear Stress Criterion (Tresca)

Used in case of:

ductile materials
failure caused by: slide fracture because of high
shear stresses
in case of brittle materials: pressure stresses will
cause slide fracture
VV == 2
2max
max

1.Case : 1 0; 2 0 v = 2 max = 1
2.Case : 1 0; 2 0 v = 2 max = 1 2
max ... Highest value of shear stress

19.03.2008, Folie 34

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Maximum Shear Strain Energy Criterion (Mises)

Used in case of:

ductile materials
the energy needed for the deformation compared
with the one in case of an uniaxial stress state is:

V = + 1 2
2
1

19.03.2008, Folie 35

2
2

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Mostly used is:

Maximum Principle Stress Criterion Maximum
Principle Stress Criterion

19.03.2008, Folie 36

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Which material characteristic has to be used

in case of different kind of load?

V zul

K
=
S

S ... Safety factor against failure

Depending on the kind of stress:

static stress
pulsating stress
alternating stress
19.03.2008, Folie 37

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Static Stress

19.03.2008, Folie 38

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Pulsating Stress

19.03.2008, Folie 39

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Alternating Stress

19.03.2008, Folie 40

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Matrial Characteristics

Took from: Dubbel

19.03.2008, Folie 41

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Dirk Eberlein

Failure Criteria

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

Im Tiefen See 45
D-64293 Darmstadt

www.hbm.com

Thank you

Dirk Eberlein
Tel. 06151/803-763

... For your attention

19.03.2008, Folie 42

Hottinger Baldwin Messtechnik GmbH

dirk.eberlein@hbm.com

Dirk Eberlein