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Distance Protection
Overview
The module distance protection allows the user
to enter distance protection relays with their settings or characteristics
respectively,
to get all voltage, current and impedance values (primary or secondary) seen
by a relay due to a short circuit,
to check the relay settings,
to set the relay automatically and
to enter the tripping schedules.
All impedance values shown in the module are calculated with a short circuit
calculation according to the superposition method with or without load flow (see
chapter "Short Circuit").
The module distinguishes two types of relays
user-defined or general relay (relay type given by the user)
predefined relay type (relay type predefined by the program)
The characteristic of a general relay can be entered in a R/X-diagram. The user in
the dialog distance protection can enter the type of the relay.
When selecting the relay type from a predefined list, the user will be able to enter
the relay dependent setting parameters in a special dialog. The program will build
up the characteristic. The predefined list will be displayed, when pressing the
button "" beside Predefined type in the dialog distance protection.
The tripping schedules are built-up by the user. This can be done in NEPLAN
menu option Analysis-Distance protection-Tripping schedules.
With menu option Analysis-Distance protection-Protection device the relay
characteristic and the impedances seen by the relay in case of short circuits on
nodes or lines are displayed in a R/X-diagram.
The evaluation or check of the relay settings can be done with a short circuit
calculation. The tripping time of the relays are displayed in the single line diagram.
10-1
Distance Protection
Starter
The following starter systems can be entered:
pure over current starter
under impedance starter (U-/I-limits)
R/X-characteristic
The starter system can be selected in the dialog Starter of the distance
protection relay. All starter systems can be defined for line-line and line-earth
faults. The selection of the fault type will be done with Data input (L_L or L-E)
in the dialog Parameter of the relay.
With the starter system coupled are
the directional end time and
the non-directional end time.
The pure over current and the under impedance starter can be defined for userdefined relays as well as for predefined relays. On the other hand the starter R/Xcharacteristic cannot be defined for predefined relays, because it is determined by
the setting parameters.
Starting area
I / Ir
I1/Ir
Fig. 10.1 Pure Over current starter
10-2
Distance Protection
The relay will start if the measured line current is larger than I1/Ir independent of
the voltage. Ir is the nominal current at primary side of the current transformer. A
current limit can be defined for line-line and line-earth faults.
Under Impedance
The data are entered according to fig. 10.2 and 10.3:
U / Ur
U2/Ur
U1/Ur
Starting area
I / Ir
I1/Ir
I2/Ir
U / Ur
U2/Ur=
U1/Ur
Starting area
I / Ir
I1/Ir
I2/Ir
I3/Ir
In case of under impedance starter not only the line current, but also the voltage
will be considered. The relay will start if the line current and the line-earth voltage
are in the starting area.
NEPLAN User's Guide V5
10-3
Distance Protection
The value I3/Ir should set to zero for phase-independent under impedance
starters. The input of "Phi1" and "Phi2" is then unimportant.
The value I3/Ir must be defined for a phase-dependent under impedance starter.
The values U1/Ur and U2/Ur must be set equal. In case of a short circuit and if the
angle between line current and line-earth voltage is between Phi1 and Phi2, the
current limit I3/Ir is considered instead of I2/Ir.
R/X-Characteristic
The following characteristics can be entered
a polygon defined by a table of R/X values or
a circle defined by a centre and a radius
If the measured impedance is inside the polygon or inside the circle the relay will
start.
X
Starting area
R
A characteristic for line-line and for line-earth faults can be defined. The
characteristic for predefined relays is defined by the setting parameters.
10-4
Distance Protection
Measurements
The following zones can be entered:
Zones 1 4
Overreach zone (zone 1 ext.)
Backward zone
Auto-reclosure zone
The zones are defined by a characteristic (polygon or circle). For predefined
relays the characteristic is determined by the relay setting parameters. The
characteristics can be given as primary or secondary values. A characteristic for
line-line and line-earth faults can be entered. The type of input can be selected by
the parameter Data input in the relay dialog.
A measurement direction can be assigned to each zone. The measurement
direction is normally given by the proper entry of the characteristic. The definition
of the measurement direction is only necessary, if a simplified characteristic is
entered, e.g. a circle around zero point (0/0) or a rectangular in all forth
quadrants. With the input of a direction the circle or the rectangular will be divided
through a diagonal in the 2. and 4. quadrants. The diagonal changes the
characteristic.
To each zone a tripping time or time delay in seconds must be assigned. The
input of the delay time is also done for line-line and line-earth faults.
Each zone can be activated or de-activated. Zones, which are not active, are not
considered during the calculations.
10-5
Distance Protection
ABB REL316
Starter characteristic:
X
XA
RLoad
RB
AngleLoad
RA
-RLoad
XB
27
RR
-X / 8
-RR / 2
27
RRE
-RRE / 2
For each stage the compensation factor k0 and for parallel lines also the
compensation factor k0m has to be entered.
10-6
Distance Protection
X
X+A
RAE
RA2
RA1
RA1
RA2
PHIA
RAE
X-A
R1
RE1
R1
RE1
45
10-7
Distance Protection
110
Xv
Zv
R
Beta
Rv L-L
Zr
Rv L-E
70
-RL-E
Alpha
RL-L
-RL-L
RL-E
-X
Tripping characteristic circle with or without arc compensation (only for 1st stage)
10-8
Distance Protection
X
Delta
-135
Arc compensation
Alpha
Phi
Zcor =
Z
1 + sin(delta)
Backup Protection
The distance protection relay can also be defined as an over current relay with
two definite time stages
10-9
Distance Protection
t2
t1
I / Ir
I1/Ir
Fig. 10.5
I2/Ir
I1/Ir and I2/Ir are the setting values for the two stages. Ir is the nominal current of
the CT at primary side. The delay times t1 and t2 are tripping time of the two
stages.
When evaluating the relay settings and if the relay has not been started by the
distance protection part of the relay, the values of the backup protection are
checked (see relay evaluation). If there is no over current functionality in the relay
no values have to be entered here.
10-10
Distance Protection
1.
R
B
2.
C
3.
Zone
D
Z / Ohm
With the minimum impedance path the relay in location R will be set.
Setting according to relative method
This is the usual method to set the stages of a relay.
10-11
Distance Protection
b2
b1
Z1, Z2, Z3 are the setting values at the relay. The parameter p1 for 1. zone, p2 for
2. zone, p3 for 3. zone, etc. are input values, which can be entered in the dialog
Zone settings. The rule for setting zone 4 is accordingly.
Impedance corrections due to infeeds are considered in the lines b1 and b2.
Setting according to absolute method
This method is used to set the last zone. For example, if the last zone has to
cover 50% of the transformer impedance.
10-12
Distance Protection
b1
Z
a
b1 = p2*b
blg
10-13
Distance Protection
blg means the longest adjacent line. The user can consider the infeed factor for
calculating the impedance blg. To calculate the impedance blg it is maybe
necessary to switch off or to reduce the infeed. The calculation of impedance blg
at the present stage of the network is done by pressing the button Get longest
line for zone 3 in dialog Setting. For the normal setting of the relay the infeed
must be considered in full.
Considering Arc resistance
The calculated impedance values are corrected with the arc resistance and the
resistance for tower footing path. These values can be entered in the relay
specific parameters.
Correction for line-line faults:
RR = RR + RfL-L / 2
Correction for line-earth faults:
RR = RR + RfL-E + RM
with:
RfL-L: Arc resistance for line - line faults
RfL-E: Arc resistance for line - earth faults
RM:
Tower resistance for tower footing earth path
If no characteristic has been assigned to the relay the following rectangle will be
assigned:
P1 = -RR, -XR (R, X)
P2 = -RR, XR
P3 = RR, XR
P4 = RR, -XR
XR and RR are the reactance and resistance calculated from the impedances Z1,
Z2, Z3, etc. of each zone. If defining a direction, the characteristic will be modified
by the direction line into the 2. and 4. quadrant.
10-14
Distance Protection
In case that a characteristic has already been assigned to the relay, the
characteristic will be reduced or enlarged proportional.
The relay setting parameters are assigned to the predefined relays directly.
Tripping schedule
The user can define any number of tripping schedules with NEPLAN menu option
Analysis-Distance protection-Tripping schedules. After having selected this
option the following items are available
Tripping schedule
with add, delete, edit, display graph and print
View
with zoom out, zoom out all, edit, trace mouse position, trace curve, colors,
etc.
The option Tripping schedule-Edit allows the user to define a tripping schedule.
A tripping schedule is described by the relay Z/t-characteristic and the node
impedances measured from the relay. Any number of nodes can be displayed.
Important is only, that the relay location nodes are displayed. The relay location
nodes are starting points for the Z/t-characteristic.
The following parameters are available:
Fig. No.
Title
Relays
Insert
Relays
Edit
Relays
Delete
Nodes
Insert
Nodes
Delete
Recalculate
and Close
10-15
Distance Protection
Close
changed.
The dialog will be closed without regeneration of the schedule.
The items View-Zoom out and View-Zoom out all allow changing the view of
the diagram. These items are only active, if a Zoom has taken place. Holding the
left mouse button and selecting the section to be zoomed the user can do a
Zoom. The colors for the Z/t-characteristics and the nodes can be selected in
View-colors. Up to six different colors are available.
The items of menu option View can also be displayed by pressing the right
mouse button on the diagram.
A footer or header can be displayed.
10-16
Distance Protection
t
K1
K1
Fig. 10.10
K2
a) Without infeed
K2
b1
b) With infeed
A IA
IA+IB
IB
NEPLAN User's Guide V5
10-17
Distance Protection
k=
I A '+ I B '
>= 1.0
IA'
The calculation of the impedance values from the R/X- to Z/t-diagram is done with
the help of the complex node impedance. The distance of the intersection
between the node impedance and the characteristics (polygon or circle) from the
origin (0,0), represents the impedance, which is shown in the Z/t-diagram:
X /O h m
N o d e im p e d a n c e
1. zone
P2
P3
Phi L
P1
P4
R /O h m
t/s
1. zone
Z /O h m
Fig. 10.12 Calculation of the impedance values from the R/X- to the Z/t-diagram
10-18
Distance Protection
The fault type can be selected here. The same types are
available as in the SC calculation (see short circuit calculation
parameters). The calculation method has to be set in the SC
calculation parameters (superposition with or without load flow).
Impedances
The impedances to be displayed in the diagram can be chosen.
The calculation of the loop impedances is explained below. The
displayed impedances are secondary or primary values
according to the parameter set by the user.
Faults on
The buttons Insert and Delete allows the user to define the
nodes
faulted nodes. The impedances measured by the relay are
displayed in the diagram. All faulted nodes are listed. A node in
the list can be activated or de-activated. Parameter Faults on
nodes-Active allows activating or de-activating all nodes in the
list.
Faults on lines The buttons Insert and Delete allows the user to define the
faulted lines. The impedances measured by the relay are
displayed in the diagram. All faulted lines are listed. A line in the
list can be activated or de-activated. Additionally the user can
define the fault location as the distance in percentage from the
From node of the line. The parameter scanning indicates if
the fault location will scan over the line in a given distance. In
this case not only one set of impedances will be calculated, but
a quantity of impedance sets (trajectory). Parameter Faults on
lines-Active allows activating or de-activating all lines in the list.
Characteristic The relay characteristic for line-line and/or line-earth faults can
be selected here.
Recalculate
The dialog will be closed and the impedances recalculated. This
and Close
button has to be pressed, if relay or node data has changed.
Close
The dialog will be closed without recalculation of impedances.
The items View-Zoom out and View-Zoom out all allow changing the view of
the diagram. These items are only active, if a Zoom has taken place. Holding the
left mouse button and selecting the section to be zoomed the user can do a
Zoom.
The items of menu option View can also be displayed by pressing the right
mouse button on the diagram.
10-19
Distance Protection
ZR =
UR
I R + 3 I 0 k0
ZR =
UR
I R + 3I 0 k0 + k0 m I Em
Z RS =
UR US
IR IS
ZS =
US
I S + 3 I 0 k0
ZS =
US
I S + 3I 0k0 + k0 m I Em
Z ST =
U S UT
I S IT
ZT =
UT
IT + 3I 0 k0
ZT =
UT
I T + 3I 0k0 + k0 m I Em
ZTR =
UT U R
IT I R
k0 m =
Z0m
3 Z1
k0 =
Z 0 Z1
3 Z1
with
UR, US, UT
IR, IS, IT
3I0
Z1, Z0
Z0m
IEm
k0
k0m
10-20
Distance Protection
10-21
Distance Protection
Remark:
Although in node B there is no relay located, node B can be important for the
automatic setting of the relay DP. This is the case, if for example node B is the
end of a feeder or if in node B there is a over current protection.
DP
The parameter Distance protection node in the node dialog indicates if the node
is relevant for the automatic relay setting.
10-22
Distance Protection
Relay Documentation
After having selected option Analysis-Distance protection-Protection
devices all relays are listed at the left side of the screen. A relay will be
documented by choosing Protection devices-Relay documentation. Beside the
relay parameters the node impedances, which are important for the relay setting,
are displayed.
Relay location
1.
2.
Impedance
zone 1
Impedance
zone 2
3.
Zone
Z / Ohm
Impedance
zone 3
The impedance values of stage 1 represent the line impedance or the impedance
to the next relay node. The impedance values are given for the positive system. In
order to get the line impedance between stage 1 and 2 a subtraction of the
impedance values of stage 2 and 1 must be done.
The documentation shows the setting values for a general (user-defined) relay
with consideration of the arc resistances.
The relay documentation can be exported to a file with extension DDS. The fields
are separated by tabs.
10-23
Distance Protection
10-24