CHNG III.

BT NG THC BT PHNG TRNH

III.1. 1) a) a 2 + b 2 + 1 ab + a + b (1)
(1)

a2
b2 a 2
1 b2
1
ab + + a + + b + 0
2
2
2
2 2
2

1 2
a 2ab + b 2 + a 2 2a + 1 + b 2 2b + 1 0

2
1
2
2
2
( a b ) + ( a 1) + ( b 1) 0

) (

) (

a b = 0

(pcm). Du = xy ra khi v ch khi a 1 = 0 a = b = 1.

b 1 = 0

b) a 2 + b2 + 4 ab + 2 ( a + b ) (2)
(2)

a2
b2 a2
b2
ab + + 2a + 2 + 2b + 2 0
2
2 2
2

1 2
a 2ab + b 2 + a 2 4a + 4 + b 2 4b + 4 0
2
1
2
2
2
( a b ) + ( a 2 ) + ( b 2 ) 0.

) (

) (

a b = 0

(pcm). Du = xy ra khi v ch khi a 2 = 0 a = b = 2.

b 2 = 0

c)

a2
+ b 2 + c 2 ab ac + 2bc (3)
4

a2
a ( b c ) + c 2 2bc + b 2 0
4
a (b c )
a2
2

2
+ (b c ) 0
4
2

(3)

b + c 0.
2

(pcm).
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi
2)

a
b + c = 0 a = 2 (b c ) .
2

x 2 + xy + y 2 + y 2 + yz + z 2 + z 2 + zx + x 2 3 ( x + y + z ) .

Ta c

2
2
( x + y ) 3 (1)
x+ y x y
x 2 + xy + y 2 = 3
+


2
2 2

151

Tng t
y 2 + yz + z 2

( y + z)

(2), z 2 + zx + x 2

( z + x)

(3)

Cng cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) theo v ta c

x 2 + xy + y 2 + y 2 + yz + z 2 + z 2 + zx + x 2 3 ( x + y + z ) . (pcm)

1 1 1 3 ( a b )( b c )( c a )
3) ( a + b + c ) + + +
9. (1)
abc
a b c
Ta c (1) tng ng vi

a b
b c
c a
3 ( a b )( b c )( c a )
0
+ 2 + + 2 + + 2 +
abc
b a
c b
a c

c ( a b ) + a ( b c ) + b ( c a ) + 3 ( a b )( b c )( c a ) 0.(*)

Ta s dng kt qu: x 3 + y 3 + z 3 3 xyz = ( x + y + z ) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx

Vi x + y + z = 0 x 3 + y 3 + z 3 = 3xyz. Vi x = a b; y = b c; z = c a.
2

(*) c vit li ( a b ) ( c + a b ) + ( b c ) ( a + b c ) + ( c a ) ( b + c a ) 0. (**)

Do a, b, c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic nn (**) ng. Vy, ta c iu phi chng
minh.
2

4) ( x + y ) +

x+ y
2x y + 2 y x.
2
2

1
1

Ta c x 0 x x + 0(1)
2
4

Tng t
y y +

1
0(2)
4

Cng cc bt ng thc (1), (2) theo v ta c

x+ y

x+ y +

1
x+ y
2
0 ( x + y) +
( x + y)
2
2
2

M x + y 2 xy , nn (3) ( x + y ) +
III.2. 1)

152

x + y (3)

x+ y
2 x y + 2 y x . (pcm)
2

a b
c
1 1 1
+ +
2 + (1)
bc ca ab
a b c

V a, b, c > 0 nn (1) tng ng vi

a 2 + b 2 + c 2 2 ( bc + ac ab )
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 2bc 2ac + 2ab 0
2

(a + b c) 0

Bt ng cui lun ng nn bt ng thc (1) ng.

2) 1 <

a
b
c
d
+
+
+
<2
a+b+c b+c+d c+d +a a +b+d

+ Trc ht ta chng minh

V d > 0 nn

a
b
c
d
+
+
+
> 1(*)
a+b+c b+c+d c+d +a a+b+d

a
a
>
(1)
a+b+c a +b+c+d

Tng t, v a, b, c > 0 ta cng c

b
b
>
(2)
b+c+d a+b+c+d
c
c
>
(3)
c+d +a a+b+c+d
d
d
>
(4)
a+b+d a +b+c+d

T (1), (2), (3), (4)

+ Ta chng minh

a
b
c
d
a+b+c+d
+
+
+
>
= 1 (pcm).
a+b+c b+c+d c+d +a a +b+d a+b+c+d

a
b
c
d
+
+
+
< 2(**)
a+b+c b+c+d c+d +a a+b+d

Trc tin ta chng minh bt ng thc sau

x, y , z > 0 v y > x ta u c

x x+z
<
(*)
y y+z

Tht vy
(*) x( y + z ) < y ( x + z )
( y x) z > 0 lun ng v y > x ( y x) > 0
p dng bt ng thc (*) ta c
Vi b ba s a, (a + b + c ), d ta c

a
a+d
<
(1)
a+b+c a+b+c+d

Tng t ta cng c

153

b
b+a
(2)
<
b+c+d a+b+c+d
c
c+b
(3)
<
c+d +a a+b+c+d
d
d +c
<
(4)
a+b+d a+b+c+d
T (1), (2), (3), (4)

a
b
c
d
2(a + b + c + d )
+
+
+
<
=2
a+b+c b+c+d c+d +a a+b+d
a+b+c+d

(pcm).
Vy, ta c 1 <

a
b
c
d
+
+
+
< 2.
a+b+c b+c+d c+d +a a +b+d

Ch . C th chng minh bt ng thc (**) n gin hn nh sau

Ta c
a
a
b
b
<
,
<
a+b+c a+c b+c+d b+d
c
c
d
d
<
,
<
c+d +a c+a d +a +b d +b

a
b
c
d
a+c b+d
+
+
+
<
+
= 1 + 1 = 2.
a+b+c b+c+d c+d +a d +a +b c+a b+d

3) Ta c
a
a
2a
<
<
(1)
a+b+c b+c a+b+c
2b
b
b
<
<
(2)
a+b+c a+c a +b+c
c
c
2c
<
<
(3)
a+b+c a+b a+b+c
Cng cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) theo v ta c iu phi chng minh.
III.3. 1) a) (a + b)(ab + 1) 4ab(a, b > 0);

p dng bt ng thc Csi cho hai s dng a, b, ta c a + b 2 ab (1).

Tng t, p dng bt ng thc Csi cho hai s dng ab,1, ta c
ab + 1 2 ab.1 = ab (2).
Nhn cc bt ng thc (1) v (2) v theo v ta c
(a + b)(ab + 1) 2 ab .2 ab = 4ab (pcm).

b) (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) 8abc (a, b, c > 0)

p dng bt ng thc Csi cho hai s dng a, b, ta c a + b 2 ab (1) .

154

Tng t, ta c cc bt ng thc b + c 2 bc (2), c + a 2 ca (3) .

Nhn cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) v theo v ta c
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) 8 a 2b 2 c 2 = 8abc (pcm).
c) a 2 (1 + b 2 ) + b2 (1 + c 2 ) + c 2 (1 + a 2 ) 6abc
a 2 + a 2b 2 + b 2 + b 2c 2 + c 2 + c 2 a 2 6abc
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho su s dng a 2 , a 2b 2 , b 2 , b 2c 2 , c 2 , c 2 a 2 ta c
a 2 + a 2b 2 + b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 + c 2 a 2 6 6 a 2 .a 2b 2 .b 2 .b2 c 2 .c 2 .c 2 a 2
a 2 + a 2b 2 + b 2 + b 2 c 2 + c 2 + c 2 a 2 6 6 a 6 .b6 .c 6
a 2 + a 2b 2 + b 2 + b 2c 2 + c 2 + c 2 a 2 6abc (pcm).
2) Theo bt ng thc Csi ta c
a2
b+c
a2 b + c
+
2
.
= a(1)
b+c
4
b+c 4
Tng t
b2
c+a
+
b(2)
c+a
4
c2
a+b
+
c(3)
a+b
4
Cng cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) theo v ta c iu phi chng minh.
III.4. 1) a) p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski cho hai cp s ( u; x ) v ( v; y ) ta c
ux + vy

(u

+ v 2 )( x 2 + y 2 ) 1 1 ux + vy 1 (pcm).

b) p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski cho hai cp s ( u; v ) , ( x + y; x y ) ta c

u ( x + y) + v ( x y)
2)

(u

+ v2

) ( x + y ) + ( x y ) 2 ( x
2

+ y 2 2 (pcm).

x2
y2
z2
3
+
+
(1)
y+ z z+ x x+ y 2

x2
y2
z2
t A =
+
+
.
y+ z z+ x x+ y
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski cho hai b s

x
y
z
y + z ; z + x; x + y ,
;
;
y + z z + x x + y

Ta c
155

( x + y + z)
A

( y + z + z + x + x + y) A

x+ y+z 3 3
3
. xyz = .
2
2
2

Vy, (1) ng. Ta c iu phi chng minh. Du = xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 1.

3)

1
1
1
1
+
+ +
30. (1)
2
2
a + b + c ab bc ca
2

t A =

1
1
1
1
+
+ + .
2
2
a +b +c
ab bc ca
2

p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski cho hai b s

1
1
1
1
;
;
;
2

2
2
ab bc ca
a +b +c

a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ;3 ab ;3 bc ;3 ca

Ta c

(1 + 3 + 3 + 3)

( a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 9ab + 9bc + 9ca ) A

100 ( a + b + c ) + 7 ( ab + bc + ca ) A(*)

M ab + bc + ca

1
1
2
(a + b + c) = .
3
3

Do A 30. (pcm)
1
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = .
3

III.5. 1) p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski cho hai b ba s

( x; a; b ) , ( x; x;1)
Ta c

(x

+ ax + b ) ( x 2 + a 2 + b 2 )( x 2 + x 2 + 1)

(1)

Tng t ta cng c ( x 2 + cx + d ) ( x 2 + c 2 + d 2 )( x 2 + x 2 + 1) (2)

Cng (1) v (2) theo v, ta c

(x

+ ax + b ) + ( x 2 + cx + d ) ( x 2 + a 2 + b 2 + x 2 + c 2 + d 2 )( x 2 + x 2 + 1)
2

( x 2 + ax + b ) + ( x 2 + cx + d ) ( x 2 + x 2 + 1)( x 2 + x 2 + 1)
2

( x 2 + ax + b ) + ( x 2 + cx + d ) ( 2 x 2 + 1) .

156

2) T gi thit abc = ab + bc + ca

1 1 1
+ + = 1.
a b c

p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski cho hai b ba s

1 1 1
a ; 2b ; 3c ,
;
;

a b c

Ta c

1 + 1 + 1

a2
b2
c2
1
1
1 1 1
= ( a + 2b + 3c ) + + = a + 2b + 3c

.
a + 2b + 3c 1 + 2 + 3 2
a b c

(1 +

2+ 3

a 2 +

( 2b )

( 3c )

i vai tr ca a, b, c v cng cc bt ng thc ta c iu phi chng minh.

III.6. 1) (sin 2 x +

1 2
1 2 25
) + (cos 2 x +
)
2
sin x
cos 2 x
2

p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacpski cho hai cp s

(1;1) , ( sin 2 x +

1
1
; cos 2 x +
) ta c
2
sin x
cos 2 x

2
2

1 2 2
1 2
1
1
2
2
(1 + 1 ) (sin x + sin 2 x ) + cos x + cos2 x 1. sin x + sin 2 x + 1. cos x + cos 2 x

2
2
2

1
1 2
1
1
2
2 sin 2 x + 2 + cos 2 x +

+
+
+
sin
x
cos
x

sin x
cos 2 x
sin 2 x
cos 2 x

1
1 2
1
1 2

2 (sin 2 x + 2 )2 + (cos 2 x +
) (1 + 2 +
)
2
sin x
cos x
sin x cos 2 x

2
2
2

1
1
4
2 sin 2 x + 2 + cos 2 x +

+
1

sin x
cos 2 x sin 2 2 x

(*)

Mt khc do sin 2 2 x 1
1+

4
sin 2 2x

1+ 4
2

1 + 2 (1 + 4)2
sin 2x

Khi (*) tng ng vi

2
2
2
1 2
1
2
2 sin x + 2 + cos x +
(1 + 4 ) = 25
2
sin x
cos x

157

1
1 25

sin 2 x + 2 + cos 2 x +

sin x
cos 2 x
2

1
1 25

Vy sin 2 x + 2 + cos 2 x +
.
sin x
cos 2 x
2

Du ng thc xy ra khi
1
1
2
2
sin x + 2 = cos x +
sin x
cos 2 x

sin 2 2 x = 1

1
1
2
2
sin x + 2 = cos x +

sin x
cos 2 x
sin 2 x = 1
H ny c nghim, chng hn x =

+ k , k .

2) Ta c v tri ca bt ng thc cho bng

1
1 x y 11 1

A = x+ + y+
+ + + + +2
2x
2y y x 2 x y

p dng bt ng thc Csi ta c

1
1 x y 11 1

A = x+ + y+
+ + + + +2
2x
2y y x 2 x y

x y
1
1
x+
2; y +
2; + 2
2x
2y
y x
11 1
1
=
+
2 x y
xy

1
4

x2 y 2

2
= 2.
x + y2
2

Do A 4 + 3 2.
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y =
III.7. 1)

Ta c

2
.
2

tan 2 x cot 2 x
1
+
1

2 + 1 2 + 1 (1).
x2
x
x

1
tan x.cot x
+1 =
+1
2
x
x2

tan x cot x
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski cho hai cp s
;1 ,
;1 . Ta c
x
x

158

tan x cot x
.
+ 1.1
x
x

Vy,

tan x 2 cot x 2

+ 1
+ 1
x
x

tan 2 x cot 2 x
1
+
1

2 + 1 2 + 1
x2
x
x

tan 2 x cot 2 x
1
+
1

2 + 1 2 + 1 (pcm).
x2
x
x

iu kin ng thc xy ra

tan x cot x
=
x
x
tan x = cot x
x=
2)

+ k , k .

b 2 + 2a 2
c 2 + 2b 2
a 2 + 2c 2
+
+
3 (1).
ab
bc
ca

Ta c ab + bc + ca = abc

1 1 1
+ + = 1.
a b c

(1) tng ng vi
1
2
1 2
1 2
+ 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 3.
2
b a
c b
a c

1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
t u = ; ; , v = ; ; , w = ; ; . Khi
b a a
c b b
a c c

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
u +v +w= + + ; + + ; + +
b c a a b c a b c

u+v +w=

1 2
1 2
1 2
+ 2 + 2+ 2 + 2+ 2
2
b a
c b
a c
2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
u + v + w = + + + + + + + + = 3 + + = 3.
b c a a b c a b c
a b c

Mt khc ta lun c tnh cht u + v + w u + v + w , t suy ra iu phi chng minh.

u = k .v ; k > 0

Du = xy ra khi v ch khi v = m.w; m > 0

a = b = c = 3.
ab + bc + ca = abc

3)

x2 +

1
1
1
+ y 2 + 2 + z 2 + 2 82.
2
x
y
z

159

Gi S = x 2 +

1
1
1
+ y2 + 2 + z2 + 2
2
x
y
z

Cch 1.

1
p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopski cho hai cp s (1;9 ) , x;
x
Ta c x +

9
1
1
1 + 81 x 2 + 2 = 82 x 2 + 2 (1)
x
x
x

Tng t
y+

9
1
82 y 2 + 2 (2)
y
y

z+

9
1
82 z 2 + 2 (3)
z
z

Cng cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) theo v ta c

1 1 1
1 1 1
S . 82 x + y + z + 9 + + = 81( x + y + z ) + 9 + + 80 ( x + y + z )
x y z
x y z
1 1 1
2 81( x + y + z ) .9 + + 80 = 54
x y z

54 3 3 xyz .3 3

1 1 1
+ + 80
x y z

( x + y + z ).

1
80 = 162 80 = 82
xyz

S 82.

Cch 2.
Trong mt phng Oxy, ta xt cc vc t

1
a = x; a = x 2 + 2
x
x

1
b = y; b = y 2 + 2
y
y

1
c = z; c = z 2 + 2
z
z

1 1 1
a + b + c = x + y + z; + + a + b + c =
x y z

Ta c a + b + c a + b + c

160

( x + y + z)

1 1 1
+ + +
x y z

1
1
1
S = x + 2 + y2 + 2 + z2 + 2
x
y
z
2

( x + y + z)

1 1 1
+ + +
x y z

p dng bt ng thc Csi i vi ba s dng

1 1 1
, , ta c
x y z

1 1 1
+ +
x y z

(x + y + z)

3
3

xyz

3
9
=
S
x+ y+ z x+ y+ z
3

t t = ( x + y + z ) , 0 < t 1. Ta c S t +

Xt hm s f (t ) = t +

81

(x + y + z)

81
.
t

81
81 t 2 81
< 0, t (0;1].
, t (0;1]; f (t ) = 1 2 =
t
t
t2

Lp bng bin thin ca hm s f (t ) trn (0;1] ta c f (t ) 82 S 82. (pcm)

4) Cho x, y, z > 0 v tha xyz = 1. Ta chng minh
1 + x3 + y 3
1 + y3 + z 3
1 + z 3 + x3
+
+
3 3.
xy
yz
zx

t A =

1 + x3 + y 3
1 + y3 + z3
1 + z 3 + x3
+
+
.
xy
yz
zx

Theo bt ng thc Csi ta c

3 3 x3 y3
1 + x3 + y 3

=
xy
xy

3
(1)
xy

Tng t
1 + y3 + z 3

yz

3
(2)
yz

1 + z 3 + x3

zx

3
(3)
zx

Cng cc bt ng thc (1), (2), (3) theo v ta c

A

3
+
xy

3
3
1
+
3 33
= 3 3. (pcm)
xyz
yz
zx

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z = 1.

III.8. 1) x 2 1 + sin 2 y + 2 x ( sin y + cos y ) + 1 + cos 2 y > 0 (1)

2

(1) tng ng vi ( x sin y + 1) + ( cos y + x ) > 0

161

Nh vy ta lun c
2
2
x 2 1 + sin 2 y + 2 x ( sin y + cos y ) + 1 + cos 2 y = ( x sin y + 1) + ( cos y + x ) 0, x, y .

Ta chng minh du = khng xy ra.

Tht vy, gi s du = xy ra. Khi

x sin y + 1 = 0 (1)

cos y + x = 0 ( 2 )
Ly (1) tr cho (2) theo v ta c x sin y cos y + 1 x = 0 ( )
Phng trnh ( ) c nghim y khi v ch khi
2

x 2 + 1 ( x 1) x 2 + 1 x 2 2 x + 1 x 0
Ly (1) cng vi (2) theo v ta c x sin y + cos y + 1 + x = 0 ()
2

Phng trnh (**) c nghim y khi v ch khi x 2 + 1 ( x + 1) 2 x 0 x 0.

Suy ra x = 0, thay x = 0 vo (1) ta c 1 = 0 (V l ). Suy ra du '' = '' khng th xy ra.

Vy, x 2 1 + sin 2 y + 2 x ( sin y + cos y ) + 1 + cos 2 y > 0, x, y .

2) Bt ng thc cho tng ng vi
b

(1 + 4 ) (1 + 4 )
a

Xt hm s f ( x) =

ln 1 + 4a
a

ln 1 + 4 x
x

) ln (1 + 4 )
b

) , x > 0 f ( x) = 4

) (
(1 + 4 )

ln 4 x 1 + 4 x ln 1 + 4 x
x2

) <0

Suy ra hm s f ( x ) nghch bin trn khong (0; +). Do f ( x ) nghch bin trn khong
(0; +) v a b > 0 nn f (a) f (b) t ta c iu phi chng minh.
3) Xt hm s f ( x) = 2sin x + tan x 3 x.
Ta c

( cos x 1) 2 cos 2 x cos x 1

1
f ( x) = 2cos x +
3 =
cos 2 x
cos 2 x
2

( cos x 1) ( 2 cos x + 1) > 0, x 0;

=
cos 2 x

Suy ra hm s f ( x ) = 2sin x + tan x 3 x ng bin trn khong 0; .
2

Do f ( x ) > f (0) = 0, x 0; . (pcm)
2
162

4) Xt hm s f ( x) = x sin x, x > 0. Ta c f ( x) = 1 cos x 0 f ( x) ng bin trn

khong ( 0; + ) . T f ( x) > f (0) = 0 hay sin x < x, x > 0(1).
Xt hm s g ( x ) = sin x +
Ta c g ( x ) =

x3
x, x > 0.
6

x2
+ cos x 1, g ( x ) = x sin x > 0 g ( x ) ng bin trn khong ( 0; + ) .
2

Suy ra g ( x) > g (0) = 0. T y ta c g ( x) ng bin trn khong ( 0; + ) . V vy

g ( x ) > g (0) = 0 hay x

x3
< sin x (2). T (1) v (2) ta c iu phi chng minh.
6

III.9. 1) a 2 ( b + c a ) + b 2 ( a + c b ) + c 2 ( a + b c ) 3abc (1)

Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s a b c 0.

Ta c
a 2 ( b + c a ) + b 2 ( a + c b ) + c 2 ( a + b c ) 3abc
a 2b + a 2c a 3 + b 2 a + b 2c b3 + c 2 a + c 2b c 3 3abc 0
a 2b a 2c + a 3 b 2 a b 2c + b3 c 2 a c 2b + c3 + 3abc 0

) (

) (

) (

) (

a 3 + a 2b a 2 c + 2a 2b 2b 2 a + 2abc + b 2 a + b3 b 2c + abc c 2 a + c 2b + c 3 0
a 2 ( a + b c ) 2ab ( a + b c ) + b2 ( a + b c ) + ac ( b c ) c 2 ( b c ) 0

(
(a

)
(
)
2ab + b ) ( a + b c ) + c ( a c )( b c ) 0

a 2 2ab + b 2 ( a + b c ) + ac c 2 ( b c ) 0
2

( a b ) ( a + b c ) + c ( a c )( b c ) 0.
Vy, bt ng thc (1) lun ng vi m i a, b, c khng m.
2) t v tri ca bt ng thc cho l A v ta t
x = 2a + b + c; y = 2b + c + a; z = 2c + a + b x + y + z = 4 ( a + b + c ) . Khi ta c

4.A =

3x ( y + z )
x

3y ( z + x)

x y z
= 9 + + +
y x x

3z ( x + y )
z

x z y
+ + 9 6 = 3
z y z

3
A . (pcm).
4
3

3) ( x + y ) + ( x + z ) + 3 ( x + y )( x + z )( y + z ) 5 ( x + z ) (1)
t a = x + y , b = x + z , c = y + z. iu kin x ( x + y + z ) = 3 yz tr thnh c 2 = a 2 + b 2 ab.

163

Bt ng thc (1) tng ng vi a3 + b3 + 3abc 5c 2 (2) . Ta c

2

c 2 = a 2 + b 2 ab = ( a + b ) 3ab ( a + b )

3
1
2
2
(a + b) = ( a + b )
4
4

a + b 2c(3).

(2) ( a + b ) a 2 + b 2 ab + 3ab 5c 3
( a + b ) c 2 + 3abc 5c 3
( a + b ) c + 3ab 5c 2 (4)
Mt khc t (3) cho ta ( a + b ) c 2c 2 v 3ab

3
2
( a + b ) 3c 2 . T y suy ra (4) ng.
4

Vy, bt ng thc (1) ng. Du ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c x = y = z.

n

a b
III.10. 1) 1 + + 1 + 2n+1 (1)
b a
n

a
b
p dng bt ng thc Csi cho hai s dng 1 + v 1 +
b
a
n

a b
a
Ta c 1 + + 1 + 2 1 +
b a
b

b
1 +
a

n
n
n
n

2
2
a
b
a b

1 + + 1 + 2 1 + 1 +
b a
b a

a b 2
a b
1 + + 1 + 2 1 + 1 +
b a
b a
n

a b
a b ab 2
1 + + 1 + 2 1 + + +
b a
b a ba
n

n
a b 2
a b

1 + + 1 + 2 2 + + 2 ( 2 + 2 ) 2 = 2 n+1.
b a
b a

a n b
1 + = 1 +

Du " = " xy ra khi v ch khi b a a = b.

a b
b = a , (a, b > 0)

Vy, (1) lun ng.

n

an + bn
a +b
2)

(1)

2
2

164

Ta chng minh bng quy np

Vi n = 1: Ta c

a+b a +b

. Vy, (1) ng vi n = 1.
2
2
k

a k + bk
a +b
Gi s (1) ng vi n = k , k , tc l
, ta chng minh (1) ng vi

2
2
*

a +b
n = k + 1, ngha l phi chng minh

k +1

a k +1 + b k +1
.
2

Tht vy:
k +1

k
k
a +b
a+b a+b a +b a +b

=
.
2
2
2
2
2
k +1
k
k
k +1
k +1
k +1
a + ab + a b + b
a +b
ab k + a k b a k +1 b k +1

=
+
4
2
4
k
k
a k +1 + b k +1 ( a b ) ( a b ) a k +1 + b k +1

.
2
4
2

(do ( a b ) a k b k 0 ). Vy, ta c iu phi chng minh.

III.11. 1)

1
1
1
1
+ 3 3
+ 3

(*)
3
3
a + b + abc b + c + abc c + a + abc abc
3

Ta c

(a b)

0 a 2 + b 2 ab ab ( a + b ) ( a 2 + b 2 ab ) ab ( a + b )

a 3 + b 3 ab ( a + b ) a 3 + b3 + abc ab ( a + b + c )

1
1

(1)
3
a + b + abc ab ( a + b + c )
3

Tng t
1
3

b + c + abc
1
3

c + a + abc

1
( 2)
bc ( a + b + c )

1
( 3)
ca ( a + b + c )

Cng v theo v cc bt ng thc (1) , ( 2 ) , ( 3) ta c

1
1
1
1
1
1
+ 3 3
+ 3

+
+
3
3
a + b + abc b + c + abc c + a + abc ab ( a + b + c ) bc ( a + b + c ) ca ( a + b + c )
3

1
1 1
1
1
1
a+b+c
.
+ + =

=
a + b + c ab bc ca a + b + c abc abc

Vy, bt ng thc (*) ng.

2)

a2
b2
c2
a +b+c
+
+

(**)
b+c a+c a+b
2
165

Cch 1. Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacopxki ta c

2

b
c
a

b+c +
a+c +
a+b
(a + b + c) =
a+c
a+b
b+c

a2
a2
b2
c2
b2
c2

+
+
b
+
c
+
a
+
c
+
a
+
b
=
2
+
+
(
)

(a + b + c)
b+c a+c a +b
b+c a+c a +b
2

(a + b + c) = (a + b + c) .
a2
b2
c2

+
+

b + c a + c a + b 2 (a + b + c)
2
Cch 2.
Theo bt ng thc Csi ta c
a2
b+c
a2 b + c
+
2

=a
4
b+c
b+c 4
b2
a+c
b2 a + c
+
2

=b
4
a+c
a+c 4
c2
a+b
c2 a + b
+
2

=c
4
a+b
a +b 4
Cng v theo v ta c
a2
b2
c2
a+b+c
a2
b2
c2
a +b+c
+
+
+
a+b+c
+
+

.
b+c a+c a+b
2
b+c a+c a +b
2
Vy, bt ng thc (**) ng.
III.12. 1)

2x 5
+ 1 > 0 (1) . Ta c (1) tng ng vi
x 3

x > 3
x > 3
x > 3

x
x

+
1
>
0
>
0
x < 8 x > 3 x > 3
x > 2
x 3
x 3
3

2 < x < 3 x 3.
x < 3
x < 3
x < 3

2x 5
x 2
2 < x < 3
+1 > 0
>0

3 x
3 x
x 3
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
x > 2.

1
2
2) x 2 1 2 (1) . Ta c (1)
x
1

166

2
x2
2
x
2
x2
2
x

 x4 x2 + 2
0

2
x
4
x + x2 2
0

x2
0 < x2 1
x 0

1 x 1.
x 0
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
1 x 1.
3)

x2
x2 5x + 6

3 (1) . Ta c

3x 2 + 16 x 20
x2

3
x2 5x + 6 0
x2 5x + 6
x2
(1) 2
3
2
x 5x + 6
x 2 3 3x 14 x + 16 0
x 2 5 x + 6
x 2 5 x + 6

10

x 3
3 < x 3

8
10
8 x < 3
3 x 3 .
3
Vy, ta c nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
x 3

8
10
3 x 3 .
2 3 x
1

23 x
1+ x
4)
(*) .
1(1) . Ta c bt phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
1+ x
2 3 x 1
1 + x
3

1 < x
2 3x
3 2x

2
1 + x 1 1 + x 0

1
3
Vi x 0 th h (*) tr thnh

x < 1 x .
4
2
2 3x 1
1 4 x 0

1
x
1 + x
1 + x
4

Vi 1 x < 0 th h (*) tr thnh

167

 x < 1
2 + 3x
3 + 4x

1 + x 1 1 + x 0
x 3
3
1

x .

4
4
2
2 + 3x 1
1 + 2 x 0

1
1 + x
1 + x
1 < x
2

3
1 1
3
Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x x .
4
2 4
2

5)

x+2 x
2 (1) . Ta c bt phng trnh (1) tng ng vi
x

x 2
x 2
x 2

x + 2 x 2
2 2 0
2 2x 0

x
x
x

x < 2
x < 2
x < 2
x 2 x
2 x 2
4 x 2
2
2 0
0

x
x
x 2

0 < x 1
0 < x 1
x < 2

0 < x 1.

x
1
2 x < 0

Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 0 < x 1.

6)

x2 4x + 3
x2 + x 5

1.

Bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi x 2 4 x + 3 x 2 + x 5 (1).

Ta c bng xt du

+ Vi x < 0 4 x < 5 ( ) , bt phng trnh (1) tr thnh

x 2 4 x + 3 x 2 x + 5 3 x 2 0 x

2
, tha ( )
3

+ Vi 0 x < 4 ( ) , bt phng trnh (1) tr thnh

x 2 + 4 x + 3 x 2 x + 5 2 x 2 + 5 x 2 0
168

1
x 2 , tha ( )
2

+ Vi x 5 ( ) , bt phng trnh (1) tr thnh

8
x 2 4 x + 3 x 2 + x 5 5 x + 8 0 x .
5

Kt hp vi ( ) ta c x .
Hp cc trng hp xt, ta c tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l
2 1

; ; 2 .
3 2

III.13.

1)

2 x
1 2x
2 x
1 2x
> 3
2
2
>0
3
2
2
x +x
x 2x
x ( x + 1) x ( x 2 )

( 2 x )( x 2 ) (1 2 x )( x + 1) > 0
x 2 ( x + 1)( x 2 )

x2 + 5x 5
>0
x 2 ( x + 1)( x 2 )

5 3 5
x <
2

1 < x < 0

0 < x < 5 + 3 5

x > 2
2)

x 4 3x3 + 2 x2
>0
x 2 x 30

x 2 x 2 3x + 2

x 2 x 30
x < 5
1 < x < 2
x > 6

3)

)>0

x 3 3x 2 x + 3
0
2x x2

( x 1) ( x2 2 x 3)
2x x2

1 x < 0
1 x < 2
x 3

169

4)

x4 4x2 + 3
0
x 2 8 x + 15
( x 2 1)( x 2 3)

x 2 8 x + 15

3 x 1

1 x 3
3 < x < 5

1
2
2x + 3
+ 2
< 3
x +1 x x +1 x +1
1
2
2x + 3

+ 2
3
<0
x +1 x x +1 x +1
x 2 x + 1 + 2 ( x + 1) ( 2 x + 3)

<0
x3 + 1
x2 x
3
<0
x +1
x < 1

0 < x < 1

5)

6 ) x 2 + ( x + 1)

15
x + x +1
2

15
x + x +1
4
3
2 x + 4 x + 5 x 2 + 3 x 14

0
x2 + x + 1
( x 1) ( 2 x3 + 6 x 2 + 11x + 16)

0
x2 + x +1
( x 1)( x + 2 ) ( 2 x 2 + 2 x + 2 )

0
x2 + x +1
2 x 1.
2 x2 + 2 x + 1

7 ) 2 x3 + x 2 5x + 2 > 0

( x 1) ( 2 x 2 + 3x 2 ) > 0
1

2 < x <

x
>
1

Vy, nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l 2 < x <

170

1
x > 1.
2

8 ) 2 x3 + x + 3 0

( x + 1) 2 x 2 2 x + 3 0
x 1.
III.14. 1) f ( x ) = ( m 3) x 2 2mx + m 6 0 (1)

+ Xt m = 3

(1) 6 x 3 0 x

1
.
2

+ Xt m 3
= m2 ( m 3)( m 6 ) = m 2 m2 + 9m 18 = 9m 18

Bng xt du h s a v bit s

a < 0
i) m < 2, khi
< 0

Suy ra f ( x ) < 0 , x .
Nh vy, bt phng trnh (1) nghim ng vi m i x .
a < 0
ii) m = 2, khi
nghim ca bt phng trnh (1) l m i x .
= 0
a < 0
iii) 2 < m < 3, khi
> 0.

Suy ra f ( x ) c hai nghim phn bit

x1 =

m 9m 18
m + 9m 18
; x2 =
m3
m 3

Trng hp ny a < 0 nn x2 < x1.

Nghim ca bt phng trnh (1) l x x2 x x1
a > 0
iv) m > 3, khi
, x1 < x2 .
> 0

Nghim ca bt phng trnh (1) l x1 x x2 .

Kt lun:

171

1
. m = 3 : Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x .
2

. m 2 : Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x .

. 2 < m < 3 : Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x x2 x x1.
. m > 3 : Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x1 x x2 .
(Vi x1 =

m 9m 18
m + 9m 18
; x2 =
).
m3
m 3

2) f ( x ) = ( m 4 ) x 2 2 ( m 2 ) x + m 1 0 ( 2)

+ Xt m = 4

( 2 ) 4 x + 3 0

3
x .
4
2

+ Xt m 4, = ( m 2 ) ( m 4 )( m 1) = m 2 4m + 4 m 2 + 5m 4 = m
Bng xt du h s a v bit s

a < 0
i) m < 0, khi
< 0

Suy ra f ( x ) < 0, x .
Nh vy bt phng trnh ( 2 ) v nghim.
a < 0
1
ii) m = 0 , khi
, nghim ca bt phng trnh ( 2 ) l x = .
2
= 0
a < 0
iii) 0 < m < 4, khi
> 0

Suy ra f ( x ) c hai nghim phn bit

x1 =

m2 m
m2+ m
; x2 =
m4
m4

Trng hp ny a < 0 nn x1 > x2 .

Nghim ca bt phng trnh ( 2 ) l x2 x x1.
a > 0
iv) m > 4 , khi
, x1 < x2
> 0

172

Nghim ca bt phng trnh ( 2 ) l x x1 x x2 .

Kt lun:
3
. m = 4: x .
4

. m < 0 : Bt phng trnh cho v nghim.

. m = 0 : Bt phng trnh cho c mt nghim duy nht x =

1
2

. 0 < m < 4 : Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x2 x x1.

. m > 4 : Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x x1 x x2 .
(Vi x1 =

m2 m
m2+ m
; x2 =
).
m4
m4

3) f ( x ) = mx 2 2 ( m 3) x + m 4 < 0 ( 3)

+ Xt m = 0

( 3) 6 x 4 < 0 x <

2
.
3
2

+ Xt m 0, = ( m 3 ) m ( m 4 ) = m2 6m + 9 m 2 + 4m = 9 2m.
Bng xt du h s a v bit s

a < 0
i) m < 0, khi
> 0

Suy ra f ( x ) c hai nghim phn bit

x1 =

m 3 9 2m
m

x2 =

m 3 + 9 2m
m

Trng hp ny a < 0 nn x1 > x2 .

Nghim ca ( 3) l x < x2 x > x1 .
ii) 0 < m <

9
, khi
2

a > 0
, x1 < x2 .

> 0

173

Nghim ca ( 3) l x1 < x < x2 .

iii) m =

a > 0
9
, khi
2
= 0

Suy ra f ( x ) 0, x .
Nh vy ( 3) v nghim.
iv) m >

9
, khi
2

a > 0

< 0

Suy ra f ( x ) > 0, x .
Nh vy ( 3) v nghim .
Kt lun:
2
. m = 0 : Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x < .
3

. m < 0 : Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x < x2 x > x1

. 0<m<
. m

9
: Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho l x1 < x < x2 .
2

9
: Bt phng trnh cho v nghim.
2

(Vi x1 =

m 3 9 2m
m 3 + 9 2m
; x2 =
)
m
m

III.15. f ( x) = (m + 1) x 2 2(m 1) x + 3m 3.

a) Ta c f ( x) < 0 tng ng vi
(m + 1) x 2 2(m 1) x + 3m 3 < 0 (1)
Xt cc trng hp
m + 1 = 0 m = 1
3
(1) 4 x 6 < 0 x < .
2

Nh vy, khi m = 1 th bt phng trnh (1) c nghim v nghim ca bt phng trnh l

3
x < . Suy ra m = 1 khng tha bi.
2
m + 1 0 m 1. Bt phng trnh (1) v nghim khi v ch khi
(m + 1) x 2 2(m 1) x + 3m 3 0, x

174

a = m + 1 > 0
m > 1

2
2
2
= (m 1) (m + 1)(3m 3) 0
m 2m + 1 3m + 3 0
m > 1
m > 1

m 1.
2
m 2 m 1
2 m 2 m + 4 0

Vy, vi m 1 th bt phng trnh f ( x) < 0 v nghim.

b) Ta c f ( x) 0 tng ng
(m + 1) x 2 2(m 1) x + 3m 3 0 (2)
Xt cc trng hp
m + 1 = 0 m = 1 khi
3
(2) 4 x 6 0 x .
2

Nh vy, khi m = 1 th bt phng trnh (2) c nghim v nghim ca bt phng trnh

3
l x . Suy ra m = 1 tha bi.
2
m + 1 0 m 1. Khi (2) l bt phng trnh bc hai. Bt phng trnh (2) c
nghim khi v ch khi

m + 1 > 0
m > 1
a > 0

2
2

<
0

(
m

1)

(
m
+
1)(3
m

3)
<
0

2m 2m + 4 < 0

(m 1) 2 (m + 1)(3m 3) 0
2m 2 2m + 4 0
0

m > 1
m > 1

m < 2 m > 1
m 2.
2 m 1

2 m 1

Vy, khi m 2 th bt phng trnh f ( x) 0 c nghim.

Ch . Ta cng c th gii Cu b) nh sau:
Trc ht ta gii bi ton ngc, tc l tm tham s m bt phng trnh (2) v nghim.
Khi cc gi tr m cn li trn trc s l cc gi tr cn tm bt phng trnh f ( x) 0
c nghim.
Bt phng trnh f ( x) 0 v nghim khi v ch khi f ( x) < 0, x . iu ny c tha
khi v ch khi
m + 1 < 0
a < 0
m < 1

m < 2.

2
< 0
m < 2 m > 1
2 m 2 m + 4 < 0

T cc gi tr cn tm ca tham s m l m 2.
III.16. 1) Ta c tam thc bc hai 2 x 2 x + 1 > 0, x .

175

2 x 2 x + 1 3x 2 mx + 5
Do bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi 2
2
3 x mx + 5 < 6 2 x x + 1

x 2 ( m 1) x + 4 0
2
9 x + ( m 6 ) x + 1 > 0

(1)
(2)

Bt phng trnh cho c tp hp nghim l khi v ch khi (1) v ( 2 ) u c tp hp

nghim l . iu ny c tha khi v ch khi
1 = ( m 1) 2 16 0
3 m 5

0 < m 5.

2
2 = ( m 6 ) 36 < 0 0 < m < 12

Vy, vi 0 < m 5 th bt phng trnh cho c tp hp nghim l .

2) V x 2 + 1 > 0, x nn bt phng trnh cho tng ng vi
2
2 x 2 2 < x 2 + mx + 1 3x + mx + 3 > 0 (1)
x + mx + 1 < 2 x + 2 2
2
2
x + mx + 1 < 2 x + 2
x mx + 1 > 0 ( 2 )
2

Bt phng trnh cho c tp hp nghim l khi v ch khi cc bt phng trnh (1) v

( 2 ) u c tp hp nghim l

. iu ny c tha khi v ch khi

1 = m2 36 < 0
6 < m < 6

2 < m < 2.

<
<
2
m
2

<
m
4
0

Vy, vi 2 < m < 2 th bt phng trnh cho c tp hp nghim l .

III.17. 1) x 2 ( 2m + 3) x + m 2 = 0 (1)
t f ( x ) = x 2 ( 2m + 3) x + m 2

Phng trnh (1) c hai nghim x1 , x2 tha x1 < 3 < x2 khi v ch khi
af ( 3) < 0
9 3 ( 2m + 3) + m2 < 0
m 2 6m < 0
0 < m < 6.
Vy, 0 < m < 6 tha yu cu bi ton.
2) mx 2 + 2 ( m 1) x + m 5 = 0 ( 2 )
t f ( x ) = mx 2 + 2 ( m 1) x + m 5

Phng trnh ( 2 ) c hai nghim x1 , x2 tha x1 < x2 < 2 khi v ch khi cc iu kin sau c
tha
176


> 0

af ( 2 ) > 0

S 2 < 0
2
1

< m < 0
3

Vy,

( m 1)2 m ( m 5 ) > 0
3m + 1 > 0
m > 3

m ( 9m 9 ) > 0 m < 0 m > 1

m ( 9m 9 ) > 0
3m + 1

1
( m 1) 2 < 0

m < 0 m >
<0
m
3

m
m > 1.

1
< m < 0 m > 1 tha yu cu bi ton.
3

3) ( m 1) x 2 ( m 5 ) x + m 1 = 0 ( 3)
t f ( x ) = ( m 1) x 2 ( m 5 ) x + m 1

Phng trnh ( 3) c hai nghim x1 , x2 tha 1 < x1 < x2 khi v ch khi

( m 5 ) 2 4 ( m 1)2 > 0

( m 1)( 3m 7 ) > 0
m5

+1 > 0
2 ( m 1)
7

3 < m <

2
3

3m 2m + 21 > 0

( m 1)( 3m 7 ) > 0 m < 1 m >

3m 7

>0
2 ( m 1)
m < 1 m >

> 0

af ( 1) > 0
S
+1 > 0
2

7
3 < m < 1.
3
7
3

Vy, gi tr cn tm ca tham s m l 3 < m < 1.

III.18.

( 3 m ) x2 2 ( 2m 5 ) x 2m + 5 = 0 (1)

1
+ Xt m = 3, phng trnh (1) tr thnh 2 x 1 = 0 x = .
2

Vy, khi m = 3 th phng trnh (1) c mt nghim x =

1
< 1.
2

+ Xt m 3, t f ( x ) = ( 3 m ) x 2 2 ( 2m 5 ) x 2m + 5.
2

f ( x ) = ( 2m 5 ) ( 3 m )( 2m + 5) = 2m2 9m + 10.
af (1) = ( 3 m )( 7 m + 18) = 7 m 2 40m + 54

S
2m 5
3m 8
1 =
1 =
.
2
3 m
3 m

177

18
m = 3.
7
5
f ( x ) = 0 m = 2 m = .
2
S
8
1 = 0 m = .
2
3
af (1) = 0 m =

Lp bng xt du chung f ( x ) , af (1),

S
1 v da vo nh l o du tam thc bc hai ta
2

c kt qu nh sau:
m < 2
5
18
+ Nu < m <
th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim x1 < x2 < 1.
7
2
m > 3

8
18
7 <m<3
, th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim x1 < 1 < x2 .
+ Nu
8 < m < 3
3
+ Nu 2 < m <

5
, th phng trnh (1) v nghim.
2

+ Nu m = 2 , th phng trnh (1) c nghim kp x = 1 < 1.

+ Nu m =

5
, th phng trnh (1) c nghim kp x = 0 < 1.
2

+ Nu m =

18
1
, th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim x1 = , x2 = 1 x1 < x2 = 1.
7
3

+ Nu m =

8
, th phng trnh (1) c hai nghim x1 = 1 2, x2 = 1 + 2 x1 < 1 < x2 .
3

+ Nu m = 3 , th phng trnh (1) c nghim x =

1
< 1.
2

III.19. 1) mx 2 2 ( m + 1) x + m + 5 = 0 (1)

Phng trnh (1) c hai nghim x1 , x2 tha x1 < 0 < x2 < 2 khi v ch khi
af ( 0 ) < 0
m ( m + 5 ) < 0

af ( 2 ) > 0
m 4m 4 ( m + 1) + m + 5 > 0

m 2 + 5m < 0 m 2 + 5m < 0 5 < m < 0

2
2

5 < m < 1.
m < 1 m > 0
m + m > 0
m + m > 0

Vy, vi 5 < m < 1 th phng trnh cho tha mn iu kin bi.

178

2)

( m 2 ) x2 2mx + 2m 3 = 0 (2)

Phng trnh (2) c hai nghim x1 , x2 tha 6 < x1 < 4 < x2 khi v ch khi
af ( 4 ) < 0
( m 2 ) 36 ( m 2 ) + 12m + 2m 3 > 0

( m 2 ) 16 ( m 2 8m + 2m 3) < 0
af ( 6 ) > 0
( m 2 )( 50m 75 ) > 0 ( m 2 )( 50m 75 ) > 0
7

2<m< .
2
( m 2 )(10m 35 ) < 0
( m 2 )(10m 35 ) < 0

Vy, vi 2 < m <

7
th phng trnh cho tha mn yu cu bi ton.
2

III.20. mx 2 2(m 1) + m 3 = 0 (1)

t f ( x ) = mx 2 2(m 1) x + m 3

+ Khi m = 0 (1) tr thnh 2 x 3 = 0 x =

3
3
. Ta c: 0 < < 2
2
2

+ Khi m 0 , ta c = (m 1)2 m(m 3) = m 2 2m + 1 m 2 + 3m = m + 1.

af (0) = m(m 3).
s
m 1
0 =
.
2
m
af (2) = m [ 4m (m 1) + m 3] = m(m + 1).
s
m 1
(m + 1)
2=
2=
.
2
m
m
Vi m = 1 , (1) tr thnh x 2 + 4 x 4 = 0 x = 2.
Vi m = 1 , (1) tr thnh x 2 2 = 0 x1 = 2 x2 = 2
4
Vi m = 3 , (1) tr thnh 3 x 2 4 x = 0 x1 = 0 x2 = .
3

Lp bng xt du chung f ( x ) , af (0), af (2),

S
S
0, 2 v da vo nh l o du tam
2
2

thc bc hai ta c kt qu nh sau:

+ Nu m < 1, th phng trnh (1) v nghim.
+ Nu m = 1, th 0 < x1 = x2 = 2.
+ Nu 1 < m < 0, th 0 < x1 < 2 < x2 .
+ Nu m = 0, th 0 < x =

3
< 2.
2

+ Nu 0 < m < 1, th x1 < 0 < x2 < 2.

179

+ Nu m = 1, th x1 = 2 < 0 < x2 = 2 < 2.

+ Nu 1 < m < 3, th x1 < 0 < x2 < 2.
+ Nu m = 3, th x1 = 0 < x2 =

4
< 2.
3

+ Nu m > 3, th 0 < x1 < x2 < 2.

III. 21. 2 x 2 + (2m 1) x + m 1 = 0 (1). Phng trnh (1) c mt nghim nm trong
khong ( 1;3) nghim kia nh hn 1 , ngha l x1 < 1 < x2 < 3.
t f ( x ) = 2 x 2 + (2m 1) x + m 1.

Yu cu bi ton c tha khi v ch khi

2 f ( 1) < 0
2 [ 2 (2m 1) + m 1] < 0

2 f (3) > 0
2 [18 + 3(2m 1) + m 1] > 0
m + 2 < 0
m > 2

7m + 14 > 0
m > 2
m > 2.
III.22. ( m 1) x 2 2mx + m + 5 = 0 (1)

1) Phng trnh (1) c hai nghim u ln hn 2 khi v ch khi

m 2 ( m 1)( m + 5 ) 0
0

af ( 2 ) > 0 ( m 1) 4 ( m 1) 4m + m + 5 > 0
S

>2
2m > 2
2
2 ( m 1)

4m + 5 0
m 4

5
( m 1)( m + 1) > 0 m < 1 m > 1 1 < m .
4
m + 2
1 < m < 2

>0
m 1

Vy, khi 1 < m

5
th phng trnh c hai nghim u ln hn 2.
4

2) + Xt m 1 = 0 m = 1.
Khi phng trnh (1) tr thnh 2 x + 6 = 0 x = 3 > 2. Nh vy, m = 1 tha bi.
+ Xt m 1 0 m 1.
Khi phng trnh (1) c t nht mt nghim ln hn 2 nm trong cc trng hp: Hoc
l c hai nghim u ln hn 2, hoc ch c mt nghim ln hn 2. iu ny c tha khi
v ch khi
180


0
2 < x1 x2

f ( 2 ) = 0

x
2
x
af
2
0
af
2
0
<
<

>

<

(
)
(
)

1
2

S > 4
S
x1 = 2, x2 > 2
2>0
2

5
+ Trng hp th nht xt Cu 1), gi tr ca tham s m l 1 < m .
4

+ Trng hp ch c mt nghim ln hn 2, ta gii h iu kin

( m 1)( m + 1) < 0

1 < m < 1
m + 1 = 0

1 < m < 1.

2m
m

4>0
m 1

5
Kt hp cc trng hp xt ta c 1 < m .
4

Vy, khi 1 < m

5
th phng trnh trn c t nht mt nghim ln hn 2.
4

III.23. f ( x ) = mx 2 2 ( m + 1) x m + 5 . K hiu D = (;1), S l tp hp nghim ca bt

phng trnh f ( x ) > 0. Ta bit f ( x ) > 0 ng vi m i x D khi v ch khi D S .

+ Xt m = 0. Khi f ( x ) > 0 khi v ch khi 2 x + 5 > 0 x <

5
. Nh vy tp hp
2

5
nghim ca bt phng trnh f ( x ) > 0 l S = (; ). R rng D S . Vy, m = 0 tha
2
yu cu bi ton.

+ Xt m 0. Ta c
2

= ( m + 1) m ( m + 5 ) = m 2 + 2m + 1 + m 2 5m = 2m2 3m + 1. Tp hp nghim ca bt
phng trnh f ( x ) > 0 ty thuc vo du ca h s a v bit s ca f ( x ).
Lp bng xt du chung h s a v bit s ca f ( x ). Ta xt cc trng hp sau
> 0
m < 0. Khi
, tp nghim S ca bt phng trnh f ( x ) > 0 l khong ( x1; x2 ) ,
a < 0
vi x1 , x2 l hai nghim ca f ( x), do bi ton khng tha.
0<m<

1
m > 1. Khi
2

x < x1
a > 0
, nghim ca bt phng trnh f ( x ) > 0 l

> 0
x > x2

Do f ( x ) > 0 ng vi m i x D khi v ch khi

181

3
af (1) 0 m ( 3 2m ) 0

0 m
1 x1 < x2 S
1

2 0 < m . Kt hp vi iu
2
2 1 > 0
>0
m > 0
m
1
3
kin ang xt ta c 0 < m < 1 < m .
2
2
1
< m < 1. Khi
2
bi ton tha.

a > 0
, tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh f ( x ) > 0 l S = , do

< 0

m=

2 , tp hp nghim ca bt phng trnh f ( x ) > 0 ln lt l

m = 1
S = \ {3} , S = \ {2}. Suy ra bi ton c tha.
3
Vy, gi tr ca tham s m cn tm l 0 m .
2

III.24. f ( x ) = 2 x 2 ( 3m + 1) x ( 3m + 9 )

Ta c tam thc bc hai f ( x ) c h s a = 2 > 0 nn f ( x ) 0, x [ 2;1] khi v ch khi

f

( 2 ) 0 3m + 1 0
4
1

m .
3
3
(1) 0
6m 8 0
m 4

4
1
Vy, gi tr ca tham s m cn tm l m .
3
3
2

III.25. f ( x ) = ( m 2 ) x 2 3 ( m 6 ) x m 1
1
+ Nu m 2 = 0 m = 2, th f ( x ) < 0 12 x 3 < 0 x < . Suy ra m = 2 tha yu cu
4
bi ton.

+ Nu m 2 0 m 2 (*). Khi tam thc bc hai f ( x ) c h s a > 0, v vy yu cu

bi ton c tha khi v ch khi
f ( 1) 0

f ( 0 ) 0
( m 2 )2 + 3 ( m 6 ) m 1 0

m 1 0
m 2 4m + 4 + 3m 18 m 1 0

m + 1 0

182

m 2 2m 15 0
3 m 5

m 1
m 1

1 m 5
Kt hp vi iu kin ang xt (*) ta c
m 2

Vy, gi tr cn tm ca tham s m l 1 m 5.
III.26. ( x + 2)( x + 4)( x 2 + 6 x + 10) m(1)

Xt hm s f ( x) = ( x + 2)( x + 4)( x 2 + 6 x + 10) = ( x 2 + 6 x + 8)( x 2 + 6 x + 10).

(1) ng vi m i x khi v ch khi m Min f ( x ) .
x

Ta c f ( x) = (2 x + 6)(2 x 2 + 12 x + 18) = 4( x + 3)3 .

f ( x ) = 0 x = 3.
Bng bin thin

Nh vy Min f ( x ) = 1.
x

Vy, m 1 l gi tr cn tm.
2

Ch . C th t n s ph t = x 2 + 6 x + 8 = ( x + 3) 1 1 . Khi ta c hm s
f (t ) = t ( t + 2 ) = t 2 + 2t , t 1. Nh vy, (1) ng vi m i x khi v ch khi t 2 + 2t m

ng vi m i t 1 , khi v ch khi Min(t 2 + 2t ) m.

t[ 1;+ )

f (t ) = 2t + 2, f (t ) = 0 t = 1. Lp bng bin thin ca hm s f (t ) ta tm c

Min(t 2 + 2t ) = 1. Vy, m 1 l gi tr cn tm.
t[ 1;+ )

III.27.

2cos 2 x + 3m cos x + 1 0

(1)

t t = cos x, x [0; ] t [ 1;1] . Bt phng trnh 2cos 2 x + 3m cos x + 1 0 (1) tr

thnh 2t 2 + 3mt + 1 0 (2). Khi (1) nghim ng vi x [ 0; ] khi v ch khi (2)

nghim ng vi t [1;1].
+ Xt t = 0 . Khi (2) 1 0 (2) ng vi m i m.
+ Xt t [1;0). Khi
(2) m

2t 2 1
.
3t
183

Xt hm s f (t ) =

2t 2 1
, t [1; 0)
3t

t=
[1; 0)

6t + 3
2
, f (t ) = 0
f (t ) =
1
9t 2

t = 2 [1; 0)

1 2 2
Ta c f (1) = 1, f
= 3 , lim f (t ) = +.
t 0
2

Lp bng bin thin ca hm s trn min t [1; 0), ta c m

2 2
.
3

+ Xt t (0;1]. Khi
(2) m

2t 2 1
.
3t

Ta tm c m

2 2
.
3

p s ca bi ton l nhng gi tr ca tham s m tha ng thi ba trng hp trn tc

2 2
2 2
l
m
.
3
3

Ch . C th gii bi ton trn theo phng php nh trnh by Bi III.23.

III.28. x 2 +

1
1

+ ( 2m + 3) x + + 2 ( m + 2 ) > 0 (1)
2
x
x

1
1

(1) x + + ( 2m + 3) x + + 2 ( m + 1) > 0.
x
x

t t = x +

1
, iu kin: t 2.
x

Bt phng trnh (1) tr thnh t 2 + ( 2m + 3) t + 2 ( m + 1) > 0 (2)

t y = f (t ) = t 2 + ( 2m + 3) t + 2 ( m + 1) .

(1) nghim ng vi x 0 khi v ch khi (2) nghim ng vi m i t tha t 2

2

Do f (t ) c = ( 2m + 1) 0 .
Nn (2) nghim ng vi m i t tha t 2 khi v ch khi

184

 = 0

2 < t0 = 2m 3 < 2

2

> 0
2 < t1 < t2 < 2

1
m = 2
( 2m + 1)2 = 0

4 < 2m 3 < 4
7 < m < 1

2
2
2

( 2m + 1) 0

m 1
1.
f
(2)
>
0

2

1. f (2) > 0
4 + 2 ( 2m + 3) + 2 ( m + 1) > 0

4 2 ( 2m + 3) + 2 ( m + 1) > 0
2 < 2m 3 < 2

2
4 < 2m 3 < 4
1

m = 2

m 1

2

6m + 12 > 0
2m > 0

7 < m < 1
2
2
1

m = 2

m 1

2

2 < m < 0.
m > 2
m < 0

7 < m < 1
2
2

Vy, vi 2 < m < 0 th bt phng trnh cho nghim ng vi x 0.

III. 29. x 3 ( 2m + 1) x 2 + 3 ( m + 4 ) x m 12 > 0 (1)

Ta c (1) ( x 1) x 2 2mx + m + 12 > 0 .

V x > 1 nn (1) x 2 2mx + m + 12 > 0(2). t f ( x ) = x 2 2mx + m + 12.
(1) ng vi m i x > 1 khi v ch khi x 2 2mx + m + 12 > 0(2) ng vi m i x > 1
185

 < 0
m 2 m 12 < 0

0
m m 12 0


3 < m < 4
af (1) 0
13 m 0

m < 4.

m 3

S
m 1
2 1

Vy, gi tr m cn tm l m < 4.
III.30. ( x 1)( x + 1)( x + 3)( x + 5) > m.

Ta c ( x 1)( x + 1)( x + 3)( x + 5) > m

[ ( x 1)( x + 5)][ ( x + 1)( x + 3)] > m ( x 2 + 4 x 5)( x 2 + 4 x + 3) > m (1).

t t = x 2 + 4 x 5 x 2 + 4 x + 3 = t + 8, ta c (1) t (t + 8) > m t 2 + 8t > m .

Ta c t = x 2 + 4 x 5 t = 2 x + 4 = 0 x = 2 .

Vi x > 1 th t > 8, do (1) ng x > 1 (2) ng t > 8 .

Xt f (t ) = t 2 + 8t , ta c y = 2t + 8 = 0 2t + 8 = 0 t = 4 .
Bng bin thin

Da vo bng bin thin ta c (2) ng t > 8 Minf (t ) > m m < 16 .

t( 8;+ )

Vy, m < 16 th bt phng trnh cho nghim ng vi m i x > 1 .

III.31. x ( x 2 )( x + 2 )( x + 4 ) < 2m (1)

(1) ( x 2 + 2 x )( x 2 + 2 x 8) < 2m
t t = x 2 + 2 x. Khi ta c (1) tr thnh t 2 8t < 2m (2).

186

Xt t ( x ) = x 2 + 2 x t ( x ) = 2 x + 2
t ( x ) = 0 x = 1.

Ta c bng bin thin

Nh vy, vi x > 0 th t > 0.

Bt phng trnh (1) c nghim x > 0 khi v ch khi bt phng trnh (2) c nghim t > 0.
iu ny c tha khi v ch khi 2m > Min(t 2 8t ).
t(0;+ )

t g ( t ) = t 2 8t g ( t ) = 2t 8. Cho g ( t ) = 0 t = 4.

Bng bin thin

Da vo bng bin thin ta c 2m > 16 m > 8.

Vy, gi tr cn tm l m > 8.

III.32. 4 x 4 x 2 + 1 = 1. Phng trnh cho tng ng vi 4 x 4 x 2 + 1 1 = 0.

Xt hm s f ( x ) = 4 x 4 x 2 + 1 1 vi x .
Ta c f ( x ) = 4 x ln 4 ( 4 x 2 + 1) + 8 x.4 x = 4 x ln 4 ( 4 x 2 + 1) + 8 x

f ( x ) = 0 ln 4 4 x 2 + 1 + 8 x = 0
( 4 ln 4 ) x 2 + 8 x + ln 4 = 0 (*)

Phng trnh (*) c bit thc > 0 nn c ng hai nghim phn bit.
Lp bng bin thin ca hm s f ( x ) v t bng bin thin ta suy ra phng trnh f ( x ) = 0
c khng qu ba nghim phn bit.
1
37 17 27
Mt khc f = 0, f ( 0 ) = 0, f ( 3) . f ( 2 ) = 1 1 =
< 0.
2
64 16 1024
1
Do phng trnh f ( x ) = 0 c ng ba nghim phn bit x1 = 0, x2 = , x3 ( 3; 2 ) .
2

Vy, phng trnh cho c ng ba nghim phn bit.

187