Vocabulary:

0.75 which can be written as a ratio is called a rational number

and 2 which can't be written as ratios are called irrational numbers

or

or

the symbol is called a RADICAL

n the number beneath the radical sign is the RADICAND

n is the principal or positive square root of n
n is the negative square root of n
n is the positive or negative square root of n

What is the approximate value of these radicals? Think about

how close they are to the square numbers 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49,64, 81

7 ; 2.6
70 ; 8.4

102 ; 10.1

20 ; 4.5

12 ; 3.5

37 ; 6.1

55 ; 7.4

48 ; 6.9

Simplifying radical terms.

1. look for factors that are square terms.
2. find the square root of that square term.
3. put that outside the radical.

45
95

75

4 2

25 3

48
16 3

9 5 4 2 25 3 16 3
4 3
3 5
5 3
2 2

700 100 7 100 7 10 7

16

x x

8
2

x x x x x
7

23

22

11

m m m m
y

y y y

8h 4h 2h 2h
13

45p

12

2h

9p 5p 3p

5p

Adding and subtracting radicals

Simplify the terms then gather like terms.

1. 5 7 2 5 2 7 3 5 2. 3 11 6 2 2 11 8 2
3 7 5 5
3. 8 3 2 11 3 5 11
7 3 3 11
5. 5 18 2 8
5 9 2 2 4 2
53 2 2 2 2

11 2 2
4.

6 7 3 3 5 6
4 6 6 3

6. 2 75 5 27
2 25 3 5 9 3
25 3 53 3

15 2 4 2

10 3 15 3

19 2

5 3

7. 5 12 2 45 3 27 4 500
5 4 3 2 9 5 3 9 3 4 100 5
5 2 3 2 3 5 3 3 3 4 10 5
10 3 6 5 9 3 40 5
19 3 34 5
8. 2 28 3 20 500 5 63
2 4 7 3 4 5 100 5 5 9 7
2 2 7 3 2 5 10 5 5 3 7
4 7 6 5 10 5 15 7
11 7 16 5

Simplifying Radicals with Fractions

Simplify the two parts of the radical and then simplify again if required.

99
100

99
3 11
9
11

100
10
10

25 2
50
5
2

27
93
3 3
300
100 3

3 8
3 4 2

5 3
10 3

3 2
6 2

50
5 2
25 2
2

10 49
10 7
10 7
14

Solving Equations with Radicals

x 2 4 there are actually two solutions.

Can you think of them both?

x 2 or 2 which is written as 2

The rest of the steps in solving equations just use the

reverse operations that we have used before.
2x 2 3 9
2
2x 12 add 3 on both sides
x 2 6 divide 2 on both sides
x 6 square root on both sides

3x 2
1 5
2
3x 2
6 add 1 on both sides
2
2

3x 12 multiply by 2 on both sides

2

x 4 divide by 3 on both sides

x 2 square root on both sides

3x 1
5
4
2
3x 1 20 multiply by 4 on both sides
2

3x 21 add 1 on both sides

x 2 7 divide by 3 on both sides
x 7 square root on both sides
2

2x 4
5 11
7
2
2x 4
6 minus 5 on both sides
7
2x 2 4 42 2x 2 38 x 2 19
4 on b.s 2 on b.s
7 on b.s

x 19

2x 2 6
1.
4
5

x 7

3x 2
2.
2 4 x 10
5

3(m 2 1)
3.
6 m 3
2

4. 5y 2 11 1 y 2

4g 2
5.
2 10
3

6. 5(h 2 1) 1 9

g 3

7y 2 1
7.
23 y 2
3
3z 2
9. 2
8 z 10
5
3(5z 2 2)
11. 1
7 z 2
4

h 3

8. 5n 2 1 2n 2 13

n 2

10. 5 3b 2 1 2 b no solution
12. 5 2(4t 2 1) 11

t 1

Finding the Area of Complex Shapes see Looking For Pythagoras. Investigation 2

1. Make a rectangle
around the shape.
2. Make triangles and
rectangles in the outside.

E
D

3 4 12
Find the area of the outside shapes. A 11 0.5 B 12 1
2
2
C 2 1 2 D 22 2
2
E 31 1.5
2
Find the total outside area 7
Subtract the area of the outside from
the rectangle area to get the inside area. 5
Find the area of the rectangle.

A
C

5 4 20
Find the area of the outside shapes. A 32 3
2
C 12 1
2
E 41 2
2
Find the total outside area 14
Subtract the area of the outside from
the rectangle area to get the inside area. 6
Find the area of the rectangle.

B 2 1 2
D 34 6
2

Finding the Length of Segments see Looking For Pythagoras. Page20

Make a square
around the segment.
Counting the number of
dots on each side makes it easy.

Find the area of the outside square. 6 6 36

Find the area of the outside triangles. 4( 51) 10
2
Find the area of the inside square. 36 10 26
Therefore the length of one side
of the square is

26

Find the area of the outside square. 5 5 25

Find the area of the outside triangles. 4( 32 ) 12
2
Find the area of the inside square. 25 12 13
Therefore the length of one side
of the square is

13

Pythagorean Theorem. See page 482 in the textbook.

In a right triangle the area of a square on the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the area
of the squares on the other two sides.
Note: The hypotenuse is the long side of the triangle. It is opposite the right angle.

The sum of the areas gives the equation:

a b c

When the hypotenuse is the unknown.

3 5 x

34 x

a b c

x 34

When a leg is the unknown.

a b c
2
2
2
5 x 11
2
2
2
x 11 5
2
x 96
x 96
x4 6

When the side lengths include variables.

Remember that Pythagoras is actually
about adding the areas of squares.

16x 4x 10
2

20x 100
2
x 5
x 5

When the side lengths include variables.

8
2x
3x

a b c
2
2
2
(2x) (3x) 8
2

4x 9x 64
2
13x 64
8
64

x
13
13

a b c
2
2
2
5p 6 7p
2

25p 6 49p

62 24p 2
3
2
p
2
3
p
2

When there is more than one triangle in the diagram.

Choose the triangle where you know two sides.
Label the third side with a variable.

9 2 82 y 2
145 y 2
Note: We dont need to know what y is.
Solve the other triangle.

we know y

y 2 x 2 132
2
2
145 so 145 x 13
x 2 132 145
x 2 24
x 24
x2 6

Dot Paper Problems:

Find the perimeter of this shape.

Construct right triangles and then solve using Pythagoras.

x 32 22 13

y 52 22 29
z 42 22 20 2 5

perimeter 4 13 29 2 5

Find the perimeter for

these shapes.

1 2 10 26 2 5
2 8 10 2 5
333 2 3 5
4 3 10 5 2 5
5 2 13 2 10 3 2 82
6 2 13 10
7 5 13 2 5 17 65

Questions Involving Recognising Pythagorean Relationships:

1. Recognising right triangles:
Are the following triangles right triangles?
9
The sides of a right triangle will make the
Pythagoras equation true. Try it for this
triangle
2
2
2
6

6 7 9
36 49 81
85 81
Not true so not a right triangle.

16
15
12

20

72

54
20
90

16

15 16 20
481 400

Not true so not

a right triangle.

12 16 20
400 400

True so it is
a right triangle.

542 722 902

8100 8100

True so it is
a right triangle.

Questions Involving Recognising Pythagorean Relationships:

2. Recognising pythagoras triples:
These are a set of three numbers that fit the pythagorean relationship?
Are these sets of numbers pythagoras triples?

35,12,37

23,11,25

352 122 37 2
1369 1369
It is a pythagorean triple

232 112 252

650 625
Not a pythagorean triple

17,24,29
17 2 242 292
865 841
Not a pythagorean triple

9,40,41
92 402 412
1681 1681
It is a pythagorean triple

If you recognise the common pythagoras triples 3,4,5 and 5,12,13 it can make
solving questions much quicker.
16

24

12

26
x

12 4 3
16 4 4
x 4 5 20

24 2 12
26 2 13
x 2 5 10

25

40
x

60
x

50

25 5 5
60 5 12
x 5 13 65

40 10 4
50 10 5
x 10 3 30

Special Right Triangles. See page 493 in the textbook.

We will use two special triangles that are derived using Pythagoras.
1. The 45-90-45 triangle.
Using this triangle and proportions we can solve any other
45-90-45 triangle.
90

13

45

45

Use the angles to match up the sides in the two triangles.

put the unknown on the top for the proportion.

M
2

13 1
2
M 13
1
M 13 2

2. The 30-60-90 triangle.

Using this triangle and proportions we can solve any other 30-60-90 triangle.

N
60
11
30

Use the angles to match up the sides in the two triangles.

put the unknown on the top for the proportion.

N
3

11 2
11 3
N
2

Use special triangles to solve these questions:

F
90

45

F
1

12
2

12
F
2

12
45

M
2

12
3

90

24
M
3

12

60

30
M

K
2

5
1

K 5 2

14
60

H 1

14 2

H7