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structural /°™ steel drafting & design ‘SECOND EDITION structural steel drafting & design & ann SECOND EDITION David MacLaugnlin Hector Estrada gly DELMAR "1 CENGAGE Learning 2% DELMAR "2 CENGAGE tearing! ‘ruc ste rsng and Dein, Sscondedton| David Maclaughinand Hector Estas ect of ering Slt Sandy Car Senior esastins tr James Devoe asging E80 ary Maia Senior rect Mange: sharon Chambls. [torial Asistnt Eistapher Savina Ve Present. Matting Jefe Mey acu Marketing Mange Debora ome arhting Manager Sy Stephens kn Speci: Mar Pero Protucton Decor Wendy Trooper Production Manage Mark Besnard Content Project Manager Mike Taber eto atany Casey ‘Printed in Canada 12} 45 05 06 07 08 (©2009 ein Cengage ening AL RIGHTS RESERVE. No prof i work covered bythe copra eee ‘nay be epics anette arusedin ny em by years {Toph cen or medi cai but not ed Peecoryia, ‘oro scannag. dig apg Web rato, orn ets ‘rinfrmaton rage and tse! tm kept sperma nce! ection 97 o 108 of hee Utd Sates Copp At ito he oe ott xe up Cone Spat 860 889 soa ont nh mms Urry of Congres Control amber: 20089158 Isern:sreaoneso22 itor Park NY 206529 ones ening ruc ae esr Canady Neon Eton Far your ison sing oon, vet delmarcongege com ier corporate mbit mor cengng.com Notice tothe Render Pblahr dosnt want or gutante any f the poss descbed her ‘rpafom ny ndpendet sayin cormeton ith any he rot Instn cortanedere air does tot sume od ep aa, “ny bligatan to obtain and ince intrmation tera tat rove oi Tone monte heeded ois’ Spt ety recasinsthat mghtbe noc the stir dere ern {dt wed al ptr ylloingthe ection cated here, theesder ling ssumes al ists ncnneton ith ich tons. The bah nes represents or wratier fay King tut ned te wares efor patron erat. ore any such epesetatons imple with esp tote mata stot rein adhe pbs ae vo esportly wah respec tosuch mate The ube salt be ae for ny special consent o tmp damage resulting in whole prt Rome eaers veo of ence pen, contents Praface +t Acknowledgements + xt ‘Chapter 1 Stoot: An Economical Choice for Commercial and industrial Buildings + 3 LA Introduction + 9 12 Steel:Frame Construction « 3 13 The Economy ofSteel-Frame Construction + 4 1A FastTrack Schedaling « 4 15 Load ndResistance Factor Design (LRED) + 6 16 Summary + 7 Study Questions « 7 Chapter 2 The Word of Structural Stool + 21 Introducton + 9 2.2 Steclasa Structural Material + 9 23 CommonStrictural Stel Rolled Shapes + 11 24 —TheStel Construction Manual + 13. 25 Open-Web Stel Joists « 22 26 Stel Joist Institute Load Tables + 25 27 Summary + 26 Study Questions « 27, ‘Chapter 3 The Structural Drafter at Work + 20) 3.1 Introduction « 29 32 Structural Engineering » 29 3.3 Desirable Characteristics ina Structural Drafter + 30 34 Essential kilsfor a Structural Drafter « 30 wi | contents 35 Engineering Office Organization + 31 6 Summary = 34 Study Questions + 34 (Chapter 4 Reaaing Architectural Drawings for Steel-Framed Bulaings + 37 AL Introduction + 37 42 Architectural Symbols and Abbreviations + 38 43. Floor Plans + 40 44 Exterior Elevations + 42 45 Building Sections » 42 46 WallSectons and Details » 43, 47° Summary « 48 Study Questions + 48 (Chapter 5 An Overview of Basic Structural Steel Design Calculations + St 5 Introduction + 51 5.2 Basic Structural Design Considerations and Terminology » 52 53. The Design and Selection of Open-Web Ste Joists » 56 54 The Design and Selection of W-Shape Beams and Girders + 58 5 ‘The Design of Beam Bearing Plats + 62 56 The Design of Structural Stel Columns + 66 57 The Design of Column Base Plates « 72 58 Summary + 75 Study Questions + 75 ‘Chapter 6 ‘The Preparation of Structural Steet Design Drawings and Details + 77 61 Introduction « 77 62 The Basic Objectives of Structural Design + 7 63. The Structural Grid System + 78, G4 Structural Stee Framing Plans » 78 65 Structural Steel Sections + 94 66 Structural Steel Deualls « 96 {67 Information Required on Structural Ste! Design Drawings + 97 63 Summary + 99 Study Questions + 99 (Chapter 7 Structural Steel Sections and Detals: ‘Some Practical Examples + 101 Introduction « 101, Common Features of Sections and Detail « 102 Column-to-Baseplate Connections « 102 Column Schedules « 11 Beam to-Column Connections + 113 Beam-to-Girdet Connections + 127 Steel Joist-to-Column and jist-to-Beam Connections + 130 Beam and Joist Pocket Details « 134 Sommary » 137 Study Questions + 137 Student Activity © 138 BB ontents | vit (Chapter 8 An introduction to Structural Steel Shop Drawings + 141_ 81 Introduction « 82 The Structural Desgner/Fabricator Relationship + 142 83 Important Considerations in Structural Stel Shop Drafting + 142 84 General Rules for Preparing Structural Steel Shop Drawings + Ht 85° Summary « 14S, Study Questions « 145, Chapter 9 Structural Connections + 147 9.1 Intwoduction « 147 9.2 Structural Bolts + 148 93 Bolted Connections + 149 9.4 Structural Welds and Weld Symbols + 160 95 ‘The esign of Simple Filet Welds + 163 96 Shop-Welded and Field-Bolted Framing Connections + 166 97 Seated Connectors + 169 98 Summary + 171 ‘Study Questions + 171, Chapter 10 Structural Steel Column Detaling + 173. 10.1 Introduction + 173, 102 Initial Steps in Shop Detailing + 173 103 Standard Procedurs in Structural Stel Column Detailing + 174 104 Features of Typical Column Detail « 176 105 Examples of Coluran Detail Drawings + 180 106 Summary + 184 Study Questions « 184 Student Activity « 184 Chapter 11 Structural Stee Beam and Misoolaneous Steel Detaling + 185. LL Introduction + 185 11.2 Beam Detaling + 186 113 Detailing Practicesfor Various Beam Types + 190 114 Miscellaneous Strctral Steel + 201 115. Summary + 204 ‘Study Questions + 205 Student Activity + 206 Chapter 12 Anchor Rod Details, Anchor Rod Plans, Steel Erection Plans, and the Field Bolt List + 207 121 Introduction + 207 122 Anchor Rod Detas « 207 123 Anchor Rod Plans + 213 124 The Field Bolt List « 215 125 Steel Erection Play + 218, 126 Summary + 219 Study Questions + 219 (Chapter 13 Vertical and Horizontal Bracing Ba 132 13 14 221 Introduction + 221 ‘Work Points and Connections + 223, ‘Examjlesof Detailer Various Vertical Bracing Types + 229 Summury + 234 Study Questions + 235 Structural steel i very important part of architecture. The primary purpose of Siructaral Ste! Dring and Design ts to provide students at both the associate and bachelor's de are levels with 2 fundamental and practical knowledge ‘ot how structural ste s used to construct support frames for modern commercial and industrial baldinge. Special emphasis placed on how erctaal dar in eth ve tural design and fabrication ois prepare the working 4 bes make exe lent cohimns because they can be easly hidden within inte or and exterior walls PL-Shapes and Bars Platesand barsaresio formed byhot ling Barshaveeither round quar, or rectangul sold eoss sections Rectang: Tar bars are osualydasid aso ss in width, and plates 24 or morein wlth. The designation forboth rectangular bars and plates iP. ollowed bythe thickness in inches the width in inches, and the length in fet and inches. Ths, a Ii-aquare > thick column baseplate would be specified as PL x 16x 14% whllea beam bearing plate made ofa bar stock would be designated as PL, 6% 10, Pate thick nesses are sully speclied in inerements of more, even ‘hugh plates ad ars are able in "thickens ‘ments. Wids are commonly specified in" Incements. Dimensions and section properties forall standard shapes are gen in Pat 1 ofthe Ste Construction Manual Hoeevet the authors recommend thatthe strata sel drahers and designers do not rely entirely on the Stel {Construction Manat find sections fr thee design. Many ofthese sections ae not always avaible inthe marketplace, and spcitying them in «design may adversely impact the ‘ost ofthe project. For ths teason, we secommend you consult ether the January Sue of Modern Ste Consrac tion magazin or htpeealsagltelvaiablity fo the ful lst of avaable sts shapes, Alternatively dealers and esgners may consult the service centers that provide the Stel wo thei steel brit, 2.4 THE STEEL CONSTRUCTION MANUAL “The Sel Construction Manual. published by te American Isitut of tel Construction (AISC) isthe most ‘widely used source of information for designing and dra Ing stelframed buldings. A thorough acquaintance wth this invaluable handbook i absolutely necesary for anyone employed ina structural design or fabrieation office, The ‘Manual s essentially reference book that gives detailed Information on how to make design cleantion and design ‘or shop drawings in strata ste. “Tis text fellows the thiteeth edition of the Manna ‘hich, as previously discussed in Section 1.5, incorporates the design philosophies ASD (allowable szength design) and LRFD (load and restance fctor design) into one specification. For this text, we have chosen to we the ASD method, Although both the ASD snd LRED methods are tsed in design offices, ASD continues to be more preva: lent at present andi safcen for the routine calculations performed by entry-level dates, especialy on smaller Projects. Also, familiarity with ASD methods provides an ‘xcllent background fom which o progres on to LRED concepts. The following discussion ofthe oxganlzation ofthe Stel {Consrcton Manual sintended aan overview ofthe weal, ‘of material walle in the curreat editon ofthis important book. Divided into seventeen parts the Manual oatins the AISC design specifstons fr steel and wef information shout ste and avaable shapes at walla chart, tables, tnd other drating and design aide that wil be dlscussed throughout dis text. The seventeen parts may be grouped Into six general categories: part 1 covers dimensions snd Properties of sections; pat 2 coves general design consid- talons design aids for tractoral members are coveted in parts 3 through 6; design aids fr connections are covered chapter 2 Tmo wor of suuctat stow | 13 parts 7 through 15; part 16 covers the AISC Specifications {nd Codes and 17 overs miecelanous information, Part 4 “his pat ofthe Manual cotains tables of dimensions and properties for all valable andar structural sel shapes, ‘Tables designated W-Shapes Dimensions, Shapes Dime ‘ons, and soon ial he dmensonal information neces. Sary for making design or sop drawings of structural sel systems. Tables designated W-Shapes Properties or Shaper Properties, and others lint properties such a secton modu. lesymoment oferta, and adi of gyration, which re im- portant factors in designing strucrl components capable fresistng the forces that at on sacral systems. “ables giving the dimensions and properties of stra: tural shapes are placed on acing pags. Thus, a draer ot Sts capable of developing an My/ of 166 kip, which 1 not adequate to ress the 268 hip bending moment By reading up the My, column, we find that the values ‘grodually Increase, For example, at the top of the fist ‘roup of Wahapes, we se that a WIG % 40 as a My/y fof 182 kip-f. Tals is sl ess than the 268 kip Bending ‘moment required but we are geting close. ‘Continuing up the column, we see two Beams grouped together, each of which hat an My greater than the equced 268 bip- bending moment. Obviously either ofthese beams Would be suitable, but the W2L % 50 is 22poundsperlines fot lighter than the W12% 72, thas is ‘more econamical and would normally be the beam ected. On the other hand, if pace considerations should rele ‘more room to run HVAC ducts or pipe between the under ‘Side ofa floor and a suspended cling below, the W272 ‘would be the beter choice It should abo be pointed out ‘that the plastic section modulus column in hs table (he 2, alums) tthe plastic ection mods vl ofthe various ‘beams in ascending odes, and can be used i caer where the yield suength Is diferent fom 50 kath i My/y (Gor ots than 50 ks sta) i equal to F, 2/0 in kp-in, which canbe converted to kip by dividing the value by 12. Therefore as previously sated, beams could be selected based either om the required plastic eeton modulus or the “The grouping of the Weshapes on the W-Shape- ‘Selection by 2, Table lso very important. The Weshape in bold print atthe top of the group i alway the lightest and thus the most mately economical bam ia group since structural ste isla by the pound chapter 2. 1e wor ot suucural Stee | 17 For cases where defection isthe governing design facto, use ofthe W:Shape Selection by Zable fromthe Manual it more appuopite nce the hen deflection {versely proportional othe moment of neta) Like the ‘WeShape-Selection by Z, Table, the table lite the moment of inertia value ofthe various sections in ascending onder. ‘The W-shape im bld rit atthe top ofeach grovp has the largest moment of ner and is always the ight TE shoul be pointed oa that other factor besides the eight of steel are involved in achieving tue overall eon ‘omy For example, connection cot function olabo, nd Tabor cost isthe ing force behind project cost in todays construction industry Thus if elestng the lightest beam Fequres more complex connections, economy has not been achieved. Or, to gobick previous example, eecting a ‘WI2 x 72 eather than a W2l % 50 woud eave more room forthe mechanical pipingand HVAC dct, thal ould rest Ina move economical projet over, “The W-Shape-Selection by Z, Table alo iacades two columns isting [ya and eer othe equ lat ‘eral support ofa Beam, (ie compression top] Hang snot properly supported literal beam ay fly ates buck lingo sideways defection) Most oa tables nthe Manual assume hata beam hs adequate lateral support The, factor [s the maximum ntraced (ot laterally supported) length ofthe compression flange of the W shape tht wil allow the shape to atan is sealable bending strength (4,2) without lateral Backing andthe J fictor the maximum {brace length beyond which the beam wl buckle east cally (wth no portion a the beam eros section reaching the yield stres) For beams with unsupported lengths between, And , linearly inerplate between My/Qy and Mu igure 22 ilstrates three common mlb of pro vidinglsterl support tothe compression flanges of W-ape ‘beams and girders. In steel joist construction, the open-web joists ae welded tothe top fang ofthe W-shape a 2-0" {0 6-0" on-cete, a shown in Figure 2-22. Asuming the Joist spacing doesnot exceed Ly, concrete on steel deck that hasbeen propery fastened to the top fange af the W-shape beam o girder below with pudle weld il generally pro- vide the required Iaterl suppor ofthe top age ad thas brace any beam. Figure 2 2 illustrates compost construc tom in which tel stds are welded othe top flange ofthe \Weshape beam or girder through the steel deck. Becatse the tad are spaced closely together along the length ofthe beam, continuous terl suport provided In Figure? 2, ‘heen beam or girder ieneated in concrete, which agin provides continuo lateral support. This ype of contac tion is often found in heay industrial buldings such at paper mils and power plants, Lookingatthe W21 * 50 peeviouay dscussed, ean be ‘cen on the W-Shape- Selection by Z, Table tht ly ted 80459 and Lot 13.6 fe Thus, jst are being welded to {he top Aange of the W21 X50 at ether 2-0 once or A floor system oF £-0" for + roof system, the fl vale of 274 kip for My/2,can be sed. a ea FrQUnE 2-2 Motnode of ater! beam euppert Another elpl abe ln Pat 3 of the Manuals entitled Maximum Total Uniform Load. This able i lustre in Table 3 NoUce tata span of 16,4 W21 % 0 can sup pot for ASD lou of 137 hips wea span of 26; the ‘maximum total norm load allowed drope dramatically toless than 85 kis. Dividing this load by the length of the beam, we get the maximum allowable distributed load per foot of length of beam we gt 636 pelt forthe 16 ase and 3.24 kis forthe 26 case ‘Also tefl is Par 3 ofthe Manual ea set of chats ‘of salable moment versus unbraced length. These chart tre intended for slecting a W-shape beam sa which the Unbraced length between Intel supports egret thas Ly “Tp illastrate How thi table is wed, we wil ssume we have alveady determined thatthe maximum bending moment 15 268 kip. However, in this case, we wil assume ha the lea supports along the beam are 12-0" center o-center, cand we wil elect beam using the Avalale Moment Unbraced Length chart illustrated in Table 2-4 "To locate point on the chart, ind the 268-4p- ‘moment line on the far let sie ofthe chart (or ASD) and ‘move horizontally the right long that ine ntl inter ‘sects with avertial line going up fiom the 12 unbraced engine at the bottom ofthe car. Any beam whose graph Les above and to te right ofthat point wl be able to resist. ‘the 268-bip tending moment. The nearest solide graph designates the lighest or most economical shape, which in ‘his Instance turns out to bea W21 % 62. Notice thatthe _rap line forthe 021 > 50 beam, located tothe left of the ‘pot so longer tablet adeguately eit he 268 ip Bending moment sow thatthe 1 distance between pots ‘oflateral support exeads the [distance ofthe W21 > 50. ‘Other useful chars, tables, and infrenation jn Part 3 ‘ofthe Sie! Consricton Manual incade dats onthe design ‘plate gudes, compoate design for bulldingconsraction, ‘Sd beam diagrams and formulas Part structural sel columns. Like Part 3 concerning beams, Part 4 contin help tbls listing the avalable strength {in axial compression in both ASD and ERED for con centrally loaded ealums of diferent shapes, icuding ‘Weshape columns, stel pip columns, HSS columns, sn le and double angle columns, and 30 on 38 wel at con. freteled hollow sections. Table 25 shows the avalable Steength in axial compression in kps for some standard. el pipe colamns. At the end of Pat 4, ale sting the fallible critical suess in compression member is pro ‘ied fr yield ses of 35 ks, 35 ks 42 bt, 6a and Sota. The values listed inthis table are independent ofthe tection shape and are wef when the design involves se: ‘ons made with more than one shape connected together to arma lrger cross section, Part 5 “his part of the manual is ltended toast in designing steutural sel ension members Like Pats 3 and, Part 5 contains hepfltables listing the avaabe eng in ax {al tension for both ASD and LRED for concent loaded tension members of diferent shapes, incuding shape. WTeshape HSS, teal pipe, single and double angle tension members. "The aalble strength is given for two distinct failure modes also known a itssttes):ieingandeup ture ofthe sections. The avalbl suength forthe ying luis states computed using the gross ros-sectinal are ofthe member we the elective area (based om th net aren ofthe section ata connection is sed fr ruptre. Note that the ables are bated ona ratio of eecive area (A, 1 gross rea (4) of 075 te designer must aduet these ares nec= essary fora speci tension member design, Cchaptor 2. the wor of Stuctea sta! | 19 ‘TABLE 8.8 Maximum total unorm oad Sopyrghe © American hati of Seat Consttuson, ne Rapintea ts posse A tape mascot) Table 3-6 (continued) Maximum Total | 4-3 Uniform Load, kips W shapes 7 o— = a o az my oer a oe aa i Oo a tee a 2 ees a 2 ee ‘ ? cies 2 i part 1. stctural Steet Design Drawings for Stee! Coneiucton “TABLE 2:4 nanan moment ve ureeaged nat (Copy & American nettts 2 Sioa Concructon, ne Ropes win parmsen, At igits conve) i Table 3-10 (continued) W Shapes Available Moment vs. Unbraced Length rs eat noun) eer chapter 2 nw worn of sumsa sit | 21 Ss artis te Kat cere me Table 4-6 (continued) Available Strength in ‘Axial Compression, kips neenoees Pipe 3 F aa dlael a as sf “as 2 2 5 eer 22 | part 1 seucnuat ste0! Daign Drawings for Steet Construction Parte ‘This part covers combined ail tension and bending com: bined axial compression and bending, and combined to. lon, bending, shear andlor ail fore. It contains asst of ‘fil bles intended to asst raters and deslgners in the Selection of members subjected to combined axial compres ‘wand bending Tote member are pial efered oat ‘beam-columns and are no covered inthis text. Parts 715 Pars 7-15 of the Manual dacus the design of bled and ‘welded structural tel connections, which wil be deus {Bimoce deta in subsequent chapters. Part 14 ofthe Manual {s specifically intended help the drafter esgne design and slat bean bearing plates, column bse pts, anchor rods, tndcolumn splices Again, the Maal contains many elf {ables to simplify the desig of standard connections Part 16 Part 16 ofthe Manali devoted tothe specications and oles reiting to structural ste desig, fabrication, and rection, including a commentary concerning the specifica tom. the RCSC (esearch Counc on Stuctutal Connee- tions) Specifaton fo Structural Joints using ASTM A325 ‘9FA190 Boland AISC Code Standard Practice for Stel Ballings and Bridge. Part 17 Part 17 ofthe Manual contains properties of standard shapes in ST unis, tables of mathematical formulas, and data'on ‘miscllaneous subjects such as equivalent thickneses In ‘decimals of an inch for wire and shost metal gages, coe ‘ens oflinear expansion for various construction material, ‘weights of balling materials or use in calclating loads on structural aming systems (Table 2-6), engineering conver Son factors, and properties of geometric shapes. 2.6 OPEN-WEB STEEL JOISTS In structores such a ofce buildings, school, and hotels where loads ate moderate and spans between Supports celatvely lng, its not always economical ose {he standard role srcturl W shapes to directly support the floors ar roof. Tiss because, loads ae very ight, 2 sandard W shape wil either be rressed exceptionally low tnd thus be inicient or willbe subject to unacceptable ‘ection athe longer spans. To salve this problem, special ‘ypes of small standard, preibricated steel Warren trusses called opercned ste jists ae often used to supprt floors and ool. Open-web joists are generally made of ght struc tural members such ab angles, round bars, and channels Figure 23 shows a detaled example of an open eb steel FIQURE 29 K-seres open wen steal st jolt witha double-angle top chord and web and aft bar ‘end bearing plat Openvwch tel joists are very economical structural members. Since the webs ofthese ists are open. they dre able to span long distances with considerably less ‘eadeload weight than a W shape beam. hel strength is ‘erived from the depth to which they can be fabricated, ‘even though thir chords and webs are relatively Hight ‘Another advantage of using te ist isthat the open web ‘often makes it posible to run plumbing elctecal lines, land even small HVAC ducts directly through the web ts. resulting in a savings of loorto-loor height and weight “The cumulative elect ofthis savings can be considerable in smaltistory bud Joists used to support lors generaly have parallel top and botom chords to keep Hors as level a possible. Open ‘eb eel jute ae alco evalable withthe op chord pitched "We pet foot n ne or wo directions oft roo! dein age Its common for sel joist manufacturers to provide ‘heir jits wth an upward camber to compensate for df tion under load The camber varie rom approximately fora top chord length of 20-0" to 8 for atop chord length of 44-0 (Figure 2-4) ‘Opea-web sel oss are manufactured in three cte- sgories The standard. K-sries which replaced H-seriez joist in 1986, is avaiable in depths fom 8" 1g 30° and is recommended for spans from 8-0" to 60-0 in length. Llongspan sel joist the Li series are manufactured in, depths from 18 to 48” and may be used for spans of 25-0" 10 96-0" Deep long-span joists, the DLH erie are aval able in depths of 5° 72 for spans of 87-0" a 14d ‘The KCS jst, introduced in 1994, is versal Kseies joist that canbe specified for special loading conditions to ‘pport uniform lads pls concentrated and non-uniform, Toads. Homer, KCS joist sletion requires the deigne to caeulte the maximum bending moment and shear stress linposed by lad Tm addition to the standard categories of open- wes steel jot, out gids, which ate open-web sel tases, Ihave Become very poplin reent yeas Joist girders ae widely ured to support equally spaced concentrated loads From Standard open-web ste jist supporting floors oF chapter 2 The woes of Smuctira Ste! “TABLE 2.8 Wags of mung mats (Cony & Amaro ie Stl Consrusine. ne Reprinted win perm, Ai gs reese) Table 17-13 Weights of Building Materials strats pereat f if fee esas t “peee ate 2s 24 | ‘part 1 syuctra Ste! Desln Orawings ter Stee Constuston VARY” PARALLEL CHORDS aa IN WA NOERSLN ‘ONE-WAY PITCHED TOP CHORD a ‘TWO-WAY PITCHED TOP CHORD iaune 2-4 7yp00 of sper steal ots ola Standard joist gders are manufactured is depths of 20" to 120" fo span lengths of 200" wo 120-2" beween columns ‘When cing fr open-web steel joist of structural (Sica. — fares” | xe rrovect |otecel re.|,2, [Maurer [tans | ex lemme [uaa | soe ce el cane a arentom | *°*CT peuversrecoucs | mewn AS000KT Venn | loroltisitne [amenecormr | nano ona wwoucer rca "ree |rawceamce, |ummrtrms [Oreo Eekiten permenwent| rear] |, [asstaae lommecamc | |nmes [orca nunc rower (ouese re| 2, |eeomsts eta, fm Sota | um | oeamn -FIQURE 9-8 Enginaering gucseanes driers and other engineers and technicians fer all the Structural drawings pas inspection, they ate delivered to the projet manage for ‘rigs run fr issue" The originals aethen fed and the srcturaldrafing tecnica ready foranother assignment, 8.6 SUMMARY ‘This chapter as wed wo gv the structural dra ing student insight ito the desirable characteristics and ‘Sena required to enter thi exiting It as also sttempted to describe the onganzation of ypc engineer Ing ofce and to expan the career paths availble within such an organization. Subsequent chapers wl expan in ‘more depth the specific sills needed te obtain employment sa entry-level structural drafter. STUDY QUESTIONS TW is important tht the stractraldrafer be 2 reliable person? 2. Why does the structural drafter need an aptitude and an sppreciation for patience and neste? 5: ea nde fea required estructural dfs? 4 Why ist important forthe stuctral drafter to be able vo vial! 5. Why ie it helpl fr the structural date to be organized and ordely? 6 tee important forthe strectural dar tobe falar with both ung echo and bulding construction ‘What do these wo terms mean? 7. Why isituaiely that an entry-level structural dfs mistake weuld cause sebsantial los to hls o her employer? 8. Why isa background in AutoCAD a requirement for peopl aig to become structural daftrs? Cchaptor 3. Te Sivcnea!Orater at Work | 35 9.15 it possible for a structural daler with two-year sssociate depres to advance tothe postion of project capa? 10. Why is it so important fo the steuctural drafter to be able to read and understand architectural drawings? READING ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS FOR STEEL-FRAMED BUILDINGS 4.1 INTRODUCTION Tnbuldingdesiga, structure must follow archi tecture As we noted in Chapter 3, srtural drafters and designers receive most of their information from tectural drawings. This doestt mean the architec tural drawings must be competed down tothe last detail, before the designers and drafters begin this work, but nly much ofthe architectural phase must already ‘e tentatively finished snd accepted by the owner Fot ‘example, efor the structural drafters and designers can begin their phase of the project, they must kaow such Information as types and sizes of rooms widths of cor- Fidors; locations and sizes of Soot openings, window ‘openings. elevator shafts and stairwell and the various ‘onstruction materials the architect intends to we. Kis very important forthe structural drafters and designers fo know whether the outside walls ofthe building —the feade-are to be constructed of glat, insulted panels, or brick and concrete block. And in order to determine Structural loads, they mast know whether interior walls tue tobe bull oflght gage metal frame r concrete block land whether the floors tobe constructed of deep cast Inplace concrete over metal deck or 8 deep precast con. ‘ete hollow ore planks, ‘Obviously structural draes and designers must know ‘what to look for on archiectral desing and where find Specific information T be sure, one chapter on reading architectural dravings iso substitute fora whole cours in sehiectural drafting construction However the material Presented ere should help the structural deaing stent ck the required information off architectural drawings tell enough to complete his or her asin Ea | 38 EZA~ ee er) Ege Se) ED we EZ] no mm ZZa~ Co —--= Za&eo Om FlQUAE 4-1 4 fypeal rentectual mato agen 4.2 ARCHITECTURAL SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS (One ofthe mest basic prerequisites of reading schtecturl drawing: it understand how varoas eme tte shown or breed Te ntoductory iden neds (0 now how materials such as brick, concrete block, cast-in plice concrete, metal stud walls igi inelation, and other folding material are ected on architectural drawings GRD) part 1. stuctra sto! Design Drawings for Stet Consiection WIDE FLANGE PIPE HSS FroURE 4-2 Stour steal coum Symes Architects use material symBol to indie what all ‘sto be made of be bic, concrete block, metal stud Fa ‘combination of brick and metal stad. Many time the mate Fils symbole, als alle croshatching are shown right on {he drawing, but another method ist place on the architec tural plan wall material numbers that eorespond wo a wall ‘ype deta on anther artectual sheet ‘igure 41 isan example ofan architectural materials legend showing some ofthe standard hatching synbels for ‘rious constriction mera The information is very ‘lable to the srctural dates o designer besuse helps ‘him or her determine the weights of walls, Hoos, nd other 0) a gone sai l i i-HR. FIRE PROTECTION @ LOWER LEVEL chapter 4 Reading acral Drawings tor SteskFramed Butongs | 38 bulding components prie to analysing the overall trac tural reqeirements "Architectural flor plans of commercial and industrial buidings also show sacral tee symbol that indicate components ofthe structural framework, especialy see columns. On architectural floor plans, structarl sel: tums are shown by the symbol busted in Figure 42. Figure 4-3 depicts an excellent example of ow to use mates symbol to show the composition ofa wall The ‘utsde ofthe walls beck, lowed by nar space an ig ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS 100) Foo NABER 8 age Insulation. The inside ofthe wall is wood sheathing over @ ‘meal tad fame thats filed with bat insulation and coe ‘red by gypsum board, Notice alo tht the Weehape clu, |s covered with sray-on Sreproofing a common practice. ‘Besides materials symbols, architectural drags con fain other symbols, suchas reference numbers for rooms and doors, column gid reference numbers and ltrs, wall tater type numbers and reference drawing numbers foe bling sexions, wall Secuons, and details. Some typical architectural smbols are showa in Figure 4 er oo MALE (eno) OM MINGER + coOg MEER IF WORE THN CRE 0OOR, ‘Shaie MBER on SUA BROMETS TOF gt gas wage, o BEST AR ae ow ser os ‘wroow nner VoL MATERA, NE WOME ONION HUMBER WL comROL Jon DESEHATEN Lov Une wT REFERENCE ELEVANON COUN REFERENCE CRO ‘amon seeron REFERENCE OFANING NOMEER wu. Seoron 08 «LEVANON (uT UNE WEN USED 10 OONOTE LEVANON REFERONCE ORME NUMBER FIGURE 4-4 Some conon cach reterenoe syToOis o art 1 Sista Sto! Design Drawings for Ste! Consietion > o o REVIATIONS re = er 2 Be gee OF Be Ro, Bitsem.. 2 Bae” Ber aw = oe OF BE BE Bee- Ee 2 gaa EE 5 2 See Be. ae z 2 fen Gt ¢ a fg” Fe" & acm e Bo OB ee 2) gem = Z. Zale ° ae & or FS Pee When making working drawings drafters often use standard abbreviations to sve time and conserve space For example, construction joints on exterior elevations ox enlarged deals are usually abbreviated CJ. When showing footing, floor, or op of steel elevations, the word elevation ‘surly designated bythe abbreviation EL. Figure 45 aria lit of abreviations commonly wsed on architected nd strctral dawn. 4.3 FLOOR PLANS. (On building projects, the architeciral Aor plan ‘sone of the mos unportan references for structural draers and designers. oor plan isaviewlocking downattheleyout ‘ofabuildngailthe bulding werecuthorzonal about 3 ‘fet above the foor It shows the overlie ofthe bulding 2s wel at these and locations of major comers doors and ‘windows roomsand corridors, sais, and levator or planer usually divn ata seal of = 1'-0°for ‘commercial abi and indus bung, although small, Duldings such a ofces or ft food rertaurante might be drawn at a scale of "= 1-0" ln one to tet flor plans, Arakers must know the materials symbols, architects ‘symbols, nd abbreviations previous discussed. They lo. ‘st understand several other abies of oor plane the structural gid the dimension lines, cr strings the conven: tons ured for identifying rooms; dtl drawings: and wall ‘ype numbers ‘The Structural Grid ‘he structral grid i the center to-center dimension ofthe alarms that support the Bulldng, he center nes ofall the columns make up the grid system On a flor pln these center line, ged lines, are marked wth pumbecseading hortaontlly rom lf o right an wits eters reading ver eily fom opto bottom. On al drawings the columns are “lente bythe rid ines that nese at her centers For example, «steal colun located at he intersection of rid line (1) nd gi line() would be eal (18) Am example ofthese grid ine nurnbers canbe senate top andl ide of he floorplan shown in Figure 6. Chapter 4 Reacing arcitctral Drawings for Stes Framed utings © a FFIQURE 4-6 An arcttoctural Neer ian for a mee! ‘The structural grids one ofthe fist concern afer tects engineers, structural designers, and dealer Becaue isthe base fom which the mast economical tee framing system can be designed and consvucted, and also a refer. ce from which the walls are al Dimension Strings ‘The method of placing dimensions on architectural lor plans i fay standard: Dimension lines are commoaly te ferred to asstrings Most are indlested outside the bilding butts common to locate the dimension stings of itr partion inside the balling, Conerete walls are dimen- ‘Sioned to the outside face ofthe wall and wall widths such ‘Sef ot 12 se alen dimensioned Sd walle whether sand fr mal are dimensioned othe center ofthe wall rt the ‘aceof the wll excturive of wal thickness. ‘Aloor plan usually shows thre or furrows of dimen sion ingen the exterior ofthe sructure (oe Figure 46). ‘he inside string closes tothe bulding ie very important to stactural daters and designers because it shows the sizes and locations of masonry openings for doors and 42, | part 1 sructyatsteo!Oesign Orawings tor Stoo! Consructon windows, which wil often require structural steel lnls to ‘Support the wall above. Thee ae usually made of tel angles plates, ight W-shapes, or varius combinations of thee materials. “Theflor plan in Figure (-6representsa motel Notice thatthe guest rooms have 4-0" wide maronry openings {or windows along the west wall and a3-4"-wide ope: ing for an exterior door on the north wall. The center Aimension string locates major corners ofthe building, orifthe wall straight, the satire length ofa side of the building would show the overall length dimension. The outer string of dimensions for tel-framed building particulary important to stractural drafters and design fs because it indicate the distance Between columns ‘his relates directly tothe steel faming plan because the distance between columns will determine the «pan lengths of structural steel beams snd joists. For ease of fabrlation and field erectcn, i Is economical fr the distance Between columns to beat uniform as possible. “The most common spacings between columas for com retcal buildings range from 160" to 24-0". However, when using hgh stengu stl, spans of 30-0" and mote “Bre not uns. With ost girders, spacings of 40-0" to 50-0" are aot uncommon Reference Numbers Figure 4.6 also ikstats the ute of reference numbers on flor plan. Notice that all roms covidors, and tals are ‘ented and numbered, and thatthe numbers are "100" numbers such a 106,107, and 108. This lls sth deawing ‘sa plan view atthe fist fo level. Rooms onthe second flor would be 200" numbers (201, 202, 23, ee) and the ‘hid Mleor rooms would be "00" numbers (01,302, 303, tc). and son, Detalis Avoter pot o note on Fgue 46s that mos ofthe room “alloation are dimensioned bu otal is life te “henson sllarcas rch at boon and tis on architec ‘url for plansata scale of's'= 1-0" Thus bathwoomssuch |35 106A, 107A 18, and 109 Aare ot dimensioned Instead, Bathroom 109 has been enced with dashed line and ef. -erenced to detail which wl bea spurte drawing on 8 Sele suficent to thw all the necesary dimensions. Like ‘ise sas 1001 hasbeen ended and Wentiied wath the ‘designation (2) This indicates thatthe stairs wl be drawn ‘wa larger sdf and dimensioned ons eubeequent desiring shoot. The sta willbe Detall Lm archtectural dreingshest ‘A15,and the bathroom wl be Det 6 onset Ald. Design “evings for commercial bling projects usualy dnt a ‘he archtectaral drawings with the pref "A the strctral -deings wih the prefix Sth pambing drags withthe ‘refx andthe heating and ventilation drawings with the pei"HV wall Type Numbers (On lor plan al walls both interior and extern. Men- Led by wall ype mbes. These narbers refer target det that wil show the mater composition of the wall. For example exterior walls shown in Figure 4-6 ae iden- tied a C48) of CAC), and interior walls are Wetiied a GD or 1 information Is important for the ‘trocturl drafters and designers in determining theveights of walls and thus the resulting loads on the struct sel feaming eystem, Det of ected wall ype called for in Figure. are shown in Figure 47. 4 EXTERIOR ELEVATIONS [Exterior cvation are generally drawn at tesamne scale as floor plans. They show the exterior fcade ofthe ‘asking st wl look upon completion, Exterior elevations show a bullding’s proportions because they cea dete the leagth and height of walls exterior balling materials window patterns, door lcalions, and contol Jost les. Hons. Wal and footings below grade are shown as dashed lines. Exterior elevations are always referenced by points of the compass For example, the “noth elevation” aview of the north exterior wall of building as wil oak when the Tulding i completed. Exterior elevations indicate foting and oor erations, ths enabling structural drafters and designers to dlermine wall highs and weight. Top of ste, open-web sts, oF etal deck elevation are also given on exterior eleations. Tm addin, elevation Views show the location of section ut, which wil be drawn as larger-scale details en other srchiectarl set 4.8 BUILDING SECTIONS Building sections are views cat Uhough the entre building a vertical plane prpendicuse ote or. “They are usualy drawn atthe same scale a floorplan and ‘eneriorlevatons Typical set of arcteuurl oral wlshow atest one longa section, which saview tt through the length ofthe ulding, nd one ranvercaction which isa view eu through the width ofthe balding, Balding sections ae not dimensioned Like exterior le ‘ations they shove ting, lor and top af oo, deco jist ‘erations but the main purpose of building section to give ‘sense of space within the stractre, such as eng or wall height othe space between the botom af an. open ost and the acoustical le eng a illustrated in Figure +. [A building section doesnot have to bea stig line ‘eatthrough the building bat an jg back and forthto show Pertinent information, sich aan auditorium bigh ei {ng and pitched floor or the varying depths ofa swimming pool And since the scale of bilding sections ico smal to show mesningfl deta, they serve as hey to larger scale wall etions and deal chapter 4 eaang Arcntectual Ocawings for Steet Framed Bulangs | 48 | —commuous Hoe sox sem, Oat Oc. VE, 7 Sova Woe Se hes Fee wae 19/2 GO NSULATON 8° STRETONER STONE ore eva necro 0 8 ve tae © CONCRETE B00 082. Jon eeroRCOVENT ere oc. Ms 2/8 wat COMBS © ¥ Eto 5/8" CSW COMO IQURE 4-7 Exarpes of wal ype 4.6 WALL SECTIONS AND see pln i ti al tg ese oe se lms a tes, lg ns ak toc ninatencare Actictnl ll iow ad wing ae ‘rman tela pei sama npratecs ays it th my al ie ste oa ow "materials are tied together to construct a building, Small of an exterior masonry wall (as shown in Figure 4-3), or how “4 | part 1. Stuctiral Ste! Design Drawings for Ste! Constcton eT? Mant f so os 0 resem asta FIGURE 49 butcng section ‘metal stare fastened tthe structural support frame atthe tol of balding. Also, a previously metioned, enlarged Srhtectunl deta ae needed to show the dimensions of ‘sal areas such as stairways and bathrooms, ‘Wall sections are uslly drawn at sales of "0 lpendingupon the amount of deta the drat to shoe, Oceasoaly they are even drawn at sale of "= 1-0" Figure 4-10 an exterior wal section fra alice erie wat sacton fom a sma fice biting 46 | part 1 stuecturt Stes! Design Drawings for Stes! Construction ‘SOUTH WALL SECTION Sey sens eo Te [FIQURE 4-11 Wal section om a grecnouse “chapter 4 peaang wchtecual Orawngs for stea-rramestauiangs | 47 Po amd = }—ceeerec A 7 e uuzne ocraL @ exTEROR SL PURE 4-12 iaeng one bling The wale made up of fice rick nr stad ‘al fd witha itn. Ope- we tl Jo sett {ela exp pits re appre ya wie Bang ste Scam ingrid te (ar othe ota composed ee trlinches fii inson ove tal desk: Heras re 4° FACE BRICK et cw 2 0 sblaton Stee, une SEE SCHEDULE Stes _ghen fortop of masonry top and bottom of window nisha oor recessed lb, nd screral brick course. gure 4-1 sa wallsection fioma greesbouse Thelower portion ia 12" wall made of exterior face bic 1” of rg Inulin n "ar space and a6 CMU (concrete masonry ‘uni itroe val The upper portion of the wall and ool an acrylic glanng system supported by strat tee tubes and ‘anne Notice how the wal section shown in Figure 4-11 refers to enlarged glving detail a the eave and exterior al ‘which are shown in more dealin Figue 12, ‘Largesale architectural deta lke those shown in Figure 412 are important because they lan the more gen al specifcations shown on plans and sens, Key parts ofthe bulding, such as pate and angle lntels ovr door and window openings window ail, jambs and hens, sta sections and landings, intesectons of ors and wall, and roof edge dtl are dram at scales of 1 1 and some times even 3" = 1-0" to show exactly how the materials are tobe asembled. Another example of lage cle rhea deals the door head deta in Figur 418, which inde lems fiero tractral dae. ‘As previously mentioned, enlarged sai dete and large bathroom deta are also part of architectral, ‘working drawings. These detals make I possle to show 2 clearer pctre of how areas ike sta, bathrooms ad Shower rooms ae to be bul. Enlarged voor deals ‘sully dan a sele of op "= 0" gues 414 and 415 ae enlarged deta of Fst Floor Stir 100 anda "pplea bathroom from the motel floor panin Figure 46 48° | part 1 seucurat Stoo! Design Oramings for Steet Construction 9 41/2 sib pee tasoeat Cre) V4 (ay Tae ~ wl 3 STARS > i eve ol ie il y see 4 (CT) FIRST FLOOR STAIR #1001 IS) SNe 17 = aor ©) ENLARGED BATHROOM ep enw te [IQURE 416 Enargesbattroem deta 4.7 SUMMARY ‘Much ofthe information needed to design and raw structural sted) faming systems for commercial publ and industrial being con he fd on the eel {ectural drawings. Architectural drangs were discussed in {his chapter primarily from the pont of view of strates ‘esignersand raters. The drafter or designer needsto know ‘what typeof information to lok for in aset of achtectral ‘working drawings and where to find specific dat. This chap Aerhas not dacued all the drawings usualy ound ina set ‘of architectural plans, Drawing och asthe rected cxing plan, ste plans, room finish schedules, and door schedules Ihave not been disused because thelr impact onthe stuc- ‘ual tel suppor system would be minimal ® STUDY QUESTIONS Tr When designing the structural ste! support system for building where do stractral drat bln mos of their information? 2. Sketch the usual achtectoral materials symbol for ‘concrete block chapter 4 Reaong azcntscural Dawgs tor SteotFramed Bussnge | 49 1 Stoteh then aehitctral materiale symbol or batt insulation, 4 Atcitctral floorplans of commercial sted-ramed billings use symbols to indiste structural steel columns. Sketch the symbols for tel wide-fange (Wshape, steppe, and ste HSS columns, and deny each 5.0m architectural floor plans the centerto-enter limensons between structural ted eons make up the ‘6. Architectural dranings often abbreviate words to Save time and spice. What are the standard abbre- ations forthe words “anchor rod” “column? and oulding”= 7. Architectural drawings show the material composition ‘of wal I this nfrmation of interest tothe structural rater and designer If, why? An architecture flor plan «vow looking down a the layout ofa blling aif the bling wer cot oe zontaly about above the lose 9, List four tems shown on architectural oor pins. 10, What isthe purpose of structural ste ntl! 1.On architectural floorplans, several dimension line strings usually appear onthe exterior ofthe sucte ‘Why is the inside string (loaest to the bali et) Lmportant to stractural drafters nd designers! 12.The most common spacings between columns for ‘commercial buildings “range Between snd 13. Why are architectural wal ectons and deal nipor- ‘ant to structural draters and designer? 14, What the purpose of drawing enlarged oom detail? AN OVERVIEW OF Basic STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN CALCULATIONS 6.4 INTRODUCTION ‘he structural design of « building invohes scdectng and arranging the srocturel sonmponent ito om ‘orderly and economical sstem capable of supporting al loads and ores while maintaining stractarl integrity Sale structural design is inseparable from architectural design, snd although the structure doesnot dictate the architectural plan, experienced architect elie i citcalto the sc ‘eso their projects. Ths, from the inception f the design proces, they must take lato account sractral concerns Sach a types of flor systems and placement of columns “Architects usually consul stractral engineers ealy in the Planning phase ofa project for supgetons about possble structural schemes. Enginers bare ther recommendations ‘on experience, judgment, and a few calculations, while keeping in mind the building architectural structural and smechanicl/lectical requirements ‘As the projet moves through the planning phate into the stages where he structural designs are dan, design ca. ‘ulstions are performed to make sie the srctural system 's safe and ecient These clelations, which define al the eryeaiet anticipated loads or the stactre, document the structural esgn ise For ample the dsiga eleustions determine ‘aya cortain open wc lost supporting acaracte nn ‘ust bea 6K, why 8 W721 50 was selected o support se al tel joists or why a W8 X31 cola isthebest hoe Suppoetthebeams ad girders raming into Inter words, the structural desig clealations are the very backbone of both the structural stem and the structural dewinge In structural design offer, the structural engineer esigs structural uppoet systems, making sure they ate Sale economical, ard adequate for thes intended purpose Swuctual drafters working under the supervision of the ‘engineer then produce accurate, clear and complet work ing drawings based upon the engineers sketches and ca. calations. However, most sricturl engineers appreciate Arafer who can vstalize the mechanic ofthe sittin and has the intative and ability to make outine design ealula- tanvand delsanessthe work progres Also teay ofthe day-to-day structural alulaons are quite simple and can behandled by defers with working Kaowledge of algebra, basi trigonometry, and fundamental structural mechanics 3 32 [pes ‘Sructra Sto! Deen Oraings tor Steel Conetructon “This chapter wil evew some ofthe everyday struc: tural tel design culations performed by structural draft es under the supervision of design engineers in structural ‘offices. wl also show how appropriate AISCand tables “fre used in engineering ofces. Besuse ofthe sual approx: ‘atons sade in ructral steel design, beginning withthe ‘sumed dead andlve loads, eaeultions wil general nly ‘De carried two c tne signfcant digs. BASIC STRUCTURAL DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS AND TERMINOLOGY Figure 5:1 strates the structural te support, _sysem foracommacllbullding The design ofsuchasjten Unully begin with sketch shoving a etaive raring plan, -Sayou of the tur elements that wil oppor a oor of Foot This ketch which may be nothing more than a rough frechand draring sows oaly the proposed locations of the various structural eel members and does noi their snes (Afra stractral sytem compatibie wih the aehtectra Pan hasbeen dravn the designer determines the loud tobe ‘Garied on any square fof or oro aes 6.2 Loags AAs you may recl from Chapter 1, the two fundamental types ofonds ae dead loads and lve loads. Dead loads ae the weightsofall te materials permanently soppored bythe “ype of Baas Cee scr ‘Ted aes Dance owe estat see and ng aes Siang atrs | Totes Fors (oven pn too) error gyms ear areas sorgnoe ea scetaneous apps lo al occupancies above) Sarways, corer, vestoues, ties Rereaoms in puss panes “Typlea recommended he ads (LA for utllngs struct suchas concretflor slabs, metal deck partitions teams and open web jolts Live load are weights resulting fom the use and occupancy of the balding, Examples of lve ladsinclode furniture, people, and toed maria ike boolstacks in ibraryor ello paper ina warehouse Live londs are usualy expressed in ponds pr equae fot (a) an recommended lve lad vals ate avalable fom var ‘us loea, state and national codes, Tale 1 ists ome ree ‘amended ive ond values for various types of buddigs ae 88) B82. Bee a ats 3S chapter S an Overview of Sasc Suucura: Stee Design cacuatone | SE Bay SE FFIQURE 6-2 Typical sucka bay Bays ‘Wherever posible, structural steel framing plans divide the structural support system into bays, which ae usualy squate or rectangular areas defined by the dimension be ‘ben any four columns For economy as many bays pos sible shouldbe made the same or ner the same sz, but because of architectural reasons that not aay posible In some cases, architectural requizement may cll for some random areangement of Beams and columes. This may mean custom designing and fabriating certain structural ‘members at signa higher cost. Figure 5-2 ls typical bysfor the common beam and-gider typeof strue- ‘al support systems. In this type of beam-and-gnder construction, wide- flange beams or open-web ste ots support the for or roof directly. The reactions ofthe Beams or joists Bacome ‘concentrated loads on the girder, which might be either ‘Weshapes or joist girders. The reactions ofthe glides and ‘beams that Ester directly to either the web or flange face (fs Weshape column then become lds on the column to hich they ate connected. Columns in turn carry the loads ofall the beams and geders connected to them down tothe ‘concrete footings and foundation wal, The purpose ofthe Sotings and foundation walls isto spread the column load ‘ver large enough area that the allowable Bering pressure ‘ofthe sil neath dhe footings wl nt be enced ‘Spandrets Figure 5-3 is a partial framing plan showing the com. ponents ofa structural steel framework fora building ike the one in Figure 5-1. Nouce tit three distinc diferent ‘ypes of bays ae identicd: corner bays exterior bays and Interior bays. Beams and girders sloag the outside of the structure ate called spades and they are important for {vo reasons. Fis, spandrel beams and girders are located only onthe coener bays and exterior bay so they cay di- ferent loads than the beams and gieder of interior bay. For ‘example, the spade gicdees along gi line (A) attach to flor beams or osts on only onesie: However the interior seders on grid ines (6) and (6) ae connected to beams or Joists on both sides. Thus, they could be carrying twice the {oo or roof lod ofthe spandeele On the other hand the spandrel geders along grid line and the spundel beams along grid line (9) would probably be supporting exterior ‘ura walls approximately 13"in height along ther entire length, which wil add vo thee lon. ‘Another consideration when designing the spaniel ‘beams and pedes end thir connections i the eect of lat ‘ral wind loading o al buldings. Even nthe preliminary [phase of structural design work, the designer mast think ‘very methodically and constant try to visualie the fet ‘ofthe loads on eath pat af the entre support sytem, To do 8 fe quik calculations fora “ype” interior girder and then speciy that all the other girders shouldbe the eae or the sake of economy could have very expensie, if not ata strophe consequences. “The structural drafter algo mut consider how the com- ‘ponent parts ofthe stuctral suppor frame wil physically 5t together. For example, the two most commaly used types of structural tet floor support systems in comme lal buildings ate the open-neb jolt seem aod compost Open-Web Joist Systems. With the pen eb ot te, two dierent materi con- crete and ste act independely ofeach oter to cary the Imposed loads because the concrete is poured vera tet 5 part 1. stuctura Steet Desgn Orawings for Stel Construction ao ve ole FIGURE 6-8 Parttprokmnary stucuxal ste taming lan decking, thus no bond forms between the bottom ofthe en {ee slab andthe tops ofthe open-web sel oss As pev ‘uly discussed theists carry the Hoor loads the reactions {he joists become concenzsd loads on the W-shape geet, andthe reacuons af the girs become concentrated loads at the tricia steel columns With thitype of system. the tops ofthe aot wil obvioul be higher than the tops ofthe ders sporting ther ab Figure strates The difference between top-of joist elevation and top ‘ofsupporting girder elevation Is 2 fa Kseres Jl, 5 for long span jolt, and 77 for deep long span jot as shown in igure 5-5. R mast be remembered that, sat oly FIGURE 6-4 Typ open-web fst system chapter 8 Anon ote ear etouepn canst | 55 ‘oP oF Joist Tor OF GROER coroen: 2 FOR K-~seMES vo1st FOR Lono"SPA JOIST 5° FOR DEEP—LONG—SPAN JOIST ‘W/cH0R Sizes THRU 1? 740 FOR OEEP 40 can develop a csi {ng moment of 198 hip: and has a plat tection ‘moduls (2) of 784 in? The essing momeat (or salable moment of 196 kip i greater than the ‘maximum bending moment of 13.6 p-&. ‘Srer 6 ‘ince the joists ar framing into the girder at 2-0" ‘oncente the unsupported lengthis 2. Thsunsup ported eng ies than L which ie listed as 447 fora Wit aDonthe AISC W-Shape-Slecton by 2b The bea is then capable of reaching the ‘srallable momen stength of196kip-. A WI8 X 0is@ forbending. ‘S1e» 7 Compute the maximum shearing force. Bcase the beam is simply: supported and the loads are ‘symmetrical, the maximum shea force wll happen tthe supports The value ofthe maximum shear acces equal othe reaction forces V, = 281 hips ‘Step 8 Check for shear. The AISC W-Shape-Seleton by 2, Table (Table 2-2) indicates that a WS X 40 has 113 kips of available shear srongth (V0), wich fe larger than the masimum shea force V_~ 281 Tipe The W18> 40 is) for vertical shat Sten @ Check for deflection. Allowable deflection = Yn ofthe spa length Sx rinyi360 = 08 ‘Wie now calulte the deflection forthe Beam using ‘able 5-2, AISC Concerted Load Equivalents, Using the frst row (equivalent ditibuted load cas) P= 1X Skips +24 004 ips = Ship DAR (I2in) = 286 in, ‘ora Wi % 4D secton i612 in! Deflection = ePP/ET = 0.013456 kips) 288 i.)/28000 ks xet2ins) =098in. (The defston forthe actual beam loadings 1.1 inces, which is clove to the appronmate defection obtained wing {he AISC approximate method) "Notice thatthe actual deflection is mote than the aloe thle deletion, swe needa deeper section. Try a W21 “section with amoment of inertia equal 0643 which ges a deflection of 0.71 in, Use 8 W2L % 44 shape iret Note that WI8 X40 is adequate for strength, bat not for Aeon, 5.8 THE DESIGN OF BEAM BEARING PLATES “The steel members ina support system can be connected to cach other and tothe structre Reef by 3 wide variety of methods, known 2s framing connection. “The design and selection of framing connections has long, been considered a responsibilty ofthe structural abrir, ‘hur this work as traditionally been dane i the fibvica- tor structural deing office. Fo this reason, design proce ‘dures for standard framing connections willbe diseased a Chapter 9 ofthis book. chapter 5 An Ovorwew of Basie Stuctural Steet Design Caluatens | 63: ‘TABLE 6-2 Concenivaed load equvalnts (Copyright © Arencan mst of Stet Consttution, fe: Ropint win poms. Al igh cared) Table 9-228 Concentrated Load Equivalents eo . Loading cont, | ea | et | . 7[ = 7 sy wiaam|:| os one Hoe Fe i] ue | ie | oe s| om | ae oe 7 |] ae} a ; o | | & —-|:|a/8/ 1] se] ae | aes Fs ee 7 +] est ea :) = [ss ye a4 [i] « oa 08 + | so | se | om :| ie | is | 7 eo] a8} a 7 ve | as 4k ono ont oo sa] 3B | ass z os | aa —} aa om | te | 2m ‘toca ote 338 [Siento Seta a ey mene Pe el [Staeeeoee Seea However, every commercial building project, certain special connetions of connections requiring deals must be shown on the design dravings. An example might be 3 situation in which the endo sel beam or geder must be Supported by ether a poured concrete or CMU (concrete ‘masonry unit) wall. For this typeof connection ii often necessary to desig a steel Bearing plate that wil transfer the Toad ofthe beam over «sult acs ofthe wal 3 the con ete will not be overstressed. The bearing plates ar wally ‘shipped separately othe jo ste and leveled and grouted a place: The beams and girders are then welded othe beating, lates during construction | 4 | part + arc st Dv rt tr sn coen SPC COMTERED PTE reexiz rue conn Wa |/ 8 Grn one nels at ‘ay wit. ROUTED soup fava e's couRses Ars Fy FELow roan PLATE ‘PQURE 6-18 Beam basrng dota Figure 5:15 shows beam bearing plate spreading a ‘concerted beam load over a CM wal Notice that the Irollow cores inthe upper thre cose of conerete block ‘have bee ile with grout to date the beam load over 1 Targer area of the wall and ths reduce the unit tess on ‘he all oan acceptable evel Whes designing beam bear- Sng, the designer must determine the length ofbearng late paral to the beam illustrated by N in Figure 5-16, ‘he equied wih ofthe bearing pate pall othe wall, ‘Mustrated by Bin Figure §-16, and the requled thickness (0) ‘ofthe bearing plate Determining Dimensions. “The N dimension i often dictated by the thickest and rakeup of the wal ef, bt shouldbe chosen s0 that local ‘eb yielding and web crippling are prevented. Far example, Ifa wide flange beam were tobe mosnted in a beam pocket ‘ofa 17 of thick cast in-place eneret foundation wal, fd ifthe wall had a brik ledge 9 sextet ie, the ‘N dlmenson might be liited to 6 based on the wall thickness. However, ifthe miimars length N regied 1 event local web yelding o web ce pling is larer than 6° ‘orf the designer would need to cesgn a pilaster onthe inside ofthe wal Local web yedingts crushing ofthe beam “web over an area egal tothe length N + 2.5 (strated ln Figure 5-16) times the we thickness by the reaction force 2 compresive force on the Binge. Web crippling Is buckling ofthe beam web asa rest ef the compressive force son the fange For detals on how to determin dimension N for local ‘woh yielding or web esppling the authors fe the student {othe AISC Manual Parte9 and 14. Pare brie diaeuses ‘beam bearing plats, while Part 9 provides ase of equations ‘nd a elpful ble (Table 9-4 ofthe thirteeth eon ofthe ‘Manual beginning on page 9-38) that realy simples the {election of Nbased on loeal web yeingand web crippling For further decusson in thie secton, we assume that Nis ‘ven orthatt hasbeen obtained using the AISC Manual "The B disension is determined so that the total ae ‘ofthe plat large enough tha the allowable bearing pes ‘ste onthe masonry or et-in-place concrete wal beneath the pate t not exceeded. The allowable bearing pressure for diferent materi which re specie by the applicable building code. may vary realy, depending onthe loading ‘condition andthe composition of the supporting wall—that is whether i i of old brick, concrete block, or concrete For concrete, the American Concrete Inetite gives the aval Beating capacy for concrete ax O85f.A,/0, Gt Us lnger forthe cae where the bearing pat Berson an ares smaller than the Suppoet rea), where fis the 28-day Compresive strength of concrete, A, the bearig area, tnd fe the sfty facts (25 kn thls cas). Thereore the llowsble bearing presure ks 0.34. For example, for 3 3000-psl poured concrete wall, the allowable bearing pres ares 1020 pl ifthe bearing pat covers the fll area ofthe rll. Thus, a6 one ofthe very fist steps in designing bear Ing lates for beams and girders, te drates/esigoe? must ‘heck the proper code to very the allowable Bearing pres- fare on the concrete masonry wall-Note tht dimensions chapter § An Overview of Rass Sina Snel Nason Faiaatens | 45 ‘FQURE 6-16 Dimensions or Dam Dearng sss ‘and Bare usually rounded up to whole inches. For exam ple if the required B dimension i calculated as 7.61, the Aesigner lays rounds p othe next whole inch, which in thiseate would be “The required thickness of the bearing plate (i caleu- lated using the folowing formsla, which i obtained by assuming thatthe plate behaves as cantilever beam of pan length n (see Figure 5-16) and width N, under vniform pressure from the concrete beneath Tn this formula: ¢ = thickness ofthe platen inches 1, = actual eam reaction for ASD losd ‘combinations in kip = (B-2k)/2 in tnches 1 = distance om the centr ofthe beam web to the toe of the filet in 1 inches The ditance for various Sections tabulate in Par ofthe AISC Stel Construction Manual ond 8 are the actual plate dimensions inches, Because structural plates ae rolled in thickness ine sments of 1 common to round upto the next eighth Inch for thicnesses upto 1, and round up to the nest. ‘quarer.inch for larger thicknesses than 12. Fr example, Calculated thickness of 0921" would be increased I General Procedure for Selecting Bearing Plates ‘The following general procedure lists the anual tps pe: formed when designing a bearing plate for aW-shape bean, tobe supported bya concrete wall. ‘Step 1 Compute the lds the teem must support sand. determine the reactions sing ASD load combinations Step 2 Determine dimension Nbasedonlocl web yielding ‘or web cppling wing Table 9-4 ofthe thirteen ‘dion ofthe AISC Ste Contraction Mana, ‘Srer 8 Determine the required bearing area based oo the allowable bering pressre ofthe mate fr concrete use 085A, or increase this quant ‘sccoringto AC procedures when the bearing plate ‘eats a te mall than the suppor aed). ‘Sree 4 Solve forthe required width ofthe plate (B) using the bearing aes from Step Sand dimension N fron sep? ‘Step 6 Determine then dimenson,shownin Figure, ss fallow Ster 6 Last, determine the required thickness of the ‘bearing plate, using the inequality above. We wil now apply these steps to design a bearing plat fora WIB 45 team supported oa one of its ends by & 66 | art 1. svucnral Stee! Oa Drawing fr Stoo! Construction reinforced poured concrete wall made of 34s concrete, We twas tha the Dam is A992 steel and dhe baring plate ‘Step 1 The end reaction (R,) has been determined to be Blips. ‘Step 2 We will assume that the length of the beating late parle to the Beam (N) 1s 6 (he minima Fequited N baed on local web yi and web rippling is 3, ‘Step 8: The reqved bearing ara for concrete & ships ‘ORR, OaSGS NAS wat Step 4 Solve forthe required width ofthe pat (8) AUN = 47.4 216 in, = 785. ‘Round up 08 inches) Step 6 From W-Shapes Dimensions Table in Fart 1 of the ‘Ste Contraction Manual. we find the vale off fora WiB X 45 to be Me aches (081). Danes: Step 6 The required plate thicknes wile: j= Pe _ [EacemnaETER a, “Y (inyinxsou) 27 “The metsurement 097" should be roundel up to 1, ‘which isthe next eighth-inch increment. Thus, he bearing Plate sey PL 6” 1" 8" In an on-theob situation, Tight be most economical tose thicker plate if that ‘me thickness could be used forthe majority of bearing sts onthe project. 6.6 THE DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL STEEL COLUMNS. ‘Afier the joists, beams, and girders have been 311,347 and r,~ 202 Because the columa is supported a mid-eight perpendicular to the y-y ans the effective lengdh for buckling around that avisis 13! Thus, theslendernes ratio with respect othe x 1 _waaain) 7 2a Because the column is only sopported wth cespect to the strong (2x) ans atthe top, the unsupported length of the clam with respect to the major aie 26, Thus, the slenderness ati with respect to the xe L_ zafrainit) naan, For this case the maximum slendernes ratio of 8991 ‘alelated forthe major (e-x) axis should be used to design Becokima ‘Types of Connections. Another consideration when designing scolar i the manner in which it anchored ‘or restralned atthe top and bottom ends For example, Figare 517 dusrates avery common situation whereby the ‘columns welded at ts bottom oa ste base plate, which in tur is fastened tothe foundation wall o footing by heavy sted bol ealed anchor ods The holes through the ase plate forthe anchor rods are usually oversized by a much 3574 or more This type of connection wll ot ets the ‘lum from rotation Nor wil the roof beams, which ae ‘sully alo boked to the colamn, keep i fom rotation the top end, Ths results in what salle pinned, o pin tended, connection. Pi-ended connections sre stable for ‘most conditions in commercial and indstrial construction, Dutother types of end resait for columns ae possible For ‘example, on very talstrucures whee lateral semi or wind forces may became the governing consideration fr exterior columns, fed moment reiting connections ae ety com: ‘on iets fend vestrant become 3 factor in alain, {he eectve length of sel column, This accounted for th dhe effective length factor, Ettective Length Factors. The K factor i modify Ing or compensuting factor tha takes nt consideration the ‘fects of various types of column ead restraint. Thi may esl i elder a edsced or magnified ale for L. Ths the fective length is usualy expresed as KI. (with the factor K given as one fr common pin-ended connections) 30 the slenderness rao ls exprejsed as KLir. Table 5:3, reprinted {rom Part 16 ofthe Stel Construction Maa, iste the theo ‘eacal and eecommended K values for various types of cl. ‘umn end estas ‘Column Compressive Strength ‘Colum avaiable compresive strength can be determined ‘sing one of two methods equations (not covered in this textbook) or Part 4 ofthe AISC Sl Construction Mansa. Tn Part the AISC Manual provides avalible compesive strength for columns in tabular form, in two sets of wf {ables The ist abe we wil discuss tthe Aaabe Creal 68 part 1 svctral Stee Design Drawings for Stee! Constucton {TABLE 6.8 Roconences K valies for cohen (Copyeaht © Amvican kts ot ‘toe! Caneructon, he. Repent wih permeson. Aa nights revered) Sue | |e oT, i {| \ Ay \ \ y 1 1 1 Termes a a a oe Semone, Pam | om |x |» | aw | 7 End conan cove “AP Rain ed aden od Fen tee wnat es emcees 7 Rotston te and ranstaton re ‘Suess for Compression Member for various denderness ‘ior pt 200, and various el sheng oe Table 54) whe the oer st of tables it the Avalble Axil Compression ‘Seng in hps as faction of-he esi length abot the ‘weak aus for W shapes (ce Tb 55), HP shapes, HSS. pipe, ‘W:shapes double angle sections and singe angles The most coment and racial approuc stouse he Avalable Aa ‘Compression Strength tes fhe scion beng analyzed fundin the table Other, se the Available Cel Stes table to compute the avalible conpresive sent General Procedure for Selecting Columns, ‘The following general procedure lists the usual tes per formed when designing ste columns ‘Sree 1 Compute the ail load the column must support (Ths typical the total reaction fom Beams and girders raming inthe column above these ‘oa in question (rst fot, second Boor, Determine the effective length (KL), forthe weak and strong ates Obtain K based on end conditions sce “TibleS 3 Thelength Le each as isthe wal unsup ord length along the corresponding ae (the weak ‘style support so sto fore the column 0 bucket an shapes usa in Figure 18) ‘We can now select es setion tha can sp por the load P, using ether Table 5-4 oF Table 55 ‘To use Table 5-5 (the more convenient of the two rer 2 sme 3 rethods)enter the table with Kin fot (y denoes ‘the weak xs), and move actos fo find the desired le of PO, (lose toy but leper than P). The column heading ives the section that can carry he load P Fr cass where the column is most ike to bucie slong the tong au, the ble shouldbe ‘entered sag the ager value of Kor Kr) [Note tat the value for rr, mst be etmated the secon aot known, The vibe for 7 ranges ‘between 1.6 and 1 but can bea high as 3.1 For ‘aes not found in Table 55, ase Table 54, follow: ingatal-and-error approach ‘We wl now apply these steps to design 3 column tht supports roof girder. The column must be 1-0 high and ‘the loading condition imi otha shown in Figure 517 Selecta W8-shape in A992 ste The reaction ofeach girder ‘hat becomes load onthe column 105 ips. ‘SreP 1 Thetotalaxalloodon the column (P.)s105kips>* 22 1Odips ‘The effective length (KL), for both the weak and strong sues sequal since the column is pnned a {hetop and bostom ends long both axes Therefor, = 10 from Table 5:3 and Rly = Kl, = 14 We emer Tale 58 wih KI, = 14, and move aro: to ind a vale of Pf, cose to, but ger than = 210 kp. The vale 214 the mamber dose te Sree 2 sre ‘and ager than 210 ps, withthe corresponding sc ion being Wx 40, Uses WS x 40 a section TABLE 6.4 Avan cea srocs fr compression members (Conwant ‘Girma iatate Sioa Conenacton ne: Reptod win pros, chapter 5 an overaw of Base Structira Stel Design Catuations ‘singe sane’) Table 4-22 (continued) Available Critical Stress for Compression Members a) fata = ha Tale PO oe al oe ¢ 7 hele el a a a fied 3 Pa |: gee rs s s Pa 8 [ings 2 ° = fe eer |e & Wipes ss & ® ss [lee 25 | se oe fame ss & s = |e ae filed 2 2 & se [fea | 2s | basa, ss |e jel 22 s = [ade | [ages | laa « e Fate) no | Fieger eg 20 & s fe fae 217 | fee ee | 2: ley ass = > Re 2 |r leet e | or Fge| & = se Pegg evo |S fata st | Raed 2s * = {© | nr |e Bates) ane | ae 0 > fae | 25 | wofaen | st [io ae a7 fee i ‘Be [ino gage 2 ea es 29 [ios age ar i ‘3° [osama os 1 [os a en we ine os i ie m3 ito 6 70 | part 1. swuctral ste! Desig Drawings for Stee! Construction ‘vat sang naa comreasin fr Wages Capen ‘rarcan tute of Stoo! Conaructon, Me Paprrtaa wit permission ‘Arron rosea) Table 4-1 (continued) reson _, Available Strength in r Axial Compression, kips W Shapes we Soe = ie 8: Bea BSSeS aro ei a Oro pu chapter 5 an overvew of 6asc Stucial Steet Design Cacuatons | 71 “Table 5:4 tabulate the aval eal stesefor om: pression member inkl for various slenderes ration Once the avalible eral sues (Fy) forthe column is known, the total avalible compresion load can be ely caledated ‘bymultpying For the ably the cro seconal aes ofthe tril column, For example, assume a structural dra ‘esgner is upporing two soc ear wth 8 W-shape sel ‘alum iro theloading condition showa a Figure S17. Each roo eam has reaction o 4 ip, and an unposted ‘eng is 20, Would a WS X 31 be adequate? Par 1 ofthe Sel Consraction Maal shows that the laren ofa WS % 319.13 [nr 18 347k, and i202 ‘Sinct the end eta i pinned the K factor willbe Solution 1. The otal london the cola ie 47 hips 2 = 94 ips 2. Sinceteloading condition shown ia Figure 5-17 would allow the column to bucke nether dzecton the least ‘ads of gyration, would govern. Thos, he slender es rato with espect the weak ans) 120.427) 188 (Roundup 10119) This larger than the leadeness ratio with respect to the strong ais (3-3) AL_ 1209029 Me (However, If we had supported the y-y axis at md ‘eight theslendemes rao would be whichis smaller than KL therefore for the case ‘where they-yaxisie supported at mid height bucling shout the2-x would govern) 3. The availble critical stress table fr 50 si ste shows that for slenderness rato of 119, the aowable unit ‘Heston the WH % 31 cola e106 Ks 4. The avalabl columa load (2/2) i equ to the avi shle cial ses (7/0) mliped bythe amber of square inches of sel in the W-shape (A). Ths, for he ‘Wes x 3 column with an ffective length of 20, the l= Towable load ie U0, ~ A Fed0,= 9.12 X 106 ks = 96. ips “Actua load, 94 ips = Avalable oad 967 kis CConsuking Table 55, we find that the Available Strength in Asia Compresion fr this W8 % 31 column section of 5992 sel 6971 ips (the dicrepany isthe rel ound- ing the value of KL, rom 118380119, Dealing with Combinatione of Streccoe ‘One more consideration should be discussed in retin to stel column design Im actual practic, sel cals ae ‘often simultaneous subjected t combination of aes, For example i exterior columns of «ste framing ss tem, the Moor or roo beans might fame ito the web of ¢ Weshapestractural tel colama, causing an axl oe eon cent oad on the nember (Figure 519). Atthe same time, Sh iterior girder supporting the reactions ofbeams ots ‘might fame into the Mange face, dlvring& moment to the column that would cause Bending aboot the x aie (igure 520) Inspection revels thatthe two 20ip lsd framing soto the column we from ether sie would caute alot concen loads that would not develop bending tess on the y-y ans ofthe column. However, the 40-p loud isan tczanr load, which would ear a bending sess ecase itsconnection point atthe face ofthe Dang several inches ‘ay fom the columns xx ai as shown in Flgures-20. "These types of columns must resist the axil com> pression and flexure from the eccentric load, whichis ‘why this type of member i known at a beam-calumo, Design ofthese types of members le covered in Part 8 so" FIOURE 5-10 Example of concent ooing 12, | part 1 sivetuat Stes Dest Drawings or 40-Ke EeceNTRIC LOAD Ke TOAD ofthe AISC Stel Construction Manual (desgn of mem- bere subject to combined loading). For besm-columns, the required and avaiable stengths for axal compres: ‘ow and flute are combined Into «single cquation, the Iteration formals Mesto this formule: P= reqited ASD aia compression strength = P, 2. available ASD axial compression Strength = P,/0, -M,~ required ASD moment arength = M MG = avilable ASD moment strength = M/0, “The Spsifations ofthe AISC Manual give two for ‘mulas‘one fr members subjected to small sal load, and fone for menbers subjected to large axial load (see Pat 6 of {he Manuad. For large ail lores, there issn amplics- tion ofthe moment caused bythe additional ccenticty of the fore renitng fom the lateral deflection ethe column at mld height, the socalled P-Dela eect This amples tion is dependent on the lateral defection ofthe clu, which cannot be found directly resulting in rather com: Plex interaction of load and displacement. o determine the momeatamplieation, AISC Specieatiens allow the use of moment amplification factors (ound in the Mua) oF ue of advance analysis methods, known as second-or: ‘er analysis both of which are outside the scape of this 5.7 THE DESIGN OF COLUMN BASE PLATES: ‘With the colamn sections known, dhe drafter) Aesigner can selects column baseplate. Base plates are Stel plates, usually welded tothe botom of the column nd ftened to the op of the footing or foundation wall ‘wth anchor rodsas shown in Figures 7-1 through 7.9. Base plats are similar to beam bearing pats, and are neces yo distribute the cola load over «sufficiently large are of concrete support (picaly 2 footing) 0 the aval ble compressie strength (beating capac) of the con ‘rete, which is considerably lower than that of tee isnot exceeded, "The design of column base plats isso the design ofbeam bearing plates exept that local web ing oF web “rippling ae ot factors for column base pate, and bend. Ing ofthe coun base plat isin two directions. Parts and ‘ofthe AISC Manual ely discuss the design of column base plats. ‘The dimensions of the plate B and W (ce Figure 45-21) ate determined thatthe ares of the plate (A, = 18 N) is age enough thatthe bearing pressure doesnot crush the supporting concrete Lik the case of beam bear Ing plates, the American Concrete Insitute gives the con crete allowable bearing stength (P/0) 26 088/.4,/0, 1 the the fall apea‘of the support, and O85f,Ardy/ A, 10, ~O854, 4,4, /0, <17, 4/0, Af the arcs ofthe ast plate (A isles than the area ofthe ‘concrete suppor (A). Fy increases because the mass of ‘onctete beyond the contact re provides considerable con- finement to the directly loaded concrete area, Again. fs the 28 day compresive strength of concrete, while 0 isthe fey fctr-25, for this cat To get Nad B then, we we the flowing equation, 2/1, = Pe where P, i the actual column reaction obtained using ASD load combinations. Dimensions N and are usualy set equal and rounded up to whole inches ‘When the plate dimensions are larger than the dimen ‘sons ofthe clamns, the bearing peste Between the base lt and thefoting i assumed tobe uniformly dstebuted ‘whi rectangle of dimensions 095d and 0.85, as chown bythe dashed lines in Figure 5218 The reaction othe foot ing psig ack agains the cantilevered pats ofthe plate ‘ted the colimn tend to cate the plate tcl upward at hastrated in Figure 5208. ‘To resist tis tendency to cul the AISC has devel. ‘oped formas to calculate equired base pate thickness Using mand n, the cantilevered distances of the plate beyond the rectangular dimensions of 095d and 0834, ‘chapter 5 An overview of Basie Stuctural Stoel Desig Calculators | 73 P= Total column lod, Kips Ay = BXCN = ore of ple, in? ‘hg = Ful cross-section! ore of corre suppet, in? Fy = Alowabe bending stress In boos plate, ke Fy = Alorale booing posture on sppot, ke (b) [FIQURE 6-21 Column base pate cason conetseration Using the larger value of m and m, noted a8 the thick nest ofthe plate () is determined by using the following forma 1 PE. aE, In this formula: 1~ the larger of mand, For deta om how to determine forthe ease when the plat dimensions are approximately the sae asthe dimen: sons ofthe ecu, de authors refer the stent to Par 14 ofthe AISC Manual General Procedure for Selecting Base Plates “The following general procedure lists the wusl eps per- formed when designing a base pate fora W-rhape colin to besupported bya concrete footing ‘Srer 1 Compute the loads the column must support and determine the reaction (total slum load) using [ASD loud combinations, ‘coLuM (ice PLATE “ouRL™ y= Aco! bearing presen, ks te = Compressive svength of concrete, ks ty Tiolness of tose plat, in ‘Step 2 Determine the required bearing aea(Ay = BN} based on the allowable bearing pressure of the ‘material~forconcete use 857 A/D, orinreare this quanity according to ACI procedures when the Bearing plate Beason an zea salle than the support ares). ‘Sree 8 Solve forthe requed dimensions ofthe pit, Band “Ning the Bearing ars fom Step 2 snd geometry ofthe column (ora lately square crn, cose ‘B= N). Base plates shouldbe fastened to tel fot {ngs with four anchor rods per OSHA requiemert, ‘The anchor rods are usual but not es, placed outside the column, a shown in Figure 522. The ‘edge distance frm the end ofthe ba plate tothe enter ofthe anchor rod hale usual 4 minima (F 1/, Ths. the base plate should extend 4 mini ‘mum of" beyond the carn inal rections, ‘SreP 4 Determine the and re dimensions shows in Figure 5210 74 | part + seucura stea Deston Oranings for Steal Constucion ares ofthe baseplate wil thn be 1 tes 1 196 n?, and the actual bewring capacity for this base pte willbe: L7LA,/0,=1709 ks 196i?)/25 = 00 ps So, the beating capacity ofthe concrete footing of 400 Lips is pester than the total column load of 180 ps ‘Srer 4 From the W-Shapes Dimensions Table ln Pat 1 of the Stes! Conracion Maral, we Gnd the value fof y= 807 in and d = 825 infor a WS 40, Dimensions mand mar i-osiao7) 307" and en 095825 sage FIGURE 6-22 Base pate or a wa x 40 cokenn ‘Step 6 Lastly determine the required thickness of the base lat, using the inequality above We wll now apy these steps to design a base pate for 1.8 % 40 column to suppor a total oad of 180 kip. The Column ito eston a 7-7-0" equarefoting made of Sai concrete Well assume tha the column is A992 steel Ad the Dearing lat ls A36 eel. ‘Step 1 "The tot column lod (P.) has been determined to beso tps. Sten 2 Since the concrete support area is considerably larger than the base plate aa, the minimum numberof square inches inthe baseplate is eter IRined wing the upper init equation OLipESI7/CA,/0, 173K, /25 4, 2083in? [Step 9 Solve fr the required dimensions of the plate (Qvand3). AW 40 isesentillysquarecalumn, and thecolumnsrestingon asquarefoting This, the ba plate shouldbe aqare and should equal ‘or exied 88.3 In? OSHA requirements presently ‘tate that ll clara base plates be fastened 10 ‘hele fing with four anchor rods. Also, as dis ‘eussed previously. the base plate shold extend 3 Imlnitum of beyond the colum inal directions. “Tis meane the dimensions ofthe bare pit, for erection purpose, shouldbe at eat 1% 14" The [Step 6 Solving for the require bas pte thickness, we 1 ‘ua m which the aes alue found a Step op PE arr [0 te ane ia 0X36) “The measurement 1” should be rounded wp 1.125 which ithe nest eighth-inch increment. Thus, the bering Plate ses PLLA % 1 Ue % 1 (ee Figure 5-23). In an Re se | | ) | Ble 225" ¢ URE 6-29 Come Dae pate ot [chapter 5 An overview of Basle Structural Stel Deen Catatons ‘onthe jb station, might be mot economical to select, 1 thicker plate i that same thicknese cou be used fr the jority ofbase plates on the project, 6.8 SUMMARY “Ths chapter has preseted an overview of baie structural design concepts and the types of desig consid trations oulinely encountered and performed by ert “rates under the supervision of design engineers in many ‘sractural desig oes. Emphasis har been placed on the ‘ase conceps and load conditions that arse athe compo nent parts of structural sel support fame ae semble ‘The chapter shows how the stucural drafter cane design, tables andr simple algebra to help design and select ava cy of structural members, inlading open-web sel oats {o suport flor or rof loads, beams and glders to support {he jos, columas fo suppor the beams and girders, beam bearing plates to fisten beams fo walls, and colamn bate lates to fasten columns to walle footings “This chapter is ot intended wo substitute for» course in structural tea design. Rather, it hasbeen an sterpt to Mlustate tothe suuctural dating student "where the mim bers are coming fom” on other words, methods by which ‘experienced structural drafters, designers and enginer we Algebraic formas to determine the requizedpysal ices ‘of sructural steel beans, columns, base plats snd £0.08 ‘which ae together become structural ste suppor frames {or commercial and industrial lings. The primary pur pose has been to llstrat why structural sel design cal ulations are the very backbone ofboth the stucural see Suppor sytem and structural ste drawings (@ ev anae 1. Whats the responsibly ofthe structural engineer in thestructural design ofc? 2. What is the responsibility ofthe structural drfer in the structural design oc? loads are usualy expresed in pounds per Square foot (ps) and are recommended by various lo Gl ste, and national codes. a 75 CTTTee Teenie 4. Structural’ __are usualy ectangula in shape and defined by the dimensions within any four columns 5. Beams and girders along the outside wall of ra: tureare called 6.Ifs Keseres open-web sel jolt is supported by a Weshape ged the top ofthe joist will be above the top ofthe girder 7, Select an open we tel oor jit for a span of 30-1 “he otal design oad is 150 pt of which the veloadis 100 ps an the jot are tobe spaced 2-0" on-cete, 8. Select a wide-ange structural teal (A992) geder 6x ‘the loading condition shown in Figure 5-24, 9. AW24 x 62 beam of A992 steel hat an end reaction of {Olipsandis tobe supported byaconcrete waft ‘concrete. The bearinglength dimension (N) ofthe pate ‘slimited to 6 and the, value of the beam is 0931 Design the bai bearing plate 10. Commpate the maximum availabe ail strength for & [Wa % 48 structural stel column of AS92 tee if the tnbraced heights 14 feet. Assume K= 1 the average fd endo found in mos steel constriction, 1, Design a column baseplate of A36 ste fora WS X 58 ‘column to transfers column oad of 250 kip oa age footing of 3st concrete Because the pate it be fa tened to thefoting wth four anchor rods, assume the ‘base plate must extend beyond the colaan a minima of inal directions. ‘THE PREPARATION OF STRUCTURAL STEEL DESIGN DRAWINGS AND DETAILS 6.1 INTRODUCTION Before structural see design drawings can be develope, abasic architectural floor plan showing overall bblng dimensions and general layouts of rooms, corridors, doors, and windows is essential daly while designing this oor pan the artes have considered sacra requirements sch placement ofthe structural eel colons ‘and the aroun space needed between floors forthe apport “stem el as well a forthe plambing, HVAC. and ec ‘alten. Ate the peiminary oor plans ave ben dav, land texate bulding materale and foor-o floor elevations ‘abled the structural design phate ofthe project. inca ng preparation ofthe structural desig dang, an bein. 6.2 THE BASIC OBJECTIVES OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN ‘Structural ste design involves developing struc ‘ural ste framework that supports the bung and enables ito fll ts ntended se To that end, stractral dais nd esgnes often consider several possible secur schemes or layouts and figure cost estimate for ech aay keeping in ‘mind that certain basic objectives mast be ule, ‘One of the most important objectives of structural drafers and designers to ensure that the steel support ‘tame capable of sustaining allmpose oads and toes, Another ety portant objective et design the structural Stel support fame as economical as possible, taking nto acount nt only the most efficent use of material but also ‘ny peblems that might be encountered by the ste ree tiom crew on the job ste A thed objective o make sae the ste support system inno way alters the appearance of ‘the bllding as envisioned by the architect and the cient ‘Once these basie objectives hae been accomplished, preparation of the structural sted design drawings can begin Usual the st step in preparing the tactural eel design drawings isto make framing plas or lyouts of the Structural steel beams, girders. and columns that make up the bug’ door and roaf suppor aytems, These fam Plane ae generally bat around the bldg’ ed 7 | ppart 1. stuctra Stet Design Crawings for Sts! Construction 6.8 THE STRUCTURAL GRID SYSTEM ‘A structural sel gid system sly establishes ‘the locaton of the structural tel eolumne #9 that beam pane wl not be uneconomical long and steel fabeeation ‘hate wl be reasonable Th spacing between columns for ‘most commercial buldings fal into the 16-oat to 28-fot ange, wth 30 fet being about the masimur unless the ‘exignerinends to use open-web jolt giders. Also, ‘most economical olay outa gid sytem 50 a5 many sac Ings as pouuble are the sae. This doer not mean all the column in the gid system must be uniformly spaced. O2 any balding projec, there ae valid reasons—many of them bated on architectural requrementto change the spac- lngof columns some ares: However, prime responsibil fy of structural drafters a} designer ist use their best Judgment in lying out a seuctural sel gid system that fs the most ficient posible for the type of bling being Por the macy of sractra el ming plans the strc ald des he uppet ame ito 9 ma of Ssjcent tangs cal bys As discus in Chapter Sa toy the dimensions bewera ay fo corns that oe rue a ectangua shape. Teeter ies ofthe columns Forming adjacent bays taen together ia ther enti. ‘come th stractral gi tem, Gri ines are shown en the strctra framing plan as thin but clearly wie Uns, easly dstngushble from the ticker darker ines symboling the atl compoocat ofthe traci framework (bear girder Columns, etc) The geld nes must be drawn texted well beyond the exterior columns of» bulding beeaie they ae used a extension ines forthe dlmension nes that wl show both the ditances betwen columns and the overall dinensons ofthe balding. Because the Structural id system sown onthe aehtectatl Noor Plans, crea the walls ca be locsted or referenced from {eri lnes tfc on mos age commercial bung projets, virtually everything on bat the architectural nd stracturldeawingsiltimatly oated off the pid system Since grid lines are very important reference lines they aust be qicly and say ened onthe archi tectum! or plans aod structural fuming pans. This ‘sally accomplished by placing small eees or hexa fons atthe end of each gd line. The ces or Besa fons must be lage enowe that enifeton numbers Placed win them canbe ean sen The general tle {stoma the circes or heragons atthe ends of gd ines About iin dameter andof cours, make sare they ate aligned he wa estan system 0 umber the gid toes lng the tp of he thet starting rom he pet lean eorae a8. (@)@) anda on. Alog the ade ‘ofthe hoot, the gr line are letered, as @,@.©, and fo forth. Then each structural ste cluma on the sheet fan be identified by the Intersection of the grid lines passing throug i For ineance structural steel column lmerseted by grid lines (8) and (2) would be identified a column B2 at every floor oa both the architectural floor plans and the structural framing plans. Figure 6-1 ilostates how ri lines are shown on 8 structural sel fearing plan 6.4 STRUCTURAL STEEL FRAM- ING PLANS ‘The structural steel framing plan ia view cat on ary plane just above and parallel toa for oF roof elevation, showing only those lems that are struc: tural or of structural concern. The main purpose of a feaming plan, as llustated in Figure 6-1, 1 to show the sue and location of beams, girders, open-web tel ois ‘columas, and olher see! members. Framing plans are "sully drawn atthe same scale a the architectural Noor plans ofthe balding, For commercial and industrial pro cs structural tec framing plans are typically drawn at Scale of = 10" although fr smaller structore, plans ‘ran ata scale of Vo" = I-0" ate not uncommon. The accepted practice in preparing 2 set of structural design

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