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I. INTRODUCTION
The anyon exciton model AEM, which considers a neutral exciton made up of a valence hole and several fractionally charged quasielectrons with fractional statistics
anyons, was proposed a decade ago by Rashba and
Portnoi.1 It was later developed2 to model incompressible
quantum liquids IQLs with filling factors 1/3 and 2/3,
and is valid at large separation between the hole and the
two-dimensional electron gas 2DEG, so that the Coulomb
field of the hole does not destroy the IQL. The AEM was
motivated by experiments on intrinsic photoluminescence
PL in the fractional quantum Hall regime35 that showed a
pronounced double-peak structure in emission spectra, and it
has provided major insights into the role of electron-hole
separation in determining the optical spectra. The model
yields multiple-branch energy spectra and gives a full classification of states for a four-particle system. It also predicts an
increase in ground-state angular momentum and flattening of
the corresponding dispersion curve with increasing layer
separation. The AEM has also shown good agreement for
intermediate electron-hole separation with numerical finitesize calculations by Apalkov and co-workers.6,7
At the time when the model was proposed, most experiments on intrinsic PL were carried out at constant carrier
density, with the filling factor changed by varying the magnetic field. However, the AEM is valid for fixed fractional
filling factors only. More recent experimental techniques enable the 2DEG density in the PL experiments to be changed
using applied gate voltages8 11 or by varying the light
intensity.12 Thus, it is now possible to manipulate the effective electron-hole separation in units of magnetic length
while keeping the filling factor constant. So far, charged excitons have been observed for small electron-hole separation,
but for large separations it is predicted that neutral anyon
excitons should be observed.
These recent developments have rekindled our interest in
the theoretical treatment of spatially separated electron-hole
systems. In this paper we address some important mathematical features of the AEM. In Sec. II we derive a general
few-particle wave function for a neutral exciton consisting of
a valence hole and N anyons. In Sec. III we move to consider
interaction matrix elements for a six-particle anyon exciton,
0163-1829/2003/683/0353069/$20.00
which should be useful for analysis of intrinsic PL experiments at 2/5. Note that there has been some debate as to
whether the ground state at 1/5 is actually an IQL; see,
e.g., Ref. 13 and references therein. In Sec. IV, exact results
for the general (N1)-particle case are obtained and discussed. It is shown that the exciton remains bound even at
large separations between the 2DEG and the hole.
II. EXCITON BASIS FUNCTIONS
A. Preliminaries
1
1
q hA 2
q aA 2
ph
p j
,
2m h
c
c
j1 2m a
68 035306-1
jf
1
A Hr ,
2
f . . . , l , . . . j l
l
l1
j f . . . , j , . . .
1
N
f . . . , l , . . . .
l1
1 1
zrh
2m h i h
N
j1
6
The old coordinates can be expressed in terms of the new
ones as follows:
1
1 1
zr j
2m a i j N
rh R ,
2
rj
j1
1
rh
N
where, as usual, e, , c, and the dielectric constant are assumed equal to unity.
We now introduce the following new coordinates see Fig.
1:
1
1
rh
R
2
N
r j R j ,
2
1
1
1
R j
2N
N
N
8
N
l1
We now write the Hamiltonian 3 in terms of the new variables. Using Eqs. 69 we obtain
rj ,
j1
exc H
,
0 H
H
j r j
1
N
rl ,
l1
where
exc
H
j1
j1
j 0.
1
1
1
1
R z R
2m h 2i
i
2
2
10
1
1
1
z R
2Nm a 2i R i 2
2
,
11
5
and
The fact that the variables j are not independent means that
derivatives with respect to these variables are not defined.
However, it is possible to introduce the derivatives j ,
which treat the variables j as if they were independent,14 by
working in a space of higher dimensionality and then considering a submanifold in this space defined by constraint
5.
Using the chain rule, we may now rewrite the derivatives
of a function f with respect to r j as
1
2m a
j1
1
1
j
i
Ni
l1
1
z j
2N
.
12
035306-2
13
1 1
z d
2m h i
2
E exc .
nm d m L nm d 2 /2 exp im d 2 /4 ,
15
2
H
Note that in Eqs. 15 and 16 we no longer restricted ourselves to the lowest Landau level for the hole and anyons.
For the ground-state (n,m0), Eq. 13 reduces to
exc R, exp ikRiz R /2 d 2 /4 ,
17
1
1
1
2m a
N
and
2
H
1
2Nm a
j1
j1
1
1
z j
i j 2N
18
EE exc E
0.
22
1
1
1
h N a ,
2m h 2m a 2
23
p exp p 2 /4N ,
24
j l ,
jl
25
where P L is a symmetric polynomial of degree L in the variables i . Note that for k0 the problem has rotational symmetry about the z axis, and the degree of the symmetric
polynomial L is related to the exciton angular momentum
L z LN(N1) /2 . We are now in a position to express the anyon exciton basis functions in the final form
P L . . . , i , . . .
2
j
2 2 j
2 j
1
l
z j j
Ni
l1
l1
1
N
l1
26
1 can then be
The eigenfunctions of the ground state of H
written in terms of complex coordinates as
j j exp j 2 /4N ,
j
j l exp p 2 /4N .
jl
p
19
R, , i exp ikRiz R /2 d 2 /4
1
N
j1
n
.
mh
2
Nm a
2
16
14
E exc
21
1
1
z d
2Nm a i
2
1
1
1
.
2m a
N
20
C. Symmetric polynomials
035306-3
i x i ,
x ix j ,
i j
x ix jx k ,
i jk
. . . , N x 1 x 2 x N .
27
1x 1x
1
1x
k
k1 1x
28
The key difference between the current general formulation and that outlined in Ref. 2 for the four-particle case
(N3) is the replacement of anyon difference coordinates
z jl by the new coordinates i . The principal advantage of the
difference coordinates was that they simplified the calculation of interanyon repulsion matrix elements, as well as the
form of the statistical factor in the exciton wavefunction.
However, they had the disadvantage that the classification of
symmetric polynomials was more difficult, as it was necessary to introduce a Vandermonde determinant for odd-L
polynomials. For example, in the simplest case L3, even
though the number of anyon coordinates is the same in both
12z
23)(z
23z
31)(z
31z
12) in
formulations, we have 3 (z
terms of difference coordinates, whereas we have a simple
j1
exp j 2 /20 ,
29
where M enumerates different linearly independent symmetric polynomials of degree L. To construct the symmetric
polynomials P L,M we need to consider only the elementary
symmetric polynomials 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 . Note that 1
0 because of constraint 5. From the above, we find that
the number of possible ways of constructing a polynomial of
degree L is therefore the coefficient of x L in the expansion
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1x 1x 1x 1x
k2 1x k
30
The possible ways of constructing the first twelve polynomials are shown explicitly in Table I. It can be seen that the
number and complexity of the polynomials increases rapidly
with the degree L.
It is evident from Eq. 29 that basis functions with different values of k are orthogonal. We now expand a general
exciton wave function for given k in terms of the complete
set of basis functions 29:
i i i .
31
035306-4
B ,
H
32
1 2 3 4 5
TABLE I. Possible ways of constructing a symmetric polynomial P L from the elementary symmetric polynomials 2 , 3 , 4 ,
and 5 .
Order,
No. of
L
polynomials
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1
0
1
1
2
2
3
3
5
5
7
7
12
10
Structure
1
2
3
22 , 4
2 3 , 5
32 , 2 4 , 23
22 3 , 2 5 , 3 4
4
2 , 22 4 , 2 23 , 3 5 , 24
3
2 3 , 22 5 , 2 3 4 , 33 , 4 5
5
2 , 32 4 , 22 23 , 2 3 5 , 2 24 , 23 4 , 25
42 3 , 32 5 , 22 3 4 , 2 33 , 2 4 5 ,
23 5 , 3 24
6
4
3 2
2 , 2 4 , 2 3 , 22 3 5 , 22 24 , 2 23 4 ,
2 25 , 43 , 3 4 5 , 34
df
2 2
exp if 1 2 3 4 5 .
n n
dR
df
2 2
n ,k n ,k
d 1 d 2 d 3 d 4 d 5
exp if 1 2 3 4 5 .
35
n n C 2 A
2
34
df
M n j n f ,
2 2 j1
36
where
M mm f
d m m exp 2 /10if .
37
f ,
38
we obtain
M mm f e i(mm ) f
d 1mm
n ,k R, , i C exp ikRiz R /2
d
n n n n n
/4 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5
exp j 2 /20 ,
j1
33
d e i(mm ) i f cos 2 i mm J mm f ,
40
41
where
Mmm f
d 1mm e
2 /10
J mm f .
42
035306-5
Mmm f
1
25
n V 12 n
mm !
t mm /2 max m,m
1, mm 1;t ,
43
44
n n C A 2 LL
5
df f
j j
46
C 2A 2 3
i n j n j
25
j1
C 2
125 2 5 A
i n 2 n 2 exp i f n 3 n 3 n 4 n 4
5
n 5 n 5 Mn 1 n f Mn 2 n f
1
n V 12 n
i n n 0 d f f 0 dq 0
j1
1
25
dq
exp iq 1 2 .
2q
exp i LL exp i n 1 n 1
i n 2 n 2 Mn 1 n f
1
Mn 2 n f
2
j3
Mn j n ,
j
52
We shall only calculate the matrix elements for the first term
V 12 as the others follow by analogy. We begin by taking the
Fourier transform of Eq. 48:
V 12 1 , 2
C 2A 2 4
LL
25
jl
Mn j n f ,
47
C. Anyon-anyon interaction
1
.
j l
j3
51
1
V aa
25
dq exp i n 1 n 1
df
50
n V 12 n
45
dq
2q
n ,k n ,k
d 1d 2d 3d 4d 5
i n n Mn n f ,
j1
df
exp iq 1 2 .
dR
exp if 1 2 3 4 5
mm max m,m .
49
2
f
f 2 q 2 2 f q cos .
53
0 V aa 0
1
5
.
5
54
D. Anyon-hole interaction
1
5
j1
V jh
1
5
j1
1
,
r jh
55
2 i LL J LL dq ,
which gives for the matrix elements
where
r jh j hz.
56
n V 1h n
61
1
5
dq
2
V q exp iq 1 , 57
2 ah
C 2 2 4A
i n j n j
i LL
5
j1
dqe q
2 /2qh
df f
J LL dq
d exp i LL
5
where
i n 1 n 1 Mn 1 n f
1
2 qh
.
V ah q
e
q
1
5
dR
dq
2 2
2 2
V ah q
n ,k n ,k
d 1 d 2 d 3 d 4 d 5
exp if 1 2 3 4 5
exp iq 1 .
59
C 2A 2 2
i n j n j
n V 1h n
5
j1
dqV ah q e q
2
f
f 2 q 2 2 f q cos . 63
For d0, the Bessel function J LL (dq) entering the integrand of Eq. 62 is nonzero only if LL . This indicates
that for the case of zero in-plane momentum (kd0), the
anyon-hole interaction matrix has the same block-diagonal
structure as the anyon-anyon and overlap matrices. Therefore, states with different angular momentum L z decouple.
Equation 62 may be simplified further, and this yields
the following expression for the anyon-hole interaction matrix elements for basis functions in terms of symmetric polynomials:
L,M V ah L ,M
dq exp 5q 2 /2qh
J LL dq Q LM ,L M q , 64
where Q LM ,L M (q) is a polynomial in q the lowest order
polynomial is Q 00,001). A similar expression to Eq. 64 is
obtained for a four-particle exciton in Ref. 2. For h0, Eq.
64 further reduces to an expression in terms of elementary
functions. For the case of kd0 and LL 0, the
anyon-hole interaction matrix element is then
df
2 /2idq
exp i n 1 n 1 i f LL
5
n 1 n 1 Mn 1 n f
1
62
df
Mn j n f ,
58
n V 1h n
j2
j2
Mn j n f ,
0 V ah 0
.
10
65
60
where Mmm are as defined in Eq. 42, f fq, and is
the phase of f . As before, Ln 1 n 2 n 3 n 4 n 5 .
We now eliminate f by substituting f q and
f . Choosing the x axis along d, the integration over
q is then
035306-7
R, , i C N exp iz R /2 2 /4
exp
p1
p 2 /4N ,
66
df
dR
d e
2 /2
d 1 d N
exp
i p f 2p /2N
p1
C N2 A
N2
2 N N 1.
67
For the case of k0 and L0, the interaction matrix
elements of a (N1)-particle exciton are straightforward to
evaluate. The anyon-anyon matrix element is
0 V aa 0
N N1
2A 2 N N
df
2
dR
dq
2 q
d e
2 /2
d 1 d N
exp
i p f 2p /2N iq 1 2
p1
N1
4N
.
N
0 V ah 0
A 2N N
df
2
68
dR
dq
2 q
d e
2 /2
d 1 d N
exp
p1
i p f 2p /2N iq 1 qh
E b 0 V ah 0 0 V aa 0 1
,
N
70
N1
2 2N
.
2N
71
dq exp Nq 2 /2qh
h 2 /2N
e
erfc h/ 2N ,
2N
x2
N1 2
e c erfc x c
2N
4N
IV. CONCLUSIONS
69
035306-8
exciton. We have also shown that the (N1)-particle exciton remains bound for 2DEG-hole separations exceeding
several magnetic lengths, when the anyon exciton model becomes applicable to real physical systems.
11
035306-9