BASIC DATA

Wind Zone
Basic Wind Speed, VB (m/s)
Reference Wind Speed, VR (m/s)
Reliability Level
Terrain Category
Roughness factor, KR
Reference Temperature 0C
Altitude (m)
Correction factor
Dynamic Reference wind Pressure q0, (Pa)

1
31
22.55
1
A
1.08
30
300
0.92
333.00

WIND LOAD ON CONDUCTORS

Drag Coefficient for conductors, CXc
Combined wind factor for conductors, GC
Span Factor GL
Conductor Diameter, d (m)
Wind Span, L (m)
Angle Between Wind & Conductor,
Wind Load AC applied on the support (N)

WIND LOAD ON INSULATORS

Drag Coefficient for conductors, Cxi
Combined wind factor for conductors, Gt
Area of Insulator projected Horizontally on a
vertical plane parallel to the axis of the string, S i
(m2)
Wind loads acting on Insulator, Ai (N)
WIND LOAD ON TOWER
Angle of incidence of the wind direction,
Total surface Area projected normally on face 1 of
the panel, St1 (m2)
Total surface Area projected normally on face 2 of
the panel, St1 (m2)
Drag coefficients peculiar to face 1, Cxt1
Drag coefficients peculiar to face 2, Cxt2

Solidity ratio of a panel,

Combined wind factor for supports, Gt
Wind load in direction of the wind, At (N)

Reliability Levels for Tranmission Lines

Reliability Level
Return Period in Years

1
50

Category

Roughness Characteristics

Large stretch of water upwind, flat coastal areas

Open country with very few obstacles, for example

airports or cultivated fields with few trees or buildings

Terrain with numerous small obstacles of low height

(hedges, trees and buildings)

Suburban areas or terrain with many tall trees

1
2

Location
Coast Province, Voi, Malindi, Garrissa, Mombasa
Central & Southern half of Eastern Province, Nairobi,
Machakos, Thika, Nanyuki, Nyeri

Southern half of Rift Valley province, Nakuru, Naivasha,

Rumuruti and Narok
3
North Eastern, Nothern half of Eastern Province,
Eldoret, Kitale, Magadi and Rift valley province
4
5

Nyanza province, Western Province, Kisumu, Kisii &

Kakamega

ission Lines
2
150

Rougness Factor KR
1.08
1
0.85
0.67

3
500

Basic Wind Speed

31
28
36
45
46

Tempera
ture oC
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
-30

0
0.95
0.97
0.98
1.00
1.01
1.03
1.04
1.07
1.09
1.12
1.14
1.17
1.19

100
0.94
0.96
0.97
0.99
1.00
1.02
1.03
1.06
1.08
1.11
1.13
1.15
1.18

200
0.93
0.94
0.96
0.98
0.99
1.01
1.02
1.04
1.07
1.09
1.12
1.14
1.16

300
0.92
0.93
0.95
0.97
0.98
1.00
1.01
1.03
1.06
1.08
1.10
1.13
1.15

400
0.91
0.92
0.94
0.96
0.97
0.99
1.00
1.02
1.05
1.07
1.09
1.11
1.13

500
0.90
0.91
0.93
0.95
0.96
0.98
0.99
1.01
1.03
1.06
1.08
1.10
1.12

600
0.88
0.90
0.92
0.93
0.95
0.96
0.98
1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08
1.11

700
0.87
0.89
0.91
0.92
0.94
0.95
0.97
0.99
1.01
1.03
1.05
1.07
1.09

800
0.86
0.88
0.90
0.91
0.93
0.94
0.96
0.98
1.00
1.02
1.04
1.06
1.08

900 1000
0.85 0.84
0.87 0.86
0.88 0.87
0.90 0.89
0.92 0.91
0.93 0.92
0.95 0.94
0.97 0.96
0.99 0.97
1.00 0.99
1.02 1.01
1.04 1.03
1.06 1.05

Altitude (m)
1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100 2200 2300 2400
0.83 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.80 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71
0.85 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.72
0.86 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.74
0.88 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75
0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.76
0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.78
0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.79
0.95 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.81
0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.82
0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87 0.86 0.85 0.84
1.00 0.99 0.98 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.87 0.86 0.85
1.02 1.01 1.00 0.98 0.97 0.96 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.91 0.90 0.89 0.88 0.87
1.04 1.03 1.01 1.00 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.95 0.94 0.93 0.92 0.91 0.90 0.89

2500 2600 2700 2800 2900 3000

0.70 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.66 0.65
0.71 0.70 0.69 0.68 0.67 0.66
0.73 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.69 0.68
0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.70 0.69
0.75 0.74 0.73 0.72 0.71 0.70
0.77 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.73 0.72
0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.74 0.73
0.80 0.78 0.77 0.76 0.75 0.74
0.81 0.80 0.79 0.78 0.77 0.76
0.83 0.81 0.80 0.79 0.78 0.77
0.84 0.83 0.82 0.81 0.80 0.79
0.86 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.81 0.80
0.88 0.86 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.82