headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

a/an one/one of
several/one of a set/
any one
2
a/an per

a/an det/indefinite
article

a/an det

abandon

abandoned adj
abandonment nU

abbreviation

abandon vT leave
abandon vT stop
doing sth

miles/kilometres an
hour

abbreviation nC

able adj
ability nCU

unable neg adj

inability nU

disability nCU

able adj
ability nCU

disabled adj
enable vT

inability nU

abnormal neg adj

aboard adv/prep

abbreviate vT
abbreviated adj
unabbreviated neg
adj
able-bodied adj see
also @ body
disable vT
enabled adj
to the best of ones
ability/abilities
abnormality nC
abnormally neg adv

abolish vT

abolition nU

abortion

abortion nC

abound/abundance

abound vI formal

about prep

how about ? /what
about ? suggestion

abundance nU
abundant adj

abort vIT
aborted adj
abortionist nC
abundantly adv
in abundance

Aa
1

able /ability
capacity

able skilled
abnormal see also
@ normal
aboard see also @
2
board
abolish

about connected
with, related to

headword
2

about
approximately
3
about here and
there, around
4
about adj/be about
to do sth on the
point of
above

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

about prep

about adv

about adj/be about

to do sth

above prep/adv
higher
above prep more
than

above adj
mentioned
previously

abreast adj

above all
above board adj see
1
also @ board
be above one
be/keep abreast of

abrupt sudden

abroad adv
go abroad

abruptly adv

abrupt adj

abruptness nU

absent

absence nCU opp.

presence

absent adj opp.

present
absence nCU time
absent

absolute

absolutely adv
completely

absolute adj
complete, total

absolutely! exclam
definitely

absorb

absorb vT soak up
liquid, etc

absorption nU

absentee nC
absenteeism nU
absent vT/absent
oneself (from)
absent-minded adj
1
see also @ mind
decree absolute nC
Brit see also @
decree
absorb vT take over,
include, etc
absorb vI/be
absorbed in sth be
very interested in sth
absorbent adj
shock absorber nC
see also @ shock

abreast see also @

breast
abroad

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

abstract

abstract adj

abstraction nU

absurd

absurd adj

abundance see also

@ abound
abuse

abuse nCU

abuse vT

abundance nU
abundant adj

abusive adj

abstract nC painting,
etc
in the abstract
absurdity nC
absurdly adv
abundantly adv
in abundance
abusively adv

academic/academy

academically adv

academy nC
academic nC scholar
accelerate vIT

accelerate

academic adj
scholarly

accent

decelerate vIT
deceleration nU
accent vT

accept vT

accent nC style of
speaking
acceptance nU

acceleration nU
accelerator nC
accent nC linguistic
symbol

accept agree to sth

accept vT
acceptable adj

unacceptable neg
adj

accepted adj

access

access nU

accessory sth extra,

component
accident

access vT
accessible adj

accessibility nU
inaccessible neg adj
accessory nC

acceptability nU
acceptably adv
unacceptably neg
adv

accident nC crash,
etc
accident nC
unintentional action

by accident

accidental adj
accidentally adv

accommodation

accommodate vT
provide housing

accompany

accommodation nU
housing
accompany vT go
with sb

accompany vT play
music with sb

accept receive sth

accident-prone adj
see also @ prone
accident and
emergency n usu
sing esp Brit see also
@ emergency

headword

A1

A2

B1

accomplish

accord/accordance

according to

according to
reporting what sb
said
account nC
accounts n pl

B2

C1

C2

accompaniment nC
accompanying adj

accomplish vT
accomplishment nC
accordance n formal
accordingly adv

accord nC
accord vIT

bank account nC see

1
also @ bank

accountant nC
accounting nU

accountancy nU

account nC

account vI/account
for

account nC

account /
accountable
responsible

accountable adj
accountability nU

accumulate/
cumulative

accurate

accurate adj

accuse

accusation nC

accustom see also

accuse vT/accuse sb
of sth

accurately adv
accuracy nU

accumulate vT
accumulation nCU

accustom vT

account /accounts
financial records

account report,
explanation
3
account /on account
of reason, because
of
4

cumulative adj
inaccurate neg adj

accomplished adj
of ones own accord
in accord with
in accordance with
with one accord

deposit account nC
Brit = savings
account nC Am; see
1
also @ deposit ,
save
by all accounts
on account of
on no account
take into account
take account of
unaccountable neg
adj
hold to account
call to account

cumulatively adv
inaccuracy nCU
inaccurately neg adv
accused nC
accuser nC
accustomed adj

headword

@ custom

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

ache

achieve

achieve vIT

achievement nCU

ache nC
backache nU see
2
also @ back
earache nU see also
1
@ ear
headache nCU see
1
also @ head
stomach ache nCU
see also @ stomach
toothache nU see
also @ tooth

acid

acid nCU

acknowledge

acknowledge vT

acoustic

acknowledgment/
acknowledgement nCU
acoustic adj

acquaint

acquaintance nC

acquaint vT formal

acquire/acquisition

acquire vT

acquisition nCU

acre

acre nC

ache vI

unaccustomed neg
adj

bellyache nC
informal
bellyache vI informal
see also @ belly
heartache nU see
1
also @ heart

achiever nC
achievable adj
acid adj sour
acidic adj
acidify vT
acidity nU
nitric acid nU see
also @ nitrate
sulphuric acid nU
Brit/ sulfuric acid nC
Am see also @
sulphur/ sulfur

acoustics nU/n pl
acoustically adv

acquired adj
acquisitive adj
acreage nU

headword

across

act do sth, sth

done/active/
interact/react

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

across adv, prep

from one side to the
other
act nC sth done
act vI do sth
action nCU sth done
action nC movement

across adv, prep on

the other/opposite
side

active adj energetic

activity nCU

actively adv

activation nU
activism nU
inactive adj

active adj not

passive/dormant
activate vT
activist nC

interaction nU

interact vI

interactive adj
communicative

take action
in/out of action
inaction nU
act on phr v
act up phr v
in the act (of)
inactivity nU
deactivate vT
deactivated adj
reactivate vT
counteract vT
counteraction nC

interactive adj
computer, etc

proactive adj

reaction nC physical,
emotional reaction

react vI respond
reaction nC
response

reactor nC

reactive adj

overreact vI
overreaction nCU

act take part in

play, film, etc
3
act law

actor nC

act nC

enact vT

actual

actual adj real

actually adv in fact

acting nU job of an
actor
action nCU legal action
enactment nU

act out phr v

act nC art of a play

act vIT

react vI chemically
change
reaction nC
chemical
actress nP

acute

acute adj

acutely adv

actual adj factual

actually adv
emphatic

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

adapt

adapt vIT

adaptation nC

adaptive adj

ad see @ advertise/
advertisement
add/addition

ad nC abbrev esp Am

add vT total

add vT include sth

extra
add vT say sth extra
add vI increase/add
to

added adj

additional adj

in addition (to) adv,

prep

additionally adv

addition nU act of
adding;
mathematical
process
addition nC sth
added

addict nC
addicted adj

addiction nCU
addictive adj

address postal
details

address speak to sb

address nC
address vT write
address on sth

drug addict nC/drug

addiction nU see
2
also @ drug
non-addictive neg
adj
addressed adj

adequate

adequate adj

address vT
address nC speech

adequately adv
inadequate neg adj

inadequacy nCU

adhere

adhere vI
adherence nU
adhesion nU
adhesive nCU

adequacy nCU
inadequately neg
adv
adherent nC

addict

adaptable adj
unadaptable neg adj
classified ad nC
small ad nC
additive nC
add in phr v
add on phr v
add up phr v total
add up phr v make
sense
add up to phr v

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

adjacent

adjacent adj

adhesive adj

adjective

adjective nC

adjectival adj

adjoin see also @

join
adjourn

adjourn vIT

adjoin vT
adjoining adj
adjournment nC

adjust

adjust vI adapt

adjustable adj

administer

administration nU
management

adjust vIT alter, tune

adjustment nCU
administrative adj

administer vT
manage, organize
administrator nC

admiral

administer vT
deliver exam,
punishment,
medicine, etc
administration nCU
government, regime
administration nC
delivery of exam,
punishment,
medicine, etc

admiral nC

admiralty n sing Brit

admire

admire vT

admiration nU

admirable adj

admit vIT

admission nC

admittedly adv

admirably adv
admirer nC
admiring adj
admiringly adv

admit allow entry

admittance nU

adolescence

admit vT
admission nU

adopt child

adopt vIT

adoption nCU

adolescence nU
adolescent nC
adolescent adj

adopt vT

admit confess

adopt new

adopted adj
adoptive adj

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

behaviour
adore

adorn

adore vT
adoration nU
adorn vT

adult

adult nC

adult adj

adulthood nU

adultery

adultery nU

advance/advanced

advance vT support,
promote, etc

advance nC early
payment
advancement nU

advantage

advantage nC

advance vI move
forward
advance nCU
forward movement
advance nCU
progress
advanced adj
modern
advanced adj high
level
in advance (of)

advantageous adj

disadvantage nCU

advent

advent nCU

adventure

adventure nCU

adventurous adj
adventurer nC

adverb

adverb nC

adoring adj
adoringly adv
adornment nCU
adorned adj
unadorned neg adj

adulterous adj
adulterer nC
advance adj early

advantageously adv
take advantage of
sb/sth
to sbs advantage
disadvantaged neg
adj
disadvantageous
neg adj

unadventurous neg
adj
misadventure nCU

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

adverse

advertise

advice

advocate

advice nU
suggestion, warning
advise vIT suggest,
warn

advertise vIT

advertisement nC
ad nC abbrev esp Am
advert nC abbrev esp
Brit
advertising nU
adviser/advisor nC

aerial in the air

aeroplane/airplane

see also @ plane
aesthetic/esthetic

adversity nCU
adversarial adj
advertising agency
nC see also @
agent/agency

advisory adj

advice nU information
advise vIT inform
advisable adj

advisedly adv
advisory nC Am

advocate vT

advocate nC

advocacy nU

aerial nC

aerial adj

plane nC
by plane

aeroplane nC Brit
airplane nC Am

aesthetic adj Brit/

esthetic adj Am

affair

affair nC usu pl
matter, business

affair nC sexual
liaison

affect see also @

effect
affection

affect vT influence

aesthetically adv
Brit/ esthetically adv
Am
current affairs n pl
1
see also @ current
state of affairs n sing
1
see also @ state

affection nCU

affectionate adj

affiliation

affiliation nC
affiliate nC

adverse adj

C2

adversely adv
adversary nC
advertiser nC

aerial antenna

C1

affectionately adv
unaffectionate neg
adj
affiliate vT
affiliated adj
unaffiliated neg adj

10

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

affirm

affluent

afford

afford vT

afraid adj scared

afraid regret

after

C1

C2

affirmation nCU

affirm vT
affirmative adj

affluent adj

affluence nU

affordable adj

unaffordable neg adj

afraid adj worried

unafraid neg adj

afraid adj regret

after adv, prep later

in time
after adv, prep
behind, lower down,
etc
after conj

Im afraid I
Im afraid not!
after all
afterlife nC see also
@ life
(for) ever after

afternoon see also

@ noon

afternoon nCU

afterwards/
afterward see also
2
@ ward
again

afterwards adv Brit/

afterward adv Am

good afternoon
exclam see also @
4
good

aftermath nC usu
sing

again adv repeated

again adv as before

again and again

against prep

now and again

every now and again
over and over again
time and (time)
again
be against sb/sth

against prep

age nCU time alive

age nC period of
history
aged adj

age vI

ageing nU Brit/ aging age nC old age

nU Am
middle age nU

afraid scared

aftermath

against versus
against beside,
touching
age

ages/for ages a long

time
at the age of

11

headword

A1

A2

B1

old age nU see also

@ old
teenager nC

B2

C1

C2

teenage adj

middle-aged adj see

also @ middle

age-old adj

agency nC
agent nC
representative

travel agent nC see

also @ travel
newsagent nC see
also @ news

agenda

agenda nC

aggressive

aggression nU

ago adv, prep

aggressive adj warlike

aggressively adv

aggressor nC

ago

aggressive adj
militant, foreful

agony

agony nCU

agree

agree vIT share

opinion
agreement nCU

agree vIT agree to

do sth

agreed adj

agreeable adj

agonize vI
agonized adj
agonizing adj
agony aunt nC
agree vI be the same

disagree vI

disagreement nCU

agency/agent

agent nC spy
secret agent nC see
also @ secret
advertising agency
nC see also @
advertise/
advertising
dating agency nC
2
see also @ date
estate agent nC Brit
1
see also @ estate
real estate agent nC
Am see also @
1
estate

disagreeable neg adj

gentlemans
agreement nC see
2
also @ gentle

12

headword

A1

A2

agriculture

ah!

ahead

B1

B2

C1

C2

agriculture nU
agricultural adj

ah!/ahem! exclam

ahead adv in front

ahead of

aid

aid nU help,
assistance

aid vT formal

AIDS/Aids

aim vI
aim nC

AIDS/aids nU abbrev
= acquired immune
deficiency syndrome

ahead adv early

get ahead (of)
go ahead
aid nC supporting
material or devoce
first aid nU see also
@ first
legal aid nU see also
@ legal
aide nC

aim vIT
aim nCU

air-conditioning nU/
air-conditioned adj
see also @
1
condition

air vT ventilate

aircraft nC see also

2
@ craft
aeroplane nC Brit
airplane nC Am

aircraft carrier nC
see also @ carry/
carrier
air force nC see also

air raid nC see also

@ raid

aim intend, strive

for
2
aim target

air gas, atmosphere air nU

air space above

ground

air nU
by air

aimless neg adj

aimlessly neg adv
take aim

airtight adj see also

@ tight
clear the air
in the air
open-air adj see also
@ open
up in the air

mid-air adj see also
@ mid-
airborne adj see also @ airman nC see also
3
3
bear
@ man
airfield nC see also @
airstrike nC see also
1
1
field
@ strike

13

headword

A1

A2

airport nC

air broadcast

aircraft see also @

2
air

aircraft nC see also

2
@ craft

airline/airliner

airplane/aeroplane

see also @ plane
airport

plane nC
by plane

aisle

B1

B2

C1

@ force
air hostess nC see
also @ host/hostess
airline nC
airmail nU
airmail vT see also
@ mail

C2

airliner nC

airstrip nC see also

@ strip

air vIT

aircraft carrier nC
see also @ carry/
carrier
airline nC

aeroplane nC Brit
airplane nC Am
airport nC see also
1
@ port

airliner nC see also @

liner

aisle nC

akin see also @ kin

akin adj

alarm

alarm vT create, feel alarming adj

fear
burglar alarm nC see
also @ burglar

alarmed adj

alas!

alarm nU fear
alarm nC warning
device
alarm clock nC see
also @ clock
fire alarm nC see
1
also @ fire

alas! exclam

albeit

albeit conj formal

album

album nC book,
collection, etc

airing nC
on (the) air
off (the) air

14

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

alcohol

ale

album nC recorded
music
alcohol nU
alcoholic adj

alert

algebra

alert adj
alert vT
alert nC
algebra nU

algorithm

algorithm nC

alien

alien nC foreigner

alien adj

align

alien nC extra-
terrestrial
non-aligned adj

alike

alike adj/adv

alienate vT
alienation nU
align vIT
alignment nU

alive see also @ life,

live
all

alive adj

all det every one

all adv completely

all right/alright adv,

adj, exclam; see also
1
@ right

allege

allege vT
allegation nC
alleged adj

allegedly adv

alcoholic nC

ale nU

alcoholism nU
non-alcoholic adj
ginger ale nU see
also @ ginger
on the alert

algebraic adj

lookalike nC see also

2
@ look

above all
after all
all but see also @
2
but
all in all
all over
at all
for all
all the same
in all

15

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

allegiance

allegiance nCU

alleviate

alleviate vT

alleviation nU

alley

alley nC

alpine

alpine adj

alleyway nC see also

2
@ way

ally

allied adj

ally vT

allocate

ally nC
alliance nC

allocate vT

allocation nC

allocated adj

allow vT

allowed adj

disallow vT

allow provide

allow vT

all right/alright see

1
also @ right
almighty see also @
2
might /mighty
almost

all right/alright adj/

adv/exclam

allowance nC
payment

almighty adj

almost adv

alone

alone adv, adj by

oneself

leave/let alone

along

along prep, adv

down a road, etc

alone adv, adj only

alone adv, adj
isolated
along prep beside

alongside prep, adv

aloud adv out loud

all along
along with

alphabet nC

alphabetical order
1
nC see also @ order

also

already adv by now,

previously
also adv

alphabetical adj
alphabetically adv

altar

altar nC

allow permit

aloud see also @

loud
alphabet
already

16

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

alter

alter vIT

alteration nCU

alternate

alternate adj

alternative

alternatively adv

although see also @

though
altitude

although conj

alternative nC
alternative adj

altered adj
unaltered neg adj
alternate vI
alternation nU
alternately adv
have no alternative
but

altitude nCU

altogether

aluminium/
aluminum
always

altogether adv in
total, totally

always adv

aluminium nU Brit/
aluminum nU Am

a.m. see also @

p.m.
amass see also @
1
mass
amateur

a.m./A.M. abbrev

amass vT

amateurish adj

amaze

amazement nU
amazingly adv

ambassador see
also @ embassy
ambiguity

amaze vIT
amazing adj
ambassador nC

amateur nC
amateur adj
amazed adj

ambition

ambition nCU

ambitious adj

ambiguity nCU
ambiguous adj

unambiguous neg adj

ambulance

ambulance nC

unambiguously neg
adv
ambitiously adv
unambitious neg adj

amend

amendment nC

amend vT

17

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

amid see also @

middle
ammunition

amid prep

amidst prep

ammunition nU

ammo nU informal

among/amongst

among prep one of +

superlative

amount

among/amongst
prep amid,
surrounded by
amount nCU

amount vI/amount
to constitute
ample adj

ample

amount vT add up
to

amply adv

amuse

amuse vIT cause

laughter

amusement nC sth
that amuses

amused adj
amusing adj

an see @ a

an det

amusement nU
state of being
amused

analogy

analogy nCU

analogous adj

analyse/analyze

analysis nCU

analyst nC

analytic/ analytical adj

analyze vT/analyse
vT Brit

psychoanalyst nC

anatomy

psychoanalysis nU
psychoanalytic adj
anatomy nU

ancestor

ancestor nC

anchor

anchor nC large
weight

ancient

ancient adj

ancestral adj
ancestry nU
anchor nC stabilising
factor
anchor vIT use an
anchor
anchor vT attach firmly

and/&

and conj in addition,

as well
& conj abbrev

and conj to

and/or

anatomical adj
anatomically adv
anatomist nC

anchored adj

ancient nC
and so on

18

headword

A1

A2

B1

angel

and conj if

anger/angry

angry adj

angle

B2

C1

anger nU

angel nC heavenly
creature

angle nC corner, etc

triangle nC

angler

anguish

animal

animal nC

animate/animation

ankle

C2

angel nC good person

angelic adj
angrily adv

archangel nC

angle vT

angle nC approach
angular adj
rectangle nC
rectangular adj
triangular adj
angler nC

anguish nU

anguished adj

animal adj

animate vT

ankle nC

animated adj
animation nCU
animate adj

anniversary

anniversary nC

announce

announce vT

announcement nC

announcer nC

annoy

annoyance nCU

annual

annual adj

annoy vT
annoyed adj
annoying adj

unannounced neg
adj
annoyingly adv

annually adv

anonymous

anonymous adj

another

another det, pron

one more
another det, pron a
similar, different one
another det, pron in

anonymity nU
anonymously adv

anger vT

in anger

angling nU

annual nC book,
plant, etc

another one
one after another
one another
one way or another

19

headword

answer

A1

addition
answer vIT reply,
respond
answer nCU

A2

B1

B2

C1

ant

ant nC

antenna

anthropology

antibiotic

antibody

antibody nC

anticipate

anticipate vT

anticipation nU

antique

antiquity nU

anxiety/anxious

anxiously adv

any

any det, pron in negs any det, pron no

and questions
matter what,
whatever
anybody pron

anyone pron
anything pron
anyway adv
anywhere adv
anybody pron no

matter who

anxiety nU worry
anxious adj worried
any det even a little
any adv with
comparatives
anyhow adv

antique nC
antique adj

anticipated adj
unanticipated neg
adj

answerphone nC
1
see also @ phone

unanswered neg adj

unanswerable neg
adj
in answer to

anteater nC
have ants in your
pants
antenna nC insect body
part
antenna nC aerial
anthropology nU

anthropologist nC
anthropological adj
antibiotic nC
antibiotic adj

anybody see also @

somebody

C2

answering adj

20

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

anybody pron in neg

and questions

anyhow adv

anyone pron

anything pron sth in

neg and questions

anything pron
whatever is available

anyway see also @

2
way
anywhere see also
@ somewhere
apart

anyway adv in negs

and questions
anywhere adv in
negs and questions

anyway adv in any

way possible
anywhere adv
wherever possible
apart from prep not
counting

anything but
anything like
for anything

far apart
take apart phr v see
2
also @ take

apartheid

apart adj separated

apart adv separated,
distant
apart adv separated
into parts

apartheid nU

apartment

apologize

apostrophe

apartment nC esp
Am
apologize vI
apology nCU

apostrophe nC

apologetic adj
unapologetic neg adj

appal/appall

appalling adj

apparatus

apparatus nU

appal vT Brit/appall
vT Am
appalled adj

apparent adj

unapparent neg adj

appeal vI
appeal nC

anyhow see also @

somehow
anyone see also @
someone
anything see also @
something

apparent see also @ apparently adv

1&2
appear
1
appeal urgent

request

21

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

appeal vI
appeal nU

appealing adj

appear vI

disappear vI

appearance nCU

appear vI

appearance nCU

appeal vI esp Brit/

appeal against phr v/
appeal vT esp Am
appeal nC

disappearance nCU
disappearing adj
appearances npl

appendix nC

appendicitis nU

appendix extra
section in document
appetite

appendix nC

append vT formal

appetite nUC

applause

apple

apple nC

applause nU
applaud vIT

appetizer nC
appetizing adj
unappetizing neg adj

apply request for

sth, e.g. a job
2
apply use effort to
do sth
3
apply be relevant

apply vI/apply for

application nC

applicant nC

application form nC
2
see also @ form
apply vT

application nCU

appoint/
1
appointment giving
a job to sb
2
appointment
meeting

appoint vT

appointed adj
appointment nC

appliance nC
household machine
applicable adj
applied adj

misapply vT usu pass

misapplication nU
apply vI
inapplicable neg adj

appointment nC

appeal attraction

appeal challenge a
verdict

appear be seen

appear seem
appendix body part

pineapple nC

appealingly adv
unappealing neg adj
sex appeal nU see
1
also @ sex
appellant adj

to all appearances
disappearance nCU

apple pie nC see

also @ pie

22

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

appraisal

appraisal nC

appraise vT formal

appreciate like,
understand
apprentice

appreciate vT

appreciation nU

appreciative adj

approach vIT

approach nC usu sing
approach nC

approach vT tackle a
problem, etc
appropriate adj

apprentice nC
apprenticeship nC

unappreciative neg
adj
apprentice vT often
pass

appropriately adv
inappropriate neg
adj

approve vI/approve
of sth like, show
agreement
approval nCU

appropriate vT
appropriation nCU
approve vT confirm,
ratify
approved adj

inappropriately neg
adv
inappropriateness
nU
appropriated adj
misappropriate vT
approving adj

disapprove vI
disapproval nU

approximate

apron household
protective garment
apt

approximately adv
approximate adj

approximate vIT
approximation nCU
apron nC

apt adj

aquatic

aquatic adj

approach get close

2

approach method

appropriate
suitable

appropriate
confiscate
approve

disapproving neg adj

disapprovingly neg
adv
unapproving neg adj


aptly adv
aptness nU
inapt neg adj
aquarium nC

23

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

arbitrary

arbitrary adj

arbitrarily adv

arc

arc nC

arc vI

arcade

arcade nC

arch

arch nC

arch vIT

archaeology/
archeology

arched adj
arching adj
archway nC

archbishop see also

@ bishop
architect

archaeology nU Brit/
archeology nU Am
archaeologist nC
Brit/archeologist nC Am
archaeological adj
Brit/archeological adj
Am
archbishop nC

architectural adj

archive

architect nC
architecture nU

archive nC

area

area nC space,
region

area nU measure

arena

arena nC

archive vT
archivist nC
area nC topic,
subject
grey area nC Brit /
gray area nC Am
see also @ grey/gray

argue

argue vI disagree
verbally
argument nC verbal
disagreement

argue vIT persuade,

give reasons

argument nCU
reasoning

arguably adv

arise vI rise
arise vI appear

arise see also @ rise

arguable adj
unarguable neg adj
unarguably neg adv
argumentative adj

24

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

aristocrat

arithmetic

arm nC body part

arm nC arm-shaped
object

arm body part, etc

arm supply
weapons; see also
@ army

armour/armor

C2

aristocrat nC
aristocracy nU
aristocratic adj
arithmetic nU

armchair nC see also

1
@ chair

arms n pl
armed adj

arm vT

firearm nC see also @

2
fire

armour nU Brit/
armor nU Am

armoured adj Brit/

armored adj Am

arm nC branch of
organization
arm in arm
fold your arms see
also @ fold
with open arms
armpit nC see also
@ pit
forearm nC see also
@ fore
underarm nC
unarmed neg adj
armed forces n pl
4
see also @ force
be up in arms (about
sth)
disarm vIT
disarmament nU
lay down ones arms
phr v surrender;

see also @ lay
armoury nC Brit/
armory nC Am
armoured/armored
car nC see also @
1
car
armour/armor plate
nU/armour/armor-
plated adj see also

@ plate

arithmetical adj

25

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

army

army nC military

army nC large group

aroma

around adv, prep on

all sides

around
approximately
arouse

around adv, prep

nearby
around adv, prep
here and there
around adv

aroma nC
aromatic adj

arouse vT

arousal nU

round about adv

informal
aroused adj

arrange

rearrange vT
rearrangement nCU

array

arrange vIT put into

order
arrange vIT plan
arrangement nU
order
arrangement nC
often pl plan

array nC

arrest

arrest vT stop

arrive

arrive vI happen

arrogance

arrive vI reach
somewhere

arrest vT apprehend
criminal, etc
arrest nCU
arrival nCU

array vT
disarray nU

arrogantly adv

arrow

art nUC painting, etc

artist nC painter

art gallery nC see

also @ gallery

arrow nC archery
arrow nC sign
art nC/arts
humanities
artistic adj

arrogance nU
arrogant adj

arts and crafts n pl

1
see also @ craft

around on all sides,

etc

art painting etc

artwork nU see also

3
@ work
work of art nC see
3
also @ work

be around
hang around

26

headword
2

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

art skill

art nC

artefact/artifact

artery

arthritis

article nC

article grammar

C2

artistry nU

artery nC

martial art nC see also

@ martial
artefact nC esp Brit/
artifact nC esp Am

arthritis nU

arthritic adj

article nC

article nC

articulate speak

articulate vT formal

articulation nU

artificial

artificial adj

artificially adv

artillery

artillery nU

definite article nC
indefinite article nC
articulate adj
inarticulate neg adj
artificiality nU
artificial intelligence
nU see also @
1
intelligence

as adv, prep

as conj

as conj
as as

as well

as well as

as conj while
as conj when

so as to

as far as

as far as possible
as far as I know

article report in
journal, etc
2
article item
3

as like
as because
as /asas
comparative
4
as /as well (as) in
addition
5
as while, when
as /so as to
as /as far as

arterial adj

27

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

as for

as regards

as to

as /as long as
conditional
11
as /as soon as/as
soon as possible
ascend

10

as if
as though
as long as

as soon as
as soon as possible

ascertain see also @

1
certain
ascribe

ascertain vIT formal

ascend vT formal
ascent nC

asap abbrev = as
soon as possible

ascribe vI

ash

ash nUC

ashamed see also @

1
shame
ashore see also @
shore
aside

ashamed adj

ashtray nC see also @

tray

ash cloud nC see

also @ cloud

ashore adv

aside nC

ask vIT enquire

ask vI/ask for phr v
request

asleep adj

aside adv/aside
from not including
ask after phr v
enquire about sbs
health

ask

aside adv to one

side
ask vT invite

aspect nC

fall asleep see also

1
@ fall

aspire

aspiration nC

aspire vI

aspiring adj

aspirin

aspirin nC

ass

ass nC esp Brit

donkey

ass nC informal idiot

asinine adj

as /as for
as /as if

asleep see also @

1
sleep
aspect

28

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

assassinate

assassination nCU

assault

assault nCU

assault vT

assemble

assembly nC
parliament, etc

assemble vT
congregate

assemble vT
construct, put
together

assert

assert vT

assertion nC

assertive adj

assess

assessor nC

asset

assess vT
assessment nCU
asset nC

assault course nC
5
see also @ course
assembly nC
meeting
assembly nU
construction
assembly point nC
2
see also @ point
assertiveness nU
assert oneself

assign

assigned adj

assist

assistance nU

assisted adj
unassisted neg adj

associate/dissociate

associate vT connect association nC

mentally
society, club
association nC
mental connection

assign vT allocate
assignment nCU
task, job, etc
assist vIT
assistant adj
assistant nC helper,
worker
shop assistant nC
1
see also @ shop

associate adj

associate nC
colleague
associate vIT relate
to sb
association nU
collaboration

dissociate/
disassociate vT
formal

assassinate vT
assassin nC

29

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

assorted see also @
2
sort
assume

assume vT

assumption nC

assure see also @

sure

assure vT

assurance nU
reassure vT

asthma

astonish

astonish vT

astound

astonishment nU
astonishing adj

astronaut

astronaut nC

astronomy

asylum

asylum nC political

astronomy nU
astronomer nC
astronomical adj
relating to astronomy

at

at prep point of time

at prep point of
place, space

at prep located,
living in

at all
at home see also @
home
at least see also @
least

at prep point on a
scale

at first see also @

first
at last see also @
last
at once see also @
once
at present see also

assorted adj
assortment nC
assuming conj/
assuming that

reassurance nCU
reassuring adj
asthma nU

astound vT

dissociation nU


assuredly adv

asthmatic adj
astonished adj
astonishingly adv
astounded adj
astounding adj
astoundingly adv

astronomical adj
very great,
expensive, etc
asylum-seeker nC
see also @ seek
political asylum nU
see also @ politics
at all costs see also
@ cost
at ease see also @
ease/easy
at all events see also
@ event
at first sight see also
1
@ sight
at hand see also @
hand

30

headword

A1

A2

B1

@ present

athlete/athletics

B2

athlete nC

atmosphere nCU

atmosphere feeling

atom

atrocity
attach

atmospheric adj

atmosphere nCU

atom nC

atomic adj

atrocity nC

attachment nC sth
joined

attacker nC

attack nC

atom nC sth very

small
atom/atomic bomb
nC see also @ bomb
atrocious adj
atrociously adv
attached adj
unattached neg adj
counterattack nC
counterattack vIT

attack nC

attack sudden

athletics nU
athletic adj

attach vT join,
fasten
attack vIT

attack assault

C2

at a loss see also @

loss
at peace see also @
peace
at this rate
at any rate see also
@ rate
at a time see also @
2
time
at the same time
2
see also @ time
at times see also @
2
time
at the time/at this
time/at that time
2
see also @ time
at work see also @
1
work

atmosphere air, etc

C1

31

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

illness

C1

C2

attainment nCU formal

attain

heart attack nC see

1
also @ heart
attain vT formal

attempt

attempt nC

attempt vT

attempted adj

attainable adj
unattainable neg adj

attend vIT

attendance nCU
number present

attendance nC
presence
attend vT

attentive adj
attentively adv

unattended neg adj

attend concentrate attention nU

on/attention

attention! exclam

attendant nC
flight attendant nC
1
see also @ flight

attentive adj
attentively adv

attic

attic nC

attend vi
inattention nU
pay attention

attitude

attitude nCU

attitudinal adj

attorney

attorney nC esp Am

attract

attraction nCU

unattractive neg adj

attribute vT

attraction nC tourist
site

attribute

attract vT
attractive adj

attribute nC formal

auction

auction nC

attributable adj
attribution nCU

attractively adv
attractiveness nU

audience

audio

audience nC
viewers, listeners

audibly adv
inaudibly neg adv

audit

aunt

aunt nC
auntie nC informal

audit nC
audit vT
auditor nC

audio adj
audible adj
inaudible neg adj

great aunt nC see

2
also @ great

attend go to
meeting, etc
2
attend look after

auction vT
auctioneer nC

32

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

aura

aura nC

austere

austere adj

authentic

authentic adj

authenticity nU

author

author nC writer

author nC initiator

co-author nC

authority

authority nU power
to do sth

authority nC often pl authority nC expert

sb with authority
authoritarian adj
authorize vT
authoritative adj

auto see also @

automobile
autobiography see
also @ biography
automatic

auto nC esp Am

automaker nC

austerity nU
austerely adv
authentically adv
authenticate vT
inauthentic neg adj
author vT formal
authorship nU
authoritatively adv
authorized adj
unauthorized neg
adj
automotive adj

autobiography nC

autobiographical adj

automatically adv

automatic adj self-

acting

automobile

autonomy

automobile nC esp
Am
auto nC esp Am

automatic nC
automatic car, weapon,
etc
automatic adj
instinctive
automated adj
automation nU

autonomy nU

autonomous adj

autonomously adv

autumn

autumn nCU esp Brit

autumnal adj

available

available adj

availability nU

unavailable neg adj

unavailability nU
avail nU/of no avail
avail vI formal/avail
oneself of

33

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

avenge see also @

vengeance
avenue street

avenue nC

avenge vT
avenger nC
avenue nC method

average

average adj ordinary average vT

on average

avert

average nC
average adj mean,
medium

avert vT

aviation

aviation nU

aviator nC

avoid

avoid vT

await see also @

wait
awake see also @
wake

await vT formal

avoidance nU
unavoidable neg adj

avoidable adj
unavoidably neg adv

awake adj

awake/awaken vIT

award

aware

aware adj

award nC
award vT

awakening nC
rude awakening nC
see also @ rude

awareness nU

unaware neg adj

away adv side

right away see also
4
@ right

away sport

away adv from

away adv absent, on
holiday

awe

away adj not played

at home

awe nU
awesome adj

awful

awful adj very bad

be/stand in awe of
overawe vT usu
passive
overawed adj

awfully

awfully adv

awkward

awkward adj

awkwardly adv

awkwardness nU

away not present

be aware/unaware
of
far away
a long way away

34

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

axe/ax

axe nC Brit/ax nC Am

axis

axis nC

axe vT Brit/ax vT Am
pickaxe nC Brit/
pickax nC Am

Bb

baby

baby nC
baby adj

babysit vIT
babysitter nC

bachelor nC

bachelor nCU

babysitting nU
babyish adj
baby carriage nC Am
= pram nC Brit; see
1
also @ carriage ,
pram
bachelor girl nC see
also @ girl

BSc/Bachelor of
Science

background nC

backward adj
backwards adv Brit/
backward adv Am
2
see also @ ward /-
ward

backyard nC see
2
also @ yard

back nC

back door nC see also

@ door
backdrop nC

bachelor unmarried
man
2
bachelor degree at
university

back adv

back body part

back adv opp. front

back adv earlier
back adv in reply, in
return
back adv once again

BA/Bachelor of Arts

back adj opp. front

back nC rear of sth
back vT reverse

back and forth

back away phr v
back down/off phr v
back out (of sth) phr
v
backwardness nU
backwards and
forwards see also @
forward/forwards

do sth behind sbs

35

headword

A1

A2

B1

backache nU see
also @ ache

B2

C1

backbone nC see
also @ bone

C2

paperback nC see also

@ paper

backpack nC see
1
also @ pack
3

back
pat on the back nC
see also @ pat
stab in the back nC
see also @ stab
turn ones back on
sb/sth see also @
1
turn
backpack vI
backpacking nU
backpacker nC see
1
also @ pack
horseback nU see
also @ horse

back support

back vT

backing nU

bacon

bacon nU

backer nC
back-up nCU
back (sb) up phr v

bacterium/bacteria

bacterial adj

bad adj unpleasant,

evil

badly adv severely

bad adj severe

(weather, illness, etc)

bacterium/bacteria
nC

bad-tempered adj see

also @ temper

badly off adv

be bad for sb/sth
feel bad about sth/
sb
not bad! exclam
go from bad to
worse
go bad

bad very
unpleasant

bad adj poor quality

badly adv poor
quality
2

bad rotting,
decaying
badly very much

bad adj rotting

badly adv

badge

badge nC esp Brit

bag/baggage

bag nC

bag vT
bags of informal lots

36

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

handbag nC esp Brit

see also @ hand

baggage nU

of
bum bag nC Brit
informal see also @
bum
shopping bag nC see
1
also @ shop /
shopping
sleeping bag nC see
1
also @ sleep

bail nU
bail vT
bait nCU
bait vT
bakery nC
baking nU

baked adj
half-baked adj
informal see also @
1
half
baked bean nC usu pl
see also @ bean
counterbalance vT
counterbalance nC
unbalanced neg adj
in the balance
off balance
on balance
overbalance vIT esp
Brit

bail

hand baggage nU
see also @ hand

bait

bake

bake vIT
baker nC

balance

balance vIT stand

and balance

balance nC scales
balance nC money
remaining

balanced adj
balance vT equalise,
stabilise

imbalance nU

balance nU state,
ability to remain
upright
balance nU equality,
stability

bank balance nC see

1
also @ bank

balcony

balcony nC

bald

bald adj

baldness nU
balding adj

37

headword

A1

ball spherical object ball nC

football nC
football nU see also
@ football

A2

ball dance

baseball nU esp Am
baseball nC esp Am
basketball nU esp
Am

ballet

B1

B2

C1

C2

ball-pen/ballpoint

pen nC see also @
1
pen
eyeball nC see also
@ eye
snowball nC see also
@ snow

volleyball nU

on the ball
beach ball nC see
also @ beach
mothball nC see also
@ moth

softball nU

ball nC

ballet nCU

ballroom nC see also @ ballroom gown nC

1
room
see also @ gown
ballroom dancing nU
see also @ dance
ballet dancing nU

balloon

balloon nC

ballet dancer nC see

also @ dance

ballot

ballot nCU
ballot vT

bamboo

bamboo nU

ban/banish

ban nC
ban vT

ballooning nU
balloonist nC
balloon vI
hot-air balloon nC
ballot box nC see
1
also @ box
ballot paper nC see

also @ paper
bamboo shoots n pl
2
see also @ shoot
banned adj
banish vT
banished adj

38

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

banana

banishment nU
banana skin nC see
also @ skin
bandsman nC see
3
also @ man
boy-/girl-band nC
see also @ boy, girl
rock band nC see
3
also @ rock
disband vI

banana nC

band nC

band group of
people
3
band strip, stripe

band nC

band nC
band together phr v

bandage

bandage nCU

elastic band nC see

also @ elastic
rubber band nC see
also @ rubber
waist band nC see

also @ waist
bandage vT

bang

bank nC

bank account nC see banknote nC see

1
4
also @ account
also @ note

bang nC
bang vIT
banker nC

bankrupt adj
bankrupt vT
bankruptcy nU

merchant bank nC
see also @ merchant

bank of river, etc

bank nC

embankment nC

sandbank nC see
also @ sand
banner nC

banner

riverbank nC see
also @ river

banquet

banquet nC

bar nC

barman nC see also

3
@ man

banqueting hall nC
2
see also @ hall
bartender nC see
2
also @ tend

band group of
musicians

bank financial

bar pub, etc

bank vI
banking nU
bank balance nC see
also @ balance
bank holiday nC Brit
see also @ holiday

39

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

barmaid nC see also

@ maid
sandwich bar nC see
also @ sandwich
snack bar nC see
also @ snack

bar vT
bar nC

C2

coffee bar nC see

also @ coffee

bar stop, block, etc

see also @ barrier
3
bar metal rod, etc

barrier nC

bar nC metal rod

bar nC solid lump
(soap, etc)

barbecue

barbecue nC
barbecue vIT

barber

barber nC

bare adj

bare vT

bare adj
barely adv

bargain nC

bargain vI

bare naked
bare / barely only
just

bargain sth cheap

bargain negotiate

nail bar nC see also

2
@ nail

sound barrier nC see

1
also @ sound
barred adj
behind bars
bar vT
bar up phr v
crowbar nC
barbecued adj
barbie nC informal
BBQ nC/vIT
barber shop/
barbers shop nC
1
see also @ shop

bare essentials n pl
see also @ essential
bare necessities n pl
see also @
necessary/necessity
bargain basement
nC see also @
basement
bargaining nU
bargain for/on phr v
drive a hard bargain
not get what you
bargained for

40

headword

barge

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

barge nC

bargepole nC see
1
also @ pole

bark vI
bark nC

bark outer surface

of tree
barley

bark nU

not touch with a

bargepole idiom
barking nU
bark up the wrong
tree idiom see also
@ tree

barley nU

barn

barn nC

barometer see @
1
meter
barracks

barnyard nC see
2
also @ yard
barometer nC

barracks n pl

barrel wooden
container

barrel nC

have sb over a barrel

barren

barren adj

scrape the bottom

of the barrel see
also @ scrape

barrier see also @

2
bar
1
base bottom,
foundation, support

barrier nC

base nC

base main place,

headquarters
3
base in sport

base nC
base v usu passive

base/based on/base
sth on phr v
database nC see
also @ data

baseball see also @

baseball nU esp Am

baseline nC see also @

1
line

bark noise of dog

sound barrier nU
1
see also @ sound

base camp nC see

also @ camp
base nC
baseball cap nC see

41

headword

A1

ball
basement

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

X
1

baseball nC

basement nC

basically adv

basics n pl

basin

basis nC
basic adj

basin nC sink

basket

basket nC

basin nC river, harbour,

etc

basketball see also

2
@ ball
bass

basketball nU esp
Am

wash-basin nC see
also @ wash
wastepaper basket
nC see also @
waste, paper

bass nC

bastard

bastardize vT
bastardized adj

bat in sport

batch

bastard nC person
whose parents are
not married
bastard nC offensive
insult
bat nC
bat vI

batch nC

bath/bathe

bath nC tub
bath nC esp Brit
activity
bath vIT esp Brit
bathe vIT esp Am
wash
bathe vI swim
bathroom nC see
1
also @ room

batsman nC see also

3
@ man
batch vT
batched adj

sunbathe vI
sunbathing nU
sunbather nC see

basis/basic

also @ cap
bargain basement
nC see also @
1
bargain

bathtub nC esp Am
see also @ tub
bathing costume nC

42

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

batter hit

also @ sun

battery electric cell

battery nC

battle

battle nC military
engagement
battle nCU struggle

bay

bay nC inlet

battle vIT fight

battle vIT struggle
battlefield nC see
1
also @ field

be aux

bay nC in building
loading bay nC see also
1
@ load /loading

be verb/linking verb being nCU

presence, existence;
human being nC see
position in space or
also @ human
time;
personal description
name, age, job, etc;
composition;
health well, ill, etc

be verb cost

bring/come into
being

be aux
be be present, exist

batter vT
battered adj

see also @ costume

battering nU/nC usu
sing

battlement nC usu pl
battleship nC see
1
also @ ship
embattled adj
bay window nC see
also @ window

beach

how are you?

beach nC

bead

bead nC

beach vT
beach ball nC see
1
also @ ball
beady adj

beak

beak nC

beam nC

beam nC

beam vT
sunbeam nC see
also @ sun

beam wooden bar

beam ray of light

43

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

bean nC

bear vT

bearable adj

bear nC

bear vT

bear /bearing move

in a certain direction
beard

beard nC

baked bean nC usu pl

see also @ bake
coffee bean nC see
also @ coffee
spill the beans idiom
see also @ spill
unbearable neg adj
bear up phr v
bear with it/me, etc
phr v
unbearably neg adv
grin and bear it
teddy nC
polar bear nC see
2
teddy bear nC
also @ pole /polar
airborne adj see also @ bear down phr v
2
air
bear out phr v
seaborne adj see
also @ sea
bearing nC
bear vT
have a bearing on

bearded adj

beast

beast nC

beat vT

beat hit

beat vIT

beating nC

beat nC

bean

bear tolerate

bear animal
bear /borne carry,
support

beat defeat

beat rhythm

beastly adj
bestial adj
beaten adj
unbeatable neg adj
unbeaten neg adj
beat back phr v
beat down phr v
beat off phr v
beat up phr v
beat time see also
1
@ time
drumbeat nC see
also @ drum

44

headword

beauty

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

heartbeat nC usu
sing see also @
1
heart
beauty spot nC see
1
also @ spot

beautiful adj
attractive
beautiful adj
pleasant
because conj
because of prep
cos/cos conj/prep
informal
become vIT

beauty nU quality

beauty nC sb/sth
beautiful

beautifully adv

become of phr v

bed nC

in bed

flowerbed nC see
also @ flower

bedding nU

bedroom nC see
1
also @ room

bedtime nC see also

1
@ time

bedclothes n pl see
also @ clothes

bedside nU/adj

bed bottom

bed nC

bee

bee nC

riverbed nC see also @

river
seabed nC see also @
sea

go to bed
put to bed
take to bed
bedbug nC see also
2
@ bug
bedpost nC see also
3
@ post
deathbed n usu sing
see also @ death
twin bed nC see also
@ twin
bedroom suburb/
community nC Am
see also @
community, suburb,
dormitory
bedrock nU see also
1
@ rock

because

become
1

bed furniture

beehive nC

45

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

beef

beef nU

beer

beer nCU

beetle

before

before conj/prep/
adv earlier

beg

begin
behalf

begin vI
beginning nC

I beg your pardon

exclam see also @
1&2
pardon

C2

beekeeper nC
beekeeping nU see
2
also @ keep /keeper
beef up phr v make
stronger

beefburger nC esp
Brit see also @
burger

beetle nC

ginger beer nC see

also @ ginger
root beer nCU Am
see also @ root

before prep in front

of

beforehand adv

beg vIT make urgent
request

the day/night/week
etc before

beginner nC

beg vIT ask for

money, etc
beggar nC

before prep watched,

examined by

to begin with

behalf n sing

on behalf of/on sbs

behalf

behavioural adj Brit/

behavioral adj Am

misbehave vI
misbehaviour nU
Brit/ misbehavior nU
Am
well-/badly-behaved
adj
behind bars see also
3
@ bar
behind the scenes
see also @ scene
behind the times
1
see also @ time

behave

behaviour nU Brit/
behavior nU Am

behave vI

behind adv, prep

behind adv/prep at
the back of sth/sb

C1

behind adv/prep
late
behind adv/prep in
a race
behind adv/prep
responsible for

46

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

belief/believe

belief nC
believe vT think,
have opinion

believe in sth phr v

believer nC
unbelievable neg adj

believable adj
disbelief nU

bell

bell nC

belly

belly nC informal

belong

belongings n pl

beloved see also @

love
below

belong vI/belong to
ownership
belong vI right,
suitable, etc

fall behind phr v

leave behind phr v
stay behind phr v
disbelieve vIT
unbelievably neg
adv
believe it or not
beyond belief
would you believe
it?
make believe nU
doorbell nC see also
@ door
bellyache nC
informal
bellyache vI informal
see also @ ache

beloved adj

below adv less than

belt nC clothing
seatbelt nC see also
@ seat
safety belt nC see
1
also @ safe / safety
bench nC

belt nC on machine

belt nC strip of land

bend vIT
bend nC

belt

below adv, prep

lower position

bench

bend

green belt nC usu

sing see also @
green
workbench nC see
2
also @ work
bendable adj
unbending neg adj

47

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

bent adj

beneath

beneath adv, prep

bendy adj informal

bend down phr v
bend over phr v
bend over
backwards phr v

benefit

benefit nCU gain,

advantage

benefit nC social
security payment

beneficial adj

beneficiary nC

beneficially adv
unemployment
benefit nU see also
@ employ/
employment

benefit vIT

benevolent

benevolently adv

benevolent adj
benevolence nU
benign adj

benign

berry

strawberry nC

berry nC

besides prep

besides adv

blackberry nC
blueberry nC
cranberry nC
raspberry nC
beside oneself (with)
beside the point see
1
also @ point

beside

beside prep next to

besides

besiege see @ siege

besiege vT

besieged adj

best see also @

good, well

best sup adj

best-selling adj

the best thing n sing

see also @ thing
at best
for the best
try/do ones best
get/have the best of
had best
make the best of

best sup adv

the best n sing

best-seller nC see also

@ sell

benignly adv

48

headword

A1

A2

bet

betray

better see also @

good, well

better comp adj

better comp adv

better adj healthy,

recovered

B1

B2

C1

C2

bet nC
bet vIT wager,
gamble

bet vT be sure

betray vT

betrayal nU

best man n sing see

1
also @ man
betting nU
betting shop nC see
also @ shop
traitor nC

between adv, prep

between two places
between adv, prep
between two times
between adv, prep
between two
amounts
between adv, prep
shared between
people

the better n sing

the the better
had better/d better
better off adj
for the better
get/have the better
of
the bigger/sooner,
etc the better
in between

beverage nC

beware see also @

wary
bewilder

beware vIT

bewilder vT

bewitch see also @

bewildered adj
bewildering adj
bewilderingly adv
bewilderment nU
bewitch vT

get better

between

beverage

49

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

witch
beyond

bias nC usu sing

beyond adv, prep

outside limit

biased adj

bewitched adj
bewitching adj
be beyond one/its
beyond me
unbiased neg adj

bible/the Bible n
sing

biblical adj

bibliography nC

bibliographical adj

cyclist nC

cycling nU

bicycle vI
bike vI
biker nC
biking nU
motorcyclist nC see
2
also @ cycle /cyclist,
motor
bidder nC
bidding nU

bias

beyond adv, prep

further away

bible

bibliography

bicycle/bike see also

2
@ cycle

bid

big

big adj large

big adj important

bike nC informal
motorcycle
motorbike nC see
also @ motor
cycle vI
motorcycle nC see
also @ motor
bid vIT make offer in
auction
bid nC

bilateral

bilateral adj

bilaterally adv

bilingual see also @

linguistic
1
bill document,
invoice

bilingual adj

bill nC invoice,
receipt, etc
bill nC Am banknote

bill nC

bill law

bill nC

bill vT send an
invoice

billboard nC see also
1
@ board

billion

billionaire nC

bin

billion cardinal
number
bin nC Brit

dustbin nC Brit

wastepaper bin nC

bin vT esp Brit

bill poster

bicycle nC
bike nC informal
bicycle

50

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

see also @ waste,

paper

binman nC Brit see

3
also @ man
bin-liner nC see also
3
@ line
binding nCU
binder nC
bound adj
bind vT

bind vT

binding adj

biochemical see also

@ chemical

biography

biology

autobiography nC

autobiographical adj

bird

bird nC

seabird nC see also

@ sea

biology nU
biological adj

biography nC
biographer nC
biographical adj

biologist nC
biologically adv

biochemical adj
biochemistry nU
biochemist nC

birth/birthday

birth nCU
give birth (to)

bird of prey nC see

also @ prey
birdsong nU see also
@ song
bird-watcher nC
bird-watching nU
1
see also @ watch
blackbird nC see
1
also @ black
birth certificate nC
see also @
certificate
birth control nC see
also @ control

bind tie up

bind promise,
secret, etc
binoculars

childbirth nU see
also @ child
birthday nC see also
@ day
birthday cake nCU

binoculars n pl

birthplace nC see also

1
@ place

51

headword

A1

A2

biscuit see also @

cookie, cracker
bishop
1

bit small amount

bit part,
component
bitch

bite

bitter bad taste,

bad feeling
2
bitter very

B1

B2

C1

C2

date of birth n sing

1
see also @ date
birthmark nC see
1
also @ mark

see also @ cake

birthday card nC see
1
also @ card
birthday party nC
1
see also @ party
birthday present nC
1
see also @ present
biscuit nC Brit

bishop nC

archbishop nC

a bit adv, pron esp

Brit a little, slightly
bit nC small piece of
sth
bit nC

quite a bit/a good

bit

bitch nC

bite vIT

bite nC sth bitten off

bite nC insect bite

bitter adj taste

bitterly adv

bitter adj fig:

resentful, angry, etc

bitty adj
bit by bit
do ones bit
every bit
bits and pieces see also
@ piece

bitch vI informal
bitchy adj informal
son-of-a-bitch nC
offensive esp Am see
also @ son

biting adj very cold
frostbite nU
frostbitten adj see
1
also @ frost
soundbite nC see
1
also @ sound
bite off more than
you can chew idiom
see also @ chew

bitterness nU

bitter adj

bitterly adv

bishopric nC

to the bitter end see

52

headword

bizarre

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

bizarre adj

black adj
black nU

blackboard nC see
1
also @ board

black eye nC see also

@ eye

blackmail vT
blackmail nU

bladder

bladder nC

blade

blade nC of knife,
skates, etc

blade nC fig: grass,

shoulder, oar, etc

black colour

black negative,
illegal

also @ end
bizarrely adv
black adj tea, coffee,
etc
blacken vIT
blackness nU
blackberry nC see
also @ berry
blackbird nC see
also @ bird
black and blue
in black and white
black adj negative
(illegal, hostile, etc)
blackmailer nC
black economy n usu
sing see also @
1
economy
blacklist vT
blacklist nC see also
1
@ list
black magic nU see
also @ magic
black market nC usu
sing see also @
2
market
black sheep nC see
also @ sheep

razorblade nC see
also @ razor
rollerblade nC

53

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

blame

blame vT

blame nU

bland

bland adj

blank

blanket

blank adj
blank nCU
blanket nC

blast

blast nCU
blast vT

blanket adj covering

everything
blanket vT cover
everything

rollerblading nU see
1
also @ roll /roller
shoulder blade nC
see also @ shoulder
blameless neg adj
be to blame
blandly adv
blankly adv
blank out phr v

at full blast

blaze

bleak

bleak adj

blaze nC
blaze vI

bleed see also @

blood
blend

bleed vI

bleeding adj

blast off phr v

blast-off nC
ablaze adj
set ablaze
bleakly adv
bleakness nU
bleeding nU

blend vT

blend nC

blender nC

bless

blessed adj
bless you! exclam

blind adj

bless vT wish sb
happiness, etc
bless vT by priest,
etc
blessing nC good
fortune
blessing nCU
religious
blind vT make sb

blindness nU

colour-blind adj Brit/

blind sightless

54

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

blind

blindly adv

color-blind adj Am
see also @
colour/color
go blind
turn a blind eye

blind window
covering
blink

blind nC usu pl

blink vIT

bliss

bliss nU

bloc

bloc nC

block nC large piece

of stone, wood, etc

block vT

blockade nC
blockage nC
blocked adj

block nC Am

block tall building

block nC

bloke

blond/blonde

blonde nC

bloke nC Brit
informal
blond/blonde adj

tower block nC see

also @ tower

blood see also @

bleed

blood nU

bloody adj covered

in blood
bloody adj very
violent

blood donor nC see

also @ donate/
donor
bloodstain nC

block lump of
stone, wood, etc
block obstruct

block city block

blink nC
blinker n usu pl
blinkered adj
blissful adj
blissfully adv

chopping block nC
Am see also @
1
chop
block off phr v
block up phr v
unblock vT
unblocked neg adj
stumbling block nC
see also @ stumble

55

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

bloody emphasis,
intensifier

bloom

bloody adj/adv
informal esp Brit for
emphasis; indicating
anger

blossom

blouse

blouse nC

blow vI

blow wind, etc

bloodstained adj
see also @ stain
blood vessel nC see
2
also @ vessel
in cold blood see
1
also @ cold
shed blood
bloodshed nU see
2
also @ shed
ones (own) flesh
and blood see also

@ flesh

blooming adj

bloom nC
bloom vI
blossom nC
blossom vI

blow up phr v inflate

blow nC hit

blow nC shock

blow ones own

trumpet see also @
trumpet
come to blows

blue adj
blue nC

blow up phr v
explode

bluish adj
blue-collar adj see
also @ collar
blueberry nC see
also @ berry

blow hitting
blow /blow up
explode
blue

56

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

black and blue

out of the blue
a bolt from the blue
2
see also @ bolt

blueprint

blunt

blur

blueprint nC see also

1
@ print
blunt adj opp. sharp
blunt adj frank
bluntly adv
blur vIT

blush

blush vI

board nC plank

cardboard nU/adj see

1
also @ card

board up phr v
above board adj
across the board

blackboard nC see
1
also @ black

chessboard nC see also

@ chess

billboard nC see also

2
@ bill
board game nC see
1
also @ game
chalkboard nC see
also @ chalk
chopping board nC
Brit see also @
1
chop
diving board nC see
also @ dive/diving
floorboard nC see
1
also @ floor
ironing board nC see

board plank

board nC for board

game
board nC short for
noticeboard, diving
board, blackboard,
etc

blunt vT
bluntness nU
blur n usu sing
blurred adj
blush nC

57

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

X
2

board enter ship,

train, aircraft, etc

board management
group
4
board

accommodation

board vIT

on board
boarding card nC Brit
1
see also @ card
boarding pass nC
2
see also @ pass

board nU

boast

boat

boat nC

boast vIT
boast nC

aboard adv/prep

boarding nU

board nC

also @ iron
scoreboard nC see
also @ score
skateboard nC/vI
skateboarding nU
skateboarder nC see
also @ skate
snowboard nC
snowboard vI see
also @ snow
springboard nC see
3
also @ spring
surfboard nC see
also @ surf
overboard adv

boardroom nC see
1
also @ room
board vI
boarder nC
boarding house nC
2
see also @ house
boarding school nC
see also @ school
full-/half-board nU
boastful adj
boastfully adv
boating nU
in the same boat/ all

58

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

in the same boat

body

bog

boil heat liquid

ferryboat nC see also

@ ferry
lifeboat nC see also @
life

body nC physical
body nC corpse
frame of person,
creature, etc
anybody pron no
matter who
anybody pron in neg
and questions
nobody pron
somebody pron

body nC group of
people
body nC of vehicle,
structure, etc
embody vT

bodily adj

bodyguard nC see also
@ guard

bog nC

boiled adj
boiler nC
boiling adj

boil vIT

boatyard nC see also

2
@ yard
canal boat nC see

also @ canal
fishing boat nC see
also @ fish
flying boat nC see
1
also @ fly
rowing boat nC Brit/
row boat nC Am see
3
also @ row
sailing boat nC Brit/
sail boat nC Am see
also @ sail/sailing
speedboat nC see
also @ speed
tugboat nC see also
@ tug
able-bodied adj
disembodied neg adj
embodiment nC usu
sing
keep body and soul
together

bog down phr v usu

pass
boggy adj
boil down to phr v
boil over phr v

59

headword
2

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

boil spot

boil nC

bold adj

embolden vIT

bold adj

boldly adv
boldness nU

bolt lightning, etc

bolt nC
nut and bolt see
2
also @ nut

bolt nC

bomb

bomb nC
bomb vT drop from
an aircraft
bomb vT destroy
with a bomb

bomber nC military

aircraft
bomber nC sb with a
bomb
bombing nCU

bond link

bond nC

bond vIT

a bolt from the blue

see also @ blue
atom/atomic bomb
nC see also @ atom
bombshell nC casing
of bomb
bombshell nC fig:
shock; see also @
2
shell
hydrogen bomb nC
see also @ hydrogen
nuclear bomb nC
see also @ nuclear
suicide bomb/
bomber nC see also
@ suicide
time bomb see also
1
@ time
bombard vT attack
bombard vT do sth
excessively
bombardment nCU

bone

bone nC
bone nU

bony adj

bold unafraid,
adventurous
2
bold dark print
bolt metal fastener

bone vT
boneless adj
have a bone to pick

60

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

with sb
make no bones
about sth
collarbone nC see
also @ collar
jawbone nC see also
@ jaw
thigh bone nC see
also @ thigh

cheekbone nC see
also @ cheek

backbone nC see
2
also @ back

bonfire see also @

1
fire
bonnet

bonfire nC

bonus

bonus nC

bonnet nC Brit car part; bonnet nC hat

see also @ hood

book nC

booklet nC

exercise book nC
2
see also @ exercise

guidebook nC see
also @ guide

chequebook nC Brit/
checkbook nC Am
see also @ cheque/
2
check
phone book nC see
1
also @ phone ,
telephone

bookstore nC esp Am
2
see also @ store
coursebook nC see
1
also @ course
handbook nC see
also @ hand
textbook nC see also
@ text

book vIT

bookcase nC see
3
also @ case

bookseller nC see
also @ sell/seller
bookshelf nC see
also @ shelf
bookshop nC see
1
also @ shop
cookery book nC
Brit/ cookbook nC
Am see also @
cook/cookery
notebook nC see
1
also @ note
booking nC
booking office nC
2
see also @ office

book volume

book make booking

bookish adj
by the book
bookworm nC see4
also @ worm
pocket book nC see

also @ pocket
reference book nC
see also @ refer/
reference
rulebook nC see also
1
@ rule
scrapbook nC see
also @ scrap
storybook adj see
1
also @ story
book in phr v

61

headword
3

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

book /books
accounts

books n pl

boom economic
prosperity
boost

boom nCU

bookkeeping nU
bookkeeper nC see
2
also @ keep
boom vI
booming adj
boosted adj

boost vT

boost vI

booster nC

boot nC

boot start a
computer
booth

boot nC Brit see also @

2
trunk
boot vT/boot up phr v

border

border vT

bore fail to interest

bore nC

boredom nU
boringly adv

bordering adj
border on phr v

born

born/be born v pass

border nC boundary,
division

bore vT
bored adj
boring adj

booth nC
phone/telephone
booth nC see also @
1
phone , telephone
border nC edge

newborn adj see also

@ new

borough

borough nC

borrow

borrow vT

boss

boss nC

boss vTboss about

phr v

borrower nC
borrowing nU
bossy adj

boot tall, heavy

shoe
boot car trunk

boot vT informal
boot out phr v
informal

reboot vT

born adj
born-again adj
inborn adj
reborn adj
unborn neg adj

62

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

botany

both

both det, pronoun

both conj/both
and

bother vI

bother nU

C2

botany nU
botanical adj
botanist nC

cant be bothered

bottle nC

bother vT
bother nC

bottom nC usu sing

bottom adj

bottle vT
bottled adj

bothered adj
bothering adj
bottling adj/nU

bottom body part

bottom nC

bottom vI
bottomless neg adj
bottom out phr v
from top to bottom
from the bottom of
ones heart see also
1
@ heart
rock bottom nU/adj
informal see also @
1
rock

boulder

boulder nC

bounce

bounce vIT

bound /be bound to

see also @ bind
2
bound /boundary

bound adj
be bound to
boundary nC

bouncy adj
bounce nC
bounce back phr v

bother make an
effort
2
bother worry,
annoy
bottle
bottom lowest part

bounded adj
be bounded by sth
in/out of bounds

63

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

bourgeois

bourgeois adj

bourgeoisie nU

within the bounds of

sth
know no bounds

bout

bout nC

bow out phr v

bow vI
bow nC
bow nC

bow nC

rainbow nC see also @

rain

bowel nC

bowl nC

bowtie nC see also

2
@ tie
bowels of the Earth
1
see also @ Earth

bowls nU game

box nC container

box nC container +
contents
box nC on document

bowl vIT
bowler nC
bowling nU

box in phr v
box up phr v

boxed adj

letterbox nC see
1
also @ letter

call box nC see also

2
@ call
matchbox nC see
1
also @ match
phone box nC see
1
also @ phone ,
telephone

ballot box nC see

also @ ballot
coolbox nC Brit see
also @ cool
horsebox nC see
also @ horse
lunch box nC see
also @ lunch
mailbox nC see also
@ mail
moneybox nC see
also @ money

bow bend body in

respectful greeting
2
bow weapon
3

bow knot for hair,

shoes, etc
bowel
bowl container
bowl throw ball in
sport
1

box container

64

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

pillbox nC see also

@ pill
pillar-box nC Brit
see also @ pillar
post box/P O box nC
1
see also @ post /
post office
signal box nC see
2
also @ signal
toolbox nC see
always @ tool
voice box nC see
also @ voice
witness box nC see
also @ witness
boxing match nC see
2
also @ match
boxing ring nC see
1
also @ ring
boyhood nCU
boyish adj
boy band nC see
1
also @ band
toy boy nC informal
see also @ toy

box /boxing sport

box vI
boxing nC

boxer nC

boy

boy nC

boyfriend nC see
also @ friend
schoolboy nC see
also @ school

cowboy nC see also

@ cow

choirboy nC see also @

choir

boycott

bra/brassiere

boycott vT
boycott nC
bra nC abbrev

brace

brace vI

brace nC

bracelet

bracelet nC

bracket parenthesis

bracket nC Brit

bracket vT

bracket nC

1
2

bracket fastening

brassiere nC

65

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

brain

brain nC

brainy adj informal

brake

branch nC tree part

brake nC
brake vIT

branch nC division:
river, railway, etc

branch vI

branch sub-office,
shop, etc
1
brand named
product
2
brand /brand new

branch nC

branchline nC Brit
see also @ line
branch out phr v
olive branch nC see
also @ olive

brand nC

brand vT

brand name nC see

also @ name

brandy

brandy nU

brand new adj see also

@ new

brass

brass nU metal

brassy adj

brave

brave adj

breach

breach nC

brass nU musical
instruments
bravely adv
bravery nU
breach vT formal

bread

bread nU

bread roll nC see

2
also @ roll

breadcrumb n usu pl
see also @ crumb
bread-and-butter adj
ordinary, routine
garlic bread nU see

branch tree part,

etc

brain drain n sing

see also @ drain
brainwave nC see
2
also @ wave
pick sbs brains
rack ones brains
scatterbrain nC
scatterbrained adj
see also @ scatter

brave vT

66

headword

breadth see also @

broad
1
break physical,
emotional, etc/
broken

A1

B1

B2

C1

C2

breadth nCU

break vT physically
break, destroy sth

break vT break a
record
break nC

broken adj

breakable adj

break in/into phr v

burgle
break-in nC burglary
break up phr v end a
relationship

break down phr v

fail to operate
breakdown nC
mechanical
break down phr v
emotionally,
mentally
breakdown nCU
emotional, mental
breakdown nCU in
relationship

breakthrough nC

A2

breakup nC

also @ garlic
gingerbread nU see
also @ ginger

breakage nCU
unbreakable neg adj
unbroken neg adj
break away phr v
breakaway adj
break down (into)
phr v divide
break even phr v no
profit, no loss
break in phr v
interrupt
break off phr v
remove end of sth
break off phr v end
suddenly
break out phr v
escape from prison,
etc
break through phr v
overcome problem,
etc
break up phr v break
into pieces
break up phr v
disperse
break up phr v Brit
finish school at end
of term
heartbreak nU/

67

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

heart-broken adj
1
see also @ heart
broken-hearted adj
1
see also @ heart
icebreaker nC see
also @ ice

break start
suddenly

break out phr v war,

argument, disease
etc
outbreak nC

break short rest,

holiday, etc

break nC

coffee/lunch/tea,
etc break nC

breakfast

breakfast nCU

breakfast vI

breast

breast nCU

abreast adj

break into laughter/

a smile/song/ tears/
applause, etc
break (the) news/
breaking news see
also @ news
daybreak/break of
day n sing see also
@ day
break nC Brit
commercial break on
TV
break for lunch/
coffee, etc
break vT interrupt a
journey
take a break
continental
breakfast nCU see
also @ continent/
continental
(full) English
breakfast nC
double-breasted adj
see also @ double
make a clean breast
of sth
keep abreast of

68

headword

breath

A1

A2

breath nCU

B1

B2

C1

breathing adj

C2

breeder nC
breeding nU

breed vIT
breed nC
breeze nC

catch ones breath

hold ones breath
out of breath
take ones breath
away
under ones breath

breezy adj

brevity nU

bribe

brick

brick nCU

bribe vT
bribe nC

brew vIT
brew nC
brewer nC
brewery nC
brewing nU
bribery nU

bride

bride nC

bridge nC

breathe vIT

breathtaking adj

breed

breeze

brevity see also @

brief
brew

bridge structure

breathless neg adj

brick vT/brick up phr

v
brickwork nU see
2
also @ work
bridegroom nC see also bridal adj
@ groom
bridesmaid nC see
also @ maid
bridge vT
bridge nC part of
nose
bridge nC part of
ship
bridge a/the gap
idiom see also @
gap
footbridge nC msee

69

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

X
1

brief adj

briefly adv

brief instructions

brigade

brigade nC

bright adj

brief short

bright adj

brief nC Brit
brief vT
briefcase nC see also @
2
case
briefing nC
fire brigade nC Brit see
1
also @ fire
brighten vT

brightly adv
brightness nU

brilliant adj

brilliantly adv

brilliant! exclam

brilliant adj

bring vT carry sth

somewhere

bring vT cause, be
accompanied by
bring sth back phr v
return

brilliantly adv
brilliance nU

bring up phr v raise

a child

bring sth about phr v

cause

upbringing nC

bring about phr v

make sth happen
bring around/round
phr v persuade
bring back phr v
revive memories
bring down phr v
reduce prices, etc
bring down phr v

bright shining;
strongly coloured
2

bright intelligent
brilliant very bright
brilliant very
intelligent
1
bring
2

bring phrasal verbs,

compounds, etc

also @ foot
suspension bridge
nC see also @
2
suspend /
suspension
in brief
briefs n pl
brevity nU
debrief vT
debriefing nC

70

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

government, etc
bring down phr v
bring to the ground
bring forward phr v
make sth earlier
bring home to make
aware
bring sth in phr v
introduce
bring in phr v earn,
produce income,
bring off phr v
succeed
bring on phr v cause
bring (sth) out phr v
launch a product
bring out phr v
expose, make clear
bring round/to phr v
back to
consciousness
bring sth up phr v
mention
bring up phr v vomit
on the brink of sth

brink

brink n sing

brisk

briskness nU

bristle

brisk adj
briskly adv
bristle nC

brittle

brittle adj

broad see also @

breadth
broadcast

broad adj wide, opp.

narrow

broadly adv

breadth nCU

broaden vI

broadcast nC
broadcast vIT

broadcaster nC
broadcasting nU

broad-minded adj
1
see also @ mind
newscaster nC esp
Am see also @ news

71

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

brochure

brochure nC

broken see also @

break

broken adj

broker

broker nC

bronze

broom

bronze nU metal
bronze nU colour
bronze adj
broom nC

unbroken neg adj

heart-broken adj
broken-hearted adj
1
see also @ heart
brokerage nU
stockbroker nC
stockbroking nU see
2
also @ stock

brother

brother nC

brotherhood nCU
brother-in-law nC see
2
also @ law

brow

brown

browse

brown adj
brown nCU

brow nC face part

eyebrow nC see also
@ eye

half-brother nC see
1
also @ half
step-brother nC see
3
also @ step
browbeaten adj

brown vIT
brownish adj

bruise

brush

brush nC

brush aside phr v

brush off phr v

browse vI read
casually
browse vIT
computing
browser nC
computing

bruise nC
bruise vT
bruised adj
brush vT sweep with brush vT touch
a brush
lightly

72

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

toothbrush nC see
also @ tooth

brute

bubble

buck see also @

dollar
bucket

C1

hairbrush nC see
also @ hair
paintbrush nC see
also @ paint

brush up phr v
brushstroke nC see
2
also @ stroke
scrubbing brush nC
see also @ scrub
shoebrush nC see
also @ shoe
brutally adv

bubble nC
bubble vI
buck nC informal Am

brute nC
brutal adj
brutality nU

bucket nC

buckle fastener

buckle nC

bud

bud nC

Buddhism

budget

budget nCU

Buddhism nU
Buddhist nC
Buddhist adj

buckle vT
buckle down (to)
phr v
buckle up phr v
bud vI
budding adj

buffalo

budget vI
budgetary adj
buffalo nC

budget adj
budget for

buffer

buffer nC

buffer vT

buffet

bug nC informal

buffet nC
buffet adj

buffet car nC see

2
also @ car

bug nC

bedbug nC see also

bug illness
bug insect

C2

bubbly adj

73

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

X
1

build vIT
building nC

builder nC
building nU

rebuild vT

built-in adj
shipbuilding nU see
1
also @ ship

build physique

build nU

@ bed
build in/into phr v
incorporate
build on/upon phr v
build up phr v
build-up nC
rebuilt adj
rebuilding nU
well-built adj

bulb electrical

bulb nC

bulk

bulk nC

bulky adj

bull

bull nC male cow

bullet

bullet nC

bulletin

bully

bum

bulletin nC

news bulletin nC see
also @ news

bully nC
bully vT

bum nC informal

bulk out phr v

in bulk
bull nC other male
animals
bulletproof adj see
3
also @ proof

bump impact

bumper

bun

bunch

bundle

bunch nC group of
things, e.g. fruit

bunch nC informal
group of people

build construct,
increase

bullying nU

bump nC
bump vIT
bumper nC Brit =
fender nC Am
bun nC

bum bag nC Brit

informal see also @
bag
bump into phr v

bunch vIT

bundle nC

bundle up phr v

74

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

bungalow

bundle vT

bungalow nC

bunny

bunny nC

burden

burden nC

bureau

burger

burger nC
hamburger nC

bureau nC
bureaucracy nU

bureaucrat nC
bureaucratic adj

Easter bunny nC see

also @ Easter
burden vT
unburden vT

burglar

burn

burn vIT damage,

hurt by fire
burn vI be on fire

burst

burst vIT shatter,

explode, etc
burst vI/burst into
phr v emotion joy,
tears, etc

burst nC

outburst nC

bury/burial

bury vT

burial nCU

beefburger nC see
also @ beef
cheeseburger nC see
also @ cheese
burglar nC
burglary nCU
burgle vT Brit/
burglarize vT Am
burglar alarm nC see
also @ alarm
burn nC
burning adj
burnt/burned adj

sunburn nU/vI
sunburnt/sunburned
adj see also @ sun

burner nC
burn down phr v
burn out phr v
burn up phr v
heartburn nU see
1
also @ heart
burst in (on)/into/
through phr v
suddenly enter
burst out phr v
burst into tears see
2
also @ tear
cloudburst nC see
also @ cloud
buried adj

75

headword

A1

bus

bus nC
by bus

bush

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

bus station nC see

1
also @ station
bus stop nC see also
1
@ stop

minibus nC see also

@ mini

bus vIT

bush nC

unburied neg adj

burial ground nC see
2
also @ ground
trolley bus nC see
also @ trolley

business nU trading
business nC
company

on business

business class nU
2
see also @ class

businessman nC see
3
also @ man
businesswoman nC
2
see also @ woman

business nU

bust vT informal

bust statue

bust nC

bushy adj
beat about/around
the bush
businesslike adj
go out of business
in business
on business
business trip nC see
1
also @ trip
get down to
business
have no business
(doing sth)
mean business
mind your own
business
busted adj
go bust

busy

busy adj esp Am

engaged (telephone)

busily adv

but nC usu pl
no ifs and/or buts
all but

business trading,
commerce

business matter,
affair; see also @
busy

bust break

but conj contrast

busy adj occupied,

active
busy adj having lots
of work

but prep except

but conj
but prep

76

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

butcher

butcher nC sb selling
meat

butt end of rifle,

cigarette, etc
butter

butt nC

butter nU

butter vT
buttered adj
buttery adj

butterfly see also @

2
fly
button

butterfly nC insect

button nC on
clothing
button nC on
machine

button vT/button up
phr v

buy

buy vIT

buyer nC

buy nC

buying nU

buzz

buzz vI

by prep cause
by prep method
by prep beside
by prep authorship

by prep before a
time

by prep
measurement,
quantity,
calculations, etc

by prep

but for
butcher nC mass
murderer
butcher/butchers
nC Brit shop
butcher vT
butchery nU

butter sb up phr v
bread-and-butter adj
ordinary, routine
peanut butter nU
see also @ peanut

unbutton vIT
unbuttoned neg adj
buttonhole nC in
clothing
buttonhole nC
flower in buttonhole;
see also @ hole
buy into phr v
buy off phr v
buy out phr v
buy-out nC
buy up phr v
buzz nC usu sing
buzzer nC

77

headword

A1

A2

by air/car/train/
plane/ sea/ship, etc
by oneself

by mistake see also

@ mistake

by accident see also by heart see also @

1
@ accident
heart
by all means see also
@ means
by chance see also
1
@ chance
by name see also @
name
by turns see also @
2
turn

by far see also @ far

by adv

by adv passing

bye sports

bye exclam informal

bye-bye exclam
informal

by day see also @

day
by hand see also @
hand
by law
by night see also @
night
by means of
by no means
by post see also @
1
post
by sight see also @
sight
by surprise see also
@ surprise
by the way
by and by
by and large see
also @ large

bye nC

by-election see also

@ elect/election
bypass see also @
3
pass

by-election nC

Cc

bypass vT
bypass nC

cabaret

cabaret nCU

cabbage

cabbage nCU

bye see also @

goodbye

B1

B2

C1

C2

78

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

cab nC

cab cabin

cabin

cab taxi

C1

C2

taxicab nC see also

@ taxi

cab nC
cabin nC of truck,
aircraft, ship, etc
cabin nC hut

cabinet nC

cabinet group of
ministers
cable

cabinet nC usu sing

cablecar nC see also

2
@ car

cafe

caf nC

cable nCU thick wire

cable nU TV etc
system

cafeteria nC

cage

cage nC

cage vT

cake

cake nCU

fruitcake nCU see

also @ fruit
wedding cake nCU
see also @ wed/
wedding

pancake nC

calcium

birthday cake nC
see also @ birth/
birthday
Christmas cake nCU
see also @ Christian/
Christmas

caged adj
ribcage nC see also
@ rib
cake vI
a piece of cake see
also @ piece
the icing on the cake
2
Brit see also @ ice
carrot cake nCU see
also @ carrot
cupcake nC see also
@ cup

calcium nU

calcify vIT

calculate
mathematical
calendar

calculation nCU

calculate vT
calculator nC

calendar nC

miscalculate vT
miscalculation nCU

cabinet furniture

79

headword

calf

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

calf nC

call vT often pass

so-called adj

call vIT
call nC
phone call nC see
1
also @ phone ,
telephone

call box nC see also

1
@ box

caller nC

give sb a call
call back phr v
call up phr v

call vIT shout

call nC

call vT wake sb up

call visit

calm

calmly adv

calm adj emotional

calm vT

calm nU

calorie

calm adj sea,

weather, etc

call by phr v visit

informally
call for phr v collect
call in phr v
call on phr v

call away phr v

call for phr v
demand
call off phr v cancel
call on sb to do sth
phr v demand
call out phr v shout
call to mind see also
1
@ mind

calorie nC

calmness nU
calm down phr v

camel

camel nC

camera

camera nC

cameraman nC see
3
also @ man
digital camera nC
see also @ digital
surveillance camera
nC see also @
surveillance

call give name

call telephone

call shout

80

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

camp

camp nCU

camp vI
campsite nC see also
@ site

camping nU

campaign

campaigner nC
campaigning nU

campus nC

campaign vI/
campaign for/
against phr v

campus

campaign nC
political, advertising,
etc

can modal v
possibility

can tin

can modal v ability

can modal v
permission
can modal v request

can nC

can vT

canal

canal nC

canned adj
can-opener nC see also
@ open/opener

cancel

cancel vIT

cancellation nCU

canal boat nC see

also @ boat
cancel out phr v

cancer

cancer nCU

cancerous adj

candidate

candidate nC

candle

candle nC

candidacy/
candidature nU
candelabra nC

candy

candy nCU esp Am

cane

cane nCU
cane vT

sugarcane nU see
also @ sugar

can modal v

base camp nC see

2
also @ base
concentration camp
nC see also @
2
concentrate
refugee camp nC
see also @ refuge/
refugee
encamp vIT formal
encampment nC

81

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

cannon

cannon nC

canoe

canopy

canoe nC
canoe vI
canopy nC

canoeist nC
canoeing nU

canteen

canteen nC

canvas

canvas nU

canyon

canyon nC

cap nC hat

cap nC lid, cover

cap nC cover a
bottle, well, etc

cap limit

capable

capability nCU

capable adj skilled,

talented

capacity

capacious adj

cape garment

capable adj able

capable of
capacity nCU
volume

cap vT
cap nC
incapable neg adj

baseball cap nC see

also @ baseball
shower cap nC see
1
also @ shower
skullcap nC see also
@ skull
cap vT cover
ice cap nC see also
1
@ ice
snow-capped adj
see also @ snow

cape nC

capitalize vT

capital nC
capital adj
capital adj
capital nC
capital nU

capitalism nU
capitalist nC

capitalist/
capitalistic adj

cap hat, cover

capital main city

capital uppercase
capital finance

82

headword
4

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

capital punishment
involving death

capsule

captain

captain nC

caption

capture/captive

C2

decapitate vT
decapitation nCU

capsule nC

capital adj
capital punishment nU
see also @ punish/
punishment

captain vT

captaincy nCU

caption nC

capture vT

captivity nU

car nC
by car

captivate vT
captivating adj
captor nC
armoured car nC
Brit/ armored car nC
Am see also @
armour/ armor
estate car nC Brit
1
see also @ estate
sports car nC see
also @ sport

car railway carriage

car park nC see also

2
@ park
motor car nC see
also @ motor
police car nC see
also @ police
racing car nC
Brit/race car nC Am
1
see also @ race

capture nU
captive adj
captive nC

car nC esp Am

dining car nC see

also @ dine/dining
sleeping car nC see
1
also @ sleep /
sleeping

caravan

caravan nC Brit see

also @ trailer

carbohydrate

carbohydrate nC

buffet car nC see

also @ buffet
cablecar nC see also
@ cable
streetcar nC Am see
also @ street
caravan site nC Brit
see also @ site
caravanning nU Brit

carbon

carbon nU

carbon dioxide nU

carbon monoxide nU

card nU Brit stiff

paper

card nC postcard

cardboard nU/adj see

1
also @ board

car road passenger

vehicle

card stiff paper,

encapsulate vT

83

headword

plastic, etc

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

card nC identity,
credit, etc
card nC greetings

card nC postcard

cardboard nU/adj see

1
also @ board

postcard nC see also

1
@ post

loyalty card nC see

also @ loyal/loyalty
smart card nC see
2
also @ smart

card game

cardiac

card nC
cards n pl

birthday card nC see

also @ birth/
birthday
boarding card nC Brit
1
see also @ board
Christmas card nC
see also @ Christmas
credit card nC see
1
also @ credit
identity card nC see
also @ identity
playing card nC see
1
also @ play

cardiac adj

care for phr v look

after
take care of sb/sth

carer nC

caretaker nC

cardiac arrest nCU

cardiovascular adj
caring adj
care home nC see
2
also @ home
carelessly neg adv
carelessness nU

career woman nC

cargo nCU

cargo plane nC see

also @ plane

care vIT
care nU
careful adj
care nU
careful adj
carefully adv
careless neg adj

care /care to like to

do sth

career

career nC

care vI
care nC usu pl
care to phr v
care for phr v be
fond of

cargo

care look after

care attention

care worry

84

headword

A1

A2

B1

carpenter

carpet

carriage horse-
drawn vehicle

carriage railway
vehicle/car
3
carriage see also @
carry
carrot

B2

C1

C2

carpet nCU

carpenter nC
carpentry nU

carriage nC

carriage nC esp Brit

carpet vT
carpeting nU
carpeted adj
baby carriage nC Am
= pram nC Brit; see
also @ baby, pram
dual carriageway nC
Brit see also @ dual,
3
way

carriage nU

carrot nC

carry

carry vT lift and

move

carry on phr v
continue
carry out phr v
perform
aircraft carrier nC
2
see also @ air /
aircraft

carrier nC sb who
carries sthg
carrier nC aircraft
carrier

cart

cart nC horse-drawn
goods vehicle

cartoon

cartoon nC
animated film

carrot cake nCU see

also @ cake
3
carriage nU
carry away phr v
carry forward phr v
carry off phr v
carry over phr v
carry through phr v
mail carrier nC Am
see also @ mail
cart vT
cart/shopping cart
nC Am see also @
1
shop / shopping
put/set the cart
before the horse
idiom
cartoonist nC

85

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

cartridge

cartoon nC amusing
illustration

carve

carve vIT

case nC problem,
in case (of)
example
case nC court case
case nC medical case

case nC

in that case/ in
my/your etc case
in any/some/no
case

suitcase nC see also

2
@ suit

case furniture, etc

cash/cashier

cash nU

bookcase nC see
1
also @ book
cash vI

staircase nC see also

@ stair

cassette

cassette nC
cassette player nC

case problem,
example

case container

C2

cartridge nC

ink cartridge nC see

also @ ink
carved adj
carver nC
carving nU/adj
carvery nC
carving knife nC see
carve out phr v
also @ knife
carve up phr v

a case in point see
1
also @ point
case study nC see
also @ study

casing nC
encase vT
briefcase nC see also @ packing-case nC see
2
1
brief
also @ pack
pillowcase nC see @
pillow
vanity case nC see
1
also @ vain / vanity
showcase nC see also

1
@ show

cashier nC
in cash
cash in on
cash in hand
cash flow nU see
also @ flow
cashpoint nC Brit
see also @ point2
petty cash nU see
also @ petty

86

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

cast vT select actors

see also @ play

cassette recorder nC
1
see also @ record
video cassette nC
see also @ video

cast nC usu sing

cast throw net, etc

cast vT

castle

castle nC

cast about/around
(for) phr v
cast aside phr v
cast off phr v
cast out phr v
outcast nC
cast light on see also
1
@ light
castellated adj

casual

casual adj

casually adv

casuals n pl

casualty

casualty nC sb hurt
or killed

cat

cat nC

cat food nU

catalogue/catalog

catalyst

catalogue nC Brit/
catalog nC Am

catalogue vT Brit/
catalog vT Am
catalyst nC

casualty nU Brit =
emergency room nC
Am
cattery nC
copycat nC see also
@ copy
cataloguing adj Brit/
cataloging adj Am
catalytic adj

catastrophe

catch vIT take hold

of sth
catch vT fish, etc
catch vT apprehend

catch vT/catch up
(with sb) phr v chase

catch nC sth that is

caught

cast actors

catch grab, take

hold of sth

catastrophe nC
catastrophic adj
catch nC handle, lock,
etc

catastrophically adv
catchment nU
be caught in sth
catch fire see also @
1
fire
catch on phr v

87

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

become popular
catch sb out phr v
catch sight of sb/sth
see also @ sight
safety catch nC see
1
also @ safe /safety

catch board bus,

train, etc
3
catch become
infected with an
illness
category

catch vT

catch vT

catch (a) cold see

2
also @ cold

category nC

categorize vT

cater

cater vIT

cathedral

cathedral nC

cater for phr v

catering nU
caterer nC

catholic

catholic adj/nC

Catholicism nU

cattle

cattle n pl

cauliflower

cauliflower nC

cause

cause nC reason
cause vT

causal adj

causation nU
causality nU
causeway nC

caution nU care
caution nC warning

cautiously adv

cautionary adj
precautionary adj

cavalry

caution vT
cautious adj
precaution nC

cavalry nU

cave

cave nC

caveman nC see also

3
@ man
cave in phr v
cavern nC

causeway see also

3
@ way
caution

88

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

cavity

cavity nC

cavernous adj

CD

CD nC abbrev

CD-ROM nC abbrev

cease

cease vT formal

ceiling

ceiling nC in room

ceasefire nC see also @ cessation nC

2
fire
ceaseless neg adj
ceaselessly neg adv
unceasing neg adj
unceasingly neg adv
ceiling nC maximum

celebrate vIT

celebration nC

celebratory adj

celebrity nC

celeb nC informal

celebrate vT formal
celebrated adj
celery nU

cell nC

cellular adj

cell room in prison

cell nC esp Am
battery
cell/cellphone nC
esp Am see also @
1
phone

cell nC

cellar

cellar nC

cellmate nC see also

2
@ mate

cement

cemented adj

cemetery

cemetery nC

cement nU
cement vT

census

census nC

cent nC

percent/per cent

percentile nC

celebrate
commemorate
2
celebrate praise
sb/sth
celery
cell organism
cell battery/phone

cent money, coin

cent /per cent

89

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

centenary/
centennial
centigrade

adj/adv
percentage nCU

centigrade nU

centimetre/
centimeter see also
2
@ metre/meter
1
centre/center
middle

centimetre nC Brit/
centimeter nC Am

centre nC Brit/
center nC Am
central adj at the
centre

centre vT Brit/center central adj most

vT Am
important, crucial
central heating nU
see also @ heat/
heating
town centre nC esp
Brit see also @ town

centre nC Brit/

center nC Am
information centre/
center see also @
inform/information
medical centre/
center nC see also
@ medicine/medical
sports centre/center
nC see also @ sport
tourist information
centre/center nC
see also @ tour/
tourist

centre/center
place, building

C1

C2

centenary nC Brit
centennial nC Am

centrally adj
centralize vT

decentralize vIT
decentralization nU
decentralized neg
adj
off-centre adj Brit/
off-center adj Am
centrepiece nC Brit/
centerpiece nC Am
see also @ piece
self-centred adj Brit/
self-centered adj Am
see also @ self
leisure centre/
center nC see also
@ leisure

90

headword

century

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

ceramic

century nC 100
years

cereal

cereal nCU

century nC score of 100

in sport
ceramic adj

ceramics nU

ceremony

ceremony nC

ceremonial adj

certain adj
certainly adv

ascertain vIT formal

certain unspecified
person or thing
certificate

certain adj/pron

certainty nC
certainty nU
uncertain neg adj
uncertainty nCU

certificate nC

certification nU
certified adj
certify vT

chain

chain nCU linked

metal

chair nC

chain nC fig
events, mountains,
reaction, etc
chain vT/chain up
phr v

birth certificate nC
see also @ birth
death certificate nC
see also @ death
marriage certificate
nC see also @
marry/marriage
chained adj
chainsaw nC see
also @ saw

certain sure, in no
doubt

chair furniture

armchair nC see also

1
@ arm
wheelchair nC see
also @ wheel

ceremonially adv
ceremonious adj
ceremoniously adv
unceremoniously
neg adv
for certain
make certain of sth

deckchair nC see
also @ deck
pushchair nC Brit
see also @
stroll/stroller

91

headword

chair meeting

A1

A2

chairman nC see
3
also @ man
chairwoman nC see
2
also @ woman

challenge difficulty

challenge bid for

title, leadership, etc
chamber

challenge nC
challenge vT
question, create
problem for sb

champagne
champion

chalk

B2

C1

C2

rocking chair nC see

2
also @ rock

chair nC chairman/
woman
chairperson nC see
also @ person

chair vT

chairmanship nU

chalk nU

chalk vT

challenger nC
challenging adj
challenged adj

challenger nC

challenge nC
challenge vIT
chamber nC

champagne nU

unchallenged neg
adj
chambermaid nC
see also @ maid
chamber of
commerce nC see
also @ commerce

champion vT

by chance

chance vIT

chalky adj
chalkboard nC see
1
also @ board
chalk up phr v

champion nC
championship nC
chance nU

chance nC

chance on/upon phr

v
mischance nCU
formal
take ones chances
stand a chance of

chance nC

chance luck

chance likelihood,
possibility
3
chance opportunity

B1

92

headword
4

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

chance risk

chance nC

chancellor senior
politician
1
change become/
make different

chancellor nC Brit

change vIT become/

make different

change vT buses,
trains, planes, etc

change vI exchange

changing adj

changeable adj

change nC

changed adj
unchanged neg adj

exchange nCU

change clothes

change money

channel waterway,
etc
2
channel radio/TV
station
chant

chance vT
take a chance

unchanging neg adj
change hands see
also @ hand
change into phr v
change over phr v
changeover nC
change ones mind
1
see also @ mind
for a change
in exchange (for)
stock exchange nC
2
see also @ stock

exchange vT take
exchange rate nC
one thing for another see also @ rate
exchange vT change
money

change vT convert
money

change vIT clothes

channel nC

channel vT

interchange nCU
interchange vIT
interchangeable adj
interchangeably adv
loose change nU
small change nU
short-change vT
short-changed adj
2
see also @ short
changing room nC
1
see also @ room

channel nC

chant vT
chant nC

chanting nU

93

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

chaos

chaos nU

chaotic adj

chap

chap nC Brit informal

chaotically adv
in chaos

chapel

chapel nC

chaplain nC

chapter

chapter nC in book

character nC

characteristic nC

characterize vT

characteristic adj

characteristically adv

character nC

uncharacteristic adj
uncharacteristically
neg adv
in character
out of character

character nC

charcoal nU

charge vIT
charge nC

overcharge vIT

charged adj

charge nC
charge vT

service charge nC
1
see also @ serve /
service

in charge (of)

take charge

charge accuse

charge vT
charge nC

charity

charity nC
organization

charity nU

charitable adj

charm

charming adj

charm nC lucky charm

chart

chart nC diagram,
table, etc

charm nCU
charm vT

chart nC map

chart vT

countercharge nC
bring charges
drop (the) charges
uncharitable neg adj
charity shop nC Brit
1
see also @ shop
charmed adj
charmingly adv
uncharted neg adj

character quality

character person in
book, film, etc
3
character symbol,
letter, etc
charcoal see also @
coal
1
charge ask money
for sth
2

charge energy
supply
3
charge /in charge

94

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

charter constitution

charter nC

chase

chase vIT

chase nC

chat

chat vI
chat nCU

cheap

cheap adj

cheaply adv

chatty adj
chat up phr v
chat room nC see
1
also @ room
chat show nC Brit
2
see also @ show
chatter vI
chatter nU
chatterbox nC
informal
cheapen vI

cheat

cheat vIT
cheat nC

check vT

check nC

checkbook nC Am/
chequebook nC Brit
1
see also @ book

paycheck nC Am/pay
cheque nC Brit see also
@ pay

check nC Am/cheque travellers cheque nC

nC Brit
Brit/travelers check
nC Am see also @
travel

check in phr v
check out phr v
check-in nCU
check-out nCU

check examine,
make sure

check /cheque see

also @ cheque

check register at
hotel, airport, etc

cheating nU
cheater nC
cheat on sb
check over phr v
check up phr v
check-up nC
checklist nC see also
1
@ list
double-check vIT
see also @ double
unchecked neg adj

checkpoint nC see
2
also @ point

95

headword

A1

A2

B1

cheek

cheek nC face part

cheer /cheerful
happy

cheerio

B2

C1

C2

cheekbone nC see
also @ bone

cheer vIT
cheer nC

cheers! exclam

cheerful adj

cheerio exclam Brit

cheer vT
cheer (sb) up phr v
cheerfully adv

cheer on phr v
cheer leader nC esp
Am see also @
1
lead / leader

cheese

cheese nCU

chef
chemical/chemist/
chemistry

chemical nC

cheque/check

cheque nC Brit/
check nC Am

cherry

chemical adj
chemist nC Brit
pharmacist
chemist nC scientist
chemistry nU
travellers cheque nC
Brit/travelers check
nC Am see also @
2
check , travel

cheeseburger nC see
also @ burger
chef nC


biochemistry nU
biochemist nC
biochemical adj

chess

chest container

chestnut see also @

1
nut
chew

cheer shout

chest body part

cheesy adj

chemically adv
chemotherapy nU
see also @ therapy

chequebook nC Brit/
checkbook nC Am
1
see also @ book

pay cheque nC Brit/

paycheck nC Am see
also @ pay

cherry nC

chest nC

chess nU
chessboard nC see also
1
@ board

chest nC

chestnut nC

chest of drawers nC
see also @ drawer

chew vIT

chewy adj

96

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

chewing gum nU see

2
also @ gum

chicken

chicken nC bird
chicken nU meat
chief nC
chief adj

chick nC

chief

chiefly adv

child/children

child/children nC

childhood nCU

childbirth nCU see

also @ birth

childish adj

grandchild nC see
2
also @ grand

schoolchild/children
nC see also @
school

chill

chimney

chill vIT
chill nC usu sing
chimney nC

chilling adj
chilly adj

chin

chin nC

chew over phr v

bite off more than
you can chew idiom
see also @ bite

chieftain nC
chief executive/chief
executive officer nC
see also @ executive
commander-in-chief
nC see also @
2
command /
commander
childishly adv
childishness nU
childs play nU see
1
also @ play
childproof adj see
3
also @ proof
foster child nC see
also @ foster
godchild nC see also
@ god
chilled adj

chimneypot nC see
also @ pot
chimneystack nC
see also @ stack
chimney sweep nC
1
see also @ sweep
double chin nC see
also @ double

97

headword

A1

A2

chip computer
component

chocolate

chocolate nU
substance
chocolate nC
confectionery
chocolate nU/adj
colour

chip fried potato,

French fry

chip damage

choice choosing;
see also @ choose

B1

B2

C1

C2

chip nC esp Brit fried

potato
chip nC esp Am
snack of thin fried
potatoes = crisp nC
esp Brit
chip nC
chip vIT
chip nC
computer chip nC
see also @ computer

fish and chips nU

see also @ fish

chipped adj
chipped potato nC
Brit see also @
potato
potato chip nC Am
see also @ potato
chipped adj

silicon chip nC see

also @ silicon

chocolatier nC
chocoholic/
chocaholic nC
informal

choice nCU

multiple-choice adj
multiple-choice
question nC see also
@ multiple, question

choice variety

choice nCU act of

choosing
choice nC sth
chosen

choir

choir nC

choirboy/girl nC see
also @ boy, girl

choke

choke vIT

chorister nC
choirmaster nC see
also @ master

cholesterol

cholesterol nU

choose see also @

1&2
choice
1
chop cut, hack

choose vIT

chosen adj

choosy adj informal

chop vT

chopped adj

chopper nC Brit
chopping board nC
Brit see also @

98

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

X
1

chop piece of meat

chop nC

board
chopping block nC
Am see also @ block

chord

chord nC

chore

chore nC

chorus

chorus nC

choral adj

chorus vT

Christian/Christmas

Christian adj

Christianity nU

unchristian neg adj

Christmas nCU

Christmas day nC
usu sing

happy/merry
Christmas!

Christmas Eve nC usu

sing see also @ eve

chronic

Christian nC
Christian name nC
see also @ name
Christmas cake nCU
see also @ cake
Christmas card nC
1
see also @ card
Christmas present
nC see also @
1
present
Christmas tree nC
see also @ tree

chronic adj

chronically neg adv

chuckle

chunk

chuckle vI
chuckle nC
chunk nC

church

church nC building
church/the church
nU institution

churchyard nC see also

2
@ yard

go to church
churchgoer nC

cigarette nC

cigar nC
cigarette lighter nC
2
see also @ light /
lighter

cigar/cigarette

99

headword

cinema

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

cinema nC building

circle nC round
shape
circular adj

circuit nC

circulation bnU

encircle vT

circular leaflet sent

to many people
circumstance

circle vIT
circle nC group of
people
circulate vI

circular nC

circumstance nC usu
pl

circus

circus nC

circumstantial adj
under any/some/no
circumstances
in/under the
circumstances

cite

cite vT

citation nC

citizen

citizen nC

citizenship nU

city see also @

citizen
civic

city nC

inner city n sing

city hall nC esp Am

2
see also @ hall

senior citizen nC see

also @ senior

civic adj

civil within a country

civil adj

civilian

civilian nC
civilian adj

civil war nC see also

@ war
civil rights n pl see
5
also @ right / rights
civil servant nC
civil service n sing
2
see also @ serve /
servant/service

circle/circular

cinema nU art,
industry
cinematic adj
go to the cinema
encirclement nU
circular saw nC see
also @ saw

100

headword

civilization

A1

A2

B1

claim say that sth is

true
2
claim collect sth;
see also @ reclaim
clamp

claim vT
claim nC

clan

B2

C1

C2

civilization nCU
civilize vT

civilized adj

uncivilized neg adj

claimant nC

claim vIT
claim nC

clamp vT
clamp nC

clan nC esp Scot

clap

clarify see also @

1
clear
clash

clap vIT applaud

clap nC loud noise
(thunder, etc)
clapping nU

disclaim vT
disclaimer nC
unclaimed neg adj
lay claim to
clamped adj
clamp down (on) phr
v
wheelclamp nC see
also @ wheel
clansman/woman
nC
clannish adj
clap nC usu sing
applause

clarification nCU

classmate nC see
2
also @ mate

clash nC
clash vI

clarify vT
clarity nU

evening class nC see

also @ evening

first/second/third,
etc class nU see also
@ first
first-/second-/third-
etc class adj see also
@ first

business class nU
1
see also @ business
economy class nU
see also @
2
economy

top-class adj see

also @ top

class vT

classify vT
classification nCU

middle class nC
middle-class adj see
also @ middle

classless neg adj

class learning group class nC

classroom nC see
1
also @ room
2
class level of

service

class group of
people/things

class nC group

101

headword

A1

A2

classic

clause

claw

clay
clean

B2

C1

C2

classically adv

claw vT
claw back phr v

classical music nU
see also @ music

claw nC

clay nU

clean adj opp. dirty

clean vIT

cleaner nC
cleaning nU
vacuum cleaner nC
see also @ vacuum

cleanliness nU
cleanse vT

clear adj

clear adj
clearly adv

clearly adv
clarify vT
clarity nU
unclear neg adj
unclear neg adj

clear vT
clear adj without
obstacles

clearance nU
clearing nC

clear adv out of the

way
clear vT jump over
sth

clear obvious,
without doubt
3
clear empty,
without obstacles

clear without
touching

working class adj

1
see also @ work

classic adj
classic nC
classical adj
clause nC part of
legal document
clause nC grammar

clear not confused,

understandable; see
also @ clarify

B1

clean out phr v

clean up phr v
dry cleaning nU see
also @ dry
spring-clean viT, nU
1
see also @ spring
unclearly neg adv
clear up phr v clarify

clear-cut adj
make clear
clear away phr v
clear out phr v
clear up phr v tidy
up
clear the air see also
1
@ air
keep/steer clear of

102

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

clear adj

transparent,
cloudless
clear adj sharply-
focused, opp. blurred
clear vI weather

clearance n usu sing

space under bridge,
etc

clear vT find not

guilty

clench

clench vT

clergy

clergy n pl

clerk

clerk nC

clerical adj

clever

clever adj

click

client

client nC

click vI
click nC

cleverly adv
cleverness nU
clever at
be clever with

clientele nCU

cliff

cliff nC

climate

climate nU weather

climatic adj

climax

climate n usu sing

situation

climax nC

climax vIT

climb

climb vIT

climb nC
climber nC

rock climbing nU
1
see also @ rock

clear obtain
permission
7
clear without guilt

clear transparent,
etc

clear up phr v
improve (weather)

clear vT
clearance nCU

cleared adj
clear conscience nCU
see also @
conscience
clenched adj
clergyman nC see
3
also @ man
clerically adv

103

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

cling

cling vI

climbing nU

clinic

clip fasten

clinic nC
clinical adj

cloak

clip nC
paperclip nC

clock

oclock adv

clock nC

clone

close vIT

closing time nC see

1
also @ time

closed adj
closure nCU

closely adv

closet

close adj
close adv

enclose vT
enclosure nC

WC nC abbrev =
water closet

closet nC esp Am

cloth

cloth nCU

clothes

clothes n plural

clothe vI
clothing nU

bedclothes n pl see
1
also @ bed

tablecloth nC see
1
also @ table

cloud

cloud nCU

close shut

close near

cloakroom nC room
for coats; toilet; see
1
also @ room
alarm clock nC see
also @ alarm
put/turn the clock
forward/back

clinically adv
clinician nC
clip vT

cloak nC

cloak vT

clock in phr v
clock out phr v
clockwise adj
anti-clockwise adj
Brit
counter-clockwise
adj Am

clockwork nU/adj
around/round the
clock
work against the
clock
clock up phr v

clone nC
clone vT
close n sing

cloned adj
cloning nU
close down phr v
come/draw to a
close
enclosed adj

closeness nU

close in (on) phr v

close up phr v
closet adj
facecloth nC see
also @ face
clothes peg nC Brit /
clothes pin nC Am
see also @ peg, pin
cloud vT make sth

104

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

cloudy adj

clown

more difficult
cloud over phr v
cloudless neg adj
ash cloud nC see
also @ ash
cloudburst nC see
also @ burst
clown vI

clown nC

club nC society
club nC place of
entertainment

nightclub nC see
also @ night

club cards

club nC
club vT

clubbing nU
club together phr v
cricket/football/golf
/rugby, etc club nC
strip club nC see
1
also @ strip
golf club nC stick

club n usu pl

clue

clue nC

clumsy

clumsy adj

cluster

cluster nC

cluster vIT

clued in adj informal

clueless neg adj
informal
clumsiness nU
clumsily adv

clutch

clutch vT

clutch nC

co-

coach nC bus
coach nC railway
carriage

co-worker nC esp Am co-author nC see also

1
see also @ work /
@ author
worker

coach vT
coach nC

coaching nU

club society

club large stick

coach vehicle

coach train/trainer

stage coach nC see

1
also @ stage

105

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

coal

coal nU

coalition

coalition nC

colliery nC
charcoal nU

coarse

coarse adj

coast seashore

coast nC

coastal adj

fur coat nC see also

@ fur

coat layer of fur,

paint, etc
cocaine

coat nC
raincoat nC see also
@ rain

coarsely adv
coarseness nU
coastline nC see also @
1
line
overcoat nC

coat nC
coat vT
cocaine nU

undercoat nC
undercoat vT
coke nU informal

cock male chicken

cock nC

cockpit

cockpit nC

cocktail

cocktail nC

cocoa

cocoa nU

coconut see also @

1
nut
cod

coconut nCU

cod nU

code nC

codify vT

code secret writing

code nCU

coefficient

code vT
coded adj
decode vT
encode vT
coefficient nC

coffee

coffee nU
coffee nC
coffee adj

coffee bar nC see

1
also @ bar

coffee break nC see

2
also @ break

coffeecup nC see
also @ cup

black coffee nCU

white coffee nCU
coffee bean nC see
also @ bean

coat clothing

code set of rules

collier nC

106

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

coffin

coffin nC

cognitive

cognitive adj

coherent

coherent adj

coherence nU
incoherent neg adj

cohort

cohort nC

coil

coin

coin nC

coil nC
coil vT
coinage nU

coincide

coincide vI

coincidence nCU

cold adj

cold/the cold nU

coldly adv

cold illness

cold nC

collaborate

collaboration nU

collaborate vI

collaborative adj

collapse

collapse vI

collapse nCU

collar

collar nC

cold low
temperature

coffeepot nC see
also @ pot

cognition nU
cognitively adv
coherently adv
incoherently neg adv
incoherence nU

coiled adj
coin vT
coin it in phr v Brit
coincidental adj
coincidentally adv
coldness nU
give sb the cold
shoulder see also @
shoulder
put/pour/throw cold
water on sth see
also @ water
in cold blood see
also @ blood
catch (a) cold
collaborator nC
collaboratively adv
in collaboration with

collar vT informal
collarbone nC see
also @ bone

107

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

colleague nC

dog collar nC see

also @ dog
blue-collar adj
white collar adj

collect gather, save

(e.g. as a hobby)
2
collect pick sth up
from somewhere
college

collect vT
collection nC

collectively adv

collect vT

collector nC
collective adj
collection nC

college nC

collide/collision

collision nC

collide vI

colliery see @ coal

colliery nC

colon punctuation

colonel

colon nC
semi-colon nC
colonel nC

colony

colony nC
colonial adj

colonialist nC

colour/color

colour nC Brit/color
nC Am

colour vT Brit/color
vT Am

coloured adj Brit/

colored adj Am

colourful adj Brit/

colorful adj Am

watercolour nC Brit/
watercolor nC Am

colonialist adj
colonize vT
colonialism nU
colonist nC
colonization nU
colouring nU Brit/
coloring nU Am

colleague
1

colourless neg adj

Brit/ colorless neg
adj Am
colour-blind adj Brit/
color-blind adj Am
see also @ blind
discolour vIT Brit/
discolor vIT Am

108

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

discoloration nU
column

column nC pillar

comb

combat

comb nC
comb vT hair

combine

come

come vI arrive
come vI approach
come in phr v enter
come from phr v
born/ live
somewhere
come to/for phr v
come + purpose

column nC in book,
newspaper, etc

combat nU
combat vT

combine vIT
combination nC

combined adj

comb vT search
comb through phr v
combatant nC/adj
non-combatant nC/
adj
combative adj

coming nC arrival

come home see also

@ home

come down phr v

reduce, e.g. price

coming adj
happening soon

newcomer nC

comeback nC
incoming adj

come about phr v

happen
come across/by phr
v find by chance
come across phr v
communicate
come along phr v
progress, develop
come along phr v
accompany
come apart phr v
disintegrate
come between phr v
prevent, cause
disagreement
come by phr v
overtake
come by phr v visit
come forward phr v
volunteer
come in phr v come
into fashion
come into phr v

109

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

inherit
come off phr v fall
off
come off phr v
succeed
come on! exclam
hurry up; support
come on phr v
appear on stage, etc
come on phr v
improve
come out phr v
emerge
come out phr v
appear, be produced,
etc
come out phr v
bloom, etc
come out with phr v
say, express
come to/and see
visit
come round/around
phr v visit
come round phr v
occur regularly
come round/to phr v
regain consciousness
come round/around
phr v change ones
mind, agree
come through phr v
survive
come to phr v total

110

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

come under phr v be

responsibility of
come up phr v be
mentioned
come up against phr
v face problem, etc
come up for phr v
be due for
come up to phr v
approach
come up with phr v
invent, etc
oncoming adj
upcoming adj esp
Am

comedy/comic

comedy nCU
comic adj

comic nC magazine

comedian nC

comet

comet nC

comfort pleasant
feelings,
surroundings, etc
2
comfort
sympathise, soothe

comfortable adj

comfort nCU

uncomfortable neg
adj

discomfort nCU

uncomfortably neg
adv

comma

comma nC

comfort vT
comfort nU
comforting adj

command nC

command vT

inverted commas n pl
see also @ invert

command nU

command vT
commander nC

commanding adj
in command
take command
commander-in-chief
nC see also @ chief

command order
command lead

comic nC comedian
comical adj
comedienne nC

111

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

commemorate see
@ memory
commence

commemorate vT

commencement nU

comment/
commentary
commerce/
1
commercial

comment nCU

comment vIT

commence vIT
formal

command post nC
5
see also @ post
commemoration nU
commemorative adj

commentate vI

commercial adj

commerce nU

commentary nCU
commentator nC

commercially adv

commercial nC

chamber of
commerce nC see
also @ chamber

commission nC

commissioner nC

commission vT

commit do sth
commit vT
illegal
2
commit /committed
believe in/support
sth
committee
committee nC

commitment nU

commit suicide see

also @ suicide

committed adj

sub-committee nC

commit vI
non-committal neg
adj

commodity

commodity nC

common adj

commonly adv

uncommon neg adj

common adj
in common

uncommonly neg
adv
by common consent
see also @ consent
common sense nU/
commonsense adj
3
see also @ sense
common nC

commercial

advertisement
1
commission official
committee
2
commission start
1

common usual,
frequent

common shared

112

headword

A1

A2

B1

commons

commonplace

commonwealth

communal/
community

community nC

communicate

communication nU

B2

C1

C2

the Commons nU
Brit
the House of
Commons nU Brit

commonplace adj

commonwealth nU
esp Brit

communal adj

communicate vIT

communicative adj

bedroom
community nC Am
see also @ bed/
bedroom, dormitory
town
communication nC

telecommunications
nU

communion

communism

communist nC

communist adj

communism nU

communion nU
religious ceremony

commuter

compact

company nC

company nU
companion nC

compare vIT

comparison nCU

company presence
company business,
corporation
compare

telecommunication
adj
telecom adj informal

compact adj

commuter nC
commute vI

keep sb company
part company

comparable adj
comparative adj

comparatively adv

compact vT

incomparable adj
beyond/without
comparison
by/in comparison
(with)

113

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

compartment

compartment nC

compass device for

finding direction
compassion

compass nC

compartmentalize
vT Brit

compassion nU

compassionate adj

compassionately adv

compatible

compatible adj

compel/compulsion

compensate

compensation nU

compel vT
compulsory adj

compatibility nCU
incompatible neg adj
compelling adj
compulsion nU

compete/
competition
competent

competition nCU

compete vI

competitive adj

competitor nC

competence nCU

competent adj

competing adj
competitiveness nU
incompetent neg adj

compile

compile vT

compilation nC

uncompetitive neg
adj
competently adv
incompetently neg
adv
incompetence nU
compiler nC

complacent

complain/
1
complaint

complaint illness

complain vIT
complaint nCU act/
instance of
complaining

complacent adj
complacency nU

complaint nC

complement

complete finished

complete adj
complete vT

completion nU

complement vT
complement nC
complementary adj
incomplete neg adj

complete adj

complete very

compensate vI

compensated adj

complainant nC
uncomplaining neg
adj

completed adj
incompletely neg
adv
incompleteness nU

114

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

great, total
3
complete fill in
form, etc
1
complex
complicated
2
complex group of
buildings
3
complex
psychological
condition
complexion

completely adv

complete vT

complex adj

complexity nCU

complex nC

complex nC

complexion nC

complicate

complication nCU

compliment

complicate vT
complicated adj

comply

comply vI

compliance nU
compliant adj

compliment nC
compliment vT
complimentary adj

uncomplicated neg
adj
uncomplimentary
neg adj

component

component nC

non-compliance nU
non-compliant neg
adj

compose write
music, poetry, etc/
composition
2
compose make

composite adj

compost

compose vT
composition nU

compose vIT
composer nC
composition nCU

compost nU

compound nC

composite nC
be composed of
compost vT
compost heap nC
Brit/ compost pile
nC Am see also @
heap, pile

compound vT

compound
chemical substance
2
compound make

115

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

worse
comprehend

comprehensive

comprehensive adj

comprehend vIT
comprehension nU
incomprehensible neg
adj

comprise

comprisevT formal

compromise

compromise nCU

compromise vI

computer

computer nC

computer chip nC
3
see also @ chip
laptop computer nC
see also @ lap/
laptop

compute vIT formal

computing nU

computerize vT
computational adj

comrade

comrade nC

con deception

conceal

conceal vT formal

con nC

con nC informal
deception
con vT informal deceive

concede/concession

conceit

concede vT
concession nC

concept nC

conceive vT
conception nC

conceptual adj

conceit nU
conceited adj
conceivable adj

conceive vIT

con disadvantage

conceive think,
believe/ concept
conceive become

comprehensively
adv

uncompromising neg
adj
computerization nU
computer-literate
adj
computer literacy
nU see also @
literacy/literate
comradeship nU
pros and cons n pl
see also @ pro
conman nC see also
3
@ man
concealed adj
concealment nU
unconcealed neg adj


inconceivable neg
adj
misconception nC
conception nC

116

headword

pregnant/
conception see also
@ contraception

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

conception nU
contraception nU

concentrate vI
concentration nU

concentrate vIT

concentration nCU

concern nCU
concern vT
concerned adj

as/so far as sb/sth is

concerned

concern business,
company, etc
concert

concern nC

concern vT
concerned adj
concerning prep
formal


concert nC

concerted

concerted adj

concert hall nC see

2
also @ hall
in concert

concerto

concerto nC

concession see also

@ concede
1
conclude decide

concede vT
concession nC

conclusive adj

inconclusive neg adj

concrete vT

concurrent adj

concentrate think
hard
2
concentrate make
denser

concern worry,
responsibility
2

concern be about,
involve

conclude vT
conclusion nC

concrete building
material
2
concrete definite

conclude vI
conclusion nC

concrete adj

concrete nU
concrete adj

concurrent see @

conclude finish

conception nC
contraceptive nC
contraceptive adj

concentrate nC
concentrated adj
concentration camp
nC see also @ camp
unconcerned neg adj
show concern for

117

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

current
condemn

condemn vT

condemnation nU

concurrently adv
condemned adj

condense

condition nCU

conditions n pl
circumstances

conditioning nU

condensed milk nU
see also @ milk
in/out of condition

condition
stipulation

condition nC

air-conditioning nU/
air-conditioned adj
1
see also @ air
conditional adj

condense vIT
condensation nU

condom

condom nC

unconditional neg
adj
unconditionally neg
adv
on condition that

conducive

conducive adj

conduct vT

conduct nU formal

misconduct nU

conduct vT

conduct vIT
conductor nC

conduct oneself v
formal

conduct carry
electricity, heat, etc

cone/conical

confederation see
@ federal/
federation
confer discuss /
conference
confess

conference nC

condition state

conduct carry out

conduct behaviour
conduct lead
musicians
4
conduct guide, lead
5

conduction nU

cone nC

conductor nC bus,
train, etc
conduct vIT
conductor nC
semi-conductor nC

confederation nC

confer vI

confess vIT

confession nC

press conference nC
2
see also @ press
confessor nC

conical adj

118

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

confide vIT/confide
in phr v
confidential adj

confidentiality nU

confidence
certainty, etc

confidence nU
certainty

confidence nU trust
confident adj

confidently adv

configuration

configuration nCU

confine

confine vT

confinement nU

confirm

confirmation nU

conflict

conflict nCU

confirm vT agree
that sth is true
confirm vT approve

confined adj
confines n pl
unconfirmed neg adj

conflict vI

conform

conform vI

conformity nU

confront

confront vT

confrontation nCU

non-conformist adj/
nC
non-conformity nU
confrontational adj

confuse

congratulate

congratulate vT

congregation

confuse vT
confused adj
confusing adj
confusion nU
congratulations!
npl/exclam

congregation nC

congregate vIT

congress parliament

congress nC esp Am

congressional adj

congressman/
congresswoman nC
Am see also @
3
2
man / woman
conjunction nC

conjunction nCU

in conjunction with

confidence secrecy

conjunction part of
speech
2
conjunction /in

confidence nC
in confidence
take (sb) into ones
confidence
self-confidence nU/
self-confident adj
see also @ self
configure vT

119

headword

conjunction (with)
1
connect join, etc

A1

A2

connection nC joint,
etc

connect vIT join

connect relate

conquer/conquest

conscience

conscientious

B1

B2

C1

C2

connect vT put
through by phone
connection nC
electrical, telephone,
etc
connection nC
transport
connect vT
connection nC

disconnect vT

connected adj
disconnected neg
adj
connecting adj

conquer vIT

conscience nCU

conquest nCU
conqueror nC

connected adj
unconnected neg adj
in connection with
conquered adj
conquering adj
in all/good
conscience
on ones conscience
have a clear/guilty
conscience see also
1
@ clear /guilty

unconscious neg adj

conscious aware

conscious adj aware

conscious adj
consciousness nU

consecutive

consensus

consent

consent nU

conscious awake

conscientious adj
conscientiously adv

unconsciousness nU

consecutive adj

conscious adj
deliberate
consciously adv
deliberately
unconscious neg adj
unconsciously neg adv

self-conscious/
consciousness nU
see also @ self/self-
subconscious nU/adj
subconsciously adv

consecutively adv

consensus nU

consent vI

consensual adj
by common consent

120

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

see also @ common

consequence

consequence nC

consequently adv

consequent adj formal

conservation

conservation nU

conservative

conservative adj
traditional
consideration nU
formal

conservative nC

conserve vT
conservationist nC
conservatism nU

considering prep/
conj

reconsider vIT

reconsideration nCU
all things considered
in consideration of
take into
consideration
all things considered
inconsiderate neg
adj

consider vIT

consider give
attention to sbs
feelings
considerable

considerate adj

consider vT
consideration nU

considerable adj

considerably adv

consist

consist of vI

inconsiderable neg
adj

consistent

consistent adj

consistently adv

consistency nU

inconsistent neg adj

inconsistency nCU

consolidate

consolidate vT

consolidation nU

consonant

consonant nC

consortium

consortium nC

conspicuous

conspicuous adj

conspiracy/conspire

conspiracy nC

constable

constable nC

conspicuously adv
inconspicuous neg
adj
inconspicuously neg
adv
conspire vI
conspirator nC
constabulary nU

consider think/
considering

121

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

constant

constant adj

constantly adv

constant nC

constituency

constituent nC

constitute

constituency nC esp
Brit
constitute vT formal

constituent nC

constituent adj

constitution

constitutional adj

constitution nC

constrain

constrain vT formal
constraint nC

construct

construction nU

reconstruction nU

reconstruct vT

constructive

construct vT
construction nC

unconstitutional neg
adj
constrained adj
unconstrained neg
adj

constructive adj

consul

consult

consumer nC

consultancy nC
consultative adj
consulting adj

consume
contact

contact nCU

contact vT

consul nC
consulate nC
consult vT
consultant nC
consultation nCU
consume vT
consumption nU

contain see also @

1
content /contents
contaminate

contain vT

container nC
general: box, etc

self-contained adj
see also @ self/self-
uncontaminated neg
adj

contemplate

contemplate vT

container nC for
transportation
contaminate vT
contaminated adj
contamination nU
contemplation nU

contemporary

contemporary adj at
the same time

contemporary adj
modern
contemporary nC

contemporaneous
adj formal
contemporaneously
adv formal

constructively adv
unconstructive neg
adj
consular adj

122

headword

contempt

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

contempt nU

contend vT formal

content /contents
see also @ contain
2
content satisfied

content nCU
contents n pl

contention nC formal
contentious adj
contender nC
contention nU

content adj

contented adj
discontent nU

contest

contest nC

contest vT

contestant nC

context

context nCU

contextual adj

continent

continent nC

contingency

the continent n sing

Europe
continental adj

continue

continue vIT

continuous adj

continued adj
continuing adj

contour

continually adv
continuation nCU
continuity nU
continuously adv

contingency nC
contingent adj
continual adj
continuum nC

contraception see

contend claim
contend compete

contemptible adj
contemptuous adj
contemptuously adv

contend vI
table of contents nC
2
see also @ table
contentment nU
content vT
contentedly adv
discontented neg adj
to ones hearts
content see also @
1
heart
incontestable neg
adj
contextualize vT
contextualization nU
contextually adj
in/out of context
continental
breakfast nC see
also @ breakfast

discontinue vT

contour nC

contraception nU

contraceptive nC

123

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

also @ conceive /
conception
1
contract legal
agreement
2
contract get
smaller
contradict

contraceptive adj
contract nC

contractor nC

contractual adj

contract vT

contract vI

contraction nC

contracting adj

contradiction nCU

contradict vT
contradictory adj

contrary

contrary adj

the contrary n sing

contrast

contrast nCU

contrast vI

contribute

contributor nC

contributory adj

control

control nCU
control vT

contribute vT
contribution nC

self-contradicting
adj
self-contradiction
nCU see also @ self
on the contrary
exclam
to the contrary
contrasting adj
by/in contrast
in contrast to/with

controlled adj
controller nC

uncontrolled neg adj

birth control nU see

also @ birth
border control nU
see also @ border
control room nC see
1
also @ room
control tower nC
see also @ tower
passport control nU
see also @ passport
remote control nCU
see also @ remote
self-control nU see
also @ self
uncontrollable neg
adj

124

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

uncontrollably neg
adv
in/under control
out of control
controversially asdv
uncontroversial neg
adj
uncontroversially
neg adv

controversy

controversy nCU
controversial adj

convene see also @

2
convention

convenience

convenient adj

convenience nU

convene vIT
convention nC
conference
conveniently adv
inconvenience nU
inconvenient adj

convent

convent nC

convention nCU
conventional adj

convention nCU
conventional adj

convention
conference; see also
@ convene
converge

convention nC

conversation

conversation nC

conversely

conversely adv

converge vI
convergence nCU
conversational adj
converse vI

convert

convert vIT change

conversion nCU

convert vT change
religion

convention
tradition

inconveniently adv
convenience nC
lavatory
public convenience
nC see also @ public

unconventional neg
adj
conventionally adv
unconventionally
neg adv

converse n sing

125

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

convey

convey vT

convict/conviction

conviction nCU

convict vT

convince

convinced adj

convincing adj

convincingly adj

cook

cook vIT

cooking oil nC see

also @ oil

conviction nCU
strong belief
convince vT
cook nC
cooker nC
cookery book nC
Brit/ cookbook nC
Am see also @
1
book

cooking nU

cooked adj
cookery nU

cookie see also @

biscuit
cool

cookie nC esp Am

cool adj opp. warm

cool vIT

coolly adv

cooperate

cooperation bU

cooperate vI
cooperative adj

convert nC
converter/convertor
nC
convertible adj
convertible nC soft
top car
conveyance nC
convicted adj
convict nC
unconvincing neg adj
unconvincingly neg
adv
overcooked adj
uncooked neg adj
undercooked adj
cook up phr v
pressure cooker nC
1
see also @ press /
pressure

cool adj emotionally
cool, calm
cool adj fun,
fashionable
coolant nCU
cooler nC
cooling adj
coolness nU
coolbox nC Brit see
1
also @ box
cooperative nC
uncooperative neg

126

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

coordinate vT

coordination nU
coordinator nC

cop/copper police

cope/cope with

copper metal

cop/copper nC
informal
cope vI
cope with phr v

adj
coordinate nC
uncoordinated neg
adj

copper nU

copper coin

copper nC Brit usu pl

copper adj
composition; colour

copy

copy nC duplicate
copy vT

copy nC fake

copycat nC see also

@ cat

copyright

copy nC book,
paper, etc
copier nC
photocopy vT
photocopy nC
photocopier nC
photocopied adj

copyright nCU

copyright vT

coral

coral nCU

cord thin rope

cord nCU

core

core nC fruit

cork

core nC centre, most

important part of sth
core adj

coral reef nC see

also @ reef
ripcord nC see also
@ rip
to the core

corn grain

corn nU

coordinate

cork nC
cork nU
cork vT

corkscrew nC see
also @ screw
cornflake nC see
also @ flake
peppercorn nC see
1
also @ pepper

127

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

corner

corner nC

corner vIT

corporation

corporate adj

corporation nC

popcorn nU see also

4
@ pop
sweetcorn nU Brit
1
see also @ sweet
cornerstone nC see
also @ stone
around/round the
corner
be in a tight corner
cut corners
turn the corner

corps

corps nC

corpse

corpse nC

correct

correct adj

correct vT rectify
correctly adv

correction nC act,
instance of
correcting
correlate vIT formal

correlate

correct vT grade
academic work
incorrect neg adj

correspond match,
be alike
2
correspond write
letters

correspondence nC
correspondingly adv

corridor

correspond vI formal
correspondent nC
reporter
corridor nC

correspond vI
corresponding adj
correspondence nU

correctness nU
corrective adj
incorrectly neg adv
correlated adj
uncorrelated neg adj

corrupt

corruption nU

corrupt adj

cos/cos see also @

because
cosmetic

cos/cos conj/prep
informal

corrupt vT
incorruptible neg adj

cosmetic adj

cosmetics n pl

cosmos

cosmic adj

cosmos nU
cosmonaut nC

correlation nC

128

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

cost

cost nCU
cost vT

costly adj formal

costs n pl

costume

costume nCU

cosy/cozy

cosy adj esp Brit/cozy

adj esp Am

cot

cot nC

cottage

cottage nC

cotton

cotton nU

couch sofa

couch nC

cottage industry nC
see also @ industry
cottonwool nU Brit
see also @ wool

cough

coughing nU

could see also @

can
council

could modal past of

can

cough vIT

cough nC
could modal request could modal
suggestion
council nC
councillor nC
council house nC Brit
1
see also @ house

could modal
possibility

counsel vI
counsel nU
counselling nU Brit/
counseling nU Am
counsellor nC Brit/

keep ones counsel

counsel advise

at all costs
at the cost of
cost of living nC usu
sing see also @ life/
living
bathing costume nC
see also @ beth/
bathe
swimming costume
nC see also @
swim/swimming
cosily adv Brit/ cozily
adv Am
cosiness nU Brit/
coziness nU Am

129

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

counselor nC Am

count total

count vIT numbers

count nC adding

count /count on/

count upon rely on
1
counter surface in
shop, etc
2
counter oppose

counteract see @
1
act
counterpart

counsel lawyer
1

C1

C2

counsel nC
counselor nC esp Am

countless neg adj

count on phr v

counter nC
countable adj
uncountable neg adj
countable/
uncountable noun
nC see also @ noun
count against phr v
be to ones
disadvantage
count down phr v
towards zero
countdown nC
count in phr v
include
count out phr v
count aloud
count sb out phr v
exclude
count up phr v total
sperm-count nC see
also @ sperm

counter nC

counter vIT

counterpart nC

over the counter

under the counter
counter adj/adv
counteract vT
counteraction nCU

130

headword
1

country nation

A1

A2

B1

B2

county

country nU
country adj
countryside nU
county nC

coup

coup nC

couple

couple vT

a couple (of) n sing

informal two, a few

coupon

couple nC

coupon nC

courage

courageously adv

courage nU
courageous adj

discourage vT

encourage vT urge
on
encourage vT give
confidence to sb

encouragement nU
giving confidence
encouraging adj

discouraging neg adj

discouragement nU

course nC

course nC

coursebook nC see
1
also @ book

course nC

of course exclam

in the course of
in due course
main course nC see
1
also @ main

course nC

course route,
direction, journey
3
course part of meal
course /of course
course in sport, etc

country rural area

course class

C2

country nC nation,
state

C1

country n sing
countrys population

cross-country adj see

1
also @ cross

assault course nC
see also @ assault
golf course nC see
also @ golf
obstacle course nC
see also @ obstacle
race course nC see

131

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

X
1

also @ race
courthouse nC esp
Am see also @
2
house
courtroom nC esp
Am see also @
1
room

court nCU
law court/court of
law nC see also @
1
law

court try to gain

favour
3
court tennis etc
ground
courtesy

court vT

court nC

courtesy nCU

courteous adj

courtyard see also

2
@ yard
cousin

courtyard nC

tennis court nC see

also @ tennis
courteously adv
discourteously neg
adv
discourtesy nCU
discourteous neg adj

cousin nC

cover vT

cover nC lid, outside

of book, etc

uncover vT

cover news, etc

cow

cow nC

cover vT
coverage nU

covering nU
covered adj
uncovered neg adj
cover up phr v place
cover over sth
cover up phr v
conceal
cover-up nC
take cover
under cover

cowboy nC see also

@ boy

court legal building

cover place sth over

sth

sacred cow nC see

also @ sacred

132

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

coward

coward nC

cozy/cosy

cozy adj esp Am/ cosy

adj esp Brit

crab

crab nC

crack partial break

crack nC

crack vT

cracked adj

cracker see also @

biscuit
cradle

cracker nC esp Am

crack down (on) phr

v
crackdown nC
crack up phr v
crackle vI
crackle nCU
crackling nU

cradle nC

cradle vT

craft nC

craft vT
craftsman nC see also
3
@ man

craft boat, vehicle,

etc

aircraft nC see also

2
@ air

hovercraft nC Brit
see also @ hover

cram

craft nC
spacecraft nC see
2
also @ space

craftsmanship nU
witchcraft nU see
also @ witch
arts and crafts n pl
1
see also @ art

cram vT

cranberry

crane lifting
machine
crap

crane nC

crap nU informal

craft skilled work

cowardice nU
cowardly adj
cozily adv Am/cosily
adv Brit
coziness nU Am/
cosiness nU Brit

cram in phr v
crammed adj
cranberry nC see
also @ berry

crap vI informal
crap adj informal

133

headword

A1

A2

crash

crate

crater

B1

B2

C1

C2

crap! exclam
informal
crappy adj informal

crash helmet nC see

also @ helmet

crash nC accident,
collision
crash vI

crate nC

crate vT

crater nC

cratered adj

crave

crave vT

craving nC

crawl

crawl vI move on all

fours

crawling adj

crazy

crazy adj informal

insane
cream nU thick milk
cream nCU semi-
liquid substance
ice cream nCU see
also @ ice

crawl vI move slowly

crawl nC slow
movement

creamy adj

cream n sing the

best part of sth
cream off phr v
remove best part
shaving cream nU
see also @ shave
creamy adj

cream colour

cream nU/adj

create/creature

create vT

creation nCU

creative adj
creature nC

creativity nU
creator nC
recreate vT

credential

credential nC usu pl

procreate vIT
procreation nU

credible

incredibly neg adv

incredible neg adj

credibly adv

credit nU

credit card nC see

1
also @ card

creditor nC

credible adj
credibility nU
credit vT

cream thick milk &

semi-liquid
substances

credit paying after

purchase

creatively adv

134

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

creed

creed nC

creek stream

creek nC

up the creek

creep

creep vI

crest

crest nC

crew

crew nC

cricket game

cricket nU

cricketer nC

crest vIT
crested adj
crew vIT
crewman nC see
3
also @ man
cricketing nU

crime

crime nC
criminal adj

criminal nC

crisis/critical

crisis nC

critical adj

critically adv

crisp

crispy adj informal

potato crisp nC esp
Brit see also @
potato

criterion/criteria

criterion nC

crisp adj
crisp nC esp Brit
snack of thin fried
potatoes = chip nC
esp Am

criticism nU

critically adv

self-critical adj
self-criticism nU

critic nC sb who
criticizes
criticize vIT

critic nC
criticism nU

critique nC

literary critic nC
literary criticism nU
see also @
literarature/literary

critic /criticize/
criticism negative
comment
2
critic /criticism
reviewing

criminally adv
criminalize vT
incriminate vT
crime scene nC see
also @ scene
crime wave nC see
2
also @ wave

135

headword

crooked

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

crooked adj bent

crop nC

crook nC informal
criminal
crooked adj informal
criminal

crop vT

cropped adj

cross vIT

crossing nC street,
railway, etc

crossroads n pl see
also @ road

crossing nC journey
across

cross-section nC see
also @ section

cross vT fold ones

arms, legs, fingers,
etc
cross nC

cross-country adj
2
see also @ country
cross-sectional adj
see also @ section
level crossing nC Brit
2
see also @ level
pedestrian crossing
nC see also @
pedestrian
railroad crossing nC
1
Am see also @ rail
zebra crossing nC
Brit see also @
zebra
cross off/out phr v
cross ones fingers

cross vT

crop plant
crop trim, cut short
1

cross move across,

intersect

cross nC symbol
cross nC ornament,
structure, etc

cross angry

cross adj

crossly adv

crossword/
crossword puzzle
see also @ puzzle
crouch

crossword nC
crossword puzzle nC

crouch vI

crouch nC

crowd

crowd nC

crowd vIT
crowded adj

overcrowd vT
overcrowded adj

cross symbol x/+

cross mixture

136

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

crown

crown nC royal
headgear

crucial

crucial adj

crude

cruel

cruel adj

cruise

crumb/crumble

crunch

crusade

C2

crown nC top of sth

head, hill, etc
crown vT
crucially adv

crowned adj

crude adj simple

crude adj unrefined
crude adj rude,
pornographic
cruelty nU

crudely adv

cruelly adv

cruise vIT
cruise nC

cruiseliner nC see
also @ liner

cruiser nC heavy
warship
cruiser nC large holiday
ship
crumb nC
crumble vIT
crunch n usu sing

crusade nC

crush

crush vT flatten

crust

crusade vI
crusader nC
crushed adj
crushing adj
crusty adj

crux n usu sing

breadcrumb n usu pl
see also @ bread
crunch vI

crust nCU

crush vT suppress
crush n usu sing

cry vIT

cry n sing

crying nU

cry shout

cry out (for) phr v

outcry nC
a far cry from

crystal

cry nC shout
cry nC bird, animal,
etc noise
cry vI

crystal nC

crystal adj
crystalline adj
crystallize vIT
crystallized adj
crystallization nU

cry weep

137

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

cube

cube nC

cubic adj

cucumber

cucumber nC

cue

cue nC reminder for

actor
cue nC signal

cuff

cuisine

cuisine nCU

cuff nC sleeve end

handcuff nC usu pl see
1
also @ hand
cuff nC usu pl
handcuffs

cue vT
on cue
take ones cue from
sb
handcuff vT see also
1
@ hand
cuff vT handcuff
cufflinks n pl see
also @ link

culminate

cult

cult nC

cultivate

culture nCU
cultural adj
cultural adj

culture nU

culture way of life

2

culture music,
literature, etc
cumulative see also
@ accumulate
cunning
cup

culminate vI
culmination nC usu sing

cultivate vT farm,
etc

cultivation nU

culturally adv

cultivate vT develop
sth
cultivated adj
cultivator nC
multi-cultural adj

cumulative adj

cunning adj

cup nC drinking
container
cup nC content of
cup
cup of coffee, tea,

cup nC prize,
competition for prize
cup

eggcup nC see also

@ egg

coffeecup nC see
also @ coffee
teacup nC see also
1
@ tea

cult adj

cultured adj
uncultured neg adj
cumulatively adv
cunning nU
cunningly adv
cup vT
cup nC cup-shaped
object
cupcake nC see also
@ cake

138

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

etc

cupboard

cupboard nC

cupful nC
cup and saucer see
also @ saucer

curator

curator nC

curb see also @

kerb

cure

cure nC
cure vT
curious adj

curb vT
curb nC
curb nC Am/kerb nC Brit curbstone nC Am/
roadside
kerbstone nC Brit/
see also @ stone

cured adj

curiosity nU

curious unusual

curl

curl up phr v
curler nC

currency

currency nCU

curl vIT
curl nC
curly adj

curious adj
curiously adv
curiosity nC

current adj

currently adv

current flow in
liquid
3
current flow of
electricity

current nC

concurrent adj
concurrently adv
current affairs n pl
see also @ affair

current nC

curriculum

curriculum nC

curricular adj

alternating current/
AC nCU
direct current/DC
nCU
extracurricular adj

curriculum vitae/CV
see also @ resume/

curriculum vitae nC
Brit

curious inquisitive

current
contemporary

139

headword

rsum
curry

A1

A2

B1

B2

curry nCU

curse spell

curtain

curtain nC

curve

cushion

custody
1

C1

CV nC abbrev Brit

C2

curse vI
curse nC
curse vI
curse nC

curry house nC see

2
also @ house

curve nC
curve vIT

cushion nC small
pillow

curved adj
curvature nU
cushion nC protection
cushion vT

custody nU

custom tradition

customary adj

custom nCU
tradition, habit

curtain vT
curtain off phr v
curvy adj informal
curvaceous adj
cushioned adj
pin cushion nC see
1
also @ pin
custodial adj
custodian nC

accustom vT

custom business/
customer
customs tax
department

customer nC

accustomed adj
unaccustomed neg
adj
custom nU esp Brit

cut

cut vT with knife, etc cut nC opening, slit,

cut vT reduce
injury
cut nC reduction

customs n pl
customs officer nC
2
see also @ office

cutting nC clipping
from newspaper, etc

cutter nC

uncut neg adj

cut up phr v slice

haircut nC see also
@ hair

cut across phr v take

shortcut
cut back phr v
reduce, economize
cutback nC

curse swear

140

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

cutlery

cutlery nU

reduction
cut down phr v
reduce
cut in phr v interrupt
cut out phr v
remove
cut out phr v stop
doing sth
cut short phr v
short cut nC see also
1
@ short
cut up about sth phr
v upset

cute

cute adj

CV see @
curriculum vitae,
2
resume /rsum
1
cycle series of
events
2
cycle bicycle; see
also @ bicycle

cycle nC

curriculum vitae nC
Brit
CV nC abbrev Brit

cyclic/cyclical adj

cyclist nC

cycling nU

motorcyclist nC see
also @ motor

cylinder

cycle vI
cycle nC
motorcycle nC see
also @ motor

cylinder nC tube

cylindrical adj

cynic

cylinder nC engine
part

cynical adj

Dd

cynic nC
cynically adv
cynicism nU

dad/daddy

dad nC informal
daddy nC informal

sugar daddy nC see

also @ sugar

141

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A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

daft

granddad/grandad
nC informal see also
2
@ grand

daily see also @ day

daily adj/adv

dairy

dam

damage

damage nU
damage vT

dam nC
dam vT

dairy adj
dairy nC

daily nC daily
newspaper

damn

damn/damned adj/
adv cursed
damn! exclam

damn vT

damp

damp adj

dance

dance vIT
dance nC particular
dance nU general
dance nC event

dancer nC

dancing nU

danger

in danger

dangle

danger nCU
dangerous adj

endanger vT
endangered adj

ballroom dancing nU
2
1
see also @ ball / room
ballet dancing nU
ballet dancer nC see
also @ ballet
dangerously adv

damaged adj
damaging adj
damages n pl legal
compensation
undamaged neg adj
damnation nU
goddamn! exclam
damn/damned adj
informal very
damp nU
dampness nU
damp/dampen vT
make sth damp
damp/dampen vT
discourage

daft adj informal

dangle vIT

in danger of
out of danger

142

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A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

dare

dare vI

dark

dark adj not light

dark adj colour

dark/the dark nU
darkness nU

darken vIT

darling

darling nC

dare nC
daring nU
daring adj
daredevil nC/adj see
also @ devil
darkly adv
in the dark not
knowing
before/after dark
darling adj

dart vI

dart nC

dash punctuation

dash nC

dash vI
dash nC

darts n sing board

game
dash off phr v

data

data n pl

database nC see
1
also @ base
date vT write date
out-of-date adj
up-to-date adj

date vT assign age

update vT
modernize
update vT inform of
new developments
update nC

date vIT
date nC social
meeting

date nC sb one goes

out with
dating nU

data-processing nU
1
see also @ process
dated adj out-of-
date
updated adj
backdate vT
outdated adj
predate vT
postdate vT
date back to/from
date of birth n sing
see also @ birth
date rape nCU see
also @ rape
dating agency nC
see also @ agent/
agency

dart move quickly

dart weapon; for
board game
1
dash run, hurry
2

date day/month etc date nC day/month/

year, etc
date nC particular
date

date to go out with

sb

143

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A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

foster daughter nC
see also @ foster
goddaughter nC see
also @ god
daunt vT
dauntless neg adj
undaunted neg adj
dawn vI get light
from dawn to/till
dusk see also @
dusk

daughter

daughter nC

granddaughter nC
2
see also @ grand

daunt

daughter-in-law nC see
also @ in-law
great-granddaughter
2
nC see also @ great
daunting adj

dawn nCU

dawn realize

dawn/dawn on sb phr v

day see also @

today

day nC 24 hours
day nC opp. night
day nC working day

daily adj/adv
midday n sing
nowadays adv

birthday nC see also

@ birth
weekday nC see also
@ week

daylight nU see also

1
@ light
daytime nU see also
1
@ time

the day after

tomorrow
the day before
yesterday

dawn sunrise

daily nC daily
newspaper
daybreak/break of
day n sing see also
2
@ break
market day nC see
1
also @ market
day after day
day and night/night
and day
day by day
day in, day out
day off
day-to-day
by day
one day
the other day
these days
(in) those days
in sbs day
one/some day

144

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

dead not alive; see

also @ death, die
2
dead completely

dead adj
death nCU

deadly adj

the dead nU

dead adv informal

deadline

deadline nC

deaf

deaf adj
deafen vT

deal vT
deal in phr v

dealing nU

deal/deal with phr v

deal nC
dealer nC

deal vIT
dealer nC

deal in card game

deal buy and sell

someday adv
to the day
call it a day
carry the day

deadly adv informal
dead end nC see
also @ end
the dead of night
see also @ night
deadlock nU
deadlocked adj see
also @ lock

the deaf nU
deafness nU
deafening adj
turn a deaf ear see
1
also @ ear

deal nC

drug dealer nC see

2
also @ drug
raw deal nC see also
@ raw

deal amount

dean

deal/a good deal/a

great deal

dear adj
Dear salutation in

dean nC university
officer

dearly adv

endear vT
endearing adj

deal solve a
problem
4
deal agreement

dear beloved

145

headword

A1

A2

letter, etc
dear nC spoken
addressing sb

dear expensive

death see also @

die, dead

dear /oh dear!

B1

B2

C1

C2

endearment nU

dear adj

dear/oh dear!
exclam

dearly adv

death nCU

debate

debate nCU

debate vIT

debris

debris nU

deathly adv
put to death
deathbed n usu sing
1
see also @ bed
death certificate nC
see also @
certificate
debatable adj
debatably adv

debt

debt nC

in debt

debtor nC

debut

debut nC

in sbs debt
indebted adj
debut vI

decade

decade nC

decay

decay vIT

decay nU

decaying adj

deceased

deceive/deception

deceased adj
the deceased n sing
deceive vT
deception nCU
deceptive adj

decent

decent adj

decency nU

decide/decision

decide vIT make a

decision

decision-making nU
decision-maker nC

decisively adv
decidedly adv

deceptively adv
deceit nU
deceitful adj
deceitfully adv
indecent neg adj
indecently neg adv
indecency nU
decide vT settle a
disagreement,

146

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

decision nC

C1

C2

decisive adj

argument,
competition, etc
decide on/upon phr
v
make/come to a
decision
undecided neg adj
indecision nU
indecisive neg adj

decimal

deck

deck nC floor on
ship

decimal nC
decimal adj
decimal point nC
6
see also @ point

declare

declare vT announce declaration nCU

decline vI
decline nCU

deck vT informal
knock sb to floor
deckchair nC see
1
also @ chair
deckhand nC see
2
also @ hand
declare vT at
customs
declining adj

decline vIT

decorative adj
decorator nC
decorated adj

decor nCU
decoratively adv
decorating nU
redecorate vT

decrease

decorate vT adorn
decorate vIT paint,
wallpaper, etc
decoration nCU
adornment
decoration nU
refurbishment
decrease vI

decrease nCU

decreasing adj
decreasingly adv

decline reduce
decline refuse
decorate

147

headword

decree

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

decree nC

dedicate be
commiteed to
2
dedicate in
memory
deduct

dedicate vT

dedicate vT

dedicated adj
dedication nU
dedication nC

deed

deem

deep adv
depth nCU literally

deep a long way

deep adj
down/depth
2
deep feelings,

thoughts, etc
3
deep sound, colour,
etc

deductible adj

deed nC

deem vT formal

deeply adv

deep adj

deepen vT
depth nC figuratively

deep adj

defame vT formal
defamation nU
defamatory adj
default vI
defaulter nC
defeated adj
undefeated neg adj

deep serious

deer

deer nC

deepen vI
depth nCU

defame see also @

fame/famous

default

default nC

defeat

defect

defeat nC
defeat vT

defect nC

defective adj

decree vT
decree nisi nC Brit
decree absolute nC
Brit see also @
absolute

deduct vT
deduction nC

deep adj intense

(colour)
deep adj low (sound)

misdeed nC

deep down

148

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

defend/defence/
defense

defence nCU Brit/

defense nCU Am

defend vT

defendant nC
defensive adj

defender nC

defer

defer vIT

deficiency

deficiency nCU

defenceless adj Brit/

defenseless adj Am
defending adj
defensive nU/on the
defensive
defensively adv
defensible adj
indefensible neg adj
self-defence nU Brit/
self-defense nU Am
see also @ self
deferment nCU
deferral nCU
deficient adj

deficit

deficit nC

define

define vT

definition nC

redefinition nCU

definite

definitely adv

definite adj

definitive adj
redefine vT

defy

defy vT

degradation see
1
also @ grade
1
degree amount

degree nC

defiance nU
defiant adj
defiantly adv
degradation nC
degrade vT

degree unit of
degree nC
temperature
3
degree qualification

by degrees
to some degree

degree nC

definite article nC
3
see also @ article
indefinite neg adj
indefinite article nC
3
see also @ article
in defiance of

degrading adj

149

headword

A1

A2

delay

delegate

delete

B1

B2

C1

C2

without delay
delaying tactics npl
see also @ tactic

delay nCU
delay vIT usu pass
happen later
delay vT cause delay
delay vI hesitate
delayed adj

delegate nC

delegation nC

delete vT

deletion nC

deleted adj

deliberate on
purpose
delicate

deliberately adv

deliberate adj

delicate adj
sensitive
delicious adj

delicacy nCU
delicately adv

indelicate neg adj

delicious

delicate adj fragile/

soft

delight

delightful adj

delightfully adv
take delight in

deliver

deliver vT goods, etc delivery nCU goods,

etc

delight nCU
delight vT
delighted adj

demand ask
forcefully
2
demand economics

demand vT
demand nC

demanding adj

demand nCU

demise

demise nU

deliver vIT speech,

etc
delivery nCU
speech, etc
deliver vT baby
delivery nCU baby
on demand

in demand
supply and demand
nU see also @
supply

democracy

democracy nU
political system
democracy nC

undemocratic neg
adj

Democrat nC esp Am democrat nC

member of
Democratic Party

deliciously adv

150

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

demographic

democratic state
democratic adj

demolish/
demolition
demon

demolish vT

demolition nU

demon nC

demonstrate vT

demonstration nCU

demonize vT
demonic adj

demonstrate show,
explain
3
demonstrate
march/protest

demonstrate vT

demonstration nCU

demo nC informal
abbrev

den

demonstrate vI
demonstration nC
demonstrator nC

den nC

denounce/
denunciation
dense

denounce vT

denunciation nCU

density nU

dense adj stupid

dental/dentist

dense adj thick

densely adv
dentist nC

dental adj

dentistry nU

deny

deny vT say that sth

is untrue

denial nCU

departure nCU

deny vT refuse,
prevent

depart vI

undeniable adj
undeniably adv

department nC

departmental adj

fire department nC esp

1
Am see also @ fire

depend vT/it
depends/that
depends

department store nC
2
see also @ store

depending/
depending on

dependability nU
dependant nC Brit/
dependent nC Am

demonstrate prove

depart see also @

2
part
department
1

depend /it/that
depends
2

depend /depend
on/upon support,
rely; see also @
independent

independent adj

demographic adj

demographics n pl

depend vT
dependent adj
depend on/upon phr dependent on/upon
v
independent adj not

dependence/
dependency nU

independent adj

independently adv

151

headword

A1

unbiased

depict see also @

picture
deplore
deploy

A2

C1

C2

independence nU
personal
independence

depict vT

depiction nCU

deplore vT formal

deploy vT

deployment nU

deposit vT make
down payment; pay
money into bank, etc

deposit layer

deposit nC down
payment
deposit nC amount
deposited
deposit nC

deposit vT

deposit account nC
Brit see also @
1
account ; = savings
account nC Am

deposition

deposition nC

depot

depot nC

depress worry

depressed adj

depressing adj

depression
economics
deprive

depress vT
depression nU
depression nC

depressed adj

deprive vT

depth see also @

deep

depth nCU literally

depth nC figuratively
depth nCU seriousness

deputy

derive

deputy nC chief
assistant
deputy adj

deprived adj
deprivation nCU
deprive sb of sth
in depth
out of ones depth
plumb the depths

derive vT

B2

politically
independent
independent nC

deposit payment

dependent
independence nU
political
independence

B1

derivative nC
derivative adj
derivation nCU

152

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A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

descend vIT

descent nCU

descend family

describe/
description

describe vT

description nC

descend vI
descent nU
descendant nC

descriptive adj

desert dry, sandy

area
2
desert abandon

desert nC

descriptively adv
indescribable neg
adj
indescribably neg
adv
of every description/
of all descriptions

desert vT

deserted adj

deserve

deserve vT

design

design nC drawing,
plan, etc
design vT

designer adj

designate

design nU activity,
profession
design nU
appearance
designing nU
designer nC

deserved adj
undeserved neg adj
deservedly adv
undeservedly neg
adv
deserving adj
undeserving neg adj

designate vT

desire

desire nC wish

desire vT
desirable adj

desire nU lust
desired adj

designated adj
designation nCU

descend go down

desirably adv
desirability nU
undesirable neg adj

153

headword

A1

A2

desk

desk nC office
furniture

despair/desperate

despatch/dispatch

despite see also @

2
spite
dessert

B1

B2

C1

C2

desktop nC

desperately adv

desk nC counter
information desk nC
see also @ inform/
information
desperate adj filled
with despair

desperate adj extreme

desperation nU

despite prep

despair nU
despair vI
despatch/dispatch
vT

in despair
despair of sb/sth
despatch/dispatch n
sing

dessert nCU

destination

destination nC

destined adj

destiny

destiny nCU

destined adj

destroy/destruction

destroy vT

destruction nU

destructive adj

detach

detail

detail nC

detailed adj

detail vT

detach vT
detached adj
detachment nU

detain/detention

detect/detective

detect vT
detective nC

detain vT
detention nCU
detection nU
detector nC

destructively adv
destroyed adj
destroyer nC
indestructible adj
soul-destroying adj
see also @ soul
detachment nC
small group, esp.
military
in detail
go into detail
detainee nC

deteriorate

deteriorate vI

detectable adj
undetectable neg adj
undetected neg adj
private detective nC
deterioration nU

154

headword

determine

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

determine vT decide
determine vT
discover

determination nU
will power

determined adj
strong-willed

deterrence nU

detour see also @

tour
detrimental

deter vIT
deterrent nC

detrimental adj

devalue see also @

value
devastate

devastating adj

devastate vT

develop vI grow,
progress
development nU
change, growth

development nC
new event
development nCU
making new product

developed adj
economically
advanced
developmental adj

develop build

develop vI start to
happen
develop vT catch
illness
developing adj
developing
economically
develop vT build
property etc

redevelop vT
redevelopment nCU

undeveloped neg adj

deviate

developer nC
builder
development nC
building project

device/devise

device nC

devise vT

deviate vI
deviation nCU

devil

devil nC
the devil n sing

devious

devious adj

deviance nU
deviant adj
leave sb to their
own devices
devilment nU
bedevil vT
daredevil nC/adj see
also @ dare
deviously adv

deter

develop grow, start

to happen

detour nC
detour vI
detriment nU
detrimentally adv
devalue vIT
devaluation nCU
devastated adj
devastation nU
undeveloped neg adj
underdeveloped adj

155

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

devoid see @ void

devoid adj

devote

devoted adj

devotion nU

diabetes

devote vT spend
time or effort

diabetes nU

diagnose

diagnosis nCU

diagonal

diagnose vT identify
medical problem

diabetic adj
diabetic nC
diagnostic adj

devotee nC
devote oneself to

diagram

diagram nC

dial

dialect

dial vIT
dial nC

dialect nCU

dialogue/dialog

diameter

dialogue nCU Brit/

dialog nCU Am

diameter nCU

diamond cards

diamond nCU
gemstone
diamond adj/nCU
shape

diamond nC often pl

diaper

diarrhoea/diarrhea

diary

diary nC

diaper nC Am see also

@ nappy
diarrhoea nU Brit/
diarrhea nU Am

dice

dice nC

dice vT

dictate vT

dictate vIT
dictation nCU

dictator nC
dictatorship nCU

diamond gemstone

dictate control,
order
2
dictate read aloud

diagonal adj
diagnonal nC

diagnosed adj
undiagnosed neg adj
diagonally adv
diagrammatic adj

156

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

dictionary

dictionary nC

die/dying see also

@ death

die vI opp live

dying adj
die vI disappear

diesel

diet

diet vI

dietary adj

differ/different/
differentiate

difference nCU opp.

similarity
different adj

diet nCU normal

food intake
diet nC slimming

diesel nU fuel
diesel nC vehicle

dying/the dying nU
die away phr v
die down phr v
die for/be dying for
phr v
die off phr v
die out phr v
die to/be dying to
phr v

differ vI
differ from phr v
differently adv

differ vI disagree

difficult

difficult adj not easy

difficulty nC

in difficulties

difficult adj
unfriendly

differentiate vIT
differentiation nU
differential nC

dig

dig vIT

digest

digest vT

dietician nC
on a diet
make a (big/great)
difference
not make any
difference
tell the difference
2
see also @ tell
differentiated adj
undifferentiated neg
adj
have difficulty in
doing sth
with difficulty
digging nU
digger nC
dig in phr v
dig out phr v
dig up phr v

157

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

digit

digestion nU
digestive adj
indigestion nU
digit nC

digital

digital adj

dignity

dignity nU
dignified adj

dilemma

dilemma nC

dilute

dilute vT

dim

dim adj

dimly adv

dimension

dimension nC

diminish

diminish vIT

dine

dining room nC see

1
also @ room

dining nU

dinner

dinner nCU meal

dinner nC official
reception

dinner party nC see

1
also @ party
dinnertime nU see

dine vI formal
dining nU
dining car nC see
2
also @ car

digitally adv
digitize vT
digital camera nC
see also @ camera
digital radio nCU see
also @ radio
dignify vT
indignity nCU
undignified neg adj
beneath ones
dignity

diluted adj
dilution nU
undiluted adj
dim vIT
dimensional adj
three-dimensional
adj/3D adj/nU
abbrev
dimished adj
diminishing adj
diner nC person
dining
diner nC Am caf
dine out phr v
dinner jacket nC see
also @ jacket
dinner suit nC see

158

headword

A1

A2

B1

dinosaur

also @ time

dioxide see also @

oxygen
dip

diploma

B2

C1

C2

X
2

dinosaur nC

also @ suit

dioxide nU

dip vIT

diploma nC

dip nC informal
swim
dip nC decline,
hollow
dip into phr v

diplomat

diplomatic adj

diplomat nC

diplomacy nU

dire

dire adj

direct adj straight,

non-stop
directly adv straight
directly adv not
involving others
direction nCU

direct adj not

involving other
people

direct adv

directly adv
immediately
indirect neg adj

indirectly neg adv

direct adj blunt,

forthright

direct vT aim

indirectly neg adv

directional adj

director nC senior
manager
director nC of play,
film, etc

directive nC
directory nC
telephone directory
nC see also @
telephone

managing director nC
2
see also @ manage

misdirect vT formal
misdirection nU

direct vT show the

way
directions n pl
direct vT control,
organize
direct vIT command
direct vIT play, film,
etc
direction nU
directions n pl
dirt nU
dirty adj

dirty vT

direct straight, non-

stop

direct aim

direct organize,
control, instruct

dirt sth not clean

diplomatically adv
diplomatic relations
n pl see also @
relations

159

headword
2

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

dirt soil

dirt nU esp. Am

disability see also @

1
able /ability
disadvantage see
also @ advantage
disagree see also @
agree
disappear see also
1
@ appear
disappoint

disabled adj

disability nCU

disable vT

disadvantage nCU

disagree vI

disagreement nCU

disadvantaged adj
disadvantageous adj
disagreeable neg adj

disappear vI

disappearance nCU

disappearing adj

disappoint vIT

disappointing adj

disappointingly adv

disapprove see also

@ approve
disarm see also @
2
arm
disaster

disappointed adj
disappointment nCU

disapprove vI
disapproval nU

disaster nCU

disastrous adj

disapproving adj
disapprovingly adv
disarm vIT
disarmament nU
disastrously adv

disbelief see also @

believe/belief
disc/disk

disbelief nU

disbelieve vIT

discus nC
DJ nC abbrev = disc/
disk jockey see also
@ jockey

discard

disc nC Brit/disk nC
Am flat circular
object
disk nC for
recordings,
computers, etc
disc/disk jockey nC
see also @ jockey

discard vT

discarded adj

discern

discerning adj

discharge

disciple

discharge vT
discharge nCU

discern vT
discernible adj

disciple nC

discharged adj

160

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

discipline

discipline nU

discipline vT

disciplinary adj

disclose

disclose vT

disclosure nCU

disco/discotheque

discolour/discolor
see also @ colour/
color
discomfort see also
1
@ comfort
disconnect see also
@ connect
discontent see also
2
@ content

discount price
reduction
discourage see also
@ courage

disco nC
discotheque nC

discomfort nCU

discolour vIT Brit/

discolor vIT Am
discoloration nU

disconnect vT

disconnected adj

discontent nU

discontented adj

discount nC

discount vT

discounted adj

discourage vT

discourse

discourse nC

discouraging adj
discouraged adj
discouragement nU

discover

discover vT

discovery nCU

discreet/discretion

discrepancy

discreet adj
discreetly adv
discretion nU
discrepancy nC

discoverer nC
undiscovered neg
adj
indiscreet neg adj
indiscreetly neg adv
indiscretion nU

discrete

discrete adj

discretely adv

disciplined adj
disciplinarian nC
self-discipline nU
self-disciplined adj
see also @ self
disclosed adj
undisclosed neg adj

161

headword

discriminate treat
unfairly
discuss

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

discrimination nU

discriminate vI

discriminatory adj

discuss vT
discussion nC
disease nCU

diseased adj

disembark see also

@ embark
disgrace see also @
grace

disguise

disguise vT

disgrace nU
disgrace vT
disgraceful adj
in disgrace

disembark vI
disembarkation nC
disgracefully adv

disgust

dish food

dish nC

dishwasher nC see
also @ wash/washer

disgust nU
disgusted adj
disgusting adj

dish nC

dishonest see also

@ honest
dishonourable/
dishonorable see
also @ honour/
honor

dishonest neg adj

disillusion see also

disease

dish container

disguise nCU
disguised adj
in disguise
disgustingly adv
disgust vT
dish out phr v
informal
side dish nC see also
4
@ side
dishonestly neg adv
dishonesty nU
dishonour nU Brit/
dishonor nU Am
dishonour vT Brit/
dishonor vT Am
dishonourable neg
adj Brit/
dishonorable neg adj
Am
disillusion neg vT

162

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

@ illusion

disillusionment neg
nU
disinfectant adj
disinfectant nCU
disinfect vT
disinherit vT

disinfectant see also

@ infect

disinherit see also

@ inherit
disintegrate

DJ nC abbrev = disk/
disc jockey; see also
@ jockey

dislike see also @

like
disloyal see also @
loyal
dismal

disc nC Brit/disk nC
Am flat circular
object
disk nC for
recordings,
computers, etc
disk/disc jockey nC
see also @ jockey
dislike nCU

disintegrate vI
disintegration nU

dislike vT

dismal adj

disloyal neg adj

disloyalty nU
dismally adv

dismantle

disk /disc

disk

dismantle vT

dismantled adj

dismiss vT formal

dismissal nU

dismiss vT

dismissal nCU

dismiss reject,

ignore
disobey/disobedient
see also @ obey/
obedient
1
disorder see also @
1
order

dismiss vT

dismissive adj

disobey vIT

disobedient neg adj

disobedience nU

disorder nU chaos

disorder nU civil
disturbance, riot

disorderly adj

dismiss send away

dismiss fire/sack
3

163

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

disorder illness

disorder nCU

disorganized see
also @ organize/
organized

disoriented/
disorientated see @
orientation
dispatch/despatch

dispense

disperse

displace see also @

2
place
display

displease see also @

2
please /pleasure
1
dispose get rid of

C1

C2

eating disorder nU
see also @ eat/
eating
disorganized adj not
planned
disorganized adj not
good at planning
disorganization nU

despatch/dispatch
vT

dispense vT

disoriented/
disorientated adj
disorientation nU
despatch/dispatch n
sing
dispense with phr v

disperse vIT

dispersal nU

dispersed adj

display vT exhibit
display nC

displace vT
displacement nU

displease vT formal
displeasure nU
disposable adj

disposition nC

on display

disposition

dispose vT/dispose
of
disposal nU

disproportionate
see also @
proportion/
proportionate
dispute

disproportionate adj
disproportionately
adv

dispute nCU

dispute vT

disputed adj
undisputed neg adj
indisputable adj

at sbs disposal

164

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

indisputably adv
in dispute
disqualification nCU

disqualify see also

@ qualify
disregard see also @
regard
disrespect see also

@ respect

disqualify vT

disrupt see also @

rupture
dissatisfy see also @
satisfy

disruptive adj

disrupt vT
disruption nCU

dissemination

dissent

dissatisfy vT
dissatisfied adj
dissatisfaction nU
disseminate vT
dissemination nU
dissent nU

dissertation

dissertation nC

dissent vI
dissenter nC

dissimilar see also

@ similar
dissolve see also @
2
solution

dissimilar adj

dissimilarity nCU

dissolve vI turn into

a solution, liquid, etc

distance

distance nCU

distant adj

long-distance adj see

1
also @ long

distaste see also @

2
taste

distinct

distinct adj different

distinctive adj

distinctly adv

dissolve vT legally
end marriage, etc
dissolution nU
distance vI
distantly adv
at a distance
in the distance
keep at a distance
distaste nU
distasteful adj
distastefully adv
distinction nU fame,

disregard vT
disregard nU
disrespect nU
disrespect vT esp Am
disrespectful adj

165

headword

A1

A2

distinguish become
respected

distort

distract

distinguish
differentiate, etc

B1

distinct adj clearly

seen/heard, etc
distinction nC
difference
distinguish vIT
differentiate

B2

C1

C2

honour
indistinct neg adj

distorted adj

distracted adj

distress

distinguish oneself
vI
distinguished adj
distort vT
distortion nCU
distract vT
distraction nCU
distress nU worry

distinguish vIT
clearly see
indistinguishable
neg adj

distribute

distributor nC

redistribution nU

district

district nC

distribute vI
distribution nCU

distress vT
distressed adj
distressing adj
distributed adj
redistribute vT

distrust see also @

1
trust

disturb

disturbance nC
interruption,
distraction, riot

disturbing adj
worrying

disunity see also @

unite/unity
disused see also @

disturb vT disrupt
disturb vT interrupt,
waken, etc
disturb v usu pass
worry

disunity nU

disused neg adj

distrust nU
distrust vT
distrustful adj
distrustfully adv
disturbed adj
worried, etc
undisturbed neg adj

166

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

use/used
ditch

ditch nC

dive

diver nC

diverse

diverse adj
diversity nU

dive vI jump
headfirst
dive vI scuba,
submarine, etc
dive vI informal
enter suddenly
dive nC

divert

divert vT

diversion nC

divide vT separate
divide vT share
divide vT mark
boundary
division nC part
division nU act,
instance

division nC army group

division nC sports
league
division nC company
department
divisional adj
divided adj

divide calculate

divide vT

division nU

divide into phr v

divide up phr v
divide nC
divisive adj
sub-division nC
divided highway nC
Am see also @
highway, dual
carriageway
divisible adj

dividend

dividend nC

divine

divine adj

divinity nCU

divorce

divorce nCU end of

marriage

divorce vIT end

marriage
divorced adj

dizzy

dizzy adj

divorce vIT
separate, dissociate
divorce nCU
separation
dizziness nU

divide separate

ditch vT informal get

rid of, throw away
diving nU
diving adj
diving board nC see
1
also @ board

diversify vIT
diversification nU
biodiversity nU
diverted adj

167

headword

DJ see also @
disc/disk, jockey
1
do aux

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

do aux questions/
negatives
do aux avoiding
repetition
do aux emphasis/
contrast
do vT perform, act
do vT deal with sth
do vT produce,
cause

do vT study a
subject

do vI finish
done adj finished
do vIT be acceptable
do vT cook

undo vT unfasten

do phrasal verbs

do with/done with
phr v finish

dock

dock nC

do perform, etc

DJ nC abbrev =disc/
disk jockey

how do you do?

greeting
thatll do be
sufficient,
satisfactory
do ones best
wrongdoing nU see
also @ wrong
outdo vT
overdo vT
undo vT destroy,
reverse
do away with phr v
abolish, kill
do sb in phr v kill
do out of phr v
deprive
do up phr v fasten
do up phr v refurbish
do with phr v need
to do with
connected/ sth/
nothing to do with
do without phr v not
have sth
dock vIT

168

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

doctor nC

the doctors/go to
the doctors

doctor academic
title/PhD
doctrine

doctor nC

doctrine nCU

doctoral adj
doctorate nCU

document/
documentary

document nC

documentary adj

document vT
documentation nU

documentary
factual TV
programme
dodge

documentary nC

dodge vIT

dog

dog nC

dog food nU see

also @ food

doctor physician

docker nC
dockyard nC see
2
also @ yard
doctor vT
witch-doctor nC see
also @ witch

doctrinal adj
documented adj
undocumented neg
adj

dodge nC informal
dodger nC informal
dodgy adj informal
underdog nC
guide dog nC see
also @ guide
lapdog nC see also
1
@ lap
sheepdog nC see
also @ sheep
watchdog nC see
1
also @ watch
dogged adj
doggedly adv
dog vT
dog collar nC see
also @ collar
doghouse nC Am

169

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

X
1

see also @ house

in the doghouse
on the dole

dole

doll

dollar/$

dollar nC

doll nC
dolly nC informal

dole nU Brit
unemployment pay

dolphin

dolphin nC

domain

domain nC

dome nC

domed adj

domestic
household
2
domestic national

domestic adj

domestic adj

domesticated adj
domestically adv

dominate

donkey

dominance nU
domination nU
donate vIT give
money, etc
donor nC money,
etc
donor nC blood,
organs, etc

donate/donor

dominate vIT
dominant adj

donkey nC

donate vT blood,
organs, etc
blood donor nC see
also @ blood
organ donor nC see
1
also @ organ

doom

doom vI

doom nU

doomed adj

door

door nC

outdoors adv

indoors adv

indoor adj

behind closed doors

outdoor adj
out of doors

front door nC see also

@ front
back door nC see also
1
@ back
doorstep nC see also @
step

doorbell nC see also

@ bell
doorknob nC see
also @ knob
doorman nC see
3
also @ man

dome
1

donation nCU

doorway nC see also next door adj

3
@ way

170

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

dorm/dormitory

dose

dose nC

dorm nC abbrev
dormitory nC

dot

dot nC

dot vT

double

double adj with two

parts, etc
double adj twice as
much; for two
people
double room nC see
1
also @ room

double vIT
double adv

double nC sth twice

normal size

double nC lookalike

doubly adv

doubt see also @

dubious

doubt nCU

doubt vT
undoubtedly adv

doubtful adj
uncertain, unlikely

doubtless adv

dough

dough nC

down adv lower

downwards adv Brit/

down adv

downward adj see also

doormat nC see also

@ mat
dormitory town nC
Brit see also @
town, bed/bedroom
dose vT
dosage nU
overdose nC
overdose vI
dotted adj
double back phr v
double up phr v
double-breasted adj
see also @ breast
double-check vIT
1
see also @ check
double chin nC see
also @ chin
double-glazing nU
see also @ glass/
glaze
doubtfully adv
undoubted neg adj
beyond/without (a)
doubt
without a shadow of
a doubt see also @
shadow
in doubt
no doubt
doughnut nC/ donut
nC Am

171

headword

A1

A2

B1

position

B2

C1

C2

down prep lower

position
down prep along
road, river, etc

downward adv Am
2
see also @ ward

down adj

down adj not

working
5
down compounds

down adj

downstairs adj/adv
see also @ stair

downtown adj/adv
Am see also @ town

downfall n sing see

1
also @ fall

download see also

2
@ load
dozen

download vIT

download nC

downloadable adj

downgrade vT/nC
1
see also @ grade
downhill adj see
also @ hill
downstream adv
1
see also @ stream

dozen number

dozens lots of

dr see also @
1&2
doctor
1
draft first version

dr abbrev = doctor

draft nC

drafting nCU

draft vIT
draft adj

draft/draught nC

drafty/draughty adj

drag pull, force

drag vT pull sth

drag on/out phr v

dragon

drag vT force sb to
do sth
dragon nC

draft nC
overdraft nC

drain

drain vT empty
liquid

drain nC
drainage nU

drain vT use/drink
everything
drained adj

down prep

down adj unhappy

4

draft /draught
current of air
3
draft money

@ ward

down vT
downed adj

down in the dumps
see also @ dump

172

headword

A1

A2

drama

drape

drastic

B1

B2

C1

C2

dramatically adv

drama nCU play,

theatre
dramatic adj
sudden, surprising
dramatic adj
relating to drama

drape vT

draught/draft nC

drastic adj
drastically adv

draw vIT

drawing nCU

draw /draw up draft

draught/draft
current of air
1
draw make a
picture
draw attract
draw haul, move

4
5

drain off phr v

brain drain nC see
also @ brain
drama nC tense
situation, excitement
dramatist nC
dramatize vT
drama queen nC see
also @ queen
drapery nU
drapes n pl Am; see
also @ curtains

draughty/drafty adj

draw vT

drawing pin nC Brit =

thumbtack nC Am; see
1
also @ pin

draw vI

draw up phr v

draw in/into phr v

arrive
draw on phr v
draw out phr v
depart
draw up phr v arrive

drawback nC

chest of drawers nC
2
see also @ chest

draw tie, equal

score
drawer

drawer nC

draw nC
draw vI

drawback

draw nC

173

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

drawing room see

1
also @ room
dread

drawing room nC

dread nU

dreadfully adv

dream

dream nC in sleep

dream vI in sleep

dread vT
dreadful adj
dream nC hope,
ambition
dream vIT hope,
wish

dress nC

dress nU clothing

dressed adj
undressed neg adj
get dressed/
undressed

undress vIT

dress prepare,
arrange/ dressing

dressing nCU sauce

hairdresser nC see also

@ hair

drift

drift vI

drift nC

drill tool, bore

drink see also @

drunk

drink vIT swallow

liquid
drink nC any liquid

drinking nU

drinker nC

soft drink nC see

2
also @ soft

drink vI drink
alcohol
drink nCU alcohol

drill nC
drill vIT

undreamed/
undreamt of
wouldnt dream of
sth/doing sth
dream up phr v
pipedream nC see
also @ pipe
dressmaking nU
dressmaker nC
dressing gown nC
see also @ gown
evening dress nU
fancy dress nU Brit
3
see also @ fancy
hairdressing nU
window-dressing nU
see also @ window
snowdrift nC
driftwood nU see
2
also @ wood
drilling nU

dripping nU

drive vIT
driver nC

drive nC
driving licence nC
Brit/ drivers license

racing driver nC see

1
also @ race
taxi driver nC see

drip vI
drip nC
driving nU

drive-in adj
drive-in nC esp Am
drive away/off phr v

dress frock
dress put clothes
on, wear

drip
1

drive car, truck, etc

174

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

nC Am see also @
licence/ license

drop vT fall, let fall

drop vIT move lower

drop nC vertical
distance
drop nC reduction

drop nC small
amount of liquid

drop stop doing sth

drop out phr v of

team, school, etc
dropout nC

drought

drop vT stop doing

sth
drop vT not include
sb/sth

drought nCU

drown

drown vIT

drowning nCU

drug nC

drug vT

drug nC

drugstore nC Am
2
see also @ store

drug vT

drug addict nC
drug addiction nU

drive force sb/sth

to go somewhere/do
sth

drive
determination
1
drop fall, let fall

drop small amount

of liquid

drug medicine
drug narcotic, etc

also @ taxi

drive vT

drive nU

screwdriver nC see
also @ screw
drive sb mad, crazy,
etc
slave driver nC see
also @ slave
driven adj
determined
drop by/in phr v
visit
drop off phr v take
sb somewhere
drop off phr v go to
sleep
droplet nC
eyedrop nC see also
@ eye
raindrop nC see also
@ rain
teardrop nC see also
2
@ tear
drop off phr v
decline

175

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

drum

drum nC instrument

drummer nC

drunk see also @

drink

drunk adj

drunken adj

dry

dry adj opp. wet

hairdryer nC see
also @ hair

dried adj

dual

dual adj

dub name

dub vT

dubious see also @

doubt

dubious adj

see also @ addict/

addiction
drug dealer nC see
2
also @ deal
drum nC container
drum vI
drum up phr v
drumbeat nC see
also @ drum
eardrum nC see also
1
@ ear
drunk nC
drunkard nC
drunkenly adv
drunkenness nU
dry adj wine: opp.
sweet
dryness nU
drying nU
dryly/drily adv
drier/dryer nC
the dry nU Brit
dry cleaning nU see
also @ clean
dry out phr v
dry up phr v
duality nCU
dual carriageway nC
1
see also @ carriage ,
3
way

dubiously adj
indubitable neg adj
indubitably neg adv

176

headword

duchess see also @

duke
1
duck bird

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

duchess nC

duck bend in order

to avoid sth
due expected

duck nC bird
duck nU meat

duck vIT

due adj

overdue adj

in due course

due to because of

due to

duke see also @

duchess
1
dull not shiny

duke nC

ducal adj

dull adj

dull boring

dull adj

dull vT
dullness nU

duly

duly adv formal

dumb adj informal

dumb mute

dumb adj

dumbstruck adj

dump

dump vT put down

dump vT dispose of

dump nC

durable

durable adj

dumping nU
dumper nC
dumpster nC Am
down in the dumps
durability nU

duration

duration nCU

during

during prep

dusk

dusk ncU

dust

dust nU
dust vIT

dustbin nC Brit see

also @ bin

dusty adj

from dawn to/till

dusk see also @
1
dawn
dusky adj
duster nC
dustman nC Brit see
3
also @ man

dumb stupid

177

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

duty nCU

duty tax

duty nCU

duvet

duty-free adj/nC see

3
also @ free

dustproof adj see

3
also @ proof
sawdust nU see also

@ saw
dutiful adj
dutifully adv
on-duty
off-duty
do ones duty

duvet nC

DVD

dwarf

DVD nC abbrev =
digital video disc/
disk; see also @
digital, video, disc/
disk
DVD player nC see
also @ play/player

dwarf nC

dwell

dynamic

dynamic adj

dwell vI formal
dwelling nC formal
dynamics n pl

dwarf adj
dwarf vT
dwell on sth phr v

dynamite

dynamite nU

dynamically adv
dynamism nU
dynamite vT

dynasty

dynasty nC

dynastic adj

Ee

each

each pron/det

each other pron

eager

eager adj

eagerly adv

eagerness nU
over-eager adj

duty responsibility

178

headword

eagle

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

over-eagerness nU

eagle nC

ear nC

earache nU see also

@ ache

earring nC see also

1
@ ring

earphone nC see also

2
@ phone

ear grain

ear nC

eardrum nC see also

@ drum
prick (up) ones ears
turn a deaf ear see
also @ deaf

earl

earl nC

earldom nC

early

early adj
early adv

early on
at the earliest

earn

earlier comp adj/adv

earliest sup adj/adv
the earliest
earn vIT

earnings n pl

earnest

earnest adj

Earth n sing

earthquake nC

earthly adj

earth soil

earth nU

earthenware see
also @ ware
ease see also @
easy

earner nC
earned adj
wage-earner nC see
also @ wage/wages
earnestly adv
in earnest
who/what/why/
how on earth ?
unearthly neg adj
bowels of the Earth
n pl see also @
bowel
earthy adj
unearth vT
earthworm nC see
also @ worm
earthenware nU

ease vT

ease nU

uneasy neg adj

ear body part

Earth planet

unease nU
uneasily neg adv

179

headword

A1

A2

B1

east see also @

north, south, west

east nU
east adj/adv

the East n sing

eastern adj

Easter

easy see also @

ease

easy adj
easily adv

eat see also @

edible
eccentric

B2

C1

C2

eastward/eastwards
adv

northeast/north-
east nU/adj
northeastern adj
southeast/south-
east nU/adj
southeastern adj
Easter nCU

easy adv

ease vT

ease nU

uneasy neg adj

eat vIT

eating nU

eating disorder nC
2
see also @ disorder

eccentric adj
eccentric nC

uneasiness nU
at ease
ill at ease see also
2
@ ill
ease into phr v
ease off/up phr v
with ease
easternmost adj

Easter egg nC see

also @ egg
Easter bunny nC see
also @ bunny
easier said than
done
take it/things easy
easy-going adj
unease nU
uneasily adv
uneasiness nU
at ease
ill at ease see also
2
@ ill
ease off/up phr v
with ease
eat out phr v
eatable adj
eater nC
eccentricity nCU

180

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

echo

echo vT

echo nC

ecology

economy financial
system

economy nC
economic adj

economics npl

economist nC

ecology nU
ecological adj

economy saving;
financial prudence

economy nCU
economic adj

economy class nU
2
see also @ class

economical adj
economically adv

ecstasy

uneconomical neg adj

uneconomically neg
adv
ecstasy nCU

ecologically adv
ecologist nC
black economy n usu
sing see also @
2
black
economize vI

edge

edge nC

edge vIT

ecstatic adj
ecstatically adv

edible

edible adj

inedible adj

edit

editor nC

edit vT
editorial adj

editorial nC

educate

education nU

educational adj

uneducated neg adj

educationally adv

eerie

edition nC format of
book, etc
edition nC particular
version of
newspaper, etc
edition nC printing
st
1 edition, etc
educate vT
educated adj
educator nC

eerie adj

eerily adv

effect see also @

affect

effect nCU
effective adj

effectively adv

effectiveness nU

effect vT formal

ineffective neg adj

be of no effect
bring/carry/put into
effect
come/go into effect
have an effect on
in effect in force
in effect in other
words

181

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

efficacy

efficacy nU

efficient

efficiently adv

inefficient neg adj

effort

effort nCU

efficient adj
efficiency nU

egg

egg nC

eggcup nC see also

@ cup

ego

ego nC

eight

eight cardinal
number 8

eighth ordinal
number
1
eighth fraction /8
eighteenth ordinal
number/fraction
eightieth ordinal
number/fraction

to no effect
to the effect that
side effect nC see
4
also @ side
take effect
efficacious adj
formal
inefficiency nCU
inefficiently neg adv
effortless neg adj
effortlessly neg adv
make an effort
spare no effort
Easter egg nC see
also @ Easter
scrambled egg nCU
see also @ scramble
eggplant nC esp Am
eggshell nCU see
1
also @ shell
egocentric adj
egoism nU
egoist nC
egotism nU
egotist nC
egotistic adj
egotistical adj

eighteen cardinal
number 18
eighty cardinal
number 80

182

headword

either see also @

neither

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

either or

elaborate

either pron
either adv
either conj

elaborate adj

elaborate vIT

elastic

elastic nU
elastic adj

elbow

elbow nC

elder see also @ old

eldest sup adj

elder adj

elect

election nCU

elderly adj
the elderly n pl
elect vT

elaborately adv
elaboration nU
elasticated adj
elasticity nU
elastic band nC see
3
also @ band
elbow vT
elbow grease nU
see also @ grease
elder nC

elected adj

electoral adj
electorate nU

re-elect vT
re-election nCU

electric/electricity

electricity nU
electric adj
electrical adj

electric shock nCU

see also @ shock

electrician nC

electron

electron nC

elector nC
electorally adv
by-election nC
unelected neg adj
electrically adv
electrify vT
electrification nU
electric saw nC see
also @ saw
electric razor/shaver
nC see also @ razor,
shave/shaver

electronic

electronic adj

electronics nU

electronically adj

elegant

elegant adj

elegance nU

element nC

elegantly adv
inelegant neg adj
inelegantly neg adv
an element of sth

element
component

183

headword
2

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

element simple
substance
elementary

element nC

elementary adj

elephant

elephant nC

elephantine adj

elevate/elevator

elevate vT

elevation nU

eleven

eleventh ordinal
th
number/fraction 11

elicit

eleven cardinal
number 11

elevator nC Am see
also @ lift nC Brit

elicit vT

elicitation nU

eligible

eligible adj

eligibility nU

ineligible neg adj

eliminate

elimination nU

elite

eliminate vT remove
eliminate vT knock
out of competition

elite nC

elongated see also

@ long
eloquent

eloquent adj

eloquence nU

elite adj
elitism nU
elitist adj
elongate vIT
elongated adj
eloquently adv

else

else adv

elsewhere adv

or else! exclam

email/e-mail see
also @ mail

elude

something/anything
else
somewhere/
anywhere else
e-mail/email nU
system
e-mail/email nC
message
e-mail/email vT

elusive adj

elude vT

emancipate

emancipation nU

emancipate vT
emancipated adj

184

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

embargo

embargo nC

embark

embarrass

embarrass vT

embarkation nU
disembark vIT
disembarkation nU
embarrassingly adv

embassy see also @

ambassador
embed

embark vIT

embark on/upon phr
v
embarrassed adj

embarrassing adj
embarrassment nU
embassy nC

embed vT

embedded adj

embody

embody vT

disembodied neg adj

embrace

embrace vT

embrace nC

embroidery

embroidery nU

embroider vT

embryo

embryo nC

emerge

emerge vI

emergency

emergency nCU

emerging adj
emergence nU

embryonic adj
in embryo

emigrate see also @

migrate

emigrate vI

emigrant nC
emigration nU

embargo vT

emergency adj
emergency exit nC
see also @ exit
emergency services
n pl see also @
2
serve /service
accident and
emergency n usu
sing esp Brit see also
@ accident
emergency room nC
usu sing esp Am see
1
also @ room

185

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

eminent

eminent adj

emit

emotion

emotion nCU

emotional adj

emit vT
emission nC

emotionally adv
emotive adj

emperor/empress
see also @ empire,
imperial
emphasis

emperor nC
empress nC

emphatic adj

empire see also @

emperor, imperial
empirical

emphasis nCU
emphasize vT

empire nC

emperor nC
empress nC
empirical adj

emphatically adv
lay/put emphasis on

empirically adv

employ vT
employee nC

employer nC
employment nU

unemployed adj

unemployment nU

employ use

employ vT formal

be in employment
unemployed/the
unemployed nU
unemployment
benefit nU see also
@ benefit

empower see also

@ power

empower vT

empty

emulate

empty adj
empty vT

empowered adj
empowering adj
empowerment nU
emptiness nU

emulate vT

emulation nU

enable see also @

1
able /ability
enact see also @
3
act

enable vT

enabled adj

enact vT

enactment nU

employ give work

to sb

eminently adv
eminence nU

emotionless adj
unemotional neg adj
unemotionally adv

186

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

enamel

enamel nU

encamp see also @

camp
encircle see also @
circle
enclose

encircle vT

encamp vI
encampment nC
encirclement nU

enclosed adj

encode see also @

2
code
encompass

enclose vT
enclosure nC

encode vT

encompass vT

encounter

encourage see also

@ courage,
discourage
encyclopaedia/
encyclopedia

encourage vT urge
encourage vT give
confidence

encounter nC
encounter vT formal
encouragement nU
encouraging adj

encyclopaedia nC Brit/
encyclopedia nC Am

end

end nC final point

end vIT
weekend nC see
also @ week

end nC death

in the end

ending nC
endless neg adj

endlessly neg adv

encyclopaedic adj
Brit/ encyclopedic
adj Am
end nC purpose
end in phr v
end up phr v
dead end nC see
2
also @ dead
from end to end
make (both) ends
meet
no end of
on end
tail end nC see also
@ tail
unending neg adj
bring to an end
come to an end

187

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

endanger see also

@ danger
1
endear see @ dear

endeavour/
endeavor

endorse

endure

enemy

C2

put an end to sth

to the bitter end see
2
also @ bitter

endanger vT
endangered adj

endorse vT

endeavour nCU Brit/

endeavor nCU Am
endeavour vI Brit/
endeavor vI Am
endorsement nCU

endear vT
endearing adj
endearment nU

endure vT

enemy nC

endurance nU
enduring adj

energy nCU

energetic adj

energy nU

energetically adv
energize vT
solar energy nU see
also @ solar
energize vT

enforce vT
enforcement nU

engaged adj Brit

busy (telephone)

engage vT formal

energy physical
strength, liveliness

energy power
electricity, etc
enforce see also @
force

engage use

engage employ

C1

enforceable adj
enforced adj
enforcer nC
unenforceable neg
adj
engage in phr v
engaged adj in use
engagement nC
appointment

188

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

engagement
agreement to marry
engine/engineer

engaged adj

engagement nC

engine nC motor

engineer nC
designer of engines
etc

engineer vT
fire engine nC see also
1
@ fire

engulf see also @

gulf
enhance

engine nC
locomotive
engineer nC engine
operator, repairer
engineering nU

engagement ring nC
1
see also @ ring
engineered adj
search engine nC
see also @ search
steam engine nC see
also @ steam
engulf vT

enhance vT

enhanced adj

enhancement nCU

enjoy see also @ joy enjoy vT

enjoy oneself

enlarge see also @

large
enlighten

enjoyable adj
enjoyment nU

enlarge vT

enlist

enlist vIT

enlighten vT
enlightenment nU

enlarged adj
enlargement nCU

enormous

enormous adj

enormously adv

enough

enough det/pron/
adv

enquire/inquire

enquire/inquire vIT

enrage see also @

rage
enrich see also @
rich

enquiry/inquiry nC
enquiry/inquiry nC
question
investigation
enquiries/inquiries n
pl

enrich vT
enriched adj
enrichment nU

enlistment nCU
enlisted adj

fair enough
oddly/strangely
enough
enoughs enough!
sure enough
enquire/inquire
after/ about/into
phr v
enrage vT
enraged adj

189

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

enrol/enroll

enrol/enroll vIT

en route see also @

route
ensemble

ensue

ensure see also @

sure
entail

C1

C2

enrolment/
enrollment nCU

en route adv

ensemble nC

ensue vI

ensuing adj

ensure vT

entail vT

enter vIT building,

room, etc

entry nCU entrance

entry nC act of
entering

entrance nC

entrant nC

enter vT input data

enterprise business

enterprise initiative

enterprise nC
business, company

enter vIT contest

enter vT join
profession, etc
enter for phr v
enter into phr v
entry nC for contest,
etc
entry nC item of
information in
document

enterprise nU

enterprising adj

entertain

enthusiastic adj

entertainer nC
entertaining adj

enthusiasm

entertain vT
entertainment nCU
enthusiasm nU

entire

entitle
entity

entire adj
entirely adv

enthusiast nC
enthusiastically adv
enthuse vI

entitle vT

entity nC formal

entitlement nCU

enter /entrance go
in

enter input data

entirety nU

190

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

entrepreneur

entrepreneur nC

entrepreneurial adj

entrust see also @

trust
envelope

entrust vT

envelope nC

envelop vT

environment

environment/the
environment n sing
environmental adj

environment nC

environmentalist nC
environmentally adv

envisage

envisage vT

environmentalism
nU
environmentally-
friendly adj see also
@ friend/friendly

envoy

envoy nC

envy

envy vT
envy nU

enzyme

enzyme nC

enviable adj
envious adj
enviously adv
unenviable neg adj

epidemic

epidemic nC

epidemic adj

episode

episode nC event

episodic adj

equal

inequality nCU

equal nC
equal vT
equation nC

equality nU

equation

equal adj
equally adv

episode nC in TV serial,
etc
unequal neg adj

equalize vI
unequally neg adv

equator

equator n sing

equatorial adj

equilibrium

equilibrium nCU

equip

equipment nU

equip vT

equipped adj

equity company
share
equivalent

equity nC

equivalent adj
equivalent nC

equivalence nU

191

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

era

era nC

erase

erase vT

eraser nC esp Am

erect

erection nC

erode/erosion

erect vT formal
erect adj

erosion nU

erode vIT

eroding adj

erotic

erotic adj

eroticism nU

error

error nCU

erupt

erupt vI

eruption nCU

err vI formal
erroneous adj
erroneously adv
err on the side of
see the error of
ones ways
by/through trial and
error see also @
2
trial

escalate

escalate vIT

escalation nU

escalator

escalator nC

escape

escape vI get free

escape nCU

escape vT avoid

fire escape nC see also

1
@ fire

escort

especially see also

@ special/specially
essay

especially adv

escort vT
escort nC

inescapable neg adj

narrow escape nC
see also @ narrow

essay nC

essayist nC

essence/essential

essential adj

essentially adv

essence nU

essential nC
bare essentials n pl
2
see also @ bare
in essence

192

headword

A1

A2

establish vT

establish become
accepted

establish start

B1

B2

C1

C2

of the essence
establishment nC
founding
establishment/the
establishment n sing
those in control

establishment nC
formal institution

establish vT
established adj

estate area

estate nC area
surrounding house,
etc

estate nC Brit
housing estate

establish vT
established adj

estate property,
esp. in sbs will
esteem

estate nC

esthetic/aesthetic

estimate

estimate vT

estimate nC

esthetic adj Am/

aesthetic adj Brit
estimated adj

esteem nU
esteemed adj
esteem vT
self-esteem nU see also
@ self

esthetically adv Am/
aesthetically adv Brit
underestimate vT
estimation nU
underestimate nC
overestimate vT
overestimate nC

establish prove

housing estate nC
Brit see also @
1
house / housing
industrial estate nC
see also @ industry/
industrial
estate car nC Brit
see also @ car,
station wagon
estate agent nC Brit
see also @ agent
real estate agent nC
Am see also @
agent

193

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

etc

etc abbrev

eternal

eternal adj

eternity nU

eternally adv

ethics

ethics n pl
ethical adj

unethically neg adv

ethnic

ethnic adj

euro/

evacuate

euro/Euro/ nC
currency

ethnically adv
ethnicity nU

ethic nCU
ethically adv
unethical neg adj

evaluate see also @

value
evangelical

evaluate vT
evaluation nCU

evacuate vIT
evacuation nCU

euro zone n sing see

also @ zone
evacuee nC

evangelical adj

evaporate see also

@ vapour/vapor

evaporate vIT

eve see also @

evening
1
even adv surprise

eve nC

even adv

even if/though

even adv

evaluative adj
evaluator nC
evangelist nC
evangelism nU
evaporation nU
evaporated milk nC
see also @ milk
Christmas Eve
New Years Eve
even as
even now/then
even so

even adj

uneven neg adj

even out phr v

even adj
evenly adv

uneven adj

even adj

even vT
even up phr v
unevenly neg adv
break even phr v see
1
also @ break
get even phr v

even adv emphasis

even adj flat
even adj equal

even adj not odd

194

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

(numbers); see also

2
@ odd
evening see also @
eve

evening nCU early

night

good evening!
greeting see also @
3
good

evening nC event in
the evening

event

event nC occasion

event nC race, etc

eventual

eventually adv

eventual adj

ever adv at any

time; see also @
never
2
ever adv emphasis

ever adv at any time

forever/for ever adv ever adv all the time

evermore

everlasting adj see

2
also @ last

ever since
evergreen adj/nC

ever adv

every

everybody pron
everywhere adv

everyday adj

every now and again

every other
every so often

evidence/evident

every det each

every det per/
repeated
everyone pron
everything pron
evidence nU

evident adj

evidently adv

evil

evoke

evil adj
evil nCU

evoke vT

evolve/evolution

evolve vIT
evolution nU

evolutionary adj

evening class nC see

1
also @ class
evening dress nU
2
see also @ dress
evening gown nC
see also @ gown
at all events
in any event
in the event
in the event that
in the event of

in evidence
self-evident adj see
also @ self
evilly adv
evocative adj
evocation nC
evolved adj
evolving adj

195

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

exacerbate

exacerbate vT formal

exacerbation nU

exact

exactly adv

exact adj

exaggerate

exaggerate vIT

exaggeration nCU

exactness nU
inexact neg adj
exaggerated adj

exam/examination

examine vT
scrutinize

examiner nC

final exam/
examination n C see
also @ final

example

example nC typical
case

exam nC
examination nC
formal test
examination nCU
scrutiny
examine vIT test
for example

example nC sample

exemplify vT

exasperation

exasperation nU

exemplary adj
exemplification nU
follow sbs example
make an example of
sb
set an example
exasperate vT

exceed/excess

exceed vT

excess nU

excess adj
excessive adj

exceedingly adv

excel/excellent

excellent adj

except/exception

except prep
except for

exception nCU

exceptional adj

excellence nU
excel vIT
exceptionally adv

excerpt

excerpt nC

excess see also @

exceed

excess nU

excess adj
excessive adj

exchange see also

1 & 2
@ change

exchange nCU

exchange vT take
exchange rate nC
one thing for another see also @ rate
exchange vT

excessively adv
in/to excess
in excess of
excellently adv
except vT
make an exception
take exception to

excessively adv
in/to excess
in excess of
in exchange (for)
stock exchange nC
2
see also @ stock

196

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

exchange money

excitedly adv

excitable adj
excitingly adv
unexciting neg adj

exclaim vIT

exclude vT

exclusive adj
expensive

exclusion nCU
exclusively adv
excluding all others

exclamation nC
exclamation mark nC
2
see also @ mark

excursion nC

make an excuse/
excuses for

excuse forgive

excuse nC reason
excuse nC false
reason
excuse vT

execute

executive

executive nC
manager

execute vT
execution nCU

excuse me! attract

attention
excuse me! get out
of my way
excuse me! when
leaving
excuse me! apology
excuse me!
contradiction
excuse me? esp Am
please repeat that
executioner nC

executive adj

excite

exclaim/exclamation

excite vT
excited adj
exciting adj
excitement nU

exclude/exclusion

exclusive

excursion
excuse reason

excluding prep
exclusivity nU

chief executive/chief
executive officer nC
see also @ chief

197

headword

exempt

A1

A2

B1

B2

exercise nU

exercise vIT

exercise nC
exercise book nC
1
see also @ book

C1

C2

exempt vT

exempt adj
exemption nCU

exert vT

exhaust use
everything

exhaust vT
exhausted adj

exhausting adj
exhaustion nU
exhaust vT
exhaust nCU from
engine
exhaustive adj

exertion nCU
exert oneself

exhibit

exhibition nCU

exhibit vIT
exhibit nC

exile

exist

exist vI

exit

existence nU
existing adj

exile nU
exile nC sb in exile
exile vIT

exit nC

exit vI

existent adj
non-existent neg adj

exotic

exotic adj

expand

expand vI

expansion nU

exercise healthy
activity
2
exercise practice

exert
exhaust tire

exhaust-pipe nC see
also @ pipe
exhaust the
possibilities see also
@ possible/
possibility
exhibitor nC
exhibitionist nC
make an exhibition
of oneself
exiled adj
in exile
come into existence
emergency exit nC
see also @
emergency
exotically adv
expanded adj
expanding adj
expansive adj

198

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

expanse large area

expanse nC

expand on/upon phr

v

expect

expect vT believe
that sth will happen

expectation nC

expectancy nCU
unexpectedly neg adv

expectant adj
expectantly adv

expect vIT believe,

suppose
unexpected neg adj
expedition nC

expedition

expected adj
expect vIT expect a
baby

expel/expulsion

expel vIT

expulsion nCU

expenditure see
also @ expense
expense/expensive

expend vT

inexpensive neg adj

expensively adv
inexpensively neg
adv
at the expense of

experience

experienced adj

inexperienced neg adj

inexperience nU

experiment

experience nU skill/
knowledge acquired
through practice
experience vT

expense nC money
spent
expense nC sth on
which money is
spent
expensive adj
experience nC past
events in ones life

expenditure nCU
formal

experiment nC

experimental adj

experiment vI

experimentally adv
experimentation nU

expert

expert nC

expert adj
expertise nU

expire

explain/explanation

explain vIT

explanation nCU

expire vI
expiry nU
explanatory adj

experimenter nC
make/carry out an
experiment
expertly adv
inexpert neg adj
inexpertly neg adv
expiration nU

unexplained neg adj

inexplicable neg adj
inexplicably neg adv
explain away phr v

199

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

explicit

explicit adj clear

explicitly adv

explode

explosive adj

explosive nCU

explode vIT bomb,

etc
explosion nC
exploit vT

explode vI with
anger
explosively adv
exploitation nU

exploit treat
unfairly
explore

exploit vT

exploitation nU

explore vIT
physically

exploration nCU
explorer nC

exploratory adj

export see also @

import

exporter nC

expose

export nC sth
exported
export nU activity
export vIT
expose vT
exposure nU

exposition

exposition nC

express vT

expressive adj

expressionless neg
adj
expressed adj

expression nCU
expressed feelings
expression nC look
on ones face
expression nC
phrase

express adj formal

expressly adv formal

express fast

exquisite

express adj
express adv
express nC fast train

exquisite adj

extend/extension

extend vI continue
in time/space

extent nU

extend vIT increase,

make bigger

extended adj

extensively adv

express vT
expressway nC Am
3
see also @ way
exquisitely adv
exquisiteness nU
extension nC extra
room

exploit use well

express tell ones

feelings, etc

express clear

exploitative adj
exploiter nC
explore vIT
intellectually
unexplored neg adj

expos nC
exposed adj
unexposed neg adj
expository adj

200

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

extension nCU
extensive adj

external adj

exterior adj
exterior nC

extension nC extra
telephone
to some/a certain
extent
by extension

externally adv

extra adj

extra adv

extra nC

extinct adj
extinction nU

extract

extract vT

extraordinary see
also @ ordinary
extravagant

extraordinary adj

extreme

extremely adv

extreme adj

extreme nC

eye

eye nC body part

exterior see also @

interior
external

extinct

extra

extract nC excerpt

extract nCU from plant,
etc
extraction nCU
extraordinarily adv

extravagant adj
extravagance nCU

eye vT
black eye nC see also
@ black

extravagantly adv
extremist nC
extremist adj
extremism nU
extremity nC
go to extremes
in the extreme
eye nC of needle,
storm, etc
sharp-eyed adj see
4
also @ sharp
catch sbs eye
cry ones eyes out
feast ones eyes see
also @ feast

201

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

eyeball nC see also

1
@ ball

eyesight nU see also

1
@ sight

Ff

in sbs eyes
keep your/an eye on
sb/sth
see eye to eye
set eyes on sb/sth
turn a blind eye to
see also @ blind
eyebrow nC see also eyelash nC see also @
eyedrop nC see also
2
@ brow
lash
@ drop
eyelid nC see also @ lid eyeliner nCU see
1
also @ line
eyesore nC see also
@ sore
eyewitness nC see
also @ witness

fabric

fabric nCU

fabulous

facade

fabulous adj
informal

facade nC

face front of head

face nC front of

head
face vT turn towards

face up to phr v

face nC front surface face-to-face adj

face vT confront
facial adj
sb/sth

deface vT
defacement nU
lose face
face vT accept fact,
truth, etc
facecloth nC see
also @ cloth
faceless neg adj
in the face of
straight face nC see
also @ straight
make/pull a face

202

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

facet

facet nC

long face nC
shame-faced adj see
1
also @ shame
slap in the face nC
see also @ slap

facility

facilitator nC

in fact/in actual fact

facilities n pl
amenities

facilitate vT formal

fact

facility nC building,
equipment, etc
fact nCU

faction

faction nC

factual adj
factually adv

as a matter of fact
thats a fact!
factional adj

factor

factor nC

factory

factory nC

factor in/into phr v

wow factor nC

faculty

faculty nC university
department

fade

fade vI lose colour,

brightness

fail

fail vI not succeed

failure nCU no
success

fail vIT fail exam

fade vI gradually
disappear, reduce
volume
fail vI not do sth
failure nU not doing
sth

failed adj

faint adj not bold

faintly adv

faint vI

fair adj
fairly adv

fair adv
unfair neg adj

fairness nU

unfairly neg adv

faint opp bold

faint lose
consciousness
1
fair just, right

faculty nCU esp Am

all teachers at a
university
faded adj
fading adj
fail vI break down,
stop working
failure nCU stop
working
failing adj
without fail

faint nC
feel faint
unfairness nU
fair game see also @
2
game

203

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

fair nC

fair adj

fun fair nC see also

@ fun/funny

fair adj
fairly adv quite

fairy nC

faith nU

yours faithfully letter

closure Brit/faithfully
yours Am see also
@ yours

faithful adj loyal

faithfully adv

faith religious belief

faith nU

faithful adj

fairytale nC/adj see

also @ tale
tooth fairy nC see
also @ tooth
faithful adj sexually
unfaithful neg adj
sexually
faithfulness nU
in good faith
have faith in
faithful nU

fake

fall vI descend

fall vI accident
fall vI reduce,
become lower
fall nC drop
fall nC accident
fall nC rain, snow,
etc

fake adj
fake nC
fake vT

fallen adj
downfall nU
pitfall nC see also @ pit
rainfall nU see also @
rain
waterfall nC see also @
water

fall down phr v

fall vI be captured
fall vI be killed
fall vI happen on a
certain day
fall asleep see also
1
@ asleep/sleep
fall in love see also
@ love
fall ill see also @ ill
falling adj
falls n pl waterfall
shortfall nC
fall apart phr v
disintegrate

fair event, show

fair pale, light
fair reasonable,
average
fairy

faith trust

fall descend

204

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

fall autumn

false

false adj not correct

fame/famous

famous adj

familiar

family

family nC related
people
family nCU children
family adj

fall nCU Am see also

@ autumn
false adj not real
false adj not true

fame nU

famed adj

familiar adj
be familiar with
sb/sth

unfamiliar adj

infamous adj
familiarity nU

family name nC see

also @ name

family nC group of
things

fall apart phr v stop

working
fall away phr v
fall back on phr v
fall behind phr v
fall for phr v
fall in with phr v
fall off phr v decline
fall on phr v
fall out phr v tooth,
hair, etc
fall out phr v quarrel
fall over phr v
fall short of sth phr v
fall through phr v

falsely adv
falsify vT
falsehood nC
famously adv
defamation nU
defamatory adj
defame vT formal
infamy nU
familiarize vI
unfamiliarity nU
family planning nU
1
see also @ plan
family tree nC see
also @ tree
royal family nC see
also @ royal

205

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

famine

famine nCU

fan nC

fanatic nC

fan nC

fan vT

fancy like

fancy vT informal
Brit

fancy nC

fancy adj

fancy oneself
take a fancy to
sb/sth
fancy!/fancy that!
exclam

fancy adj

fancy imagine

fancy vT literary

fantastic

fantastic adj

fanciful adj
fancifully adv
fancy dress nU Br
2
see also @ dress
fanciful adj
fancifully adv

fantasy

fantasy nCU

fantasize viT

far

far adj/adv distant

as far as ...

far adv very much

so far
farther/further
comp adj/ adv
farthest/furthest sup
adj/adv

by far

as/so far as I know

far and wide see
also @ wide
far apart see also @
apart
far away see also @
away
far from
far off
far-reaching adj see
2
also @ reach
in as/so far as conj
fare nC taxi
customer

fan supporter
fan cooling device

fancy expensive,
fashionable
3
fancy ornate

fare payment for

ticket

fare nC

206

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

fare manage

fare vI formal

farewell

farewell nC

bid farewell

farm

farm nC

farmer nC

farm vIT

farming nU

farmhouse nC see also

2
@ house
farmland nU see also
1
@ land

fascinate

fascinating adj

fascinate vT

fascination nU

farm out phr v

distribute
farmhand nC see
2
also @ hand
farmyard nC see
1
also @ yard
fascinated adj

fascism

anti-fascist adj

fashion nU

fascism nU
fascist adj
fascist nC

fashion nCU

fashionable adj
unfashionable neg
adj
old-fashioned adj

fast adj watch,

clock, etc
fasten vIT/fasten sth
on/to/together phr v

fast adj quick

fast adv

fast adv/adj
fastened adj

fat adj

fat nU body fat

fashionably adv
unfashionably neg
adv
in fashion
out of fashion
come into fashion
go out of fashion
fast food nU see
also @ food
unfasten vT
unfastened neg adj
fastener nC
fastening nC
zip fastener nC Brit
see also @ zip/
zipper
fatness nU
fatten vT
fattening adj

fashion creative
industry
2
fashion what is
popular

fast quick
fast fixed,
stuck/fasten

fat opp. thin

207

headword
2

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

fat grease, oil, etc

fat nCU grease, oil

fatty adj

fatal

fatal adj

fate

fate nCU

father nC

grandfather nC see
2
also @ grand

father-in-law nC see
2
also @ law /in-law
forefather nC see also
@ fore-
great grandfather nC
2
see also @ great /
great-

father priest

father nC

fatigue

fatigue nU

faucet see also @

2
tap
fault

faucet nC Am

fault nCU mistake,

blame
fault nC broken part
favour nC Brit/
favor nC Am sth
helful
favour nU Brit/
favor nU Am
favour vT Brit/
favor vT Am

fault vT

at fault
find fault with

do (sb) a favour/
favor

faultless neg adj

faultlessly neg adv
faulty adj

ask a favour/favor

favourite nC Brit/
favorite nC Am

favourable adj Brit/

in favour/favor of
favorable adj Am
out of favour/favor
unfavourable neg
(with)
adj Brit/ unfavorable

favourably adv Brit/

favorably adv Am
unfavourably neg adv
Brit/ unfavorably neg

favoured adj Brit/

favored adj Am
favouritism nU Brit/
favoritism nU Am

father male parent

favour/favor
helpful act
favour/favor like,
support

fat-free adj see also

3
@ free
low-fat adj
fatally adv
fatality nC
fateful adj
fatefully adv
father vT
fatherly adv
fatherhood nU
forefather nC see
also @ fore/fore-
foster father nC see
also @ foster
godfather nC see
also @ god
stepfather nC see
3
also @ step

fatigue vIT
fatigued adj

208

headword

A1

A2

fax

favourite adj Brit/

favorite adj Am

fear

fear nCU

feasible

B1

B2

C1

neg adj Am

C2

adv Am

fear vT be afraid

fax nC
fax vT

fear vT formal worry

fearful adj
fearfully adv

fearless adj
fearlessly adv

feasible adj

feast

feast nC
feast vI

feat

feat nC

feared adj
for fear of/that
in fear of
feasibility nCU
feasibly adv
feasting nU
feast ones eyes see
also @ eye

feather

feature

feature nC
important part of sth
feature nC physical
characteristic

feather nC
feather adj

feature vT include
significantly

federal adj

federation nC

federally adv
confederation nC

feebly adv
feebleness nU
feeble-minded adj
1
see also @ mind
enfeeble vT formal
enfeebled adj formal
feed on phr v

federal
fed up see also @
feed
fee

fee nC

fed up adj informal

bored

feeble

feeble adj

feed see also @

food

feed vT give food

fed up adj informal

feed nCU
feeding adj
feeding nU

feed vIT load with sth

feathered adj
feathery adj

209

headword

feedback
1

feel experience
physically
2

feel experience
emotionally,
mentally

A1

A2

feel vIT touch, etc

feeling nC physical
sensation
feel vT
feelings n pl
feeling nCU emotion emotions

B1

B2

C1

C2

feedback nU

feel n sing particular

quality

feel like sth phr v
want
feel like doing sth
phr v want to do sth

hurt sbs feelings

feel good/bad about
sth

feel up to phr v

feel vI

feel have opinion

fellow

fellowship nU

female see also @

male
feminine

feel vIT have opinion

feeling nC opinion

fellow nC old-
fashioned
fellow adj
female adj

female nC

feminism nU
femininity nU

fence wooden

barrier
ferocious see also @
fierce
ferry

fence nC

feminine adj
feminist nC
feminist adj
fencing nU
fence vT

ferry nC

fertile

fertility nU
fertilizer nCU

ferry vT
ferryboat nC see also
@ boat
fertile adj land, people,
animals, etc

sit on the fence be

indecisive
ferocity nU
ferociously adv

feel state of health

ferocious adj

fertile adj
imagination
fertilize vT
fertilization nU
infertile neg adj
infertility nU

210

headword

festival

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

festival nC

fetch vT collect

feudal

fever

few

fewer det

fianc/fiance

few det/pron
a few det/pron

fibre/fiber

fiction

fidelity

C2

festive adj
festivity nCU

feudal adj

feudalism nU

fever nCU

run a fever

quite a few/a good

few

feverish adj
feverishly adv

fianc/fiance nC

fibrous adj

fibre nCU Brit/

fiber nCU Am
fiction nU

fictitious adj
non-fiction nU

fictional adj
science fiction nU
see also @ science

fidelity nU

field nC

airfield nC see also @

2
air

minefield nC see
3
also @ mine
midfield adj/
midfielder nC see
also @ middle/mid-

field speciality

battlefield nC see
also @ battle
field nC sports
ground
field vI
field n sing
competitors
field nC

fierce/ferocious

fiercely adv

ferocious adj

ferocity nU
ferociously adv

fig

fierce adj violent

fierce adj strong
wind, sun, etc
fierce adj emotion,
argument, etc

fig nC

fight

fight vIT physical

fight vIT strive

fight vIT argue

fighter nC person,
aircraft, etc

firefighter nC see
1
also @ fire

fig leaf nC see also

1
@ leaf
firefighting nU see
1
also @ fire

fetch

field flat land

field sports ground

211

headword

A1

A2

B1

fight nC physical
fight nC striving

figure number
2

figure nC number
figure nC amount

figure be
mentioned/ included
in sth
3
figure shape of

body

B2

C1

C2

fighting nU

infighting nU
fight against phr v
fight back phr v
fight for phr v
fight off phr v

figure vI

figure nC

disfigure vT
disfigurement nCU
disfiguring adj
disfigured adj

figure nC

figure think

figure vI esp Am
figure vI informal
make sense
figure sth out phr v
informal

figure nC

figure of speech see

also @ speech
filing nU

figurative adj
figuratively adv
on file

file nC
file vT

nail file nC see also

2
@ nail

figure diagram,
table, etc
6
figure person in
story, events, etc
7
figure figure of
speech
1
file record

file nC record
file nC container
file nC computer
file vT make a
record, file

file tool
file line of people,
animals, etc

file nC
file vI

212

headword

fill see also @ full

film movie

A1

fill vT make sth full

fill/fill in phr v put
sth into a space
film nCU movie

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

fill vT take a job

fill vT at dentist
fill in/out phr v
complete a form, etc
film star nC see also
2
@ star

filling nCU

filler nCU
have ones fill of sb/
sth

filmmaker nC

film vIT

filming nU

film nC

film thin layer

film nCU
photographic

filter

filter nC

filter vIT

filtration nU

filtering nU

filthy

filthy adj

filth nU

fin

fin nC

final

final adj last

final adj decision,
offer, judgement, etc
finally adv after a
long time

finally adv lastly

final nC in
competition

semi-final nC

finance

financial adj

financially adv
financing nU

fnancier nC

find

find vT recover sth

lost
find vT discover

find nC

find vT give verdict

finder nC

fine adj good,

enjoyable

find vT experience
sb/sth
find (sth) out phr v
finding/findings nC
usu pl
fine adj weather
fine adj healthy

finance nU money
finances n pl
finance vT

finalize vT
finalization nU
finalist nC
finale nC
final exam/
examination nC see
also @ exam/
examination
semi-finalist nC
financial year nC
also @ year

fine adv

finery nU literary

fine adj thin,

delicate

finely adv

fine good,
enjoyable, good

quality
2
fine thin, delicate

213

headword
3

A1

A2

B1

B2

fine adj small

fine money paid as

punishment
finger

finger nC body part

finish

finish vIT complete

finish vIT end
finish vIT finish
eating

fingernail see also

2
@ nail
fingerprint nC see
2
also @ print
index finger nC see
also @ index
finish nC end

finite

fir

fire nCU
fire nC Brit
household heater
on fire

fire alarm nC see

also @ alarm

fire flames, smoke,

etc

C1

C2

fine nC
fine vT
finger nC sth shaped
like a finger

fingertip nC see also @

tip

finger vT
fingerprint vT see
2
also @ print
keep ones fingers
crossed

finished adj

unfinished neg adj

finite adj
infinite adj

infinitely adv
infinity nU
fir nC

finisher nC
finishing adj
finish (sth) up phr v
finish up with phr v
finish (sth) off phr v
finish with sth phr v

fire nU strong
emotion
firefighter nC see
also @ fight
fireman nC see also
3
@ man
fireplace nC see also
@ place

bonfire nC
fiery adj
fire brigade nC Brit see
also @ brigade
fire department nC Am
see also @ department
fire engine nC see also
@ engine
fire escape nC see also
@ escape
firehouse nC esp Am
2
see also @ house
fire service nC see also
2
@ serve/ service
fire station nC esp Brit

fir tree nC see also

@ tree
catch fire
play with fire
put out a fire
set sth/sb on fire
firefighting nU see
also @ fight
fireproof adj see
3
also @ proof

214

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

X
3

fire vIT shoot

gunfire nU see also
@ gun

fire shoot

fire dismiss, sack

see also @ station

firework nC
firing nU
ceasefire nC see also @
cease
firearm nC see also @
2
arm

fire vIT ask

questions
firepower nU see
2
also @ power
under fire
firing squad nC see
also @ squad

fire vT

firmly adv

firm up phr v
firmness nU

firm company

firm nC

firm adj hard, solid

firm adj fixed
firm adj definite

first

first ordinal number

first/firstly adv in
order, time, on list,
etc
first adj

first/the first pron/

n sing
at first

first half nC see also

2
@ half

first-hand adj

first class nU see

2
also @ class
first-class adj see
2
also @ class
first floor n sing see
2
also @ floor
first name nC see
also @ name

first aid nU see also

@ aid
first of all
first and foremost
first and last
at first sight see also
1
@ sight
first person n sing
grammar

fiscal adj

fish nC

fish vI

fisherman nC see

fish and chips nU see fishery nC

firm hard, solid

fiscal

fiscally adv
fiscal year nC see
also @ year
fish for phr v

215

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

fish

fish nC

fishing nU

also @ man

fist

C1

C2

also @ chip
fishing rod see also
@ rod

goldfish nCU
tunafish nC see also @
tuna

fist nC

fishmonger nC
fishing boat nC see
also @ boat
jellyfish nCU see
also @ jelly
shellfish nU see also
1
@ shell

fit vI

fit nC

fit vI
fit adj

fitting adj

fit adj

fitness nU

unfit neg adj

fit in (with) phr v

fit into phr v
fit with phr v
misfit nC
unfit neg adj

fit nC Brit

fit install

fit vT

five/fifteen/fifty

fixed adj secured

fixed adj agreed
flag nC

fix vIT Brit agree

time, price, etc

fixture nC
installation

flag

fifth ordinal number/

fraction
fifteenth ordinal
number/fraction
fiftieth ordinal
number/fraction
fix vT repair
fix vT fasten, attach

fix

five cardinal number

5
fifteen cardinal
number 15
fifty cardinal number
50

fitter nC
fittings n pl Brit
fit sb/sth in phr v

flake

flake nC

fixing nU
fix up phr v
flag down phr v
flag up phr v
flake vI

cornflake nC see
also @ corn

fit be correct size

fit suit, be suitable

fit healthy
fit seizure

216

headword

flame

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

flame nC

inflammation nU

flare

flash

flash vIT
flash nC

flap nC
flap vI
flare nC
flare vIT/flare up phr v

flat adj level

flat adj unexciting

flatness nU

flat nC

flat adj without

electrical charge
flat adj not inflated
flat adv
flatten vIT

flat absolute

flavour/flavor

flavour nCU Brit/

flavor nCU Am
flavour vT Brit/
flavor vT Am

flat adj
flatly adv

flaw

flaw nC

flee see also @

flee vIT

flap

flat level

flat apartment Brit

flame up phr v
flaming adj
go/send up in flames
inflame vT
inflamed adj
inflammatory adj
flammable adj
inflammable adj Brit


flashing adj
flashlight nC Am see
1
also @ light, torch
in a flash
flattened adj
flat tyre nC Brit/flat
tire nC Am see also
@ tyre/tire
flatmate nC see also
2
@ mate

flavoured adj Brit/
flavored adj Am
flavouring nCU Brit/
flavoring nCU Am
flavourless adj Brit/
flavorless adj Am
flawed adj
flawless neg adj
fleeing adj

217

headword

flight

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

X
2

flight nU
take flight

fleet

fleet nC

flesh

flesh nU human/
animal

flexible

flexible adj

flexibility nU

flick

flick vT

flicker

flicker vI

flight journey by
aircraft; see also @
1
fly
2
flight see also @
flee
fling

flight nC journey
flight nU flying

flight attendant nC
2
see also @ attend /
attendant

fling vT

flight nU
take flight

flip

flip vIT

flirt

flirt vI

float vI opp. sink

float vIT move on
surface

floating adj

flirtation nCU
flirt nC
flirtacious adj
float nC
afloat adv/adj
flotation nCU

float opp. sink

flesh nU fruit/
vegetable
fleshy adj
in the flesh
ones (own) flesh
and blood see also
@ blood
flex vT
flexibly adv
inflexible neg adj
inflexibly neg adv
inflexibility nCU
flick nC
flick through phr v
flicker nC
flickering adj

218

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

flock

flock nC animals

flood

flood vT

flood nCU

flooded adj
flooding nU

floor nC surface in
room
floor nC dance,
factory, etc

floor level in
building

floral

floor nC
ground/first/second
etc floor n

floral adj

flour

flour nU

flourish

flourish vI

flow

flow nCU liquid, gas,

etc

flow vI

overflow vIT
overflow nC

flower

flower nC

flower vI

flower bed nC see

1
also @ bed

flow nCU people,

traffic, etc
flowing adj

floor surface in
room

floating voter nC
see also @ vote
flock nC people
flock vI
floodplain nC see
2
also @ plain
floodwaters npl see
also @ water
floor vT
floored adj
flooring nU
floorboard nC see
1
also @ board
floor show nC see
2
also @ show

flora nU
florist nC
floury adj
floured adj
flourishing adj
outflow nC
cash flow nCU see
also @ cash
flowered adj
flowering adj
flowery adj
flowerpot nC see
also @ pot
sunflower nC
in flower

219

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

flu

flu nU

influenza nU

fluent

fluent adj

fluid

fluorescent

fluid nCU
fluid adj

fluency nU
fluently adv

fluorescent adj

flush

flush vI

fluorescent light nC
1
see also @ light
flush nC

flute

flute nC

flight nC journey by
aircraft
flight nU flying

fly vI move quickly

flier/flyer nC
flying nU
flying adj

fly insect

fly vT travel in air

fly vIT travel in
aircraft
fly vT control
aircraft, etc

fly nC

butterfly nC

foam

foam nU
foam cI

focus

focal adj

foe

focus nU
focus vIT
focus on/upon sb/
sth phr v

foamy adj
shaving foam nU
see also @ shave
focused adj

foe nC

fog

foil

fog nU
foggy adj

foil nU

not have the

foggiest (idea)

fold

fold vT
unfold vIT be
flattened; be
revealed

fold nC

fly travel in air

fluidity nU

flautist nC/
flutist nC Am
flying boat nC see
also @ boat
flying saucer nC see
also @ saucer

folding adj
folded adj
enfold vT
fold your arms see
1
also @ arm

220

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

folder

folder nC

foliage

foliage nU

folk

folk nC informal
folk adj

folklore nU
folksong see also @
song

follow vIT go after

follow vIT happen
subsequently
following adj

follow vT result
following prep

follow vT obey

follow vT have an
interest in
follower nC

follow vT advice,
recommendation,
etc
follow vIT

folk music nU see

also @ music
gentlefolk n pl old-
fashioned see also
2
@ gentle
the following
follow-up adj
follow-up nC
follow up phr v
follow through phr v
as follows
follow suit see also
3
@ suit
following nC

fond

fond adj

font

font nC print style

fondly adv
fondness nU
be fond of
fondle vT

food see also @

feed

food nCU

cat food nU see also

@ cat
dog food nU see
also @ dog
seafood nCU see
also @ sea

follow go after

follow obey

follow understand

foody nC informal
fast food nU see
1
also @ fast
health food nCU see
also @ health
junk food nCU see
also @ junk
foodstuff nC

221

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

foot/feet nC body
part

foot/feet nC bottom on foot

of sth

footprint nC see also footpath nC see also

2
@ print
@ path

footstep nC see also
1
@ step

foot 12 inches

foot/feet nC

food for thought

foolishly adv
foolishness nU
fool about/around
phr v
make a fool of sb
footing nC
footbridge nC see
also @ bridge
foothold nC see also
@ hold
footnote nC see also
1
@ note
footage nU

football

football nU Brit
soccer
football nU Am
American football
football nC the ball;
1
see also @ ball
for prep intended
for/for the purpose
of
for prep because of
for prep length of
time/distance
for prep for an
occasion
for prep payment
for
for prep on behalf of
for prep translation
for prep work for

American football
nU
footballer nC

rugby football nU
see also @ rugby

for prep towards

for conj formal
because

for prep considering

age, condition, etc
for prep support for/
in favour of

what for? why?

fool

foot body part

for

fool nC

fool vT
foolish adj

222

headword

forbid

A1

A2

B1

B2

force nU

force nU
force vT

force group of
people

fore/fore-

C1

C2

forbid vT
forbidden adj

by force

force vT

forced adj

force nC
air force nC see also
2
@ air

enforce vT see also
@ enforce
enforcement nU

forceful adj
forcefully adv
forcibly adv

forehead nC see
1
also @ head

forecast

foreign

foreigner nC

foreman

foreign adj from

abroad

forecast nC
forecast vT
weather forecast nC
see also @ weather
foreign adj external,
alien

foremost

foremost adj

force influence
force physical
power
force compel

workforce n sing see

also @ work

fore n sing
forefather nC see also
1
@ father
foreground n sing

in/into force
enforceable adj
enforced adj
enforcer nC
amed forces nC see
2
also @ arm
task force nC see
also @ task

forearm nC see also

1
@ arm
forefather nC see
1
also @ father
forefront n sing
forerunner nC
forecaster nC

foreman nC see also @

3
man

first and foremost

223

headword

A1

A2

B1

forename

forensic

foresee see also @

see
forest

B2

C1

C2

forename nC see
also @ name

forensic adj

forensically adv

foresee vT

forest nC

rainforest nC see also

@ rain

foretell see @ tell

foreseeable adj
unforeseen neg adj
forestry nU
forester nC
forested adj
deforestation nU
foretell vT

forever see also @

ever
1
forge copy,
counterfeit

forever/for ever adv

evermore

forge vT

forge make links

forge vT

forget

forget vIT fail to

remember
forget vIT fail to do
sth

forgetful adj

forgive

forgive vT

forgiveness nU

fork

fork nC eating tool

fork nC gardening
tool

fork vT use a fork

form vT

formation nU
process of creation

fork nC turning in
road
fork vI divide

forgetfully adv
forgetfulness nU
forgotten adj
unforgettable neg
adj
forgive me! formal
forgivable adj
forgiving adj
unforgiving neg adj
forked adj

formative adj

form nC

application form nC

formation nC sth
formed (rocks,
clouds, etc)

form create,
develop, establish
form document

forever adv informal

often
forged adj
forger nC
forgery nCU

224

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

form nC

see also @ apply /

application

form nC

form n sing

form class at school

Brit
formal

form nC

formal adj official

informal neg adj

informally neg adv

format

format nCU

formal adj serious

formally adv
formality nCU

formation nC
coordinated pattern
deformed neg adj
deformity nU
be on good/great/
bad/etc form Brit/
be in good/great/
bad/etc form Am
first/second/etc
former nC
informality neg nU

format vT

former

former adj

formerly adv

the former n sing

formidable

formidable adj

formidably adv

formula

formulate vT

formulation nCU

fort

formula nC plan
formula nC
mathematical,
chemical, etc

fort nC

fortress nC

forth

and so forth

forth adv formal

henceforth adv formal

fortify vT
fortified adj
fortification nC

forthcoming

forthright

forthcoming adj
happening soon

forthright adj

fortnight

fortnight nC Brit

form type
form shape

form current ability

225

headword

A1

fortunate see also

2
@ fortune
1
fortune lots of
money
2
fortune luck,
chance; see also @
fortunate
forum

A2

B1

B2

fortunately adv

unfortunately neg
adv

fortune nC

forward see also @

2
ward /-ward

C1

C2

fortunate adj
unfortunate neg adj

make ones fortune

fortune nCU

misfortune nCU

forum nC

tell sbs fortune

fortune teller nC see
1
also @ tell

forward/ forwards
adv direction
forward/forwards
adv earlier

forward adj

fossil

fossil nC

foster

foster vT

foul

foul adj

found

found vT establish

founder nC

found vT base idea

founding adj

forward vT
fast forward vT
look forward phr v
backwards and
forwards see also @
backward/
backwards
fossilize vIT
fossilization nU
foster adj:
foster mother/
father/parent nC
see also @ mother,
father, parent
foster home nC see
2
also @ home
foster child/
daughter/son nC
see also @ child,
daughter, son
foul nC
foul vT
foul-up nC
foul up phr v
foundation adj

226

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

foundation charity,
institution
fountain

foundation nC start
foundations n pl of
building

fountain nC water

fountain nC source

four/fourteen/forty

fourth ordinal
number 4th
fourteenth ordinal
number/fraction
fortieth ordinal
number/fraction

fox

four cardinal
number 4
fourteen cardinal
number 14
forty cardinal
number 40

fountain pen nC see

also @ pen

fox nC

fraction

fraction nC

fracture

fractured adj

fragile

fragile adj

fracture nC
fracture vT

fragment

fragment nC

fragrance

frail

fragrance nCU
fragrant adj
frail adj

fragment vIT
fragmentary adj
fragmentation nU
fragmented adj

frame nC

frame vT

frame nC structure
frame nC body

framework nC

frame edge, border

frame structure

etc

foundation nC

fragility nU

frailty nU
framed adj
picture frame nC
see also @ picture
window frame nC
see also @ window
mainframe adj/nC

227

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

franchise

franchise nCU

frank

frankly adv

frank adj

franchise vT
franchisee nC
frankness nU

frantic

frantic adj

frantically adv

fraud

fraud nUC

free adj/adv not

limited
free adj/adv not
imprisoned
freedom nU

free will nU see also

2
@ will

free vT release from

prison

freely adv

fraudulent adv
fraudulently adv
fraudster nC
defraud vT
set free

free adj

free adj/free from/

of
duty-free adj/nC see
2
also @ duty

free vT make
available

free adj not busy,

not in use

free trade nU see

also @ trade
freebie nC informal
fat-free adj see also
2
@ fat
germ-free adj see
also @ germ
sugar-free adj see
also @ sugar

freeway nC Am

frozen adj turned to

ice

freezer nC
freezing adj/adv

freeze nC period of icy

weather

freezing nU lit:
freezing point

freeze vT turn to ice

freeze vI feel very
cold
freeze vIT preserve
food by freezing

freeze vI stop sth

moving

freeze vT stop prices,

etc increasing; stop

freezing n usu sing

fig: stopping money

free not limited, at

liberty

free free of charge

free without

free not busy, not

occupied
freeway see also @
3
way
freeze see also @
frozen

228

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

money etc being moved

freeze nC no increase
in price, etc;

etc being moved

unfreezing n usu sing
unfreeze vT release
money etc that has
been frozen
frozen adj unable to
be increased (prices,
etc); unable to be
released (money,
etc)
freighter nC
freight vT
frenzied adj

freight

freight nU

frenzy

frenzy nC usu sing

frequently adv

frequency nU

frequent adj

frequency nC

infrequent neg adj

infrequently neg adv

fresh adj recent

fresh adj new

fresh adj food,
drink, etc

freshly adv

freshwater adj see also

@ water

freshen vIT
freshness nU

refresh vT

refreshing adj
refreshment nCU

refreshingly adv
refresh ones
memory see also @
memory

frequency how
often
2
frequency radio etc
1

fresh recent

fresh natural

freshman

fresh adj fresh air,

etc

friction

friction nU rubbing

fridge see also @

refrigerator
friend

fridge nC

friend nC

friendly adv

friendship nCU
unfriendly neg adj

freshman nC see
3
also @ man
friction nU
quarrelling

friendliness nU
unfriendliness nU

229

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

boyfriend nC see
also @ boy
girlfriend nC see
also @ girl
pen-friend nC see
1
also @ pen

fright nU

frightened adj
frightening adj

fringe nC

friendly nC sport
befriend vT
be friends with
make friends (with)
environmentally-
friendly adj see also
@ environment
frighteningly adv

frightful adj very
bad
frightfully adj

fringe nC

fringe adj

frock nC

frog

frog nC

from

from prep leaving

place, direction
from prep distance
from a point
from prep where sb/
sth is from
from prep stating
point
from prep gift,
communication, , etc
from sb/somewhere
front nC of building,
place, vehicle, book,
etc
front adj

from prep obtain,

remove from
somewhere

frogman nC see also

3
@ man

front door nC see also

@ door

fright

frighten vT

fringe edge

frock

fringe haircut

front

front vT
front adj
in front in a series,
game, etc

230

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

in front of

frontier nC

frost nCU

frosty adj

frost cake
decoration; see also
2
@ ice
frown

frost vT esp Am
frosting nU esp Am

frostbite nU
frostbitten adj see
also @ bite
frosted adj esp Am

frozen see also @

freeze
1
fruit apple, orange,
etc
2
fruit result

frown vI
frown nC
frozen adj

fruit nCU

fruitcake nCU see

also @ cake

fruit juice nCU see

also @ juice

fruits n pl rewards,
consequences, etc
fruitful adj

frustrate

frustration nCU

frustrate vT

fry

fuck sex

fry vT
fried adj
fries n pl Am see
1
also @ chip
French fries n pl Am
1
see also @ chip
frying pan nC see
also @ pan

frustrated adj
frustrating adj
fry nCU

fruity adj
fruiterer nC
fruition nC formal
fruitless neg adj
fruitlessly neg adv
fruitfully adv

fuck vIT offensive

fuck nC offensive

fuck! exclam
offensive
fucking adj/adv
offensive

fucker nC offensive
fuck off phr v
offensive go away
fuck all nU Brit

frontier
frost thin covering
of ice

fuck annoyance,
intensifier

frying nU

231

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

fuel

fuel nCU

fulfil/fulfill

fulfil vT Brit/ fulfill vT

Am

fulfilment nU Brit/
fulfillment nU Am

full see also @ fill

full adj filled,

complete, etc

fully adv

full-time adj see

1
also @ time

fume

full name nC see

also @ name
full stop nC Brit see
2
also @ period

fun/funny

fun nU sth enjoyable funny adj strange,

fun nU playful
unusual
energy
fun adj
funny adj humorous

fumes n pl
fume vI

function

function nCU

fund

fund nC

fund vT
funding nU

function vI
functional adj

fundamental

fundamental adj

refund nC
refund vT

fundamentally adv

fuel vT

C2

offensive nothing
fuel tank nC see also
1
@ tank
fulfilled adj
unfulfilled neg adj
fulfilling adj
full adj eaten
enough
fullness nU
in full
full-scale adj see
1
also @ scale
full time nU see also
1
@ time
fumigate vT
for fun/for the fun
of it
make fun of sb
poke fun at sb/sth
see also @ poke
fun fair nC see also
2
@ fair
functioning adj
funded adj
fund-raising nU
pension fund nC see
also @ pension
refundable adj
fundamental n usu pl
fundamentalism nU
fundamentalist adj

232

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

fundamentalist nC

funeral

funeral nC

funeral adj

fungus/fungi

fungus nC

fur

fur nUC

fur coat nC see also

1
@ coat

furry adj

furious see also @

fury

furious adj

furiously adv

fungal adj
fungicide nCU see
also @ suicide
furrier nC
fur-lined adj see
3
also @ line

furniture

furniture nU

furnishings npl

further see also @

far
furthermore

further comp
adv/adj

furthest sup adj/adv

furnish vT provide
with furniture
furnished adj

further vT

fury

furthermore adv
formal

furiously adv

fury nU
furious adj
fuse nC

fuse vIT Brit

fuse nC

defuse vT

fuse join together,

melt
fuss

fuse vIT
fusion nU
fuss nU

futile

futile adj

fuss vI
fussy adj
make a fuss
of/over/about
futility nU

future

future/the future nU
future n sing
grammar

fuse electrical
device
2
fuse part of bomb
3

for the future

in future Brit/in the
future Am

233

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

future nU sbs/sths
prospects
future adj

future tense nC see

2
also @ tense

gain vIT watch/clock

regain vT

gain vIT increase

gain nCU increase
gain nCU sth gained

gain on phr v

galaxy nC

gale nC

galactic adj
intergalactic adj

gallery

gallery nC
art gallery nC see
1
also @ art
gallon nC

gallon

miles per gallon

gallop

game nC sport, etc

game nC match
game nC part of
match
game nC fun, joke
games npl
Olympic Games npl

video game nC see

also @ video

gallop vI
gallop nCU
gamble vIT
gamble nC
gambling nU
gambler nC

gamble

game nU

big game nU
fair game see also @
fair
game park nC see
1
also @ park

Gg

gain

gain vIT get sth extra

galaxy

gale

game sport, etc

game wild animals,

birds, etc

board game nC see

1
also @ board

234

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

gang

gang nC

gangster nC

gang up (on) phr v

gaol see also @ jail

gaol/jail nC

gaol/jail vT

gap

gap nC hole
gap nC difference

gap nC time

garage

garage nC Brit petrol garage nC vehicle

station
repair shop
garbage nU Am

rubbish

garbage

garage nC vehicle
store

gaoler/jailer nC
gaolbird/jailbird nC
bridge a/the gap
idiom see also @
1
bridge
garage vT

garden

gardener nC
gardening nU
garden vI

garden nC usu pl park

garlic

garden nC esp Brit

green area beside
ones house for
flowers, etc

garlic nU

garment

garment nC formal

garlic bread nU see

also @ bread

garrison

garrison nC

garrison vT

gas nU substance
gas nU for cooking,
heating, etc

gas nU esp Am
gasoline nU esp Am
gas station nC esp

gas vT
gaseous adj
gassy adj
gas mask nC see lso
@ mask
natural gas nU see
1
also @ nature /
natural
teargas nU see also
2
@ tear
gas tank nC esp Am
1
see also @ tank

gas substance that

is not solid or liquid

gas /gasoline

garbage nU Am
nonsense
garbage man nC Am
3
szee also @ man

235

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

gasp

Am see also @
4
station

gate

gate nC outside
door, etc

gate nC at airport,
etc

gate-post nC see
3
also @ post

gateway nC see also @

3
way

gather vT

gated adj
gatekeeper nC see
2
also @ keep /keeper

gather come
together
3
gather understand

gather vIT

gathering nC party,
etc

gauge

gauge nC

gather vT understand,
hear

gay homosexual

gay adj

gay nC

gayness nU

gaze

gaze vI

gaze nCU

gear nC

gearbox nC

gear equipment

gear up phr v prepare,

get ready
gear nU

gem

gem nC

gender

gender nCU

gene see also @

genetic

gene nC
genetic adj

in general

genetically adv
genetics nU
genome nC

geneticist nC
genetically-modified
adj
generally speaking
the general public
nU see also @ public

generalize vI
generalization nC

generality nC
generalized adj

gather collect sth

gear engine part

general common,
usual

general adj common

generally adv usually
generally adv by
most people
2
general opp specific general adj opp

specific
generally adv not

gasp vI

gasp nC

gauge vT

gear nU informal
clothing
gemstone nC see
also @ stone

236

headword
3

general military
rank
generate

A1

specifically

B1

general nC

B2

C1

C2

generate vT produce
electricity

generator nC
generation nU

generation age
group
generic

generation nC

generate vT make
sth

generic adj

generically adv

generous

generous adj

genetics see also @

gene

genetic adj

generosity nU
generously adv
genetics nU
genetically adv

genius

genocide

genius nC
genius nU

genre

gentleman nC

gentle adj
gently adv
gentlemen/gents n
pl toilet

gentle opp. rough

gentle / gentleman/
gentlewoman

A2

geneticist nC
genetically-modified
adj

genre nC

genocide nU see also

@ suicide

gentleness nU

gentlemanly adj
gentlemans
agreement nC see
also @ agree/
agreement
gentlefolk n pl old-
fashioned see also
@ folk
gentlewoman nC
gentility nU
gentry n pl old-
fashioned

generic adj

237

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

genuine

genuine adj

genuinely adv

geography

geographically adv

geographer nC

geology

geography nU
geographic/
geographical adj

geometry

geologist nC
geologically adv

germ

germ nC

geology nU
geological adj
geometry nU
geometric/ geometrical
adj

gesture

gesture nC

gesture vIT

get

get vT obtain, buy,

fetch, etc
get vT receive

get vT answer door,

phone, etc
get vI have the
opportunity to do sth
get vT receive
punishment, etc

get vT affect
emotionally
get vT get hit,
injured, etc

get phrasal verbs,

etc

get vT catch,
capture, etc
get vI/get to phr v
reach a place, time,
etc
get vT catch illness
get vIT become
get vT cause, prepare
get vT prepare a
meal
get vI move
get vT travel by sth
get to phr v reach a
place, time, etc
get sth back phr v
retrieve
get better see also
@ better
get down phr v
descend
get in phr v enter

get back phr v

return
get/take down phr v
make a note of sth
get on with sth phr v
make progress with
get through phr v
talk on the
telephone

get sth across phr v

explain
get along with phr v
like, be friends
get at sth phr v
make accessible
get at phr v imply,
suggest
get away phr v

get about phr v

travel
get ahead phr v
progress, succeed
get at sb phr v
criticize
get away! exclam
get into sth phr v
become interested in

germ-free adj see

also @ free
gesticulate vI formal

238

headword

A1

A2

B1

get off sth phr v

alight
get sth on phr v put
clothes on
get on (sth) phr v
board
get out phr v leave
get together phr v
meet socially
get-together nC
social meeting
get to phr v reach
get up phr v stand
get (sb) up phr v
waken; get out of
bed
get used to sth see
also @ used

ghost

B2

escape, leave
get away phr v for a
holiday
get away with sth
phr v avoid
detection
get by phr v
manage, cope
get down phr v
make a note of sth
get sb down phr v
depress sb
get in phr v arrive
get in/into phr v be
selected, elected
get in touch phr v
1
see also @ touch
get off phr v avoid
punishment
get on with sb phr v
Brit
like, be friends
get (sb/sth) out phr
v release
get out of sth phr v
avoid
get over sth/sb phr v
recover from
get round/around to
sth phr v Brit do sth
after a delay
get through phr v
pass exam, etc
ghost nC

C1

C2

sth
get on phr v informal
become old
get over phr v
convey message
get around/round
phr v avoid,
overcome a problem
get through phr v
finish sth
get through (to sb)
phr v make sb
understand
get up to phr v reach
get up to sth phr v
become involved in
sth

ghostly adj

239

headword

A1

A2

B1

giant see also @

gigantic
1
gift present; see
also @ give
2
gift nC ablity, talent

gift nC

gig

B2

C1

C2

giant nC
giant adj

gift nC
gifted adj
gig nC

gigantic see also @

giant
giggle

gigantic adj

ginger

giggle vI
giggle nC
ginger nU
ginger adj taste
ginger adj colour

giraffe

giraffe nC

girl

girl nC young
female, young
woman

girl nC daughter
girl nC female
worker

girlfriend nC see
also @ friend
schoolgirl nC see
also @ school

choirgirl nC see also @

choir

give vT present, gift,

etc

give vT pay
gift nC present

give see also @ gift

gingerly adv
cautiously
gingerbread nU see
also @ bread
ginger ale/beer nU
see also @ ale, beer

girlish adj
girlie/girly adj
informal
girl-band nC see also
1
@ band
Girl Friday nC
bachelor girl nC see
also @ bachelor
give vT time,
chance, etc
give vT illness,
reputation, etc
give vT inform
news, time, etc
give vT give a

240

headword

A1

give phrasal verbs,

etc

given

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

speech,
performance, etc
give vT instructions,
directions, orders,
etc
give over phr v stop
doing sth

give in/up phr v

surrender
give up phr v stop
doing sth

give away phr v

reveal secret, etc
give away phr v give
sb sth without
payment

give back phr v

return sth
give in phr v hand in
sth found
give out phr v
distribute
give way phr v allow
sb to do sth

given adj particular

given nC

glad

glad adj

gladly adv

gladden vT

glamour/glamor

glance

glance vI

glance nC

glamour nU Brit/
glamor nU Am
glamorous adj

gland

gland nC

at a glance
at first glance
glandular adj

glare

glare vI

glare nC

glaring adj

glass nU
glass adj

plate-glass nU see
also @ plate
glaze nU
glaze vIT
glazed adj
glazier nC
glassy adj
double-glazing nU
see also @ double
stained glass nU see

glass /glaze
material

241

headword
2

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

glass container,
drinking vessel
glasses

glass nC

glasses n pl

gleam

gleam vI

glide

glimpse

glitter

globe

global adj whole-

world

glimpse nC
glimpse vT
glitter vI
glitter nU
globe nC

gloom

glory

gloss

glove

glow

C2

also @ stain
a glass of water,
milk, etc
sunglasses n pl see also
@ sun
gleam nC

gleaming adj
glide vI
hang glider nC
glider nC

catch a glimpse of
sb/sth

glittering adj

global warming nU see

also @ warm/warming

glory nU

gloom nU misery,
despair, etc
gloomy adj
glorious adj

glove nC

gloss nU shine
glossy adj

glow vI
glow nU

glowing adj

global adj general,

broad
globally adv
globalization nU

glory in phr v
glorify vT
glorified adj
glorification nU

gloved adj
velvet glove nC see
also @ velvet
handle/treat sb with
kid gloves see also
2
@ kid

242

headword

A1

A2

glue

go

go vI travel
go vI move
somewhere
go vI leave

go vI become ill,
mad, emotional, etc
go vI function, work,
operate, etc

go phrasal verbs, etc

going to

B1

B2

C1

C2

glue nCU
glue vT
go nC attempt

go away phr v leave

go back phr v return
go by phr v pass
go down phr v
descend
go down phr v
reduce, get worse
go in/into phr v
enter
go off phr v stop
functioning
go off phr v explode
go out/outside phr v
leave a building, etc
go out phr v stop
burning, be switched
off, etc
go out phr v go
socializing
go under phr v sink
go up phr v increase

go down phr v travel

along road, etc
go for sth phr v go
somewhere to do sth
go off phr v go
somewhere suddenly
go off phr v Brit
decay
go on phr v happen
go on phr v continue
go with sth phr v
match, suit, etc

go over/through sth
phr v scrutinize sth
go round phr v tour,
explore, etc
go through sth phr v
experience sth
unpleasant
go through sth phr v
consume, complete

go away phr v go on
holiday
go away phr v
disappear, vanish, etc

be going to intend
be going to expect

go nU informal
energy, drive
on the go
to go remaining
time, distance, etc
go about phr v do,
manage
go after phr v
follow, chase, etc
go against phr v
oppose
go ahead phr v
proceed, happen
go ahead phr
v/exclam
informal of course
go along phr v Brit
visit
go along with phr v
agree
go around/round
phr v walk around
go round phr
v/enough to go
round sufficient
go back on phr v
renege
go-between nC
go by phr v judge by
outgoing adj

243

headword
1

goal sport

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

goalkeeper nC see

2
also @ keep /keeper

goal aim, ambition

goal nC score,
point, etc
goal n sing area of
sports field

goal nC

goat

goat nC

god/goddess

god nCU

goddess nCU

gold

golden adj special

goldfish nC see also @

fish
goldsmith nC

golf

gold nU metal
gold nU colour
gold adj made of
gold/ colour
golden adj made of
gold/colour
golf nU
golfer nC

goalless adj
goalie nC informal
goalpost nC see also
3
@ post
move the goalposts
3
see also @ post

godliness nU
godly adj
ungodly neg adj
godfather nC see
2
also @ father
godmother nC see
also @ mother
goddaughter nC see
also @ daughter
godson nC see also
@ son
godchild nC see also
@ child/children
gold medal nC see
also @ medal
gold mine nC see
2
also @ mine

golfing nU/adj
golf club nC see also
1
@ club
golfclub nC see also
2
@ club
golf course nC see
5
also @ course

244

headword

A1

A2

good adj
satisfactory, pleasing
good adj good
quality
good adj successful,
skilled at
good adj kind
good adj positive,
encouraging
good adj well-
behaved
good adj morally
right
no good low quality

good!/very good!
exclam
good name
reputation; see also
@ name

be good at
good nU morality
goodness! exclam
good-looking adj
2
see also @ look

good greeting

goodbye

bye

goodwill

goods

good opp. bad

B1

B2

C1

C2

goodness nU

goodwill nU see also

2
@ will
good-tempered adj
see also @ temper

be a good job/thing,
etc
good for you!
exclam
congratulations
good heavens/grief/
god, etc! exclam
good riddance!
exclam see also @
rid
the great and the
good see also @
1
great

good nU

good morning
good afternoon
good evening
good night
have a good
day/time, etc

be good for sb/sth

do sb good
what good is ?
good day Aust

goods n pl

goodwill nU see also

2
@ will

goose/geese

goose nC

gorgeous

gorgeous adj

goods train nC see

1
also @ train
goose pimple nC
Brit/ goose bump nC
Am
gorgeously adv

gosh!

gosh! exclam
informal

good advantage,
benefit
3

245

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

gospel

gospel nC

gossip

got to/have got to

see also @ must
govern

have got to modal

gossip nU
gossip nC sb who
gossips
gossip vI

gospel truth nU see

also @ truth

government nCU

govern vIT rule

governor nC
local government
nCU see also @ local

governing adj
governmental adj

gown

gown nC

nightgown nC

grab

grab vIT take hold of

grace

grace nU elegance

graceful adj
gracious adj

disgrace nU
disgraceful neg adj

governance nU
governing
body/board nC
self-governing adj
self-government nU
see also @ self
ballroom gown nC
see also @
2
ball /ballroom
dressing gown nC
2
see also @ dress
evening gown nC
see also @ evening
grab vT informal
chance, etc
grab nC
smash-and-grab raid
nC Brit see also @
smash, raid
gracefully adv
gracefulness nU
graceless adj
graciously adv
grace vT formal

246

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

disgrace vT
in disgrace
degrade vT
degradation nU

grade nC

grade assess
students work
3
grade class at
school
gradual

grade nC Am

grade nC
grade vT

grade vIT
upgrade vT
upgrade nC

grading nU
downgrade vT
make the grade
grader nC
grading nU

graduate

graduation nU
postgraduate nC/adj

graduate adj

grain

gradual adj
gradually adv
graduate nC Brit sb
with university
degree
graduate vI Brit
complete university
graduate nC Am sb
completing school,
university, etc
graduate vIT Am
complete school,
university, etc
undergraduate
nC/adj
grain nCU cereal

grain nC small piece

granule nC

gram/gramme

gram/gramme nC
kilogram/

granular adj
grain of truth nC see
also @ truth
wholegrain nU see
also @ whole
take sth with a grain
of salt see also @
salt
milligram/
milligramme nC

grade level of
quality

247

headword

grammar

gramophone see
2
also @ phone
1
grand

grand /grand-

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

kilogramme nC

grammar nU

grammatical adj

grand adj important,

very good

gramophone nC old-
fashioned

granddad/grandad

nC informal see also
@ dad
grandchild nC see
also @ child/
children
granddaughter nC
see also @ daughter
grandfather nC see
also @ father
grandma nC informal
see also @ ma
grandmother nC see
also @ mother
grandpa nC informal
see also @ pa
grandparent nC see
also @ parent

gran/granny nC
informal
great-grandfather nC
see also @ father,
great-
great-grandmother nC
see also @ mother,
great-

grandeur nU

grammatically adv
grammarian nC
grammar school nC
see also @ school

grand adj final,
complete
grandly adv
grandness nU
grand piano nC see
also @ piano
grand slam nC
grand total nC see
also @ total

248

headword

grandeur see also @

grand
granite
1

grant give, allow

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

grandson nC see
also @ son

grandeur nU

granite nU

grant vT give, allow

grant vT

grant a wish see

also @ wish
take sb/sth for
granted
granular adj

grant accept, agree

to
granule see also @
grain
grape

grant nC money for

sth: scholarship, etc

granule nC

grape nC

graph

graph nC

graphics n pl

graphic vivid

graphic adj

graphical adj
graphic adj

grasp

grasp vT grip firmly

grass see also @

graze

grass nU
grassy adj

grasp vT
comprehend
grasp nU

grateful

grateful adj

grave nC

grave serious

grave adj

graveyard nC see also

2
@ yard
gravely adv

gravel

gravel nU

grave burial

grapevine nC see
also @ vine

graphically adv

graze vIT
grazing adj
grazing nU
grassland nCU see also
1
@ land
gratitude nU

grasshopper nC see
also @ hop
grass snake nC see
also @ snake
gratefully adv
ungrateful neg adj
ingratitude nU
gravestone nC see
also @ stone
gravity nU
seriousness
gravelly adj

249

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

gravity

gravity nU

gravitational adj

gravy

gravy nU

gray/grey

gray adj Am/grey adj

Brit
gray nU Am/grey nU
Brit

graze see also @

grass

grease

great adj very good

greatly adv formal
great! exclam

great adj/adv
informal emphasis
greatness nU

graze vIT
grazing adj
grazing nU
grease nU
grease vT
greased adj
greasy adj

gravy boat nC
gravy train nC
informal see also
1
@train
greying adj Brit/
grayng adj Am
greyish adj Brit/
grayish adj Am
greyness nU Brit/
grayness nU Am
grey/gray area nC
see also @ area

great very good,

large, etc

great /great-- family

great adj

more/larger than
usual
great adj famous,
successful, important

great-grandfather nC
see also @ father,
grandfather
great-grandmother nC
see also @ mother,
grandmother
great-granddaughter
nC see also @
daughter,

elbow grease nU
see also @ elbow

great/the great nU
the great and the
good nU see also @
1
good
great-aunt nC see
also @ aunt
great-uncle nC see
also @ uncle

250

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

granddaughter
great-grandson nC see
also @ son, grandson
greed nU
greedy adj

greed

green

green adj colour

green nU colour

green adj ecological

greengrocer nC
vegetable seller see
also @ grocer
greengrocer/
greengrocers shop
see also @ grocer

greenhouse nC see
2
also @ house

greet

greet vT

greeting nCU

grey/gray

grey adj Brit/gray adj

Am
grey nU Brit/gray nU
Am

grid

grid nCU

grief

grief nU

grieve vIT

grill cook

grill vIT
grilled adj

grill nC Brit part of

cooker
grill nC grilled meat

greedily adv
green adj unripe
green adj
inexperienced
greenish adj
greenery nU
green belt nC see
also @ belt
green light nC see
1
also @ light
evergreen adj

greying adj Brit/
grayng adj Am
greyish adj Brit/
grayish adj Am
greyness nU Brit/
grayness nU Am
grey/gray area nC
see also @ area
gridlock nU see also
@ lock
grievance nC
grieving adj
come to grief
good grief! exclam

251

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

grim

grim adj

grimly adv

grin

grin vI

grin and bear it

grind

grin nC
grinning adj
grind vT crush

grip

grip nC

grip vT

grip n sing control

groan

grocer

grocer nC
grocery nC
Brit/grocery store nC
Am see also @
2
store
greengrocer nC
vegetable seller see
also @ grocer
greengrocer/
greengrocers shop
see also @ grocer

groceries n pl

groan vI
groan nC

grind vT oppress
grind vT sharpen
grind nU informal
hard work
grinder nC
grinding nU
grinding adj
ground adj
grind out phr v
produce
grindstone nC see
also @ stone
gripping adj
come/get to grips
with sth
hairgrip nC Brit see
also @ hair
groaning nU

252

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

groom

groove

bridegroom nC see also groom nC

@ bride
bridegroom
groove nC
groovy adj informal

gross total; opp net

gross adj

gross vIT

ground nU surface
of the Earth
ground nU soil

ground floor nC Brit

underground adj
underground nC
railway; metro

ground vIT

grounds n pl
playground nC see
1
also @ play
ground nC sports
pitch, stadium
sports ground nC
see also @ sport

groundwater nU see
also @ water
aground adj/adv
break fresh/new
ground
gain ground
get off the ground
burial ground nC see
also @ bury/burial

grounds n
pl/grounds for

ground see @ grind

group

group nC people/
things

group nC band of
musicians

group vT
grouping nC

grove

grove nC

grow

grow vI become
bigger, taller, etc
grow vI increase

grow up phr v
become adult

grow vI become

grower nC
grown-up nC adult
grown-up adj

ground surface of
the Earth

ground /grounds
land surrounding
building

ground /grounds
reason

ground vT usu
passive
on the grounds
that/of
groundless neg adj
ground adj
groupie nC informal
pressure group nC
1
see also @ press /
pressure

grow into sb/sth phr
v
grow on phr v

253

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

grow vT produce
plants, crops, etc
growing adj
growth nU
becoming bigger,
taller, etc
growth nU increase

develop a liking for

sb/sth
grow out of sth phr v
grown adj
growth nC hair,
tumour, etc
outgrowth nC
overgrown adj
undergrowth nU

growl

grunt

guarantee

guard

guard nC

guarantee nC
warranty
guarantee vT
promise
guarantee vT give
warranty

guard vT
guard nC Brit train
official, conductor
guard nC device

guardian nC

guerrilla

guerrilla nC/adj

bodyguard nC see also

@ body
safeguard vT see also
1
@ safe
safeguard nC see also
1
@ safe

guess

guess vT

guess nC

guerrilla warfare nU
see also @ war/
warfare
guess what? exclam

guest

guest nC personal
guest
guest nC in hotal,
etc

be my guest! exclam

growl vI
growl nC
grunt vIT
grunt nC

guaranteed adj
guarantor nC

be on guard
be on/off your guard
guard against phr v
guardianship nU
guarded adj

254

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

guest house nC see

2
also @ house
guide nC book
guide nC assistance
tour/tourist guide
nC see also @ tour
guide vT assist,
show sb how to do
sth
guide vT give a tour
guidebook nC see
1
also @ book

guide nC tourist
book
guide nC person
guide vT lead, show
the way
guidance nU
guideline nC usu pl
1
see also @ line
guided adj

guiding adj

Girl Guide nC Brit

guide dog nC see
also @ dog
misguided neg adj

guild nC

guiltily adv
guilty conscience
nCU see also @
conscience

guide

guild

guilty

guilty adj opp

innocent
guilty adj feeling

guilt nU opp
innocence
guilt nU feeling

guitar

guitar nC

guitarist nC

gulf

gulf nC large bay

gum nC

gulf nC emotional
distance
engulf vT

gum chewing gum

gun

gun nC

gunfire nU see also

2
@ fire

gum nU

chewing gum nU see
also @ chew

machine gun nC see
also @ machine

gunman nC see also @

3
man
shotgun nC see also @
1
shot

gun down phr v

gunner nC
gunpoint n sing/at
gunpoint see also @
4
point
gunpowder nU see
also @ powder
staple gun nC see

gum body part

255

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

gut

gutter

guy

gym

Hh

ha!

C1

C2

also @ staple
stun gun nC see also
@ stun
gut adj
gut vT
hate sbs guts

gut nC/guts n pl
intestine
guts n pl informal
courage

gutter nC

guttering nU

guy nC informal

gym nC room,
building
gymnasium nC

gym nU gymnastics
gymnastics nU

gymnast nC

ha! exclam

habit

habit nC

habitat

habitual adj
habitually adv
do sth by/out of
habit
fall/get out of the
habit
in the habit of

habitat nC

hack vIT

hail vT acclaim

hacksaw nC see also

@ saw
hack through phr v
hack vIT/hack into phr v hacking nU
hacker nC

hail vT taxi, etc

hail nU

hack chop

hack computer
hail call out
hail weather

hail vI
hailstone nC see

256

headword

hair

half 50%,

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

hair nCU

hairdryer/hairdryer
nC see also @
dry/drier

haircut nCU see also
@ cut

hairbrush nC see
also @ brush

hairy adj
hairdresser nC see also
3
@ dress
hairstyle nC see also @
3
style

half adj
half/halves nC

half past

half hour nC/half an

hour see also @
hour
in half

half adv
halfway adv
halve vT divide
halve vT cut in half;
reduce by half

also @ stone
hailstorm nC see
1
also @ storm
hairline nC see also
1
@ line
hairpiece nC see
also @ piece
hairpin nC see also
1
@ pin
split hairs idiom/
hair-splitting adj see

also @ split
hairspray nU see

also @ spray
red-haired adj see
also @ red
get in sbs hair
make ones hair
stand on end
not turn a hair
hairgrip nC Brit see
also @ grip
halfway adj/adv see
1
also @ way
half-price adj/adv
see also @ price
go halves
half-baked adj
informal see also @
bake/baked
half-brother/sister
nC see also @
brother/sister
half-hearted adj see

257

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

X
1

half part of a sports

match
1
hall corridor

hall nC

hall large room,

building

hallo see also @

hello
halt

also @ heart
half-term nC Brit see
2
also @ term
half-time nU

half nC
first-/second-half nC

hallway nC

hall nC
town hall nC see
also @ town
city hall nC esp Am
see also @ city

hallo exclamBrit

hall of residence nC Brit lecture hall nC see

see also @ reside/
also @ lecture
residence, dormitory
concert hall nC see
also @ concert
banqueting hall nC
see also @ banquet

halt vIT

halt nC

ham

ham nU

hamburger see also

@ burger
hammer

hamburger nC
burger nC

hammer nC
hammer vIT

hamper

hamper vT

hammer away at phr

v
hammer out phr v
hammer home
hammering nU

hand nC body part

hand vT
shake hands see
also @ shake

hand in vT submit
hand on phr v
hand (sth) out phr v
distribute
handbag nC see also
@ bag
hand baggage/
luggage nU see also

hand sth over phr v

handful nC Brit sth
held in one hand
handful nC a small
number

hand nC of watch,
clock, gauge, etc
handbook nC see
1
also @ book
handshake nC see
also @ shake
handwriting nU see
also @ write

handcuff nC usu pl see

also @ cuff
handout nC

hand body part

hold hands
at hand
by hand
change hands
get out of hand
hand around/round
phr v
hand back phr v

258

headword

A1

A2

B1

-hand/left-
hand/right-hand
(side)

@ bag/ baggage,
luggage
hand-held adj
on the one hand/on
the other hand

-handed/left-
handed/ right-
handed adj

hand person

handicap

handkerchief
handle

B2

C1

C2

handcuff vT see also

@ cuff
hand down phr v
hand in hand
hands- on adj
handwritten adj see
also @ write
have ones hands
full
in sbs hands
in hand
join hands
lay ones hands on
sth
give/lend a hand
off ones hands
on hand
out of hand
take/have a hand in
sth
wash ones hands of
sth

-hand/first-hand/
secondhand adj

hand nC person on a
ship

handicapped adj

handicap nC
handicap vT

hand nC worker
deckhand nC see
also @ deck
farmhand nC see
also @ farm
old hand nC

handkerchief nC

hanky/hankie nC

handle vT

handle nC

handling nU

handler nC
handlebar nC
manhandle vT see

259

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

X
2

also @ man
handsome adj
generous
handsomely adv
generously
handwritten adj

handsome

handsome adj good-

looking

handwriting see
1
also @ hand , write
handy

handwriting nU

handy adj nearby

handy adj useful,

practical

hang vIT suspend

hang vT suspend
wallpaper, picture,
etc
hang on phr v
informal wait, delay

hang up phr v end

phone call

hang back phr v

hesitate

hang execute by
hanging

hang around phr v

wait
hang on phr v hold
tight
hang on to phr v
retain

hang vT

happen

happen vI

happening nC

happy

happy adj glad

happiness nU

happily adv
unhappiness nU
unhappily neg adv

harass

happy greeting,
congratulations:
happy birthday!
happy Christmas!
etc
unhappy neg adj

hanging nC
hangman nC see
3
also @ man
happen on phr v
find by chance
as it happens
happy to do sth

harassment nU

harass vT

harbour nC Brit/
harbor nC Am

hang suspend

harbour/harbor
port

handyman nC see
3
also @ man
come in handy
handiwork nU see
2
also @ work
hang out phr v
informal idle
overhang vT
overhang nC
overhanging adj

260

headword

A1
2

harbour/harbor
conceal sb/sth bad
1
hard firm, not soft

A2

B1

B2

C1

hard adj

harden vIT

hard difficult, etc

hard adv with great

effort

hard adj difficult

hardly

hardware see also

@ software
hare

hardly adv only just

hardly adv almost
never

harm

harmony

harsh

harvest

C2

harbour vT Brit/ harbor

vT Am
hardness nU

hardship nCU

hard-working adj see

also @ work/working

hardly adv unlikely

hard adj harsh

be hard on sb
hard adj intensely,
profusely rain, etc
hardly .
when/before

hardware nU
computer

hare nC

harmful adj

harmless neg adj

harm nU
harm vT

harmonious adj

harsh adj cruel

harmony nU
pleasant
combination

harvest nCU
harvest vT

haste

hat

hat nC

haste nU
hasty adj
hastily adv
hasten vT

hatch vI

hatch nC

hatch lid/door on

harshly adj

hardware nU metal
things for the home
hare vI
harmlessly neg adv
come to (no) harm
harmonize vT
in harmony with
harmoniously adv
harsh adj
unpleasant, loud, etc
harsh adj extreme
weather, etc
harshness nU
harvest nU
consequences
harvester nC
in haste

talk through ones

hat idiom
hatchback nC/adj

261

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

ship, etc
2
hatch emerge from
egg

hatch vIT
hatch out phr v

hate

hate vIT

hate nCU

hatred nU

haul

haul vT

haunt

haunt vT occupy by
ghost

have aux

hatchery nC
hatch vT fig: make a
plan, plot
hateful adj
hated adj
haul nC
haulage nU
haunt vT worry
haunt nC place
regularly visited
haunted adj

have vT own,
possess
have vT food, drink

have phrases &

phrasal verbs

have (got) to do sth

must

have vT/have got

illness
have vT receive, buy
have vT experience
have vT give birth
have (got) sth on phr have got phr v
v wear
possess

haven

haven nC

have sb do sth
have sth done
have had it

havoc

havoc nU

hawk

hawk nC bird

hay

hay nU

play/wreak havoc
with sth
hawk nC aggressive
person
hawkish adj
haystack nC

hazard

hazard nC

hazardous adj

hazardously adv

haze

haze nU

hazy adj

have aux
have own, possess

262

headword

he
1

head body part

head move in a
particular direction

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

he pron male

he pron person of
unknown/either sex
heady adj

head nC body part

head n sing mind

head nC top of sth
head vT hit with
head

head nC person,
animal, etc

heading nC title
headline nC

overhead adj/adv

headache nC see
also @ ache

forehead nC see
also @ fore/fore-

headphone nC see
2
also @ phone

headlight nC see also

1
@ light

head vIT

headlong adj head
first
headlong adj rash,
hasty
head-on adj
headroom nU see
2
also @ room
headstrong adj see
also @ strong
hothead nC see also
3
@ head
redhead nC/
redheaded adj see
also @ red
above/over ones
head
go to ones head
hang ones head (in
shame)
head over heels (in
love)
keep ones head
lose ones head
put ones heads
together
turn sbs head
use ones head
head for sth/
somewhere phr v
heading nC
headway n sing/
make headway see

263

headword
3

A1

A2

C2

X
3

heal vIT

unhealthy neg adj

heap nC

heap vI/heap up phr v

hear vIT detect

sound

hear vIT be told

hear from sb phr v

receive letter/phone
call
hearing nU ability

heart nC body part

heart nCU emotion

heart nC centre

learn (off) by heart

heart attack nC see

2
also @ attack

kind-hearted adj see

2
also @ kind
sweetheart nC/ exclam
1
see also @ sweet

healing nU
healing adj
healer nC
unhealthily neg adv
be good/bad for
ones health
be in good/poor
health
drink (to) sbs health
health food nCU see
also @ food
heap sth on/upon sb
compost heap nC
Brit see also @
compost
hear about/of phr v
hearing nC official
inquiry
overhear vT
overheard adj
hearsay nU see also
@ say
heart nC shape
heart nU
enthusiasm, etc
at heart
break sbs heart
heartbreak nU/

headquarters/HQ
see also @ quarters
heal

head vT lead
head vT be at top of
sth

health

health nU

heap

hear

C1

headmaster nC Brit
headmistress nC Brit
headteacher nC Brit

B2

also @ way
head adj

head person in
charge

heart body part,

centre

B1

headquarters n pl
HQ abbrev

healthy adj opp ill

healthy adj good for
ones health

264

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

heart-broken adj
see also @ break
broken-hearted adj
1
see also @ break
from the bottom of
ones heart
heartburn nU see
also @ burn
have ones heart in
ones mouth
half-hearted adj see
1
also @ half
to ones hearts
content see also @
2
content
in ones heart of
hearts
take/lose heart
set ones heart onb
sth
take sth to heart
heartache see also
@ ache
heartbeat nC see
3
also @ beat
hearty adj
heartily adv
hearten vIT
heartless neg adj
dishearten vT
disheartened adj
downhearted neg
adj
heartfelt adj

265

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

heart card

heart nC often pl

light-hearted adj
3
see also @ light

hearth

hearth nC

heat vT/heat up phr

v

heated adj
heater nC

heat competition

heat nU
heating nU
central heating nU
see also @ centre/
center

heat nC

heave

heave vIT

heave nCU

heaven

heavenly adj

heaven/heavens nC
often pl sky

heavy

heavy adj weighty

heavy adj thick and

weighty

heaven nCU opp hell

heaven nU informal
nice place, situation
heavily adv

hectare

hectare nC

heavy adj busy

heavy adj drinking/
smoking/sleeping,
etc
heavy adj weather,
sea, etc
heavyweight adj/nC
heaviness nU

hedge bushes

hedge nC

heel

heel nC back of foot,

shoe, sock

heat temperature

hedge vT surround
with hedges
hedge vIT hesitate,
avoid giving an
answer
hedgehog nC
head over heels (in
love)
well-heeled adj

266

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

height see also @

high

height nCU vertical

distance

heighten vIT

heir see also @

hereditary, inherit
helicopter

heir nC

helicopter nC

hell

hell nU opp heaven

hello/hullo/hallo

hello/hallo/hullo
exclam

hell nU bad place/

situation

helmet nC

helmeted adj

help vIT assist

help nU assistance
help n sing sth that
helps

help vIT ease pain,

etc

helping nC
helpless neg adj

crash helmet nC see

also @ crash
helper nC

hemisphere nC

helmet
help

heights n pl hills
the height of sth the
highest point,
highest degreee
heiress nC
heirloom nC
helipad nC
heliport nC see also
1
@ port
hell! exclam
hellish adj

hemisphere see also

@ sphere
hen

help oneself (to sth)

cant/couldnt help
it
help nC helper
helpful adj

hen nC

hence

hence adv formal

hen party nC see

1
also @ party

henceforth

henceforth adv formal

her

her pron/adj
herself pron same
person; see also @
self
(all) by herself

herself pron
emphasis

hers pron

herald vT

herald nC

herald

unhelpful neg adj

helplessly neg adv

267

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

herb

herb nC

herd

herd nC

here

here adv at this

place

here/here you are

invitation, offer

hereditary see also

@ heir, inherit
heritage

hereditary adj

herbal adj
herbalist nC
herbicide nCU see
also @ suicide
herd vT
herder nC Am
herdsman nC see
3
also @ man
here and now
here and there
neither here nor
there
over here
heres to drinking
a toast
heredity nU

heritage nCU

hero/heroine

hero nC great
person

heroic adj
heroine nC

heroin

hero nC main
character in book,
film, etc

heroin nU

heroically adv
heroism nU
unheroic neg adj

hesitate

hesitate vI/hesitate
to do sth phr v

hesitation nCU

heterosexual see
2
also @ sex /sexual
hey!

heterosexual adj

hesitant adj
hesitantly adv
hesitatingly adv
unhesitating neg adj
unhesitatingly neg
adv
heterosexual nC

hi!

hi! exclam informal

hey! exclam
informal

268

headword

A1

hide leather

hide conceal

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

hidden adj

hide nC
hideout nC

hide vIT conceal sth

hide vT conceal
emotion

hide nCU

hideous

hideous adj

hierarchy

hierarchy nCU

hideously adv
hideousness nU
hierarchical adj

hi-fi

hi-fi nC

high vertical height; high adj

see also @ height
2
high extreme, etc
highly adv

high adv

high school nC esp

Am see also @
school

high adj more than

usual: price, speed,
temperature,
standards, etc
high adj rank,
importance, etc

high nC record
high-tech adj see
also @ technology

highland nC see also @

1
land
high-profile adj see
also @ profile

highlight see also @

1
light
highway see also @
3
way

highlight vT

highlight nC

high-level adj

high adj voice,
sound, etc
high adj on drugs,
etc
high-level adj
high-quality adj see
also @ quality
high-speed adj see
also @ speed
high street nC Brit
see also @ street
high tech nCU see
also @ technology

highway nC esp Am

hijack

hike

hijack vT
hijack nC
hitch-hike vI

hike nC

divided highway nC
Am see also @
divide, dual
carriageway
hijacker nC
hijacking nC
hike vIT
hiker nC

269

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

hill

hill nC

hillside nC

him see also @ he,

his

himself pron
emphasis

hinder

him pron
himself pron same
person; see also @
self
(all) by himself

hiking nU
hilly adj
downhill adv/adj
uphill adv/adj
hilltop nC

hinder vT

hindrance nC

Hindu

Hindu nC

hint

hint nC suggestion

hint vIT/hint at phr v

Hindu adj
Hinduism nU

hip

hip nC

hire

hire vT employ

hire vT Brit rent

hire nU Brit

his see also @ he,

him
hiss

his pron

hire nC Am sb
newly-employed
hired adj
hiring nU
his/her pron

hiss vIT

hiss nC

history

history nU the past

history nU academic
subject

historical adj

historian nC
historic adj

historically adv

hit vIT strike

hit vT collide

hit nC act or
instance of hitting

history nC book, etc

history nC series of
events
history nC personal,
medical, etc
make history
hit vT with gun,
bomb, etc
hit nC with gun,

hit strike

hint nC small
amount

270

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

hit bestseller

hit nC bestselling
music, book, etc

hitch

hitch-hike vI

bomb, etc
hit vT strike ball, etc
hit nC in sport
hitter nC
hit back phr v
hit on/upon phr v
think of sth, find sth
hit nC sb/sth
popular
hit parade nC old-
fashioned see also
@ parade
be a hit
hitch vI

hitherto

hitherto adv formal

HIV

HIV nU abbrev

HIV-positive adj

hmmm/hum

hmm/hum exclam

hobby

hobby nC

hockey

hold

hold vT grip in ones

hand

hold vT support
hold vT contain
hold vT keep,
control hold on phr v
informal wait
hold on phr v grab

hold up phr v delay

hold n sing act of
holding
holder nC device

ice hockey nU Brit see

also @ ice

hockey nU

holder nC champion,
record holder
holding nC share in
a company
shareholder nc see
2
also @ share

hold hands see also

@ hand
hold vT detain,
imprison
hold vT job, title,
record, etc
hold vT talks,
discussions, etc
hold vI believe
hold back phr v
hold in phr v

271

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

hole

hole nC

keyhole nC see also

1
@ key

holiday

holiday nC vacation

holiday nC official/
public hliday

bank holiday nC Brit

1
see also @ bank
public holiday nC
see also @ public

hold out phr v

survive
hold out for sth phr v
hold up phr v rob
hold-up nC robbery
catch/get/grab/take
hold of sb/sth phr v
foothold nC see also
1
@ foot
stakeholder nC see
1
also @ stake
buttonhole nC in
clothing
buttonhole nC
flower in buttonhole;
see also @ button
hole up phr v
loophole nC see also
@ loop
pigeonhole nC
pigeonhole vT see
also @ pigeon
plughole nC esp Brit
2
see also @ plug
spyhole nC Brit
on holiday
package holiday nC
1
see also @ pack /
package
school holiday nC
see also @ school
summer holiday nC
see also @ summer

272

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

hollow

hollow adj opp solid

hollow nC
depression in ground

holy

holy adj

hollow adj
unconvincing
hollow vI/hollow out
phr v
holiness nU

homage

homage nU

home nCU main

dwelling

home nCU town,

country where one
was born or lives

home adj

home-made adj see

also @ make/made

homeland nC see also

1
@ land

home place one

lives

home care
institution

home nC care
institution
nursing home nC
see also @
nurse/nursing

homogeneous

homogeneous adj

home adj domestic,

not international
homecoming nCU
homelessness nU
homeowner nC see
also @ own/owner
home page nC see
also @ page
homesick adj see
3
also @ sick
bring home to
care home nC see
1
also @ care
foster home nC see
also @ foster
old peoples/folks
home nC
homogeneity nU

homosexual see
2
also @ sex /sexual
honest

homosexual adj

homosexuality nU

homosexual nC

honestly adv
honesty nU

honey

honest adj
dishonest neg adj
honey nU

dishonestly neg adv

dishonesty neg nU

honeymoon

honeymoon nC

honeymooner nC

honour/honor

honour nU Brit/

honour vT Brit/

honourable adj Brit/

in honour/honor of

home adv to/at

ones dwelling

homeless neg adj

homework nU see
2
also @ work
at home/be at
home
come home

273

headword

A1

A2

B1

honor nU Am respect
honour nU Brit/
honor nU Am award,
medal, etc

B2

C1

honor vT Am give
respect

honorable adj Am

C2

hood nC

hood car part

hook

hook nC
hook vIT

hood nC Am see also

2
@ bonnet nC Brit

hooker

hooker nC

hop

hop vI

hope

hope vIT
hope nCU

hopefully adv

hopeful adj

hopeless neg adj

horizon

horizon n usu sing

horizontal adj

hormone

hormone nC

horn nC

hood clothing

horn of animal

sth/sb
dishonour nU Brit/
dishonor nU Am
dishonour vT Brit/
dishonor vT Am
dishonourable adj
Brit/ dishonorable
adj Am
hoodie/hoody nC
garment
hoodie/hoody nC sb
who wears a hoodie

hook up phr v
off the hook/let sb
off the hook

hop nC one-legged
jump
hop nC short
journey
grasshopper nC see
also @ grass
hopelessly neg adv
hope against hope
lose/give up hope
horizontally adv
on the horizon
hormonal adj
horn nU
horned adj

274

headword
2

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

horn device

horrible

horrible adj

horrify

horror

horse

horse nC

hose

C2

horn nC musical
instrument

horn nC warning
device
horribly adv

horrify vI

horror nU shock &

fear

horse-racing nU see
1
also @ race /racing
race horse nC see also
1
@ race

hose nC

hospice

hospice nC

horrified adj
horrific adj
horror nU/adj book,
film, etc
horseback nU see
2
also @ back
horsebox nC see
1
also @ box
horseman nC see
3
also @ man
put the cart before
the horse see also
@ cart
horsepower nU see
2
also @ power
horseshoe nC see
also @ shoe
rocking horse nC see
2
also @ rock
workhorse nC see
2
also @ work
hose vT
hosepipe nC see
also @ pipe
hose down phr v

hospital

hospital nC

hospitality

hospitality nU

hospitable adj
inhospitable neg adj

275

headword

A1

A2

host/hostess

hostage

hostel
hostile

B1

B2

C1

C2

host vT

hostess nC woman
entertaining others

host nC city,
country, etc
host nC radio, TV
presenter

host nC person
entertaining others
hostess nC
attendant
air hostess nC see
2
also @ air

hostage nC

hostage-taking nU

hostel nC

hostile adj

hostility nCU

youth hostel nC see

also @ youth

hot adj high

temperature

hot adj

hot emotional

hot adj looking/feeling

sexy

hot dog

hot dog nC

hot adj emotional,

temper, etc
hotly adv eagerly,
angrily
hot-blooded adj
hot-tempered adj
hothead nC see also
1
@ head

hotel

hotel nC

hotelier nC

hour

hour nC 60 minutes

working hours n pl
1
ee also @ work
quarter of/half an
hour
rush hour nC see
also @ rush

hours n pl time
when sth happens
opening hours see
also @ open/
opening
small hours see also
@ small

hot high
temperature

hot spicy

red-hot adj see also

@ red
hotline nC see also
2
@ line

276

headword

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

house nC

household nC
housing nU
move house see
also @ move

house vT put sb into

a house
housewife nC see
also @ wife
housework nU see
1
also @ work
council house nC Brit
see also @ council

housekeeper nC
housekeeping nU see
2
also @ keep /
keeper/keeping

guest house nC see

also @ guest

greenhouse nC see
also @ green
warehouse nC see
also @ ware/wares

in-house adj/adv
farmhouse nC see also
@ farm
lighthouse nC see also
1
@ light
firehouse nC esp Am
1
see also @ fire

house home,

dwelling

house building

A1

surgery hours
for hours (and
hours)
hour after hour
on the hour
at the top of the
hour
hourly adj/adv
miles/kilometres
per/an hour
household adj
househusband nC
see also @ husband
keep house
housemate nC see
2
also @ mate
housing estate nC
Brit see also @
1
estate
terraced house nC
Brit see also terrace
doghouse nC Am
see also @ dog
house nC building
house vT store sth
house nC parliament
boarding house nC
4
see also @ board
coffee house nC see
also @ coffee
courthouse nC Am
1
see also @ court
curry house nC see
also @ curry

277

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

hovercraft nC Brit
2
see also @ craft
how do you do?
formal

hover vI

opera house nC see

also @ opera
public house nC see
also @ pub, public
slaughterhouse nC
see also @ slaughter
storehouse nC see
2
also @ store
workhouse nC see
1
also @ work
bring the house
down
on the house

hover

how

how adv
how about?
suggestion

how
much/many/far/
old/hot, etc?
anyhow adv

however adv

how are you?

somehow adv in
some way
somehow adv for
some reason

however
nevertheless
huddle

however adv/conj

huddle vIT

huddle nC

hue shade, colour

hue nC

hug

huge

huge adj

hug vIT
hug nC

hugely adv

hum

hum vIT

hum nC

human

human adj

human nC
human being nC

human nature nU
2
see also @ nature

humanity nU

humankind nU
humanities n pl

however degree

278

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

humane

humble

humble adj

humane adj
humanitarian adj

humid

humidity nU

humiliate

humiliation nU

humour/humor

humour nU Brit/
humor nU Am

humorous adj

hundred

hundred cardinal
number

hundredth ordinal
number/fraction

hunger nU lack of
food/need for food

hungry adj

hunt search

hunting nU

hunt vIT

hunt nC

hurdle

hurdle nC fence in race

hurl

hurl vT

hunger

human rights n pl
5
see also @ right /
rights
inhumanity nU
inhumane neg adj
Inhumanely neg adv
humble vT
humbly adv
humbling adj
humid adj
humiliating adj
humiliate vT
humility nU
humorously adv
humorist nC
sense of humour/
humor nC see also
2
@ sense
hundreds of many
hunger nU desire for
sth
hungrily adv
hunt down phr v
hunt for phr v
manhunt nC see
2
also @ man
witch-hunt nC see
also @ witch
hurdle nC obstacle
hurdle vT
hurdler nC

279

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

hurrah!

hurrah! exclam

hurricane

hurricane nC

hurry

in a hurry

hurry nU

hurt vIT cause

physical pain

hurt nU

hurried adj
unhurried neg adj
hurriedly adv
hurtful adj
hurtfully adv
unhurt neg adj

hurt harm, damage

hurry vIT

hurry (sb/sth) up phr
v
hurt vIT cause

mental, emotional
distress
hurt adj in pain,
injured

husband

husband nC

it would/wouldnt
hurt

hut

hut nC

househusband nC
1
see also @ house

hybrid

hydrogen

hydrogen nU

hybrid nC
hybrid adj

hygiene

hygiene nU

hymn

hymn nC

hydrogen bomb nC
see also @ bomb
hygienic adj
unhygienic neg adj

hypermarket see
1
also @ market
hyphen

hypermarket nC

hyphen nC

hyphenated adj

hypocrisy

hypocrisy nU

hypothesis

hypothesis nC

hypothetical adj

hypocritical adj
hypocrite nC
hypothesize vI

hysterical

hysterical adj

hurt pain, distress

hysteria nU
hysterics n pl
hysterically adv

280

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

Ii

I pron

ice nU

ice cream nCU see
1
also @ cream

icy adj

ice hockey nU Brit see

also @ hockey

ice frozen water

ice decorate cake;

2
see also @ frost

ice vT Brit
icing nU Brit

icon

icon nC

ice nC ice cream

ice up phr v
iceberg nC
tip of the iceberg see
4
also @ tip
icebreaker nC see
1
also @ break
break the ice
(walk) on thin ice
ice cap nC see also
1
@ cap
ice skate nC
ice skater nC
ice skating nU see
also @ skate
iced adj Brit
icing sugar nU Brit
see also @ sugar
the icing on the cake
Brit see also @ cake
iconic adj

idea

idea nC suggestion,
plan

idea nC concept
idea nC belief

ideal adj

ideally adv

ideal nC

idealize vT
idealized adj
idealism nU
idealist nC
idealistic adj

ideal perfect
2

ideal principle

281

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

identical

identical adj

identity

identify vT

identity nCU

identity card nC see

1
also @ card

identification nC act
of identifying

identification nU
papers proving ones
identity

ideology

ideology nCU

ideological adj

idiom

idiom nC

idiot

idiot nC

idle

idle adj

i.e.

i.e. abbrev

if

if conj conditional

if conj whether

if I were you
if only

ignite

if conj provided
if conj whenever
even if see also @
even

ignite vIT

ignition nU

ignorance

ignorance nU

ignorant adj

ignoramus nC

ignore

ignore vT

ill adj

illness nCU

ill adv formal

fall ill see also @

1
fall
ill at ease see also
@ ease
ill-health nU see
also @ health

ill sick
ill badly

identically adv
identical twins n pl
see also @ twin
identifiable adj
identified adj
unidentified neg adj
unidentifiable neg
adj
ideologically adv
ideologist nC
idiomatic adj
idiotic adj
idiocy nU
idle vIT waste time
idle vI engine
idly adv
idleness nU

282

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

illegal see also @

legal
illegitimate see also
@ legitimate

illegal neg adj

illegally neg adv

illiterate see also @

literate
illogical see also @
logic/ logical
illuminate

illuminate vT

illusion

illusion nC

illustrate add
pictures to sth
2
illustrate exemplify

illustrate vT

illustration nCU

illustrate vT

illustration nCU

illegitimate neg adj

illegitimately neg
adv
illegitimacy nU
illiterate neg adj
illiteracy neg nU
illogical neg adj
illogically neg adv
illuminated adj
illuminating adj
illumination nCU
disillusion neg vT
disillusionment nU
illusory adj
illusionist nC
illustrated adj
illustrator nC
illustrative adj

image

image nC mental
picture

image nC in poem, etc

imagery nU

imagine

imagine vT form
ideas, etc

imagine vT believe

image nCU
reputation
image nC in lens,
mirror, etc
image nC picture,
photo, etc
imaginary adj
imagination nC
ability to form ideas,
etc
imagination nU
believing sth is real,
true

imaginative adj

imaginable adj
imagined adj
unimaginable neg
adj

283

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

imbalance see also

@ balance
imitate

imbalance nC

imitate vT

imitation nCU
imitation adj

immature see also

@ mature
1
immediate time
without delay
2
immediate place -
nearby
immense

immature neg adj

imitative adj
inimitable neg adj
inimitably neg adv
immaturity neg nU

immediately adv

immediate adj

immediate adj

immediately adv

immense adj

immerse

immerse vT

immensely adv
immensity nU
immersion nU

immigrant see also

@ migrate/migrant
imminent

immigrate vI

immigrant nC
immigration nU

imminent adj

imminently adv

immobile see also

@ mobile

immoral see also @

moral
immortal see also @
mortal

immoral neg adj

immune

immune adj

immunity nU

impact

impact nC collision

impact nC effect

impact vIT

immobile neg adj

immobilize vT
immobility nU
immobilizer nC
immorally neg adv
immorality neg nU
immortal neg adj
immortal nC
immortality nU
immortalize vT
immunize vT
immunization nU
impacted adj

impair

impair vT

impairment nU

impaired adj

284

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

impatient see also

1
@ patience/ patient

impeach

impatient neg adj

annoyed
impatient neg adj
wanting sth now
impeachment nCU

impending adj

impeach vT
unimpeachable neg
adj

imperative
essential
2
imperative
grammar
imperfect see also
1
@ perfect

imperative adj

imperative nC

imperative nC

imperial see also @

empire, emperor
imperil see also @
peril
impersonal see also
@ person/ personal
impersonate see
also @ person
impetus

imperial adj

imperialism nU

imperfect neg adj

imperfection nCU
imperfectly neg adv
imperialist nC
imperialist adj
imperil vT

impersonal neg adj

impetus nU

impersonate vT
impersonation nU

implant see also @

2
plant

implement
introduce
implicate

implement vT

implementation nU

implant nC
implant vT
implantation nCU

implicate vT

implication nC

implicit see also @

explicit

implicit adj

implicitly adv

impending
1

impatiently neg adv

impatience nU

285

headword

A1

imply

impolite see also @

polite
import see also @
export

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

implied adj

imply vT
implication nC

impolite neg adj

importer nC
imported adj

important/
importance

important adj of
great value

importantly adv

the utmost
importance see also
@ utmost

impose

important adj
having great
authority, influence
importance nU
impose vT

import vT
import nC
importation nU
unimportant neg adj

imposition nU

impossible see also

@ possible

impossible neg adj

not possible

impossibility nCU

impossibly neg adv

impoverished see
also @ poverty

impossible neg adj

difficult,
uncooperative

impractical see also

@ practical
impress

impractical neg adj

impoverish vT
impoverished adj
impoverishment nU

impression nC
opinion

impress vIT cause

admiration
impressive adj

impression see also

1
@ press pressure
imprison see also @
prison

impression nC mark
made by pressure

impress on phr v
impressed adj
impressively adv
impressionable adj
unimpressed neg adj
unimpressive neg
adj
be under the
impression

imprisonment nU

imprison vT

imprisoned adj

286

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

improbable see also

@ probable
improper see also @
proper

improbable neg adj

improper neg adj

inappropriate, illegal

improve

improve vIT

improvement nC to
property, etc

impulse

improved adj
improvement nU
sth improved

impulse nCU

in prep before,
within a time
in prep in a
language, in writing,
etc
in prep in age group,
century,
temperature range,
etc
in prep in a
profession, subject,
etc
in adv arriving
inner adj personal,
secret
in advance
in all
in any case
in common
in the end
in general
in a minute/ second,

in prep in a state,
emotion

in prep in clothes of
a style or colour

in prep number 1 in
100, etc

in adv fashionable

in adv in power,
office, etc

in danger

in between
in that because

in prep inside, within

in prep as part of
in prep during
in prep no more
than

in adv from outdoors inner adj interior

in adv at home,
work, etc

in addition to
in case
in fact

in prep

in adv

in phrases, idioms,
etc

improbably neg adv

improbability nCU
improper neg adj
sexually
inappropriate
improperly neg adv
improving adj
improve on/upon
phr v
impulsive adj
impulsively adv
on impulse

287

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

inability see also @

able/ability
inaccessible see also
@ accessible
inaccurate see also
@ accurate
inactive see also @
act/active
inadequate see also
@ adequate

etc
in order to/that
in particular
in place
in public see also @
public
in spite of
in time
in turn
in a way
in other words

inaccessible neg adj

inaccurate neg adj

inactive neg adj

inadequate neg adj

inappropriate see
also @ appropriate

inappropriate neg
adj

inaudible see also @

audible
inaugural

inaudible neg adj

inaccuracy nC
inaccurately neg adv
inaction nU
inactivity nU
inadequacy nCU
inadequately neg
adv
inappropriately neg
adv
inappropriateness
nU
inaudibly neg adv

inauguration nCU

incapable see also

@ capable
incentive

incapable neg adj

inaugural adj
inaugurate vT

incentive nCU

inability neg nU

288

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

inch

inch nC

inch by inch

incidence

incidence nC

incident

incident nC

incidentally

incite

incline
include see also @
exclude
income

C2

inch vIT/inch forward

phr v

every inch
within an inch of

incidentally adv

incidental adj

incite vT

incitement nCU

include vT
including prep
income nCU

included adj

inclined adj/ inclined inclination nCU

to

inclusion nU
inclusive adj

incline vI formal
disinclined neg adj

low-income adj

incoming see also @

come
incompatible see

also @ compatible
incompetent see

also @ competent

incoming adj

income tax nCU see

also @ tax

incompatible neg adj

incompatibility nU

incompetent neg adj

incomplete see also

1
@ complete

incomplete neg adj

incomprehensible
see also @
comprehend/
comprehensible
inconsistent see
also @ consistent
inconvenient see
also @ convenient
incorporate

incomprehensible neg
adj

incompetence nU
incompetently neg
adv
incompletely neg
adv
incompleteness nU
incomprehension nU
incomprehensibly
neg adv

inconsistent neg adj

inconsistency nC

incorporate vT

inconvenient neg adj

inconvenience nCU
incorporation nU

inconveniently neg
adv

289

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

incorrect see also @

correct
increase see also @
decrease
incredible see also
@ credible

incorrect neg adj

incorrectly neg adv

increase vIT
increase nCU

increased adj
increasingly adv

increasing adj

on the increase

incredible neg adj

incredulous adj
incredulity nU

incumbent

incredibly neg adv

unbelievably;
extremely

incumbent nC

incumbent adj

incur

incur vT

indebted see also @

debt
indecent see also @
decent

indeed

indeed adv

indebted adj
indebtedness nU
indecent neg adj
indecently neg adv
indecency nU

independent see
also @ depend/
dependent

independent adj
unbiased

independent adj
politically
independent
independent nC

independently adv
independence nU
personal
independence

index/indexes/
indices
indicate

independent adj not

dependent
independence nU
political
independence

index nC

index vT

indicate vT

indication nCU

index finger nC see

also @ finger
indicator nC

indicative adj

indict

indictment nC

indict vT

indifferent

indifferently adv

indigenous

indigenous adj

indifferent adj
indifference nU

indigestion see also

@ digest/ digestion
indignation

indigestion nU

indignation nU

indignant adj
indignantly adv

290

headword
1

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

indirect not
straight; see also @
1
direct
2
indirect not
obvious; see also @
2
direct
indispensable

indirect neg adj

indirectly neg adv

indirect neg adj

indirectly neg adv

indispensable adj

indistinguishable
see also @
distinguish/
distinguishable
individual

indistinguishable
neg adj

individual adj

individually adv

indoor see also @

door
induce

indoors adv

indoor adj

individualism nU
individualist nC
individualistic adj
individuality nU

induce vT

inducement nC

indulge

indulge vIT

industry

industry nU
production
industrial adj

industry nC specific
type of industry

industry nU hard
work
industrialize vIT

industrialized adj

ineffective see also

@ effect/effective

ineffective neg adj

indulgence nU
indulgent adj
industrially adv
industrialization nU
industrialist nC
industrious adj
industrial estate nC
1
see also @ estate
industrial relations n
pl see also @
relations
cottage industry nC
see also @ cottage
ineffectively neg adv
ineffectiveness nU

291

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

inefficient see also

@ efficient
inequality see also
@ equal/equality
inert

inefficient neg adj

inequality nU

inefficiently neg adv

inefficiency nU

inertia nU

inert adj

inevitable

inexpensive see also

@ expense/
expensive
inexperienced see
also @ experience/
experienced
infamous see also @
fame/famous
infant

inevitable adj
inevitably adv

inexpensive neg adj

inexperienced neg adj

inexperience nU

infamous adj

infamy nU

infant nC

infancy nU

infant adj

infantry

infantry nU

infect

infect vT
infection nC

infectious adj
spreading disease

infer

disinfect vT
disinfectant adj
disinfectant nCU

inferior see also @

superior
infinite see also @
finite
infinitive

infected adj
infectious adj
spreading emotion
infer vT
inference nC
inferior adj

infinite adj

infinity nU
infinitely adv
infinitive nC

inflammation

inflammation nU

inflate

inflation nU

inflate vT

inflame vT
inflamed adj
inflammatory adj
inflated adj
inflatable adj

inferiority nU

292

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

economics

inflationary adj

inflict

inflict vT

infliction nCU

influence

influence nCU

influence vT

influential adj

influenza

flu nU

influenza nU

inform/information

information nU

information desk nC
see also @ desk
information office
nC see also @
1
office

informative adj
informant nC

informed adj
uninformed neg adj
informer nC
misinformation nU
misinform vIT
misinformed adj

informal see also @

formal
infrared see also @
red
infrastructure see
2
also @ structure
ingenious

inform vIT
information
technology nU see
also @ technology
information centre/
center nC see also
2
@ centre/center
tourist information
2
centre/center nC
see also @
tour/tourist, centre/
2
center

informal neg adj

informally neg adv

informality nU

infrared adj

infrastructure nU

ingeniously adv

ingredient

ingredient nC

ingenious adj
ingenuity nU

inhabit

inhabitant nC

inhabit vT

inhale

inhale vIT

inhalation nU

inherent

inherent adj

inherently adv

inherit see also @

heir, hereditary

inherit vIT

inheritance nC

inherited adj
disinherit vT

293

headword

A1

inhibit

A2

B1

B2

initial adj

initially adv

initiate vT
initiative nCU

initial letter of
alphabet
inject

initial nC

injure

injustice see also @

3
just /justice
ink

C1

C2

inhibit vT
inhibition nCU

inhibited adj
uninhibited neg adj
on ones own
initiative
take the initiative
initial vT

injury nC

injure vT

inject vT
injection nC
injured adj

injurious adj

injustice nCU

ink nCU

in ink

ink vT

inland see also @

1
land
inmate see also @
2
mate
inn

inland adj

inky adj
ink cartridge nC see
also @ cartridge
ink jet nC
inland adv

inmate nC

inn nC

innate

innkeeper nC see also

2
@ keep /keeper
innate adj

inner adj interior

inner adj personal,

secret

inner city nC see also

@ city

innermost adj

innocent adj

innocence nU

innings nU Brit
inning nC Am

innocent child-like

innovation see also

2
@ novel

innovation nCU

innovative adj

innocent adj
innocence nU

innocently adv
innocent nC
innovate vI
innovator nC

initial at the start

inner see also @ in

inning/innings
innocent not guilty

initiation nU

innately adv

innocently adv

294

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

innumerable see
also @ number,
numeral
input

innumerable adj

innumerate adj

input nCU

input vT

inquire see also @

enquire

inquiry/enquiry nC
investigation

inquire/enquire vIT

inquire/enquire
after/ about/into
phr v

insane see also @

sane
inscribe

inquiry/enquiry nC
question
inquiries/ enquiries
npl
inquisitive adj

insanely neg adv

insane neg adj

insanity nU
inscription nC

insect

insect nC

insecurity see also

@ secure/security
insensitive see also
@ sensitive
inseparable see also
@ separate
insert

insecurity nCU

insensitive neg adj

inseparable neg adj

insecticide nCU see

also @ suicide
insecure neg adj
insecurely neg adv
insensitivity nU
insensitively neg adv
inseparably neg adv

insert vT

insertion nCU

insert nC

inside

inside prep

inside adj
inside adv

inside nC

inside out adv

wrong way round

insider nC

insight

insight nCU

inside adv informal

in prison
inside out adv
thoroughly
insightful adj

insignificant see
also @ significant

insignificant neg adj

insist

insist vIT

insistence nU

insistent adj

inspect

inspection nCU
inspector nC

inspect vT scrutinize
inspect vT check

inscribe vT

insignificantly neg
adv
insignificance nU

inspector nC Brit
police rank

295

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

inspire

inspire vT

inspiration nCU

officially

instability see also

1
@ stable /stability
install

instability neg nU

inspectorate nU
inspirational adj
inspired adj
inspiring adj
uninspired neg adj
uninspiring neg adj

install vT put in
place

install vT inaugurate

instalment

install vT load
software
installation nCU

instalment nC

instance

instant

instead adv
instead of

instant adj drink, etc instant nC

instantly adv

instead

instance nC
for instance
instant adj
immediate

in the first instance

instance vT
instantaneous adj
instantaneously adv

instinct nCU

institution nC

institute nC

institutional adj

instinctive adj
instinctively adv

institute vT

instruction nU

instructive adj

instructional adj

instruction nC

instruct vT
instructor nC

instruct vT

instrument nC

instrumental adj

instrumentalist nC

instrument nC

instrumentation nU

instrument nC
instrumental adj

instinct
1

institute
organization
2
institute begin
instruct teach
instruct command
instrument music
instrument
measuring device
3
instrument
method, means

296

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

insufficient see also

@ sufficient

insufficient neg adj

insulate

insulate vT

insulation nU

insult

insult vT

insurance

insurance nU

insult nC
insulting adj

insure vT

insurer nC

intact

intact adj

insured adj
uninsured neg adj

intake

intake nC

integrate

integration nU

integral adj

disintegrate vIT
disintegration nU

integrity

integrate vT
integrated adj
integrity nU

intellect

intellectual adj

intellectual nC

intellect nU

intellectually adv

intelligence nU
unintelligent neg adj

intelligent adj

intelligently adv

intelligence spying

intelligence nU

intelligible

intelligible adj

intend

intend vT
intention nCU

intent nCU
intentional adj

intent adj

intended adj
intentionally adv

intelligentsia nU
artificial intelligence
nU see also @
artificial
counter-intelligence
nU
intelligibility nU
unintelligible neg adj
unintended neg adj
unintentional neg
adj
unintentionally neg
adv
to all intents and
purposes
be intended for
well-intentioned adj

intelligence
intellect

insufficiently neg
adv
insufficiency nU
insulating adj
insulated adj
insultingly adv

297

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

intensify vT

intensely adv

intently adv

interactive adj
communicative
interactive adj
computer, etc
intercourse nU
sexual intercourse
1
nU see also @ sex /
sexual

uninterested neg adj

interestingly adv

in the interests of

intense

intense adj

interact see also @

act

interaction nU

intensity nU
intensive adj
interact vI

intercourse

interest nU
attention
interested adj
interesting adj

interest nC pastime,
etc

interest vT
self-interest nU see
also @ self/self-

interest nU

interface nC

interface vT

interfere

interfere vI

interference radio,
TV, etc
interim

interference nU
tampering

interim adj

interference nU radio,
TV, etc

interior see also @

exterior
interjection

interior adj
interior nC
interjection nC

interior n sing of
country, etc

intermediate

intermediate adj

intermediary nC

intermittent

intermittent adj

intermittently adv

internal

internal adj inside

internally adv

international see
also @ nation/

international adj

internal adj not

foreign
international nC Brit

internationally adv

interest attention,
involvement, etc

interest money
paid/earned
interface

interim nU
in the interim

interject vIT formal

298

headword

national
internet see also @
2
net
interpersonal see
also @ person/
personal
1
interpret from
another language
2
interpret explain

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

internet n sing

interpersonal adj

interpret vIT

interpretation nCU

interpret vT

interpreter nC
interpretation nU
misinterpret vT

interrogate

interrupt

interrupt vIT stop

doing sth
temporarily

interstate see also

4
@ state
interval

interrupt vIT when

sb is speaking
interruption nCU

interrogate vT
interrogation nCU

interstate adj Am

interval nC gap in
time, space

at intervals

intervene

interval nC break
during a
performance
intervention nCU

intervene vI

intervening adj

interview

interviewer nC

interviewee nC

intimate

interview nC for job, interview nC on

etc
radio, TV etc
interview vT

intimate adj

intimacy nU

intimately adv

intimidate

intimidate vT

into

into prep towards

the inside

into prep towards

intolerable see also

@ tolerant/
tolerable

into prep change

into sth
into prep collision

intimidating adj
intimidation nU

intolerable neg adj

intolerant neg adj

intolerance nU
intolerably neg adv

misinterpretation
nCU
interrogator nC
uninterrupted neg
adj

299

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

intonation

intonation nCU

intoxicate see also

@ toxic/toxin

intoxicate vT

intricate

intricate adj

intrigue

intrinsic

intrigue vIT
intriguing adj
intrinsic adj

intoxication nU
intoxicated adj
intoxicating adj
intricacy nCU
intricately adv
intrigue nCU

introduce vT

introduction nCU

introduction nC of
book

introduce put sth

into use
intrude

introduce vT
introduction nCU

intuition

invade

invasion nCU

introduce sb to
sb/sth

invalid see also @

valid
2
invalid sb
handicapped
invaluable see also
@ value/valuable
invariably see also
@ vary/variably
invent

intrinsically adv

introduction nC book
for beginners
introductory adj

intrusive adj

invade vIT

intrude vI
intruder nC
intrusion nCU
intuition nCU
intuitive adj

invalid neg adj

invalid nC

invalid adj

invader nC
invading adj
invasive adj
invalidate vT
invalidation nU
invalid out phr v

invaluable adj

invariably neg adv

invariable neg adj

invent vT create,
design, etc

invent vT falisify

invention nC sth
invented

inventor nC
reinvent vT
invention nCU act;

inventive adj
inventively adv
inventiveness nU

intuitively adv

300

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

quality

reinvention nCU

inverted commas n pl
see also @ comma

inverted adj
inversion nCU
investing adj

investigator nC

investigative adj

invisible neg adj

invite vT ask sb to
visit

invitation nCU

invite vT questions,
etc

invoice nC

invisibility nU
invisibly neg adv
invited adj
inviting adj
uninvited neg adj
uninviting neg adj
invoice vT

invoke

invoke vT

invocation nC

involve

involve vT

uninvolved neg adj

involuntary see also

@ volunteer/
voluntary
invulnerable see
also @ vulnerable
inward see also @
outward

involved adj/
involved in
involvement nCU

involuntary neg adj

involuntarily neg adv

iron nU
iron adj

inward adj
inwards adv Brit/
inward adv Am

invulnerable neg adj

invulnerability nU
inwardly adv

ironing nU action

ironing nU things to be
ironed

iron out phr v

ironing board nC see
2
also @ board

inventory

inventory nC

invert

invert vT

invest

investment nCU

investigate

investigation nCU

investigate vIT

invest vIT
investor nC

invisible see also @

visible
invite

invoice

iron metal
iron make cloth/
clothes smooth

iron vIT
iron nC

301

headword

irony

A1

A2

B1

B2

irrational see also @

rational
irregular see also @
1, 4
regular

irrelevant see also

@ relevant
irresistible see also
@ resist/resistible
irrespective see also
@ respective
irresponsible see
also @ responsible

C1

C2

ironic adj

irony nU
ironically adv

irrational neg adj

irrationally neg adv

irrelevant neg adj

irregular neg adj

unusual, illegal
irregular neg adj
grammar
irregularity nCU

irregular neg adj

misshapen
irregular neg adj in
time, space
irregularly neg adv
irrelevance nCU

irresistible neg adj

irrespective neg adj

irresponsible neg adj

irrigate

irritate

irritate vT

Islam

island

island nC

Islam nU
Islamic adj
isle nC

irrigate vT
irrigation nU
irritated adj
irritating adj
irritation nU

irresponsibly neg
adv
irresponsibility nU

islander nC

isolate

isolated adj

issue nC

isolate vT
isolation nU

irritant nC
irritable adj
irritability nU
Islamist adj
Islamist nC
island nC in road,
etc

issue vT

issue nC edition

issuing adj

issue subject,
problem
2
issue distribute,
publish

302

headword

IT see also @
information and
technology
it
itch
item
ivory

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

it pron/det
itself pron reflexive

itself pron emphasis

IT nU abbrev =
information
technology
it pron introductory

itchy adj

item nC thing, sth on

list

itemize vT

itch vI
itch nC
item nC on agenda,
news, etc
ivory nU

by itself
in itself

jack up phr v raise

with a jack
dinner jacket nC see
also @ dinner

Jj

jack

jack nC lifting tool

jacket

jacket nC short coat

jade

life jacket nC see

also @ life

jade nU

jail/gaol

jail vT

jam nCU fruit food

jail nC see also @

gaol

jam overfill

jam vT

jam nC
traffic jam nC see
also @ traffic

jam jar nC see also

@ jar
jam vT

jailer nC
jailbird nC informal
jammy adj informal

jar container

jar nC

jargon

jam jar nC see also

1
@ jam

jam-packed adj
informal
jarful adj

jargon nU

jaw

jaw nC body part

jaw nC fig.
jaw vI informal talk
jawbone nC see also

jam fruit food

jam no movement

303

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

jazz

jazz nU

jealous

jealous adj

jealousy nU

@ bone
jazz up phr v
informal enliven
jealously adv

jeans

jeans npl

jeep

jeep nC

jeopardy

jeopardize vT

jelly nCU Brit dessert

jelly nCU Am/ adj Am
jeopardy nU

jellyfish nC see also

@ fish

jerk

jerk vIT

jersey

jersey nC Brit

jerk nC tug
jerky adj

jet

jet nC aircraft

jumbo jet nC

Jew/Judaism

jewel

Jew nC
Jewish adj

jewellery nU Brit/
jewelry nU Am

jewel nC gem

job nC

job task

job nC

jockey

disc jockey nC see

also @ disc/disk

jockey nC

jog

jog vI

jog nC

jelly

job paid
employment

jet vI
jetliner nC
Judaism nU
jewel nC sth valued
jeweller nC Brit/
jeweler nC Am
jobless neg adj
be out of a job
job-seeker nC see
also @ seek
make a good job of
sth
a good job!
jockey VIT
DJ nC abbrev =
disc/disk jockey
deejay nC abbrev
jogger nC

304

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

join vT connect

joint nC body
joint nC meat

join nC

joint nC connection

jogging nU

join vIT become

member

join vIT/join in phr v

joint/joint- adj

join vIT meet

together
joke nC

jointly adv

joke vI

jolly happy,
cheerful
2
jolly intensifier

jolly adj

jolly adv Brit informal

jokingly adv
joker nC
practical joke nC
youre joking!/you
must be joking!
exclam
jollity nU
jolly nC informal

jolt

jolt vT

jolt nC

jot

journalism nU

jotter nC
jotting nC
journalistic adj

journal diary

journal nC
journalist nC
journal nC

jot vT
jot down phr v

journey

journey nC

joy

joy nU

overjoyed adj

enjoy vT

enjoy oneself

enjoyable adj
enjoyment nU

journey vI
on a journey
joy nC
joyful adj
joyfulness nU
joyless neg adj
joylessness nU
joyous adj
killjoy nC see also
@ kill

join /joint things

join people
joke

journal magazine

jointed adj
adjoin vT
adjoining adj
disjointed adj

305

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

pride and joy n sing

see also @ pride

Judaism nU see @
Jew
1
judge person who
judges

judge nC in court

rejoice vI

rejoicing nU
Judaism nU

judge nC in sport etc

judge nC sb who
decides

judgement/
judgment nU good
sense

misjudge vT
judgemental/
judgmental adj

judicial adj

jug nC Brit amount held
by a jug
juggle vIT

judicially adv
judiciary nU
jugful nC

judge decide

judicial

judge vIT
judgement/
judgment nC legal
decision
judge vIT decide
judgement/
judgment nC
decision

jug

juggle

jug nC Brit container

see also @ pitcher

juice

juice nCU
fruit juice nCU see
also @ fruit

jumble

jumble nU

jumbo

jump

jump vIT leap

jump vI move
suddenly

jump nC
jump vI increase
jump nC increase

jumbo adj
jumbo jet nC see
also @ jet

juggler nC
juggling nU
juicy adj
juicer nC
lemon/lime/orange/
etc juice nCU see
1
also @ lemon, lime ,
orange
jumble vT
jumble sale nC esp
Brit see also @ sale

jumping nU
jumping adj
jump the queue Brit

306

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

jumper

jumper nC sb who
jumps

junction

jungle

junior

junk

jurisdiction
jury

C1

C2

see also @ queue

junction nC

jumper nC Brit
sweater

jungle nCU

junior adj
junior nC

junk nU

jurisdiction nU

junk vT
junk food nCU see
also @ food
junkshop nC see
1
also @ shop

jury nC

juror nC

just adv very

recently
just adv very soon

unjust neg adj

just adj

justice nU
just adj
justice nU

injustice nCU
unjust neg adj

just exact/equally

just adv
exact/equally

just adv only/ simply

just adv emphasis/
very

justify

justification nCU

justifiable adj
justified adj

just now at present

just now very
recently
just as
justly adv
unjustly neg adv
bring to justice
justice nC
unjustly neg adv
only just
just a second/
minute
just about
unjustifiable neg adj
unjustified neg adj
justifiably adv
unjustifiably neg adv

just time

just fair
just lawfully fair

justify vT

307

headword

A1

C1

C2

juvenile adj

juvenile nC

justify oneself

kangaroo nC

keenly adv

keenness nU

keep vIT retain

keep vT remain
doing sth

keep vI continually
do sth

keen adj
be keen on
keep vI delay

keep vI stay fresh

keep at sth phr v

persist
keep back phr v
restrain
keep back phr v
withhold information
keep down phr v
repress
keep down phr v
numbers, prices, etc
keep from phr v
prevent
keep from phr v
hide information etc
keep going
keep in phr v keep
indoors
keep off phr v not
walk on
keep off phr v not
eat, drink, etc
keep on doing sth
phr v
keep time or keep
good/poor/bad time
1
see also @ time

Kk

kangaroo
keen

B2

B1

juvenile

keep retain

A2

308

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

keep up phr v
continue, maintain
keep up phr v price
keep up with sb/sth
phr v
upkeep nU
well-kept adj
innkeeper nC see also
beekeeper nC
@ inn
beekeeping nU see
housekeeper nC see
also @ bee
also @ house
bookkeeping nU
shopkeeper nC see also bookkeeper nC see
1
3
@ shop
also @ book /books
gatekeeper nC see
also @ gate
housekeeping nU
peacekeeper nC/
peacekeeping nU
see also @ peace
storekeeper nC esp
Am see also @ store
zookeeper nC see
also @ zoo

keep vT look after

keep vT goal, etc

keeper nC
goalkeeper nC see
also @ goal

keep promise,
word, etc
kerb/curb see also
@ curb

keep vT

kerosene

kerb nC Brit/curb nC Am kerbstone nC Brit/

curbstone nC Am
see also @ stone
kerosene nU

kettle

kettle nC

key nC
key nC answer,
explanation, etc

keyhole nC see also

@ hole

keyring nC see also

1
@ ring
passkey nC see also
2
@ pass

keep manage, look

after

key for lock

309

headword
2

key computer,
typewriter, etc
3
key vital

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

keyboard nC

key vT/key in phr v

keypad nC

key adj

keyword nC

key music

kick

kick vIT

kick nC

key nC
keyboard nC

kid nC informal

kid nC baby goat

kidnap vT
kidnapper nC
kidnapping nCU
kid nU/adj goatskin

in key
off key/out of key
kicker nC
kick in phr v
kick off phr v
kick-off nCU
kick out phr v
kick up phr v

kid deceive,
pretend
kidney

kid vIT

handle/treat sb with
kid gloves see also
@ glove
kidding nU

kidney nC

kill

kill vIT

killed adj

killer nC

killing nCU

kilogram

kilogram nC see also

@ gram

kill vIT finish

kill off phr
killjoy nC see also @
joy
kill time see also @
1
time
overkill nU
painkiller nC see
also @ pain
weedkiller nU see
also @ weed

kid child

kid baby goat

310

headword

A1

kilometre /kilometer kilometre nC Brit/

see also @ metre/
kilometer nC Am
meter
kin

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

km abbrev

kin nU
akin adj

kilometres/
kilometers per/an
hour
kinship nU
kindred nU old-
fashioned family
kindred adj
of a kind
unkindly neg adv
unkindness nU

kind nC

kind of adv informal

kind gentle,
generous, etc
kindergarten

unkind neg adj

kind adj
kindness nCU

mankind nU see
2
also @ man
kindly adv

kindergarten nC

kind-hearted adj see

1
also @ heart

king see also @

queen

king nC

kingdom nC country
with a king/queen

kiosk

kiosk nC

kingdom nC
business controlled
by sb

kiss

kiss vIT

kiss nC

kissing nU

kit

kit nC

kit out/up phr v

kitchen

kitchen nC

kite flying toy

kite nC

kitchen sink nC see

2
also @ sink

kitten

kitten nC

knee

knee nC

kneel vI

knickers Brit

knife

knife nC

knickers npl Brit; see

also @ pants
penknife nC

knife vT

knight

knight nC

carving knife nC see

also @ carve/ carving

knit

knit vIT wool etc

knitting nU

kind type, sort

knight vT
knighthood nC
knitted adj
knitting needle nC

311

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

knob

knob nC round handle

knock

knock vIT/knock on
phr v make noise
knock vIT hit

knock nC noise
knock nC hit

knot nC

knot nC

knob nC lump
doorknob nC see
also @ door
knocking adj
knock about/
around phr v
knock down phr v
demolish
knock down phr v
hit with a vehicle
knock off phr v
finish work
knock off phr v do
sth quickly
knock off phr v
reduce price
knock out phr v
make unconscious
knock out phr v
eliminate
knock-out nC
knock over phr v hit
with vehicle
knock together/up
phr v make sth
quickly
knock up phr v Brit
waken
knot vT
knotted adj
knotty adj
knotted adj

knot nC

knot with string,

etc
knot knot in wood
knot speed of ship,
aircraft

312

headword

know

knuckle

A1

know vIT have

knowledge
know vIT be certain
know vT/know
about phr v be
familiar
know vT know a
language
knowledge nU of
subject, language,
etc

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

know vT recognize
you know filler
knowledge nU
awareness
known adj
unknown neg adj
let sb know see also
1
@ let
well-known adj

well-known adv

knowledgeable adj

knuckle nC

know how to do sth

get to know sb/sth
know better (than)
(not) to ones
knowledge
knowledgeably adv
unknown nCU
knowing adj
knowingly adv
unknowingly adv

knuckle down phr v
knuckle under phr v

Ll

label

label nC card sign

label vT attach label

label nC description
label nC brand

laboratory

lab nC

laboratory nC

label vT describe
labelled adj Brit/
labeled adj Am
labelling nU Brit/
labeling nU Am

labour/labor

labour nCU Brit/

labor nCU Am work,
effort

labour nU Brit/labor
nU Am workers

labourer nC Brit/
laborer nC Am

labour vI Brit/labor vI
Am

laborious adj
laboriously adv

lace nU decorative
cloth

lace vT/lace up phr v

lack

lack nCU

lack vT

lacking adj

lace nC
shoelace nC see also @
shoe

lad

lad nC informal

the lads npl Brit

informal
laddish adj Brit

lace decorative
cloth
2
lace for shoes

be lacking in

313

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

ladette nC informal
ladder nC damage to
nylons, stockings,
tights, pantyhose,
etc
rope ladder nC see
also @ rope

ladder

ladder nC

lady

lady nC

Lady title Brit

lager

ladies/the ladies npl

female lavatory

lager nCU Brit

landlady nC see also @

1
land

lake

lake nC

lamb

lamb vI
lambing nU

lame

lamb nC young
sheep
lamb nU meat
lame adj limping

lament

lament vIT

lamp

land nU ground; not

sea

land nC country;
state

landlord nC see also

@ lord
landscape nC

lamp nC
lamp-post nC see
3
also @ post

lame adj weak

lame vT
lameness nU
lament nC
lamentable adj
lamentably adv
lampshade nC see
1
also @ shade

inland adj
mainland nU see
also @ main

landlady nC see also @

lady
landmark nC
landowner nC see also
@ own/owner
farmland nU see also
@ farm
grassland nCU see also
@ grass
highland nC

land ground

landscape vT
landscaping nU
landslide nC see also
@ slide
inland adv
by land
overland adj

314

headword

A1

land arrive by
aircraft or ship
landing upstairs
corridor
lane

language see also @

linguistic
lantern

A2

land vI arrive by
aircraft

B1

B2

C1

land vI arrive by ship

landing nCU
landing nC

C2

homeland nC see also

@ home
lowland nC/adj
upland adj
uplands n pl
woodland nU see also
1&2
@ wood

language nC specific
language

lane nC narrow road

lane nC area/path
used by vehicles
language nU system; native language nC
ability
see also @ native

lantern nC

laptop (computer)
nC

lap nC

lap vT

lap dancing nU see

also @ dance/
dancing
lapdog nC see also
@ dog
lap up phr v

lap nC

lap vIT

large adj

at large

large-scale adj see

1
also @ scale

enlarge vIT

largely mostly

largely adv

enlarged adj
enlargement nCU
by and large

laser

laser nC

lap body area

lap drink with

tongue
3
lap part of race or
journey
large big

315

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

last adj/adv final;

after all others
last pron/nU/adj
only one remaining

last adj/adv most

recent

at (long) last

lash nC
eyelash nC see also @
eye
lastly adv

last vI

everlasting adj

lasting adj

later adj after the

specified time

latest adj

at the (very) latest

late dead, finished

late adj/adv near

the end
late adj/adv after
the specified time
later adj/adv in
future

late adj

late-night adj see

also @ night
later on adv
sooner or later see
also @ soon/sooner
see you later exclam

lately

lately adj

latent

latent adj

latin/Latin

latin adj

latitude

latitude nCU

Latin nU
Latino nC
latitudinal adj

latter

latterly adv

laugh

laugh vI
laugh at sb/sth phr v

latter adj//the latter

pron

laugh nC
laughter nU

launch

launch vT start sth

launch vT ship,
rocket, etc
launch nC ship,

launch nC event

laugh off phr v

laughable adj
laughing adj
launch into phr v
launcher nC
launching nC

lash

last final

last continue
late time

the last
person/thing
the last but one Brit
last-minute adj
the last minute see
also @ minute
last name see also
@ name
longlasting adj

316

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

rocket, etc

laundry

laundry nC shop

lavatory

lavatory nC

lavender

lavish

law

law /in-law

laundry nU things to
be washed

lavender nU

lavish adj

law nC legal rule

the law nU
law court nC see
1
also @ court

law nC of science,
nature, etc
lawyer nC

law court nC see

1
also @ court

lawsuit nC
unlawful neg adj

lawful adj
outlaw nC

brother-in-law nC
daughter-in-law nC
father-in-law nC
mother-in-law nC
sister-in-law nC
son-in-law nC

launchpad nC Am/
launching pad nC
3
Brit see also @ pad
launder vT
launderette nC
lavatorial adj
public lavatory nC
see also @ public

lavish vT
lavish on/upon phr v
lavishly adv
law nU academic
subject
by law
lawmaker nC
law-making adj
lawfully adv
unlawfully neg adv
lawless adj
lawlessly adv
lawlessness nU
letter of the law nC
2
see also @ letter
outlaw adj
outlaw vT
law and order see
5
also @ order
parent-in-law nC
see also @ parent
in-laws npl

317

headword

lawn

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

lawn nC

lay set down on

ground, etc

lay vT

layer nC

lay not a priest; not

a professional/
layman/laity
3
lay lay an egg

lay adj

lay vIT

layered adj
layering nU
layabout nC
lay-by nC
lay-off nC
layout nC
lay aside phr v
lay by phr v
lay down phr v
order
lay down ones arms
phr v surrender;
2
see also @ arm
lay off phr v
informal stop doing
sth
lay off phr v stop
employing sb
lay on phr v provide
lay out phr v arrange
lay over phr v spend
the night somewhere
lay up phr v be ill in
bed
layman nC see also
2
@ man /men
laity nU
new/freshly-laid adj

lazy

lazy adj

lazily adv
laziness nU
lazy bones nC
informal

318

headword

A1

lead vIT be in
charge, in command
lead vT be in front;
be winning
leader nC

lead be in front

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

leading adj

mislead vT

misleading neg adj

cheer leader nC esp

Am see also @
1
cheer

lead n sing first

place in race, etc
lead nC main actor
in play, film
leadership nU
be in the lead

leaf nC

lead nU
leaded adj
unleaded neg adj
leafy adj

leaf paper etc

leaf nC

leaflet nC

leaf through phr v

league

league nC sport

leak

leak vIT liquid, etc

leak nC escaping
liquid

leak nC revealed secret

leak vT reveal secret

leafless neg adj

fig leaf nC see also
@ fig
lettuce leaf nC see
also @ lettuce
overleaf adv
turn over a new leaf
league nC society,
club
in league (with)
leakage nU
leaky adj

lean vIT

lean not fat

lean adj not fat

leap

leap vI

leap nC

lead metal

leaf of tree, plant

lean incline

lean against/on phr

v
lean on phr v
depend on
lean towards phr v
leaning adj
leaning nC
lean adj with
shortages
by leaps and bounds
leap year nC see
also @ year

319

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

learning nU

learned adj

learn vIT be
informed
learner nC

learn ones lesson

lease nC

lease vT

leasing nU
lessee nC
leash nC

learn

learn vIT acquire

knowledge, skills, etc

lease

learn vT memorise
learn vIT change
because of
experience

leash

unleash vT

least

least adj/adv

at least

least/the least pron

leather

leather nCU

leave vIT depart

leave vT after ones

death, in ones will
leave (well) alone
phr v

leave official
holiday

leave vT not take sth leave sb/sth out phr

leave vT remain;
v
deposit
leave vT leave in a
condition
leave vT leave sth
forgetfully

leave nU

lecture

lecturer nC

leave depart
leave opp take

lecture nC
lecture vIT

least of all
not in the least
to say the least
last but not least
leathery adj
leaving nU
take ones leave
leave behind phr v
leave in phr v
leave off phr v
leave on phr v
leave over phr v
leftover adj
on leave
take leave
absent without
leave
lectureship nC
lecture room nC see
1
also @ room
lecture hall nC see
1
also @ hall
lecture theatre nC
Brit/lecture theater
nC Am see also @

320

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

ledge nC

theatre/ theater

left adj/adv

left nU

left-winger nC

leg nC body part

leg nC of table,
chair, etc

left-hand adj
left-handed adj
the left nU
left-wing adj

leg stage of journey

leg nC

leggings npl
leggy adj informal
legroom nU see also
2
@ room
not have a leg to
stand on
pull sbs leg

legacy

legal

legal adj lawful

legal adj connected
with the law

illegal neg adj

legacy nC
inheritance
legally adv

legend

legend nC old story

legendary adj

legislation

legislation nU

legislative adj

legislature nC

legitimate

legitimate adj legal

legitimacy nU

ledge
left opp. right
left political
leg body part

illegally neg adv

legacy nC influence,
memory, etc
legalize vT
legalization nU
legality nCU
legal aid nU see also
@ aid
legend nC famous
person; reputation
legislate vI
legislator nC
legitimate adj
reasonable
legitimate adj with
married parents
illegitimate neg adj
illegitimately neg
adv
illegitimacy nU

321

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

leisure

leisure nU

lemon

lemon nC

lemonade nU

lend see also @

borrow

lend vIT loan sth,

esp money

lender nC

length see also @

long

length nCU distance

length nC time

lengthy adj

lens

leopard

lens nC in
spectacles,
instruments, etc

legitimately adv
at ones leisure
leisure centre nC
Brit/ leisure center
nC Am see also @
2
center/centre

lemon juice nU see
also @ juice

lend vT give
support, etc
lend itself to sth be
suitable for
lending nU
lend a hand see also
1
@ hand
lengthen vIT
length nC piece of
wavelength nC see also sth
2
@ wave
at length
go to great lengths

lens nC eye part

leopard nC

less

less adj/adv

more or less mostly

lessen vIT

lesser comp adj

lesson

lesson nC learning
experience

lest

lesson nC at school,
etc

more or less
approximately
no less than
learn ones lesson
teach sb a lesson

let us/lets
suggestion
let go/let go of
release

let sb know see also

@ know

let sb down
disappoint

let sb off phr v not

punish
let alone see also @
alone

let allow, permit

let vT

leisurely adv

lest conj

let off phr v

firework, bomb, etc
let sb off the hook
see also @ hook

322

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

let Brit rent to sb

let sb/sth down

lower
let sb/sth in permit
entry
let sb/sth out
release; reveal

lethal

lethal adj

let nC esp Brit

letting nC esp Brit
let out to sb
to let

letter
correspondence
2
letter of alphabet

letter nC

newsletter nC see

also @ news

letter nC

letter box nC see

1
also @ box

lettuce

lettuce nC

level nC amount

level nCU standard

level adj at same

height, rank, etc

level adj

level vT

letter of the law see

also @ law
to the letter
lettering nU
lettuce leaf nC see
1
also @ leaf
level nC floor of
building
level nC rank,
position, rank, etc
high-level adj see
also @ high
sea-level n sing see
also @ sea
level off/out phr v
level nC device
level crossing nC Brit
see also @
1
cross /crossing;
railroad crossing nC

level amount, etc

level flat

let out phr v cry, etc

let through phr v
permit to pass; not
detect
let up phr v cease
let vT Brit

323

headword

lever

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

Am
lever vIT

liable legally
responsible
2
liable likely

liability nU

liable adj

lever nC
leverage nU

liable adj

liaison

liaison nC

liaise vI

liberal

liberal adj tolerant

liberal adj politically

liberal

liberal nC

liberalism nU

liberty

liberty nU

liberation nU
liberate vT

library

library nC

librarian nC

liberally adv
liberalize vT
liberalization nU
illiberal neg adj
illiberally neg adv
liberated adj
liberating adj
liberator nC
at liberty

licence/license

license vT

licensed adj
licensing nU
unlicensed neg adj
license plate nC esp
Am see also @ plate

lick

licence nC Brit/
license nC Am
driving licence nC
Brit/ drivers license
nC Am see also @
drive/driver/driving

lick vIT with tongue

lick nC

lid

lid nC

lie vI go flat
lie down phr v

lie vI be in a flat
position

lie vI exist, be
situated

lick vIT waves, flames,

etc
eyelid nC see also @
eye

lie be/go flat

lie vI responsibility,
blame, etc
lie about phr v
lie behind phr v
lie in phr v

324

headword
2

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

lie untruth

lie vI

lie nC

liar nC

lieutenant

lieutenant nC

life see also @ live

life nCU period

between birth and
death
live vI

life nCU way of

living; aspect of life

life nU opp death

life nU energy
life nU all living
creatures

way of life

life jacket nC see

also @ jacket
lifestyle nCU see
1
also @ style
lifetime nC see also
@ time
wildlife nU see also
@ wild

lifespan nC see also

@ span

lifeboat nC see also @

boat
lifelong adj

lift vT raise

lift vIT lift and raise

lift nC Brit ride,
journey
lift nC Brit see also
@ elevator nC Am

lift nC act of lifting

sunlight nU see also

lighten vIT

moonlight nU see also

lift

light brightness,

light nU e.g. sunlight light adj

belie vT formal
lying nU
live a lie
white lie nC see also
@ white

life nC person
life nC biography
life nC usu sing
validity, duration, etc
bring to life
come to life
for life
take ones own life
afterlife nC
lifeless neg adj
lifelike adj
lifesaver nC see also
1
@ save
life-size adj see also
@ size
mid-life adj see also
@ middle/mid-
real-life adj see also
@ real
lift vIT ban,
objection, threat,
cloud, etc
shoplifting nU
shoplifter nC
shoplift vI see also
1
@ shop
lighted adj

325

headword

lamp

A1

A2

light adj

B1

B2

@ sun

C1

daylight nU see also

@ day

C2

@ moon
twilight nU

starlight nU see also

1
@ star
bring to light
cast/throw light
on/upon
come to light
in the light of
light up phr v
flashlight nC Am see
1
also @ flash, torch
fluorescent light nC
green light nC
red light nC
searchlight nU see
also @ search
alight adj

light nC lamp

light vT illuminate
traffic lights n pl see
also @ traffic

lighting nU

spotlight nC see also headlight nC

1
@ spot
lighthouse nC see also
2
@ house

light vIT ignite

light nC match, etc

light adj not heavy

light adj light meal

light adj not serious

lightly adv

lighter nC/cigarette
lighter nC see also
@ cigarette

light pale

light adj

lightness nU
lighten vIT
light-hearted adj
1
see also @ heart
lightweight adj/nC
lighten vIT

lightning

lightning nU

like prep similar

like adj formal

like prep such as

like conj informal

unlike prep/adj

liken to phr v
likeness nCU

like vT enjoy
like vT have
affection for

would like/should
like request, want,
invitation

dislike nCU

alike adj/adv
like nC
likewise adv
dislike vT

liking n sing

likeable/likable adj
as you like
how do you like ?
what style
have a liking for

light ignite

light not heavy

like similar

like take pleasure

326

headword
3

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

like pause filler

like

likely

unlikely neg adj

likelihood nCU

not likely!

lily

likely adj
likely adv

lily nC

limb

limb nC body part

lime nC

lime rock

limit

limit vT

limitation nC
speed-limit nC see
also @ speed

limit nC
limited adj
restricted

lime nU
limestone nU see also
@ stone
unlimited neg adj

limb nC of tree, etc

tear limb from limb
lime juice nU see
also @ juice

limp vI
limp nC
limp adj

line nC mark on
paper, road, etc

line nC Am of
people; see also @
queue

line/railway line nC

underline vT draw
line under sth

line nC military

line nC wrinkle

lime fruit

limp walk with

difficulty
2
limp not rigid
1

line mark; length

line vT form of line

of sth

stand in line Am see

1 guideline nC usu pl
also @ queue, stand
see also @ guide

linear adj
headline nC see also
1
@ head
underline vT stress

limiting adj
limitless neg adj
limp vI move slowly
limply adv

branchline nC Brit
see also @ branch
line-up nC
hairline nC see also
baseline nC see also @ @ line1
3
base
line nC border
coastline nC see also @ line/line of work nC
occupation
coast
line nC line of
skyline nC see also @
argument
sky
line up phr v
neckline nC see also
@ neck
out of line
shoreline nC see
also @ shore
waistline nC see also

327

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

line nC phone line

online adj/adv
offline adj/adv

hold the line wait on

phone

pipeline nC see also @

pipe

line cover inside

line vT

lined adj
lining nCU
liner nC

linen

linen nCU

liner

liner nC passenger ship

airliner nC see also @
2
air /airline

linger

linger vI

linguistic see also @

language

linguistic adj

link

link vT
link nC

linguist nC
linguistics nU
bilingual adj
linkage nCU

lion

lion nC

lioness nC

lip

lip nC

lipstick nCU

line cable, tube,

rope, etc

@ waist
in line with
toe the line see also
@ toe
eye-liner nU see
also @ eye
hotline nC see also
@ hot
plumb line nC see
also @ plumb
fur-lined adj see
also @ fur
bin-liner nC see also
@ bin

cruiseliner nC see
also @ cruise
jetliner nC see also
@ jet
lingering adj

link up phr v
linked adj
cufflinks n pl see
also @ cuff
sealion nC see also
@ sea
the lions share see
1
also @ share
lip nC edge

328

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

liquid

liquid nC

liquid adj

liquor

liquor nC

list nC

list vT

list lean of ship

listen

listen vI/listen to
sb/sth

listen! exclam

listener nC

list vI
list nC

literacy

literacy nU

literate adj

literal

literally adv

literal adj

literature/literary

literature nU works literary adj

of literature; study of
literature

list set of items

liquidize vT
liquidizer nC Brit

listed adj
listing nC
blacklist vT
blacklist nC see also
2
@ black
checklist nC see also
1
@ check
shopping list nC see
1
also @ shop /
shopping

listening nU
listening adj
listen nC informal
listen in phr v
listen out phr v esp
Brit
listen up phr v
illiteracy nU
illiterate neg adj
computer-literate
adj
computer literacy
nU see also @
computer

literature nU
documents about a
topic

329

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

litigation

litigation nU

litre/liter

litter

litre nC Brit/liter nC
Am

literary critic nC
literary criticism nU
2
see also @ critic
litigate vIT
litigator nC
litigious adj

litter nU

litter vIT

little

little adj small

little adj young
little adj short
little/a little
adv/pron
live vI exist; have life living adj
living room nC see
1
also @ room
alive adj

belittle vT
little by little

live vI survive
lively adj energetic
live adj alive, living
live adj not recorded
living nU
employment

lively adj colourful

livelihood nU

liver

live vI/live in/at phr

v

live/live on remain
live for sth/sb phr v
live on/off phr v
live through phr v
live up to phr v
long-lived adj see
1
also @ long
cost of living nC usu
sing see also @ cost
short-lived adj see
1
also @ short
standard of living nC
1
see also @ standard
live with phr v

liver nC body part

liver nU food

livestock

livestock nU

lizard

lizard nC

live have life; see

also @ life

live dwell; inhabit

330

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

load nC goods
carried
load vIT

unload vIT

loading bay nC see also

@ bay
workload nC see also
1
@ work

load fill weapon,

computer, camera,
etc
loaf

download nC
upload nC

downloadable adj

loaf nC

load adj
download vIT
upload vIT

load nC workload
load/loads nC
informal a lot/lots
loaded adj
overload vT
overloaded adj
loaded adj

loan

loan nC

loan vT

on loan

lobby nC

lobby pressure
group
lobster

lobby nC

lobby vIT

lobster nCU

lobbying nU
lobbyist nC

local

local adj

local government nU local nC sb living

see also @ govern/
locally
government
locally adv

locality nC

locate

location nC

locate vT

located adj

relocation nU

lock

lock nC
lock vIT

be located in/
near/on, etc
relocate vIT
locker nC

load goods carried

lobby entrance hall

unlock vT

local adj/nC
anaesthetic
local nC Brit local
pub
dislocate vT
dislocation nU

lockable adj
locked adj
lock in phr v
lock up phr v
unlocked neg adj
deadlock nU
deadlocked adj see
2
also @ dead
gridlock nU see also

@ grid

331

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

locomotive

locomotive nC

lodge claim
officially
2
lodge
accommodation

lodge vT

lodge vI stay with sb

lodger nC Brit

loft

lodge nC
lodging nU/lodgings n
pl
loft nC

log nC

log record, journal

log vT

logic

logically adv

logo

logic nU
logical adj

logo nC

logger nC
logging nU
log vT
log nC
log in/on phr v
log off/out phr v
illogical neg adj
illogically neg adv

lone

alone adj

alone adv

lone adj

loneliness nU
lonesome adj Am

long adj/adv time

long adj distance

long adj wordy

long-term adj see
1
also @ term

lonely adj feeling

alone
lonely adj isolated
long-time adj Am

long-distance adj see

also @ distance
long-standing adj see
3
also @ stand

no longer
before long
long after
long before
long-lived adj see
1
also @ live
long-range adj see
2
also @ range
long-sighted adj see
1
also @ sight
longstanding adj
long-suffering adj
see also @ suffer
long-term nU/adj

log wood

long lengthy

332

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

see also @ term

longish adj
elongate vIT
elongated adj
longevity nU
so long as conj

long yearn

long vI/long for phr v

longing nU

longitude

loo

longitude nCU
longitudinal adj
loo nC Brit informal

look vI try to see

sb/sth
look for phr v
look nC glance
have/take a look

look after phr v

look out phr v
warning, be careful

look forward to phr

v
look sth up phr v
check
look nC expression

look into sth phr v

investigate
overlook vT look
over

look back (over) phr v

review

loom vI

look ahead phr v

look down on phr v
look in (on sb) phr v
make brief visit
look on phr v
spectate
look over phr v
inspect
look round/around
phr v
look through phr v
skim
look to phr v
look up to phr v
admire
look out nC
look on/upon sth as
phr v regard
looks n pl
lookalike nC see also
@ alike

looming adj

look sight; see also

@ outlook

outlook n sing
future
outlook nU attitude
outlook n sing view

look appearance

look vI seem
look at phr v
consider/ examine

loom

look vI/look like phr

v have the
appearance of sb/sth
nice-/good-looking
adj

333

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

loop

loop nC

loose

loose adj not

attached

loose adj not

fastened together
loosen vIT

loose adj not literal,

not precise

loosely adv
loose vT

lord

lord nC aristocrat
landlord nC see also
1
@ land

lorry

lose vT opp find

lose vT patience,
confidence, temper,
etc
lose vT job, etc
loss nCU sth lost

lose vT weight, hair,

blood, etc

lorry nC Brit see also

@ truck
lost adj at unknown
place
lost adj cannot be
found

loss nC opp profit

lose vT time
loss nC loss of life

lose vIT
loss nCU defeat

loser nC

lot piece of land

lot/a lot/lots of
adv/pron

lottery

lottery nC

lose have sth

removed

lose be defeated

lot many
2

loop vIT
loophole nC see also
@ hole
loop the loop
loose change nU see
2
also @ change
loose thread nC see
also @ thread
lord nC powerful
man
warlord nC see also
@ war
lord nU title

lose ones place see
2
also @ place
lose ones way
lose oneself in sth
lose the thread see
also @ thread
at a loss
losing adj
losing nU
lost property office
nC see also @
1
office , property
the lot n sing all
parking lot nC esp
2
Am see also @ park
lot nC item in
auction
cast/draw lots

334

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

lotus

lotus nC

loud

aloud adv

loud adj noisy

loud adv informal

noisily

loudly adv

loudspeaker nC see
also @ speak/ speaker

loudness nU
out loud adv

lounge

love nU of sb
love vT like sb/sth
very much

love nC interest,
hobby, etc
in love
lovely adj Brit
enjoyable
lovely adj beautiful

lounge nC room in
house
loving adj
beloved adj

love

lounge nC at airport,
etc
lover nC sexual

partner
lover nC fan

low adj not high

lower adj

lowland adj see also @

1
land

low amount

low adj amount,

number, price,
temperature, etc

low adj sound, heat,

light, etc
lower adj

low adv
lower vT move sth
lower
lower vT reduce

lounge vI/lounge
about/around phr v
love nC sb loved
love at first sight
would love to do sth
make love
loved adj
love from ending
letter
fall in love see also
1
@ fall
low-level adj see
1
also @ level

low nC
low-profile adj

loyal

loyalty nCU

loyal adj

low height

lovable adj
lovingly adv

lowered adj
low-cost adj see also
@ cost
low-fat adj see also
2
@ fat
low-income adj see
also @ income
low-level adj see
1
also @ level
low-quality adj see
also @ quality
lowly adv
loyally adv
loyalist nC
disloyal neg adj
disloyalty nU

335

headword

A1

A2

luck

lucky adj

lucrative

luggage

B1

B2

C1

C2

loyalty card nC see

1
also @ card
in luck
out of luck
unluckily neg adv

luckily adv
unlucky neg adj

luck nU chance,
fortune
luck nU success

lucrative adj

luggage nU

luminous

luminous adj

lump

lump nC large piece

lump nC swelling,
growth

lunar

lunar adj

lump vT/lump
together phr v
lumpy adj

lunch

lunch nC

luncheon nC

lunch vI

lung nC

luggage rack nC see

also @ rack
left luggage office nC
Brit see also @
office
luminosity nU

lung

lunch break nC see

3
also @ break
lunchtime nU see
also @ time

lure

lure vT

lure nC

lurk

lurk vI

lush

lush adj

lust

lust nU

luxury

luxury nU great
comfort
luxury adj

luxury nC sth
unnecessary
luxurious adj

lust vI
lust after phr v
lusty adj
luxuriously adv
luxuriate vI
the height of luxury

lunch box nC see

1
also @ box

336

headword

A1

lyric

Mm

ma see also @
mother
machine see also @
mechanic/
mechanical

A2

B2

C1

C2

lyric nC/lyrics n pl
lyrical adj
lyric adj

lyricist nC

grandma nC informal
-
see also @ grand

machine nC device

machinery nU
machine gun nC see
washing machine nC also @ gun
see also @ wash

ma nC informal old-
fashioned
mama nC informal
sewing machine nC see
also @ sew/sewing

mad adj insane

mad adj silly, stupid

mad enthusiastic

mad adj informal Am

angry

mad adj
be mad about sb/sth

madam

magazine nC

madam address
Dear Madam letter
opening

like mad
madly adv very
much
maam address

magazine weapons

magic

magic nU special
power

magazine nC gun part

magazine nC gun
storeroom
magical adj
magician nC

mad insane

mad angry

magazine journal

B1

madman nC see also @

3
man
madness nU

machine nC
organization
machine vT
machinist nC
slot machine nC see
also @ slot
vending machine nC
see also @ vendor
madly adv
go mad
madden vT

magic nU sth
wonderful

337

headword

A1

A2

B1

magistrate

magnet

magnificent

magnitude

maid

B2

magic nU
entertainment
magic adj with
special power
magistrate nC

C1

C2

magnetic adj
attracting iron

magnet nC metal

magnificent adj

magnitude n usu
sing
maid nC
barmaid nC see also
1
@ bar

mail

e-mail/email nU
system
e-mail/email nC
message
e-mail/email vT

mail nU letters, post

mail nU postal
system
mail vT esp Am
airmail nU see also
2
@ air

voice mail nU see also

@ voice

main

main adj principal

mainly adv

mainland nU see
1
also @ land
mainstream adj
mains n pl Brit

maiden adj

magic adj wonderful

magically adv
black magic nU see
2
also @ black

magnet nC
attraction
magnetic adj
attractive
magnetism nU
magnetize vT
magnificently adv
magnificence nU

maiden nC
bridesmaid nC see
also @ bride
chambermaid nC
see also @ chamber
mailing nCU
airmail vT
mailbox nC see also
1
@ box
mailman nC Am see
3
also @ man
mail carrier nC Am
see also @
carry/carrier
main course nC see
5
also @ course
mainframe nC see
2
also @ frame

338

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

maintain

maintain vT
continue

maintenance nU
repairs, etc

maintain vT look
after

maize

maize nU

in the main
maintain vT
continue to believe,
state, etc
maintain vT support
family, etc

majesty

majesty nU

majestic adj

majesty nC Brit

major adj

major nC

sergeant-major nC

major in a subject

majority nU

major nC esp Am
major vI esp Am

make vT produce
sth
make vT cause,
force

make vT make a
meal
make sb do sth

make vT make a
film, TV programme,
etc
maker nC
manufacturer
make sure see also
@ sure
well-made adj/adv
1
see also @ well

make vT estimate
time, total, price, etc
make vT earn

making nU

be made of
make sth into sth
phr v convert
make sth up phr v
lie, invent, etc

make it vT informal
reach, attend

make vT give job,

title, etc
make believe nU
see also @ believe
make certain/sure
see also @ certain,
sure
make love see also
@ love
make a mistake see
also @ mistake
make do with
make for phr v
travel towards
make for phr v
produce, lead to
make (out) of phr v

major serious,
important, large, etc
2
major military rank
3

major subject at
university
majority see also @
minority
1
make produce

be in the majority

339

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

film maker nC see

1
also @ film

decision-maker nC
see also @ decide/
decision

make brand

home-made adj see

also @ home
make nC

man-made adj see also

2
@ man

think about,
conclude
make off phr v
escape
make out phr v bill,
cheque, etc
make out phr v
discern, understand,
etc
make up phr v
restore a relationship
make up for sth phr
v compensate
lawmaker nC see
also @ law
matchmaker nC see
3
also @ match
planemaker nC see

also @ plane
shoemaker nC see
also @ shoe
troublemaker nC
1
see also @ trouble
watchmaker nC see
2
also @ watch
tailor-made adj see
also @ tailor

make-up cosmetics

make-up nU

made-up adj

malaria

malaria nU

male see also @

female

male adj
male nC

malarial adj
anti-malarial neg adj

340

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

malice

malignant

mall

malnutrition see
also @ nutrition
mama see also @
ma, mother
mammal

man adult male;

see also @ woman

man person

C2

malice nU
malicious adj
malignant adj

mall nC esp Am

shopping mall nC esp
Am see also @
1
shop /shopping

malnutrition nU

mammal nC

mama nC informal esp

Am

man nC adult male

manhood nU
manly adj

man nC any person

mankind nU

man-made adj see also

@ make/made

manliness nU
Man Friday nC
best man n sing see
also @ best
man vT
manned adj
unmanned neg adj
manhandle vT see
also @ handle
manhunt nC see

also @ hunt
manpower nU see
2
also @ power
manslaughter nCU
see also @ slaughter
layman nC see also
2
@ lay
airman nC see also
2
@ air
bandsman nC see
1
also @ band

man nC employee,
etc

man nU mankind

man /-man; see also chairman nC see

2
2
@ woman
also @ chair
compounds

spokesman nC see
also @ speak,
spoken

policeman nC see
also @ police
postman nC Brit see
1
also @ post

businessman nC see
1
also @ business
fisherman nC see
also @ fish

barman nC see also

1
@ bar
congressman nC Am
1
see also @ congress

chairmanship nU see
2
also @ chair
craftsman nC see also
1
@ craft

malignancy nCU

mammalian adj

341

headword

A1

A2

B1

workman nC see
1
also @ work

B2

sportsman nC see
also @ sport
tradesman nC see
also @ trade

C1

salesman nC see
also @ sale

C2

fireman nC see also @

1
fire
foreman nC
gunman nC see also @
gun
madman nC see also @
1
mad
milkman nC see also @
milk
seaman nC see also @
sea
serviceman nC see also
2
@ serve / service
statesman nC see also
2
@ state

batsman nC Brit see

1
also @ bat
binman nC Brit see
also @ bin
cameraman nC see
also @ camera
caveman nC see also
@ cave
clergyman nC see
also @ clergy
conman nC see also
2
@ con
craftsmanship nU
1
see also @ craft
crewman nC see
also @ crew
doorman nC see
also @ door
dustman nC Brit see
also @ dust, garbage
freshman nC see
also @ fresh
frogman nC see also
@ frog
garbage man nC Am
see also @ garbage
handyman nC see
also @ handy
herdsman nC see
also @ herd
horseman nC see
also @ horse
mailman nC Am see
also @ mail

342

headword

manage succeed,
cope
2
manage organize,

A1

manage vIT succeed

A2

manage vT organize,
control

B1

B2

manage vI cope with

sb/sth

manage vT oversee

C1

C2

manageable adj

middleman nC see

also @ middle
militiaman nC see
also @ militia
nobleman nC see
also @ noble
oarsman nC see also
@ oar
rifleman nC see also
@ rifle
right-hand man nC
usu sing see also @
1
2
hand , right
signalman nC see
also @ signal
showman nC see
2
also @ show
snowman nC see
also @ snow
sportsmanship nU
see also @ sport
swordsman nC
swordsmanship nU
see also @ sword
tribesmam nC see
also @ tribe
watchman nC see
1
also @ watch
yachtsman nC see
also @ yacht

managing adj

managerial adj
managing director nC

manageress nC
managed adj

343

headword

control

A1

A2

B1

B2

mandate

management nU
manager nC

mandatory

manifest

manifesto

manipulate

C1

C2

mismanagement nU

mandate nC

see also @ direct/

director

mandatory adj

manifest vIT formal

manifestation nCU
formal

manifesto nC

manipulate vT

manipulation nCU

manner way,
method
2
manner way of
behaving
manners polite
behaviour
manoeuvre/
maneuver

manner n usu sing

manipulative adj
manipulator nC
all manner of

manner n usu sing

mannerism nC

manners n pl

manor

manor nC

manoeuvre vIT Brit/

maneuver vIT Am
manoeuvre nC Brit/
maneuver nC Am

ill-/well-mannered
adj
manoeuvring nU
Brit/ maneuvering
nU Am

mansion

mansion nC

manslaughter

manual instruction
book
2
manual by hand

manual nC

manslaughter nCU
2
see also @ man ,
slaughter

manually adv

manufacture

manufacture vT
produce

manual adj by hand,

using physical labour
manufacture nCU

manufacture vT lie,
invent, etc

manufacturing adj
manufactured adj

mandate vT

344

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

manuscript

manufacturer nC
manufacturing nU

many

a good/great many

map

many adj/det
many pron

map nC

map vT

maple

maple nCU

marathon

marathon nC

mapping nU
map out phr v
maple syrup nU see
also @ syrup
marathon adj

marble

marble nU

march style of
walking

march vIT walk in a

military way

marcher nC
marching adj
march nC music for
marching

mare

march vIT walk in a

determined way
march vI protest,
demonstrate
march nC protest,
demonstration

mare nC

margin

margin nC edge of
page

margin nC profit;
difference between
two figures
marijuana nU

marginally adv

marijuana

margin nC edge of
sth
marginal adj

marine relating to
the sea
2
marine naval
soldier
marital

marine adj

submarine nC

marine nC

submarine adj

submariner nC

marital adj

extra-marital adj

maritime

maritime adj

mark nC
mark vT make a

marked adj

marking nC
birthmark nC see

mark line, stain, etc

manuscript nC

345

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

quotation mark nC see

1
also @ quote /
quotation
exclamation mark nC
see also @ exclaim/
exclamation

mark sign

mark

mark vT indicate

mark nC
mark nC symbol,
indication

question mark nC
see also @ question
trademark nC see
also @ trade

marked adj

mark vT

also @ birth
unmarked neg adj
mark off phr v
mark up phr v
marker nC
wide of the mark
postmark nC see
1
also @ post
trademark nC see
also @ trade
mark vT commemorate markedly adv

mark vIT Brit

mark nC Brit

marker nC

supermarket nC

marketplace nC see
also @ place
hypermarket nC

mark notice, see

4

mark judge school

work; grade
1
market selling place market nC

market advertising,
selling

market vT

marketing nU

marry

marry vT wed
marriage nC
ceremony

married adj

marry vT perform
wedding ceremony
marriage nCU state
of being married

unmarried neg adj

marsh

marsh nCU

marshal military

marshal nC

pass mark nC esp

3
Brit see also @ pass
market day nC see
also @ day
stock market nC see
2
also @ stock

black market nC usu
sing see also @
2
black
be on the market
put sth on the
market
get married
marriage certificate
nC see also @
certificate
marriage vows n pl
see also @ vow
marshy adj
marshland nU

346

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

rank
martial

martyr

marvel

Marxism

marvellous adj Brit/

marvelous adj Am

Marxist adj

marvel nC
marvel vIT
Marxist nC

masculine see also

@ feminine

masculine adj

mash

mash vT

mash nU

mask

mask nC
mask vT

mass adj

masses n pl many
people

mass vI

mass weight

mass nC
massive adj

massacre

massage

mast

massacre nCU
massacre vT
massage nCU
massage vT
mast nC

master

master nC expert
master nC boss
master nC teacher

master vT
headmaster nC Brit
3
see also @ head

master nC degree title

masterpiece nC
mastery nU

master adj
masterful adj
masterly adj

mass large amount

martial adj
martial art nC see also
2
@ art
martyr nC

mass nU

martyrdom nU
martyr v usu pass

Marxism nU
masculinity nU
emasculate vT
emasculation nU
mashed adj
mashed potato/
potatoes nC see also
@ potato
unmask vT
masked adj
masking adj
gas mask nC see lso
1
@ gas
massively adv
amass vT

masseur nC
masseuse nC

347

headword

mat

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

mat nC

match nC

match nC

matchbox nC see
also @ box

match nCU
match vIT

matching adj

classmate nC see
1
also @ class

match n usu sing

match vT
mate nC
mate vI
mate nC Brit
informal

inmate nC
teammate nC see
also @ team

match for starting

fire
2
match sport

match similar,
suitable

match equal
mate have sex with
mate friend,
companion, etc

A1

mastermind nC
mastermind vT
choirmaster nC see
also @ choir
postmaster nC see
1
also @ post
stationmaster nC
1
see also @ station
matting nU
doormat nC see also
@ door
mouse mat nC see
2
also @ mouse
placemat nC see
1
also @ place
prayer mat nC see
also @ pray/prayer

boxing/cricket/
football, etc match
nC
matched adj
match up phr v
matchmaker nC
matchmaking nU
unmatched neg adj
mismatch nC
mating nU
mating adj
cellmate nC see also
3
@ cell
flatmate nC Brit see
2
also @ flat

348

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

housemate nC see
1
also @ house
playmate nC see
1
also @ play
roommate nC see
1
also @ room
soul mate nC see
also @ soul
stablemate nC see
2
also @ stable
workmate nC see
1
also @ work

material cloth,
fabric
2
material physical

material nCU

material nC
substance

material nCU
information,
documentation

material adj

maternal

mathematics

mathematics nU
formal

mathematical adj

matinee

maths nU Brit/math
nU Am

maternal adj
maternity adj/nU
mathematician nC

matinee nC

matrix/matrices

matrix nC

matter nC

whats the matter?

it does/doesnt
matter

matter vI

matter/the matter n
sing problem

for that matter

as a matter of fact
a matter of opinion
see also @ opinion
no matter
who/what/
when/where/why/

matter topic,
subject

matter be
important

materialism nU
materialist nC
materialist adj
materialistic adj
materialize vI
immaterial neg adj

mathematically adj

349

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

matter substance

matter nU

how/whether, etc

mattress

mattress nC

mature

mature adj

maturity nU

maximum

maturation nU
immaturity nU

may

may as well

maybe

may modal v
possibility
may modal v
ask/give permission
maybe adv possible

maximum nC
maximum adj

mature vI
immature neg adj
maximize vT

mayor

maybe adv informal

approximately
maybe adv
suggestion
maybe adv
uncertain response
perhaps

mayor nC

maze

maze nC

mayoral adj
mayoress nC

me see also @ I,
my/ myself
meadow

me pron

meadow nC

meal

meal nC eating
event
meaning nU
significance

meal nC what is
eaten
I mean clarification

meal vI

mean vT have
significane

meaningful adj
significant

meaningfully adv
meaningless neg adj

mean to vT want,
intend

meant for sb/sth

well-meaning adj

mean be defined as

mean intend

mean vT have
meaning
meaning nCU
definition

350

headword
3

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

mean miserly,
ungenerous
4
mean nasty

mean adj

means n pl method

means n pl method

mean adj informal

esp Am
by all means

meantime

meanwhile

meanwhile adv/n
sing

meantime n sing
in/for the meantime

by means of
by no means
means n pl wealth,
financial resources
live within/beyond
ones means

countermeasure nC
usu pl
measure nC device
for measuring
tape measure nC
2
see also @ tape
measurable adj
beyond/above
measure
for good measure
measure up (to) phr
v
immeasurable neg
adj
immeasurably neg
adv
meat nU substance
meaty adj
sausage meat nU
see also @ sausage

measure action,
method
2
measure find size,
amount, etc

measure nC
measure vIT

measure nCU size,

amount

measurement nCU
act of measuring

measurement nC
dimension

meat

meat nCU flesh

351

headword

A1

A2

B1

mechanic see also

@ machine
medal

mechanism nC

medal nC

media

B2

C1

C2

mechanically adv

mechanic nC
mechanical adj

medallist nC Brit/
medalist nC Am

media/the media npl

multimedia adj

medallion nC
gold/silver/bronze
medal nC

mediate

mediator nC

medicine

medical adj

medicine nC
substance
medicine nU
subject, profession
medical centre/
center nC see also
2
@ centre/center

medication nU

mediate vIT
mediation nU

mediaeval adj Brit/

medieval adj Am

meditation nCU

meditate vI

medium nC

meet vIT meet by

arrangement
meeting nC

medium adj
medium nC
meet vIT meet
socially

meet vIT join

together

meet fulfil

meet vT

medium-term nU/
1
adj see also @ term
meet nC Am
sporting event
meet with phr v
(Im) pleased to
meet you see also
2
@ please

melody

melody nC

mediaeval/medieval
see also @ middle
meditate

1

medium method of
communication; see
also @ media
2
medium middle,
average
1
meet come
together

medical nC
medicinal adj
medicinally adv
medically adj
medic nC informal
paramedic nC

melodic adj
melodious adj

352

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

melon

melon nC

melt

melt vIT

member

member nC of
family, group, etc
member nC of club,
etc

membership nU

Member of
Parliament nC esp
Brit

melted adj
melting adj
melting nU

membrane nC

memoir see also @

memory
memorandum

memoir/memoirs nC

memo nC informal

memory

memory nCU
capacity to
remember

memory nC specific
event

memory nU
computer

memorize vT

in memory of
memorable adj
memoir/memoirs nC

commemorate vT

mend

mend vT

mental

mental adj

mentally adv

from memory
refresh ones
memory see also @
fresh, refresh
commemoration nU
commemorative adj
mend ones ways
on the mend

mentality

mentality nU

mention

mention vT

mention nCU

menu

menu nC restaurant

menu nC computer

dont mention it!

not to mention
unmentionable adj
on the menu

merchant

merchant nC formal

merchant adj

merchandise nU
formal

membrane

memorandum nC
formal
memorial nC

merchant bank nC
Brit see also @
1
bank
merchant navy nC
see also @ navy

353

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

merchant ship nC
see also @ ship

mercury metal

mercury nU

mercy

mercy nCU

mere

merely adv

mere adj

at the mercy of
sb/sth
have mercy on
merciful adj
mercifully adv
merciless neg adj
mercilessly neg adv

merge

merit

merit nC

merge vIT
merger nC

merit vT

merry

merry Christmas
exclam

merry adj

mesh

mess

mess nCU untidiness mess vT/mess sth up

phr v make untidy

message

message nC relayed
information

message nC
important idea

merrily adv
merriment nU
make merry
merry-making nU
mesh nU
mesh vI
enmesh vT
mess about/around phr mess nC usu sing
v spend time doing
chaotic situation
little
make a mess of sth
messy adj
mess (sth) up phr v
spoil, damage sth
mess about/around
phr v not behaving
seriously
mess with phr v
become involved
with sb/sth
messenger nC
messaging nU

354

headword

A1

metal

metaphor

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

metallic adj

metal nCU
metal adj

metaphor nC

meter nC

thermometer nC

meter /metre
distance

kilometer nC Am/
kilometre nC Brit

millimeter nC Am/
millimetre nC Brit

metric adj

method

method nC

meter nC Am/metre
nC Brit
centimeter nC Am/
centimetre nC Brit

metaphorical adj
metaphorically adv
meter vT
barometer nC
speedometer nC see
also @ speed
kilometres/
kilometers per/an
hour

methodology nCU

meticulous

meticulous adj

metre/meter
distance

kilometre nC Brit/
kilometer nC Am

millimetre nC Brit/
millimeter nC Am

metric adj

kilometres per/an
hour

metro

metre nC Brit/meter
nC Am
centimetre nC Brit/
centimeter nC Am

metro nC

metropolitan

metropolitan adj

metropolis nC

microphone

mike nC informal

microscope

microphone nC see
2
also @ phone

microscope nC

microscopic adj

microwave

middle

middle/the middle n
sing
middle adj

meter gauge,
instrument

microwave nC

microwave oven nC
see also @ oven
middle age nU
in the middle of sth
middle-aged adj see
also @ age
middle class nC
middle-class adj see

methodological adj
methodical adj
meticulously adv

microwave vT

middleman nC see
3
also @ man
Middle Ages n pl see
also @ mediaeval/
medieval

355

headword

mid-

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

also @ class

C2

midday nU see also

@ day

midnight nU see
also @ night

midst

amidst prep

midwife see also @

wife
1
might modal v

midst nU
amid prep

might modal v

might power

mighty adj

almighty adj

migrate

migrate vI
migration nCU

mid-air adj see also

2
@ air
midfield adj/
midfielder nC see
2
also @ field
burn the midnight
oil
mid-life adj see also
@ life
midpoint nC see
2
also @ point
midsummer nU see
also @ summer
midterm nCU see
1&2
also @ term
midway adj/adv see
1
also @ way
midweek adj/adv
see also @ week
midwinter nU see
also @ winter
midyear nU/adj see
also @ year
in the midst of
midwife nC
midwifery nU

might nU
mightily adv
migratory adj

356

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

migrant nC
emigrate vI

mild

immigrant nC
immigration nU

mile

mile nC

mild adj not strong

mild adj weather

mild adj food: not

spicy
mileage nU

militant

military

military adj

the military nU

militia

milk

milk nC

mill

millennium nC
milligram/
milligramme see
also @ gram/
gramme
millimetre/

C2

emigrant nC
emigration nU

mildly adv

go the extra mile

milestone nC see also

@ stone
militant adj
militant nC

militia nC

milk vT

milky adj

milkman nC see also @

3
man

mill nC factory

mill nC small machine

mill vT

millennium nC

militiaman nC see
3
also @ man
milkshake nC see
2
also @ shake
condensed milk nU
see also @ condense
evaporated milk nU
see also @ vapour/
vapor, evaporate
sawmill nC see also
@ saw
windmill nC see also
1
@ wind
miller nC
milling nU

milligram/
milligramme nC

millimetre nC Brit/

immigrate vI

militarily adv

357

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

millimeter see also

@ metre/ meter
million

million nC

millionth ordinal

millionaire nC

mince

mince vT

mind nCU thought,

brain, etc

mind nCU opinion

make up ones mind

remind vT
remind sb of sb/sth

reminder nC

mind vIT

would/do you mind

if ?
mind vT Brit take
care

minced adj
mince nU Brit
mindful adj
mindless neg adj
absent-minded adj
see also @ absent
bear/keep in mind
call to mind remind;
3
see also @ call
change ones mind
feeble-minded adj
see also @ feeble
simple-minded adj
see also @ simple
give sb a piece of
ones mind
have in mind
in ones minds eye
out of ones mind
presence of mind
see also @ present/
presence
to my mind
broad-/narrow-
minded adj
state of mind nC see
1
also of state
never mind!

mind thought; see

also @ remind

mind object,
oppose
3
mind take care

millimeter nC Am

358

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

mine pron see also

@ I, me, my/myself
2
mine underground
working; see also @
mineral
3
mine bomb

mine pron

mind vI/mind out

phr v be careful of

mine nC

mine vIT
miner nC
mining nU

mineral

mineral nC

minibus see also @

bus
miniature

mineral water nU
see also @ water

gold mine nC see

also @ gold

minefield nC see
1
also @ field
mine vT
minesweeper nC
1
see also @ sweep
mineral adj

minibus nC see also

@ bus

miniature adj

minimum see also

@ maximum
1
minister
minister nC
government member
2
minister priest

minimum adj

minimize vT

ministry nC

prime minister nC
see also @ prime

minimal adj
minimum nC

miniature nC
in miniature
miniaturize vT
minimally adv

ministerial adj

minister nC

minister vI

minor see also @

1
major

minority nC small
group of people

minor nC

mint

minor adj
minority nU smaller
part

peppermint nCU

minus

mint nU plant
mint nC peppermint
minus adj/prep

minus nC informal
disadvantage
minus sign nC see
1
also @ sign

mine nC

359

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

minute nC 60
seconds

minute nC informal
short time

in a minute soon

minute adj

this minute
immediately
last minute adj/n
sing
the minute that
up to the minute
just a minute!
minutiae nC

minute record

minutes n usu pl

minute vT

miracle

miracle nC

miraculous adj

miraculously adv

mirror

mirror nC

mirror vT

mirrored adj

mischief

mischief nU

mischievous adj

misconduct see also

2
@ conduct
misdeed see @
deed
miserable

misconduct nU

misdeed nC

miserably adv

misfortune see also

2
@ fortune
misgiving

miserable adj
misery nCU

misfortune nU

misguided see also

@ guide
misinformation see
also @ information

misgiving/misgivings nC
usu pl

misguided adj

misinterpret see
2
also @ interpret
misleading see also
1
@ lead

misinterpret vT

mislead vT

misleading adj

minute 60 seconds

minute very small

misinformation nU
misinformed adj
misinform vT
misinterpretation
nCU

360

headword

misrepresent see
also @ represent

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

miss vIT not hit

miss nC

missing adj lost,

disappeared

miss grieve for

sb/sth
3
Miss title
unmarried female
missile

miss vT not do sth

miss vT be late; not
turn up
miss vT not see,
hear, notice, etc

miss vT

Miss nC

missile nC

mission

mission nC task

mist

missionary nC
religious teacher
mist nCU

mistake

mistake nC
by mistake

mistake vT

mistress see also @

master

mistress nC sexual
partner
headmistress nC Brit

misunderstand see
also @
1&2
understand
misuse see also @

misunderstand vT

mistress nC Brit female

teacher
mistress nC skilled
woman; woman in
charge
misunderstanding nC
misunderstood adj

mission nC
delegation
mist vI
misty adj
mistaken adj
mistakenly adv
unmistakable neg
adj
unmistakably neg
adv
make a mistake

miss not hit, etc

misrepresent vT
misrepresentation
nCU
missed adj
miss out phr v

misuse nCU

361

headword

A1

A2

use
mix

mix vIT combine

things

moan

mob
mobile

B1

B2

C1

C2

mixed adj

mix n usu sing

combination
mix nCU sth already
mixed
mixture nC

moan vIT

mob nC

mobile nC Brit/
mobile phone nC
1
see also @ phone ,
telephone

mobile adj
mobility nU
mobilize vT

mock adj

mock ridicule

mock vIT

mode

mode nC

mock imitation

misuse vT
mix vT mix socially
mixer nC device
mix up phr v confuse
be mixed up in sth
phr v be involved
moan nC
bemoan vT formal
mobster nC
mobilization nU
immobile neg adj
immobilize vT
immobility nU
immobilizer nC

mockery nU
make a mockery of
sth/sb
mocking adj

model nC small copy

model nC example

model sb who
shows clothes
4
model brand

model nC

model vIT

model nC

model adj small

model vIT make
models
model adj very good
role model nC see
also @ role
modelling nU Brit/
modeling nU Am

modem

modem nC

moderate

moderate adj

moderate vIT
moderately adv

moderate nC
moderation nU

model small copy

of sth
model very good

362

headword

modern

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

modern adj

modernity nU
modernization nU

modest fairly small,

etc
2
modest discreet

modest adj

modestly adv

modernize vIT
modernism nU
modernist adj
postmodern adj

modest adj

modesty nU

modify

modify vT
modification nCU

module

moisture

module nC part of
sth larger

modified adj
genetically-modified
adj
modular adj

moisture nU

moist adj

moisten vT

mold nU Am/ mould

nU Brit
mole

mold nU Am/ mould

nU Brit

molecule

molecule nC

molecular adj

moldy adj Am/

mouldy adj Brit
mole nC spy within
an organization

mom see also @

mother, mum/
mummy
moment

mom nC informal Am

mommy/momma nC
informal Am

moment nC short
time

moment nC
occasion
at the moment
just a moment!

momentarily adv
momentary adj

momentum

momentum nU

monarch

monastery

monarch nC
monarchy nCU
monastery nC

for the moment

in a moment
the moment that
on the spur of the
moment
gain/gather
momentum
monarchist adj/nC

monastic adj

mole nC small animal

363

headword

money

A1

A2

B1

money nU

monitor check

monetary adj
pocket money nU
see also @ pocket
monitor vT

monitor computer
screen
monk

monkey

B2

C1

C2

monitoring nU

monitor nC person
who checks

monitor nC

moneybox nC see
1
also @ box
money-making adj
monitor nC testing
device

monk nC

monkey nC

monopoly

monopoly nC

monkey around phr

v
make a monkey of
sb
monopolize vT

monster

monster nC

monstrous adj

monster adj

month

month nC

monthly adj

monument

monument nC

monumental adj

mood

mood nCU

moody adj

moon

moor

moon nC
the Moon n sing

moonlight nU see also

1
@ light
moor nC Brit

moonlit adj
full/new moon nU

moral

moral adj virtuous

moral adj ethical
immoral neg adj

moral n usu pl
principle

morality nU
morally adv

morale

morale nU

moral nC lesson
moralistic adj
immorally neg adv
immorality nU
demoralize vT Brit

more

more forming
comparative adj/adv
more adj/det/pron

more or less mostly

the more the

more/less

more or less
approximately

more and more

all the more
any more
more or less
approximately

364

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

moreover

moreover adv formal

whats more

morning

morning nCU

morning adj
in the morning

mortal

good morning
greeting see also @
4
good

mortar

mortal adj
mortality nU state of
being mortal
mortality nCU rate/
number of deaths
mortar nU cement

mortal nC
immortal neg adj
immortal nC
immortality nU
immortalize vT

mortgage

mortgage nC

mortgage vT

mortgagee nC

Moslem/Muslim
see also @ Islam
mosque

Moslem/Muslim adj

Moslem/Muslim nC

mosque nC

mosquito

mosquito nC

moss

moss nCU

mossy adj

most

most forming
superlative adj/adv
most adj/det/pron

mostly adv

motel

motel nC

at most/at the most

for the most part
make the most of
sth
easternmost adj
northernmost adj
southernmost adj
westernmost adj

moth

moth nC

mother see also @

ma/mama, mom/
mommy, mum/

mother nC
mother adj

grandmother nC see
also @ grand-

motherhood nU
mother-in-law nC see
2
also @ law /in-law

mothball nC see also

1
@ ball
mother vT
motherly adj
mother tongue nC

365

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

mummy

motif

motif nC

see also @ tongue

foster mother nC
see also @ foster
godmother nC see
also @ god
single mother nC
2
see also @ single
stepmother nC see
3
also @ step

motion

motion nU

motionless neg adj

motion vT

motive

motive nC
motivate vT
motivation nU

motor

motor nC
motorway nC Brit
3
see also @ way

motor adj
motor scooter nC
see also @ scooter

motorist nC

motor vI
motor-racing nU see
1
also @ race /racing

motto

motorbike nC see
also @ bicycle/bike
motor car nC see
also @ car
motorcycle see also
2
@ cycle

motivated adj
motivational adj
motivator nC
demotivate vT
demotivated neg adj
motorize vT
motorcyclist nC see
2
also @ cycle /cyclist

motto nC

mould/mold
bacteria
mound

mould nU Brit/mold
nU Am
mound nC

mouldy adj Brit/

moldy adj Am

mount climb

mount vT

mount vI

dismount vI
mounted adj
mounting adj

mount vT

mount increase
mount organize,

366

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

launch
mountain/mount

mountain nC

mount nC
mountainous adj

mourn

mouse nC

mourn vIT
mournful adj
mourning nU

mouse computer
device
moustache/
mustache
mouth

mouse nC

mouth nC body part

move

move vIT shift

move nC movement
movement nCU
shifting

mouth nC of river,
cave, etc
move nC change of
living/work place

moustache nC Brit/
mustache nC Am
mouthful nC

move vI go to live
elsewhere
move house Brit see
1
also @ house
move nC action
movement nC group
of people with same
aim

moving adj

mouse animal

mountaineer nC
mountainside nC
mountaintop nC
mourner nC

mousy adj
mousetrap nC see
also @ trap
mouse mat/pad nC
see also @ mat, pad
moustached adj Brit/
mustached adj Am
mouthpiece nC
move vIT progress
movable/moveable
adj
immovable/
immoveable neg adj
mover nC
move out phr v
get a move on
move about/around
phr v
move away phr v
move in on phr v
move on phr v
move over phr v
move up phr v
on the move
slow-moving adj see
also @ slow

367

headword

A1

A2

movie

MP see also @
member, parliament
Mr

B1

B2

C1

C2

movie nC
movies nU
movie theater nC
Am see also @
theatre/ theater
movie star see also
2
@ star

MP nC abbrev Brit

Mr title

Messrs title pl

Mrs

Mrs title

Ms

Ms title

much

as much as
too much

mud

much adv
much det/pron
how much?

mud nU

muddy adj

mug

mug nC

muddy vT/muddy
the waters

mule

mule nC

mulish adj

multi-cultural see
1
also @ culture /
cultural
multimedia see also
@ media
multinational see
also @ nation/
national
multiparty see also
2
@ party
multiply/multiple

multi-cultural adj

multimedia adj

multinational adj
multinational nC

multiparty adj

multiple adj

multiply vI

multiple nC
multiplication nU

368

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

multitude

multitude nC

multiple-choice adj
multiple-choice
question nC see also
1
@ choice , question

mum/mummy see
also @ mother,
mom/ mommy

mumble

mum nC Brit
informal
mummy nC Brit
informal

mumble vIT

mumble nC

mumps

mumps nU

municipal

municipal adj

municipality nC

murder

murder nCU

murder vT

murderer nC

murmur

murmur vIT

murdered adj
murderous adj
murmur nC

muscle

muscle nCU

muscular adj

muse

muse vI

pull a muscle
flex ones muscles
muscly adj
muscle in (on) phr v

museum

museum nC

mushroom

mushroom nC

mushroom vI

music

music nU

musical nC

music nU subject
musically adv

musical adj relating

to music
musical adj skilled at
music
musician nC
rock music nU see
classical music nU
3
also @ rock
see also @ classic/
classical

folk music nU see

also @ folk
soul music nU see

369

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

pop music nU see

1
also @ pop
Muslim/Moslem nC

also @ soul

Muslim/Moslem
see also @ Islam
must see also got
to/ have got to
mustache/
moustache
mustard

Muslim/Moslem adj

must modal v
necessity

mustnt

must nC

must modal v
probability

mustard nU

mustache nC Am/
moustache nC Brit

mustached adj Am/

moustached adj Brit

mutter

mutter vIT

mutton

mutton nU

mutter nC
muttering nU

mutual

mutual adj

mutually adv

my see also @ I, me, my det

mine
myself pron
myriad

myriad nC

myriad adj

mystery

mystery nC

mysterious adj

mystical

mystical adj

myth

myth nC old story

mythology nU

mysteriously adv
mystify vT
mystically adv
mystic adj
mystic nC
myth nC false idea
mythical adj
mythological adj

Nn

nail nC
nail vT

nail nC
fingernail nC see

nail metal fastener

nail body part

nail down phr v

fasten with a nail
nail down phr v get
agreement on sth
nail bar nC see also
1
@ bar

370

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

naive

also @ finger
thumbnail nC see
also @ thumb
toenail nC see also
@ toe

naked

naked adj nude

name

name nC name of
sb/sth

name n sing/good
name reputation
name vT give sb/sth
a name

name vT reveal
names
name vT select sb;
nominate
by name

namely adv

first name nC see

also @ first
surname nC

brand name nC see

1
also @ brand

forename nC

nickname nC
nickname vT

nap

family name nC see

also @ family
full name nC see
also @ full
Christian name nC
see also @ Christian

napkin

napkin nC

nap nC
nap vI

narrate

narrative nC

narrator nC

nail file nC see also

2
@ file

nail varnish nU see
also @ varnish
naive adj

naivete nU

naked adj without

covering

nakedness nU
name sb/sth after
sb/sth phr v Brit
name sb/sth for
sb/sth phr v Am
nameless neg adj
naming nU
named adj
unnamed neg adj
in the name of
nameplate nC see
also @ plate
namesake nC
last name nC see
also @ last

have a nap
catch sb napping
nappy nC Brit see
also @ diaper nC Am
narration nU
narrate vT
narrative adj

371

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

narrow

narrow adj opp

wide

narrow vIT

nasal see @ nose

nasty

nastily adv
nastiness nU

nation

nation nC country
national adj

nationality nCU

nasty adj very

unpleasant
nasty adj unkind
nasty adj violent,
dangerous

nationalism nU
nationalist nC
nationalist adj
nationally adv
nationwide adj/adv

national nC

international adj

native adj
native language nC
see also @ language

nature nU
natural adj relating
to/ occurring in
nature
natural adj not
artificial

naturally adv
without human
intervention

naturally adv/exclam
of course;
unsurprisingly

native nC
native speaker nC
see also @ speak/
speaker

internationally adv
multinational adj
multinational nC

nation nU people of
a nation
nationalize vT
nationalization nU
nationalized adj
national park nC see
1
also @ park
nationalistic adj
international nC Brit
transnational adj

native

nature physical
world

unnatural neg adj

supernatural adj
the supernatural nU

narrow adj only just

successful escape,
etc
narrow escape nC
see also @ escape
narrow-minded adj
1
see also @ mind
nasal adj

unnaturally neg adv

natural gas nU see
also @ gas
natural resources n
pl see also @
2
resource

372

headword
2

A1

A2

nature
characteristic;
essence

naughty

nausea

B1

B2

C1

C2

good-/ill-natured adj

nature nU essence
of sb/sth
nature nCU sbs
character
human nature nU
see also @ human

naughty adj

naughtiness nU

nausea nU

navigate

navy

navy nC

naval adj

navigate vIT
navigation nU

Nazi

near

near adj
nearby adj

nearby adv

near vT

neat

near adv/prep opp

far, distant
near adv/prep soon
nearly adv almost

Nazi adj
Nazi nC

nauseous adj
nauseate vT
nauseating adj
navigational adj
navigator nC
merchant navy nC
see also @ merchant
Nazism nU
anti-nazi adj
nowhere near

neat adj tidy

neatly adv

necessary

necessary adj

necessarily adv

necessity nCU
unnecessary neg adj

unnecessarily neg adv

neck

neck nC body part

necklace nC

neatness nU
neat adj Am informal
good
necessitate vT
of necessity
bare necessities n pl
2
see also @ bare
neck nC of clothing
neck nC of bottle,
land, etc
neckline nC see also
1
@ line
necktie nC Am see

373

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

X
2

need

need vT require
need nU

needle

also @ tie
needful adj
needlessly neg adv
in need of sth
no need to do sth
needle vT
needlework nU see
2
also @ work
negative nC answer,
grammar, etc
negativity nU

needless neg adj

needy adj

need v/need to phr v

recommendation,
requirement
neednt

needle nC sewing
instrument

needle nC medical
instrument

negative adj

negatively adv

negative
applications

negative nC
photography

neglect

negative nU/adj
electricity
negative nU/adj
temperature/
number
neglect vT

neglectful adj

negligence

negligence nU

neglect nU
neglected adj
negligent adj

negligible

negligible adj

negotiate

negotiation nCU

negotiate vT

negotiator nC

negro

negro nC/adj

negotiated adj
negotiating nU

neighbour/neighbor

neighbour nC Brit/
neighbor nC Am
person living nearby

neighbourhood nC
Brit/ neighborhood
nC Am

neighbouring adj
Brit/ neighboring adj
Am

negative opp
positive

negligently adv

neighbour nC Brit/
neighbor nC Am
neighbouring
country
neighbourly adv
Brit/ neighborly adv
Am
in the
neighbourhood/

374

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

neighborhood
neither here nor
there

neither adv
neither det/pron/
conj
neither nor

neon nU

nephew nC

nervously adv
nervousness nU

get on sbs nerves

be all nerves

nerve human
quality

nerve nC

nerves n pl feelings
of stress, worry
nervous adj relating
to nerves
nervous adj worried,
stressed

unnerve vT
unnerving adj

nest

network nC system

net nCU mesh

nest nC
nest vI

nerve nU courage
nerve nU cheek,
impudence

networking nU

net n sing
network nC
computer

net nC sport
net nC goal
net vT
netting nU
network vI meet,
discuss, etc
network vIT
computer

net adj

net vT informal

neutral adj

neutrality nU
neutralize vT

neutral nC

neither

neon
nephew see also @
niece
1
nerve body fibre,
nervous system

net mesh

net the internet;

see also @ internet
3

net financial: opp

gross
neutral

375

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

never

never adv

nevertheless

nevertheless adv

new

new adj recently

made

newly adv

newborn adj see also

@ born

new adj different

new adj just arrived
new adj unused
new adj just
discovered

news nU
the news nU radio,
TV broadcast
newspaper nC
publication,
company

New Years Day nC

see also @ year, day
New Years Eve nC
see also @ year, eve

newsagent nC see
also @ agent

news bulletin nC see

also @ bulletin
newsletter nC see
1
also @ letter

next
adj/pron/det/adv
nice adj pleasant
nice adj kind

next to prep

next door adj/adv

see also @ door
nicely adv

night nC between

night nC evening

news

next
nice
niche
nickname see also
@ name
niece see also @
nephew

never mind! see

2
also @ mind

anew adv

brand new adj see also

2
@ brand
renew vT
renewal nCU
renewed adj
newcomer nC see
also @ come

renewable adj

break (the) news/

breaking news see
2
also @ break
newscaster nC esp
Am see also @
broadcast
news reader nC esp
Brit see also @ read
the next thing I saw/
knew
nice and

niche nC

nickname nC

nickname vT

niece nC

good night! see also

midnight nU

nightly adj

376

headword

night

A1

sunset and sunrise

tonight nU/adv

A2

night nC special
evening

B1

@ good

nightclub nC see
1
also @ club

B2

C1

C2

midnight nU

nightmare nC bad
dream
nightmare nC
unpleasant event or
situation

nighttime nU see
1
also @ time
overnight adv

nightfall nU
nightgown nC see also
@ gown
overnight adj

at/by night
the dead of night
2
see also @ dead
late-night adj
nightshirt nC see

also @ shirt
still of the night see
2
also @ still
night and day/day
and night

nil

nil nU

nine

nine cardinal number

9
nineteen cardinal
number 19
ninety cardinal
number 90

ninth ordinal
1
number/ fraction /9
nineteenth ordinal
number/fraction
ninetieth ordinal
number/fraction

nitrogen nU

no det not any, not

one
no det not allowed
no exclam negative
reply
no adv not, not any
nobody pron
no one/no-one pron
nothing pron

nope exclam
informal

nitrate nC
nitric acid nU see
also @ acid
no doubt exclam see
also @ doubt
no longer
no way! exclam

nowhere adv

noble adj

nobility nU

noble nC
nobly adv
nobleman nC see
3
also @ man
ignoble neg adj

nitrogen

no

noble

377

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

nod

nod vIT

nod nC

nod off phr v

node

node nC

nodal adj

noise

noise nCU

noisy adj

noisily adv

nominal

nominal adj

nominally adv

nominate

none

none pron

nominate vT
nomination nCU
nominee nC

nonetheless

nonetheless adv

none but
none too

non-existent see
also @ exist
non-profit/non-
profit-making see
also @ profit

non-existent adj

nonsense see also

3
@ sense
noodle

nonsensical adj

nonsense nU
nonsense! exclam

non-profit adj
non-profit-making
adj
not-for-profit adj

noodle nC

noon

afternoon nU

noon nU

nor

nor conj

neither nor

good afternoon
exclam see also @
4
good

normal

normal adj

normally adv

norm nC

abnormal neg adj

normality nU

north

north nU
north adv
north adj

northern adj

North Pole nU see

2
also @ pole

northwards adv Brit/

northward adv Am

normative adj
abnormality nC
abnormally neg adv
northernmost adj

northeast/north-
east nU/adj

378

headword

A1

A2

B1

nose see also @

nasal, nostril

nose nC body part

nose nC aircraft,
rocket, etc

nostalgia

nostril see also @

nose
not

B2

northeastern adj
northwest/north-
west nU/adj
northwestern adj

C1

C2

nostalgia nU

nose vT/nose about/

around phr v
follow ones nose
poke/stick ones
nose in/into sth
nasal adj
nostalgic adj

nostril nC

not/nt adv/negative

not at all reply

note nC short
document
note vT/note down
phr v write sth down

note/notes nC usu pl
personal jottings
make/take a note/
notes

notebook nC see
1
also @ book
notepaper nU see
1
also @ paper

note nC extra
information

note nC

notation nU

footnote nC see also

1
@ foot
notepad nC see also
1
@ pad
compare notes

notable adj visible,

noticeable

noted adj

take note (of)

note money

nothing

nothing pron
nothing number zero

note vT formal
notably adv formal
noticeably
note nC
banknote nC see
1
also @ bank

notice vT

notice nU
take notice

noticeable adj

noticeably adv
noticed adj

for nothing
nothing but
be/have nothing to
do with sb/sth

note short
document

note musical note

note to notice

notice be aware,
spot

379

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

unnoticed neg adj

at a moments
notice
at short notice

notice nU
resignation
notice nU advance
warning

notify vT

notification nU

notion nC

notional adj

notorious

notorious adj

notoriously adv

notoriety nU

nothwithstanding

nought

notwithstanding adv
formal
nought nC

noun

noun nC

nourish

pronoun nC

novel nC

novelist nC

nourish vT
nourishment nU

countable noun nC
uncountable noun
nC
proper noun nC
personal pronoun nC

novel new,
innovative; see also
@ innovation
novice

novel adj

novelty nCU

novice nC

now

now adv at this

moment,
immediately

now intro, exclam

now/now that conj
right now see also
4
@ right

by now
just now very
recently
just now at this
moment

any moment/
second/
minute/time now
(every) now and
again/now and then

notice resignation,
warning, etc

notice nC
noticeboard nC Brit
1
see also @ board

notify

notion

notice poster

novel book

380

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

from now on

nowadays adv

nowhere adv

nuclear atomic

nuclear adj atomic

nuclear adj weapon

nucleus

nucleus adj

nude

nude adj

nuisance

nuisance nC

number

a number of
PIN number nC
abbrev = personal
identification
number; see also @
2
PIN
numerous adj

number vT

numeral/numerous

number nC numeral, number nC

symbol, etc
telephone number
telephone/phone
number nC see also
@ telephone,
1
phone

numeral nC
numerical adj
innumerable neg adj

nun

nun nC

numbered adj
numberplate nC esp
Brit
outnumber vT
serial number nC
see also @ serial
numerate adj
innumerate neg adj
numerical order nU
1
see also @ order
nunnery nC

nurse

nurse nC

nurse vIT

nursing nU
nursing adj

nursery

nursery rhyme nC
see also @ rhyme

nurture

nursing home nC
2
see also @ home
nursery nC
nursery school nC
see also @ school

nut nC

nurture vT
nurture nU

nutshell nC see also @

nutty adj relating to

nowhere

nut dry fruit

get/go nowhere
nowhere near
nuclear bomb nC
see also @ bomb
nuclear power nUC
nuclear adj
nude nC
nudity nU
nudist adj/nC
in the nude
denude vT

381

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2
1

shell

chestnut nC
coconut nCU
walnut nC

nuts
in a nutshell
walnut nC

nut nC informal

nutty adj informal

nutritional adj

nutritionist nC
malnutrition nU

nylon nU

nylons n pl stockings

peanut nC

nut crazy person

nut nC/nut and bolt

see also @ bolt

nutrition

nylon

nutrition nU
nutrient nC
nutritious adj

Oo

oak

oak nCU

oar

oar nC

oath

oath nC

obey/obedience

obey vIT

obedient adj

object nC

disobey vT
obediently adv
obedience nU

oarsman nC see also

2
@ man
on/under oath
take/swear an oath
2
see also @ swear

disobedience nU
disobedient neg adj

objection nCU

object vI

objectionable adj

object nC

objective nC

object nC

direct object nC
indirect object nC

objective adj

objectively adv

nut metal fastener

object thing
object oppose,
disagree
3
object grammar
4

object /objective
aim, purpose
2
objective fair,

382

headword

A1

A2

unbiased
oblige

oblong

obscene
obscure

B1

B2

C1

C2

oblige vT

objectivity nU
obligatory adj

obliged to do sth

obligation nCU legal

obligation nC moral,
commitment

oblong adj

oblong nC

obscenely adv

observe vT see,
notice

observe comment

observed adj
observatory nC
observable adj
unobserved neg adj

obsessed/obsession

observe vIT watch

observation nCU
watching
observer nC
observe vT
observation nC

obscure adj
obscure vT
obscurity nU

obscene adj
obscenity nCU

obsessed adj
obsession nC

obstacle

obstacle nC

obstruct

obstruction nCU
obstruct vT

obtain

obtain vT

obvious

obviously adv

obvious adj

occasion

occasion nC

occupy vT

occasional adj
occasionally adv
occupied adj

occupy vT

occupational adj

occupant nC
occupier nC

observe see, notice

occupy use space

occupy use time/

obsess vT
obsessive adj
obsessively adv
obstacle course nC
5
see also @ course
obstructive adj
unobstructed neg
adj
obtainable adj
unobtainable neg
adj

on occasion(s)
on the occasion of
occupancy nU
unoccupied neg adj

383

headword
1

occupation job,
profession; see also
@ preoccupy

A1

A2

occupy invade/
2
occupation
occur

B1

B2

C1

C2

occupational adj

occupation nCU job,

profession

preoccupation nU

occur vI

occupy vT
occupation nC
occurrence nC

occupier nC
occupied adj

preoccupy vT
preoccupied adj

ocean

ocean nC

oceanic adj

oclock see also @

clock
1
odd strange,
unusual

oclock adv

odd adj strange,

unusual

odd not even; see

5
also @ even
3
odd occasional

odd adj

odd adj not

matching
oddly adv

oddity nC
oddment nC
odds and ends

odd adj

odds chances,
gambling
odour/odor

odds npl

of

of prep possession,
belonging to
of prep amount,
quantity
of prep containing,
made of
of prep position
of prep date
of prep age
off adv away

of prep Am telling
time

of course adv

odour nCU Brit/ odor

nCU Am

against (all) the odds

at odds with
deodorant nCU

off adv removed,

distant
off adv turned/

off adv price

reduction
off adv off work

off adv/adj

off adj not fresh, bad

off and on

384

headword

A1

A2

switched off

off prep

off prep down, away

off prep removed

offensive attack;
see also @ defend/
defensive

offer

offer vT
offer nC act of
offering
offer nC sth that is
offered
office nC room for
work, study, etc
office nC company
building

offend commit
crime
2
offend upset

office room for

work, study, etc

B1

off adj cancelled, not

available
be off phr v leave

B2

C2

offence nC Brit/
offense nC Am
offend vT
offence nC Brit/
offense nC Am
offensive adj

off prep not using,

needing
offend vT
offender nC

offer vT propose

offering nC

offensive nC
offensive adj
offence nU Brit/
offense nU Am

office worker nC see

also @ work/worker
booking office nC

2
see also @ book
information office
nC see also @
inform/information
post office nC see
1
also @ post
ticket office nC see
also @ ticket
tourist office nC see

left-luggage office
nC Brit see also @
luggage
lost property office
nC see also @
lose/lost, property

C1

offending adj

offensively adj
offensiveness nU
cause offence/
offense
take offence/
offense

offered adj

385

headword

A1

A2

B1

office job,
authority/officer

officer nC military/
police officer

office nCU
official adj relating
to job, etc
official adj
authorised by
authority

offline see also @

2
line
offset

offline adv/adj

also @ tour/tourist
officer nC sb with
authority (non-
military)
customs officer nC
see also @ customs
police officer nC see
also @ police

offshore see also @

shore
offspring

B2

C1

C2

officially adv

unofficial neg adj

unofficially neg adv

prison officer nC see
also @ prison
probation officer nC
see also @ probation

offset vT

offshore adj

offspring n sing

often

often adv

oh!

oil

oil nU fuel, etc

oil nCU for cooking

cooking oil nCU see
also @ cook/cooking

oh! exclam
oh dear! exclam

as often as not
every so often
more often than not

oil well nC see also

4
@ well

OK/okay

OK/okay exclam
OK/okay adj/adv
old adj aged, opp.
young

old adj describing

age: 5 years old, etc
old adj opp. new
how old?

old adj former, opp.

recent/present
old adj opp. modern

old age nU see also

@ age

old-fashioned adj
2
see also @ fashion

old see also @

elder/ elderly

oil vT
oily adj
olive oil nU see also
@ olive
OK/okay nC
OK/okay vT
the old n pl
get/grow old

old-age pension nC
old-age pensioner
nC see also @

386

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

olive

olive nC

Olympic

Olympic adj

the Olympics n pl

omelette/omelet

Olympic Games n pl
1
see also @ game

pension/pensioner
olive oil nU see also
@ oil
olive branch nC see
1
also @ branch
Olympian nC

omen/ominous

omelette nC Brit/
omelet nC Am

ominous adj

omit/omission

omit vT

omission nC

omen nC
ominously adv

on prep above, on
top, on the surface
on prep direction,
location
on prep on day, date

on adv wear, cover

on fire see also @

1
fire

on prep state (on

fire, etc)
on prep travel (on
foot, etc)
on prep broadcasts,
etc (on TV, on tape,
on stage, etc)
on prep about,
concerning
on adv/adj turn/
switch on, on switch
on business see also
1
@ business
on foot see also @
1
foot
on the/your left
on the/your right

on duty see also @

1
duty
on holiday see also
@ holiday
on a journey see
also @ journey
on loan see also @
loan
on order see also @
2
order

on prep

on adv/adj
on phrases

on adv travel, board,

etc
and so on
on behalf of
on board see also @
2
board
on the one/other
hand see also @
1
hand
on purpose see also
@ purpose
on sale see also @
sale

387

headword

once on one
occasion
2
once in the past

A1

A2

B1

once adv

on time see also @

1
time
on the/ones way
(to/from) see also
1
@ way

B2

C1

C2

on request see also

@ request
on the whole see
also @ whole
from now/then on

once adv

once conj

at once

once again/once
more
once or twice

one cardinal number

1
one det time,
occasion (one day),
etc
one pron single
example
(the) one (the)
other
anyone pron
no one/no-one pron
someone pron

one det single,

separate

one-way adj see

1
also @ way
one pron one of
those mentioned
one another pron

all at once
once and for all
once in a while
once upon a time
one or two a few

one pron formal

anyone, me

oneself see also @

self
ongoing

by oneself

oneself pron formal

one after the other/

an other
one by one
one day in the past
one day in the
future
one-off n sing
one way or another
somehow
the one and only
see also @ only

ongoing adj

onion

onion nCU

online see also @

2
line

online adj/adv see

2
also @ line

once when
once phrases

one number; see

also @ first
2
one det, pronoun

388

headword

only

A1

A2

only adj only one

only adv alone, only
one

only adv nothing

more, merely

onstage see also @

2
stage
onto/ on to

B1

B2

C1

C2

only conj but

the one and only

only just recently

only just barely
not only but also

onset n sing

onstage adv

onto/ on to prep

onwards/onward
2
see also @ ward

opaque

onwards adv Brit/

onward adv Am
onward adj

opaque adj

open

open adj not shut

open vT opp shut

open vT start
opening nC event

open adj not

open adj not secret
enclosed
open adv
open vT remove top,
wrapping, etc
open vIT open for

business
opening nC hole
opening nC
beginning

opening nC
opportunity, job
vacancy, etc
openly adv

opera nC

opener nC
openness nU
reopen vT

can-opener nC see also
2
@ can
tin-opener nC Brit see
2
also @ tin
reopen vT

opaqueness nU
opacity nU
unopened neg adj

operate vIT make

machine etc function
operate vIT run
business, etc
operation nU
machine, business,
etc

operator nC
telephone

operation nC
military, rescue, etc
operational adj
operator nC
machine operator

onset

opera

operate make
machine etc function

open-air adj see also

1
@ air
opening hours see
also @ hour
operatic adj
opera house nC see
2
also @ house
soap opera nC
operating adj
operating system nC
see also @ system
operationally adv
in operation
bring/put into
operation
come/go into

389

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

operation
inoperative neg adj
operating theatre nC
Brit/ operating
theater nC Am see
also @
theatre/theatre
inoperable neg adj
opinionated adj
a matter of opinion
1
see also @ matter
public opinion nU
see also @ public
opinion poll nC see
also @ poll
opportune adj
opportunist nC
opportunist/
opportunistic adj
opposing adj
as opposed to

operate surgery

operate vI
operation nC

opinion

opinion nC

opportunity

opportunity nC

oppose/opponent

opponent nC in
argument, etc
opponent nC in
sport

opposed adj/
opposed to

opposite

opposite nC/the
opposite

oppress

oppose vT be
against, fight against
opposition nU
disagreement
opposition n sing
opposing team, etc
opposite adj
completely different
opposite adj/adv/
prep facing
opposite adj other
side of sth

oppress vT
oppression nU

oppressed adj
oppressive adj
oppressor nC

390

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

opt/option

option nC

optical

optimism

or

oral

or conj two or more

options

orange

orbit

orange nCU fruit

orange nU colour
orange adj

orchard

orchestra
ordeal

oppressively adv

optimistic adj

optimism nU

or conj if not

oral adj
oral nC examination

optician nC
optics nU
optimist nC
optimistically adv
optimal adj
optimum adj
or so informal
approximately
orally adv

orange juice nU

orbit nC

orchard nC

orbit vIT
orbital adj

orchestra nC

orchestral adj

ordeal nC

order nCU

in order
out of order

disorder nU

orderly adj
alphabetical order
nU see also @
alphabet
numerical order nU
see also @ numeral
ordering nU
on order

C2

opt vI
optional adj
optical adj

order arrangement,
sequence

order command,
etc

C1

order nC command
order vT command
order nC request for
service/supply
order nC sth to be

391

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

supplied
order vT ask for
service/supply

in order to/that conj

order nU

disorder nU

order functioning

ordinary

ore

ordinary adj

in (good) order
out of order

extraordinary adj

order nU
orderly adj
disorder nU

ordered adj
disordered neg adj
orderly adj
disorderly neg adj
law and order see
also @ law

ordinarily adv
extraordinarily adv
ore nCU

out of the ordinary

organ nC

organ musical
instrument
organic

organ nC

organ donor nC see

also @ donate/
donor
organist nC

organic adj

organism

organism nC

organically adv
inorganic neg adj

organize/
1
organization
arrange/
arrangement

organize vT arrange

organized adj

organization nCU
organizer nC
arrangement, system

organization nC

organizational adj

reorganize vIT
reorganization nCU

organization
company, group, etc
orient

disorganized neg adj

disorganization nU

oriental adj

the orient nU

orientation

orientation nCU

orient/orientate vT

disoriented/

order /in order

to/that
4
order tidiness

order good
behaviour

organ body part

392

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

origin

original adj first

original adj not
copied

origin nC/origins n pl
originally adv

original nC not a
copy

originate vI

ornament

orphan

orthodox

C1

C2

disorientated neg
adj
disorientation nU
unoriginal neg adj
originator nC

originality nU

original adj novel,

creative
original nC first
made

ornament nC

ornamental adj

orphan nC

orthodox adj

other det additional,

extra, last of list
other det opposite,
alternative

ounce

otherwise adv
differently
ought/ought to
modal

ought

other/the other pron

second of two
otherwise conj or
else

orphaned adj
orphanage nC
orthodoxy nU
unorthodox neg adj
other than except
none other than
or other imprecise
another/some other
time
each other/one
another
the other day
recently
others pron other
people, other things

our

our det
ours pron

ounce nC
oz abbrev

other det

other pron
otherwise

ourselves pron
reflexive
ourselves pron
emphasis

393

headword

A1

A2

B1

oust

out

out adv to the

outside, outside
out adv away from
home, work, etc
out of made from
out of part of a total

outbreak see also @

2
break
outburst see also @
burst
outcome

B2

C2

oust vT

out of nothing
out of because of
remaining
out adv in sport
out adv visible (sun,
etc)
out adv
extinguished
out adv sea: low tide
outer adj

outbreak nC

outage nC esp Am
outcast nC see also
2
@ cast
outcry nC see also
2

@ cry /cry out
outdo vT
outstretched adj see
also @ stretch
outweigh vT see
also @ weigh
outermost adj

outburst nC

outcome nC

outdoor see also @

door
outfit

outdoors adv/n pl

outdoor adj

outfit nC

outlaw see also @

law
outlet

outlaw nC

outlet nC

outlaw adj
outlaw vT

outline

outline nC

silhouette, shape, etc
outline vT draw
outline
outline nC summary
outline vT
summarize

outlook n sing

outlook future
prospects

C1

394

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

outlook nU

outlook view

outlook n sing

outnumber see also

@ number
outpatient see @
2
patient
output

outnumber vT

outpatient nC

output nCU

outrage see also @

rage

outrage nU anger

outrageous adj
outraged adj

outright

outright adj/adv

outrage nC shocking
event
outrage vT
outrageously adv

outset

outset n sing

at/from the outset

outside

outside adv/prep
opp. inside

outside adj from

elsewhere

outsider nC

at the outside at
most
outside of

outskirts see also @

2
skirt
outspoken see also
@ speak/spoken
1
outstanding
excellent

outside adj opp.

inside
outside/the outside
nC exterior

outskirts n pl

outspoken adj

outstanding adj

outstanding adj

outstandingly adv
stand out phr v be
noticeable; see also
3
@ stand

outward adj

outwardly adv

outwards adv Brit/

outward adv Am

outweigh vT see
also @ weigh

outlook attitude

outstanding
incomplete; not paid
outward see also @
2
ward /-ward
outweigh

395

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

oval

oval adj

oval nC

oven

oven nC

over prep above

over prep covering
over prep more
than, exceeding
over prep from one
side to the other

microwave oven nC
see also @
microwave

overly adv
be/get over sb/sth
recover
all over the place/all
over the world/ all
over somewhere
overawe vT usu pass
overawed adj see
also @ awe
overcrowd vT
overcrowded adj
see also @ crowd
overdo vT
overdose nC
overdose vI see also
@ dose
over-eager adj
over-eagerness nU
see also @ eager
overgrown adj see
also @ grow/grown
overkill nU see also
@ kill
overload vT
overloaded adj see
1
also @ load
overreact vI see also
@ react/reaction
oversleep vI see also
1
@ sleep

over prep

over /over-

396

headword
3

A1

A2

over adv

over adv down, over

the edge
over adv covering

overall

overalls

B1

B2

C1

C2

over adv remaining

overall adj

over adv across

over adv exceeding,
excessively
over adv past,
finished

overall adv

over and over

(again) repeatedly
over here/over
there
over and above

overboard see also

2
@ board
overcoat see also @
1
coat
overcome

overalls n pl Brit =
coveralls n pl Am

overboard adv

overcoat nC

overcome vT

overdraft see also @

3
draft
overdue see also @
due
overestimate see
also @ estimate
overflow see also @
flow
overhang see also @
hang

overdraft nC

overdue adj

overestimate vT
overestimate nC
overflow vIT
overflow nCU

overhead see also

1
@ head
overhear see also @
hear
overjoyed see also
@ joy
overlap

overhead adj/adv

overjoyed adj

overhear vT
overheard adj

overlapping adj

overlook vT

overlap vIT
overlap nCU

overlook look over;

overhang vIT
overhang nC
overhanging adj

397

headword

see also @ look

2
overlook fail to
notice
overnight see also
@ night
override

A1

A2

B1

overseas see also @

sea
oversee see also @
see

B2

C1

C2

overlook vT ignore,
fail to punish
overnight adv

overlook vT fail to
notice

overnight adj

override vT

overseas adj

overseas adv

override nC
overriding adj

oversee vT

overt

overt adj

overtake

overtake vT surpass

overthrow see also

@ throw
overtime see also @
1
time
1
overturn turn sth
over; see also @
turn
2
overturn change a
decision; see also @
turn
overview see also @
2
view
overweight see also
@ weigh/weight
overwhelm

overtake vIT Brit drive

past = pass vIT Am
overthrow vT
overthrow nC
overtime nU

overturn vIT

overturn vIT

overview nC

overweight adj

overwhelm vT
overwhelming adj
uncontrollable
overwhelming adj

overwhelmingly adv

overwhelmed adj

overseer nC
oversight nU
supervision
overtly adv

398

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

very great

owing adj

owe vT be in debt;
owe money
owe vT owe non-
monetary item

owing to prep

owl nC

own det, pron

own possess

owner nC

own vT

ownership nU

oxygen

oxygen nU

dioxide nU

own up phr v
(all) on ones own
come into ones own
hold ones own
get your own way
homeowner nC see
1
also @ home
landowner nC see
1
also @ land
oxide nC

oyster

oyster nC

ozone

ozone nC

Pp

pa/papa

pa/papa nC informal

pace nU

owe

owing/owing to
owl
own belonging to;
oneself

grandpa nC informal
2
see also @ grand

pace nC

pace vIT

at a snails pace see

also @ snail
keep pace with
set the pace
pace vT/pace oneself

pack vIT load bag,

etc

pack nC things
packed or tied

pack vIT fill

completely

packed adj filled

completely

unpack vIT
jam-packed adj

pace speed

pace step, stride

pack /
package/

399

headword

packet

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

pack vIT load bag,

etc

together
pack nC esp Am
packet
pack nC set of
playing cards

pack nC luggage
carried on sbs back

packing nU

backpack nC see
2
also @ back

package nC parcel

package nC esp Am
packet

package vT

packaging nU

packet nC

pack nC

informal see also @

3
jam
pack (sth) in phr v
finish
pack it in! exclam
pack off phr v send
away
pack up phr v finish
backpack vI
backpacking nU
backpacker nC see
2
also @ back
packaged adj
package holiday nC
see also @ holiday
packing-case nC see
2
also @ case
wage-packet nC see
also @ wage/wages

pact nC

pad nC

pad vI

pad vT
padded adj
padding nU
pad out phr v
mouse pad nC see
2
also @ mouse
notepad nC see also
1
@ note

pad nC

pack group of
animals, cards, etc
pact
pad cloth, paper,
etc

pad walk quietly

pad launching pad

A1

launchpad nC Am/
launching pad nC

400

headword

page

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

page nC sheet of
paper; page in book,
etc
pain nCU physical
pain

painful adj

pain nCU mental,

emotional pain

painfully adv

paint

paint nCU
paint vIT decorate

paintbrush nC see
also @ brush

pair

pair nC two

pair nC two people,

couple

pajamas/pyjamas

pal

pajamas n pl Am/
pyjamas n pl Brit
pal nC informal

palace

palace nC

pale

pale adj

palette

palette nC

palm front of ones

hand

palm nC

pain

Brit see also @

launch
home page nC see
1
also @ home
pain vT
painless neg adj
painlessly neg adv
painkiller nC see
also @ kill/killer
pains n pl
period pain nCU see
3
also @ period
take pains
be at pains to
paint the town red
idiom see also @
red, town
pair vIT
pair off phr v
pair up phr v

pally adj informal
penpal nC see also
@ pen
palatial adj
pale vI
paleness nU

palm off phr v
palmist nC
palmistry nU

401

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

pamphlet

pamphlet nC

pamphleteer nC

pan container

pan nC

saucepan nC see
also @ sauce

pancake see also @

cake
1
panel expert group

frying pan nC see

also @ fry

pancake nC

panel nC

panel wall covering,

etc

panel nC

panic

panic nCU

panic vI

panellist nC Brit/
panelist nC Am
panelling nU Brit/
paneling nU Am
solar panel nC see
also @ solar
panicky adj

pant

panting nU

pants

papal see also @

pope
paper

pants n pl Brit =
underpants
pants n pl Am =
trousers
underpants n pl

pant vI
pant nC

paper nU substance
paper adj

paper nC newspaper papers n pl

documents

papal adj
papacy nCU
paper nC academic
article

newspaper nCU see

also @ news

notepaper nU see
1
also @ note

paperback nC see also

2
@ back
paperwork nU see also
2
@ work
wallpaper nCU
wallpaper vT see also
@ wall

ballot paper nC see

also @ ballot
paperpunch nC see
2
also @ punch
sandpaper nU see
also @ sand
tissue paper nU see
2
also @ tissue
toilet paper nU see

paperclip nC see
also @ clip

paper nC exam
paper vT cover with
wallpaper
wastepaper basket/
bin nC esp Brit see
also @ basket, bin,
waste

panties n pl
pantyhose n pl Am
see also @ tights n pl
Brit

papery adj
on paper

402

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

par

par nU

parachute

parachute nC

parachute vIT

also @ toilet
wrapping paper nU
see also @ wrap
on a par
par for the course
under par
parity nU
parachutist nC

parade

parade nC
procession

paradigm

parade vI
parade nC row of
shops, etc
paradigm nC

hit parade nC old-

fashioned see also
2
@ hit

paradise

paradise nU

paradox

paradox nC

paragraph

paragraph nC

paradoxical adj
paradoxically adv
paragraphing nU

parallel

parallel adj

parallel vT

paralyze

parallel nC line
parallel nC similarity

parameter

parameter nC

paralyze vT
paralysis nU

paramedic see also

@ medicine/medical
parasite

paramedic nC

parasite nC

parcel

parcel nC

pardon exclam Brit

pardon me exclam
Am

parasitic/parasitical
adj
parcel vT/parcel up
phr v
be (all) part and
parcel of sth idiom

pardon please
repeat

unparalleled neg adj

parallelogram nC
paralyzed adj

403

headword

A1

pardon forgive

parent

parent nC

parish

A2

I beg your pardon

exclam
I beg your pardon
exclam
grandparent nC see
2
also @ grand

B1

B2

C1

C2

pardon nCU

pardon vT

parental adj

parish nC

park nC

park vehicle

park vIT

parking nU
car park nC esp Brit
1
see also @ car

parliament

parliament nC

parliamentary adj

Member of
Parliament nC Brit

park recreational
area

unpardonable neg
adj
parentage nU
parenthood nU
parenting nU
parents-in-law n pl
2
see also @ law
foster parent nC see
also @ foster
single parent nC see
2
also @ single
parishioner nC
parish priest nC see
also @ priest
game park nC see
2
also @ game
national park nC see
also @ nation/
national
theme park nC see
also @ theme
parked adj
parking lot nC esp
2
Am see also @ lot
multi-storey car park
nC see also @
2
storey/ story
trailer park nC Am
see also @ trailer
parliamentarian nC

404

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

parlour/parlor

parrot

parsley

part nC piece,
section

partly adv

part leave,

separate; see also @
depart
participate

participle

particle
particular

C2

parlour nC Brit/ parlor

nC Am
parrot nC

parsley nU

partial adj
incomplete
take part (in)
participate; see also
2
@ take
part-time adj see
1
also @ time

partially adv not

completely

in part
part of speech nC
2
see also @ speech
play a part in

part vIT

parting adj
parting nU leaving

participate vI
participant nC
participation nU

parting nC line in
hair
part with phr v
participating adj

participle nC

particle nC

in particular

partisan

particular adj
particularly adv

partisan adj

bipartisan adj

partner

partner nC social,
sexual
partnership nCU

partner nC business
partner
partner nC team
member

party nC

birthday party nC
see also @ birth/

partner vT
sleeping partner nC
inactive business
partner; see also @
1
sleep
party vI
partygoer nC
hen party nC see
also @ hen

part piece, section

party social
gathering

parrot vT

405

headword

A1

A2

party political
group
3
party person in
contract, etc
1
pass move past

B1

B2

C1

C2

party nC

birthday
dinner party nC see
also @ dinner

party nC

pass vIT move past

pass vT move
beyond a certain
time

passing nU moving
past

surpass vT

pass vT give,
transmit
pass vT sport ball,
etc
pass nC sport ball,
etc

stag party nC see

also @ stag

multiparty adj
third-party adj/nC
see also @ third
unsurpassed neg adj

pass away/on phr v

die
pass by phr v
pass off phr v
diminish
pass off phr v take
place
pass on phr v
proceed
pass on phr v tell
pass out phr v
distribute
pass out phr v faint
pass over phr v
ignore
pass through phr v
go through
somewhere without
stopping
pass up phr v miss

406

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

passport nC

pass succeed in
examination
4
pass route, esp.
through mountains
1
passage hallway,
tunnel
2
passage journey,
passing of time/
passenger
passion

pass vIT

pass nC
pass vT approve a
law, etc
boarding pass nC
2
see also @ board
password nC see
also @ word
pass nC esp Brit

pass nC

passage nC

bypass vT
bypass nC

passenger nC

passage nU formal

pass mark nC esp

Brit
overpass nC
underpass nC
passageway nC see
3
also @ way

passion nCU

passionate adj

passionately adv

impassioned adj

passive

passive adj

passport see also @

2
pass
password see also
2
@ pass , word
1
past

passport nC

password nC

the passive nC
grammar
passively adv
passiveness nU
passivity nU
passive smoking nU
2
see also @ smoke
passport control nU
see also @ control

past prep beyond a

place
past prep beyond a

past prep telling

time: half past one,
etc

pass document
giving permission

passer-by/passerby
nC
passkey nC see also
1
@ key

407

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

past grammar

time, later
past adj previous
the past nU

past nU

pasta

pasta nU

past tense nC see

2
also @ tense

paste

paste vT

pastime

paste vT
toothpaste nU see
also @ tooth

pastime nC

pastoral

pastoral adj

pastry

pastry nU

pasture

pasture nCU

pasture vT

pat

patch

patch nC

pat vT
pat nC

patent

patent nC

path

path nC track

pathetic

path nC route;
course of action

footpath nC see also

1
@ foot

pathway nC seealso @
3
way
pathetic adj

pat on the back v/nC

2
see also @ back
patch vT
patch up phr v
patched adj
patchy adj
patchwork nU see
2
also @ work
vegetable patch nC
see also @ vegetable
patent vT
patent adj
patented adj

patience nU
patient adj

patiently adv
impatient neg adj

patience/patient

pathetically adv
impatience nU
impatiently neg adv

408

headword

patient

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

patient nC

outpatient nC

patio

patio nC

patriot/patriotic

patrol

patriot nC
unpatriotic neg adj
on patrol

patron

patrol nC
patrol vIT
patron nC

patriotic adj
patriotism nU

patronage nU

pattern

pause

pattern nC regular
arrangement

pause vI

pause nC

pattern vT
patterned adj

pavement

pavement nC usu
sing Brit = sidewalk

pavement nU Am =
tarmac

paw

paw nC

pay

pay vIT give money

for work, goods, etc
pay for phr v

pay nU salary, etc

payment nCU

payphone nC see
1
also @ phone
pay rise nC esp Brit/
pay raise nC esp Am
1
see also @ rise /
raise

payable adj
payroll nC

pay vT give attention,

compliment, visit, etc
payee nC
payer nC
payment nCU
punishment, reward
pay cheque nC Brit/ pay
check nC Am see also
2
@ cheque/ check

pave vT
pave the way for
paved adj
paving nU
paving stone nC esp
Brit see also @

stone
paw vIT informal
paid adj
pay vI be worth
pay attention to sb/
sth see also @
3
attend /attention
pay any/the price
suffer consequences;
see also @ price
pay sb/sth back phr
v
pay in phr v deposit
money in bank, etc
pay-off nC settle a
debt

409

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

repay vT
repayment nC
pea nC

unpaid neg adj

tax payer nC see

also @ tax

pay out phr v

pay up phr v pay
reluctantly
repayable adj

peace nU quiet,
calm

peaceful adj

peacefully adv

peach nC

at peace
make peace
keep the peace
peacekeeper nC
peacekeeping nU see
2
also @ keep
peachy adj informal

peak

peak vI

peak adj
off-peak neg adj

peanut see also @

1
nut
pear

peak nC top of
mountain, etc
peak nC top, high
point

peanut nC see also

1
@ nut
pear nC

peanut butter nU
see also @ butter

pearl

pearl nC jewel

peasant

peasant nC

pearl nC sb/sth of great pearly adj

worth
mother-of-pearl nU

peasantry nU

pebble

pebble nC

pebbly adj

peculiar odd

peculiar adj

pedal

pedestrian nC
pedestrian adj

peculiarity nC
peculiarly adv
pedal nC
pedal vIT

pea

peace

peace nU opp. war

peach

pedestrian walker
pedestrian
ordinary,

pedestrian adj

backpedal vI
pedestrian crossing
1
nC see also @ cross

410

headword

uninteresting
peel

A1

A2

B1

peer equal person

peg

B2

C1

C2

peel vT
peel nCU
peer vI

peeled adj
peeler nC

peer nC

peerless adj formal

peg nC
peg vT

pen writing

instrument

pen nC

penknife nC see also

@ knife

pen vT

penalty

penalize vT

penal adj

pencil

pencil nC

ballpen/ball-pen/
ballpoint pen nC see
1
also @ ball
pen-friend nC see
also @ friend
penalty nC
punishment
penalty nC in sport

clothes peg nC Brit =

clothes pin nC Am
see also @ clothes
fountain pen nC see
also @ fountain
penpal nC see also
@ pal

in pencil

pencil in phr v

pending

pending adj

penetrate

penetrate vIT

penetration nCU

peninsula

peninsula nC

penetrating adj
penetrative adj
impenetrable neg
adj
peninsular adj

penis

penis nC

penile adj

penny

penny/pence nC

pension

pension nC

pensioner nC

pension off phr v

pension fund nC see
also @ fund
old-age pension nC
old-age pensioner
nC

peer look hard

411

headword

people see also @

person
1
pepper spice

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

people n pl

people vT

pepper nU

pepper vegetable

pepper nC

pepper vT
peppery adj
peppercorn nC see
also @ corn

peppermint see @
mint
per

peppermint nCU

per prep

percent/per cent
adj/adv
percentage nCU

perceive/perception

perceive vT
perception nCU

perceived adj

percent/per cent/%
see also @ per

perch

percent/per cent
adj/adv
percentage nCU

perfect adj

perfectly adv

perch nC
perch vIT
perfect vT
perfection nU

per annum
per capita
per se
miles/kilometres per
hour
perceptive adj
perceptual adj
perceptible adj
perceptibly adj
imperceptible neg
adj
misperception nCU
percentile nC
one hundred per
cent everything

perfectly adv

perfect adj

perfect flawless

perfect emphasis

perfectionist nC
perfectionism nU
imperfect neg adj
imperfectly neg adv
imperfection nCU
to perfection

412

headword
1

perform carry out

action
2
perform entertain

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

perform vT

performance nCU

performer nC

performing adj

perfume

perform vIT
performance nC

perfume nC

perhaps

perhaps adv maybe

peril

perhaps adv
approximately

perfumed adj
perfume vT

perimeter

perimeter nC

perilous adj
perilously adv
imperil vT
at ones peril

period nC

periodic adj
periodically adv

periodical nC
magazine

period
menstruation
permanent

period nC Am see
also @ full/full stop

period nC school
lesson

period nC

permanent adj

permanently adv

permit/permission

permit vT

permission nU

permit nC

permitted adj
permissible adj

perpetual

perpetual adj
perpetuate vT formal

persist

persist vI

persistent adj

persistence nU

period pain nCU see

also @ pain
permanence nU
impermanent neg
adj
impermanence nU
permissive adj
impermissible neg
adj
perpetually adv
perpetuation nU
perpetuity nU/in
perpetuity formal
persistently adv

person/personal

person nC
personal adj private
personal adj relating

personal adj bodily

personally adv

impersonal neg adj

interpersonal adj

impersonate vT
impersonation nCU

period length of
time
2
period punctuation
3

peril nCU

413

headword

see also @ people

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

to a person

personal adj private

personal adj bodily

personally adv

impersonal neg adj

interpersonal adj

salesperson nC see
also @ sale

personality

personality nC
celebrity

personnel

chairperson nC see
2
also @ chair
spokesperson nC
see also @ speak,
spoken
personality nCU
character
personnel nU
employees

personable adj
personalize vT
personalized adj
in person
personal pronoun nC
see also @ pronoun

perspective

persuade

persuade vT

perspective nC
opinion

personnel n sing
human resources
department

persuasive adj

pertinent

persuasion nU
power to persuade

pertinent adj relevant

pervade

pervasive adj

pessimism see also

@ optimism

pest

pet

pet nC

pest nC
pesticide nCU see
also @ suicide

pessimistic adj
pessimism nU
pessimist nC

petal

persuasively adv
persuasiveness nU
pertinently adv
pervade vT
pervasively adv
pervasiveness nU

pester vT

pet vT

petal nC

414

headword

A1

A2

B1

petition

petrol

petrol nU esp Brit

petty

pharmacy

B2

C2

petition vT

petrol station nC Brit

4
see also @ station

petroleum nU esp Brit

petty adj

phase

phase nC

pharmacy nC
pharmacist nC
pharmaceutical adj

petrol pump nC Brit

see also @ pump
petrol tank nC Brit
1
see also @ tank
pettiness nU
pettily adv
petty cash nU see
also @ cash
pharmaceutical nC

phenomenon/
phenomena
phenomenal
emphasis
philosophy

phenomenon nC

phase vT
phase in/out phr v
phased adj

phenomenal adj

phenomenally adv

philosophy nU

philosophically adv

phone nC

phone call nC see
2
also @ call
cellphone nC Am
2
see also @ cell
mobile phone nC Brit
see also @ mobile

phone vIT/phone up
phr v
phone number nC
see also @ number

philosopher nC
philosophical adj

be on the phone

answerphone nC
see also @ answer
payphone nC see
also @ pay

phone book nC see

1
also @ book
phone booth nC see
also @ booth
phone box nC see
1
also @ box

gramophone nC old-
fashioned
headphone see also
1
@ head

earphone nC see also

1
@ ear

phone telephone;
see also @
telephone

phone /-phone

petition nC

C1

415

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

phonetic

microphone nC

phonetic adj

photocopy see also

@ copy

photograph

photograph vT
photographic adj

phrase

photograph nC
photo nC informal
phrase nC

photocopy vT
photocopy nC
photocopier nC
photocopied adj
photographer nC
photography nU

phonetics nU
phonetician nC
phonetically adv
photocopiable adj

phrase vT

phrasal adj

physical

physical adj

physics

physics nU

physically adv
physician nC formal

physicist nC

physiology

physiological adj

physiology nU

piano

piano nC

pianist nC

pick

pick vT select
pick vT remove

pick nC

pick sb/sth up phr v

lift

pick sb/sth up phr v

collect

pick-up nC/pick-up
truck nC see also @
truck

pickpocket nC
pickpocket vT see also
@ pocket

grand piano nC see

also @ grand
picky adj informal
pick at phr v
pick sbs brains see
also @ brain
pick off phr v
pick on sb phr v
persecute
pick sb/sth out phr v
select
pick up phr v
improve
pick up phr v
continue
pick sth up phr v
learn informally
take your pick

416

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

picnic

picture

picture nC drawing,
paiting, etc

picture nC TV, film,

etc

picture n sing
description

picturesque

pie

piece

piece nC part

C1

C2

picnic nC
picnic vI
picture vT imagine

picnic nCU fig

be no picnic

pictorial adj

depict vT

picturesque adj

picture frame nC
1
see also @ frame
pictures n pl
go to the pictures
depiction nC

pie nC

piece nC single item

piece nC artistic,
academic work

piece together vT

piece nC coin

in pieces

pier

pier nC

apple pie nC see

also @ apple
pie in the sky

go to pieces
pick/pull to pieces
piece by piece
masterpiece nC
centrepiece nC Brit/
bits and pieces see also centerpiece nC Am
2
@ bit
see also @ centre/
1
center
hairpiece nC see
also @ hair
piecework nU see
2
also @ work
timepiece nC see
1
also @ time
a piece of cake see
also @ cake
tear to pieces see
1
also @ tear

pierce

pierce vT

pig

pig nC animal

pig nC unpleasant
person

pierced adj
piercing adj
piglet nC
piggery nC

417

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

pigeon

pigeon nC

pile

pile nC heap

pile vIT/pile up phr v

pile-up nC

pilgrim

pill

pill nC medicine

the pill n sing

contraceptive

pilgrim nC
pilgrimage nCU

pillar

pillar nC column

pillow

pillow nC

pillar nC fig: of
strength, the
community, etc

pilot aviator

pilot nC
pilot vT
pin nC for sewing,
etc

pin vT

drawing pin nC Brit =

thumbtack nC Am; see
1
also @ draw / drawing
pinpoint vT/adj

pin

piggish adj
piggy nC informal
pigsty nC
pigeonhole nC
pigeonhole vT see
also @ hole
piles n pl informal
lots
stockpile nC
stockpile vT see also
1
@ stock
compost pile nC Am
see also @ compost

pillbox nC see also
1
@ box
sleeping pill nC see
1
also @ sleep
pillar-box nC Brit
1
see also @ box
pillowcase nC see
2
also @ case

pin sb/sth down phr
v
clothes pin nC Am =
clothes peg nC Brit
see also @ clothes
hairpin nC see also
@ hair
pin cushion nC see

418

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

PIN

pinch

pine tree, wood

also @ cushion
rolling pin nC see
also @ roll/rolling

PIN nC abbrev =
personal
identification
number
PIN number nC see
also @ number

pinch vT squeeze
pinch nC squeeze
pinch nC small amount

pine nCU

pineapple

pineapple nC

pinch vT Br informal
steal
at a pinch
feel the pinch
take sth with a pinch
of salt see also @
salt
pincers n usu pl
pincer adj
pinewood nCU see
1,2
also @ wood

pink

pinkish adj

pinpoint see also @

1
1
pin , point
pint

pink adj
pink nCU

pinpoint vT/adj

pint nC

pint-sized adj

pioneer

pioneer nC

pious

pious adj

pipe

pipe nC tube

pipe nC for smoking

pipe nC musical
instrument

pipeline nC see also @

2
line

pioneer vT
pioneering adj
piety nU
piously adv
pipe vT
pipe down phr v
pipe up phr v

419

headword

pirate

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

pipedream nC see
also @ dream
piping nU
pipework nU see
2
also @ work
exhaust-pipe nC see
2
also @ exhaust
hosepipe nC see
also @ hose
piracy nU robbery
carried out by pirates
pirate nC sb who
copies illegally
pirate adj illegally
copied
piracy nU illegal
copying
pirate vT

pirate nC buccaneer

pistol

pistol nC

pit

pitch sports ground

pit nC hole
pit nC mine
pitch nC Brit

pitcher

pitfall

pitcher nC Am = jug;
see also @ jug

pitfall nC

pity nU

pitiful adj
pitifully adv
pity vT
piteous adj formal
pitiable adj
pitiably adv
pitiless neg adj
pitilessly neg adv

pity sympathy

armpit nC see also

1
@ arm

420

headword
2

A1

A2

for pitys sake!

mores the pity!

place nC seat in
restaurant, etc
place nC at
university, etc
place nC in race,
competition, etc
place nC informal
home, house, etc
place vT award a
contract, order, etc

take place happen;

2
see also @ take

placement nCU

anyplace adv informal

Am
someplace adv informal
Am

all over the place

scattered,
everywhere
take the place of
sb/sth
placemat nC see
also @ mat

place nC position,
point
in place

fireplace nC see also

1
@ fire
workplace nC see
1
also @ work

birthplace nC see also

@ birth
marketplace nC see
1
also @ market
displace vT
displacement nU

plain adj obvious;

plain adj unadorned,

plague nCU
plague vT

place nC location
place vIT put sth
somewhere

place position; see

also @ replace

plague
1

pizza

plain unadorned,

C2

C1

place location

B2

pity nU
what a pity!
pizza nC

pity regret

B1

plain adj blunt,

misplace vT
misplaced neg adj
lose ones place see
1
also @ lose
out of place
misplaced,
inappropriate
in the first/second,
etc place
in place of
substitute
know ones place

plain-spoken/plain-

421

headword

A1

etc

A2

B1

C2

plain nC

plain emphasis

plaintiff

plaintiff nC

plain adj
plainly adv

plan nC
plan vIT make plans
plan vIT
plan on phr v
planning nU

planned adj

planner nC

plan nC

plane see also @

aeroplane/airplane

plane nC
by plane

aeroplane nC Brit
airplane nC Am

planet

planet nC

planetary adj

unplanned neg adj

family planning nU
see also @ family
town planning nU
see also @ town
planning nU
designing
biplane nC
cargo plane nC see
also @ cargo
planemaker nC see
1
also @ make
seaplane nC see also
1
@ sea
interplanetary adj

plank

plank nC

plant nC

plant vT sow seed,

etc

planting nU

eggplant nC esp Am
= aubergine

plant vT fig: plant

idea, doubt, etc
plantation nC

transplant nCU
action, process

implant vT
implant nC
implantation nCU
transplant vIT
transplantation nU

plan drawing, etc

plant

forthright

plan future

arrangement

opp. ornate

C1

speaking adj see

also @ speak/
spoken
floodplain nC see
also @ flood

plain flat land

easily understood

B2

422

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

plaque

transplant nC sth
that has been
transplanted

plasma

plasma nU

plaster nU

plaster nC

plastic plastic
surgery

plastic nCU material

plastic adj

plate

plate nC flat dish

plate nC notice:
numberplate,
nameplate, etc
plate nC sheet of
metal, etc

platter nC

plaster vT
plastered adj
plasterer nC
plaster cast nC
sticking plaster nC
2
Brit see also @ stick
plastic nU informal =
credit card
plastic surgery nU
plastic surgeon nC
see also @ surgery/
surgeon
plate vT
plateful nC
platelet nC
on a plate
on ones plate
armour/armor plate
nU/armour/armor-
plated adj see also
@ armour/armor
nameplate nC see
also @ name
numberplate nC esp
Brit see also @
number
license plate nC esp
Am see also @

plaster substance

plaster dressing for

wound
plastic material

plaque nC

423

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

plateau

plateau nC

licence/license
plate glass nU see
also @ glass
plateau vI

platform

platform nC long
raised structure

platinum

platform nC esp Brit

railway platform

platinum nU

plausible

plausible adj

play vI enjoy oneself

with toys, friends,
etc
play vIT play a game,
sport, etc
play vT compete
against sb
play a joke, trick, etc
play nU
player nC

play away/at home

playground nC see
2
also @ ground
playing card nC see
2
also @ card

play vIT make music

player nC person

plausibility nU
plausibly adv
implausible neg adj
implausibly neg adv
playful adj
playfully adv
playfulness nU
playing nU
play at phr v
play off phr v
playoff nC
play on phr v
play sb off against sb
phr v
bring/come into play
play safe/play it safe
plaything nC see
also @ thing
childs play nU see
also @ child
outplay vT
playmate nC see
2
also @ mate
playtime nU see also
1
@ time
play back phr v

play have fun,

participate in sports
match, etc

play make music;

424

headword

A1

watch/listen to
recorded music,
pictures, etc

A2

B2

C1

C2

play drama

play nC

who plays an
instrument
player nC machine
that plays music
cassette player nC
see also @ cassette
DVD player nC see
also @ DVD
record player nC see
1
also @ record
play vIT

plea/plead

pleasant/pleasure
2
see also @ please

pleasant adj

plea nC formal
request
plead vI beg

pleasure nCU

displeasure nU formal

please polite
request
2
please make sb
happy; see also @
pleasant, pleasure

please exclam polite

request

please exclam
emphasis
please vIT
pleased adj

displease vT formal

pledge

plenty

plenty pron
plenty nU

pledge nC promise
pledge vT

pleasing adj
(Im) pleased to
meet you! see also
1
@ meet

plentiful adj

plentifully adv

on an instrument
play vIT recorded
music, etc

B1

play a part in sth

playwright nC

plea nC guilty/not
guilty in a court
plead vIT in a court

pleasantly adv
unpleasant neg adj

player nC actor
screenplay nC see
1
also @ screen

pleasantry nC formal
unpleasantly neg
adv
unpleasantness nU
pleasurable adj
pleasurably adv
with pleasure!
exclam

425

headword

plight

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

plight nC usu sing

plot storyline in
novel, etc
2
plot secret plan

plot nC

lose the plot

plot nC

plot vIT

plotter nC

plough/plow

plough nC Brit/ plow nC

Am
plough vIT Brit/plow vIT
Am

pluck

pluck vT

plough back phr v

Brit/ plow back phr v
Am
snowplough nC Brit/
snowplow nC Am
see also @ snow

plug electrical

device
2
plug fill a hole, esp.

bath, sink, etc
plum

plug nC

plug in phr v

plug nC

plug vT

plumb/plumber

plumber nC

plum nCU
plum adj informal fig:
very good
plumb vT
plumb in phr v
plumbing nU

plump

plump adj

plunge

plunge vIT

plural

plural adj
plural nCU

unplug vT
unplugged neg adj
plughole nC esp Brit
see also @ hole

plumb line nC see

2
also @ line
plumb the depths
see also @ deep/
depth
plumpness nU
plump up phr v
plunge nC
plunger nC
plunging adj
take the plunge
pluralize vT
pluralism nU
pluralist nC

426

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

plus

plus prep

plus adj

plus nC

pneumonia

pneumonia nU

pluralist adj
plurality nCU
plus sign nC see also
1
@ sign

p.m. after midday

p.m. abbrev

pocket

pocket nC in
clothing

pocket money nC
see also @ money

pocket nC fig:
empty space in sth

pocket vT
pickpocket nC
pickpocket vT see also
@ pick

poem/poetry

poem nC

poetic/poetical adj

point nC important
idea
point nC purpose

poet nC
poetry nU
point of view nC see
2
also @ view

standpoint nC see
2
also @ stand
viewpoint nC see
2
also @ view

pointless neg adj

point nC particular
time
point nC particular
place

pinpoint vT/adj

pocket adj
pocket book nC see
1
also @ book
pocket watch nC see
2
also @ watch
in sbs pocket
in/out of pocket
poetically adv
poet laureate nC Brit
pointlessly neg adv
a case in point see
2
also @ case
beside the point see
also @ beside
keep/stick to the
point
make a point of
miss the point
off/away from the
point
to the point
point sth out phr v
on the point of
doing sth
midpoint nC see
also @ middle/mid-
assembly point nC

point important
idea, purpose

point time, place

427

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

point score in
tennis, rugby, etc
4
point sharp end of
sth

point nC

point nC
pointed adj

point vI with finger

to indicate direction,
etc
point vT hold knife,
etc at sb/sth
point vT face in a
direction, aim

ballpoint nC/

ballpoint pen nC see
1
also @ ball , pen

decimal point nC
see also @ decimal

poison

poke

poison nCU
poison vT
poisonous adj

poke vIT

point with finger,

weapon, etc

point point on
compass, scale, etc

see also @ assemble

cashpoint nC Brit
see also @ cash
checkpoint nC see
3
also @ check
turning point nC see
1
also @ turn

gunpoint n sing/at
gunpoint see also @
gun
point sb/sth out phr
v identify
point to/towards
phr v suggest
pointer nC

point nC point on
compass
pointer nC
poisoned adj
poisoner nC
poisoning nU
poker nC rod for
poking
poke about/around
phr v

poke fun at sb/sth
see also @ fun
poke ones nose
in/into sth see also

@ nose

428

headword
1

pole length of
wood

A1

A2

pole nC

B1

pole North/South
Pole; magnetic pole

police

police n pl

policy plan, esp.

political
2
policy document,
esp. insurance
polish

policy nC

B2

C2

bargepole nC see
also @ barge
not touch with a
bargepole
polar bear nC see
2
also @ bear
poles apart
polarity nU

polar adj

policing nU
police vT

riot police n pl see

also @ riot

police car nC see

also @ car
police officer nC see
2
also @ office
policeman nC see
3
also @ man
police station nC see
3
also @ station
policewoman nC see
2
also @ woman

policy nC

polite

polite adj

polish nCU
polish vT use polish
to shine, smooth sth

unpolished neg adj

polish off phr v
informal finish
impolitely neg adv

politics

politics nU
political adj

politician nC

politically adv

polish vT fig: improve,

perfect
polished adj
politely adv
politeness nU
impolite neg adj

poll nC

polling nU

poll

pole nC
North Pole nU see
also @ north
South Pole nU see
also @ south

C1

political asylum nU
see also @ asylum
poll vT
polling station nC

429

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

X
3

see also @ station

opinion poll nC see
also @ opinion
polluter nC
unpolluted neg adj

pollute

pollution nU

pond

pond nC

pollute vT
pollutant nC
polluted adj

pony

pony nC

whirlpool nC see
also @ whirl

poor adj

swimming pool nC
see also @ swim/
swimming

pool nC puddle, etc

pool nC swimming
pool

poor/the poor nU

poor adj

poorly adv

poor adj

pop music nU see

also @ music
pop vI Brit informal

pop nC
pop adj

pop vIT

pop by/in phr v

pop off phr v
pop on phr v
pop up phr v
pop nC

pop vI

pope nC

popular adj

popularity nU

popular adj

papacy nCU
papal adj
popularly adv
unpopular neg adj

pool

poor having little

money; see also @
poverty
2
poor inferior, bad
3

poor sympathy,
endearment
1
pop music
pop go somewhere
quickly, do sth
quickly
pop make sudden
noise
4
pop come off/out
suddenly, burst
pope
popular well-liked
popular general,

popcorn nU see also

@ corn

430

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

widespread
population

population nC

populate vT

porcelain

porcelain nU

populated adj
unpopulated neg adj

porch

porch nC

pore

pore nC

pork

pork nU

porker nC

pornography

porn nU informal

port

seaport nC see also

@ sea

portable

port nC
airport nC see also
2
@ air

pornography nU
pornographic adj

porter nC

portable adj

portability nu

portal

portal nC

porter

porter nC

portfolio

portfolio nC

portion

portion vT
apportion vT

portrait

portion nC part
portion nC amount
per person
portrait nC

portray vT

portrayal nCU

pose vT

pose nC

position nC location
position nC rank,
place (in race, etc)

pose vIT for picture,

etc
position nC posture,
etc

position vT

in position
out of position

position nC

position nC formal

pose cause, threat,

etc
2
pose position
1

position location,
etc
2

position job
3

position opinion

heliport nC see also

@ helicopter

431

headword
1

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

positive hopeful,
encouraging
2
positive above
zero; opp. negative,
minus
3
positive electricity

positive adj

positively adv

positive adj

positive adj

possess

possess vT

possessive adj
possessiveness nU

possible/possibility

possible adj may

happen, uncertain
possible adj able to
be done
possibility nCU
chance
possibility nC sth
that may happen
post nU esp Brit
mail, letters, etc
post nU esp Brit mail
system

possibly adv
uncertain, maybe
impossible neg adj
not possible
as soon as possible
see also @ soon

possession nU

formal ownership
possession nC usu. pl
belongings

impossible neg adj

difficult, unreasonable
impossibility nCU

impossibly neg adv

exhaust the
possibilities see also
2
@ exhaust

postcard nC see also

1
@ card

post vT

postage nU
postman nC see also
3
@ man
post office nC see
1
also @ office

postal adj

post job

post nC

post nC
signpost nC see also
1
@ sign

gate-post nC see
also @ gate
lamp post nC see
also @ lamp

by post
post box/P O box nC
1
see also @ box
postage stamp nC
1
see also @ stamp
postmark nC see
2
also @ mark
postmaster nC see
also @ master
post vT
postingnC
bedpost nC see also
1
@ bed
goal post nC see
also @ goal

post /postage mail

post pole

432

headword
4

post put up sign,

notice, etc/poster

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

post nC

post vT
poster nC

postgraduate see
also @ graduate
postmodern

postgraduate nC/adj

postpone

postpone vT

postscript

posture

posture nC

postscript nC
PS abbrev

post-war

pot container

pot nC

pottery nU

potassium

potassium nU

post-war/postwar
adj see also @ war
pot vT
chimneypot nC see
also @ chimney
coffeepot nC see
also @ coffee
flowerpot nC see
also @ flower
teapot nC see also
@ tea
pots of sth informal

potato

potato nC

post military
position

outpost nC
command post nC
see also @
2
command

postmodern adj see
also @ modern
postponement nCU

chipped potato nC
2
Brit see also @ chip
mashed potato/
potatoes nC see also
@ mash

433

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

potent

potent adj

potential

potential adj

potential nU

potentially adv

potato chip nC Am
2
see also @ chip
potato crisp nC esp
Brit see also @ crisp
roast potato nC see
also @ roast
potency nU
potently adv
impotent neg adj
impotence nU
Impotently neg adv

poultry

poultry nU

pound nC esp Brit

pound nC

pound sterling nU
see also @ sterling

pound hit, crush,

etc
pour

pound vIT

pounding nC usu sing

pour vIT flow

pour vI rain hard

poverty see also @

1
poor

poverty nU

powder

powder nCU

power nU authority,
force
powerful adj

power nU political
power
power nU strength

powerfully adv
powerless neg adj

impoverished adj
impoverish vT
impoverishment nU
poverty-stricken adj
1
see also @ strike
powdered adj
powdery adj
powder vT
gunpowder nU see
also @ gun
power nC important
country, person, etc
superpower nC

pound /
pound /lb

power authority,
strength, etc

434

headword

A1

B1

B2

C1

C2

empower vT

power nU

power vT

practice nU

practical adj
practise vT Brit/
practice vT Am

practicable adj
practically adv
impractical neg adj

practice nCU

practise vIT Brit/

practice vIT Am

practitioner nC

power driving force

practice/practise
application, not
theory

practice/practise
regular activity,
training, etc

A2

powers n pl mental
abilities
powerlessly neg adv
powers n pl people
in authority
the powers that be
come to power
lose power
empowered adj
empowering adj
empowerment nU
powered adj
firepower nU see
2
also @ fire
horsepower nCU
see also @ horse
manpower nU see
2
also @ man
nuclear power nU
nuclear-powered adj
1
see also @ nuclear
power station nC
4
see also @ station
practising adj Brit/
practicing adj Am
practicality nCU
practise/practice
what you preach
see also @ preach
in practice
put into practice
practising adj Brit/
practicing adj Am
out of practice

435

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

practice/practise

medical, legal, etc

practise vT Brit/
practice vT Am

practice nC

practically almost

practically adv

pragmatic

pragmatic adj

prairie

prairie nC

pragmatically adv
pragmatism nU
pragmatist nC

praise admiration

praise nCU

praise vT

sing sbs praises

pram

pray/prayer

pray vI hope

prayer mat nC see

also @ mat

preach

pram nC Brit = baby

carriage nC Am; see
also @ baby,
1
carriage
pray vIT worship
prayer nU act of
worship

preach vIT
preacher nC

precarious

precarious adj

preaching nU
practise/practice
what you preach
see also @ practice/
1
practise
precariously adv

precaution see also

@ caution
precede/precedent

precaution nCU

precautionary adj

precede vT

preceding adj
precedence nU

precious

precious adj
valuable
precious adj loved,
cherished

precedent nCU
unprecedented neg
adj

preciously adv
preciousness nU

practising adj Brit/

practicing adj Am
malpractice nU

436

headword

precise/precisely

A1
1

A2

precisely emphasis,
agreement
preclude

B1

B2

C1

C2

precision nU

precise adj
precisely adv
accurately

precisely exclam

imprecise neg adj

imprecisely neg adv
imprecision nU

preclude vT formal

predator

predator nC

predatory adj

predecessor

predecessor nC

predict

predict vT

prediction nCU

predictable adj

predictably adv
predictor nC
unpredictable neg adj

predominantly see
also @ dominate/
dominant
preface

predominantly adv

predominant adj

predictability nU
unpredictably neg
adv
unpredictability nU
predominate vI

preface nC

prefer

prefer vT

preference nCU

preferred adj

prefix see also @

suffix
pregnant

prefix nC

preferable adj
preferably adv
preferential adj

pregnant adj

pregnancy nCU

pre-historic see also

@ history
prejudice

prejudice nCU

prejudiced adj

preliminary

preliminary adj

pre-historic adj
pre-history nU
prejudice vT
without prejudice
(to)
unprejudiced neg adj
preliminary nC

prelude

prelude nC

preface vT
prefatory adj

prefix vT

437

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

premature see also

@ mature
premier

premature adj

prematurely adv

premier adj

premises

premises n pl

premiere nC first
performance

premier nC esp Brit

prime minister

premium

premium nC extra
payment

premium nC
insurance fee

preoccupation see
2
@ occupy
prepare

preoccupation n sing

prepare vIT get

ready
prepare vT prepare
food, etc

preparation nCU
prepared adj

preparatory adj

preposition

preposition nC

premium adj
at a premium
put/place a
premium on sth
preoccupied adj
preoccupy vT
unprepared neg adj
preparedness nU
be prepared to do
sth
make preparations

prescribe

prescription nC

prescribe vT

present nC
present vT give
formally

present/the present
n sing
present adj

presentation nC
ceremony to give sth
birthday present nC
see also @ birthday
Christmas present
nC see also @
Christian/Christmas
at present

presently adv esp

Brit shortly, soon

present adj
presence n sing

presently adv esp

Am currently, now
for the present
up to the present
in sbs presence
presence of mind
2
see also @ mind

present gift

present now

present being
somewhere

438

headword
4

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

present introduce/
host a TV
programme
5
present show/
explain sth formally
preserve

present vT Brit

presenter nC Brit

preserve vT

preservation nU

present vIT
presentation nC

pre-school see also

@ school
preside

preside vI

preservative nC
preserved adj
pre-school adj
pre-school nC
presiding adj

president

president nC of
country
press vIT
pressure nCU force

president nC of
company etc

presidential adj

presidency nCU

vice-president nC

press vT iron
clothes, etc
impression nC mark
made by pressure

press vIT fig:

persuade
pressure nCU

pressure vT

press/the press nU

press hurry

prestige

prestige nU

press on phr v
pressing adj urgent
prestigious adj

press nC
pressure cooker nC
see also @ cook/
cooker
pressurize vIT
pressed adj
pressure group nC
see also @ group
put sb under
pressure
press nC
printing press nC
see also @ print
press conference nC
see also @ confer/
conference
press release nC see
2
also @ release

press push/
pressure

press newspapers,
etc

439

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

presume

presumably adv

presume vT

presumption nCU

presumed adj

pretend

pretend vIT

pretty adj

pretence nCU Brit/

pretense nCU Am

pretty adv informal

prevail vI formal

prevail /prevalent
be common

prevent

prevent vT

prevention nU

prevail vI formal
prevailing adj
prevalence nU
prevalent adj
preventive/
preventative adj

pretty much
pretty well
prevail on/upon phr
v

preview see also @

1
view
previous

previous adj

previously adv

preventable adj
unpreventable neg
adj
preview nC
preview vT

pre-war see also @

war
prey

pre-war/prewar adj

prey nU

price

price nC

price vT

pricing nU

prick

prick vT
prick nC

prey on/upon phr v

fall prey to
bird of prey nC see
also @ bird
pricy adj informal
priceless adj
at any price
half-price adj/adv
pay the/any price
see also @ pay

pretty attractive
pretty fairly
prevail win

440

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

pride n sing sth/sb one

is proud of
pride oneself on
priestess nC
priesthood nU

pride and joy n sing

see also @ joy

pride see also @

proud

pride nU feeling

priest

priest nC

prime minister nC
1
see also @ minister

primacy nU formal

prime adj main/

most important
prime adj best
quality
primary adj

priestly adj
parish priest nC see
also @ parish

primary nC Am
preliminary election

primitive

primarily adv
primary school nC
esp Brit see also @
school

primitive adj

prince

prince nC
princess nC
principal adj

primitively adv
primitiveness nU
princely adj

principally adv

principal nC head of
school, college, etc
principal nC

principle nC basic
idea

principle nC moral

rule
print nU process

print nU published
on paper
print n sing font size
print vIT produce sth
in print
print vT publish sth
in a newspaper, etc
print vT print a
book, etc

print nC printed
picture
printed adj
printing nU

blueprint nC

principled adj
unprincipled neg adj
in print
out of print

prime/primary

principal main
principal sum of
money
principle
1

print reproducing
documents, books,
etc

441

headword

A1

A2

B1

print mark made by

pressing

print vIT write

clearly, usually in
capitals
printer nC machine;
person

prior

priority

prison

prison nC jail
prison nU system

C1

C2

fingerprint vT see
also @ finger

prior adj

print nC

fingerprint nC see
also @ finger
footprint nC see also
@ foot
prior to conj

priority nCU

prioritize vT

prisoner nC

private adj personal,
not public,secret
private adj family,
sex, etc

imprisonment nU

imprison vT
privacy nU
privately adv

private adj business,

privately-owned

privatization nCU

private nC

in prison
prison officer nC see
2
also @ office /
officer
prisoner of war nC
see also @ war
imprisoned adj
in private
private detective nC
see also @ detect/
detective
private parts n pl
private sector nC
see also @ sector
privatize vT
private sector nC
see also @ sector

privilege nC

private personal,
secret

private not
publicly-owned
private rank in
army
privilege

B2

privileged adj
underprivileged adj

442

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

prize

prize nC

pro advantage

pro nC

probable/probably

probably adv

probable adj

probability nC

improbable neg adj

probation

probation nU

probe

problem

problem nC

probe vIT
probe nC
problematic adj

procedure

procedure nCU
system

procedural adj

process nC

proceed vI
proceedings n pl
formal
processing nU

procedure nC
surgery, operation
proceeds n pl formal
money collected

no problem! exclam
unproblematic neg
adj

process vT
processor nC
computer

procession nC

processed adj
data-processing nU
see also @ data
in the process of
doing sth
process vI

proclaim vT

proclamation nCU

produce vT make,
cause

producer nC
manufacturer

production nCU
things made; output

produce nU crops,
etc

productively adv
unproductive neg

proceed

process procedure
to do/make sth

process formal
walk/procession
proclaim/
proclamation
1
produce make

prize vT value
prized adj
prize-giving adj/nC
prize-winning adj
prize-winner nC
pros and cons see
1
also @ con
improbably neg adv
improbability nCU
in all probability
probation officer nC
2
see also @ office /
officer
probing adj

443

headword

produce make film,

TV programme, etc

A1

product nC
production nU
process of making
sth

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

productive adj
productivity nU

produce vT
producer nC

adj
counterproductive
neg adj
production nU
process of making
film, etc
production nC film,
etc produced
profession n sing
those in a profession

professionalism nU
professionally adv

unprofessional neg
adj
unprofessionally neg
adv

professorial adj

profession

professional adj
relating to a
profession

professor

profession nC type

of work
professional adj not
amateur
professional adj
conforming to
professional
standards
professional nC sb in
a profession
professor nC

proficient

proficiency nU

proficient adj

proficiently adv

profile nC

profile silhouette

profile nC

profile vT
keep a low profile
high-/low-profile adj

profit

profit nCU monetary

gain

profit nCU fig:

advantage

unprofitable neg adj

profound/

profound adj

profit vT
profitable adj
profitability nU
non-profit adj
non-profit-making
adj
not-for-profit adj

profoundly adv

profile public
visibility

444

headword

profundity
1
program /
programme
broadcast
2
program computer

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

programme nC Brit/
program nC Am

profundity nU
programming nU

program nC

programming nU

program /
programme
timetable, plan
1
progress become
more modern,
developed
2
progress continue

programme nC Brit/
program nC Am

program vT
programmer nC

progress nU

progress vI
progressive adj

progress nU

progress vI

progression nU
progressively adv

prohibit

prohibit vT

project nC

prohibition nCU
prohibited adj

in progress formal
progressive adj
gradual
prohibitive adj
prohibitively adv

project vT

project vT

projection nC

projected adj

projectile nC
projector nC
projectionist nC

project stick out,

protrude
proliferate/ prolific

project vI

proliferate vI

prolong

proliferation nU
prolific adj
prolonged adj

prominent

prominent adj

come to prominence

promise vIT

promise nC

prominence nU
prominently adv

project scheme
project direct sth
through the air
project forecast

promise pledge,
give ones word

prolong vT

promised adj
make a promise
keep a/ones

445

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

promising adj

promise nU

promote vT

promotional adj

promote vT

promotion nCU

promoter nC
promotion nCU

promise
break a/ones
promise see also @
1
break
promisingly adv
unpromising neg adj
full of promise

prompt vT

prompt punctual

prone vulnerable

prone adj

prompt adj
promptly adv

prompt sb to do sth
prompting nU
unprompted neg adj
promptness nU

pronoun see also @

noun
pronounce speak in
a particular way

pronoun nC

pronounce vT

pronunciation nCU

prove vT

proof nCU

proven adj

proof nC

waterproof adj see

also @ water

proof adj

promise potential

promote advertise,
support
2
promote increase
rank
1
prompt cause

proof
demonstration of
truth, etc; see also
@ prove
proof trial print
proof /-proof

be prone to sth/do
sth
accident-prone adj
see also @ accident
personal pronoun nC
pronounceable adj
unpronounceable
neg adj

disprove vT
prove oneself
unproven neg adj
proofread vIT
proofreader nC
bulletproof adj see
also @ bullet
childproof adj see

446

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

prop nC

propel vT

proper adj correct,

real
properly adv

improper neg adj not

suitable

property nU

property nCU

propeller nC
propulsion nU
propellant nC
improper neg adj
indecent
improper neg adj
incorrect
improperly neg adv
proper noun nC see
also @ noun
lost property office
nC see also @
1
lose/lost, office

prophet nC
prophecy nCU

prophesy vIT
prophetic adj

propaganda

propel/propulsion

proper

prop vT/prop up phr

v
propaganda nU

C2

also @ child
dustproof adj see
also @ dust
fireproof adj see
1
also @ fire
shockproof adj see
also @ shock
soundproof adj
soundproof vIT
soundproofing nU
1
see also @ sound
waterproof nC usu pl
see also @ water
prop against phr v

prop

property
possessions,
belongings
2
property building,
etc
prophet

C1

447

headword

proportion

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

proportion nC
percentage

proportional adj

propose suggest
sth
2
propose suggest
marriage
proprietor

proposal nC

proposition nC

propose vT
proposed adj
propose vIT
proposal nC

in proportion to
disproportionate
neg adj
disproportionately
neg adv

proprietor nC

prose

prose nU

prosecute

prosecute vIT

prospect possibility

prospect nCU

prosecution nCU
legal process
prosecution n sing
lawyer, team of
lawyers
prosecutor nC

prosaic adj
prosaically adv

prospective adj

prosper

prosperity nU

prostitute

protect

protect vIT
protection nU

protective adj

protected adj

prosper vI
prosperous adj
prostitute nC
prostitution nU
protector nC

protein nC

do sth under protest

protester nC

protest nCU
protest vIT
protest nC
protest vIT

protestant adj
protestant nC

Protestantism nU

protein
1

protest strong
complaint
2
protest
demonstrate
protestant

prostitute vT/
prostitute oneself
unprotected neg adj

448

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

protocol

protocol nCU

prototype

prototype nC

proud see also @

pride
prove demonstrate
truth of sth; see also
@ proof
provide/provision

proud adj

proudly adv

prove vT

proven adj

provide vT

provision nCU
supplies
provided (that) conj
providing (that) conj

provider nC

provided/providing

provision nU
providing

disprove vT
prove oneself
unproven neg adj
provide for phr v

province

province nC

provision nC

condition of
contract, etc
provincial adj

relating to a province

provisional

provisional adj

provoke/
provocation
proximity

provoke vT

provocatively adv

provocation nCU
provocative adj
proximity n sing

prudent

prudent adj

psychiatry

psychiatric adj
psychiatrist nC

psychic

psychiatry nU

psychoanalyst nC
psychoanalytic adj
psychic adj

prudence nU
imprudence nU
imprudent neg adj

psychology

psychology nU
psychological adj
psychologist nC

proviso nC

provinces n pl areas
outside the capital
provincial adj
unintresting
provisionally adj

proximal adj

psychoanalyst nC
psychic nC

449

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

pub

pub nC

public

public adj referring

to many/most
people
the public nU

public adj opp.

private

public adj belonging

to the government
in public
publicly adj

public school nC Brit
fee-paying school;
see also @ school
public school nC esp
Am = government
school

publicity

publicity nU

public holiday nC
see also @ holiday
public transport nU
esp Brit see also @
transport
public
transportation nC
esp Am see also @
transport/
transportation

publish/publication

publish vT

publisher nC

publishing nU

published adj

pudding

publication nU act,
process of publishing
publication nC sth
published

rice pudding nCU

see also @ rice

pull

pull vIT drag, move

forward or towards

pull nC usu sing

pudding nCU sweet,

usu. cold dish
pudding nCU Brit
soft-crust pie
pudding nCU Brit
dessert

pull apart phr v

pull away/off/out
phr v leave in vehicle
pull down phr v

publican nC
public house nC see
2
also @ house
the general public
nU
public convenience
nC see also @
convenience
public house nC see
2
also @ house
public lavatory nC
see also @ lavatory
public opinion nU
see also @ opinion
public relations n pl
see also @ relations
public sector nC see
also @ sector
publicist nC
publicize vT
unpublished neg adj
unpublishable neg
adj

450

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

demolish
pull in/over phr v
park, arrive
pull off phr v
remove
pull it off phr v
succeed
pull on phr v dress
hurriedly
pull out phr v
extract
pull through phr v
recover
pull together phr v
work together
pull oneself together
phr v control ones
feelings
pull up phr v stop a
vehicle
pullover

pullover nC

pulse

pulse nC

pump

pump nC
pump vT

pumpkin

pumpkin nC

pulse vI
pulsing adj
petrol pump nC Brit
see also @ petrol
stomach pump nC
see also @ stomach

punch vT

punch nC

punch nC

punch vT

punctual adj

paper punch nC see

also @ paper
punctually adv
punctuality nU

punch hit with fist

punch device for
making a hole
punctual

451

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

punctuate

punctuation nU

punish

punish vT
punishment nCU

capital punishment nU
4
see also @ capital

punk

punk nC informal

punctuate vT
punctuated adj
punished adj
punishing adj
unpunished neg adj
punk adj informal

pupil nC

pupil eye part

pupil nC

puppet

puppet nC

puppy

puppy nC

puppet adj
puppeteer nC
puppetry nU
pup nC

purchase buy

purchasing nU

pure adj

purchase vT
purchase nCU item
purchase nCU act
purchaser nC

purity nU

purify vT

purely adv

pure adj

purifier nC
purification nU
impure neg adj
impurity nC

pupil student

pure not mixed,

unpolluted

pure emphasis:
complete
purple
purpose reason,
function, etc
2
purpose intention

purpose nC reason

purple adj
purple nCU
purpose nC function

purpose nC

on purpose

purposely adv

purposeful adj
purposeless neg adj

purse

pursue follow/

pursue vT

purse nC Brit
womans wallet
purse nC Am
handbag

pursuit nC

pursuer nC

452

headword

pursuit
1
push press, etc

push persuade,
bully

put place sth

somewhere

A1

A2

push vIT press,

move forcefully

B1

B2

C1

C2

pushed adj

push nC act of
pushing

push vT
push vT informal try
to sell sth

put vT put sth

somewhere
put vT trust,
emphasis, etc
put sth on phr v put
clothes on

put sth away phr v

store
put sth/sb down phr
v place on surface
put sth out phr v
extinguish

put sth off phr v

delay
put sth on phr v Brit
switch sth on
put sth up phr v
raise, increase
put sb up phr v
accommodate
put the clocks
back/forward see
also @ clock

push ahead (with)

phr v
push back phr v
push on phr v
pushchair nC Brit
see also @
stroll/stroller
pushy adj informal
push around phr v
pushover nC
informal
push through phr v
put aside phr v
discard
put back phr v
postpone
put down phr v
suppress by force
put sth in/into sth
phr v invest effort,
time, money, etc
put out phr v
distribute
put sth together phr
v assemble
put sth up phr v
build
put up with sb/sth
phr v tolerate
stay put remain
somewhere; see also

453

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

put state, express

put sth (down) (in

writing) phr v state
in writing

put ones name

put sb off (sth/sb)
down/forward phr v phr v discourage
volunteer

puzzle

puzzle nC mystery
game, riddle, etc

puzzle nC usu sing

mystery, problem
puzzle vT

pyjamas/pajamas

pyramid

pyjamas n pl Brit/
pajamas n pl Am
pyramid nC

puzzled adj mystified

crossword nC/
crossword puzzle nC
see also @ word

@ stay
put vT state in
speech or writing
put across/over phr
v convey meaning
put sth down to sth
phr v think that sth
is caused by sth
put sth/sb forward
phr v propose
put in for sth phr v
apply for sth
put sb through phr v
make telephone
connection
puzzling adj
puzzle out phr v
solve a problem
jigsaw puzzle nC

Qq

qualified adj

disqualify vT

qualify vIT graduate

qualification nC
certificate, etc
qualify vIT be
eligible

unqualified neg adj

without
qualifications
disqualification nCU
disqualified neg adj
unqualified neg adj
without restriction

qualify /
1
qualification
certify/ certification,
2
qualify be eligible
3

qualify /
qualification
restrict/restriction

qualify vT
qualified adj
qualification nC

454

headword

A1

quality nCU
standard

quality
characteristic
quantity

quarrel

quality standard

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

qualitative adj

quality nU high
standard
quality adj

qualitatively adv
high-/low-quality
adj

quality nC

quantity nCU

quantitative adj
quantum nC

quarterly adv/adj

quarter nC 3 months
quarter vT

quarters n pl

quarter vT

quay nC

quayside nC/adj

quantify vT
quantitatively adv
in quantity
quantifiable adj
quarrelsome adj

quarters

quarrel nC
quarrel vI
quarter nC 15
minutes
a quarter/three
quarters of an hour

quay

a quarter to Brit/a
quarter of Am
telling time
a quarter past
headquarters n pl
HQ abbrev

queen

queen nC

queer

queer adj strange

drama queen nC
informal see also @
drama

query

query nC

query vT

quest

quest nC formal

question

question nC query,
inquiry

question nC item in
test, exam
question nC
problem, issue
question vT ask,
interrogate

question vT doubt

questionnaire nC

question mark nC
2
see also @ mark
questionable adj

questioning nU

question nU doubt,
confusion
unquestionable neg
adj
unquestionably neg
adv
unquestioned neg
adj

quarter

quarter nC one-
fourth,

455

headword

A1

A2

queue see also @

1
line

quick

quick adj fast

quickly adv

quid

B1

B2

C1

C2

beside the question

beyond (all)
question
call into question
in question
multiple-choice
question nC see also
1
@ choice , multiple
out of the question
without question
jump the queue see
also @ jump

queue nC Brit
queue vI Brit
queue up phr v Brit
quick adv

quiet

quiet adj
quietly adv

quid n sing informal

Brit

quilt

quilt nC

quit

quit vIT informal

quiet nU
quietness nU
quiet/quiet down
phr v Am
quieten/quieten
down phr v Brit
on the quiet
quilt adj
quilted adj
quitter nC

quite adv Brit

quite adv

not quite

quite fairly
quite completely

quick adj intelligent

quick adj/quick-
tempered adj see
also @ temper
quicken vIT
quickness nU

456

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

quiz

quiz nC competition

quota

quota nC

quiz vT
quiz nC Am short test
quizmaster nC
quizzical adj
quizzically adv

quotation nC

quotation mark nC usu

2
pl see also @ mark

quotable adj
unquotable neg adj

quote give a price

quote vIT
quote nC

Rr

quote vIT
quotation nC

rabbit

rabbit nC

race nC sports
contest

race nC non-sports
contest

race vIT hurry; non-

sport

relay race nC see

also @ relay

race nCU

rack

racially adv
racism nU
racist adj
racist nC
rack nC

horse-racing nU
race horse nC see also
@ horse
motor-racing nU see
also @ motor

race course nC Brit

5
see also @ course
race track nC esp Am
2
see also @ track

race ethnic group

race vIT in sport

racing adj
racing nU
racing car nC Brit/
race car nC Am see
1
also @ car
racing driver nC see
1
also @ drive /driver
racial adj

luggage rack nC see

also @ luggage
roof rack nC see also
@ roof
toast rack nC see
also @ toast
tool rack nC see also

quote cite sbs

words

race contest

race relations n pl
see also @ relations

457

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

racket nU informal

@ tool

racket /racquet
sport
radar

racket/racquet nC

radar nCU

radiate/radiation/
radiator

radiation nU nuclear

radiate vIT
radiant adj

radical

radical adj
innovative

radio

radio vIT

radioactive

radio nC
radio nU

radical adj
politically, religiously
extreme
radical nC

radiation nU heat,
light, etc
radiator nC
radically adj

radioactive adj

digital radio nC see

also @ digital
radioactivity nU

radius

radius nC

raffle

raft

raffle nC
raffle vT

raft nC

rag

rage

rage nCU

rag nC
ragged adj
rage vI

outrage nU anger

outrageous adj
outraged adj

raid nC quick attack,

raider nC

racket noise

raid

radicalize vT
radicalism nU

raging adj
road rage nU see
also @ road
enrage vT
enraged adj
outrage nC shocking
event
outrage vT
outrageously adv
smash-and-grab raid

458

headword

A1

rail railway system

railway/railroad

rail /railing bar

rain

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

robbery, etc
raid vT
air raid nC see also
2
@ air

nC Brit see also @

smash, grab

derail vT
derailment nC
go off the rails

railway line nC see

1
also @ line

railroad crossing nC
Am see also @
1
cross / crossing

rail nCU railway

system
rail nC railway line/
track
railway nC esp Brit
railroad nC esp Am
railway/railroad
station nC see also
1
@ station

rail nC

railing nC

rainy adj

rainstorm nC see
1
also @ storm

rainbow nC see also

@ bow

pay raise nC esp Am

1
see also @ pay, rise

raise vT look after a

child

raised adj

rainfall nU see also @

1
fall
rainforest nC see also
@ forest
raise vT collect money,
taxes, etc
raise nC esp Am
increase in pay

rain cats and dogs

idiom
raindrop nC see also
1
@ drop

raise lift, increase,

etc; see also @ rise

raise vT lift

rain nU
rain vI
raincoat nC see also
1
@ coat
rainwater nU see
also @ water
raise vT increase

raisin

raisin nC

rake

rake nC
rake vT

rally public
gathering
ram male sheep

rally nC

rally vIT

ram nC

rake in phr v
rake through phr v
rake up phr v
rally around/ round
phr v Brit

ramp

ramp nC

459

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

ranch

ranch nC esp Am

rancher nC

ranching nU

random

random adj

randomly adv

at random

range nC series,
variety

range nC range of
products, etc
range nC hills,
mountains, etc

range vI search,
spread

rank nCU

range n usu sing

limit (vision, gun,
etc)
range vI/range from
to
rank vIT

rank line of taxis,

troops, etc
rape

rank nC

rape nCU

rapid

rarity nC

rare lightly cooked

rare adj
rarely adv

rapid adj
rapidly adv

rape vIT
rapist nC
rapids n pl

long-/short-range
adj see also @ long,
short
wide-ranging adj
see also @ wide
ranking adj
ranking nCU
outrank vIT
taxi rank nC see also
@ taxi
date rape nCU asee
2
also @ date

rare adj

rat

rat nC rodent

rat nC informal sb
disloyal, deceiving

rate

rate nC amount,
speed, etc

rate nC amount of
pay, prices, etc

rate vT

rating nCU
exchange rate nC
see also @ exchange

rather adv

smell a rat be
suspicious; see also
@ smell
at any rate
at this rate
overrate vT
overrated adj

would rather than

rather/ or rather adv

range series,
variety

range limit, extent

rank order,
hierarchy, etc

rare uncommon

rather fairly, quite

rather opposite,

460

headword

prefer, etc

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

ratify

rather than adv

ratio

ratio nC

ration

rational

rational adj

rattle

rattle vT
rattle nC/rattling nU
noise

rattle nC babys toy

raw

raw adj not cooked,

not processed

raw adj not covered

with skin

raw adj unfair

ray

ray nC hope, etc

razor

razor nC

ray nC beam, light,

etc

reach vT arrive
reach vT attain

reach vIT

reach nU

reach arrive
2

reach stretch and

touch

ratify vT
ratification nU

ratified adj
unratified neg adj

ration nC
ration vT
rationing nU
rationale nC
rationality nU
irrational neg adj

rationalize vT
rationalization nCU
rationally adv
irrationally neg adv
rattle off phr v
rattle on (about sth)
phr v
rattlesnake nC see
also @ snake
rawness nU
raw deal nC see also
3
@ deal

razorblade nC see
also @ blade
razor wire nU see
also @ wire
electric razor nC see
also @ electric

reach in/out phr v
reach down/up phr v
out of reach far off

461

headword

A1

A2

B1

react

reaction nC physical,
emotional reaction

react vI respond
reaction nC
response

reactionary

read

read vIT interpret

writing
reader nC

read vIT/read sth

out phr v read aloud
reading nU skill,
action, etc

ready

ready adj prepared,

available, completed
real adj existing,
opp. imagined
real adj emphasis:
principal, important
reality nU

real/realistic

realize/realise
come to understand
2
realize/realise
achieve, convert into
reality
1
really in reality,
definitely

B2

C1

C2

react vI chemically
change
reaction nC
chemical

reactor nC

reactive adj

read vT read and

apply, interpret
read vT gauge,
instrument, etc

reactionary adj
reactionary nC
read vT study a subject
at university
read nC
readership nU

readily adv

readiness nU

real adj genuine,

opp. fake

realistic adj practical
realistic adj life-like

realize vIT/realise vIT

Brit

really adv in reality

really! exclam
really? exclam

really adv definitely

realization nU/
realisation nU Brit
realize/ realise vIT
Brit formal

realism nU
realist nC
realistically adv
unrealistic neg adj

far-reaching adj see

also @ far
overreact vI
overreaction nCU

readable adj
reading nC
interpretation
reading nC
measurement
misread vT
news reader nC esp
Brit see also @ news
ready vT
get ready
unreal neg adj
real-life adj see also
@ life
for real
in reality
unrealistically neg
adv

realization/
realisation nU Brit
formal

462

headword
2

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

really very

really adv

realm

realm nC country,
kingdom

reap

realm nC formal
area of knowledge,
etc

reap vT

rear adj

rear/the rear nC usu

sing
rear vT

reaper nC
reaping nU
rearguard n
bring up the rear

reason nCU cause,

purpose

reasonable adj
logical

reason nU logic

reasoning nU

unreasonable neg
adj

rebellion nC

reassurance nCU
reassuring adj
rebellious adj

rebuilt adj
rebuilding nU

rear back end

rear raise child,
animal, etc
rearrange see also
@ arrange
reason cause, logic /
1
reasonable

reassure see also @

assure
rebel

reason vT
reasonably adv
logically
reasonable adj quite reasonable adj quite reasonably adv
good, acceptable
cheap
quite cheaply
reasonable adj fair, reasonably adv
sensible
fairly


reassure vT

rebuild see also @

1
build
recall remember

rebel nC
rebel vI

recall vIT

rebuild vT build
again

recede/recession

recede vI

receipt see also @

1
receive

receipt nC financial
document

receipt nU act of
receiving sth

reasonable quite

good, acceptable, etc

recall nU

rearrange vT
rearrangement nCU
reasoned adj
by reason of
within reason
reasonableness nU
unreasonably neg
adv

recession nCU
economic
circumstance
recessionary adj
recessive adj

463

headword

A1

receive be given sth receive vT

A2

B1

B2

C1

recipient nC

receiver nC radio,
TV, telephone, etc
reception nU
strength of signal

C2

receiver nC

receipt nU act of
receiving sth
receive vT

receive welcome
visitor, etc/
2
reception

receive vT

recent

recent adj
recently adv

reception nCU
event, activity
reception nU desk at
hotel, office, etc
receptionist nC

recess nC

recipe nC

reciprocal

reciprocal adj

recite

recite vIT

reckless

reckless adj

reciprocate vIT
reciprocation nU
reciprocity nU
recital nC
recitation nCU
recklessly adv

reckon believe

reckon vI informal

reclaim

reclaim vT

recognize/recognise recognize vT/

find familiar
recognise vT Brit

recognition nU

recognizable adj

recognize vT/
recognise vT Brit

recognition nU

reclaimed adj
reclamation nU
recognizably adv
unrecognizable neg
adj
recognized adj
unrecognized neg
adj

receive pick up
electronic signal/
1
reception

recess holiday,
break from work
recipe

recognize/recognise
accept legally, etc

464

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

recollect

recommend

recommend vT

reconcile

recommendation
nCU

reconnaissance

reconsider see also

1
@ consider
reconstruction see
also @ construct/
construction
1
record sound,
pictures, etc

record store
information, file
3
record take
measurement
4
record biggest,
fastest, etc
recount tell a story
1

recover get better

C2

recollect vT
recollection nCU

reconcile vIT
reconciliation nCU

reconnaissance nU

reconsider vIT

reconciled adj
irreconcilable neg
adj
reconnoitre vIT Brit/
reconnoiter vIT Am
reconsideration nCU

reconstruction nU

reconstruct vT

record vT
record nC piece of
recorded music, etc

recording nC
recording nU

recorded adj
recorder nC

cassette recorder nC
see also @ cassette
record player nC see
2
also @ play /player
tape-recorder nC
1
see also @ tape
video recorder nC
see also @ video

tape-recording nC
1
see also @ tape

for the record

on/off the record

recommended adj

record vT
record nC

record nC

record vT
recorder nC

recount vT formal

beat/break/cut the
record

recover vIT

recovery nU

465

headword
2

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

recover retrieve,
find
recreate see also @
create
recreation

recover vIT

recovery nU

recreate vT

recruit

recruiting nU

rectangle see also @

angle
recur

recruit vT
recruitment nU

recreation nCU
recreational adj
recruit nC

recur vI

recycle

red

red nCU
red adj

recycle vIT
recycling nU

rectangle nC
rectangular adj
recurrence nCU
recurrent adj
recurring adj

infrared adj

redden vIT
reddish adj
redness nU
red-haired adj see
also @ hair
redhead nC see also
@ head
red-hot adj see also
1
@ hot
red light nC see also
1
@ light
red tape nU
bureaucracy; see
2
also @ tape
in the red
see red see also @
see
paint the town red
idiom see also @

466

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

paint, town
irredeemable neg
adj
irredeemably neg
adv
redefinition nCU

redeem/redemption

redeem vT
redemption nU

redefine see also @

define
redevelopment see
2
also @ develop
redistribution see
also @ distribute
reduce/reduction

redefine vT

redevelop vT
redevelopment nCU
redistribution nU

reduce vIT

reduction nCU

reduced adj

redundant
unemployed

make sb redundant

reed

redundant adj esp

Brit
redundancy nCU esp
Brit
reed nC

reedy adj

reef

reef nC

re-election see also

@ elect/election
refer

refer to sb/sth phr v

make mention

reference nC source
of information
reference nU looking
for information

referral nC

referee judge in
sports

refer to sb/sth phr v

look for information,
advice, etc
reference nCU
mention

re-elect vT
re-election nCU

coral reef nC see

also @ coral

referendum

referee nC
referee vIT
ref nC/vIT informal
abbrev esp Brit

refer sb to sb/sth
refer to as phr v
reference book nC
1
see also @ book
with reference to

referendum nC

refine

refine vT

refined adj

unrefined neg adj

redistribute vT

467

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

reflect vIT

reflection nC

refinement nCU
reflective adj

reflect vT

reflect consider

reform

reform nCU

reform vIT

reformer nC

reflect vI formal
reflection nCU formal

refresh see also @

fresh

refresh vT

refreshing adj
refreshment nCU

refrigerator/fridge

fridge nC

refrigerator nC

refuge/refugee

refugee nC

refuge nCU

refrigerate vT
refrigeration nU
refrigerated adj

refund see also @

fund
1
refuse say no

refuse vIT

refund nC
refund vT
refusal nCU

seek refuge
refugee camp nC
see also @ camp
refundable adj

refuse rubbish

refuse nU formal

regain see also @

gain
1
regard consider,
think of
2
regard respect

regain vT

regard vI

regard nU

regardless neg adv

regard nU formal

regards/with
regards message
ending
with regard/regards

disregard vT
disregard nU

regard nU

reflect in mirror,
etc
2
reflect indicate
3

regard attention/

refinery nC
reflected adj

reflector nC
reflection nC
reflective adj
on reflection
reformation nC usu
sing
reformed adj
unreformed neg adj
refreshingly adv
refresh ones
memory see also @
memory

468

headword

with regards to/as

regards
regime government,
etc
regiment

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

to

regime nC

regiment nC

regionally adv

register

region nC
regional adj

regiment vT
regimental adj
regimented adj

registered adj

registrar nC
registry nC

unregistered neg adj

regress

register nC official
list
register vIT join a
list, subscribe
registration nU

regression nCU

regret

regret vT
regret nCU

regular adj

regularly adv

regularity nU

regular adj

regress vI
regressive adj
regrettable adj
regrettably adv
regretful adj
regretfully adv
irregular neg adj
misshapen
irregular neg adj in
time, space
irregularly neg adv

regular adj

irregularity nC

regular adj

irregular neg adj

regulation nCU

regulate vT
regulator nC
regulatory adj

regulation adj

regulated adj
unregulated neg adj
deregulate vT

region

regular at constant
intervals

regular repeatedly
regular normal
regular
grammatically
regular
regulation

469

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C2

rehabilitation nU
rehabilitate vT
rehearsal nC

deregulation nU
rehab nU informal

rehearse vIT

reign vI
reign nC

reigning adj

reinforce vT confirm

rein in phr v
give (free) rein to
reinforced adj

reinforce vT make
stronger

rein nC
rein vT
reinforcement nCU

reinvent vT

reject vT

rejection nCU

rejoice vI

reject nC
rejected adj
rejoicing nU

relate vT

relating to

relational adj
unrelated neg adj

relate to sb/sth be
about sb/sth
in relation to

related adj
connected,
associated
relation nCU
relationship nC
relate vT formal

relation nC

relate vI usu pass

related adj

unrelated neg adj

relations n pl social
connections
relationship nC
friendship
relationship nC
romance

relationship nC
family connection
relative nC

relations n pl
between countries,
groups, etc

diplomatic relations
n pl see also @
diplomat/diplomatic
industrial relations n
pl see also @
industry/industrial
public relations n pl
see also @ public

rehabilitation

rehearsal

reign

rein

reinforce

reinvent see also @

invent
reject

rejoice see also @

joy
1
relate /relationship
connect/connection

relate tell a story

relate be a family
member/relation/
relative

relations

C1

470

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

relative adj

race relations n pl
2
see also @ race

relative adj

relativity

relatively adv quite,

fairly

relativity nU

relax

relaxation nU

relay

relax vIT
relaxed adj
relaxing adj

in relays

release set free

from prison, etc
2
release publish

release vT

release nCU

relay nC
relay race nC see
1
also @ race

released adj

relegate

release vT
release nCU

relegate vT

relentless

relentless neg adj

relevant

relevant adj

irrelevant neg adj

relic

relevance/relevancy
nU

press release nC see

2
also @ press
relegation nCU
relegated adj
relent vI formal
relentlessly neg adv
irrelevance nCU

relic nC

relief

relieve vT

relieved adj

religion

religious adj

relief nU reduction
in pain, stress, etc
religion nCU

relocate see also @

locate
reluctant

relocate vIT

relocation nU

religiously adv
irreligious neg adj

reluctant adj

reluctance nU
reluctantly adv

relative
comparative
2
relative reasonable

471

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

rely

rely v/rely on sb/sth

phr v

reliable adj

remain

remaining adj

remainder n sing
remains n pl sth
remaining

remark

remain vI stay in
place, state, etc
remain vI continue
to exist

remarkable

remark vT comment
remark nC
remarkable adj

remedy

remember

remember vIT

remind see also @

1
mind

C2

reliant adj

reliability nU
reliably adv
reliance nU
unreliable neg adj

remarkably adv

remedy nC

remind vT
remind sb of sb/sth

remember sb to sb
greeting
reminder nC

remedy vT formal
remedial adj

unremarkable neg
adj

reminiscent

reminiscent adj

remnant

remnant nC

reminisce vI
reminiscence nCU

remote

remote adj

remotely adv

remove

remove vT

removal nU

renaissance

renaissance n sing

remote control nC
see also @ control
remote nC remote
control
removable adj
removed adj
remover nC
renascent adj formal

render

render vT provide

renew

renew vT
renewal nCU

renewable adj

remains n pl dead
body

remembrance nCU

472

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

renowned

renewed adj

renowned adj

renown nU

rent

rental nCU

rented adj

reopen see also @

open

rent nCU
rent vT

reopen vT

reopening nCU

reorganization see
also @ organize/
organization
repair

reorganize vIT
reorganization nCU

repair vT

repair nCU

repay see also @

pay
repeat/repetition

repeat vT

repeat nC
repeatedly adv

repercussion

repay vT
repayment nC
repeated adj
repetition nCU
repetitive adj

repairable adj
irreparable neg adj
irreparably neg adv
repayable adj

repertoire

replace see also @

2
place

replace vT change,
substitute, provide
replacement

replacement nCU

reply vI
reply nCU

report nC
report vIT

reply
1

report written
document
2
report TV,
newspaper, etc
3
report story

report nC written
document

report nC
unconfirmed story
report vT state
without confirmation

unrepeatable neg
adj

repercussion nC

repertoire nC

irreplaceable neg adj

reporter nC

reporting nU

unreported neg adj

reportedly adv

reported adj

473

headword

represent act for sb

else

A1

report vIT tell

officially
represent vT act for
sb else

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

represent vT
politically
representation nU
representative nC
agent
represent vT
describe, picture
represent vT be
sign/symbol of sth

unrepresentative
neg adj

representation nC
representational adj
misrepresent vT
misrepresentation
nCU

represent describe,
picture, etc

representative
typical
repress/repression

representative adj

repress vT

reproduce copy;
see also @ produce
2
reproduce produce
babies
reptile

reproduce vIT

reproduction nCU

repression nU
repressive adj

reproduce vIT

reproduction nU
reproductive adj

reptile nC

reptilian adj

republic

republic nC

reputation

reputation nCU

republican adj
Republican nC Am

request

request nCU

request vT formal

repute nU formal
reputable adj
reputed adj
reputedly adv
by reputation
disrepute nU
disreputable neg adj
on request

require

require vT

requirement nC

require vT
required adj

474

headword

A1

A2

B1

rescue

research

research nU

researcher nC

resemble

resent
reservation doubt

B2

C1

C2

rescuer nC

rescue vT
rescue nCU
research vIT

resemble vT

resemblance nCU

reservation nC

resent vT
resentment nU

resentful adj
resented adj

reserve vT keep for

sb/sth

reserved adj

reserve vT book
reservation nCU
booking
reserve nC

reserve adj

reserve supply

reserve nC

reservoir nC

reside

resident nC

resident adj

hall of residence nC Brit

2
see also @ hall

residue

reside vI
residence nC formal
residential adj

resign

resist

resolution nC
decision

resistant adj
irresistible neg adj

resolve/resolution

resign vIT
resignation nCU
resist vIT
resistance nU
resolve vT solve

residue nC
residual adj

resonance/resound

resonance nCU

resort nC

resolve vI formal
decide
unresolved neg adj
resonant adj
resonate vI
resound vI
resounding adj
resoundingly adv

resort vT/resort to

reserve set aside

for sb/sth
reserve deputy

resort holiday town

resort make use of

475

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

resource nC

phr v

respect nU

respect vT admire
respect vT follow
laws, rights, etc

respectable adj

respect /in respect

of
respective

respectively adv

respiratory

respective adj
irrespective neg adj

respiratory adj

respond see also @

correspond

respond vI answer
response nCU
answer

respondent nC
in response to prep

response nC reaction
responsive adj

responsible adj/be
responsible for
responsibility nCU
authority

respirator nC
respiration nU
respire vI
respond vI react to
medication, etc
unresponsive neg
adj
be responsible to sb

responsibility nU

responsible adj/be
responsible for sth

responsibility nU

rest nCU

rest vIT

responsible adj
requiring good sense
irresponsible neg adj
restless neg adj
unrest nU

responsibly adv
irresponsibly neg
adv
restroom nC Am see
1
also @ room

resource natural
resources, money,
etc
resource ingenuity
respect admiration

responsible have
authority for

responsible be to
blame for
3
responsible
sensible
1

rest relax

resource vT
natural resources n
pl see also @
1
nature /natural
resource nU
resourceful adj
resourcefulness nU
respectability nU
respectful adj
respected adj
respectfully adv
self-respect nU see also disrespect nU
@ self
disrespect vT esp Am
disrespectful neg adj
in respect of
with respect to

476

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

rest vIT

rest remainder

rest n sing/the rest

restaurant

restaurant nC

restaurateur nC

restore

restore vT return

restore vT repair

restrain

restore vT bring
back
restoration nCU

restrict

restructure see also

1
@ structure
result

restrict vT limit
restriction nCU

restrain vT
restraint nCU
restricted adj
limited

restructure vT
restructuring nU
resultant adj

restrained adj
unrestrained neg adj
restrictive adj
unrestricted neg adj

resumption nU

resume/rsum nC
Am see also @
curriculum vitae
retailer nC

retail nU

retention nU

retentive adj

rest lean against

resume1/resumption

begin again
2
resume /rsum

summary, curriculum
vitae/CV
retail

result nC scientific
result nC exam
result nC sport,
competition
resulting adj
resume vIT formal

retain/retention

retain vT

retail adj
retail vT

retell see also @ tell

rethink see also @

think
retina

retina nC

retell vT
retelling nC
rethink vI
rethink nC
retinal adj

retire end ones

retire vI

retired adj

retiree nC Am

result nCU

consequence
result vI/result in phr
v

restricted adj secret

as a result

477

headword

A1

A2

career

B1

B2

C1

retort

retirement nCU
leaving ones job
retirement nU
period after finishing
work

retreat

retrieve

retreat vI
retreat nCU
retrieve vT

retrospective

return

return vI go back

return ticket nC Brit

see also @ ticket
return nC Brit return
ticket

reunion see also @

union
reveal/revelation

return vT do sth in
exchange
return vT take/give
sth back
return nC usu sing

reveal vT make
information/secret
known
reveal vT show

retrieval nCU

in retrospect

retrospective adj
retrospect nU

reunion nC

return to sth phr v

in return in
exchange
many happy returns!
exclam
reunited adj

revelation nCU

revealing adj

revenue nCU

revenge nU
revenge vT

reverse

reverse vIT go
backwards

reverse adj
reversal nC
reverse nU reverse
gear in vehicle
revert vT

reversible adj
irreversible neg adj
in reverse

revert

reverse vT change
decision, etc
the reverse n sing
the opposite

review vT

review examine,

retort vT
retort nC

revenge see also @

vengeance
revenue

C2

reversion nU

478

headword

scrutinise
2
review book, film,
etc
1
revise change

A1

A2

review nCU

revise study again

revisit see also @

visit
revive

revolt

B1

B2

C1

C2

review vT
review nC

reviewer nC

revise vIT esp Brit

revision nU esp Brit

revise vT
revised adj
revision nCU

revisit vT

revive vIT
revival nCU

revolution nC
violent political
change

revolution nC great
change
revolutionary adj

revolt vI
revolt nC

revolution /revolve
turn
reward

revolve vI

reward nC money

rewrite see also @

write
rhetoric

revolution nC turn
of wheel
reward nCU benefit
reward vT

revolutionize vT
revolutionary nC
counter-revolution
nCU
counter-
revolutionary adj/nC
revolve around phr v
revolving adj
rewarding adj

rewrite vT

rhetoric nU

rhetorical adj

rhetorically adv

rhyme

nursery rhyme nC
see also @ nursery

rhythm

rhythm nC

rhyme vIT
rhyme nC individual
example, instance
rhyme nC childs
poem

rhythmic adj

rhythmically adv

revolution change

479

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

rib

rib nC

ribbon

ribbon nC

rice

rice nU

rich

rich adj wealthy

rich adj colour,

taste, sound, etc

rich adj having a lot

of sth
the rich nU

rid

ride

ride vIT horse,

bicycle, etc
ride nC horse,
bicycle, etc

ridge

rid adj

be rid of sb/sth
get rid of sb/sth
ride vIT car, train,
rider nC
etc
ride nC car, train, etc

richly adv
riches n pl
richness nU
enrich vT
enriched adj
enrichment nU

override vIT

ridge nC

ridicule/ridiculous

ridiculous adj

rifle

rifle nC

ridicule nU
ridicule vT
ridiculously adv

rig structure

rig nC

right adj correct

right adj suitable

right nU

right adj just,

justifiable

rightly adv

right correct, etc;

opp. wrong

ribcage nC see also

@ cage
spare ribs n pl see
also @ spare

rice pudding nCU
see also @ pudding

good riddance!
exclam
riding nU
ride out phr v
survive
ride over phr v
ride roughshod over
override nC
overriding adj
ridged adj

rifleman nC see also

3
@ man

right vT
righteous adj

480

headword

A1

A2

B1

all right/alright adj/

adv/exclam

right! exclam
correct, I agree, etc
right? question tag

B2

C1

C2

righteously adv
righteousness nU
rightful adj
rightfully adv
by rights
in the right
right-hand man nC
usu sing see also @
3
man
right-winger nC see
3
also @ wing

right adj
right nC

right-hand (side)

right-handed adj
1
see also @ hand

right immediately,
exactly, completely,
etc
5
right /rights
entitlement

right adj

right away
right now

the right nU
right-wing adj see
3
also @ wing

right nC

rigid

rigid adj

rigorous

rigorous adj

rim

rim nC

in ones own right

civil rights n pl see
2
also @ civil
human rights n pl
see also @ human
rigidity nCU
rigidly adv
rigour nCU Brit/ rigor
nCU Am
rigorously adv

ring nC circle
ring nC jewellery

earring nC see also

1
@ ear

ring nC boxing, etc

right opp. left

right conservative
in politics

ring circle

ring vT
boxing ring nC see
2
also @ box
keyring nC see also
1
@ key
engagement ring nC
see also @

481

headword

A1

A2

ringing nU

rinse vIT

riot nC
riot vIT

rip vIT tear

ripe adj
ripen vIT

rise vI move
upwards
rise nC increase

rise vI stand up; get

out of bed
rise vI increase

pay rise nC esp Brit

see also @ pay, raise
sunrise nCU see also

rising adj

rinse nC
rinsed adj
rioter nC
rioting nU
riotous adj
riotously adv
riot police n pl see
also @ police
run riot
rip nC
ripped adj
rip apart phr v
rip off phr v cheat,
overcharge
rip-off nC informal
rip through phr v
rip up phr v
ripcord nC see also
@ cord
ripely adv
ripeness nU
unripe neg adj
rise above phr v
rise to phr v

ring make sound

with bell
rinse

ring vIT
ring nC

riot

rip

ripe

C2

ring vIT esp Brit

C1

ring n sing esp Brit

give sb a ring
ring sb back phr v
esp Brit
ring off phr v esp Brit
ring up phr v esp Brit

rise move up, move

higher

B2

engagement

ring make phone

call

B1

482

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

rise rebel

@ sun

rise vI

uprising nC

rise up phr v

risk

risk nCU

risk vIT

risky adj

rite/ritual

rite nC

rival

rival nC

ritual nCU
ritual adj

at risk
at the risk of
ritually adv

rivalry nCU

unrivalled neg adj

river

river nC

road nC

railroad nC esp Am
1
see also @ rail

riverbed nC see also @

2
bed
roadside nC/adj
1
see also @ side

road

riverbank nC see
2
also @ bank
crossroads n pl see
1
also @ cross

rival vT
rival adj
river nC fig, e.g. river
of blood

roam

roam vI

roar

roar vI
roar nC

roast

roast vIT
roast adj

rob

rob vT steal

robe

robber nC
robbery nCU

robot

rob vT deprive
unfairly
robe nC
wardrobe nC
robot nC

roast nC
roasted adj
roasting adj

robust

rock nCU

rock large stone

road rage nU see

also @ rage
on the road to
roaming adj
roaring nU
roaring adj
uproar nC usu sing
roast potato nC see
also @ potato

robe vT

robotic adj

robust adj

robustly adv

rocky adj

bedrock nU see also

2
@ bed
rockery nC Brit
rock bottom nU/adj
informal see also @
1
bottom

483

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

rock vIT

rock music

rocket

rock nU
rock music nU see
also @ music

rocket nC

rod

role

role nC function

role nC actors part

in play, film, etc

rod nC
fishing rod nC see
also @ fish/fishing

roll nC tube

roll vT make sth

circular

roller nC

rock sway

roll turn

roll vIT turn over,

revolve

rock climbing nU
see also @ climb
rocker nC esp Am
rocking adj
rocking chair nC see
1
also @ chair
rocking horse nC see
also @ horse
rock n roll nU
rock band nC see
1
also @ band
rocket vI
rocketry nU
skyrocket vI see also
@ sky
its not rocket
science

role model nC see

2
also @ model
rolled adj
rolling adj
rolling pin nC see
1
also @ pin
roll in phr v
roll out phr v
roll up phr v arrive
rollerblade nC
rollerblading nU see
also @ blade
roller coaster nC
roller skate nC

484

headword

A1

A2

roll bread roll

romance

roof

room chamber

B1

B2

C1

roll nC
bread roll nC see
also @ bread
romantic adj

romance nCU

roof nC

room nC

classroom nC see
1
also @ class

bathroom nC see
also @ bath
bedroom nC see
1
also @ bed
double room nC see
also @ double
living room nC see
1
also @ live /living
single room nC see
1
also @ single

cloakroom nC see

also @ cloak
dining room nC see
also @ dine/dining
sitting room nC see
also @ sit/sitting
waiting room nC see
1
also @ wait

C2

roller skating nU see

also @ skate

sausage roll nU see
also @ sausage


romance nC
romantic book
romantically adv
unromantic neg adj

roof vT
roofing nU
roofless neg adj
roof rack nC see also
@ rack
rooftop nC usu pl
see also @ top

roommate nC see
2
also @ mate
ballroom nC see also @ boardroom nC see
2
3
ball
also @ board
ballroom dancing nU
changing room nC
2
3
see also @ ball ,
see also @ change
dance/dancing
chat room nC see
drawing room nC
also @ chat
control room nC see
also @ control
courtroom nC see
1
also @ court
emergency room nC
usu sing esp Am see

also @ emergency
lecture room nC see
also @ lecture
restroom nC Am see

485

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

room space

room nU

root nC of plant, etc

root search

rope

rope nC

root vI
root about/around/
among/through phr
v

rose

rose nC flower

root of plant, etc

also @ rest
sickroom nC see
2
also @ sick
storeroom nC see
1
also @ store
strongroom nC see
also @ strong
washroom nC esp
Am see also @ wash
roomy adj
headroom nU see
1
also @ head
legroom nU see also
1
@ leg
root nC source
roots n pl origins
root adj
root vI
rooted adj
rootless neg adj
root beer nCU Am
see also @ beer
take root
uproot vIT
root out phr v

rope vT
rope in phr v
rope ladder nC see
also @ ladder
rosy adj colourful

486

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

rot

rotate

rough adj not

smooth
rough adj violent

round adv, prep

around, in all
directions,
everywhere

round part of a
series in sport, etc
roundabout traffic
circle
route

C1

C2

rot vIT
rot away phr v
rot nU
rotten adj decayed
rotate vIT
rotation nCU

rot nU/exclam
nonsense

rotten adj very bad

rotting adj

rough adj
roughly adv
round adv, prep
surrounding

rotating adj
rotary adj
rotor nC
roughen vIT
roughness nU
rough up phr v

round adj

round vT

round nC

round the clock adj

see also @ clock
roundabout adj
indirect
rounded adj
round nC delivery
service
roundness nU
roundtable adj see
1
also @ table
round off phr v
round up phr v

roundabout nC Brit

route nC

en route

route vT

routine

routinely adv

row nC

routine nCU regular

pattern
routine adj

routine nC regular
series of movements,
actions, etc
in a row

rough not smooth,

etc
rough approximate
round around; see
also @ around

round circular

row line

487

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

row propel boat

with oars

royal

royal adj

rub

rubber

rubbish

rubble

rude

rug

row argument

C1

C2

row vIT

row nC esp Brit

row vI informal esp
Brit

royalty nU

rub vIT
rub out phr v erase
rubber nU material
rubber adj
rubber nC Brit
eraser
rubbish nU esp Brit
waste, garbage

row nC
rowing nU
rowing boat nC Brit/
row boat nC Am see
also @ boat
royal family nC see
also @ family
rub it in phr v
emphasise
rubbery adj
rubber band nC see
3
also @ band

rubble nU

rude adj not polite

rude adj obscene

rug nC

rubbish nU informal
sth bad, poor quality
rubbish nU/exclam
informal nonsense
rubbish vT Brit say
that sth is poor,
useless
rubbish adj Brit
informal useless,
unskilled

rudely adv
rudeness nU
rude awakening nC
see also @ awake,
wake

488

headword

A1

A2

rugby

rugged

ruin

B1

B2

C1

C2

rugger nU informal
esp Brit

rugby nU
rugby football nU
see also @ football

rugged adj

ruin vT destroy

ruin nCU

rule nC

rule vIT make a

ruling, legal decision

ruling nC legal
decision

ruling adj

rule draw line

rule nU
rule vIT
ruler nC

ruggedly adv
ruggedness nU
ruin vT spoil
ruin vT cause
financial collapse
ruins n pl remains of
destroyed building
ruined adj
ruinous adj
in ruins
rule sb/sth out phr v
rulebook nC see also
1
@ book
rule of thumb nC
see also @ thumb
as a rule usually
overrule vT

ruler nC

rummage

rummage vI
rummage nU

rumour/rumor

rumour nCU Brit/

rumor nCU Am

run vIT move

run vIT move,

run vT drive sb

running nU action

rule law, regulation

rule reign, govern

run move quickly,

rule vT
ruled adj
rummage sale nC Am
= jumble sale nC Brit
see also @ sale
rumour v Brit usu
pass/ rumor v Am
usu pass
rumoured adj Brit/
rumored adj Am
in the long/short run

489

headword

etc

run manage,
operate, etc

A1

A2

quickly, hurry
run nC a jog, etc

run vT manage, be
in charge of

B1

B2

C1

C2

position round
run vIT flow
run nC journey
run out phr v finish

somewhere
runner nC athlete

running nU action

run vIT function,

operate

runner nC sb who
stands for election
runny adj fluid
run across/into/up
against phr v meet
by chance
run away/off (with)
phr v flee, abscond
run down/over phr v
knock down with a
vehicle
run-down adj tired
run vI/run for phr v
stand for election
run off phr v print/
photocopy sth
run over phr v read
quickly
run over phr v
overflow
overrun vT spread,
invade
run through phr v
check, rehearse
run to phr v afford,
total
run up phr v spend
run-up nC period
before an event
on the run from the
police, etc

490

headword
3

A1

A2

run series

runway see also @

3
way
rupture

B1

B2

C1

C2

run nC

running adj in
succession

runway nC see also

3
@ way

bankrupt

disrupt

erupt

disrupt vT
disruption nCU
erupt vI

bankrupt adj
bankrupt vT
bankruptcy nCU
disruptive adj

rupture nCU
rupture vIT
ruptured adj

interrupt

rural

rural adj

interrupt vIT when

sb is speaking
interruption nCU

interrupt vIT stop

doing sth
temporarily

rush

rush vIT hurry

rust

rush nU hurry
rush adj
rush hour nC see
also @ hour

ruthless

Ss

sack dismiss, fire

sack large bag

eruption nCU

uninterrupted neg
adj

rushing adj
rush out phr v leave
hurriedly

rust nU

rust vIT
rusty adj

rusted adj
rustless neg adj
ruthlessly adv
ruthlessness nU

sack vT
sack n sing
sack nC

ruthless adj

get/be given the

sack
sackful nC
haversack nC
knapsack nC
rucksack nC

491

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

sacred

sacred adj

sacredness nU

sacrifice

sacrificial adj
self-sacrifice nU see
also @ self/self-

sad adj

sacrifice nCU giving

sth up
sacrifice vT give sth
up
sadly adv unhappily

sad

sacrifice nCU
religious offering
sacrifice vT make a
religious offering

sadness nU

saddle

saddle nC

safe adj not

dangerous
safety nU

safe adj out of

danger; not harmed

safety belt nC see

also @ belt

safely adv

safeguard vT
safeguard nC see also
@ guard

safe strongbox

safe nC

sadden vT
sadly adv
unfortunately
saddle vT
in the saddle
saddle sb with sth
be saddled with sb/
sth
unsafe neg adj
safety catch nC see
1
also @ catch
play safe/play it safe
1
see also @ play
safe and sound see
3
also @ sound
be on the safe side
2
see also @ side

saga

saga nC

sage

sage nU

sail/sailor

sailor nC

sailing nU sport
sailing nC departure of
a ship

saint

sail nC

sail vIT travel by ship
sail vIT control a
sailing boat

saint nC holy person

sagely adv
sagacious adj formal
sagacity nU formal
sailing boat nC Brit/
sail boat nC Am see
also @ boat
set sail
saintly adj
sainthood nU

safe opp.
dangerous

492

headword

A1

A2

sake

salad

salary

B1

B2

C1

C2

saint nC informal
good person
for Gods/ Christs/
goodness/heavens/
pitys sake exclam
side salad nC see
4
also @ side
salaried adj

salad nCU

sake nC
for the sake of/for
sbs sake

salary nC

sale see also @ sell

sale nC act or
instance of selling

sale nC selling things

at reduced prices
for/on sale

wholesale adj

jumble sale nC Brit

see also @ jumble
rummage sale nC Am
see also @ rummage

salmon

salon

salesman nC see
2
also @ man
saleswoman nC see
2
also @ woman
salesperson nC see
also @ person
salmon nC fish
salmon nU meat of
a salmon
salon nC

saloon

saloon nC

salt

salt nU

salty adj

salt vT

salvation

salvation nU

saltiness nU
salted adj
unsalted neg adj
take sth with a
pinch/grain of salt

same

same adj
same/the same det/
pron
same adv/the same
as

sample

sample nC same

sample nC medical

sample vT

sameness nU
all the same
all in the same boat
see also @ boat
same here informal
the same old

493

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

sanction official
restrictions

amount, example

specimen

sanction approve

sanction nC official
restriction or
punishment

sanctuary

sand

sand nU

sandal

sandwich

C1

C2

sampling nU

sanction vT

sanctuary nCU

sanctioned adj
unsanctioned neg
adj
sanctity nU

sand vT
sandstone nU see also
@
sandal nC

sandpaper nU see
also @ paper

sandy adj
sandbank nC see
2
also @ bank

sandwich nC

sane/sanity

sandwich bar nC see sandwich vT

1
also @ bar

insanely neg adv

satellite

satellite nC

sane adj
sanity nU
insane neg adj
insanity nU

satisfy/satisfaction

satisfy vT

satisfaction nU
satisfactory adj
satisfied adj

sauce

saucepan nC see
also @ pan

saucer

sauce nCU
tomato sauce nU
see also @ tomato
saucer nC

satisfactorily adv
satisfying adj
dissatisfy vT
dissatisfied neg adj
dissatisfaction nU
unsatisfactory neg adj

cup and saucer see

also @ cup
flying saucer nC see
1
also @ fly /flying

494

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

sausage

sausage nC

savage

savage adj

save vT

save vT not spend

time, money, etc
savings n pl

save except

save vT collect; keep

for the future

sausage meat nU
see also @ meat
sausage roll nC see
2
also @ roll
savage nC
savage vT
savagely adv
savagery nU
saviour nC Brit/
savior nC Am
lifesaver nC see also
@ life
savings account nC
Am = deposit
account nC Brit ; see
1
also @ account

save prep

savour/savor

saw cutting tool

saw nC
saw vT

savour vT Brit/savor vT
Am
savoury adj Brit/ savory
adj Am

save help; protect;

save life

save not spend

money, time, etc

save collect

chainsaw nC see
also @ chain
circular saw nC see
also @ circle/
circular
electric saw nC see
also @ electric
hacksaw nC see also
1
@ hack

495

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

say vIT give

information verbally

say vT translate; say

in another language

say vIT give opinion,

suggestion, etc

saying nC

say n sing

scale n sing

scale nCU ratio

large-scale adj
small-scale adj

scale climb

scale nC set of
numbers, etc for
measuring
scales n pl Brit/scale
nC Am weighing
device

jigsaw nC
sawdust nU see also
@ dust
sawmill nC see also
@ mill
say! exclam
have ones say
said to be
go without saying
to say nothing of
to say the least
hearsay nU see also
@ hear
full-scale adj see
also @ full
scale up/down phr v
on a small/large
scale

scale vT

scan

scan vT

scandal

scandal nCU

scan nC
scanner nC

scar

scarce

scar nC
scar vT

say

scale size

scale measurement

scandalous adj
scandalously adv
scandalize vT
scarred adj

scarce adj

make oneself scarce

496

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

scarcely adv almost

no/none

scarcity nCU

scarcely . . . when

scary adj informal

scarf nC

scatter vT

scattered adj

scenario nC

scattering nC usu
sing
scatterbrain nC
scatterbrained adj
see also @ brain

scene nC view,
landscape, etc

scene nC in play,
film, etc

scene nC place
where sth happened

scenery nU landscape
scenery nU in theatre,
etc
scenic adj

scent

sceptic/skeptic

scent nC smell of sth

scent nCU esp Brit
perfume
scent vT
sceptical adj Brit/
skeptical adj Am

schedule

scheme

scholar see also @

school

scheme nC official
plan, system

schedule nC plan,
timetable
schedule vT

scholar nC
scholarship nC

scholarship nU
academic learning

scheme nC plot,
dishonest plan

scarcely

scare

scarf

scare vIT
scare nC
scared adj

scatter

scenario

scene

sceptic nC Brit/ skeptic

nC Am
scepticism nU Brit/
skepticism nU Am
scheduled adj

scheme vI
scholarly adj

scenically adv
behind the scenes
1
see also @ behind
crime scene nC see
also @ crime
throw off the scent
see also @ throw

sceptically adv Brit/

skeptically adv Am

unscheduled neg adj

ahead of/behind
schedule
schematic adj
schematically adv
scholastic adj

497

headword

school

A1

A2

school nC

high school nC esp

Am

science

science nCU

scientific adj
scientist nC

scissors

scooter

scope

score

scorn

scout

B1

money for education

school boy/girl nC
see also @ boy, girl
schoolchild nC usu pl
see also @ child/
children
primary school nC
esp Brit
public school nC Brit
= private school
public school nC esp
Am = government
school
secondary school nC
esp Brit see also @
2
second /secondary

B2

C1

C2

school holiday nC
see also @ holiday
school uniform nC
1
see also @ uniform

nursery school nC
schoolyard nC Am
2
see also @ yard

boarding school nC
4
see also @ board
grammar school nC
state school nC see
2
also @ state

science fiction nU
see also @ fiction

scientifically adv

scissors n pl

unscientific neg adj

unscientifically neg
adv

scooter nC small
motor bike
scope nU

motor scooter nC
see also @ motor

scooter nC childs
toy

score vIT
score nC

scorer nC
scoring nU

scorn nU
scorn vT
scornful adj
scout nC military

scope out phr v esp

Am
scoping adj
scoreboard nC see
1
also @ board
score points/score a
point
scornfully adv

scout about/around

498

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

scramble

scramble vI

scout nC youth
organisation
scout vT

scrap small piece

scrap nC

scrape

scrape vT remove
surface of sth
scrape vT injure by
removing skin

skyscraper nC see also

@ sky

scratch vIT

scramble nC
scrambled adj
scrambled egg nCU
see also @ egg
scrapbook nC see
1
also @ book
scrape nC
scraper nC
scrape by/through
phr v
scrape together/up
phr v
scrape the bottom
of the barrel see
also @ barrel
get into a scrape
scratching nU

scratch small cut

scratched adj

scream

scream vI

scratch nC
scratch vIT
scream nC

screen nC

screen vT
screening nCU

windscreen nC Brit see

1
also @ wind , shield

screen check, test

screw

screw nC
screw vT

screen vT
screening nU

screamer nC
screaming nU
screenplay nC see
3
also @ play
windscreen wiper nC
Brit see also @ wipe
sunscreen nCU see
also @ sun
unscrew vT
screwdriver nC see
2
also @ drive

scratch rub an itch

screen TV, cinema,

computer, etc

phr v

499

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

script

script nC

scripture nCU

scrub clean by
rubbing
scrutiny

scrub vIT

scrutiny nU

scrutinize vT

sculpture

sculpture nCU

sculptor nC

sea

sea nCU
by sea

seabird nC see also

@ bird
seawater nU see
also @ water

overseas adj
seafood nCU see
also @ food
seasick adj

seaside nU
overseas adv
seashore nC see also
@ shore
seaport nC see also
@ port

seabed nC see also @

2
bed
seaman nC see also @
3
man

seal nC

seam nC

seal sea animal

seal vT
seal nC

seam

seal close, fasten

corkscrew nC see
also @ cork
scripted adj
unscripted neg adj
scriptwriter nC see
also @ write/writer
scrubbing brush nC
see also @ brush

sculpt vT
sculptured adj
sculptress nC

seaborne adj see
3
also @ bear /borne
sea level n sing see
1
also @ level
sealion nC see also
@ lion
seaplane nC see also
@ plane
seashell nC see also
1
@ shell
seasickness nU see
1
also @ sick
seaweed nU see
also @ weed
sealed adj
seal off phr v

seamless neg adj
seamlessly neg adv

500

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

search

search nC
search vIT

season time of year

season nC summer,
etc

season nC sport, e.g.

football season

seasonal adj

seat

seat nC

seatbelt nC see also

@ belt

seat vT formal

seating nU

second nC

second adj
second adv

second class n sing/

second-class adj see
2
also @ class

secondly adv

secondhand adj see

1
also @ hand

searcher nC
search engine nC
searchlight nC see
1
also @ light
soul-searching adj

see also @ soul
in search of
search high and low
seasonable adj
seasonally adv
unseasonable neg
adj
in/out of season
seated adj
unseat vT
take a seat
be seated
split second n usu
sing
second nC
second vT

secondary adj
secondary school nC
esp Brit see also @
school
in secret

secretly adv

secrecy nU
secretive adj
secretarial adj

secret agent nC see

also @ agent
secretariat nC

1 1

th

second /60 of a
minute
2
second ordinal
number/secondary

secret

secretary office
worker
2
secretary
government minister
section

secret nC
secret adj
secretary nC

secretary nC

secretary-general nC

section nC

cross-section nC see
1
also @ cross

sectional adj
cross-sectional adj

501

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

sector

sector nC

sub-section nC

secular

X
1

secular adj

see also @ cross

private sector nC
2
see also @ private
public sector nC see
also @ public
secularize vT

security nU

secure vT

secure adj

securely adv
insecurity nCU

insecure neg adj

insecurely neg adv

secure achieve

social security nU
1
see also @ society /
social

secure vT formal

sediment

sediment nCU

sedimentary adj

see vT have sight of

see vT watch film,
TV show, etc

see vT meet, consult

sb

unseen neg adj

sightseeing nU see
2
also @ sight

foresee vT

oversee vIT

see understand, etc

see vIT understand

see about/to phr v
deal with

seeing

seeing/seeing that

see off phr v say

goodbye to sb
see out phr v go to
door with sb
see red see also @
red
see you later
foreseeable adj
unforeseen neg adj
unforeseeable neg
adj
overseer nC
oversight nU
see through phr v
not be deceived
I see exclam
you see?

secure not loose

see sight

502

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

seed

seed nC

conj

seed vT

seek/sought

seek vT

seeker nC

seem

seem vI

seemingly adv

segment

segment nC

segregation

seize

seize vT

segregation nU
segregate vT
seizure nCU

seldom

seldom adv

seize on/upon phr v

seize up phr v

select

select vT
selection nCU

selector nC

selectively adv

self

self nCU

selfish adj

select adj
selective adj
selected adj

herself pron
himself pron
itself pron
myself pron
ourselves pl pron
themselves pron
yourself sing pron
yourselves pl pron

herself/himself/
myself/ourselves/
themselves/
yourself/yourselves
pron emphasis

oneself pron

selfishly adv
selfishness nU

seedless neg adj

seedling nC
go to seed
asylum-seeker nC
see also @ asylum
job-seeker nC see
also @ job
seeming adj
segment vT
segmentation nU
segregated adj

(all) by herself/
himself/itself/myself
/oneself/ ourselves/
themselves/yourself

503

headword

A1

B1

B2

C1

C2

self-esteem nU see also

@ esteem
self-respect nU see also
1
@ respect

self-centred adj Brit/

self-centered adj Am
see also @ centre/
1
center
self-confident adj
self-confidence nU
see also @
confident/
2
confidence
self-contradicting
adj
self-contradiction
nCU see also @
contradict/
contradiction
self-conscious/
consciousness nU
see also @
2
conscious
self-contained adj
see also @ contain
self-control nU see
also @ control
self-critical adj
self-criticism nU
self-defence nU Brit/
self-defense nU Am
see also @ defend
self-discipline nU
self-disciplined adj
see also @ discipline
self-evident adj see

/yourselves

A2

self-interest nU see
1
also @ interest
self-service adj/nU
2
see also @ serve /
service

504

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

sell/sold see also @

sale

sell vT

seller nC
bookseller nC see
1
also @ book

selling nU
bestseller nC
bestselling adj

semantic

semantic adj

semantics nU

also @ evidence/
evident
self-governing adj
self-government nU
see also @ govern
self-sacrifice nU see
also @ sacrifice
unsold neg adj
sell off phr v
sell out phr v
sell-out n usu sing
sell up phr v
semantically adv

semester

semester nC

semi-conductor see
5
also @ conduct
semi-final see also
@ final
seminar

semi-conductor nC

semi-final nC

semi-finalist nC

seminar nC

senate

send

send vT

senate nC esp Am
senator nC esp Am

sender nC

send away phr v ask

sb to leave
send away for/send
for/send off for phr v
order by post, etc
send for phr v order
sb to come
send in phr v submit
send off phr v
dispatch by post
send on phr v
forward by post, etc

505

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

senior

senior adj

senior nC sb higher-
ranking or older

sensation sth
wonderful, exciting
1
sense feeling,
judgement

sensation nC

sensational adj

sense nC

sense vT be aware
of sth

sense nC

sensation nC sense
of feel

sensory adj

sense nU
sensible adj
nonsense nU

sensibly adv
senseless neg adj
foolish

sense meaning

sense nC

sensitive

sensitive adj

sensitivity nU

insensitive neg adj

sense natural
ability, faculty (sight,
taste, etc)
3
sense reason, logic

send out phr v eject

send out phr v emit
light, heat, etc
send out phr v
distribute by post,
etc
senior nC esp Am
final-year student
senior nC esp Am
pensioner
senior citizen nC see
also @ citizen
seniority nU
sensationally adv
sensationalism nU
insensible neg adj
senseless neg adj
unconscious
sense of humour n
sing Brit/sense of
humor nC Am
nonsensical neg adj
common sense nU/
commonsense adj
1
see also @ common
come to ones
senses
out of ones senses
talk sense
in a sense
make sense
sensitively adv
insensitively neg adv
insensitivity nU

506

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

sentence nC

sentence
punishment
sentiment

sentence nC
sentence vT

sentiment nCU formal

sentimental adj

separate

separate vI end
relationship

separately adv
separation nCU

sequence

separate adj
separate vI divide
sequence nCU

inseparable neg adj

sequential adj

sentimentality nU
sentimentally adv
sentimentalist nC
sentimentalism nU
unsentimental neg
adj
separable adj
separated adj
sequentially adv

sergeant

sergeant nC

sergeant-major nC

serial

serial nC story in
several parts
serial adj

series

series nU

serialize vT
serialization nU
serial number nC
see also @ number

serious

serious adj extreme,

important,
dangerous, etc

serious adj not

humorous
seriously adv

seriousness nU

sermon nC

sermonize vI

serving nC

serve out/up phr v

serve food, etc

serve vI in military
serve vIT in prison

disservice nU
serve out phr v
finish ones time in
job, in prison, etc

sentence language

sermon
1

serve vIT

serve vIT do a job

servant nC
service nC
government system,
department
service nU

serve /service in
restaurant, shop, etc

serve /service
work, usually for a
long time

service nU
service charge nC
1
see also @ charge
self-service adj/nU
see also @ self
serviceman nC
soldier, etc; see also
3
@ man

507

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

assistance

fire service nC see also

1
@ fire

server nC

civil service nU
civil servant nC see
2
also @ civil
emergency services
n pl see also @
emergency
social service nC see
1
also @ society /
social

service religious
ceremony
2
service
maintenance

service nC

service nC

service vT

session

session nC

serviceable adj
unserviceable neg
adj
service station nC
3
see also @ station

set vT put sth

somewhere
set vT get ready

set off/out phr v

start a journey
set up phr v arrange,
organize, establish

set-up nC
organisation,
arrangement

onset n sing
setback nC

set about phr v start

to do sth
set apart phr v
distinguish
set aside phr v leave
sth till later
set back phr v delay,
cost
set down phr v write
down
set down phr v place

server computing

set put sth

somewhere
2

set phrasal verbs,

etc

508

headword

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

set nC

sth on the ground

set forth phr v start
a journey
set free see also @
1
free
set off phr v start a
reaction, explosion,
etc
set on phr v attack
set out phr v
arrange things for
sale, etc

set vT

set adj

set nC

setting n sing

set vI
sunset nCU see also
@ sun
setting nC

settle vIT

set vT
set nC for making
film, etc

unsettled neg adj

unsettling neg adj
settle for phr v
settle on/upon phr v

settler nC

settle down phr v go

to live permanently
settle in/into phr v

set group of things,

people
4
set fixed,
predetermined
5
set TV, radio, etc
set going down of
sun, etc
set /setting where
sth takes place,
location
1
settle end
disagreement, etc

settle go to live
somewhere

A1

settle down phr v

become calmer
settlement nC
agreement
settlement nC
payment after
disagreement, etc
settle vIT
settlement nC

509

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

settle pay bill

settle vT

seven

seventh ordinal
1
number, fraction /7
seventeenth ordinal
1
number, fraction /17
seventieth ordinal
1
number, fraction /70

several

seven cardinal
number 7
seventeen cardinal
number 17
seventy cardinal
number 70
several det, pron

set up home
settle up phr v
settlement nU

several adj formal

severe

severe adj not kind

severely adv

severity nU

sew

severe adj extreme,

very bad
sew vIT

sewing nU

sewer

sex nU
sexual adj

sexually adv
sexy adj

sex gender

sex nC

sexuality nU
sexual intercourse
nU see also @
intercourse

sewer nC
sewage nU

sh!

sh!/shh! exclam

sexism nU
sexist nC

sewing machine nC
see also @ machine
sew up phr v close
by stitching
sew up phr v
complete sth
sewerage nU

sexily adv
sexiness nU
sex appeal nU see
2
also @ appeal
sex vT

shabby

shabby adj

shack

shack nC

shabbily adv
shabbiness nU

shade nU

shade vT
shady adj

shade nC lampshade
lampshade nC see

sex mating, making

love

shade /shadow no
sunlight

510

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

shadow nCU

shadowy adj

shade hue

shade nC

shade vIT

also @ lamp
shades n pl informal
sunglasses
sunshade nC see
also @ sun
without a shadow of
a doubt see also @
doubt

shaft of arrow,
lightning, etc
1
shake agitate

shaft nC

shake vI

shake vIT shake

hands
shake hands v see
also @ hand

shake nC

handshake nC see
1
also @ hand

shaky adj

shake /milkshake

shake nC

shall

shall modal future

shall modal offer,
question

shakily adv
shakiness nU
shaken adj
shake vT fig: upset
shake off phr v dust,
hair, etc
shake off phr v fig:
evade
shake up phr v
rearrange
shake-up nC
shake up phr v liquid
milkshake nC see
also @ milk

shallow adj

shame nU
ashamed adj

shallow
1

shame disgrace

shallow n usu pl
shallowness nU
shame vT
shameful adj
shamefully adv

511

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

shame regret,
disappointment
shampoo

shame nC usu sing

shape

shape nCU form

shape vT

shampoo nCU
shampoo vT
shape nU condition

share nC

share vIT

shared adj

sharing nU

share in company

share nC

shark

shareholder nC see
also @ hold/holder

shark nC sea creature

sharp adj

sharpen vT

sharply adv
suddenly

sharp adj
sharp adv sudden
change in direction

share divide with

others

sharp blade, point,

etc
2
sharp sudden,
painful

shaped adj
shapeless neg adj

shameless adj
shamelessly adv
shame on you!
exclam
shame-faced adj see

also @ face
what a shame!
exclam

shapelessly neg adv
shapelessness nU
shapely adv
misshapen neg adj
in good/poor shape
shape up phr v
develop
take shape
sharer nC
do ones share
fair share n sing
the lions share see
also @ lion

shark nC fig: sb
obtaining money
dishonestly
sharpener nC
sharpness nU

512

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

sharp adv

sharp intelligent,
sensitive, clear, etc
shatter

sharp adj

shatter vT

sharp-eyed adj see

also @ eye
shattered adj

shave

shave vIT
shave nC

she

she pron

shed nC

she- prefix
she nC informal

shed get rid of, flow

out

shed vT

sheep

sheep nC

sheer adj

sharp exact time

shed wooden hut

2

sheer vertical

shaver nC
electric shaver nC
see also @ electric
shaving nU
shaving nC
shaving soap/
cream/foam nU see
1
also @ cream ,
foam, soap
s/he pron

shed blood
bloodshed nU see
also @ blood
shed tears see also
2
@ tear
sheepishly adv
sheepdog nC see
also @ dog
shepherd nC
shepherd vT
black sheep nC see
2
also @ black
sheepskin nCU see

also @ skin

513

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A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

sheer total

sheer adj

sheet

sheet nC bedding

spreadsheet nC see
also @ spread

sheeting nU
style sheet nC see
2
also @ style

shelf

shelve vT
shelving nU

sheet nC cloth
covering
sheet nC piece of
paper
sheet nC piece of
metal, wood, glass,
etc
shelf nC
bookshelf nC see
1
also @ book

shell nC of animal,
egg, nut, etc

shell vT
nutshell nC see also @
1
nut

shell bullet

shell nC
shell vT

shelter

shelter nCU

shelter vIT

eggshell nCU see

also @ egg
in a nutshell
sea shell nC see also
@ ses
shellfish nU see also
@ fish
shelling nU
bombshell nC casing
of bomb
bombshell nC fig:
shock; see also @
bomb
sheltered adj

sheriff

sheriff nC

shield

shield nC

shield vT

windshield nC Am see
1
1
also @ wind , screen

shift move

shift vIT

shift nC movement

shifting adj

windshield wiper nC
Am see also @
wipe/wiper
makeshift adj

shilling

shilling nC

shell hard exterior

of sth.

514

headword

shine

A1

A2

ship nC
by ship

ship send goods

shirt

B1

B2

C1

C2

shine vI
shine nCU
sunshine nU see
also @ sun

shining adj
shiny adj

shipping nU

warship nC see also

@ war

spaceship nC see
2
also @ space

ship vT

battleship nC see
also @ battle
merchant ship nC
see also @ merchant
steamship nC see
also @ steam
shipper nC

shirt nC

t-shirt/T-shirt/tee-
shirt nC

shipbuilding nU see
1
also @ build / building
shipwreck nC see also
@ wreck
shipyard nC see also @
2
yard
shipment nC
shipping nU/adj

shit expressing
anger
shiver

shit nCU offensive

shit vI offensive
shit! exclam
offensive

shiver vI

shiver nC

shock

shock nCU violent

blow

shock nCU electric

shock
electric shock nCU
see also @ electric
shock nCU
emotional shock
shock vT

shocked adj
shocking adj

ship vessel

shit faeces

nightshirt nC see
also @ night
shirtsleeves n pl see
also @ sleeve
sweatshirt nC see
also @ sweat

shitty adj offensive
shit nC offensive
shivering nU
shivery adj
shocker nC informal
shockingly adv
shock absorber nC
see also @ absorb
shockproof adj see
3
also @ proof /-proof
unshockable neg adj

515

headword

shoe

B1

B2

C1

C2

horseshoe nC see
also @ horse
shoebrush nC see
also @ brush
shoemaker nC see
1
also @ make /maker
shoestring nC/on a
shoestring see also
@ string
in sbs shoes
shoot down phr v
aircraft, etc
shoot down phr v
fig: argument
shoot-out nC
shoot up phr v
overshoot vIT
bamboo shoots n pl
see also @ bamboo

shoe nC

shoeshop nC see
also @ shop

shoelace nC see also @

2
lace

shoot vIT

shooter nC
shooting nCU

shoot nC

shoot vI

shot nC

shop nC

shopping nU

shop vI

shopper nC

bookshop nC see

1
also @ book
shop assistant nC
see also @ assist/

assistant
shoeshop nC see
also @ shoe
shopping mall nC esp
Am see also @ mall
toyshop nC see also
@ toy

shoot young plant

shoot sport
shop store

A2

shoot fire gun; see

also @ shot

A1

shop around phr v

look for best price
go shopping
shopkeeper nC see also shoplifting nU
2
@ keep /keeper
shoplifter nC
shoplift vI see also
@ lift
shopwindow nC see
also @ window
shopping bag nC see
also @ bag
shopping list nC see
1
also @ list
barbers shop/

516

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A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

shop workshop

shore

short adj opp. tall

short adj opp. long
(distance)
short adj opp. long
(time)

short adv
short story nC see
1
also @ story

short not tall, not

long

short insufficient

workshop nC see
1
also @ work

shop nC

shore nC

seashore nC see also
@ sea

ashore adv
onshore adj
offshore adj
shorten vT

shortage nC

short adj

barber shop nC see

also @ barber
betting shop nC see
also @ bet/betting
charity shop nC Brit
see also @ charity
junk shop nC see
also @ junk
shopping cart nC Am
see also @ cart
shopping trolley nC
Brit see also @
1
trolley
window shopping
nU see also @
window
sweatshop nC see
also @ sweat
shoreline nC see
1
also @ line
shortcut nC
cut short phr v see
also @ cut
for short
in short
short-lived adj see
1
also @ live
short-sighted adj
1
see also @ sight
short-term nU/adj
1
see also @ term
fall short phr v
shortfall nC see also

517

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

X
1

short alcoholic
drink
shortcoming

short nC

@ fall
short of/run short of
sth phr v
short-change vT
short-changed adj
2
see also @ change

shortcoming nC

shortly soon

shortly adv

shorts short
trousers
shot see also @
1
shoot
should

shorts n pl

shot nC gunfire

like a shot

shoulder

should modal
recommendation
should modal duty
should modal
probability
should modal would
have been better
shoulder nC

shotgun nC see also @

gun

shoulder vT

shout

shout vIT

shout nC

shouting nU

give sb the cold

shoulder see also @
1
cold
shoulder blade nC
see also @ blade

shove

shove vIT informal

shove nC informal

shovel

shovel nC
shovel vT

shove off phr v

informal leave,
depart

518

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A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

show vT
demonstrate, prove
show vT make
visible to sb

show vT explain

showcase nC see also

3
@ case

show nC
performance

show nC public
event
show vIT display

shower nC

shower vI

shower brief
rainfall
shrewd

shower nC

shower vI

shrewd adj

shrimp

shrine

shrimp nC Brit/
shrimp nU Am
shrine nC

shrink

shrink vI

shrub

shrub nC

shrug

shrug vIT
shrug nC

shudder

shudder vI

show reveal,
demonstrate, prove

show theatrical/TV
performance

shower washing

show off phr v try to

impress
show up phr v
arrive, become
visible
show up phr v
embarrass sb
showing nC
showman nC see
3
also @ man
chat show nC see
also @ chat
floor show nC see
also @ floor
shower cap nC see
1
also @ cap
showery adj
shrewdly adv
shrewdness nU

enshrine vT formal
enshrined adj
shrinking nU
shrinkage nU
shrink from phr v
avoid
shrubbery nU
shrug off phr v
dismiss as
unimportant

519

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A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

shuffle

shudder nC
shuffle vIT mix things,
esp. playing cards

shut

shut vI

shut adj

shutter nC

shuttle

shuttle nC

shy

shy adj

sibling

sibling nC

sick adj

seasick adj

sick nU
sickness nU

sick ill

sick adj

sickness nU

sick adj

be sick of

sick vomit

sick unhappy

shuffle nC
reshuffle vT
reshuffle nC
shut away phr v
hide, lock up
shut down phr v
close a business
shut in phr v
enclose, imprison
shut off phr v isolate
shut out phr v
exclude
shut up phr v
imprison
shut up phr v silence
shut up! exclam
shuttle vI
space shuttle nC see
2
also @ space
shyly adv
shyness nU

seasickness nU see
also @ sea
feel sick esp Brit
the sick nU
sicken vT
sickly adv
sickroom nC see
1
also @ room
sickening adj
homesick adj see

520

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A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

X
1

seaside nU see also

@ sea

side facet of sth or

sb
3
side team,

argument, etc
4
side additional, usu.
unwanted

side nC

bedside adj see also @

1
bed
roadside nU/adj see
also @ road

side nC

side vI

sidewalk see also @

pavement, walk
siege

sidewalk nC esp Am

also @ home
be sick and tired see
1
also @ tire
sideways adj/adv
1
see also @ way
side-by-side adv
underside nC
be on the safe side
1
see also @ safe
side with sb phr v
take sides
side dish nC see also
2
@ dish
side effect nC
on the side
side salad nC see
also @ salad

siege nC

besiege vT

sift/sieve

sift vT

sigh

sigh vI

sigh nC

sieve nC
sieve vT
sift through phr v

sight nU sense

sight nC view
in sight/into sight
out of sight

eyesight nU see also

@ eye

sight vT

side surface of sth,

edge

side nC
side adj

sight sense

sighted adj
sightless neg adj
sighting nC
hindsight nCU
long-sighted adj see
1
also @ long
short-sighted adj
1
see also @ short

521

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A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

sign nC notice

sign nCU indication

sight nC usu pl
sightseeing nU see
also @ see
signpost nC see also
3
@ post

signify vT

sign vIT

signature nC

signing nU

signal indication,
message
2
signal traffic,
railway, etc

signal nC

signal vIT

signal nC

significant

significant adj

significantly adv

significance nU

insignificant neg adj

silence

silence nCU
silent adj

silently adv

silence vT

sight landmark

sign indication,
notice

sign /signature

at first sight
know sb by sight
catch sight of sb/sth
lose sight of sb/sth
love at first sight
see also @ first, love

plus sign nC see also

@ plus
minus sign nC see
also @ minus
signed adj
signatory nC
sign away/over phr v
give sth up by signing
a legal document
sign on/up phr v
agree to do sth by
signing a document
countersign vT

signal box nC see
1
also @ box
signalman nC see
3
also @ man
insignificance nU
insignificantly neg
adv
silencer nC

522

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A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

silicon

silicon nU

silk

silk nU

silky adj

silly

silly adj

silicon chip nC see

3
also @ chip
silkiness nU
silken adj
silkworm nC see
also @ worm
silliness nU

silver

silvery adj

similar

similar adj

silver nU metal
silver nU colour
silver adj

dissimilar neg adj

dissimilarity nCU

simmer

similarity nCU
similarly adv

simmer vIT

simple

simple adj easy to

do or understand
simply adv

simple adj not

ornate or
complicated

simplicity nU

simplify vT
simplistic adj

simply emphasis

simply adv

simmering adj
simmer down phr v
calm down
simplification nCU
simplified adj
unsimplified neg adj
simple-minded adj
1
see also @ mind

simulate

simulated adj

simultaneous

simultaneously adv

simulate vT
simulation nCU
simultaneous adj

sin

sin nCU

since adv, prep

sin vI
sinner nC
sinful adj

since because

since conj

sincere

sincere adj

yours sincerely letter
ending Brit/sincerely

sincerely adv

sincerity nU

insincere neg adj

insincerity nU
insincerely neg adv

since after

523

headword

A1

sing see also @ song sing vIT

A2

B1

yours letter ending

Am
singer nC

B2

C1

C2

singing nU

single adj esp Brit

one-way (ticket, etc)
single nC esp Brit
ticket, etc
single adj

single out phr v

singular adj grammar

singly adv

single mother nC
see also @ mother
single parent nC see
also @ parent

single adj only one

single unmarried,
without a partner

single adj for one

person
single room nC see
1
also @ room

sinister

sinister adj

sink go under water

sink vI go under
water

sink vI go down

single only one, for

one

sink basin

sink nC

sip

sir

siren warning device

sir nC
dear sir letter
opening see also @
1
dear

sip vIT
sip nC

sinking nCU
sinking adj
sunken adj
sink in phr v
understand
kitchen sink nC see
also @ kitchen

siren nC

sister

sister nC

sister-in-law nC see
2
also @ law

sit see also @ seat

sit vI

sit down phr v be

seated

sitting nC

sisterly adj
sisterhood nCU
step-sister nC see
3
also @ step
sit around phr v do
nothing while

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headword

A1

A2

B1

C2

waiting
sit back phr v do
nothing
sit for phr v take an
exam
sit out/through phr v
wait till the end
sit up phr v sit
upright
babysitting nU

site

site nC

situate locate

situation context

situation nC

situational adj

six

sixth ordinal number,

1
fraction /6
sixteenth ordinal
number, fraction
sixtieth ordinal
number, fraction
size nC measure:

clothes, shoes, etc

size

six cardinal number

6
sixteen cardinal
number 16
sixty cardinal
number 60
size nCU largeness

sizeable/sizable adj

skate

skate vI
skate nC

skater nC

size vT
sizeably/sizably
size up phr v form
an opinion, etc
life-size adj see also
@ life
pint-sized adj see
also @ pint
skating nU
ice skate nC

C1

sitting room nC see

1
also @ room
campsite nC see also
@ camp
website nC see also
2
@ web

situated adj

B2

babysit vIT
babysitter nC

site vT
caravan site nC Brit
see also @ caravan

situate vT formal

525

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A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

skeleton

skeleton nC

skeletal adj

sketch

sketch nC quick
drawing
sketch vIT draw a
sketch

ski

skill

skill nCU

skin

skin nCU human or

animal
skin nCU fruit, food,
object, etc

ski nC
ski vI
skier nC
skiing nU
skilful adj Brit/
skillful adj Am
skilled adj

skinny adj

ice skater nC
ice skating nU see
also @ ice
roller skate nC
roller skating nU see
1
also @ roll /roller
skateboard nC
skateboard vI
skateboarding nU
skateboarder nC see
1
also @ board

sketch nC short
description
sketch nC short
humorous
performance
sketch out phr v
outline
sketchy adj
water-skiing nU see
also @ water

skilfully adv Brit/

skillfully adv Am
unskilled neg adj
skin vT
skinless neg adj
banana skin nCU see
also @ banana
sheepskin nCU see
also @ sheep
thick-skinned adj

526

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

skip jump

skip vI

see also @ thick

skip over phr v omit

skipper

skipper nC

skipper vT

skirt nC

skirt edge

skull

skull nC

skirt vT
outskirts n pl

sky

sky nCU

slab

slab nC

skyscraper nC see also

@ scrape
skyline nC see also @
1
line

slam

slam vIT

slang

slang nU

slap

slash

slap vT
slap nC

slate roofing
material
slaughter

slash vIT cut

violently
slash vT reduce
greatly

slate nCU

slaughter nU
slaughter vT

slave

slave nC

slavery nU

manslaughter nCU
2
see also @ man
slaughterhouse nC
2
see also @ house
slave vI
slave away phr v

skirt garment

skullcap nC see also

1
@ cap
pie in the sky see
also @ pie
skyrocket vI see also
@ rocket

slam sth down/into/
on to phr v
grand slam nC see
1
also @ grand

slap in the face nC
see also @ face
slash nC
slashed adj

527

headword

sleek
sleep

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

sleek adj

sleep vI

sleep nCU
asleep adj

sleepy adj tired

sleepy adj quiet,

unexciting

sleeping adj
sleeping car nC see
2
also @ car

sleeve nC part of
clothing that covers
the arm

sleeve nC cover of
book or other object

sleep together phr v

sleep with sb phr v

sleep have sex with

sb
sleeve

A1

enslave vT
enslavement nU
slave driver nC see
2
also @ drive
sleekly adv
sleepily adv
sleepless neg adj
sleep off phr v sleep
so that you feel
better
sleep through phr v
sleep despite noise,
etc
fall asleep see also
1
@ fall
go to sleep
oversleep vI
sleeping bag nC see
also @ bag
sleeping partner nC
inactive business
partner; see also @
partner
sleeping pill/tablet
nC see also @ pill,
tablet
sleepwalker nC
sleepwalking nU see
also @ walk

sleeveless neg adj
shirtsleeves npl see
also @ shirt

528

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A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

slender

slice

slick

slice nC piece of
bread, etc
slice vT

slice nC share,
portion
sliced adj

slide

slide vI

slide nC act,
instance of sliding
slide nC playground
equipment

slight small

slightly adj

slight adj small

slim

slip small piece of

paper
slipper

slender adj thin

slender adj very limited

unsliced neg adj

slick adj

slickly adv

slight adj slender

sliding adj
landslide nC see also
1
@ land
let sth slide fail to
take action to stop
sth

slim adj

slip vI

slip nC fall

slippery adj

slip nC

slim vI
slimming nU
slippage nCU
slip-up nC
slip up phr v make a
small mistake
slip nC small mistake

slipper nC usu pl

slogan

slogan nC

slope

sloping adj

slot

slope nC
slope vI

slot nC

slow

slowly adv

slow adj opp. quick

slow adj watch,

slow adv informal

slot vT
slot sth into sth phr v
slot machine nC see
also @ machine
slowdown nC
slow-moving adj see

slip fall, slide

C2

529

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

slum

clock: opp. fast

slow vIT
slow down/up phr v

slump

slump vI

slump nC

sly

sly adj

smack hit with the

flat of your hand
small

smack vT

small adj

small-scale adj see

1
also @ scale

smart adj

smart adj

smash vT break into

pieces
smash vIT crash into
sth

smell nC odour
smell nU sense
smell vT detect a
smell
smell vI give off a
smell

smash vT break a
record

smash nC
smash adj

slyly adv
slyness nU
on the sly adv
secretly
smack nC
smacking nU
smallish adj
small change nU see
2
also @ change
smarten vT
smarten up phr v
smartly adv
smartness nU
smart card nC see
1
also @ card
smash-and-grab raid
nC Brit see also @
grad, raid
smash-up nC
smashing adj Brit
old-fashioned
smelly adj
smell a rat be
suspicious; see also
@ rat

smart tidy, neat,

etc esp Brit

smart intelligent
smash hit, shatter

smash great
success
smell

also @ move

slum nC

slummy adj

530

headword

A1

smile

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

smile vI
smile nC

smiling adj

smoke nU

smoking adj

smoke consume
tobacco

smoke vIT

smoking nU

smoker nC

smooth

smooth adj

smooth vT
smoothly adv

snack

snack nC

snail

snack bar nC see

1
also @ bar

snail nC

snake

snake nC

snap break suddenly

snap vIT

snatch

snatch vT

sneak

sneak vITsneak up
(on) phr v

sneaker nC usu pl esp

Am

sneeze

sneeze nC
sneeze vI

smoke from fire

smilingly adv
smiley nC, e.g.
unsmiling neg adj
smoked adj
smokeless neg adj
smoky adj
smoke nC
non-smoker nC
passive smoking nU
se also @ passive
smoothness nU
smoothie nC
smooth (things) over
phr v settle a
disagreement
snack vI
at a snails pace see
also @ pace
snake vI
grass snake nC see
also @ grass
rattlesnake nC see
also @ rattle
snap nC
snap out of it stop
being miserable
snatch nC
sneaking adj
sneaky adj
sneak nC esp Brit
not to be sneezed at

531

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

sniff

sniff vIT

snooker

snooker nU

sniff nC
sniff out phr v
detect

snort

snort vI

snort nC

snow

snow nU
snow vI

snowball nC see also

1
@ ball
snowstorm nC see
1
also @ storm

snowy adj

so conj
so introductory

so that

be snowed under
phr v be very busy
snowboard nC
snowboard vI see
1
also @ board
snow-capped adj
1
see also @ cap
snowdrift nC see
also @ drift
snowman nC see
3
also @ man
snowplough nC Brit/
snowplow nC Am
so as to

so adv to such an
extent

so adj

like so

so phrases

so-called adj see

1
also @ call

soak

soak vIT

and so on/forth
or so
so and so nC
so far as conj
so long as conj
so-so adj
soak nC
soak up phr v
soaked adj

so in order that,
therefore, etc
2
so to such an
extent
so true, as stated

532

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

soap

soap nCU

soar

soar vI

soaking adj
soap vT
soapy adj
soap opera nC see
also @ opera
shaving soap nU see
also @ shave
soaring adj

sob

sob vIT

sob nC

sober

sober adj

soccer

soccer nU

soberly adv
sobering adj
sober up phr v
sobriety nU

social security nU
1
see also @ secure /
security

socially adv

sociology nU
socialism nU
socialist nC
socialist adj

sociological adj

sociologist nU

society community/ society nC

social/ socialism
social adj relating to
society

societal adj
social service nC see
2
also @ serve /
service
social worker nC see
1
also @ work

society club/
socialize

society nC
social adj

sock

sock nC

socially adv
sociable adj
socialite nC
socialize vI

socket

socket nC

soda

soda nU

sodium

sodium nU

soda water nCU see

also @ water

sofa

sofa nC

533

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

soft adj not hard

soft adj gentle

soft adj music,

lights, colours, etc

softly adv

soften vIT

softball nU see also @

1
ball

soft non-alcoholic

soft adj

software

software nU

softened adj
softener nC
softness nU
soft drink nC see
also @ drink

soil

soil nCU

solar

solar adj

solar system nU see

also @ system

soldier

soldier nC

sole only; see also

@ solitary
solemn

sole adj

solely adv

solar energy nU see

also @ energy
solar panel nC see
2
also @ panel
soldier on phr v
persist

solemnity nU

solicit

solicitor

solicitor nC esp Brit

solemn adj
solemnly adv
solicit vT formal
unsolicited neg adj

solid

solid nC
solidarity nU

solitary see also @

sole
solo

solid adj not liquid

or gas
solid adj hard; opp.
hollow

solo nC

solitary adj
solitude nU

solidly adv
solidify vI
solidification nU
solidity nU

solve vT
solution nC answer

soft opp. hard

solve/solution

solo adj
solo adv
soloist nC
solvable adj
insoluble neg adj
unsolved neg adj

534

headword
2

solution liquid; see

also @ dissolve

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

solution nCU

solvent nCU

soluble adj

dissolve vI turn into

a solution

some

some det, pron, adv

somebody pron
someone pron
something pron
sometimes adv
somewhere adv

sometime adv

someplace adv Am
informal

son

son nC

somehow adv in
some way
somehow adv for
some reason
something else see
also @ else
somewhat adv

grandson nC see
2
also @ grand

son-in-law nC see also
2
@ law

song see also @ sing song nC

folksong nC see also @

folk

soon

as soon as
as soon as possible

soon adv within a

short time

solubility nU
insoluble neg adj
dissolve vT legally
end marriage, etc
dissolution nU legal
end of marriage, etc

someday adv
or something
some other time see
2
also @ time

foster son nC see
also @ foster
godson nC see also
@ god
son-of-a-bitch nC esp
Am offensive see
also @ bitch
birdsong nU see also
@ bird
songwriter nC see
also @ write/writer
the sooner the
better
sooner or later see
1
also @ late
no sooner than
would sooner
than

535

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

sophisticated

sophisticated adj

sophistication nU

sore painful

sore adj

sore nC

sorry adj sad

sorrow nU

sorry adj regretful,

apologetic
(Im) sorry! exclam
apology
sort nC

sort separate

sort vT separate

assorted adj
assortment nC

soul

soul nC spirit

soul nC old-
fashioned person

sound nC noise, etc

sound nU volume
sound vT

sorry /sorrow sad

sorry apology,
regret

sort type

sound noise, etc

unsophisticated neg
adj
soreness nU
eyesore nC see also
@ eye
sorrowful adj
sorrowfully adv

all sorts
of a sort/of sorts
sort of
sorted adj
sort out phr v
separate, tidy up
sort out phr v Brit
deal with
soulless neg adj
soul-destroying adj
see also @ destroy
soul mate nC see
2
also @ mate
soul music nU see
also @ music
soul-searching adj
see also @ search
keep body and soul
together see also @
body
soundproof adj
soundproof vIT
soundproofing nU

536

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

X
3

see also @ proof

sound barrier nU
see also @ barrier
soundbite nC see
also @ bite
sound off phr v give
ones opinion
forcefully
sound out phr v ask
sbs opinion
sounding n usu pl
unsound neg adj
safe and sound

sound seem

sound vI

sound not
damaged, effective
soup

sound adj

soup nCU

sour

sour adj

source

source nC

sourness nU
sour vIT
source vT

south

south nU
south adv
south adj

southern adj

South Pole nU see

2
also @ pole

southerly adj
southernmost adj
go south

souvenir

southeast/south-
east nU/adj
southeastern adj
southwest/south-
west nU/adj
southwestern adj

southward/
southwards adv see
2
also @ ward

souvenir nC

sovereign

sovereign adj

sow

sovereign nC formal
monarch
sovereignty nU

sow vT

spa

spa nC

537

headword

A1

A2

space nU emptiness,
empty area

space nU

spade card suit

space emptiness

B1

B2

C1

C2

space nC vacant

area, e.g. for parking,
in printing, etc
spacecraft nC see
spaceship nC see
2
1
also @ craft
also @ ship

spatial adj

space vT
spacious adj

spacing nU
spatially adv

spade nC

space shuttle nC see

also @ shuttle
space station nC see
3
also @ station

spade nC

spaghetti

spaghetti nU

span

spare extra

spare adj
spare nC sth extra,
e.g. spare wheel

spare vT give sth,

esp time, money

span nC
span vT
lifespan nC see also
@ life

spark/sparkle

spark nC
spark vT

speak/spoken see
1
also @ speech ,
2
speech

speak vI say
speak vT know a
language

speaker nC sb who
speaks

sparkle vI
sparkle nU
sparkling adj
speaker nC
loudspeaker

spare time nU see

1
also @ time
spare no effort see
also @ effort
spare ribs n pl see
also @ rib
spare tyre nC Brit/
spare tire nC Am see
2
also @ tyre/tire
spare wheel nC see
also @ wheel

space cosmos

spade shovel

speaking nU
speaking adj
unspeakable neg adj
unspeakably neg adv
unspoken neg adj

538

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

spear

special

specialist nC
specialist adj

specialize vI
specially adv

speciality nC Brit/
specialty nC Am
specialized adj

specialization nCU

species

special adj opp.

ordinary
special adj particular
especially adv
species nC

speak for/against
phr v argue for/
against sth/sb
speak of phr v
mention
speak out/up phr v
speak louder, protest
speak out of turn
2
see also @ turn
plain-spoken/plain-
speaking adj see
1
also @ plain
spear vI
spearhead nC
spearhead vT

specific/specify

specific adj

specifically adv
specify vT

specified adj

specification

specification nC

specific nC
unspecified neg adj
specificity nU

specimen

specimen nC

spec nC abbrev
informal

spectacle/spectator

spectacular adj

spectacularly adv

spectrum

spectrum n sing

spectacle nC
spectator nC

speculate

speculation nCU
consideration

speculate vIT

speculative adj

speculation nU
financial
speculator nC

spokesman/woman
3
nC see also @ man /
2
woman

outspoken adj
loudspeaker nC see
also @ loud
spear nC

539

headword
1

speech oratory;
see also @ speak
2
speech ability to
speak; see also @
speak
speed

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

speech nC

speech nU

figure of speech nC see

5
also @ figure

speed nCU

speed limit nC see

also @ limit

speed vI

speedy adj

spell vT

spelling nU

speechless neg adj

part of speech nC
1
see also @ part
speed up phr v
speeding adj
speeding nU
high-speed adj
speedboat nC see
also @ boat
speedometer nC see
also @ meter
spell out phr v

spell period of time

spell nC

spend

spend vIT money

spend vIT time

spending nU

spender nC

sperm

sperm nCU

sphere

sphere nC

hemisphere nC

sperm-count nC see
also @ count
spherical adj

spice

spice nCU
spicy adj

spider

spider nC

spike

spike nC

spill

spill vT

spill nC

spell in writing

spiced adj
spice vT
spice up phr v
spidery adj
spiky adj
spike vT
spilled adj
spill out phr v
spill over phr v
spillway nC see also
3
@ way
spill the beans idiom
see also @ bean

540

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

spin

spin vI

spin nCU

spinach

spinach nU

spine backbone

spine nC backbone

spinal adj

spiral/spire

spiral nC

spirit nCU

spirit nC

spiritual adj

spirit nC

spit vI
spit nU

spit vI fig rain lightly

spite nU

spite /despite

despite prep

in spite of prep

splash

splendid

split

splendid adj
splendid! exclam
split vIT crack
split vT divide,

splash vI
splash nC
splendour nU Brit/
splendor nU Am
split adj

spirit attitude,
morale, liveliness,
etc
2
spirit soul, ghost,
etc
3
spirit alcoholic
drink
spit

spite ill-will

spinner nC
spin out phr v
prolong
in a spin idiom

spine nC of book,
etc
spiral adj
spiral vI
spire nC
spirited adj
spiritless neg adj
in high/low spirits
spiritually adv
spirituality nU

spittle nU
spit sth out phr v
speak openly
spiteful adj
spitefully adj
cut off your nose to
spite your face idiom
see also @ face,
nose


splendidly adv
split up phr v divide,
separate

541

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

separate
split nC

split hairs idiom/

hair-splitting adj see
also @ hair
spoiled/spoilt adj
unspoiled/unspoilt
neg adj
spoiled/spoilt adj

spoil ruin

spoil vT

spoil give too much

attention, esp. to a
child
spoken see also @
speak

spoil vT

spokesperson nC
see also @ person

spoken adj
outspoken adj

sponge for washing

spokesman nC see
3
also @ man
spokeswoman nC
2
see also @ woman

sponge nCU

sponge vT wipe clean

unspoken neg adj

plain-spoken/plain-
speaking adj see
1
also @ plain

sponsor

sponsor vT

sponsor nC

sponsorship nU

sponsored adj

spontaneous

spontaneous adj

spontaneously adv

spontaneity nU

spoon

spoon nC

spoon vT
spoonful nC
sporty adj
sportsmanship nU
3
see also @ man
sports car nC see
1
also @ car

sporting adj

sport vT

sport nC

spot nC

spotlight nC see also

1
@ light

spot nC

sport wear, show

sth publicly
1
spot particular
place

spot small patch,

mark

tablespoon nC see
1
also @ table
sportsman nC see
3
also @ man
sportswoman nC
2
see also @ woman

sport games, etc

teaspoon nC see
1
also @ tea
sports centre nC
sportsground nC see
2
Brit/ sportscenter nC also @ ground
Am see also @

2
centre/ center

on the spot
immediately; at that
place
beauty spot nC see
also @ beauty
spotted adj
spotless neg adj

542

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

spot nC

spotty adj

spot notice

spot vT

spouse

spouse nC

spousal adj

spray

spread

spread vI

spray vIT
spray nCU

spread n sing

spreadsheet nC see
also @ spread

spring nCU

spring jump

springtime nU see
1
also @ time

spring vI

spring coil

spring nC

sprinkle

sprinkle vT

spy

squad/squadron

spy nC
spy vI

squad nC

squadron nC

square nC four-sided
shape
square adj
square nC open
space in town

hairspray nU see
also @ hair
spread out phr v
widespread adj see
also @ wide
spring-clean viT, nU
see also @ clean
spring from/out/up
phr v
springy adj
springboard nC see
1
also @ board
sprinkle nC
sprinkler nC
sprinkling nCU
spyhole nC Brit see
also @ hole
firing squad nC see
2
also @ fire

square vT

squash vT
squash nC
squat vI

spot inflammation

spring season

square four-sided
shape

square
mathematics
squash
1

squat crouch

square n usu sing

square root nC
squashed adj

543

headword
2

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

squat occupy
property without
consent
squeeze

squat vI

squat nC
squatter nC

squirrel

squeeze vIT
squeeze nC

squirrel nC

stab

stab vT
stab nC

stable adj

stable horse
accommodation
stack

stability nU
stabilize vIT
stable nC

unstable neg adj

instability nU

squirrel away phr v

hide
stabbing adj
stabbing nCU
stab in the back v/nC
2
see also @ back
destabilize vT

stadium

stadium nC

stack nC
stack vT

staff workers

staff nU

staff vT

stag

stag nC

stage point in a
series
2
stage in theatre

stage nC

stage nC

stage vT put on a
play

stagger walk
unsteadily
stain

stagger vI

stain vIT
stain nC

stainless neg adj

stable unchanging

stablemate nC see
also @ mate
chimneystack nC
see also @ chimney

staffer nC esp Am
staffing nU
stag party nC see
1
also @ party
stage coach nC see
also @ coach
onstage adv
offstage adv
backstage adv/adj
stagger nC
stained adj
bloodstain nC
bloodstained adj
see also @ blood

544

headword

stair

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

staircase nC see also

3
@ case

stained glass nU see

1
also @ glass
stainless steel nU
see also @ steel

stake nC

stair nC

stake share in sth,

esp. business
2
stake bet

downstairs adj/adv
upstairs adj/adv

stake vT

stale

stale adj

stakeholder nC see
also @ hold/holder
stake nC
at stake
staleness nU

stall nC Brit

stall vIT

stamp postage
stamp
2
stamp with foot

stamp nC

stamp vIT
stamp nC

stance

stance nC

postage stamp nC
1
see also @ post
stamp on phr v
stamp out phr v end
sth

stand vI remain
upright
stand vI/stand up
phr v get to ones
feet

stand in line Am see

1
also @ line , queue

stand vIT be
situated; cause to be
situated

standstill n sing see

2
also @ still

stand nC

standpoint nC see
1
also @ point

stall market stand

stall delay
1

stand remain
upright

stand attitude,
stance

stand nC place
where people stand,
e.g. at sports ground
stand still see also
2
@ still
at a standstill
witness stand nC esp
Am see also @

witness

545

headword
3

stand phrasal
verbs, nouns, etc

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

outstanding adj
remarkable

stand against phr v

run in an election
against sb
stand back phr v
take no part in sth
stand by phr v stand
and watch
bystander nC sb
who stands and
watches
stand by phr v
support
stand by phr v wait
ready
standby nC reserve
stand down phr v
resign
stand for phr v
signify, represent
stand for phr v run
in an election
stand in for phr v
deputise, substitute
stand-in nC
substitute
stand out phr v be
remarkable
stand out for/
against phr v
demand that sth
should/should not be
stand up for phr v
support sb/sth
stand up to phr v

546

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

stand tolerate

standard nCU

standard normal

standing reputation

resist

stand for phr v

allow, tolerate

stand vT
cant stand sb/sth

standard adj

standardized adj

standing nU

standard of living nC
see also @ life/
living
standardize vT
standardization nU

standpoint nC see
1
2
also @ point , stand

staple nC

star nC in the sky

star nC sth star-

shaped

star main actor

superstar nC

stare

stare vI

star nC
film/movie star nC
1
see also @ film ,
movie
star vI
stare nC

stark

stark adj

starkly adv

start vIT begin

start nC

starter nC race
starter

starter nC first course

of menu

startle vT

start off phr v

start up phr v
start-up nC
to start with
startled adj

standard level,
quality, etc

standpoint

standstill see also @

1
2
stand , still
staple metal
fastener

star in sky

start

start / startle

standstill n sing

stand still
at a standstill
staple vT
stapler nC
staple gun nC see
also @ gun
starry adj
starlight nU see also
1
@ light
star adj
stardom nU
starring adj

547

headword

starve

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

startling adj
start vI move
suddenly
start n usu sing

starve vI

state nC

state nC
state adj

statesman nC see also

3
@ man

state vT
statement nC

state province

state nC esp Am

static

static adj

interstate adj esp Am

statewide adj

station nC

stationmaster nC
see also @ master

bus station nC see

also @ bus
railway station nC
Brit/ railroad station
nC Am see also @
1
rail
train station nC esp
1
Am see also @ train
station nC

state condition

state country

state say, express

station railway,
bus, etc

station radio, TV,

starvation nU
starving adj

state of affairs n sing

see also @ affair
state of mind nC see
also @ mind
statesmanship nU
3
see also @ man
state school nC esp
Am see also @
school
stated adj
overstate vT
overstatement nCU
understate vT
understated adj
understatement nCU

548

headword

etc
3
station workplace

A1

A2

station nC

B1

B2

police station nC see

also @ police

C1

workstation nC see
1
also @ work

station vT usu passive

fire station nC esp Brit
1
see also @ fire

stationary adj

C2

polling station nC
see also @ poll/
polling
space station nC see
2
also @ space
service station nC
2
see also @ service
power station nC
2
see also @ station

station petrol, etc

stationary

petrol station nC Brit

see also @ petrol
gas station nC Am
2
see also @ gas

stationery

stationery nU

stationer nC

statistic

statistical adj

statistically adv

statistician nC

statue

statistic nC
statistics nU
statue nC

stature

stature nU

statuette nC
statuesque adj

status

status nCU

status quo n sing

statute

statute nC

statutory adj

stay

stay vI remain

stay vI continue
stay vI live
temporarily

stay nC time living

somewhere

steady

steady adj

steadily adv

steady vIT

stay behind/on phr v

remain when others
have gone
stay put not move;
see also @ put
stay up phr v not go
to bed; remain in the
air
unsteady neg adj
unsteadily neg adv

549

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

steak

steak nCU

steal/stolen

steal vIT

stolen adj

steam

steam nU

steam vI

steel

steel nU

steep

steep adj inclined

steer

steeply adv

stem nC of plant

steep adj overpriced

steer vIT
steering nU
steering wheel nC
see also @ wheel

steamed adj
steaming adj
steamy adj
steamer nC
steamship
steamer nC cooking
utensil
steam engine nC see
also @ engine
steamship nC see
1
also @ ship
steely adj
stainless steel nU
see also @ stain
steepness nU

stem vT

step nC pace

step vI walk

step nC stair, rung,

etc

footstep nC see also

1
@ foot

doorstep nC see also @ in step/out of step

door
step aside phr v
step down phr v lit:
take a step
downwards
step down phr v fig:

stem part of plant

stem stop spread,

growth of sth
1
step pace, part of
ladder

steer clear see also

4
@ clear

stem nC fig: of
glass, etc
stem from phr v

550

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

step stage in a
series
3
step /step-

step nC

stereo

stereotype

stereo nC
stereo adj

stereotype nC

sterile

sterile adj

sterling

stern

sterling adj
sterling nU
pound sterling nU
1
see also @ pound

stern adj

leave a job, etc

step in phr v
intervene
step up phr v
increase
stepping stone nC
see also @ stone
step by step
step-brother/sister
nC see also @
brother/sister
step-mother/father/
parent nC see also
@ mother/father/
parent
step-son/daughter
nC see also @ son/
daughter

stereotypical adj
stereotype vT
stereotyping nU
sterility nU
sterilize vT
sterilization nU
sterilized adj

sternly adv
sternness nU

551

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

stew

stew nCU

steward/stewardess

stewardess nC

steward nC

stick vT

stick vI/stick to phr v sticky adj

glue, attach firmly
stick vI jam

sticker nC

sticking adj

lipstick nC see also @

lip

stick nC short
branch
stick nC rod
stiff adj rigid

stiff adj informal

overpriced

stick push sth into

sth

stick attach, glue,

etc

stick length of
wood, etc
stiff rigid

stiff overpriced

stew vIT
stewed adj
stewardship nU
stick sth in/into phr
v
stick out phr v
protrude
stick out for phr v
demand
stick around phr v
not leave
stick at phr v persist
stick by sb phr v
continue to support
stick to/with sth phr
v not change
stick together phr v
remain friends
stick up for phr v
support
sticking plaster nC
Brit see also @
2
plaster
walking stick nC see

also @ walk

stiff adj informal
strongly alcoholic
stiffen vIT
stiffness nU

552

headword

stifle

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

stifle vT

still adv ongoing

still adv even more,

etc

stifled adj
stifling adj

still adj

still despite

still adv

still nU
stillness nU
standstill n sing see
1
also @ stand

still vT
stand still see also
1
@ stand
at a standstill

stimulus

stimulation nU

sting

stimulated adj
stimulating adj
stinging nettle nC

stink

sting vIT of insect,

plant, etc
sting vIT physical,
mental pain
sting nC

stimulus nCU
stimulate vT

stinking adj informal

stir vIT

stink vI informal
stink nCU informal

stir nC

stir vI wake up

stir vT excite

stock nC

stitch nC
stitch vT
stock vT
in stock
out of stock

stock nC

stirring adj
stir up phr v
stitching nU
stitch sb up phr v
stockist nC Brit
stockpile nC
stockpile vT see also
@ pile
stock up phr v
stockbroker nC see
also @ broker
stock exchange nC
1
see also @ change

still ongoing
still unmoving

stir agitate with

spoon, etc
2
stir move, excite,
etc
stitch
stock store, supply
of sth

stock business:
stocks and shares

553

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

stocking

stocking nC

stock market nC see

1
also @ market

stolen see also @

steal
stomach

stolen adj

stomach nC

stomach vT tolerate

stone

stone nU rock
stone nC pebble,
boulder, etc

stone nC hard seed

in fruit

stomach ache nCU

see also @ ache

stony adj

limestone nU see also

2
@ lime
milestone nC see also
@ mile
sandstone nU see also
@ sand

stool chair

stool nC

stomach pump nC
see also @ pump
stone vT
cornerstone nC see
also @ corner
gemstone nC see
also @ gem
paving stone nC esp
Brit
gravestone nC see
1
also @ grave
grindstone nC see

also @ grind
hailstone nC see
2
also @ hail
kerbstone nC Brit/
curbstone nC Am
see also @
curb/kerb
stepping stone nC
1
see also @ step
tombstone nC see
also @ tomb

stoop

stop vIT

stop nC stopping
point, e.g. bus stop

stop nC pause
during a journey

stoop vI
stoop nC

stoppage nC
stopper nC

stop halt

554

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

bus stop nC see also

@ bus

stop prevent

stop vT

store nC storage
place

store vT
storage nU
store nC supply of
sth

store nC shop, often

large

drugstore nC Am
1
see also @ drug

bookstore nC esp Am
1
see also @ book

storm nC

department store nC
see also @
department
grocery nC Brit/
grocery store nC Am

see also @ grocer
storey nC Brit/story
nC Am
rainstorm nC see
also @ rain
snowstorm nC see
also @ snow
thunderstorm nC
see also @ thunder

stormy adj

store place for

storing things

store shop

storey/story floor
of building
1
storm bad weather

non-stop adj
stop behind phr v
not leave, remain
stop by phr v visit
stop in phr v remain
indoors
stop off/over phr v
side trip during a
journey
stopover nC
stop watch nC see
2
also @ watch
come to a stop
unstoppable neg adj
put a stop to sth
in store
storehouse nC see
2
also @ house
storeroom nC see
1
also @ room
storekeeper nC esp
Am see also @
2
keep /keeper

multi-storey car park

2
nC see also @ park
hailstorm nC see
2
also @ hail

555

headword
2

storm attack

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

storm vT

storming nC

story nC fictional
account, anecdote

story nC report of
events

short story nC see

1
also @ short

story /storey floor

of building
stout

story nC Am/storey
nC Brit

storybook adj see

1
also @ book
storyteller nC
storytelling nU see
also @ tell

stout adj

stove

stove nC

straight adj not

curved or bent
straight on adv
without turning

straighten vIT

straight adv
straightaway adv

straight adj honest

go straight phr v
remain honest
straight nC straight
section, e.g. on race
track
straight face nC
tell sb straight

straightforward adj

strain stress, tension

strain vIT

strained adj

strait

strain nCU physical

tension
strain nCU mental
stress

strait nC water channel

strand nC

straits n pl difficult
circumstances
straitened adj

strange

strange adj

strangely adv

strangeness nU

stranger

stranger nC

estrange vT
estrangement nU

story account of
events

straight opp. bent

straight directly,
immediately
straightforward

strand thread

stoutly adv
stoutness nU

556

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

strap

strategy

strategy nC

strategic adj

strap nC
strap vT

straw

straw nCU

strawberry

stray

strawberry nC see
also @ berry

streak

stream flow

street

C2

estranged adj

strategically adv
strategist nC

stray vI

streak nC

stream nC small
river

stream vI
stream nC flow of
people, things

street nC

strength see also @

strong

strength nU physical
strength

strengthen vT

strenuous

strenuous adj

stray adj
stray nC
streak vI
streaky adj
downstream adv
upstream adv
streaming adj
bloodstream nU see
also @ blood
downstream adj
upstream adj
high street n sing
Brit
main street n sing
Am
streetcar nC see also
2
@ car
strength nCU moral,
emotional, etc
strength nU
intensity
in strength
strenuously adv

stress nCU

stressed adj
stressful adj

stress vI informal
stress out phr v

stream small river

stress worry

last straw n sing

557

headword
2

A1

A2

stress emphasize

stretch

stretch vT make
longer
stretch vI extend,
reach

strict exact

B1

B2

stress vT
stress nCU

stride

C1

C2

stressed adj

stretch nC stretching
movement

strict adj

stretch vT damage
by stretching
stretchy adj
stretch oneself
physically, mentally,
financially, etc
stretch nC distance
stretch nC length of
time
outstretched adj
strictness nU

strictly adv

strict adj

stride nC pace
stride vI

strike vIT formal hit

sth

strike vT bell, clock,

etc
strike vT light a
match
strike vT find gold,
luck, etc

strike industrial
stoppage
3
strike think
suddenly

striker nC

strike nC
strike vI

strikingly adv

string

string nCU thin rope

striking adj
interesting,
attractive

stride nC advance
take sth in ones
stride idiom
strike nC attack
airstrike nC see also
2
@ air
strike out phr v hit
out
stricken adj formal
poverty-stricken adj
see also @ poverty
striking nU
on strike
strike vT

strict disciplined

strike hit; see also

@ stroke

string vT

string nC series
stringy adj
shoestring nC/on a

558

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

strip vIT remove

clothes, etc

strip long, thin

piece of paper, etc
stripe

strip nC

stripe nC

striped adj

shoestring see also

@ shoe
pull the strings
string sb along phr v
deceive sb
string up phr v kill by
hanging
strip vT remove
privileges, title, etc
strip off phr v
stripped adj
stripper nC sb who
removes clothes
stripper nC sth to
remove paint, etc
strip club nC see
1
also @ club
striptease nU see
also @ tease
airstrip nC see also
2
@ air
stripy adj

strive

strive vI

stroke nC

stroke blow, hit;

1
see also @ strike
stroll

stroke nC

stroke vT
stroke nC

brushstroke nC see
also @ brush

stroll vI
stroll nC

strong see also @

strong adj opp.

strongly adv

strip remove

stroke medical
condition
2
stroke caress
3

stroller nC Am
pushchair; see also
@ push, chair
stronghold nC

559

headword

strength

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

weak
strong adj durable
strong adj intense
1

infrastructure nU

restructure vT
restructuring nU

strongroom nC see
1
also @ room
headstrong adj see
1
also @ head
structured adj
structurally adv

struggling adj

stubborn adj

study nC academic
paper
study nC workroom

studio nC artists
work room

stubbornly adv
stubbornness nU
studious adj
studiously adv
studiousness nU
studied adj
case study nC see
1
also @ case

structure way sth is

built, organized, etc
2
structure building

structure nCU

structural adj

structure vT

structure nC

struggle

stubborn

struggle vI
struggle nC

student/study

study nCU academic

research, etc
study vIT
student nC

studio

stuff nU informal

studio nC place
where films, TV
programmes, etc are
made

stuff fill

stuff vT

stumble

stumble vI

stun

stun vT
stunning adj very

stuff things

foodstuff nC see
also @ food
stuffed adj
stuffing nU
stumble across/on/
upon phr v find by
chance
stumbling block nC
obstacle; see also @
2
block
stunned adj
stunningly adv

560

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

beautiful

stun gun nC see also

@ gun
stupidly adv

stupid

stupid adj

stupidity nU

sturdy

sturdy adj

sty see @ pig/pigsty

style nC

style nC

lifestyle nCU see

also @ life

style nCU

stylish adj

style nU

stylish adj

hairstyle nC see also @

hair
styling nU

stylistic adj
stylistics nU
style sheet nC see

also @ sheet
style vT
stylist nC
stylishness nU

sub-committee nC

subject nC topic

subject inflict

subject nC grammar
subject nC area of
study at school, etc

subconscious nU
subconsciously adv

subject vT

subject under
control of sb/sth
4
subject /subject to
depending on
subjective

subjection nU

subject adj
subject nC citizen

subject to adj

subjective adj

subjectivity nU

submarine see also

2
@ marine

submarine nC
sub nC informal

submarine adj
submariner nC

style individual
way, method, etc
2
style style in art,
literature, music, etc

style fashion/
design
4
style attractive
quality
sub-committee see
@ committee
subconscious see @
2
conscious
1
subject topic

sturdiness nU
sturdily adv
sty nC
pigsty nC

561

headword

A1

A2

B1

submit apply

subscribe

subsequent

subsidiary

subsidy

B2

C1

C2

submit vT
submission nC

unsubscribe vI

subsequent adj
formal
subsequently adv

subscribe vI
subscription nC
subscriber nC

subsidy nC

subsidiary nC
subsidiary adj

subsidize vT

substance

substance nC

subsidized adj
unsubsidized neg adj

substantial

substantial adj

substantially adv

substantive adj

substitute

substitution nU

subtle

substitute vT
substitute nC

subtle adj

subtract

subtract vIT

subtly adv
subtlety nCU

suburb see also @

urban
subway

suburbia nU

subway nC esp Brit
pedestrian
underpass

success nCU
successful adj

succeed vI

successfully adv

suburb nC
suburban adj
subway nC esp Am
underground
railway; see also @
2
way

unsuccessful neg adj

unsuccessfully neg adv

succession n sing

succeed vT

such det of that sort

such as for example

successive adj
successor nC
such pron

such that
as such

succeed /success
opp. fail/failure
2
succeed /succession
follow
such

insubstantial neg adj

substantiate vT
substantiation nU
substitute adj

subtraction nU

562

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

suck/suction

suck vIT

sudden

suddenly adv

sudden adj

sue

sue vIT

suffer endure pain,

hardship, etc

suffer vIT

suffering nCU

sufferer nC

sufficient

sufficient adj

sufficiently adv

insufficient neg adj

suffice vI

suffix see also @

prefix
sugar

suffix nC

sugar nU

suggest

suggest vT propose

suggestion nC

suggest vT imply

suggestive adj

suicide

suicide nCU

such and such

suchlike adj, pron
suction nU
sucker nC
suckle vIT
suddenness nU
all of a sudden
suddenly

suffer from/with phr
v
long-suffering adj
1
see also @ long
insufficiently neg
adv

sugar vT
sugary adj
sugarcane nU see
also @ cane
sugar daddy nC
informal see also @
daddy
sugar-free adj see
3
also @ free
icing sugar nU Brit
2
see also @ ice
confectioners sugar
nU Am
suggested adj
suggestively adv
suicidal adj

563

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

commit suicide see

1
also @ commit

suit be appropriate,
convenient, etc

pesticide nCU

suit vT be
appropriate,
convenient
suitable adj
suit nC
suitcase nC see also
2
@ case

suit vT match, look

good on sb/sth

suitability nU
suitably adv
unsuitable neg adj

track suit nC see

2
also @ track

suicide bomber nC
see also @ bomb/
bomber
fungicide nCU
genocide nU
herbicide nCU
homicide nCU
insecticide nCU see
also @ insect
suited adj
unsuited neg adj
unsuitably neg adv

suit cards

suit nC

suite

suite nC

sulphur/sulfur

sulphur nU Brit/
sulfur nU Am

sum nC

sulphurous adj Brit/

sulfurous adj Am
sulphuric acid nU
Brit/ sulfuric acid nC
Am see also @ acid

summarize vIT

sum nC

sum/sum up phr v
summary nC

sum vT
in sum

suit clothes

sum amount of
money
2
sum /sum up/
summary
3
sum total

dinner suit nC see

also @ dinner
swimsuit nC see also
@ swim
trouser suit nC see
also @ trousers
follow suit see also
1
@ follow

564

headword
4

sum mathematical
problem
summer

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

sum nC

summer nCU

summertime nU see
1
also @ time

summit top of
mountain
2
summit high-level
meeting
summon

summit nC

summery adj
midsummer nU see
also @ middle/mid-
summer holiday nC
see also @ holiday

summit nC

summon vT

sun

sun nCU

sunny adj

sunlight nU see also
1
@ light

super/superb

sunbathe vI
sunbathing nU
sunbather nC see
also @ bath/bathe
sunrise nCU see also
1
@ rise
sunset nCU see also
6
@ set
sunshine nU see
also @ shine
super adj informal

superb adj

superbly adv

superficial

superintendent

superintendent nC

superficial adj
superficially adv

superior see also @

inferior
supermarket see
1
also @ market

superior adj

superior nC

superiority nU

supermarket nC

summons nC
summons vT
summon up phr v

sun vT/sun oneself
sunburn nU/vI
sunbeam nC see
2
sunburnt/sunburned
also @ beam
adj see also @ burn
sunscreen nCU see
2
sunglasses n pl see also also @ screen
@ glasses
sunflower nC see
suntan n sing see also
also @ flower
@ tan
sunshade nC see
1
also @ shade

superintend vT

565

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

supernatural see
1
also @ natural

supernatural adj

supersonic

supersonic adj

supervise

supervision nU

supervise vIT
supervisor nC

supervisory adj

supper

supper nC

supervised adj
unsupervised neg
adj

supplement

supplement vT

supplement nC

supplementary adj

supply

supply vT
supply nC

supplier nC

support

support vT agree
with opinions or
policies
suppose vT believe
to be true

support vT hold
upright
supporter nC

support vT look
after, esp. financially

supporting adj
supportive adj

supposedly adv

suppress

support vT
encourage, e.g.
sports fan
supposed adj
be supposed to
should, ought

suppress vT

suppression nU

supreme

supreme adj

supremacy nU

supply and demand

nU see also @
2
demand
in short supply
support vT support
an argument, theory
unsupported neg adj
suppose/supposing
if
supposition nCU
suppressed adj
unsuppressed neg
adj
supremely adv

sure

sure adj

surely adv
ensure vT

unsure neg adj

for sure
sure enough

surf

sure! exclam
make sure see also
1
@ make

surf nU
surf vI

surface

surface nC

surfing nU
windsurfing nU see
1
also @ wind

surface vI

surfboard nC see
1
also @ board
surfer nC
surface adj

surge

surge nC
surge vI

upsurge nC

suppose

supernaturally adv
supernatural/the
supernatural nU

566

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

surgeon/surgery

surgery nU surgical
procedure

surgeon nC
surgery nC doctors
office

surgical adj

surname see also @

name
surpass see also @
1
pass
surplus

surname nC

surgically adv
surgery hours n pl
see also @ hour
plastic surgery nU
plastic surgeon nC
2
see also @ plastic

surpass vT

unsurpassed neg adj

surplus nCU

surplus adj

surprise

surprise nC
surprised adj

surrender

surprise vT
surprising adj
surprisingly adv

surround

surround vT

surround nC

surveillance

surrounding adj
surroundings n pl

surrender vI
surrender nC

by surprise
unsurprised neg adj
unsurprising neg adj

surveillance nU

survey

survey nC poll

survey nC land
survey
survey vT measure
land

surveyor nC
surveying nU

survive

survive vIT

survival nU

survey nC overview;
summary
survey vT
summarize
survey vT measure
opinions

surveillance camera
nC see also @
camera

survivor nC

surviving adj

susceptible

susceptible adj

susceptibility nU

suspect/suspicion

suspect vT
suspect nC
suspicion nCU

suspiciously adv

suspect adj
suspected adj
unsuspecting neg adj

567

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

suspend stop doing

sth temporarily
2
suspend hang

suspicious adj
suspend vT

suspension nCU

suspend vT

suspension nU

suspense
uncertainty,
expectation
sustain

suspense nU

sustain vT

sustained adj
sustainable adj

swallow

swallow nC act of
swallowing

swallow vT use up

swamp

swallow vIT when

eating, drinking

swamp nC

swap

sway

swap vIT
swap nC
sway vI

swear curse

swear vI

swear vI
swear in phr v

swear make
promise/sworn

unsuspected neg adj

suspended adj
suspender nC Brit
supports for
stockings
suspender nC Am
supports for trousers
= braces nC Brit
suspension bridge
nC see also @ bridge
in suspense

sustainability nU
unsustainable neg
adj
sustenance nU
formal
swallow vT believe
swamp vT
swampy adj

sway nC
swaying adj
swearing nU
swear word nC see
also @ word
sworn adj
swear an oath see
also @ oath

568

headword

sweat

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

sweat nU
sweat vI

sweater nC

sweep vIT

sweep nC quick
movement

sweet adj sugary

sweet adj pleasant

sweeten vT
sweetheart nC see also
1
@ heart
sweetly adv
sweetness nU

sweet candy,
confectionery
3
sweet dessert

sweet nC Brit

sweaty adj
sweatshirt nC see
also @ shirt
sweatshop nC see
2
also @ shop
sweep/sweeper nC
sweep aside phr v
disregard sth
chimney sweep nC
see also @ chimney
minesweeper nC
3
see also @ mine
sweeping adj
sweep vI move
quickly
sweep by/past phr v
move past quickly
sweetener nC
sweetened adj
unsweetened neg
adj
sweetcorn nU Brit
see also @ corn
sweet tooth nC see
also @ tooth

sweet nC Brit

swell/swollen

swelling nCU

swollen adj

swift very quick

swell vI
swell up phr v

swiftness nU

swim

swim vI

swim n usu sing

swift adj
swiftly adv

sweep brush clean

sweep move
quickly

sweet sugary

569

headword

A1

A2

switch electrical
on-off device
swollen see also @
swell
sword

switch vIT
switch nC

B1

swimmer nC
swimming nU
swimming pool nC
see also @ pool

B2

C1

C2

swing vIT
swing nC

swing nC try to hit;

act of swinging

swimming costume
nC see also @
costume
swimsuit nC see also
2
@ suit
swinging adj
in full swing

switch nC
switch on/off phr v

swollen adj

sword nC

syllable

syllable nC

swordsman nC
swordsmanship nU
3
see also @ man
syllabic adj

syllabus

syllabus nC

symbol

symbol nC

symbolic adj

symbolically adv

symmetry

symmetry nU

symbolism nU
symbolize vT
symmetric/
symmetrical adj

sympathy feeling of
pity, etc

sympathy nCU
sympathetic adj
sympathize vI

sympathetically adv

symphony

symphony nC

asymmetric/
asymmetrical neg
adj
unsympathetic neg
adj
unsympathetically
neg adv
symphonic adj

symptom

symptom nC

symptomatic adj

synagogue

synagogue nC

swing
switch change

570

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

syndrome see also

@ AIDS
synthesis

syndrome nC

synthesis nCU

synthetic

synthetic adj

synthesize vT
synthesizer nC
synthetically adv

syrup

syrup nCU

system

system nC

systematically adv
systemic adj

Tt

systematic adj
solar system nU see
also @ solar

syrupy adj
maple syrup nU see
also @ maple
operating system nC
see also @ operate/
operating

t-shirt/T-shirt/tee-
shirt see also @
shirt
1
table furniture

t-shirt/T-shirt/tee-
shirt nC

table nC

tablespoon nC see
also @ spoon

table-tennis nU see
also @ tennis

tablecloth nC see
also @ cloth

timetable nC Brit

table nC

table vT Brit formal

make proposal
be at the table
clear the table
lay/set the table
on the table
roundtable adj see
2
also @ round
turn the tables
water table n usu
sing see also @
water
tabulate vT
tabular adj
tabulation nU
table of contents nC
1
see also @ content

table chart, etc

571

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

timetable vT Brit
sleeping tablet nC
1
see also @ sleep
tack vT fasten
loosely

tablet

tablet nC

tack

tackle vT

tack nC small nail

thumbtack nC Am =
drawing pin nC Brit; see
also @ thumb

tackle intercept,
esp. in sport
tact

tackle vIT
tackle nC

tact nU

tactic

tactic nC/tactics n pl

tactical adj

tag

tag nC label

tail

tail nC animal body

part

tailor

tailor vT

take vT remove,
steal
take vT carry
take vT accept gift,
offer, money, etc

take vT hold, grab

take vT take a train,
plane, etc
take vT require
take vT time/how
long
take vT medicine,

take vT lead, go
take vT capture
with, take sb
somewhere
take vT perform,
study, teach, test, etc
take vT break, rest,
walk, holiday, trip,

caretaker nC see also

1
@ care

tactful adj
tactfully adv
tactless neg adj
tactlessly neg adv
tactically adv
delaying tactics npl
see also @ delay
tag vT
tag along phr v
tail vT follow
tail off phr v
tail end nC see also
@ end
tailor nC
tailor-made adj see
also @ make/made
take vT direction
take a turning, etc
take vT receive
lessons, accept
advice, etc

tackle attempt

take

572

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

take phrasal verbs,

etc

take sth off phr v

remove clothing, etc

drugs, etc
take vT photo,
message, etc
take vI/take away/
from phr v subtract

tale

tale nC

talent

talent nCU

talented adj

talk

talk vI/talk about/of

phr v
talk nCU
conversation,
negotiation, etc

talk nC lecture, etc

talking nU

etc

take sth away phr v

remove
take sth back phr v
return to seller, etc
take sth in phr v
comprehend
take off phr v leave
the ground
take-off nC
take sth up phr v
start a job, hobby,
etc
take time see also
@ time
take-away nC Brit/
take-out nC Am

take sth on phr v

take after sb inherit
accept task, etc
looks, character, etc
take sth over phr v
takeover nC
take on responsibility
for sth
take part (in)
participate; see also
1
@ part
take place see also
@ place

take apart phr v

dismantle; see also
@ apart
take sth back phr v
retract
take sth down phr v
remove
take sth down phr v
write down sth said
take for phr v
confuse
take sb on phr v
employ
take sb out phr v on
date, visit
take sth out phr v
remove
take time off stay
home from work;
1
see also @ time
it wont take long
tell tales
fairytale nC/adj see
also @ fairy
talent nC
untalented neg adj
talking adj
talkative adj
talk sb into sth phr v
talk sb out of sth phr
v

573

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

talk over phr v

talk to oneself
talking of
walk tall vI see also
@ walk
tame adj unexciting
tamely adv
tameness nU
tamer nC
tanned adj
tanning nU

tall

tall adj

tame

tame adj opp. wild

tame vT

tan

tangible

tan n sing
suntan n sing see also
@ sun
tan vIT
tangible adj

tank nC

tanker nC

tank nC

tangibly adv
tangibility nU
intangible neg adj
intangible nC
intangibly neg adv
fuel tank nC see also
@ fuel
gas tank nC esp Am
2
see also @ gas
petrol tank nC esp
Brit see also @
petrol

tape nCU

tap vIT
tap nC
tap nC Brit = faucet
nC Am
tape vIT
tape-recorder nC
tape recording nC

tap nC device
regulating flow
tape-recording nC
1
see also @ record /
recording

tank container

tank heavy military

vehicle
1
tap hit lightly
2

tap see also @

faucet
1
tape recording

574

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

tape long strip of

material

tape nCU

target

target nC in archery,
shooting, etc

tariff

task

see also @ record /

recorder
videotape nCU see
also @ video

video-tape vIT
video-taped adj see
also @ video
tape vT/tape up phr
v

target nC objective,
aim

target vT

tariff nC

task nC

taste nC flavour

taste vT

taste nU sense of
taste

tasty adj

taste judgement;
liking for sth

taste nCU

tavern

tavern nC

tax

tax nCU

taxation nU

tax vT

taxpayer nC see also

taste flavour

red tape nU
bureaucracy; see
also @ red
tape measure nC
2
see also @ measure
tape worm nC see
also @ worm
target nC intended
person, person being
criticized, attacked,
etc
targeted adj

task vIT
task force nC see
4
also @ force
taste n sing small
amount of food or
drink
taste nC liking for
sth
tasteless neg adj
tasteful adj
distaste nU
distasteful neg adj
distastefully neg adv

taxable adj
income tax nCU

575

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

@ pay/payer

taxi

taxi nC

taxi driver nC see

1
also @ drive /driver
tea break nC see
3
also @ break
teaspoon nC see
also @ spoon
tea nC Brit

tea nCU

tea meal

teach

teach vIT
teacher nC
team nC

teaching nU

tear vIT

tear nC

tea drink

team

tear /torn rip

tear weeping

see also @ income

value added tax nCU
see also @ VAT
taxi rank nC see also
2
@ rank
teapot nC see also
@ pot

taxicab nC see also

1
@ cab

teatime nU Brit see

1
also @ time

teamwork nU see
2
also @ work

tear nC

teammate nC see
2
also @ mate
team up phr v

tearaway nC
informal
torn adj
tear apart phr v
tear at phr v
tear down phr v
tear into phr v
tear oneself away
phr v
tear up phr v
tear to pieces see
also @ piece
burst into tears see
also @ burst
shed tears see also
2
@ shed
in tears
teardrop nC see also

teacup nC see also

@ cup

576

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

X
2

tease

tease vIT

technical

technical adj

technique

technique nCU

technically adv
relating to
technician nC

@ drop
teargas nU see also
1
@ gas
tearful adj
tearfully adv
teasing nU
striptease nU see
1
also @ strip

technology

technology nCU

technological adj

tech nC abbrev

technologically adv

teddy/teddy bear
2
see also @ bear
tedious

IT nU abbrev =
information
technology

teddy nC
teddy bear nC
tedious adj

tee

tee nC

teenager see also @

age
telecommunications
see also @
communication
telegram

teenager nC

teenage adj

telecommunications
nU

teen nC
teens n pl

telegram nC

telecommunication
adj
telecom adj informal

telephone see also

@ phone

telephone nCU

telephone number
nC see also @
number

phone nC
phone call nC see

phone vIT/phone up
phr v

answerphone nC
see also @ answer

telephone vIT
telephone directory
nC see also @
3
direct /directory
phone book nC see
1
also @ book

be on the phone

tediously adv
tedium nU
tee-off vI

577

headword

A1

A2

B1

also @ call
phone number nC
mobile phone nC Brit see also @ number
see also @ mobile

telescope

television

television nCU
TV nC abbrev
tell vT inform

tell know,
distinguish

B2

C1

C2

phone booth nC see

also @ booth
phone box nC see
1
also @ box

telescope nC

telly nC informal Brit

tell vT tell a story,

joke, etc
tell vT order,
command

tell vIT

temper

temper nCU
good-tempered adj
bad-tempered adj

temperament

temperament nU

temperate

temperate adj

tell /told inform

telescopic adj
telescope vIT
televise vT
televised adj
retell vT
retelling nCU
tell sb off phr v
foretell vT
fortune teller nC see
2
also @ fortune
storyteller nC
storytelling nU see
1
also @ story
tell apart phr v
tell the difference
see also @ different/
difference
all told
untold neg adj
quick-tempered adj
see also @ quick
lose ones temper
be in a good temper
be in a bad temper
get into a temper
temperamental adj
temperamentally
adv
temperance nU
intemperate neg adj

578

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

temperature

temperature nCU of
sth

temperature nU of
sb

temple

tempo

temple nC religious
building

intemperance nU
have a temperature
take sbs
temperature

tempo nC

temporal

temporal adj

temporary

temporary adj

temporarily adv

tempt

tempt vT

tempting adj
be tempted

ten

ten cardinal number

10

tenth ordinal
number/fraction

temptation nCU
feeling
temptation nC sth
that tempts

tenant nC

tenancy nCU

tend vI

tendency nC habit,
preference

tendency nC
likelihood

tendency nC trend,
sth that happens
often

tend vT

tender adj

tenderness nU

tennis

tennis nU

bartender nC see
1
also @ bar
tenderly adv
tenderize vT

tense adj

tense vIT

tenant
tend incline, be
likely
tend look after
tender

tension nU stress

table-tennis nU see
1
also @ table

tense grammar

tense nC

tent

tent nC

past tense nC
present tense nC
future tense nC

tentative

tentative adj

tentatively adv

tense worried

579

headword

tenure

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

tenure nU

tenured adj

term nC fixed time

prison, etc

term nC school

in terms of

term nC

term nC usu pl

term vT formal, often terminology nU

pass

short-/medium-/
long-term nU/adj
midterm nCU see
also @ middle/mid-
termly adj
half-term nC Brit see
1
also @ half
midterm nCU see
also @ middle/mid-

term fixed time

prison, etc

term school/
university term

term expression/
phrase
4
term condition

on speaking terms
be/keep on good/
bad terms with sb

terminal adj

terminus nC
terminal nC
terminate vIT

terrain nU

come to terms with

terminally adv
termination nCU
interminable neg adj
terraced adj
terraced house nC
Brit see also @
1
house

terrific adj

terrifically adv

territorial adj

terminus/ terminal

terminal nC airport,
etc

terrace row

terrain

terrible

terrific

terrible adj very

great, severe
terribly adv very
much

territory

territory nCU

terrace nC row of
houses, seats, etc
terrace nC flat area

580

headword

terror/terrible

A1

A2

terrible adj bad,

unpleasant

test

test nC exam, etc

test vT

test nC trial,
experiment, etc

testament

testify

B1

B2

C1

C2

terror nCU
terrorism nU
terrorist nC

terrorist adj

terribly adv very bad terrified adj

terrify vT

testing nU

testament nC formal
legal - will

text

text nCU prose

textbook nC see also textual adj

1
@ book

textile

text nC SMS
message
text vT send SMS
message

testify vIT
testimony nCU

textile nC

textile adj

texture

texture nCU

than

than prep, conj in

comparisons
thank vT

thank you/no thank

you exclam
thanks/no thanks
exclam informal

thanks n pl

thank you very much

Thanksgiving n Am

thankful adj

that det not this

that conj

that det sb/sth

mentioned
previously

thankfully adv
thankfulness nU
thankless neg adj
thank you nC
thank goodness/
god/etc!
thanks to

that pron

that pron sb/sth

mentioned

that pron thats

typical! thats right!

thank

that not this; see

also @ those
that introducing
clause
3
that defining
relative pronoun

terrorize vT
terrifying adj
counter-terrorist adj
tester nC
tested adj
untested neg adj
last will and
testament see also
3
@ will

581

headword
4

A1

that so;
demonstration
5
that as stated
previously
thaw

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

previously
so that

etc

that adv so;

demonstration
that adv

the

the definite article

the with singular,
particular nouns

the more the

more/less

theatre/theater

theatre nCU Brit/

theater nCU Am

the det with

superlatives
the det members of
a group: the old, etc
movie theater nC
Am see also @
movie

thaw vIT
thaw nC

theatrical adj

theft see also @

thief
their see also @
they
them see also @
they
theme

theft nCU

theatrically adv
go to the theatre/
theater
operating theatre nC
Brit/ operating
theater nC Am see
2
also @ operate
lecture theatre nC
Brit/lecture theater
nC Am see also @

lecture

their det of/

belonging to them
them pron
themselves pron

their det his/her

theirs pron

theme nC

then

then adv at that

time

then adv next

then adv so that, as

then adv and also

thematic adj
thematically adv
theme park nC see
1
also @ park
then and there/
there and then

582

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

a result

now and then

then again
theologian nC

theology

theology nU

theological adj

theory

theory nC

theoretical adj

theorist nC

theoretically adv

therapy

therapy nCU

therapist nC

therapeutic adj

there adv that

place; not here

there introductory: there pron

there is, etc
introductory: there
is, etc
3
there exclamation

thereafter

there! attracting
attention
there! confirmation

thereby

thereby adv formal

thereafter adv
formal

there you are

there there!
comfort

therefore

therefore adv

thermal

thermal adj

thermometer see
1
also @ meter
these see also @
this
thesis

thermometer nC

these det/pron

thesis nC

they

they pron

they pron he/she

there adverb not

here

theorem nC
theorize vI
in theory
chemotherapy nU
physiotherapy nU
physiotherapist nC
here and there
over there
there and then/then
and there

583

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

thick

thick adj opp. thin

thick adv
thickness nCU
thicken vIT

thief see also @

theft

thief nC

theft nCU

thigh

thigh nC

thin

thing

thing nC unnamed
object

thin adj not thick

thin adj not fat

things n pl situation

things npl
possessions

thin vIT
thinly adv

anything pron

anything pron sth in

thick adj abundant

thick adj viscous
thick adj informal
stupid
thickly adv
thick-skinned adj
see also @ skin
through thick and
thin
thieve vI
as thick as thieves
idiom
thigh bone nC see
also @ bone
thin adj watery
thinness nU
plaything nC see
1
also @ play
the best thing
the real thing
for one thing
for another thing
have a thing about
sb/sth
make a thing of/out
of
its a good thing that

the next thing
this/that sort of
thing
the thing is
introductory
anything but

584

headword

A1

A2

neg and questions

nothing pron
nothing number zero
something pron
think vIT form
thoughts, believe,
etc
thought nCU

whatever is available

think vI reason
think about phr v
think of sth/sb
think so
thinking nU

think vIT believe

think vI recall,
remember

thinking adj

thinker nC

third see also @

three

third ordinal
number/fraction

thirst

thirsty adj

thirst nU

rethink vI/nC
unthinkable neg adj
think back to
think better of sb
think nothing of
think sth out phr v
plan
think sth over phr v
consider
think through phr v
think up phr v
think n sing
informal/have a
think
thirdly adv
third-party adj see
3
also @ party
third-world n sing/
adj see also @ world
thirst vI

thirteen see also @

three
thirty see also @
three
this/these

thirteenth ordinal
number/fraction
thirtieth ordinal
number/fraction

this adv to this

extent
thorn nC

thorn

thirteen cardinal
number 13
thirty cardinal
number 30
this det/pron not
that

thorny adj

thorough

thoroughly adv

thorough adj

those see also @

those det/pron

think see also @

thought

B1

B2

C1

C2

anything like
for anything

585

headword

that
though

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

though adv despite

though adv but

thought see also @

think

thought nCU

thoughtfully adv
thoughtless neg adj

thousand

thousand cardinal
number 1000

thousandth ordinal
number/fraction

thoughtful adj
thinking
thoughtful adj kind,
considerate

thread nCU

threat/threaten

threat nC
threaten vT

three see also @

third, trio, triple

three cardinal
number 3

third ordinal
number/fraction

thread vT
loose thread nC
informal see also @
loose
lose the thread see
1
also @ lose
threatened adj
threatening adj
threateningly adv
threesome nC usu
sing

threshold

threshold nC

on the threshold

thrill

thrive

thrill vT
thrill nC
thrive vI

thriller nC book, film,

etc

thrilled adj
thrilling adj
thriving adj

throat

throat nC

throne

throne nC

enthrone vT

through prep/adv
place
through prep/adv
time

see through phr v

be through with phr
v

through prep as a

thread

through place, time

through as a result,

as though
even though

586

headword

because of

A1

A2

throughout

result, by means of,

with the help of
throughout prep/adv

throw

throw vIT

thrust

B1

B2

C1

C2

throw (sth) away/

out phr v

throw nC
overthrow vT
overthrow nC

thrust vT

thrust nCU

thumb

thumb nC

thumbnail nC see
2
also @ nail

thunder

thunder nU
thunder vI
thunderstorm nC
1
see also @ storm
thus adv formal
therefore
tick nC esp Brit
tick vT esp Brit

thus

thus adv formal like

so, in this way

tick sound of clock

ticket

tide

ticket nC for travel,

entrance, etc
ticket nC price
ticket, parking ticket,
speeding ticket, etc

tidy

tidy adj

tick check mark

2

throw up phr v
informal vomit
throw off the scent
see also @ scent

thrusting adj
thruster nC
thumbtack nC Am =
thumb vT/thumb
drawing pin nC Brit; see through phr v
also @ tack
be under sbs thumb
rule of thumb nC
1
see also @ rule

thunderous adj
thundery adj

tick off phr v esp Brit

ticket office nC see

1
also @ office
return ticket nC Brit
see also @ return

tick vI
tick nC

ticking nU/adj
tick away/by phr v

tide nC rise/fall of
sea
high/low tide nC

tidal adj

untidy neg adj

tidily adv

587

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

tidy vIT/tidy away/

up phr v
1

tie fasten with rope

tidiness nU
untidily neg adv
untidiness nU
tie down phr v

tie vIT/tie (sb/sth)

up phr v

tie nC

tie nC
untie vT

tie draw, dead

heat, equal scores
tiger

tie nC
tie vI

bowtie nC see also

3
@ bow
necktie nC Am see
also @ neck

tiger nC

tigress nC

tight

tight adj
tight adv

tighten vIT/ tighten

up phr v
tightly adv

tights see also @

pants/pantyhose
tile

tights n pl Brit =
pantyhose n pl Am

tightness nU
airtight adj see also
1
@ air
watertight adj see
also @ water

tile nC

till prep/conj

tile vT
tiled adj
tiler nC

till cash register

till nC Brit

timber

timber nU

time nU minutes,
hours, etc
time n sing point of
time

time vT
timing nU

timely adj

take time off stay

home from work
timepiece nC see
also @ piece

time n sing period of

time
take time/take ones
time see also @
2
take
closing time nC see
full-time adj see also
1
also @ close /closing @ full

daytime nU see also

@ day

overtime nU

half-time n sing see

also @ time

tie necktie

till until

time hours,
minutes, etc

588

headword

A1

A2

B1

bedtime nCU see

1
also @ bed
dinnertime nU see
also @ dinner
lunchtime nU see
also @ lunch
springtime nU see
1
also @ spring
summertime nU see
also @ summer
in time /be in time
(for)
on time
sometime adv, adj

B2

C1

lifetime nC see also

@ life
part-time adj see
1
also @ part

nighttime nU see
also @ night
teatime nC Brit see
2
also @ tea
wartime nU/adj see
also @ war

C2

full time n sing see

also @ full

about time
ahead of time
all the time
behind the times
by this/that time
for a long time
for the time being
high time
in no time
in days/minutes,
etc time
waste time see also
@ waste
have the time to/for
keep time/keep
good/bad time
kill time see also @
kill
playtime nU see also
1
@ play
run out of time
spare time nU see
also @ spare
time bomb nC see

589

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

also @ bomb
at a time
at no time
at one time
at the same time
at the time/at that
time/at this time
at times
first time/for the
first time
from time to time
have a good time
once upon a time
some other time/
another time
time after time
time and (time)
again
timetable vT Brit see
2
also @ table

time occasion

sometimes adv

time nC

times n pl occasions,
e.g in multiplication

timetable

timetable nC Brit
2
see also @ table
tin nU

tin can

tin nC Brit can

tin-opener nC Brit see

also @ open/opener

tiny

tin metal

tiny adj

tin nC Brit contents

of tin
tin vT
tinned adj

tip vIT

tip nC

tip sb off phr v

tip nC
tip vIT
tip nC

fingertip nC see also @

finger

tiptoe nC
tiptoe vI see also @

tip incline, upend

tip piece of advice
tip gratuity
tip end

590

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

toe
tip of the iceberg nC
see also @ ice/
iceberg
tireless neg adj
tirelessly neg adv
tiresome adj
be/get/grow tired of
sb/sth become
bored
tire out phr v
sick and tired see
3
also @ sick
flat tire/tyre nC see
1
also @ flat
spare tire/tyre nC

see also @ spare

tired adj

tire vIT

tiring adj

tiredness nU

tire nC Am/tyre nC
Brit

tissue flesh

tissue nU

tissue paper

tissue nCU

title

title nC name of
book, film, etc

entitle vT usu pass

entitlement nCU

to infinitive

tissue paper nU see

also @ paper
toilet tissue nU see
also @ toilet
untitled neg adj
subtitle nC
subtitled adj

to prep indicating
consequence; so as
to, in order to
to prep adj + to +
result
to prep towards; all
the way to

to prep until
to prep telling time
minutes before
hour
to prep comparison
scores, etc
to prep position to

to prep avoiding
repetition

tire grow weary

tire /tyre

to infinitive
to prep

591

headword

A1

A2

toast cooked bread

the right, etc

to prep per
to prep range 20
to 30, etc

tobacco

today

toddle

today n sing this day

today adv on this
day
today n sing/adv
nowadays

toe

together

B1

B2

C1

toasted adj
toaster nC

toast rack nC see

also @ rack

toddler nC

toddle vI

toe nC

toenail nC see also

2
@ nail

get together phr v

see also @ get
get-together nC
social meeting; see
also @ get

toilet

together adv with

each other, in one
place
together adv
simultaneously
together adv in total

toe vT
toe the line see also
1
@ line
tiptoe nC
tiptoe vI see also @
4
tip
be together phr v
put two and two
together see also @
two

toilet nC
the toilets n pl Brit

tolerance

tolerance nU
tolerant adj

intolerable neg adj

toast nU
toast vT
tobacco nU
tobacconist nC

C2

go to the toilet
toilet paper nU see
also @ paper
toilet tissue nU see
2
also @ tissue
tolerable adj
tolerably adv

592

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

tolerate vT

toll nCU number,

total death toll, etc

intolerance nU
intolerant neg adj
intolerably neg adv

tomb nC

the day after

tomorrow
ton/tonne nC

tombstone nC see

also @ stone

tone nU voice
quality; attitude

tongue nC body part

tonic

tonight see also @

night
tonne/ton
1
too excessively

tonight nU
tonight adv

too adv

tonic nC
tonic water nCU see
also @ water

tonne/ton nC

too also, in addition

too adv

tool

tool nC

toll

tomato

tomb

tomato nCU
tomato sauce nU
see also @ sauce

tomorrow

ton/tonne

tomorrow nCU
tomorrow adv

tone

tongue

tons of large
amount

tongue nC language
mother tongue nC
see also @ mother

too for sb/sth
too to do sth
cannot be too ..
only too ..

toolbox nC see also
1
@ box
tool rack nC see also

593

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

topic

topic nC

@ rack
tooth nC of comb,
etc
sweet tooth nC see
1
also @ sweet
tooth fairy nC see
also @ fairy
atop prep
top nC article of
clothing above waist
topless neg adj not
wearing a top
top up phr v
from top to bottom
on top
on top of sth
rooftop nC usu pl
see also @ roof
topical adj

topple

topple vT

toppled adj

torch nC Brit

torch nC

torch vT

torn adj

tornado

tornado nC

torpedo

torpedo nC

torpedo vT

torture

toss

toss vT

torture vT
torture nCU

tortured adj
torturer nC
toss up phr v
toss nC
toss-up nC

tooth

tooth nC body part

toothbrush nC see
also @ brush

top

top nC highest point

top nC upper
surface

toothache nU see
also @ ache
toothpaste nU see
also @ paste

top adj/adv first,

best, most important

top vT

top-class adj see

1&2
also @ class

top nC lid
top adj highest
top adj upper

torch Brit flashlight

torch burning stick
torn see @ tear

594

headword

total

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

total nC sum
totally adv

total vT

touch make physical

contact

total adj in sum, in

all
total adj informal
complete
touch vT make
physical contact

touch nU physical
sense
touch nC quick
contact

touch nC act of
touching

touch vT affect
emotionally
be/get/keep/stay in
touch

touch n sing small

amount, a little

tough

tour/tourist

tourism nU

detour nC
detour vI

tournament

tour nC look around

somewhere
tour nC trip, holiday
tour guide nC see
also @ guide
tourist information
centre/center nC
see also @
information, centre/
center

tough adj robust

tough adj informal
difficult
tough adj not tender
tour vIT

tourist nC
tourist office nC see
1
also @ office

tournament nC

tow

tow vT

tow nC

towards/toward see towards prep Brit/

2
also @ ward /-ward toward prep Am

totality nC
in total
grand total nC see
1
also @ grand
untouched neg adj
untouchable neg adj
to the touch
out of touch
lose touch
touch off phr v
touch on/upon phr
v
touch up phr v
repair, revise
touching adj
toughen vT/toughen
up phr v

595

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

towel

towel nC

tower

tower nC tall
building
tower nC sth tall

town

town nC small city

in town

town nU town
centre
downtown adj/adv
Am
town centre nC Brit
see also @ centre/
center
town hall nC see
2
also @ hall

toxic

toxic adj

intoxicate vT

toy

toyshop nC see also

1
@ shop
trace vT find

trace

toy nC
toy adj

trace nC indication

track nC path
track nC railway
lines

track nC marks on
ground
track vT

track nC
track suit nC see

track path, railway

track, etc

track athletics track

towel vT
throw in the towel
control tower nC
see also @ control
tower block nC see
4
also @ block
tower above/over
phr v
towering adj
town planning nU
1
see also @ plan /
planning
township nC
dormitory town nC
Brit see also @ bed/
bedroom, dormitory
paint the town red
idiom see also @
paint, red
toxin nC
toxicity nU
intoxication nU
intoxicated adj
intoxicating adj
toy boy nC informal
see also @ boy
traceable adj
untraceable neg adj
keep track of sb/sth
lose track of sb/sth
track down phr v
backtrack vI
race track nC esp Am
1
see also @ race

596

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

tract

also @ suit

tract nC area of land

tractor

tractor nC

trade nC industry,
occupation
trade vIT buy and
sell

trader nC
trading nU
trading adj

tradesman nC see
3
also @ man

traditionally adv

traffic lights n pl see

1
also @ light
traffic jam nC see
2
also @ jam
tragedy nCU

free trade nU see

2
also @ free
trademark nC see
2
also @ mark
untraditional neg adj
traditionalist nC

tragic adj

tragically adv

trail nC

trail vIT

trailer nC

train nC
by train

train station nC esp

Am see also @
1
station

train practise,
learn, teach, etc

training nU

train vIT

trainer nC coach,
instructor

trait

trained adj
trainee nC
trainer nC shoe
trait nC

trailer park nC Am
2
see also @ park
goods train nC see
also @ goods
gravy train nC see
also @ gravy
untrained neg adj

traitor see also @

betray
tram

traitor nC

tram nC

tramp

tramp nC tiring walk

tramp vI

trade

trade nU commerce, trade union nC see

2
etc
also @ union

tradition

traffic

tradition nCU
traditional adj

tragedy

trail
trailer
train railway
vehicle

traffic nU

597

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

tranquil

tranquil adj
tranquillity nU Brit
tranquillity nC Am

transaction

transaction nCU

tranquillizer nC Brit
tranquilizer nC Am
tranquillization nC
Brit
tranquilization nU

transcend

transcend vT

transcript

transfer

transform

transfer vT
transfer nCU
transform vT

transcript nC
transcription nC

transformation nCU

transient

transient adj

transit

transit nCU

in transit

transition

transition nCU

transitional adj

translate

transmit

translate vIT
translation nCU
translator nC

transmit vT pass on,

esp disease
transmitter nC

transparent

transparent adj

transmit vIT send

radio, TV, etc signal
transmission nCU
radio, TV, etc

transplant

transport

transport nU Brit
activity

transport vT
transportation nU

public transport nU
Brit/ public

transplant nCU
action, process
transplant nC sth
that has been
transplanted

transparency nU
transparently adv
transplant vIT
transplantation nU

598

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C2

transport nU system esp Am

trap

trash

trauma

travel

travel vIT

travel nU
travel agent nC see
also @ agent

tray

tread

transportation nU
Am see also @
public

trap nC equipment
trap nC action, plan
trap vT catch
animal, etc
trash nU Am rubbish
trash nU informal
esp Am sth of poor
quality

C1

trauma nCU
traumatic adj

travelling adj/nU Brit/

traveling adj/nU Am

traveller nC Brit/

traveler nC Am
travellers cheque nC
Brit/ travelers check
nC Am see also @
2
cheque/check

tray nC

tread vIT

ashtray nC see also @

ash

treason

treason nU

treasure

treasurer nC

treat vT deal with

sb/sth, behave
towards sb/sth
treat vT
treatment nCU

treatment nU

treasure nU
treasury nC

treasure vT
treasured adj
mistreat vT
mistreatment nU

treat nC

treat deal with

sb/sth
2

treat medical care

3

treat sth special

trapped adj
trapper nC
mousetrap nC see
1
also @ mouse
trash vT

traumatize vT
traumatized adj
traumatically adv
well-travelled adj
Brit/well-traveled
adj Am

tread nC on tyre, etc

treatable adj
untreatable neg adj
treat vT

599

headword

A1

A2

B1

treaty

treaty nC

tree

tree nC

tremble

tremendous

B2

C1

C2

Christmas tree nC
tree trunk nC see
1
see also @ Christian/ also @ trunk
Christmas

tremble vI

tremendous adj

family tree nC see

also @ family
bark up the wrong
tree see also @
1
bark
fir tree nC see also

@ fir
trembling adj
tremble nC
tremendously adv

trench

trench nC

trend

entrench vT
entrenched adj
entrenchment nCU
trendy adj

by/through trial and
error see also @
error

trial legal; see also

2
@ try
2
trial test

trial nC

trend nC movement,
development
trend nC fashion

trial nC

triangle see also @

angle
tribe

triangular adj

triangle nC shape,
object

tribunal

tribe nC
tribal adj
tribunal nC

tribesman nC see
3
also @ man

tribute

tribute nCU

pay tribute to sb/sth

trick

trick nC act of
deception
trick vT deceive

tricky adj difficult

600

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

trigger

trigger nC

trigger vT

trillion

trillion number

trim

trim vT

trio see also @

three

trip nC

trio nC group of
three
trio nC three
musicians

trim nC
trim adj

trip stumble, fall

trip vIT

triple see also @

three
triumph

triumph nCU

triple adj
triple vT
triumphant adj

trivial

trivial adj

trolley nC Brit

trolley /trolley bus

troop/troops

troop/troops n pl

trophy

trophy nC

tropic

tropical adj

tropic nC
the tropics n pl

trip journey

trolley cart

business trip nC see

1
also @ business
make/take a trip (to)
tripper nC
trip (sb) over/up phr
v
tripled adj
triplet nC
triumph vI
triumphantly adv
triumphalist adj
trivialize vT
trivia n pl
triviality nCU
shopping trolley nC
Brit see also @
1
shop / shopping
trolley bus nC see
also @ bus
trooper nC
troop vI

tropically adv

601

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

trouble nCU

trouble vT
troubled adj

troublesome adj
troubling adj

trouble bother

trousers

trouble n sing
trouble vT
trousers n pl esp Brit

trout

trout nC

truck

pick-up truck nC see

also @ truck

truck vT
trucker nC
trucking nU

true

true adj opp. false

truth nU
the truth n sing

truck nC heavy road

vehicle; lorry
truck nC railway
goods vehicle

truly adv really

yours truly letter

ending; see also @
yours

trumpet

trumpet nC
trumpet vT

trunk nC
tree trunk nC see
also @ tree
trunk nC box,

truthful adj
truthfully adv
truthfulness nU
untrue neg adj
untruthful neg adj
(dream/s) come true
the truth of the
matter is
in truth
grain of truth see
also @ grain
gospel truth
to tell the truth
blow ones own
trumpet see also @
1
blow

trunk nC Am car part;

trouble problem,
difficulty

trunk tree part

trunk box,

troublemaker nC
asking for trouble
be in trouble
the trouble is

trouser suit nC see
2
also @ suit

602

headword

container
3
trunk elephants
nose
1
trust faith, belief

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

X
2

container

trunk nC

see also @ boot

trust nU
trust vT

entrust vT

trust charity,
organization, etc
1
try attempt; see
2
also @ trial
2
try legal; put on
trial; see also @
1
trial
3
try test

try vIT

try nC

trial nC

try on/try sth on phr

v

trust nC
trustee nC

trusted adj
trusting adj
trustworthy adj
untrustworthy neg
adj
trusty adj
distrust nU
distrust vT
distrustful adj
distrustfully adv
mistrust nU
mistrust vT

try vT

try (sth) out phr v

t-shirt/T-shirt/tee
shirt

tub

t-shirt/T-shirt/tee
shirt nC see also @
shirt

try (sth) on phr v see

if clothes fit, etc
tried adj
untried neg adj

tube cylinder

tube nC

tub nC

bathtub nC esp Am
see also @ bath
tubing nU
tubular adj

603

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

tuberculosis/TB

tuck

tuck vT

tuberculosis nU
TB nU abbrev

tug

tug vIT

tuition see also @

tutor
tumble

tuition nU

tuck nC
tuck away phr v
tuck in phr v
tuck into phr v
tuck up phr v
tug nC sharp pull
tug nC ship
tugboat nC see also
@ boat

tumble vI

tumble nC

tumour/tumor

tuna

tumour nC Brit/
tumor nC Am

tune

tune nC

tune vT
tune up phr v

tuna nU
tunafish nC see also @
fish

tunnel

tunnel nC

tunnel vI

tuneful adj
tunefully adv
in tune (with)
out of tune (with)
tunnel vision nU

turbine

turbine nC

turbulence

turf

turbulence nU
turbulent adj
turf nU

turkey

turmoil

turkey nC bird
turkey nU meat

turmoil nU

turn vIT move

turn on phr v switch

turning nU rotation

turning adj

604

headword
1

turn

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

round, rotate
turn vIT change
direction
turn round/around/
about phr v

on light etc
turn off/out phr v
switch off/out

turning nC Brit side

road
turn down phr v
reduce volume,
temperature, etc
turn up phr v
increase volume,
temperature, etc
turn into phr v
change, convert

turnover nCU esp

Brit income

turn chance,
opportunity (in
sequence)

turn nC
in turn/by turns

overturn vIT turn sth

over
overturn vIT change
decision,
government, etc

turnover

turtle

turnover nCU esp

Brit income

take turns/take sth

in turn(s)
out of turn
speak out of turn
see also @ speak
turn over phr v

turtle nC

tutor see also @

tuition
TV see also @
television
twelve see also @

tutor nC

tutorial nC

TV nC abbrev

tutor vT
tutoring nU

twelve cardinal

twelfth ordinal

turning point nC see

2
also @ point
turn away phr v
turn back phr v
turn (sth/sb) down
phr v refuse
turn ones back on
sb/sth see also @
2
back
turn over phr v
change position
turn to sb/sth phr v
for help
turn up phr v
informal arrive
turn over phr v

605

headword

A1

A2

two
twenty see also @
two
twice see also @
two
twig

number 12
twenty cardinal
number 20

number/fraction
twentieth ordinal
number/fraction
twice adv

twilight see also @

1
light
twin

B1

B2

C1

C2

twig nC

twilight nU

twin nC
twin adj

twist

twist vIT

twist nC

twisted adj

twinning nU
twin vI
twin bed nC see also
@ bed
identical twins n pl
see also @ identical
twisting adj

two see also @

double, twice,
twelve, twenty
1
type /typical sort,
group

two cardinal
number

in two

type nC

typical adj

typically adv

type vIT key

type nC font

tyre nC Brit/tire nC
Am for vehicle

typing nU
typist nC
typewriter nC see also
@ write/writer

type key

tyre/tire

Uu

one or two
put two and two
together
typify vT
typology nC
untypical neg adj
untypically neg adv

flat tyre/tire nC see

1
also @ flat
spare tyre/tire nC
see also @ spare

606

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

ubiquitous

ubiquitous adj

ugly

ugly adj

ubiquity nU
ubiquitously adv
ugliness nU

uh!/ugh!

uh!/ugh!

ultimate

ultimate nC usu sing

umbrella

ultimate adj
ultimately adv
umbrella nC

umbrella adj

umpire

unable see also @

able
unacceptable see
also @ accept/
acceptable
unambiguous see @
ambiguous
unanimous

unable adj
unable to do sth

umpire nC
umpire vIT

unacceptable neg
adj

unacceptably neg
adv

unambiguous neg adj

unanimous adj

unarmed see also @

2
arm /armed
unattractive see @
attract/attractive
unauthorized see @
authority/authorize
unavailable see also
@ available
unavoidable see @
avoid/avoidable
unaware see also @
aware
unbearable see also
1
@ bear

unambiguously neg
adv
unanimously adv
unanimity nU
unarmed neg adj

unattractive neg adj

unavailable neg adj

unauthorized neg
adj
unavailability nU

unavoidable neg adj

unavoidably neg adv

unaware neg adj

unbearable neg adj

unbearably neg adv

607

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

unbeaten see @
1
beat
unbelievable see
also @ belief/
believe
unbreakable/
unbroken see @
1
break /broken
unbutton see @
button
uncertain not being
sure, certain; see
1
also @ certain
unchanged/
unchanging see also
1
@ change
uncle

unbeaten neg adj

unbelievable neg adj

unbelievably neg
adv

unbreakable neg adj

unbroken neg adj

uncertain neg adj

uncertainty nU

unbutton vIT
unbuttoned neg adj

unchanged neg adj

unchanging neg adj

uncle nC

unclear see also @

1
clear
unclear see also @
2
clear
uncomfortable see
1
also @ comfort /
comfortable
uncommon see also
1
@ common
uncompromising
see @ compromise
unconditional see
2
also @ condition /
conditional
1
unconscious see

unclear neg adj

great-uncle nC see
2
also @ great
avuncular adj
unclearly neg adv

unclear neg adj

uncomfortable neg
adj

uncomfortably neg
adv

uncommon neg adj

unconscious neg adj

uncommonly neg
adv
uncompromising neg
adj
unconditional neg
adj
unconditionally adv
unconsciousness nU

608

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

also @ conscious
2
unconscious see
2
also @ conscious

C1

C2

not awake, etc

uncontrollable see
also @ control/
controllable

unconscious neg adj

not aware
unconsciously neg adv
uncontrolled neg adj

uncountable adj see

1
also @ count /
countable
uncover see also @
cover
under

uncover vT

under prep beneath

under prep less/

fewer than
under adv

underestimate see
also @ estimate
undergo

undergo vT

underestimate vT
underestimate nC

undergraduate see
also @ graduate
underground see
1
also @ ground

undergrowth see
also @ grow/growth
underlie

undergraduate nC
undergraduate adj
underground adj/
adv
underground nCU
railway

undergrowth nC

underlying adj

underlie vT

underline see also

1
@ line
undermine see also

underline vT stress

underline vT draw a
line under sth
undermine vT

uncontrollable neg
adj
uncontrollably neg
adv
uncountable neg adj
uncountable noun
nC see also @ noun
uncovered neg adj
undercoat nC
undercoat vT see
2
also @ coat
under the weather
see also @ weather

609

headword

@ mine
underneath

A1

A2

C2

underneath n sing

underside nC

understand vIT
comprehend
understanding nU
knowledge

understanding nU

misunderstanding nU

misunderstand vIT

understandable adj

misunderstanding nCU
misunderstood adj

understandably adv

undertake

understand vT
formal believe,
realize
understanding adj
sympathetic
misunderstand vT
undertake vT

undertaking nC

underwater see also

@ water
underway see also
1
@ way
underwear see also
1
@ wear
undesirable see also
@ desire/desirable

underwater adj/adv

underway adj

to be/get underway

underwear nU

undies n pl informal

undesirable neg adj

undo see also @ do

undo vT unfasten

undoubted see also

@ doubt/doubted
undress see also @
2
dress

undoubtedly neg
adv
undressed neg adj

undo vT destroy
undoing n sing/be
sbs undoing
undoubted neg adj

undress vIT

C1

understand realize,
sympathize

B2

underneath
prep/adv
underpants n pl

underpants see also

@ pants
underside see also
1
@ side
1
understand
comprehend

B1

610

headword

uneasy

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

uneasy neg adj

uneconomical see

2
also @ economy /
economical
uneducated see also
@ educate/
educated
unemployed see

1
also @ employ /
employed

uneconomical neg adj

uneconomically adv

uneducated neg adj

unemployed neg adj

unemployment nU

unequal see also @

equal
unethical see also @
ethics/ethical
1
uneven see also @
3
even flat
2
uneven see also @
4
even equal
unexpected see also
@ expect/expected
unfair see also @
1
fair
unfamiliar see also
@ familiar
unfasten see also @
2
fast /fasten
unfavourable/
unfavorable see also
@ favour/favor
unfinished see also
@ finish/finished
1
1
unfit see also @ fit

unequal neg adj

the unemployed nU
unemployment
benefit nU Brit see
also @ benefit
unequally neg adv

unethical neg adj

unethically neg adv

uneven neg adj not flat

unevenly neg adv

unexpected neg adj

uneven neg adj not

equal
unexpectedly neg adv

unfair neg adj

unfairly neg adv

unfairness nU

unfamiliar neg adj

unfamiliarity nU

unfavourable neg
adj Brit/unfavorable
neg adj Am

unfavourably neg adv

Brit/unfavorably neg
adv Am
unfinished neg adj

unfasten vT
unfastened adj

unease nU
uneasily neg adv

unfit neg adj

611

headword

suitable
2
2
unfit see also @ fit
healthy
unfold see also @
fold
unfortunate see
also @ fortunate
unfriendly see also
@ friend/friendly
unhappy see also @
happy
unhealthy see also
@ health/healthy
unidentified see
also @ identify

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

unfit neg adj

unfortunate neg adj

unfortunately neg
adv

unfold vT flatten
unfold vT reveal

unfriendly neg adj

unfriendliness nU

unhappy neg adj

unhealthy neg adj

unhappily neg adv

unhappiness nU

unhealthily neg adv

uniform nC

uniform similar

uniform adj

unify

unify vT

unimportant see
also @ important
uninformed see also
@ inform/informed
unintelligent see
also @ intelligent
unintentional see
also @ intend/
intention/
intentional

unimportant neg adj

unification nU
unified adj

unidentified neg adj

unidentifiable neg
adj
uniformed adj
school uniform nC
see also @ school
uniformity nU
uniformly adv
unifying adj

uninformed neg adj

unintelligent neg adj

unintentional neg
adj
unintentionally neg
adv
unintended neg adj

uniform clothing

612

headword

uninterested see
1
also @ interest
1
union unification

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

uninterested neg adj

union nU

union trade union

unionist nC

unique

union nC
trade union nC see
also @ trade
unique adj

uniquely adv

uniqueness nU

unit part,
component
2
unit for
measurement
unite

unit nC

unit nC

united adj

unity nU

unite vIT

disunity nU

universe

universally adv

university

university nC

universe n sing
universal adj

unjust see also @

2 & 3
just
unjustified see also
@ justify/justified

unjust neg adj

unkind see also @

2
kind
unknown see also @
know/known
unlawful see also @
law/lawful
unleaded see also @
2
lead /leaded
unleash see also @
leash
unless

unkind neg adj

unknown neg adj

unjustly neg adv

unjustified neg adj
unjustifiably neg adv
unjustifiable neg adj
unkindly neg adv
unkindness nU
unknown nCU

unlawful neg adj

unlawfully neg adv

unleaded neg adj

unleash vT

unless conj

613

headword

A1

A2

unlike see also @

1
like
unlikely see also @
likely
unlimited see also
@ limit/limited
unload see also @
1
load
unlock see also @
lock
unlucky see also @
luck/lucky
unmarked see also
2
@ mark /marked
unmarried see also
@ marry/married
unmask see also @
mask/masked
unmistakable see
also @ mistake/
mistakable

unnamed see also

@ name
unnatural see also
1
@ nature /natural
unnecessary see
also @ necessary
unnerve see also @
2
nerve
unnoticed see also
1
@ notice /noticed
unobserved see also
1
@ observe

B1

B2

C1

C2

unlike neg adj

unlike prep
unlikely neg adj

unlimited neg adj

unload vIT

unlock vT

unlocked neg adj

unlucky neg adj

unluckily neg adv

unmarked neg adj

unmarried neg adj

unmask vT
unmasked neg adj
unmistakable neg
adj
unmistakably neg
adv
unnamed neg adj

unnatural neg adj

unnaturally neg adv

unnecessary neg adj

unnecessarily neg adv

unnoticed neg adj

unnerve vT
unnerving neg adj

unobserved neg adj

614

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

unobstructed see
also @ obstruct
unobtainable see @
obtain/obtainable
unoccupied see also
1
@ occupy /occupied
unofficial see also @
official
unopened see also
@ open
unpaid see also @
pay/paid
unpack see also @
1
pack
unpleasant see also
2
@ please /pleasant
unpopular see also
1
@ popular
unprecedented see
also @ precedent
unpredictable see
also @ predict/
predictable
unprofessional see
also @ profession/
professional

unobstructed neg
adj
unobtainable neg
adj
unoccupied neg adj

unofficial neg adj

unofficially neg adv

unopened neg adj

unpaid neg adj

unpack vIT

unpleasant neg adj

unpopular neg adj

unpleasantly adv
unpleasantness nU
unpopularity nU

unprecedented neg
adj

unpredictable neg adj

unprofitable see @
profit/profitable
unpublished see
also @ publish/
published
unqualified see also
1
@ qualify /qualified

unpredictably neg
adv
unpredictability nU
unprofessional neg
adj
unprofessionally neg
adv
unprofitable neg adj

unpublished neg adj

unpublishable neg
adj
unqualified neg adj
no qualifications

615

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

unqualified see also

3
@ qualify /qualified
unquestioned/
unquestionable see
@ question

unreal see also @

real
unrealistic see also
@ realistic
unreasonable see
also @ reason/
reasonable
unreformed see @
reform/reformed
unrelated see also
1 & 3
@ relate
unreliable see also
@ rely/reliable
unremarkable see
also @ remarkable
unreported see also
2
@ report
unresolved see also
@ resolve
unrest see also @
1
rest
unrestricted see @
restrict/restricted
unripe see also @
ripe
unrivalled see @

unrealistic neg adj

unreasonable neg
adj

unreformed neg adj

unrelated neg adj

unreliable neg adj

unremarkable neg
adj
unreported neg adj

unresolved neg adj

unrest nU

unrestricted neg adj

unripe neg adj

unrivalled neg adj

unqualified neg adj

without limitation
unquestioned neg
adj
unquestionable neg
adj
unquestionably neg
adv
unreal neg adj
unrealistically neg
adv
unreasonably neg
adv

616

headword

rival
unsafe see also @
1
safe
unsatisfactory see
also @ satisfy/
satisfactory
unscheduled see @
schedule
unseen see also @
see/seen
unskilled see also @
skill/skilled
unsliced see also @
slice
unsold see @
sell/sold
unspecified see also
@ specify/specified
unspoken see also
@ speak, spoken
unstable see also @
1
stable
unsteady see also @
steady
unsubsidized see @
subsidy/subsidized
unsuccessful see
also @ success/
successful
unsuitable see also
1
@ suit /suitable
unsupported see @
support/supported

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

unsafe neg adj

unsatisfactory neg adj

unscheduled neg adj

unseen neg adj

unskilled neg adj

unsliced neg adj

unsold neg adj

unspecified neg adj

unstable neg adj

unspoken neg adj

unspeakable neg adj
unspeakably neg adv

unsteady neg adj

unsteadily neg adv
unsubsidized neg adj

unsuccessful neg adj

unsuccessfully neg adv

unsuitable neg adj

unsuitably neg adv

unsuited neg adj
unsupported neg adj

617

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

unsure see also @

sure
unsurpassed see @
surpass
unsuspecting see @
suspect/suspicion
untalented see @
talent/talented
untested see @
test/tested
unthinkable see also
@ think/thinkable
untidy see also @
tidy
1
untie see also @ tie

unsure neg adj

be unsure of oneself

unsurpassed neg adj

unsuspecting neg adj

unsuspected neg adj
untalented neg adj

untested neg adj

unthinkable neg adj

untidy neg adj

untie vT

untidily neg adv

untidiness nU

until see also @ till

until prep/conj

untold see @
2
tell /told
untouched see also
@ touch/touched
untried adj see also
3
@ try
untrustworthy see
@ trust/trustworthy
unusual see also @
usual
unused see also @
use/used
unveil see also @
veil
unverified see @
verify/verified
unwanted see also

untold neg adj

untouched neg adj

untouchable neg adj
untried neg adj

unusual neg adj

unusually neg adv

untrustworthy neg
adj

unused neg adj

unveil vT

unveiled neg adj

unverified neg adj

unwanted neg adj

618

headword

@ want
unwelcome see also
@ welcome
unwell see also @
2
well
unwilling see also @
2
will /willing
unwind see also @
2
wind
unwise see also @
wise
1
up adv higher,
more
2
up prep higher

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

unwelcome neg adj

unwell neg adj

unwilling neg adj

unwillingly neg adv

unwillingness nU
unwind vIT

unwise neg adj

unwisely neg adv

up adv higher,
increased
up prep higher,
towards the top
up prep along (up
the road, etc)

up adv not in bed

up adj

upbringing nCU

up-to-date adj

updated adj

upgrade see also @

1
grade
uphill see also @ hill

update vT
modernize
update vT inform of
new developments
update nC
upgrade vT
upgrade nC

uphold

uphold vT

uphill adv
uphill adj

upland/uplands see
1
also @ land

upland adj
uplands n pl

up adj moving
higher; better
upbringing see also
2
@ bring
update see also @
1
date

619

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

upon

upon prep

upper

upper adj

uppermost adj/adv

upright

uprising see also @

2
rise
upset

upright adj
upright adv

upper class n sing/

upper-class adj see
3
also @ class

uprising nC

upset vT knock over,

etc

upsetting adj
upset nC

upside-down

turn upside down

upstairs see also @

stair
upstream see also
1&2
@ stream
upward/upwards
2
see also @ ward /
-ward
uranium

upside down adv/

adj
upstairs adj
upstairs adv

upset vT worry, feel

ill, unhappy, etc
upset adj worried,
unhappy, etc

upward adj
upwards adv Brit/
upward adv Am

upstream adv
upstream adj

uranium nU

urban

urban adj

urge

urge vIT

suburb nC
suburban adj

urge nC

urgent

urgent adj

urine

urgency nU
urgently adv
urine nU

urbanization nU
suburbia nU
feel the/an urge to
do sth

us see also @ we,

our

us pron

urinate vI

urination nU
urinary adj
urinal nC

620

headword

use/used

A1

use vT utilise
use nCU function
useful adj

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

use vT/use up phr v

consume
use nU application
user nC
used adj

useless neg adj

usage nU

usable adj
usefully adv
usefulness nU
disused neg adj

misuse nU
misuse vT
unused neg adj

used /used to

happened in the past
2
used /be used to/

get used to familiar,
accustomed
usual
usual adj
as usual
usually adv
utility gas,

electricity, etc
utilize

used to

in use
out of use
make use of sth
put to (good) use
be of some/no use

used to
be used to
get used to
unusual neg adj

unusually neg adv

utility nC

utilize vT formal

utilization nU

utmost

utmost adj

utter say

utter complete

utter vT
utterance nC
utterly adv

do ones utmost
the utmost
importance see also
@ important/
importance

utter adj

uttermost adj/n sing

Vv

vacant

vacant adj

vacancy nC

vacate vT formal

621

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

vacation

vacation nC esp Am
holiday

vacation nC
university holiday

vaccine

vacuum

vacuum vT

vagina

vaccine nCU
vaccinate vT
vaccination nCU
vacuum nC
vacuum cleaner nC
see also @ clean/
cleaner
vagina nC

vacation vI esp Am
vacationer nC esp
Am

vaginal adj

vague

vague adj

vaguely adv

vagueness nU

vain /vanity
conceited
2
vain useless

vain adj
vanity nU
vain adj

vanity case nC see

2
also @ case
in vain

valid

valid adj

valley nC

validate vT
validation nU

invalidate vT

valley

validity nU
invalid neg adj

value

value nCU monetary

value

value nU
importance,
usefulness, etc

valuable adj worth a value vT estimate,

lot of money
appraise
valuable adj useful, value vT appreciate
important, etc

valuation nCU
valueless neg adj
invaluable adj

valve

evaluate vT
evaluation nCU

valve nC

valued adj
values n pl principles
valuables n pl
value added tax nCU
see also @ tax
devalue vIT
devaluation nCU
revalue vT
evaluative adj
evaluator nC

van

van nC motor
vehicle

van nC railway vehicle

622

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

vanilla

vanilla nU

vanish

vanish vI

vapour/vapor

evaporate vIT

vapour nCU Brit/ vapor

nCU Am

varnish

vary/various

variety nCU
various adj

vary vIT

variable nC
variation nC

variable adj
invariably neg adv

varied adj
varying adj

vase

vase nC

varnish nCU
varnish vT
variability nU
varfiance nC
variously adv
variant nC

vanished adj
vanishing adj
vaporize vIT

evaporation nU
evaporated milk nU
see also @ milk
nail varnish nCU see
2
also @ nail
invariable neg adj

vast

vast adj

vastly adv

vastness nU

VAT

vault strongroom

VAT nU abbrev =

value added tax; see
also @ tax

vault nC

veal

veal nU

vegetable

vegetarian nC
vegetarian adj

vegetation

vegetable nC
vegetable adj

vegetation nU

vegetable patch nC
see also @ patch

vehicle

vehicle nC

vehicular adj

veil

veiled adj
unveiled neg adj

vein

vein nC

veil nC
veil vT cover with veil
veil vT conceal, hide
unveil vT

623

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

velocity

velocity nU

velvet

velvet nU

vendor

vendor nC

vengeance

vengeance nU

vent/ventilate

revenge nU
revenge vT

velvety adj
velvet glove nC see
also @ glove
vend vT
vending nU
vending machine nC
see also @ machine
vengeful adj
vengefully adv
avenge vT
avenger nC

venture

venture nC

venture vT formal

vent vT
ventilate vT
ventilation nU
ventilator nC

venue

venue nC

verb/verbal

verb nC

adverb nC

verbal adj

verbally adv

verdict

verdict nC

verge

verge nC

verify

verify vIT

versatile

versatile adj

verge vI/verge on
phr v
on the verge of
verification nU
verified adj
unverified neg adj
versatility nU

verse

verse nU poetry
verse nC part of

vent nC

624

headword

A1

A2

B1

version

version nC

versus

vertical

very

very adv extremely

very adv emphasis

vessel container

B2

poem, song

C1

C2

versus prep
v/vs abbrev
vertical adj

vertically adv

vessel nC formal

vessel nC

vest

vest nC Am waistcoat

vet/veterinary

vest nC Brit
undershirt

veteran

veto

veteran adj
experienced
veteran nC sb
experienced
veteran nC esp Am
ex-serviceman

blood vessel nC see

also @ blood
vest nC protective
garment
veterinarian nC esp
Am
veterinary adj

via

via prep

viable

vibrate

vice sin

vicinity
vicious

vessel ship
2

vet nC

veto nCU
veto vT

viable adj

vice nCU

vibrate vI
vibration nU

viability nU
viably adv
vibrator nC

vicinity nU

vicious adj

viciously adv

625

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

victim

victim nC

victory

victory nCU

victorious adj

video

video nC

video adj
video vT
video cassette nC
see also @ cassette
video game nC see
1
also @ game
video recorder nC
1
see also @ record
videotape nCU see
1
also @ tape
view nCU
view vIT
viewer nC

view opinion,
knowledge

view nC

view vT

point of view nC see

1
also @ point

viewpoint nC see
1
also @ point

overview nC

vigour/vigor

vigorous adj

villa

vigour nU Brit/ vigor nU

Am
vigorously adv
villa nC

village

village nC

villager nC

villain

villain nC

villainous adj

vine

vine nC
vintage nCU
vintage adj

vintner nC
grapevine nC see
also @ grape
vineyard nC see also

view sth seen

victimize vT
victimization nU
victoriously adv
victor nC
video-tape vIT see
1
also @ tape
video-taped adj

viewing nCU
preview nC
preview vT
in view
in full view of
in view of
have in view
with a view to
with in view
invigorate vT
invigorating adj

626

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

X
2

@ yard
vinegary adj

vinegar

vinegar nU

violate

violate vT

violation nCU

violence

violence nU

violent adj

violently adv

violin

virgin

virgin nC

violin nC
violinist nC

virtually adv

virtual adj

virgin adj
virginity nU

virtual computing

virtual adj

virtually adv

virtue

virtue nCU

virus

virus nC computing

visa

virus nC organism,
disease

virtuous adj
virtuously adv
viral adj

visa nC

vision/visible/visual

vision nC dream,
hope, etc
vision nU sight

envision vT

visible adj

invisible neg adj

visual adj

vital

visit vIT
visit nC
visitor nC

vital adj essential

visibility nU
visibly adv
visually adv
visualize vT
visiting nU
visiting adj
revisit vT

visionary adj
visionary nC
tunnel vision nU see
also @ tunnel
invisibility nU
invisibly neg adv

vitamin

vitamin nC

virtual almost

visit

violator nC
inviolable neg adj
formal

visit with sb phr v

Am
vitally adv

627

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

vivid

vivid adj

vividly adv

vividness nU

vocabulary

vocabulary nU

vocal see also @

voice

vocal adj

vocation

vocational adj

vocation nC

vocally adv
vocalist nC
vocal cords n pl

vogue

vogue nCU

in vogue

voice see also @

vocal

voice nC

voice vT

voice mail nU see also

@ mail

void

void nC

volatile

volatile adj

voice box nC see

1
also @ box
voiceless neg adj
voice-over nC
void adj
void vT
null and void adj
devoid adj formal
volatility nU

volcano

volcano nC

volcanic adj

volleyball

volt

volt nC

volleyball nU see
1
also @ ball

voltage nUC

volume nCU
amount, quantity

volume nC

voluminous adj

volume sound

volume nU sound

volunteer

volunteer vIT

vomit

volunteer nC
voluntary adj

vomit vIT
vomit nU

voluntarily adv
involuntary neg adj

volume amount
volume book

voluble adj
volubly adv
volubility nU

628

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

vote

vote nC

vote vIT

voter nC

voting nU

voucher

voucher nC

vow

vow vT
vow nC

vowel

vowel nC

voyage

voyage nC

vulgar

vulgar adj

vulnerable

vulnerable adj

vulnerability nU

Ww

voyage vI
voyager nC
vulgarity nU
vulgarly adv
invulnerable neg adj
invulnerability nU

wade

wade vIT

wade through phr v

wage/wages

wages npl

wagon/waggon

wagon nC/waggon
nC Brit cart
wagon nC/waggon

waged adj
unwaged neg adj
wage-earner nC see
also @ earn
wage-packet nC Brit
see also @ pack/
packet

floating voter nC
see also @ float

avow vT formal
avowal nCU formal
avowed adj formal
disavow vT formal
disavowal nCU
formal
marriage vows npl
see also @ marry/
marriage

629

headword

waist

A1

A2

B1

B2

nC Brit railway
goods vehicle
waist nC body part

wait vI
wait for phr v

waiting-room nC
1
see also @ room

wait /waiter/
waitress

wake see also @

awake

wake vIT
wake (sb) up phr v
awake adj

wait on phr v
waiter nC
waitress nC
waken vIT

walk vIT

walk nC

wait delay

walk

C1

C2

waist nC clothing
part

wait n sing
waiting adj
waiting nU

waist band nC see

3
also @ band
waistcoat nC Brit
1
see also @ coat
waistline nC see also
1
@ line
wait a second/
minute/moment, etc
wait and see

awake/awaken vIT

walker nC
walking nU
sidewalk nC Am see
also @ pavement

awakening nC
rude awakening nC
see also @ rude
walk away/off phr v
walk on (by) phr v
walk out phr v leave
walk out phr v go on
strike
walk-out nC strike
walk over phr v
walkover nC easy
victory
walk tall vI see also
@ tall
walking stick nC see
3
also @ stick
sleepwalker nC
sleepwalking nU see

630

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

X
1

wall

wall nC

wallet

wallet nC

walnut see also @

nut
wander

wander vI

walnut nC see also @

nut

want vT

unwanted neg adj

want lack

war

war nCU

warship nC see also

1
@ ship

want nCU
want vT
warrior nC
warfare nU
wartime nU/adj see
1
also @ time

warden nC

forward/forwards
adv direction

afterwards adv Brit/

afterward adv Am

ward nC room in
hospital, prison, etc
forward adj
upward adj

want desire, wish

ward

ward /-ward/-wards

downwards adv Brit/ outward adj

downward adv Am

wallpaper nCU
wallpaper vT see also
@ paper

downward adj
northward/

also @ sleep
wall in/off/up phr v
walled adj


wander nC
wanderer nC
wandering nU
wander off phr v
want nC
wanted adj
wanting adj
warring adj
warlord nC see also
@ lord
warmonger nC
civil war nCU see
2
also @ civil
guerrilla war/
warfare see also @
guerrilla
postwar adj
pre-war adj
prisoner of war nC
see also @ prison/
prisoner
warder nC Brit
prison guard
backwardness nU
forward vT

631

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

forward/forwards
adv time
towards prep Brit/
toward prep Am

backwards adv Brit/

backward adv Am
backward adj

upwards adv Brit/

upward adv Am

onwards adv Brit/

onward adv Am
onward adj
outwards adv Brit/
outward adv Am

wardrobe

ware/warehouse
2
see also @ house

software nU

warm

warm adj quite hot

warm adj friendly

warn

C1

C2

look forward phr v

outwardly adv

wardrobe nC

northwards adv
southward/
southwards adv
eastward/ eastwards
adv
westward/ westwards
adv

warehouse nC

warmth nU

hardware nU for
computers
warm vIT

wares npl
earthenware nU
hardware nU metal
things for the home

warming nU
global warming nU see
also @ globe/ global

warmly adv
warming adj
warm to sb/sth phr v
warm up phr v

warrant nC

warrant official
document
2
warrant justify

warn vIT
warning nCU

warrant vT

warranty

warranty nC

warrior see also @

war
wary see also @
beware

warrior nC

wary adj

was see @ be

warily adv
wariness nU
unwary neg adj

wash

wash vIT

washing-up nU Brit

wash nC
washing nU

wash up phr v Brit

do the dishes

632

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

dishwasher nC see

also @ dish
washing machine nC
see also @ machine

wash-basin nC see
also @ basin

wasp

wasp nC

waste

waste nU misuse of
money
waste nU rubbish

waste vT
waste adj

wastepaper basket/
bin nC esp Brit /
wastebasket nC esp
Am see also @

basket, paper

wasteful adj

watch vIT look at

watch vT look after
temporarily

watch look at

wash ones hands of

sb/sth see also @
hand
washable adj
washed adj
unwashed neg adj
dishwashing nU see
also @ dish
washroom nC esp
Am see also @
1
room
whitewash vT
whitewash nC see
also @ white

wasted adj
wastefully adv
waster nC informal
waste away phr v
waste time see also
1
@ time
watchful adj
watchfulness nU
watch nCU
keep watch
bird-watcher nC
bird-watching nU
see also @ bird
watchdog nC see
also @ dog
watchman nC see
3
also @ man
watch for phr v
watch out! exclam

633

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

watch timepiece

watch nC

water

water nU

water vT

rainwater nU see
also @ rain
seawater nU see
also @ sea

mineral water nCU

see also @ mineral

underwater adj/adv
waterproof adj see
3
also @ proof

watch out (for) phr

v

wristwatch nC see
also @ wrist
pocket watch nC see
also @ pocket
stop watch nC see
1
also @ stop
watchmaker nC see
also @ make/maker
watery adj
watering nU
by water
freshwater adj see also floodwaters n pl
1
@ fresh
see also @ flood
tonic water nCU see
groundwater nU see
1
also @ tonic
also @ ground
watercolour nC Brit/
soda water nCU see
watercolor nC Am see
also @ soda
also @ colour/color
waterproof nC see
3
waterfall nC see also @ also @ proof / -
1
fall
proof
watershed nC
water-skiing nU see
also @ ski/skiing
water table n usu
sing see also @
1
table
watertight adj
waterway nC see
3
also @ way
throw/pour cold
water on sth see
1
also @ cold
watt nC
wattage nU

wave vIT

watt
1

wave hand

waving nU

634

headword

A1

A2

movement, greeting

B1

B2

wave nC

wave water
movement; undulate

wave nC sea, etc

wax

way nC route, path

way nC direction
way n sing Brit/ways
n pl Am distance

way adv far

give way phr v

on the way to/from

one-way adj

sideways adj/adv
1
see also @ side

way nC

anyway adv in any

way possible

in a way

way route,
direction, etc

way method,
option

C1

C2

wave aside phr v

wave sb off phr v
wave goodbye see
also @ goodbye
wave nC light, sound wavelength nC see also wavy adj
@ length
brainwave nC see
also @ brain
crime wave nC see
also @ crime
wax nU

wax vT
waxed adj
waxy adj


all/some/part of
the way
by way of
halfway adj/adv see
also @ half
midway adj/adv see
also @ middle/mid-
go out of ones way
lose ones way
in the way/in sbs
way
make ones way to
make way (for)
out of the way
under way
to be/get
underway/ under
way see also @
underway

way of life see also @
by the way
life
have ones (own)
way

635

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

railway nCU

motorway nC Brit
see also @ motor

doorway nC
subway nC Am

freeway nC Am
highway nC esp Am
runway nC

gateway nC see also @

gate
pathway nC see also @
path

WC nC abbrev

no way informal
no way! exclam
one way or another
way in/way out nC
Brit
wayside adj
dual carriageway nC
1
see also @ carriage ,
dual
causeway nC
expressway nC Am
3
see also @ express
headway n sing/
make headway see
2
also @ head
gangway nC aisle
gangway nC on ship
passageway nC see
1
also @ passage
spillway nC see also
@ spill
waterway nC see
also @ water

we pron everyone

weak

we pron 1 person
plural

weak adj

weaken vIT

weakly adv

weakened adj
weakening adj

wealth

weakness nU lack of
strength
weakness nC
deficiency
wealth nU
wealthy adj

the wealthy nU

way /-way
entrance, road, etc

WC see also @
closet
we see also @ our

st

636

headword

weapon

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

weapon nC

wear vT

underwear nU

wear erode, grow

old, etc

wear vI
wear out phr v
worn-out adj

weary

weather

weather nU

weave

weather forecast nC
see also @ forecast
weave vIT

weary adj
wearily adv

web nC

weaponry nU
weaponize vT
wearer nC
worn adj
unworn neg adj
wear nU
wearing adj
worn adj
wear away phr v
wear off phr v
weary vI
weariness nU
weather vT
under the weather
weave nU
interweave vT
weaving nU
woven adj
interwoven adj

web internet

wed/wedding

web/the web n sing

website nC see also
@ site
wedding nC

wedding cake nCU

see also @ cake

wedge

weed

wedge nC
wedge vT
weed nC
weed vIT

wed vIT
unwed neg adj
wedlock nU
wedged adj

wear clothing

web spiders

weaver nC

weeding nU
weedkiller nU see
also @ kill/killer
seaweed nU see
also @ sea

637

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

week

week nC
weekend nC

weekly adj

weekly adv
weekday nC see also
@ day

weep

weep vIT

weigh

weight nCU amount

weigh vT

weight nC sth used

for weighing, etc
weight nC heavy
object, load

overweight adj

weird

weird adj

welcome

welcome vT greet

welcome! exclam
welcome adj

welfare

welfare nU

welcome nCU
welcome vT
support, encourage

well adv in a good

manner, successfully

well adv completely, as well

thoroughly, easily
well done! exclam

well-known adj see
also @ know/known
well-made adj/adv

well in a good/
successful manner

weekly nC weekly
publication
midweek adj/adv
see also @ middle/
mid-
weeping nU
weeping adj
weeping willow nC
see also @ willow
weight vI
weighted adj
weightless neg adj
weighty adj
carry weight be
influential
pull ones weight
throw ones weight
about/around
outweigh vT
heavyweight adj/nC
see also @ heavy
lightweight adj/nC
3
see also @ light
weirdly adv
unwelcome neg adj
youre welcome
exclam

go well with
just as well
may as well
well-built adj see
2
also @ build /built

638

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

well-intentioned adj
see also @ intend/
intention
well-kept adj see
2
also @ keep /kept
well-meaning adj
2
see also @ mean

see also @ make/

made

well adj

well-being nU

unwell neg adj

well /well!
exclamation
4
well source of
water, oil, etc
were see @ be

well! exclam

well nC

oil well nC see also

@ oil

west

west nU/adv/adj
W nU/adv/adj
abbrev
western adj
direction

the West nU
political group
western adj political

westward adj/adv see

2
also @ ward /
-ward

western nC film,
book, etc
westernmost adj

wet

wet adj

northwest/north-
west nU/adj
northwestern adj
southwest/south-
west nU/adj
southwestern adj

wet vT

whale

whale nC

what

what det question

what det/pron the
thing that
what? exclam
what for?
what about ?
suggestion
whatever det/pron
no matter what

the wet n sing Brit

wetness nU
whaling nU
whaler nC
what if ?
what is sb/sth like?

whatever det/pron
anything, all

whatever! exclam

whatever/

well healthy

whatever

whatever /

639

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

whatsoever
wheat

wheat nU

wheel

wheel nC

wheel vT

when

when adv/conj

whenever

whenever adv/conj

where

whereabouts

where adv/conj
anywhere adv in
negs and questions
somewhere adv

whereas

C1

whatsoever adv

C2

steering wheel nC
see also @ steer
wheelchair nC see
1
also @ chair

spare wheel nC see

also @ spare
wheelclamp nC see
also @ clamp

anywhere adv
wherever possible

elsewhere adv
nowhere adv

whereas conj

whereabouts adv
whereabouts n pl

whereby

whereby adv formal

wherever

wherever adv

whether

whether conj
whether or
which det/pron
questions

which det/pron
explaining what is
meant, referred to

which det/pron
adding information

whichever det/pron

all the while
once in a while
be worth ones
while
whipped adj
whipping nCU
whip up phr v make/
cook sth quickly

which

whichever

while/whilst

while conj during

a while n sing

while conj/whilst
conj Brit formal
although

whip

whip vT beat with a

whip

whip nC
whip vT beat (in
cooking)

640

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

whirl

whirl vIT

whisk

whisk vT

whisky/whiskey

whisper

whistle

whistling nU

white

white nU
white adj

whisper vIT
whisper nC
whistle vIT
whistle nC

whisky nCU Brit &

Scot/ whiskey nCU
Am & Irish

whirl nC
whirlpool nC see
also @ pool
whirlwind nC see
1
also @ wind
whisk nC
whisked adj

who/whom/whose

who pron defining

person referred to

whoever

who pron in
questions
whom pron formal
whose pron/det

whiten vIT
whiteness nU
whitish adj
white-collar adj see
also @ collar
white lie nC see also
2
@ lie
whitewash vT
whitewash nC see
also @ wash
in black and white
see also @ black

whoever pron

whole

whole adj

whole/the whole n
sing

wholly adv

as a whole
on the whole

641

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

wholesale see also

@ sale
why

wholesale adj

why adv

why conj

wicked

wicked adj

wide/width

wide adj broad,

describing width

wide adj describing

range, variety, etc
widely adv

width nU

wide adj
completely: wide
awake, etc
widen vIT

worldwide adj/adv
see also @ world

widow/widower

widow nC

wield

wield vT

wife

wife nC

wig

housewife nC see
1
also @ house

wig nC

wild adj natural; not

man-made

wildly adv
wilderness nCU

wildlife nU see also

@ life

will nCU

will vT

unwilling neg adj

willingly adv

willingness nU

goodwill nU see also

1
@ good

wild

wild adj untamed,

violent, etc
1
will see @ be
will modal
expressing future
will modal
expressing intention
will modal request
2
will mental capacity

free will nU see also

1
@ free
willing adj/be willing
to do sth

wholegrain nU see
also @ grain

why nC
why not? exclam
wickedness nU
wickedly adv
far and wide see
also @ far
wide-ranging adj
2
see also @ range
widespread adj see
also @ spread
widowed adj
widower nC
unwieldy neg adj
midwife nC
midwifery nU

the wild nU
go wild

unwillingly neg adv

unwillingness nU
do sth at will
wilful adj Brit/willful
adj Am
wilfully/willfully adv

642

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

will legal document

will nC

willow

willow nC

win

win vIT opp. lose

winner nC

win nC

winning adj

wind nCU

windy adj

windsurfing nU see
also @ surf

windscreen nC Brit see

1
also @ screen
windshield nC Am see
also @ shield

wind twist, turn

wind vIT

winding adj

window

window nC

wind strong air

current

Brit/Am
wilfulness/
willfullness nU
Brit/Am
last will and
testament see also
@ testament
willowy adj
weeping willow nC
see also @ weep
win out/through phr
v
win over phr v
prize-winning adj
prize-winner nC see
also @ prize
whirlwind nC see
also @ whirl
windmill nC see also
@ mill
in the wind
windscreen wiper nC
Brit see also @
wipe, screen
windshield wiper nC
Am see also @
shield, wipe
wind sth up
wound up adj
unwind vI
bay window nC see
also @ bay
shopwindow nC
window-dressing nU

643

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

X
3

wine

wine nC

wing nC

wing political group

wink

wing nC

left-wing adj/n sing
2
see also @ left
right-wing adj/n sing
3
see also @ right

wink vI
wink nC

winter

winter nCU

wipe

wipe vT

wipe nC

wire

wire nCU thin metal

wireless adj

wire vT

wing bird, aircraft

2

see also @ dress

window frame nC
1
see also @ frame
window shopping
1
nU see also @ shop
window sill nC
wine and dine vT
winged adj
wingless neg adj
left-winger nC see
2
also @ left
right-winger nC see
3
also @ right
in the wink of an eye
wink at phr v
disregard
forty winks n pl
winter vI
wintry adj
midwinter nU see
also @ middle/mid-
wiper nC
windscreen wiper nC
Brit see also @
1
wind , screen
windshield wiper nC
Am see also @
1
wind , shield
wipe out phr v
destroy
wipe up phr v
wired adj

644

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

wire nCU electrical

cable
wise/wisdom

wish

wish vI

wit

with best wishes

letter ending

witch

with

C2

wiring nU

wiry adj
razor wire nU see
also @ razor
unwisely neg adv

wise adj
wisdom nU
wish nC

wisely adv
unwise neg adj

wit nU humour

witty adj

witch nC

with prep by means

of

withdrawal nCU

withhold

with prep
accompanying
withdraw vIT
remove money, etc

wishful adj
grant a wish
wit nC
witticism nC
witchcraft nU see
1
also @ craft
witch-doctor nC see
1
also @ doctor
witch-hunt nC see
also @ hunt
bewitch vT
bewitched adj
bewitching adj

withhold vT

withheld adj

within

within adv/prep

without

without prep

within reason see

also @ reason
do/go without phr v

withstand

withstand vT

witness

witness nC
witness vT

eyewitness nC see
also @ eye
witness box nC esp
1
Brit see also @ box
witness stand nC esp

withdraw

645

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

wizard

wizard nC

Am see also @
1
stand
wizardry nU

wolf

wolf nC

wolf vT eat quickly

woman nC

womanhood nU

woman /-woman
3
see also @ man

chairwoman nC see
2
also @ chair

spokeswoman nC
see also @ speak,
spoken

policewoman nC see businesswoman nC

1
also @ police
see also @ business
sportswoman nC
see also @ sport

womb

congresswoman nC
Am see also @
1
congress
saleswoman nC see
also @ sale/sell

womb nC

career woman nC
see also @ career
gentlewoman nC
yachtswoman nC
see also @ yacht

wonder vI

wonder if/whether
request
wonderful adj

wonder nCU
wonder vI

wood nCU

wooden adj

woodwork nU see also

2
@ work

wood small forest

wood nC often pl

wool

wool nU sheep hair

wool nU thread

woodland nCU see also

1
@ land

wonderfully adv
wondrous adj
no wonder
woody adj
driftwood nU see
also @ drift
pinewood nU see
also @ pine
woodworm nCU see
also @ worm
wooded adj

woollen adj Brit/
woolen adj Am
woolly adj Brit/
wooly adj Am
woolly nC usu pl Brit
cottonwool nU Brit
see also @ cotton

woman

wonder speculate
wonder sth
amazing
wood substance
from trees

646

headword

word

work employment

work activity
needing effort

A1

word nC small unit

of language

A2

B1

work nU

word n sing short

conversation/have a
word (with sb)
password nC see
2
also @ pass
in other words
work n sing place of
work
working adj relating
to employment
working hours n pl
see also @ hour
workman nC see
3
also @ man
workshop nC see
2
also @ shop
out of work adj
office worker nC see
1
also @ office

homework nU

housework nU

work nU
work vI have a job
employment
works n pl factory
work nU activity
when employed
work vIT carry out
ones job
worker nC employee
working adj having
employment

B2

C1

C2

word vT
wording nU
crossword nC/
crossword puzzle nC
see also @ puzzle

working nU
workforce n sing see
4
working class adj/nC also @ force
3
see also @ class
workplace nC see
1
also @ place
workstation nC
co-worker nC esp Am

workload nC see also

1
@ load
hard-working adj see
2
also @ hard

hard-working adj see

2
also @ hard
paperwork nU see also
1
@ paper
woodwork nU see also
1
@ wood

in a word
put in a good word
(for sb)
word for word
swear word nC see
1
also @ swear
out of work
workhouse nC see
2
also @ house
workmate nC see
2
also @ mate
(be) at work
go to work
overwork nU
overworked adj
social worker nC see
1
also @ society /
social

teamwork nU see
also @ team
work at/on phr v
work off phr v
work sth out phr v
work up phr v
brickwork nU see
also @ brick
handiwork nU see
also @ handy
needlework nU see
also @ needle
patchwork nU see
also @ patch
piecework nU see

647

headword

A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

also @ piece
pipework nU see
also @ pipe
workbench nC see
also @ bench
workhorse nC see
also @ horse
workmanship nU
3

work nC

work function

work vI

working adj

world

world/the world n
sing planet Earth

world nU population
of the world

worm

work artistic
creation

artwork nU see also

1
@ art
work of art nC see
1
also @ art

worldwide adj/adv
see also @ wide

worm nC

workable adj
unworkable neg adj
workings n pl
clockwork nU/adj
see also @ clock
world nC area of
activity/interest
worldly adj
worldliness nU
in the world
third-world n sing/
adj
bookworm nC
informal see also @
1
book
earthworm nC see
2
also @ earth
silkworm nC see

also @ silk
tape worm nC see
2
also @ tape
woodworm nCU see

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A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

X
1

worry

worse/worst see
also @ bad/badly

worship

worth value
2

worth importance

would modal

wound

worry vI be unhappy
about problems

worried adj

worst superlat
adj/adv
worst/the worst n
sing

worse comp adj

worse comp adv

worth nU
worth prep

would modal future

would modal
intention
would modal
possible

also @ wood
worryingly adv
dont worry! exclam

worry vT be
concerned about
sb/sth
worry nC

worrying adj

get worse
worsen vIT
worsening adj

worship vT offer
prayer, etc
worship nU prayer,
etc

worship vT love
worship nU love

worthless neg adj

worth nU
be worth it

worthwhile adj

worthy adj formal

would modal
wiiling/able

would modal
request, offer

would-be adj

worshipper nC Brit/
worshiper nC Am
worshipping nU Brit/
worshiping nU Am
be worth sth

unworthy neg adj
be worth doing/
having sth
be worth your while

wounded adj

woven adj

woven see @ weave

wound nC
wound vT

wow!

wow! exclam

wow factor nC

wrap

wrap vT
wrap up phr v

wrap nC

wrapper nC
wrapping nU
unwrap vT
unwrapped neg adj
wrapping paper nU

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A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

see also @ paper

wrathful adj

wrath

wrath nU

wreck

wrestle

wreck vT
wreck nC
wreckage nU
shipwreck nC see also
1
@ ship
wrestle vT

wretched

wretched adj

wrinkle

wrinkle nC

wrist

wrist nC

write

write vT
writer nC

write down phr v

writing nU
handwriting
writing nU sth
written

written adj

in writing

handwriting nU see
1
also @ hand

rewrite vT
typewriter nC see also
2
@ type

wrong

wrong adj opp. right

wrong adj sinful,
immoral, illegal, etc

wrong adv informal

wrong nCU

wrongly adv

Xx

wrinkle vT
wrinkled adj
wristwatch nC see
2
also @ watch
write off phr v
handwritten adj see
1
also @ hand
scriptwriter nC see
also @ script
songwriter nC see
also @ song
unwritten neg adj
wrong vT
go wrong
in the wrong
wrongdoer nC
wrongdoing nU
wrongful adj

x-ray

x-ray nC
x-ray vT

wrecked adj

wrestling nU
wrestler nC
wretch nC

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A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

Yy

ya! see also @ yes,

yea/yeah/yeh
yacht

ya! exclam informal

yacht nC

yard measure: 3
feet
2
yard work area;
garden

yard nC

yachting nU
yachtsman nC see
3
also @ man
yachtswoman nC
2
see also @ woman
yardstick nC

yard nC work area;

surfaced area
yard nC Am garden

backyard nC Am see
2
also @ back
schoolyard nC Am
see also @ school

courtyard nC

churchyard nC see also

@ church
graveyard nC see also
1
@ grave
shipyard nC see also @
1
ship

yarn

yarn nU thread

barnyard nC see
also @ barn
boatyard nC see also
@ boat
dockyard nC see
also @ dock
farmyard nC see

also @ farm
vineyard nC see also
@ vine

yawn

yea/yeah/yeh see
also @ yes
year

yea/yeah/yeh
exclam/adv informal
year nC 12 months

yawn vI
yawn nC

yearly adj/adv

leap year nC
for years
year-round adj
all year round
year in, year out
year by/after year
from year to year

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A1

A2

B1

B2

C1

C2

yearn

yearn vI

financial year nC see

also @ finance
fiscal year nC see
also @ fiscal
midyear nU/adj see
also @ middle/mid-
yearning nCU

yell

yellow

yellowish adj

yes

yes exclam/adv
agreement
yes exclam/adv
acknowledgement
yes nC
yesterday nC
yesterday adv
yet adv until now
yet adv in the future
not yet adv

yellow nCU
yellow adj

yell vIT
yell nC

the day before

yesterday

yet conj

the best/worst, etc

yet
as yet

yesterday
1

yet until now; in

the future
2

yet but
1

yield vT

unyielding neg adj

yield produce

yogurt/yoghurt

yogurt/yoghurt nCU

yield vT
yield nC

you

you pron 2 person

sing/plural
your det belonging
to you
yourself/yourselves
reflexive pron

you pron people,

one
your det relating to
people
your det informal
example

yield surrender

nd

652

headword

A1

by yourself

A2

young

young adj

yours pron
yourself pron
emphasis

yours letter ending

yours

youth

Zz

B1

C1

C2

youngster nC

yours truly Brit/truly

yours Am

youthful adj

youth hostel nC see

also @ hostel

yours faithfully Brit/

faithfully yours Am
yours sincerely Brit/
sincerely yours Am
youth nU time when
people are young
youth nC young
person
youth nU young
people

zeal

zealously adv

zebra

zeal nU
zealous adj
zebra nC

zero

zero nU 0 degrees

zinc

zero nCU nothing,

none, 0

zebra crossing nC
Brit see also @
1
cross
zero in phr v

zinc nU

zip/zipper

zip nC Brit/zipper nC
Am
zip/zip up vT

zone

zone nC area
zone nC specific
area time zone,
temperature zone,
comfort zone, etc

unzip vT
zip fastener nC Brit
see also @
2
fast /fasten
euro zone n sing see
also @ euro

the young n pl

B2

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zoo

A1

A2

B1

zoo nC

B2

C1

C2

zookeeper nC see
2
also @ keep /keeper

654