Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Skopje 2014
CIP
. ,
904(497.771)652(06.064)
: = In the
shadow of the divine Isis : Celtic warriors from Ohrid. - :
, 2014. - 72 . : . ; 27
. .
ISBN 978-608-65766-1-5
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COBISS.MK-ID 97366282
Vesela estoeva
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There were early ancient kingdoms, the powerful Macedonia and strong Paeonia, as well as
Pelagonia, Lynkestidia, Devriop, Desarteria and
the northernmost kingdom Agriania.
It is true that Macedonia was extensively
researched during the 20th century, when the
dukedoms and kingdoms, as capitols of early
ancient civilizations were were ubiquitous, but
today it is obvious that the real indings are yet
to come in the 21st century.
Even though the main city centers of the early
ancient kingdom of Macedonia have long been
known, in the recent decades more intensive
research started on the capitals of the northern
early ancient kingdoms that existed on the ter-
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found in Lychnidos, and mark the restless 3rd century BC, when Macedonia was forced to defend
her territory from the Illyrian tribes in the northwest, from the Dardanians who attacked from
the north and the Thracian Medi who broke into
Macedonian Paeonia from the northeast. King
Antigonus Gonat led the defense with several
ofensives from the north. King Philip V annexed
the kingdom of Paeonia and. inally his son, King
Perseus, lost Macedonia to Rome.
In this way the objects of local Macedonian
rulers and warriors from the city of Lychnidos on
Lake Ohrid and at Tremnik on the river Vardar
introduced here provide a window where we
can see a quite small, but bright and rich part of
the long extant world of the rise and extension
of the Macedonian civilizations on the soil of the
modern Republic of Macedonia.
11
1 / Figure 1
- , / votive chariot, / grave 132. o / photo:
/ archive of the Ohrid museum.
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2 / Figure 2
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( ). / Ohrid: A view of the
upper town on the east side. The medieval fortress is placed on the site of an antique acropolis on the ridge above the town gate (Gorna Porta). An Archaic and
Hellenistic necropolis extends along the ridge on the left side of the image. / photo: Kurt Hielscher 1926, 174.
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Eastern Celtic helmet with reinforced crown. o / photo: / archive of the Ohrid
museum).
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4 / Figure 4
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Ohrid-Gorna Porta, grave 167 golden decor. o /
photo: / archive of the
Ohrid museum.
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1 / Figure 1
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arhiv Mitja Gutin).
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26
LYCHNIDOS
2 / Figure 2
, : 1 - ; 2 - ;
3 - ; 4 - . ; 5 - ; 6 - . / Region
of Ohrid, Hellenistic necropolies: 1 Ohrid (Lyhnidos) - Deboj and Gorna Porta; 2 village Trebenita - Trebeniko kale;
3 um - Arapski grobita; 4 Delogoda - Sv. Ilija; 5 Opejnica - Crvejnca; 6 Izbita - Gimbabica.
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(Proeva 2006; 2013, 7-19),
( 1995).
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3 / Figure 3
-, / Ohrid-Deboj, jugs. A / arhiv Mitja Gutin.
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-, / Ohrid-Deboj, glass
vessels. A / arhiv Mitja Gutin.
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was further enriched by all the previous scholarly research conducted in the region.
Many necropoleis dating from the Hellenistic
period have been excavated in the wider region
of Ohrid and Prespa, such as Trebeniko Kale
(Lahtov 1959, 11-77), Crvejnca near the village
of Opejnica (Bitrakova-Grozdanova 2004, 81 5 / Figure 5
-, / Ohrid-Deboj,
Hellenistic jewelry. A / arhiv
Mitja Gutin.
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6 / Figure 6
-, , K, / Ohrid-Deboj, Crvejnca, Trebeniko
kale, Hellenistic bronze vessels. A / arhiv Mitja Gutin.
33
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-, / Ohrid-Deboj, bowls of megar type. A / arhiv Mitja Gutin.
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-, / Ohrid-Deboj, cantharoi. A / arhiv Mitja Gutin.
39
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( 2013, 135138, .. 9)
( 1974; 1976).
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1983
Keltoi -
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40
9 / Figure 9
-, 114 / Ohrid-Deboj, grave 114.
: / photo: archive
Ohrid museum).
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.
. . (La Tne)
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-
. .
279 ,
( 2011, 197-206).
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.
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41
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.
. 58
,
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(Gutin, Kuzman, Malenko 2011, 181-196;
Gutin, Kuzman 2014 oaa a).
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114, 144 156 ( 2013, 131-133).
. 58
III , 1
-e .
42
10 / Figure 10
-, e a / Ohrid-Deboj, Celtic sword and
spear and the Macedonian spears. / photo Mitja Gutin.
43
,
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,
(Walbank 1984, 221257).
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/ LITERATURE:
. 2013. - , ,
. -, .
- . 1982. 1979. 6, 63-69.
- . 1987, . . . .
- . 1995. -
. 45, 53-60.
- . 1999, . , 256-286.
Bitrakova-Grozdanova V. 2004. La cramique de la ncropole de Crvejnca-Ohrid.
, ( 2000). , 81-86.
Ceka N. 1982, La ville illirienne de la Basse-Selce. Iliria II, 168-215.
Gutin M., Kuzman P., Malenko V. 2011. Ein keltischer Krieger in Lychnidos Ohrid, Mazedonien. Folia archaeologica
Balcanica II, 181-196.
45
. 1956. , 6, 166-171.
. 1959. . - 1953/54.
II III, 11-77.
Malenko V. 1974, A statuete of Isis from Ohrid. Archaeologia Iugoslavica XV, 33, 34.
M . 1976. , 2, 169-189.
Mitrevski D. 2011, The treasure from Tremnik and some traces of the Celts in the Vardar valley. - M. Gutin, M.
Jevti (Eds.) The Eeastern Celts: the communities between the Alps and the Black Sea. Koper-Beograd, 199-206.
. 1985, . 63-124.
Proeva N. 2006, The Engelanes/Encheleis and the Golden Mask from Trebenite Culture. Homage to Milutin
Graanin. Belgrade, 561-571.
. 1933. , LXXV, . 177.
Walbank F.W. 1984, Macedonia and Greece. CAH VII/1, 221-257.
46
,
,
.
,
o
(, 2010; 2011,
19-36).
,
.
-
.
1970-
,
Decorated
with a Macedonian shield
47
.
,
.
,
.
o o
(
17; 1974;
1976; Keltoi 1983).
,
,
(Gutin 1984, . 28,
5). , ,
()
(Ceka 1999).
2001 2002
.
-,
48
,
.
167
.
2002 ,
,
( . 132 . 167) ,
(
1)
( 2006; 2010,
38-47; 2013).
.
.
138 ( 2010, 41)
. 143,
,
.
,
(. 2;
11),
.
49
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(. 2; Gutin 2011,
. 2). ,
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,
(Athena Polias Nikephoros), , 160
II.
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- ),
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(. 3),
.
(Alesia)
, o (Sievers
2001, 140, 141; Schnfelder 2002, 56-62).
(Vecingetorix)
50
1 / Figure 1
/ The distribution of Celtic helmets with reinforced crowns. / according to Gutin 2011,
. 2 / ig. 2.
2 / Figure 2
- , 143 / Ohrid-Gorna Porta, grave 143
Eastern Celtic helmet with reinforced crown. / photo: / archive of the Ohrid
museum.
51
50
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58,
(. 4, 7).
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Folia Archaeologica (2011).
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52
3 / Figure 3
-
/ A cheekpiece from Alesia and the recovered
fragments from the Ohrid-Gorna Porta necropolis. / photo: Andrej Prelonik.
4 / Figure 4
- , 58 / Ohrid-Gorna Porta, grave 143 Celtic helmet. o / photo:
Andrej Prelonik.
53
,
, ,
, ,
.
5 / Figure 5
- , . 58 / Ohrid-Gorna Porta, detailed drawing and photo
of Grave No. 58. A / archive of the Ohrid museum.
54
6 / Figure 6
- , . 58
/ Ohrid-Gorna Porta, position
of Grave No. 58 between the other Hellenistic graves.
/ archive of the Ohrid museum.
55
,
La Tne .
() (Schaaf 1974,
. 40; 1988, 300, . 14).
,
.
,
,
,
La Tne
III II .
,
(Scordisci),
(Todorovi 1974; Boi 1981; Gutin
1984; asi 1992).
,
.
56
7 / Figure 7
- ,
58. / Ohrid-Gorna Porta,
inventory of Grave No.
58. / photo: Andrej
Prelonik ,
/ archive
of the Ohrid museum.
57
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III ,
, T 1,
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T 1.
40
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II I ...
(. 6: 9).
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(
Peltz 2001;
, 2007 ).
58
(Pontos) -
.
I (Pharnakes I),
185-160/154 (Peltz 2001 ,
. 2-5, 12).
I (294-287 ).
,
(
2007, . 3).
.
,
( 2006; 2010, 68, 69).
..
8 / Figure 8
-,
(A j, ). /
Isar-Marvinci, stele with the Macedonian warrior
(Archaeological museum of Macedonia).
59
( , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , )
( 2006, 246),
,
,
(. 10).
III (336-323 )
.
,
- (. 3;
17),
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.
,
.
60
A good comparison to the shield with the scalloped edge from Grave No. 58 is the famous shield
from Pontos with its characteristic zigzag
design at the edge. This item may have been a
votive deposit and bears an inscription of King
Pharnakes I, who ruled from about 185160/154
BC (Peltz 2001, ig. 2-5, 12).
The much older magniicent shield from
Bone in Pelagonia bears an inscription of King
9 / Figure 9
- , 58 / Ohrid-Gorna Porta, grave 58
macedonian shield from hellenistic period. o / photo: Andrej Prelonik.
61
(Velje Ledine)
(Gostilj),
(
):
.
,
.
, ,
(
1969; Gutin, , 2012).
(Selca osthme)
,
.
.
..
-
(. 11).
, ,
.
(2009), ,
.
62
10 / Figure 10
ea. / Macedonian warriors on a belt plate with
mythological scenes from Selca. / redrawn by Andrej Prelonik.
, ,
, .
(Zaloje)
, ,
(Kossack
63
1991, . 1: 4 ).
(: Anastassov 2008,
1: 2; : Kull 2002, . 11: 2, 4).
,
,
(Propylon)
,
(Polenz
1978).
(Mller-Karpe 1988).
-
(Polenz 1978, 251, 252,
Abb. 11: 3).
,
(Heraclea Lyncestis),
64
(Via Egnatia) ( 2008, 26).
58 -
,
. ,
,
, ,
11/ Figure 11
,
/ Pergamon, detail of Celtic weapons on a
marble relief. o / photo: Wolfgang David.
65
.
. 58
.
.
, (!) ,
.
58 (mercenarii),
a
.
e, I ,
II (Ptolemeus II) ..
,
IV
.
(Gutin 2002; Rustoiu 2006; Blei
66
Grave No. 58 from Ohrid-Gorna Porta is a cremation burial, in which the parts of the armament were placed on top of each other in a pile.
Except for the round Macedonian shield, the
two additional lances, and the Illyric-shaped
knives, the majority of the inventory points to
the Celtic cultural area with the typical combination of weapons including the helmet, sword,
sword chain, and shield boss from an oval shield
in association with the cremation rite. Based on
this evidence we can assume that a real Celt was
buried in Grave No. 58 at Gorna Porta in Ohrid.
This Celtic warrior may have played an important role in the society of Lychnidos. This is indicated irst of all by the presence of the second
shield of Macedonian type as well as the three (!)
lances, which may have been related to the role
of this Celt and his position and rank respectively in the local society. The Celtic warrior from
Grave No. 58 could have been a mercenarii, who
had bound himself to the local leader of Lychnidos for paid military service.
The Celtic mercenarii very often served as
mercenaries or confederates on the side of the
Macedonians, some Greek cities (e. g. Dionysios
I of Syracuse, Philip II, Alexander III, etc.), as well
as with the Hellenistic rulers of Bithynia, while
thousands of them served with Ptolemeus II in
Egypt.
12 / Figure 12
, a / Ohrid, Macedonian coin minted in Lychnidos ( / according , 2010, 61).
67
,
,
.
,
.
.
58 -
.
. ,
,
.
68
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/ in colaboration of:
/ JU Muzej na grad Negotino
/
This publication is issued with the support of program Culture of the European Union
Culture
72
This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This
publication relects the views only of the author, and the Commission cannot be held
responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.