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Folded plates are assemblies of flat plates rigidly connected together along their edges
in such a way so as to make the structural system capable of carrying loads without
the need for additional supporting beams along mutual edges.
Historical Review :
The first application of folded plates back to 1924, and attributed to Ehlers in
Germany.
In 1932, Gruber developed a rigorous analytical solution that take into
consideration the compatibility of deformations and the relative ridge
displacement, but for construction of "n" number of plates, Gruber's analysis
requires the analysis of 7n-5 simultaneously equations. . Big Trouble.
In 1930, Vlasov developed considerably simpler procedure that still take into
consideration the compatibility of deformations and the relative ridge
displacement, but for "n" number of plates, Vlasov's analysis requires the
analysis of 2n simultaneously equations . Also still hard.
In 1947, an approximate and extremely simplified method was developed by
Winter and Pei, in which the effect of ridge displacement was completely
disregarded. but for "n" number of plates, analysis requires the analysis of n-1
simultaneously equations.
Attempts were then made by a number of investigators to introduce certain
corrections to Winter and Pei solution, that take into account the ridge
displacements. These attempts can be classified to : Analytical methods.
Iterative Techniques.
Remember :
The main problem of folded plates is the analysis, not the design.
** Slab Action:
A strip of unit length of folded plate is taken to act as one-way slab supported at
ridges, the outer plates regarded as cantilevers. The ridges are assumed to behave
as rigid support, producing the reactions R2, R3, . etc as shown in figures. and
the moment diagram corresponding to slab action can be drawn as in fig.
** Beam action :
Applying the reactions R2, R3, . And resolving the load at any ridge in the
directions of two adjoining plates, one can get the forces p2,1, p2,3, p3,4, . Acting
in middle planes of plates (1,2), (2,3), (3,4), respectively. These in plane loads
ansmitted by the plates behaving as beams to the supporting diaphragms.
cos +1
sin +1
cos 1
sin
Ridge loads are taken as + if they act downwards and vice versa.
Plate forces are taken as + when the associated bending of the plate produces tension
at the end i of the plate ( i , i+1 ).
Contact shears :
Stresses developed in the plates, due to beam action, are obtained on the basis of
elementary beam theory. Therefore, such stresses vary linearly across the width of
each plate. |It should be observed, however, that since the plates are connected
together in monolithic manner, each plate cannot deform freely. The strain at any
ridge should have the same value in each of the two plates connected to that ridge.
This lead to the creation of contact shearing forces at the ridges, acting in the plates in
the longitudinal direction, to equalize the normal strains at the ridge in the 2 plates
connected to this ridge.
For the contact shear, there are 2 approaches to solve this problem, the first is called
"Equations of Three Shears", and the other is "Stress distribution method".
N = T2 T3
.. (i)
z : is the distance of the extreme fibers from the centroid of the cross section.
2,3 =
2 3
3,2 =
2 3
2,3
2,3
.. (ii)
3,2
3 4
3,4
.. (iii)
Where :
Z : is the section Modulus of the cross section.
.. (iv)
Substituting from eq. (ii) and (iii) into eq. (iv), we get the relation at ridge 3.
1
T2 ( ) + T3 ( +
2,3
2,3
1
3,4
) + T4 ( ) = (
3,4
0 2,3
3,2
0 3,4
3,4
.. (v)
Where:
1
2,3
1
2,3
1
2,3
1
2,3
= Z2,3
3,2
2,3
= Z3,2
3,2
2,3
= Z4,3
3,4
3,4
= Z3,4
3,4
3,4
Special Case :
If the elements of the folded plate system have rectangular cross section, where the
thickness may vary from element to another, equations may be simplified according
to :
1, = ,1 =
1,
Z1, = Z,1
1,
Z 1,
3
1,
1,
) + 2Ti (
1,
1
,+1
) + Ti+1 (
,+1
)=
1
2
0 1,
,1
0 ,+1
,+1
Then the stresses can be calculated from equations (ii), and (iii)
After calculating stresses, design is an easy procedure.
i,i-1 =
1,
i,i+1 =
,+1
1,
S i,i+1 =
4
,+1
Distribution factors at ridge I, where plates (i-1,i) and (i,i+1) meet are given by:
d i,i-1 =
,+1
1, + ,+1
d i,i+1 =
1,
1,
+ ,+1
2
1,
i+1,i =
2
,+1
C i,i-1 = C i,i+1 = 2
But for exterior plates, C 2,1 =
1
2
, and C 1,2 = 0.
Example:
All elements of the folded plate roof shown in the figure have a constant thickness of
10cm. Taking the unit weight of concrete to be 2.5 t/m3, and assuming the roof to be
subjected to a superimposed vertical load of intensity 100 Ksm of horizontal
projection, find the distribution of longitudinal stresses at the mid-span section.
i)
ii)
Solution:.
Due to symmetry, one has to analyze only half of the cross section of the roof.
Plate
1,2
2,3
3,4
h m
0.750
3.000
3.304
t m
0.1
0.1
0.1
A m2
0.0750
0.3000
0.3304
Z m3
0.009375
0.150000
0.181940