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Phm Minh Hong

Cu hc sinh trng THCS Giy-Phong Chu, Ph Ninh-Ph Th


Sinh vin i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

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T Liu n Thi Vo Chuyn Ton

53
thi & p n vo Chuyn Ton v thi HSG cp Tnh (Thnh Ph)
-Bt c s sao chp trn cc din n phi xin php v c s cho php ca Ban
Qun Tr Din n Mathnfriend.org mi c php upload ln cc din n khc
cng nh trn cc trang web khc.
-Bt c s sao chp ca c nhn no phi xin php tc gi v c s cho php ca
tc gi, th hin s tn trng quyn tc gi.

Li Ni u
Cho ti nay, mt cun ti liu st thc cho cc em n thi vo Chuyn Ton vn
cha c ban hnh, ng thi cng cha c mt sch ton h thng v y v ni
dung, phong ph v t liu, a dng v th loi v phng php gii, dnh cho cc em
luyn thi vo Chuyn Ton cng nh cho gio vin bi dng hc sinh gii.
p ng nhu cu cp bch ni trn cng nh theo yu cu ca ng o gio vin
v hc sinh, chng ti bin son cun "T Liu n Thi Vo Chuyn Ton" nhm
cung cp thm mt ti liu phc v cho vic dy v hc. Cun sch ln u ra mt bn
c vo nm 2002, khi tc gi cn ang hc lp 11-THPT Chuyn Hng Vng-Ph
Th. K t cho ti nay, cun sch vn cn mang tnh thi s ca n. Trong ln ra mt
ny, cun sch c chnh sa v b sung, c t nhiu khc bit so vi bn ra mt nm
2002.
Cun sch gm 53 Thi, trong gm: 50 Thi vo cc trng Chuyn
Hng Vng-Ph Th, Khi Ph Thng Chuyn Ton Tin-HSP HN ( trong sch ny,
tc gi vit tt l S Phm I ), Khi Ph Thng Chuyn Ton Tin-HKHTN-HQG HN
( trong sch ny, tc gi vit tt l Tng Hp ) v 2 Thi HSG cp tnh-Ph Th, 1
Thi HSG cp Thnh Ph-H Ni.
Nhng bi ton trong cc Thi ny rt a dng v phong ph, i hi hc sinh
phi c kin thc c bn tt, pht huy kh nng sng to cng nh t duy cho hc sinh v
quan trng nht l gy lng say m hc ton cho hc sinh. Qua cn gip cc em hc
sinh lm quen dn vi cc dng Thi vo Chuyn Ton ca 3 trng: Chuyn Hng
Vng-Ph Th, KPTCTT-HSPHN, KPTCTT-HKHTN-HQGHN. Mi thi u
c li gii, chi tit hoc vn tt ty theo mc kh d.
Hi vng cun sch s p ng c yu cu ca bn c. Chng ti xin trn trng
cm n C gio Trn Th Kim Din-GV THPT Chuyn Hng Vng-Ph Th c
bn tho v cho nhiu kin xc ng.
c bit, tc gi xin by t lng bit n i vi C gio Nguyn Th Bch Hng,
gio vin Ton ca Trng THCS Giy-Phong Chu, Ph Ninh-Ph Th ( trc kia tn
trng l THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh, Ph Th) . C gio Nguyn Th Bch Hng
du dt ti khi ti cn l mt hc sinh yu km, trang b cho ti nn tng kin thc v
Ton rt quan trng. Cun sch ny, tc gi vit dnh tng C gio Nguyn Th Bch
Hng.
Cc bi ging ca C gio Nguyn Th Bch Hng l tin cho ti vit nn cun
sch ny. Tt c li gii cc bi ton trong cun sch c vit da trn cc phng php
m C gio Nguyn Th Bch Hng dy cho chng ti sut 4 nm cp II.
Mi kin ng gp cho cun sch, cc bn gi v:
GV Nguyn Th Bch Hng- Trng THCS Giy-Phong Chu, Ph Ninh-Ph Th.
Tc gi:
Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh THCS Giy-Phong Chu, Ph Ninh-Ph Th
( Kha 1996-2000)
(Cu hc sinh Chuyn Ton-THPT Chuyn Hng Vng-Ph Th)
Hin ang l Sinh Vin Khoa in T Vin Thng-i Hc Bch Khoa HN.

Tc gi Phm Minh Hong:


Sinh ngy 19.03.1985 (Ph Th)
a ch mail:
khongtu19bk@yahoo.com
Tham gia trn din n:
http://mathnfriend.org vi nick l khongtu19bk.
Chc v hin nay Mod-MS.

Mt s thnh tch:
-Nm lp 9,10,12:
t gii nht mn ton cp Tnh.
-Nm lp 11:
t gii nh mn ton cp tnh dnh cho hc
sinh lp 12- Thi vt cp ton QG v t gii
khuyn khch.
-t gii ba cuc thi gii ton trn Tp ch ton hc
v tui tr nm hc 1999-2000.

Mathnfriend.org

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


1:Thi Chuyn Hng Vng(2000-2001)
Vng 1:
Cu 1:
a).CMR: n3 n # 6 vi n 0.

b).Cho x =

6 + 2 5 + 6 2 5 : 20 . Hy tnh gi tr ca biu thc:

P = x5 x 7 + 1

2000

Cu 2: Xc nh cc gi tr nguyn ca m h phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht


( x, y ) vi x, y l cc s nguyn:
(m + 1).x + (3m + 1). y + m 2 = 0

2 x + (m + 2) y 4 = 0

(1)
(2)

Cu 3:

a).Cho x > y v x. y = 1000 . Hy tnh gi tr nh nht ca biu thc: P =


b).Gii phng trnh : ( x 1)

2000

+ ( x 2)

2000

x2 + y 2
.
x y

=1.

Cu 4: Gi a,b,c l di ba cnh mt tam gic: ha , hb , hc l di ba ng cao tng


ng vi ba cnh ; r l bn knh ng trn nI tip tam gic .
1 1 1 1
a).CMR: + + = .
ha hb hc r

b).CMR: ( a + b + c ) 4. ( ha2 + hb2 + hc2 ) .


2

Hng dn gii :
Cu 1:

a).C: P = n3 n = n. n 2 1 = ( n 1) .n. ( n + 1) .
V n, n + 1 l hai s nguyn lin tip nn P # 2.
- Nu n # 3 P # 3.
- Nu n chia cho 3 d 1 th (n-1) # 3 P # 3.
- Nu n chia cho 3 d 2 th (n+1) # 3 P # 3.
Vy P # 3 m ( 2,3) = 1 P # 6.
b).C : x =

6 + 2 5 + 6 2 5 : 20 =

5 + 1 + 5 1 : 20 = 1.

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

T : P = (1 1 + 1)

2000

= 1.

Cu 2:

(1)
(m + 1).x + (3m + 1). y + m 2 = 0
Theo bi ra ta c:
(2)
2 x + (m + 2) y 4 = 0
2(m + 1) x + 2(3m + 1) y + 2m 4 = 0

2(m + 1) x + (m + 1)(m + 2) y 4(m + 1) = 0

(3)
(4)

Ly (4) tr (3) theo v ta c: m 2 3m . y 6m = 0 hay m. ( m 3) . y = 6m

(5) .

h c nghim duy nht th (5) phi c nghim duy nht.Khi m 0, m 3.


6
m + 12
15
Ta c : y =
(*) x =
(6).
= 1
m3
3 m
m3
T (*) suy ra : Mun y nguyn th 6 # ( m 3 ) v t (6) mun x nguyn th 15# (m 3)
Suy ra 3 # (m-3) m = 2, 4, 6 (theo (*)). Th li thy tha mn.
Nhn xt: Hc sinh c th dng kin thc v nh thc gii quyt bi ton ny.Tuy
nhin theo ti ,iu y khng cn thit.Chng ta khng nn qu lm dng kin thc ngoi
chng trnh,git g cn g phi dng ti dao m tru.
Cu 3:
( x y ) 2 + 2 xy
2000
2000
= x y+
a).C P =
. V x > y nn x y > 0 v
>0.p dng
x y
x y
x y
2000
bt ng thc Csi cho hai s dng x y v
c: P 2 2000 = 40 5 .
x y
2000
ng thc xy ra x y =
x y = 20 5 .Kt hp vi x. y = 1000 ta tm c
x y

x = 10 5 10 15 , y = 10 5 10 15

x = 10 5 + 10 15 , y = 10 5 + 10 15

b).C: (x 1)

2000

+ (x 2)

2000

= x 1

2000

+ x2

2000

-Th vi x = 1, x = 2 thy tha mn.


-Nu x < 1 th x 2 >1.Do : x 1

2000

+ x2

2000

>1.

-Nu x > 2 th x 1 >1.Do : x 1

2000

+ x2

2000

>1.

-Nu 1 < x < 2 th x 1 < 1 ; x 2 < 1 .Do : x 1


x = 1
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l
x = 2
Cu 4:
a).C: a.ha = b.hb = c.hc = ( a + b + c ) .r = 2 S .

2000

+ x2

2000

< ( x 1) + (2 x) = 1.

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

(S l din tch tam gic cho)


Suy ra:
a.ha
a
a
.
=1
=
2S
a.ha 2 S
Hon ton tng t vi b,c ta thu c:
a
b
c
a+b+c 1
+
+
=
=
2S
a.ha b.hb c.hc
r
1
1
1 1

+ +
= (pcm).
ha hb hc r
b).
Xt tam gic ABC c: AB = c, BC = a, AC = b. T A dngngthng d // BC.
Ly B ' i xng vi B qua d. Ta nhn thy BB ' = 2.ha .
Ta c:
2
(1).
BB '2 + BC 2 = B ' C 2 ( B ' A + AC ) . Suy ra: 4.ha2 (c + b) 2 a 2
Hon ton tng t ta c: 4.hb2 (c + a) 2 b 2

(2).

4.hc2 (a + b) 2 c 2

(3).

T (1), (2), (3) ta c :

(c + b )2 a 2 + (c + a) 2 b 2 + (b + a) 2 c 2 4(ha2 + hb2 + hc2 )


2
(a + b + c ) 4(ha2 + hb2 + hc2 ) (pcm).

*Nhn xt: Ngoi cch gii trn chng ta cn c th gii bi ton theo phng php i
s nh sau:
a+b+c
t p =
.Theo cng thc HRng ta c:
2
4 S 2 = ha2 .a 2 = 4 p.( p a).( p b).( p c)
pb+ pc 2
4 p( p a)(
)
4 p ( p a )( p b)( p c)
2
2
ha2 p( p a ).
ha =

2
2
a
a
2
Tng t: hb p ( p b).
hc2 p ( p c).
Suy ra:
2
p.( p a) + p.( p b) + p.( p c) ha2 + hb2 + hc2 (a + b + c ) 4(ha2 + hb2 + hc2 ) .

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


2:Thi Chuyn Hng Vng(2000-2001)

Vng 2:
Cu 1: CMR:

a).Khng th c cc s nguyn l a1 , a 2 ,..., a 2000 tha mn ng thc:


2
2
a12 + a 22 + ... + a1999
= a 2000
.

b).Tch ca 4 s nguyn dng lin tip khng th l mt s chnh phng.


Cu 2: Cho biu thc: P =

a2
b2
a 2 .b 2
.

(a + b)(1 b) (a + b)(1 + a ) (1 + a ).(1 b)

a).Rt gn P.
b).Tm cc cp s nguyn (a, b ) P = 5 .
Cu 3: Gi s phng trnh ax 2 + bx + c = 0 c hai nghim thuc on [0;1] . Xc nh
(a b)(2a c)
.
a, b, c biu thc P c gi tr nh nht,ln nht. Trong : P =
a(a b + c)
Cu 4:
a).Cho ng trn tm O c hai ng knh AB v CD vung gc vi nhau. Trn
on CD ly im M v trn on OD ly im N sao cho MN bng bn knh R
ca ng trn. ng thng AN ct ng trn ti im P khc A.Hi tam gic
AMP c vung M khng?

b).Trong ng trn ly 2031 im ty . CMR:C th chia hnh trn ny thnh 3


phn bi 2 dy cung sao cho phn th nht c 20 im,phn th hai c 11 im,
phn th 3 c 2000 im.
Hng dn gii:
Cu 1:

a).
Nhn xt: Nu a l s nguyn l th a2 chia cho 4 d 1.Tht vy:
t a = 2k + 1 th th: a 2 = ( 2k + 1) = 4k 2 + 4k + 1 = 4m + 1 (trong k,m ).
2

p dng nhn xt trn vo bi ton ta c:


Nu a1 , a 2 ,..., a 2000 u l cc s nguyn l th:
2
a12 + a 22 + ... + a1999
1 + 1 + ... + 1 1999 3(mod 4) (1)

2
M a 2000
1(mod 4) (2) .T (1) v (2) suy ra iu phi chng minh.

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

b).Gi s ta c 4 s nguyn dng lin tip l n, n + 1, n + 2, n + 3 .


C: P = n. ( n + 1) . ( n + 2 ) . ( n + 3) = ( n 2 + 3n ) . ( n 2 + 3n + 2 ) = ( n 2 + 3n ) + 2. ( n 2 + 3n ) .
2

T d dng nhn thy: ( n 2 + 3n ) < P < ( n 2 + 3n + 1) .


2

Suy ra P khng th l s chnh phng.


Cu 2: iu kin a 1, a b (do b 1 ).
a 2 (1 + a) b 2 (1 b) a 2 b 2 (a + b)
= a b + ab .
a).Khi : P =
(a + b)(1 + a)(1 b)
Vy P = a b + ab .

b).C: P = 5 a b + ab = 5 (a 1).(1 + b) = 4. Ta xt cc trng hp:


a 1 = 1
a = 2
a 1 = 1
a = 0
1i)

4i)

1 + b = 4
b = 3
1 + b = 4
b = 5
a 1 = 2
a = 3
a 1 = 2
a = 1
(loi)
2i)

(lai)
5i)

1 + b = 2
b = 1
1 + b = 2
b = 3
a 1 = 4
a = 5
a = 3
a 1 = 4
3i)

6i)

1 + b = 1
b = 0
b = 2
1 + b = 1
Ta c cc cp (a, b ) cn tm: ( 2;3) , ( 5;0 ) , ( 0; 5 ) , ( 3; 2 ) .

Cu 3:
b
c
(1 )(2 )
(a b)(2a c)
a
a .
C: P =
=
b c
a (a b + c)
1 +
a a
b

x1 + x 2 = a
p dng nh l Vi-et ta c:
x .x = c
1 2 a
Vy P = 2 A . ( x1 , x 2 l nghim ca phng trnh cho: x1 , x 2 [0;1] ).
x .x (3 + x1 + x2 )
Vi A = 1 2
1 + x1 + x2 + x1.x2

c = 0

D thy A 0 nn P = 2 A 2 0 = 2 .ng thc xy ra x1 .x 2 = 0 b


a [0;1]

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

Li c:
A=

3x1 x2 + x1 x2 .( x1 + x2 )

( x1 + 1).( x2 + 1)

(x + x )
3. 1 2
4

(x + x )
+ 1 2

4
( x1 + 1).( x2 + 1)

.( x1 + x2 )

(x + x )
3
. ( x1 + x2 ) . ( x1 + x2 ) + 1 2 . ( x1 + x2 ) . ( x + x )
4
= 4

( x1 + 1).( x2 + 1)
3
1+1
.( x1 + 1).( x2 + 1) +
.( x1 + 1).( x2 + 1)
5
4
4
=
( x + 1).( x + 1)
4
b 2 = 4ac
ng thc xy ra x1 = x 2 = 1
b = 2 a

5 3
Suy ra: P = 2 A 2 = . Du = xy ra
4 4

b 2 = 4ac

b = 2 a

Pmax = 2

Vy:
3
Pmin = 4
Cu 4:
a).
- Nu M C th N O .Do AMP vung M.
- Nu M O th N D .Do AMP vung M.
- Nu M nm gia C v O th N nm gia O v D.Ta chng minh trong trng hp ny
AMP khng vung .Tht vy,nu AMP vung M th khi ta h MH AP ti H.
C:
n = DMH
n MHN  PBC (g-g)
BAP
MH MN 1
AP

=
= MN =
(1).
AP
AB 2
2
H OI AP ti I th IA=IP.
AP
Trong AMP vung c: MI =
.
2
AP
Vy MH = MI =
H I M O (v l).
2

b).
+V s im trong ng trn l hu hn nn s cc ng thng qua hai trong s cc
im cho l hu hn.Do s giao im ca cc ng thng vi ng trn l hu
hn.V vy tn ti A thuc ng trn nhng khng nm trn bt c ng thng no
trong s ang xt.

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

+V cc tia gc A i qua 2031 im cho, cc tia ny ct ng trn ti cc im


B1,B2,...,B2031(theo chiu kim ng h k t A).R rng cc tia ny l phn bit.
+V tia nm gia hai tia AB20 v AB21 ct ng trn ti B,tia nm gia hai tia AB31 v
AB32 ct ng trn ti C.
+R rng cc dy AB v AC chia hnh trn thnh 3 phn:phn th nht c 20 im,phn
th hai c 11 im,phn th ba c 2000 im.

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


3:Thi S Phm I(2000-2001)

Vng 1:
x3
3x 2
+
2 = 0.
( x 1) 3 x 1
x + y + z = 0
Cu 2: Cho x,y,z R v tha mn:
1 x , y , z 1
Cu 1: Gii phng trnh: x 3 +

CMR: x 2 + y 4 + z 6 2 .
Cu 3: Tm tt c cc s nguyn t c dng: p = n n + 1 . Trong n N*,bit p c khng
nhiu hn 19 ch s.
Cu 4: Gi s P l mt im bt k nm trong mt phng ca mt tam gic u ABC cho

trc.Trn cc ng thng BC,CA,AB ln lt ly cc im A ', B ', C ' sao cho


PA ', PB ', PC ' theo th t song song vi BA,BC,CA.
1.Tm mi quan h gia di cc cnh ca tam gic A ' B ' C ' vi cc khong cch
t P ti cc nh ca tam gic ABC.CMR:Tn ti duy nht mt im P sao cho
tam gic A ' B ' C ' l tam gic u.
2.CMR:Vi mi im P nm trong tam gic ABC ta c:
n
n
' ' '
' ' '
n -B
n -C
BPC
A C = CPA
BA =n
APB - n
A'C ' B ' ( = q );v gi tr chung q ca hiu ny

khng ph thuc vo v tr ca P.
3.Tm qu tch cc im P nm trong tam gic ABC sao cho tam gic A ' B ' C ' vung
A ' , hy ch r cch dng qu tch ny.
Hng dn gii:
Cu 1: iu kin: x 1, x R. Ta c:

x3
3x 2
x +
+
2=0
( x 1) 3 x 1
3

x 2
x2
x2

x +
+
x
x 1
x 1 ( x 1) 2

3x 2
+
2 = 0.
x 1

3x 2
x
x

1 x +
x +
+
2 = 0 .
x 1
x 1
x 1

x
x
x

x+
+ 3 x +
1 x
2 = 0.
x 1
x 1
x 1

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


3

x
x
x

x +
2 = 0.
3 x +
+ 3 x +
x 1
x 1
x 1

x +
1 = 1 .
x 1

x
x+
= 2 x 2 2x + 2 = 0
x 1

( x 1) + 1 = 0 (v nghim)
2

Vy h cho v nghim.
Cu 2:

Trong ba s x,y,z lun tn ti hai s sao cho tch ca chng l mt s khng m.


+) Nu xz 0 ta c:
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ( x + z ) + y 2 = 2 y 2 2 x 2 + y 4 + z 6 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 2.
2

ng thc xy ra khi z = 0, x = 1, y = 1.
Cc trng hp cn li hon ton tng t.
Cu 3: Th vi n = 1 (tha mn).

Vi n > 1 ta c:
+) Nu n l th n n + 1 # ( n + 1) v n n + 1 > ( n + 1) .

+) Nu n = 2 .t vi > 0, t l. Khi : n n = n 2 .t n n + 1# n 2 + 1 .

+) Nu n = 2 .C: 1616 + 1 = ( 210 ) .16 + 1 > (103 ) .10 = 1019 n < 16.
6

Th vi n=2,4,8 thy tha mn.


Cu 4: y l bi khng kh, ngh bn c t gii.

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


4:Thi S Phm I(2000-2001)

Vng 2:
Cu 1: CMR: 2 3 4... 2000 < 3 .

(
(
(

)
)
)

x 3 y 2 + 3 y + 3 = 3 y 2

Cu 2: Gii h: y 3 z 2 + 3z + 3 = 3 z 2
z 3 x 2 + 3x + 3 = 3x 2

Cu 3: Tm tt c cc b 3 s t nhin ln hn 1 tha mn: Tch ca hai s bt k trong

ba s y cng vi 1chia ht cho s cn li.


Cu 4: Tam gic XYZ c cc nh X,Y,Z ln lt nm trn cc cnh BC,CA,AB ca tam
gic ABC gi l ni tip tam gic ABC.

1.Gi Y ', Z ' l hnh chiu vung gc ca Y v Z ln cnh BC.


BC
CMR: Nu c XYZ  ABC th Y ' Z ' =
.
2
2.Trong s nhng tam gic XYZ ni tip tam gic ABC theo nh ngha trn
v ng dng vi tam gic ABC, hy xc nh tam gic c din tch nh nht.
Hng dn gii:
Cu1: C:
2 3... 1999 2000 < 2 3... 1999.2001 = 2 3... 1998 20002 1 <
< 2 3... 1998.2000 = 2 3... 1997 19992 1 < ... < 2.4 < 3.(pcm)

Cu 2:

(
(
(

)
)
)

x 3 y 2 + 3 y + 3 = 3 y 2 0

Theo bi ra ta c: y 3 z 2 + 3 z + 3 = 3 z 2 0
3 2 +3 +3 =3 2 0
x
x
z x
3t 2
Xt hm s: f (t ) = 3
trn [0;+ ) .Ly t1 < t 2 [0;+ ) .Xt:
t + 3t + 3
3(t 2 t 22 ) + 3t1t 2 (t1 t 2 )
< 0. Vy f (t ) ng bin trn [0;+ ) .
f (t1 ) f (t 2 ) = 3 2 1
(t1 + 3t1 + 3)(t 22 + 3t 2 + 3)

3x 2
3
x 3 ( x + 1) 4 = 0
T suy ra c x = y = z .Khi : x = 2
x + 3x + 3
3

10

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

x = 0

3
x = 4 1
x1 = y1 = z1 = 0
Vy h cho c nghim l:
3
x2 = y 2 = z 2 = 4 1
Cu 3: Gi ba s cn tm l a, b, c .Ta gi s 1 < c b a .

Ta c:
ab + 1# c

bc + 1# a Suy ra:c a b c 1 < c b a .C:


ca + 1#b

( ab + 1) . ( bc + 1) . ( ca + 1)# abc(1) abc ab + bc + ca + 1 abc 3ab 1 < c 3.

+ Nu c = 2 .Khi : ( ab + 1)# c a, b l s l. T (1) 2a + 2b + 1# ab 2a + 2b + 1 ab


( a 2 ) . ( 2 b ) + 5 0 ( a 2 ) . ( 2 b ) = 1, 3, 5.

T ta tm c a=7,b=3 tha mn.


3b + 1# a
+ Nu c = 3 .Khi :
3b + 1 = a; 2a.
3a + 1#b
Xt:
-Nu 3b + 1 = a a : 3 d 1, a > 4,3a + 1# b 9a + 3# a 1 12# a 1
a = 7, b = 2 < c = 3 (loi).
-Nu 3b + 1 = 2a . Hon ton tng t nh trn, khng c b s no tha mn.
Vy ba s t nhin cn tm:7,3,2.
Cu 4:

1. Ly C ' i xng vi C qua Y ' .


n
'
n
C = n
ACB = YZX
C: YC
T gic ZYXC ' ni tip.
n
'
n
ZC
B = ZYX
n
'
ZC
B = n
ABC Z'B=Z'C
Y 'Z ' =

BC
.
2
2

' '
S
YZ Y Z 1
2. C XYZ =

= .

S ABC Bc BC
4
ng thc xy ra khi XB = XC , YA = YC & ZA = ZB.

11

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


5:Thi Tng Hp (1999-2000)

Vng 1:
a + b + c = 0
Cu 1: Cc s a,b,c tha mn: 2
2
2
a + b + c = 14
Tnh P = 1 + a 4 + b 4 + c 4 .

Cu 2:

1.Gii phng trnh: x + 3 7 x = 2 x 8 .


1 1 9

x + y + x + y = 2

2.Gii h:
xy + 1 = 5
xy 2

Cu 3: Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng n : ( n 2 + 9n 2 ) #( n + 11) .


Cu 4: Cho vng trn(O) v im I trong vng trn.Dng qua I hai dy cung bt k

MIN, EIF. Gi M ', N ', E ', F ' l cc trung im ca IM , IN , IE , IF .


1.CMR: T gic M ' E ' N ' F ' l t gic ni tip.
2.Gi s I thay i,cc dy MIN, EIF thay i.
CMR:Vng trn ngoi tip t gic M ' E ' N ' F ' c bn knh khng i.
3.Gi s I c nh,cc dy MIN, EIF thay i nhng lun vung gc vi
nhau.Tm v tr ca cc dy MIN v EIF sao cho t gic M ' E ' N ' F ' c din
tch ln nht.
Cu 5: Cho x, y > 0 tha mn: x + y = 1 . Hy tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:

1
1
P = x 2 + 2 y 2 + 2 .
y
x

Hng dn gii:

a 2 b 2 + c 2 a 2 + b 2 c 2 = 49
a + b + c = 0
ab + bc + ca = 7
Cu 1: C: 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
a + b 2 + c 2 = 14
a + b + c = 14
a + b + c = 14
a + b + c = 0
4
Vy P=99.
4
4
a + b + c = 98
Cu 2:

1.y l bi ton n gin, ngh bn c t gii.

12

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

2.iu kin: xy 0 .

xy =
1 5

T gi thit: xy +
= ( 2 xy 1) . ( xy 2 ) = 0
2

xy 2
=
2
xy

2
1 1 3 3y 9
+ Nu xy = 2 x = x + y + + = +
= .
y
x y y 2 2
y = 1 x = 2
y2 3y + 2 = 0
y = 2 x = 1
1

y =1 x =

1
1
1 1 9
2
x + y + + = 2 y2 3 y +1 = 0
+ Nu xy = x =
2
2y
x y 2
y = 1 x = 1

2
1 1
Vy nghim ( x; y ) ca h l: ( 2;1) , (1; 2 ) , 1; , ;1 .
2 2
Cu 3: C: n 2 + 9n 2# n + 11 . M n 2 + 11n # n + 11
( 2n + 2 )# ( n + 11) . M ( 2n + 22 )# ( n + 11) .

20# ( n + 11) n = 9 .Vy n = 9 l p s cn tm.

Cu4:

n
n
' '
' '
n= E
1. D thy: E
F M ' .Vy t gic M ' N ' E ' F ' ni tip.
N M ' = ENM

2. Vng trn ngoi tip t gic M ' E ' N ' F ' chnh l ng trn ngoi tip
M ' N ' F ' .Gi s n c bn knh l R ' .
Do M ' N ' F '  MNF ( g g ) .
Suy ra:
R' M ' N ' 1
=
= .
R
MN
2
R
R ' = (pcm).
2
3. H OT MN; OQ EF.
C:

13

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

1
1
1
1
S MENF = MN .EF = MT .EQ =
R 2 OQ 2 )( R 2 OT 2 )
(
4
8
2
2
1
1
( R 2 OQ 2 + R 2 OT 2 ) = ( 2 R 2 OI 2 ) .
4
4
n = 450 .
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi OQ = OT OIF
SM 'E'N 'F ' =

Cu 5:
Cch 1:
2

2 1 2 1
1
x+ y 1
x + 2 y + 2 = xy + .D thy 0 < xy
= .
4
xy
y
x
2

Xt hm s: f (t ) = t +

1
1
1
trn 0; .Ly t1 < t2 0; .
t
4
4

1
Xt : f (t1 ) - f (t1 ) = (t1 t 2 )1
t1t 2

1
1
.V t1 , t2 0; 1 <
.
t1 t 2
4

1
T d dng nhn ra: f (t1 ) f ( t2 ) > 0 .Vy f (t ) nghch bin trn 0; .
4
17
1
1
1
f (t ) vi t 0; .
Do m: f f (t ) vi t 0; .Hay
4
4
4
4
2

17
1
289
1

xy +

xy + = P.
xy
xy
4
16
ng thc xy ra khi x = y =
Pmin =

1
.
2

289
.
16

Cch 2:

C : P = 2 + x 2 y 2 +
M: x 2 y 2 +

1
(1) .
x y2
2

1
x2 y 2
1

2
=
(2) .
2 2
2 2
256 x y
256 x y
8

14

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

1
255
x 2 y 2 nn:

16
256 x 2 y 2

255
255
(3).
=
1
16
256.
16

1
2 2
x y = 256 x 2 y 2

289
1
1

.ng thc xy ra: x 2 y 2 =


T (1),(2),(3) suy ra P
x=y= .
16
16
2

x + y = 1

15

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


6:Thi Tng Hp (1999-2000)

Vng 2:
Cu 1:

Gii phng trnh:

x+7
+ 8 = 2x 2 + 2x 1 .
x +1

Cu 2: Cc s a1 , a2 ,..., a9 c xc nh bi cng thc:


ak =

3k 2 + 3k + 1

(k

i =9

vi k 1 .Hy tnh P = 1 + ai .

i =1
+ k)
Cu 3: CMR: Tn ti mt s chia ht cho 1999 v tng cc ch s ca s bng 1999.

Cu 4:Cho vng trn (O,R).Gi s A,B l hai im c nh trn vng trn v AB = R. 3 .

1.Gi s M l mt im thay i trn cung ln AB ca ng trn.Vng trn ni


tip tam gic MAB tip xc vi MA ti E v tip xc vi MB ti F.
CMR:ng thng EF lun tip xc vi mt ng trn c nh khi M thay i.
2.Tm tp hp cc im P sao cho ng thng (d) vung gc vi OP ti P ct
on thng AB.
Cu 5: Cho hnh trn (O) bn knh bng 1. Gi s A1,A2,..,A8 l tm im bt k nm
trong hnh trn (k c trn bin). CMR: Trong cc im cho lun tn ti hai
im m khong cch gia chng nh hn 1.
Hng dn gii:

2 x 1 0
x + 7
1

Cu 1: iu kin:
0 x .
2
x +1
x 1
-Vi

1
6
x+7
x < 2 th:
+ 8 = 1+
+8 >8+ 5.
2
x +1
x +1

M: 2 x 2 + 2 x 1 < 8 + 5 2 x 2 + 2 x 1

-Vi x > 2 th:

x+7
+8.
x +1

x+7
6
+ 8 = 1+
+ 8 < 8 + 5 .V khi : 2 x 2 + 2 x 1 > 8 + 5 .
x +1
x +1

2x 2 + 2x 1

x+7
+8.
x +1

16

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

-Th vi x = 2 thy tha mn.


Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l x = 2 .
Cu 2: Vi k 1 ta c:
3
3k 2 + 3k + 1 (k + 1) k 3
1
1
.
ak =
=
= 3
3
3
3
k
(k + 1)3
k (k + 1)
k2 + k
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
999
.
Thay k = 1, 2,...,9 ta c: P = 1 + 3 3 + 3 3 + ... + 3 3 = 2 3 = 1
1000
1 2
2
3
9 10
10

Cu 3:

C 3998 = 2.1999
Ta thy rng s:A = 19991999...1999 39983998...3998 lun chia ht cho 1999 (s A c x
s 1999, y s 3998).
Tng cc ch s ca A l: (1 + 9 + 9 + 9 ) .x + ( 3 + 9 + 9 + 8 ) . y = 28 x + 29 y.
Ta cn tm hai s nguyn dng x,y : 28 x + 29 y = 1999. Khi c:
11 y
1999 29 y
11 y
y = 11 x = 60.
= 71 y +
.V x nn
28
28
28
Ta c s A = 19991999...1999 39983998...3998 tha mn bi ra (s A c 60 s 1999,11
s 3998).
x=

Cu 4:

1.Gi I l trung im ca AB.C:


AI
AB
3
AOI =
AOI = 600 n
AMB = 600.
sin n
=
=
n
AO 2AO
2
H IH EF,AT EF,BQ EF.C:
n = BFQ
n = 600.C:
ME = MF MEF u TEA
AT BQ
3
3
3
AT + BQ =
( AE + BF ) =
AB .
=
= cos 30 o =
AE BF
2
2
2
3
3
2 IH = AT + BQ =
AB IH =
AB .
2
4
3
AB c nh.
Vy EF lun tip xc vi ng trn (I) bn knh
4
2.Ta tm cc im P ng thng (d) ct on AI.
n = OTI
n OAI
n = 30o.
Khi y c: OPI
Nh vy P phi nm trong min mt
17

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

phng gch cho c gii hn bi


q v OI.
cung cha gc 30o OmI
Ngc li nu P nm trong min
mt phng ny th d dng chng
minh c (d) s ct AI.
Do tnh i xng (d) cn c th ct BI.
Lp lun tng t thy rng lc ny P
nm trong phn mt phng c gch
ngang(hnh v).Phn mt phng ny i xng
vi phn mt phng gch ngang qua trc OI.
Vy qu tch im P cn tm l hai phn mt phng k trn.
Cu 5:

Ta thy rng:Lun tn ti 7 im khng trng tm,c th gi s 7 im l A1,A2,...,A7.


Ni O vi cc im trn ta thy:Lun tn ti hai im Ai,Aj sao cho:
360 o
n
Ai OAj
< 60 o (1 i , j 7).
7
Ai OAj <60o AiAj < max(AiO , AjO) 1.
Xt tam gic AiOAj c n
Ta c iu phi chng minh.

18

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


7: Thi Chuyn Hng Vng (1999-2000)

Vng 1:
Cu 1: Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau vi a,b,c l cc s nguyn khng m:
1+ a 1+ b 1+ c
3
+
+
3+ a +b + c .
1+ b 1+ c 1+ a
Cu 2: Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc: B = 3a + 4 1 a 2 vi cc gi tr ca a [ 1;1] .
Cu 3: CMR: Trong 7 s t nhin bt k ta lun chn c 4 s sao cho tng ca chng
chia ht cho 4.
n = CAN
n .CMR:
Cu 4: Cho tam gic ABC.Trn cnh BC ly hai im M,N sao cho: BAM
2

BM CM AM
.
=
a).
.
CN BN AN
BM
b).
CN
BM
c).
CN

BN AB
.
=
.
CM AC
CM
AM
+
2
.
BN
AN

Hng dn gii:
Cu 1:

Theo BT C-si ta c:
1+ a

1+ b

1+ c

33

1+ a 1+ b 1+ c
.
.
= 33 1 = 3 .
1+ b 1+ c 1+ a

1+ b 1+ c 1+ a
ng thc xy ra khi a=b=c.
1+ a
1 + a 1 + a (v a,b l s nguyn khng m).(1)
Li c:
1+ b
1+ b
1 + b 1 + b (2)
Tng t:
1+ c
1+ c
1+ a

1 + c 1 + c (3)

Cng theo v (1),(2),(3) ta thu c :

1+ a

1+ b

1+ b 1+ c
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c = 0 .

1+ c
1+ a

3+ a +b + c .

Cu 2: Do a [ 1;1] nn 1 a 2 0 . p dng BT Bu-nhi-a-cp-xki:

19

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

B 2 = 3a + 4 1 a 2
M vi a =

( a 2 + 1 a 2 ) ( 9 + 16 ) B 5 .

3
[ 1;1] th B = 5 .Vy Bmax = 5 .
5

Cu 3: Xt 7 s t nhin bt k : a1 , a2 ,..., a7 .

*)Nhn xt: Trong ba s t nhin bt k lun tn ti hai s c tng chia ht cho 2 .


(Bn c t chng minh).
p dng:
-Trong ba s a1 , a2 , a3 gi s a1 + a2 # 2 .
-Trong ba s a3 , a4 , a5 gi s a3 + a4 # 2 .
-Trong ba s a5 , a6 , a7 gi s a5 + a6 # 2 .
a1 + a 2 = 2k1

a3 + a 4 = 2k 2 (k1,k2,k3 )
a + a = 2 k
6
3
5

- Trong ba s k1 , k2 , k3 gi s k1 + k2 # 2 k1 + k2 = 2m ( m )

Suy ra: a1 + a2 + a3 + a4 = 2. ( k1 + k2 ) = 4m chia ht cho 4 (pcm).


Cu 4:

1
p dng cng thc tnh din tch tam gic: S = .ab.SinC .
2
a).C:

n ). AM . AC.sin( MAC
n ) AM 2
BM CM S ABM .S ACM AB. AM .sin( BAM
.
.
=
=
=
n ). AB. AN .sin( BAN
n)
CN BN
S ACN .S ABN
AN 2
AC. AN .sin( NAC

b).C:
BM BN BM BN S ABM .S ABN
=
=
.
.
CN CM MC NC S AMC .S ANC
=

( )
( ) = AB
n . AN . AC.sin NAC
AM . AC.sin ( MAC
)
( n ) AC
n . AB. AN .sin BAN
n
AB. AM .sin BAM

c).p dng BT C-si v s dng kt qu ca phn a) ta c:


BM CM
BM CM
AM
.
+
2
.
=2
CN BN
CN BN
AN

20

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


8: Thi Chuyn Hng Vng (1999-2000)

Vng 2:
a
trong a, b l cc tham s khc 0,th cc nghim phn
b
ax 2 + 2ax + 10b = 0 (1)
bit ca c hai phng trnh sau c t nht l 3 nghim: 2
x 2bx 5ab = 0 (2)

Cu 1: Vi gi tr no ca

Cu 2: Cho 6 s thc x1 , x2 , x3 ,..., x6 [ 0;1] . CMR:

1
.
16
Cu 3: Cho t gic ABCD ni tip ng trn.K hiu AB = a, AD = b, CD = c, BC = d .
ab + cd AC
=
.
CMR:
ad + bc BD

( x1 x2 ) . ( x2 x3 ) . ( x3 x4 ) . ( x4 x5 ) . ( x5 x6 ) . ( x6 x1 )

Hng dn gii:
f ( x) = (1)
Cu 1: t 1
f 2 ( x) = (2)
2 phng trnh trn c cc nghim phn bit t nht l 3,ta xt cc trng hp:
= 0
+) 1
a = 10b .Khi (1) c nghim kp x1,2 = 1 .
2 > 0

Ta cn phi c: f 2 ( 1) 0 ( 1) 2b. ( 1) 5ab 0 b


2

1 51
.
50

> 0
+) 1
b = 5a . Khi (2) c nghim kp x1,2 = b.
2 = 0

Ta cn phi c: f1 ( b ) 0 ab 2 + 2ab + 10b 0 a

1 51
.
5

+ )ab > 0 b > 10

+ )ab < 0 a > 1

b
5
Ta gi s cc nghim ca (1) cng l nghim ca (2).Khi c(theo Vi-et):

> 0
+) 1

2 > 0

21

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

2 = 2b = ( x1 + x 2 = x3 + x 4 )
b = 1

(v l)
10b
2
10 = 5a
a = 5ab = ( x1 .x 2 = x3 .x 4 )
Nh vy c th thy iu ta gi thit trn khng th xy ra.Tc l trong trng hp ny
(1) & (2) lun c t nht 3 nghim phn bit.
a
1 51
= 10, b
50
b
a
1
1 51
= ,a
5
5
Tm li,ta phi c: b
a
b > 10

0 > a > 1

5
b
Cu 2:

* Nu c mt tha s nhn gi tr l 0,ta s c ngay pcm.


* Nu khng c tha s no nhn gi tr l 0 th:
+ Nu c mt s l cc tha s nhn gi tr m, ta s c ngay pcm.
+ Nu c chn cc tha s nhn gi tr m,ta c:
Ta thy cc tha s trong tch trn khng th ng thi nhn gi tr m.
Tht vy,nu nh th th:

( x1 x2 ) < 0; ( x2 x3 ) < 0; ( x3 x4 ) < 0; ( x4 x5 ) < 0; ( x5 x6 ) < 0; ( x6 x1 ) < 0.


x1 < x2 < x3 < x4 < x5 < x6 < x1 (v l).
Ta xt trong tch trn ch c 2 tha s < 0 ,hoc c 4 tha s < 0 .
B :

-Cho y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 , y5 , y6 [ 1;1] v y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 + y5 + y6 = 0(1) .


+Nu ch c 2 s m,gi s y1 , y2 < 0 .Khi :
C:
0 > y1 + y2 2(2) .T (1) v (2) suy ra: 0 < y3 + y4 + y5 + y6 2.

22

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


4

1
y + y4 + y5 + y6
2
1. = .
y1. y2 ... y6 = y1. y2 y3 . y4 . y5 . y6 1. 3

4
4 16

+ Nu ch c 4 s m,gi s y1 , y2 , y3 , y4 < 0 .Khi :


C: 0 < y5 + y6 2 nn: 2 y1 + y2 + y3 + y4 < 0.
4

y + y2 + y3 + y4
C: y1. y2 ... y6 = y1 . y2 . y3 . y4 . y5 . y6 1
. y5 . y6 =
4

1
y + y 2 + y3 + y 4
2
= 1
. y 5 . y 6 .1.1 = .
4
16
4

Tr li bi ton ta c:
( x1 x2 ) , ( x2 x3 ) , ( x3 x4 ) , ( x4 x5 ) , ( x5 x6 ) [ 1;1] v:

( x1 x2 ) + ( x2 x3 ) < 0; ( x3 x4 ) + ( x4 x5 ) + ( x5 x6 ) + ( x6 x1 ) = 0.
p dng b ,ta c ngay pcm. Vy bi ton c chng minh xong.
1
1
ng thc xy ra khi x1 = 1, x2 = 0, x3 = , x4 = 1, x5 = 0, x6 = .
2
2
Cu 3:
Gi O l giao im ca AC v BD.C:
OA OD b bc ba
.
AOD  BOC nn :
=
= =
=
OB OC d dc da
OA OB a ad ab
AOB  DOC nn:
=
= =
=
.
OD OC c cd cb
cd + ab OC + OA AC
=
ad = OB
OB
T suy ra c:
cd + ab = OA + OC = AC
bc
OD
OD

bc + ad BD
=
pcm.
cd + ab AC

23

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


9: Thi S Phm I (1999-2000)

Vng 1:
Cu 1:

1999 1999 1999


1 +
. 1 +
... 1 +

1
2 1000

.
1.Tnh A vi A =
1000 1000 1000
1 +
. 1 +
... 1 +

1
2 1999

2.Cho a l s t nhin c vit bng 222 ch s 9.Hy tnh tng cc ch s


ca n vi n = a 2 + 1.
Cu 2:

1.Gii phng trnh: x( x + 1) + x( x + 2) = x( x 3) .


2.Tm a phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht:
x 2 (3a 2)x + 2a 2 5a 3
= 0.
x 2 + 5 x 14
Cu 3: Vi x, y, z > 0 . CMR:

2x
2y
2z
1
1
1
+ 6
+ 6
4 + 4 + 4.
4
4
4
x +y
y +z
z +x
x
y
z
6

Cu 4: Trn mt phng ta xOy cho A (-3,0); B (-1,0). Xt im M v N thay i trn


trc tung sao cho AM BN.

1.CMR: AN BM v OM.ON khng i. T suy ra ng trn ng knh


MN lun i qua hai im c nh. Tm ta hai im c nh .
2.Tm qu tch tm ng trn ngoi tip AMN. Xc nh v tr M,N AMN
c din tch nh nht.
Hng dn gii:
Cu 1:

1. A = 1 .
2.C: a = 10222 1 n = a 2 + 1 = 10444 2.10222 + 2 = 99...9
N 8 00..0
N 2.
221 c / s 9

Tng cc ch s ca n: S = 221.9 + 8 + 2 = 1999.

24

221 c / s 0

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


Cu 2:
x( x + 1) 0
x 2

1.iu kin : x( x + 2) 0 hay x = 0


( x 3) x 0
x 3

Ta c:

x( x + 1) + x( x + 2) = x( x 3)

x( x + 1) + x( x + 2) + 2 x ( x + 1)( x + 2) = x( x 3) (1).
+ Nu x 3 : (1) x + 6 + 2 ( x + 1)( x + 2) = 0 (v l).
+ Nu x 2 : (1) x + 6 2 ( x + 1)( x + 2) = 0
( x + 6) 2 = 4( x + 1)( x + 2)

x + 6 0
x=

28
(tha mn).
3

+Th vi x = 0 (tha mn).


x = 0
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l
x = 28

3
x 2
2.iu kin: x 2 + 5 x 14 0
x 7
Xt phng trnh: x 2 ( 3a 2 ) .x + 2a 2 5a 3 = 0 (1) .
C = ( 3a 2 ) 4. ( 2a 2 5a 3) = ( a + 4 ) .
2

T thy:
3a 2 + (a + 4)

= 2a + 1
x1 =
2
(1) c nghim
x = 3a 2 (a + 4) = a 3
2
2
phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht ta xt :
+ (1) c nghim kp x0 -7 v 2.
a = 4
= 0

a 4 (v l)
3a 2
x0 = 2 7;2
a 2

+ (1) c 2 nghim phn bit trong c mt nghim bng 2 (hoc 7) cn nghim kia
khc 2 (hoc 7).Tc l ta phi c:
25

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


a 4

a 3 = 2
2a + 1 = 2

a = 5
a = 5

Vy
a = 3
a = 3
2
2

Cu 3: C:

1
1
1
2x
2y
2z
2x
2y
2z
+ 6
+ 6
3 2 + 3 2 + 3 2 = 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 .
4
4
4
x y
y z
z x
x +y
y +z
z +x
2x y
2y z
2z x
6

M :
1
1
1
1
1
1
+ 4 + 4 ( 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2) =
4
x
y
z
x y
y z
z x
2
2
2
1 1
1 1 1 1 1
= 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 2 0
2 x
y y
z z
x
T (1) v (2) ta suy ra iu phi chng minh.

ng thc xy ra x = y = z = 1 .
Cu 4:

1.D thy B l trc tm ca AMN. Do : AN BM.


OA OM
=
OM .ON = OA.OB = 3 .
C: OAN  OMB (g-g)
ON OB
Gi s ng trn ng knh MN ct
ng thng AB ti H , H ' .
Khi MHN vung ti H v
MH'N vung ti H'.
C: HO2=H'O2=ON.OM =3
OH = OH ' = 3 pcm.
ng thi ta tm c: H '

) (

3;0 ; H 3;0 .

2.
Gi s ng trn ngoi tip AMN ct
AB ti T(T A).
n = NAT
n = BMN
n
C: NMT
BO = OT OT = 1
T c nh.

26

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

Vy tm ng
trn ngoi tip AMN nm trn ng trung
trc ca [AT ] .
MN 3
3
S AMN = AO.
= .MN .2 OM .ON
2
2
2
S AMN 3 3(vdt )

27

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


10 : Thi S Phm I (1999-2000)

Vng 2:
Cu 1:

1.Gii v bin lun theo a: (x 2 5 x + 6) x 2 5ax + 6a 2 = 0.


2.Vi gi tr no ca a th h c t nht mt nghim tha mn x, y > 0 .Vi cc gi
tr a tm c hy tm tt c cc nghim ca h cho:
1 1

x + y + x + y = 4.

2
x 2 + y 2 + 1 + 1 = 2 a 2 + 2 1 + a + 1.

a
x2 y2
a2

Cu 2:

2 x = 2 y.
1.Tm nghim nguyn dng ca h 2 n: y
2 = 2 x.
2.Cho P(x) l a thc bc 3 vi h s ca x3 l s nguyn 0,1 .
Bit P (1999) = 2000 v P (2000) = 2001 .CMR: P (2001) P(1998) l hp s.
4

Cu 3: Cho x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 > 0 tha: xi = 1 .Hy tm gi tr nh nht ca T: T =


i =1

x
i =1
4

4
i

x
i =1

3
i

Cu 4: Cho ABC c cc cnh khng bng nhau.G l trng tm ABC. A1,B1,C1 l cc


im i xng ca A,B,C qua G.Bit AB = 2.BC v S A1B1C1 =72.
Tnh din tch min lc gic chung ca ABC v A1B1C1.
Hng dn gii:
Cu 1:
1.C:

(x

5 x + 6 ) x 2 5ax + 6a 2 = 0. ( x 2 )( x 3)

( x 3a )( x 2a ) 0 (1)

( x 2 )( x 3) ( x 3a )( x 2a ) = 0

( 2)

-Nu 2 l nghim ca (1) th:

28

( x 3a )( x 2a ) = 0

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

(2 3a )(2 2a ) 0
2

1
a

-Nu 3 l nghim ca (1) th: (3 3a )(3 2a ) 0


a 1

a 3
2

Vy:
2
phng trnh c nghim:
3
x = 2a
x = 3a

x = 2

x = 3
3
+Nu a phng trnh cho c nghim:
2
x = 2a
x = 3a

x = 2

x = 3
+Nu a = 1 phng trnh cho c nghim:
x = 2
x = 3

+Nu a

x = 3
2
+Nu < a < 1 th phng trnh cho c nghim: x = 2a
3
x = 3a
x = 3
3
+Nu 1 < a < phng trnh cho c nghim: x = 2a
2
x = 3a

2.Vi x, y > 0 th: x +

1
1
1
1
+ y + 2 x. + 2 y. = 4 .
x
y
x
y

ng thc xy ra x = y = 1.
Gi s h cho c nghim x0 , y0 > 0 khi :

29

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


1 1

x0 + y0 + x + y = 4 (1)
0
0

2
x 2 + y 2 + 1 + 1 = 2 a 2 + 2 1 + a + 1 (2)
0
0
x0 2 y0 2
a2
a

T (1) x0 = y0 = 1 .Khi t (2) ta c:


4 = 2 a2 + 2

2 a2 + a

1 a2 +1
1 1
+
= 2 a 2 + a + 2 2 + .C:
2
a
a
a
a

) ( 2 a + a )(1 + 1 ) = 4
2

2 a 2 + a 2 (3)

v:
2

1 1
1
1 2 2
1 1
2 2 + 2 2 + 2 (1 + 1 ) 2 2 + 2 ( 4 )
a
a
a
a
a
a

1 1
Vy: 2 a 2 + a + 2 2 + = 4 (3) v (4) ng thi tr thnh ng thc
a
a
a = 1.
Vi a = 1 h cho tr thnh:
1 1

x
y
+
+
+ = 4.

x y

(I)

x 2 + y 2 + 1 + 1 = 4.

x2 y2
C:

(1 + 1 + 1 + 1 ) . x2 + y 2 + x12 + y12 x + y + 1x + 1y

16 16 .
1 1
x y
y
Vy (I) = = x = x = y = 1 .
1 1 1 1
T suy ra x = y = 1 .
2

Cu 2:

1.Theo bi ra ta c:
2 x = 2 y.
x, y > 0.
y
2 = 2 x.
Gi s x y th th : 2 x 2 y v 2 x 2 y .Li c:

30

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

2 x = 2 y 2 x = 2 y 2 x x = y.
x = y
H cho tr thnh: x
2 = 2 x
Ta cn gii phng trnh: 2 x = 2 x ( x ).
x 1
C: 2 x = 2 x 2 x 1 = x (1 + 1) = x.
Theo BT Becnuli: (1 + 1)

x 1

1 + 1. ( x 1) = x.

x = 1
x 1 = 0
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

x = 2
x 1 = 1
Vy nghim ca h cho :
x = y = 1
x = y = 2

2.Gi h s ca x3 l a (a ,a 0).
t:
P ( x) = m + ( x 1998 ) .b + ( x 1998 ) . ( x 1999 ) .c + ( x 1998 ) . ( x 1999 ) . ( x 2000 ) .a

y ta s dng phep ni suy NewTon nn mi c cch t nh trn (m,b,cR).


Ta c:
P (1999) = 2000 hay :

2000 = P (1999) = m + b
(m + 2b + 2c) (m + b) = 1 b + 2c = 1
v : 2001 = P(2000) = m + 2b + 2c

C: P (2001) P(1998) = 6a + 6c + 3b = 3. ( 2a + 2c + b ) = 3. ( 2a + 1) l hp s .
(v a 0; 1 nn 2a + 1 1 ).
Cu 3:

Gi s x1 x2 x3 x4 x13 x23 x33 x43 .


Theo BT Trbsep:
x1 + x 2 + x3 + x 4 x13 + x 23 + x33 + x 43 x14 + x 24 + x34 + x 44
.

4
4
4
x 4 + x 24 + x34 + x 44 1
1
.
4
4

31

(ch :

x
i =1

= 1 ).

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

1
ng thc xy ra x1 = x2 = x3 = x4 = .
4
1
Vy Tmin = .
4
Cu 4: K hiu cc giao im nh hnh v.
CG X G
1
1
C: 1 = 1 X 1 B = GM = BB1 .
GC GM
3
4
1
Tng t: X 2 C = CC1 .
4
1
X 3 A = AA1 .
4
2
S B1SP
B1 M
1
= .
=
C:
S B1C1 A1 B1 X 1
9
S KQA1
S RIC1
1
1
Tng t:
= v
= .
S B1C1 A1 9
S B1C1 A1 9

S RIKQPS = S A1B1C1 S A1KQ S C1RI S B1SP =


S RIKQPS = 48(vdt ).

2
SABC .
3 111

32

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


11 : Thi S Phm I (1997-1998)

Vng 1:
Cu 1: CMR:Vi mi n nguyn dng u c: 5n. ( 5n + 1) 6n. ( 3n + 2n ) # 91 .
Cu 2: Cho x, y l hai s dng thay i tha mn: x. y = 1 .
x
y
+ 2
.
Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc: A = 4
2
x +y
x + y4
Cu 3: Gii phng trnh: x + 1 + 2. ( x + 1) = x 1 + 1 x + 3. 1 x 2 .
Cu 4: Xt mt hnh vung v mt hnh tam gic. Nu chng c din tch bng nhau th
hnh no c chu vi ln hn.
Cu 5: Cho ABC c l
A = 450 , BC = a , O l tm ng trn ngoi tip, B' v C' l chn
cc ng cao h t B, C xung cc cnh AC, AB tng ng.Gi O ' l im i
xng ca O qua B ' C ' .

1.CMR: A, B ', O ', C ' cng nm trn mt ng trn.


2.Tnh B ' C ' theo a.
Hng dn gii:
Cu 1: C:

5n. ( 5n + 1) 6n. ( 3n + 2n ) = ( 25n 18n ) (12n 5n ) (chia ht cho 7)


= ( 25n 12n ) (18n 5n )

(chia ht cho 13)

M ( 7,13) = 1 pcm.
Cu 2:

1
x
y
+
=
= 1 . ng thc xy ra x = y = 1.
2
2
xy
2 x y 2 xy
Vy Amax=1.

Cu 3: iu kin: x 1 .

C:

x + 1 + 2( x + 1) = x 1 + 1 x + 3 1 x 2 .

33

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

)(

x + 1 1 x 2 x + 1 1 x + 1 = 0.

x +1 = 1 x

2 x + 1 = 1 x 1

x = 0
Gii ra ta c nghim l
x = 24
25

Cu 4:

a,b,c l 3 cnh ca tam gic, x l cnh hnh vung; ha l di ng cao tng ng vi


cnh a ca tam gic.
C: b + c > 2ha a + b + c > a + 2ha 2. a.2ha = 2. 4 S = 4. x 2 = 4 x.
Vy chu vi ca tam gic ln hn.
Cu 5:

1.D thy cc im B, C ', O, B ', C nm trn ng trn ng knh BC.


n
n
'
'
C: n
ABB ' = 45o m C
OB ' + C
BB ' = 180o.

n
n
'
' ' '
C
OB ' = 135o C
O B = 135o.
n
n
' ' '
'
C
OB + C
AB ' =180o.

A,B',O',C' cng nm trn mt ng trn.


2.Hnh thang ni tip trong hnh trn l hnh
thang cn.V t gic OC ' BC ni tip nn
n
'
n = 450 . M t gic OB ' CC '
OC
C = OBC
n
n
n
'
'
'
ni tip nn OB
A = OC
C = 450 = B
CC ' .
OB'//CC'.Hnh thang OB ' CC ' ni tip
c nn n l hnh thang cn.
a
B ' C ' = OC =
.
2

34

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


12 : Thi S Phm I (1997-1998)

Vng 2:
Cu 1: Vi gi tr no ca tham s a, phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht:
2x a + 1 = x + 3 .
Cu 2: Gii h phng trnh 4 n sau:
(1)
x + y = 3
xz + yt = 4
(2)

2
2
xz + yt = 6 (3)
xz 3 + yt 3 = 10 (4)

Cu 3: Tm cc cp s nguyn t p,q tha mn phng trnh sau:


p
2
5 2 + 1997 = 5 2 q + q 2 .
Cu 4: Trong tt c cc t gic li vi hai ng cho c di cho v gc gia hai
ng cho c ln cho,xc nh t gic c chu vi nh nht.
Cu 10: Hy xem khng nh sau y ng hay sai?
m
1
."
"Vi mi m,n N* u c: 2 2
n
n ( 3 + 2)
Hng dn gii:
Cu 1: Theo bi ra ta c: 2 x a + 1 = x + 3

2 x a = x + 2, x 3

2 x a = x 4, x < 3
x = a + 2, x 2

x = a 2 , x 2

x = a + 4, x 4

x4
, x 4
x =
3

35

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


x = a + 2

x = a 2

a 4

x = a + 4

a4

x = 3

a 8

Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht th:

a2
a + 2 = 3

a = 4
a 4

a = 8
a 8

a4
a + 4 =
3

a = 4
Vy gi tr cn tm:
a = 8
Cu 2:Theo bi ra:

(1)
x + y = 3
xz + yt = 4 (2)

2
2
xz + yt = 6 (3)
xz 3 + yt 3 = 10 (4)

Nhn (2) vi ( z + t ) ta c: 6 + 3zt = 4. ( z + t ) .


Nhn (3) vi ( z + t ) ta c: 10 + 4 zt = 6. ( z + t ) .
4( z + t ) 3zt = 6
z + t = 3
T c h:

6( z + t ) 4 zt = 10
zt = 2
T :
+) z = 1, t = 2, x = 2, y = 1.
+) z = 2, t = 1, x = 1, y = 2.
p

Cu 3: Ta c: 5 2 + 1997 = 5 2 q + q 2 .Nhn thy:


p

5 2 1(mod 3)
2

5 2 q 1(mod 3)v1997 2(mod 3)


q 2 1 + 2 1 2(mod 3).(vl )

36

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

Vy khng tn ti p,q tha mn bi ra.


Cu 4:
n=.
Xt t gic ABCD c: DOC
AC,BD c di c nh.
Khi dng hnh bnh hnh BCB'D c:
ACB ' = 180o- .
B'C=BD v n

Nn: AB' c di c nh

( ACB' c AC, B'C c nh v di, n


ACB ' = 180o- ).
C: AD + BC = AD + DB ' AB ' .
ng thc xy ra A,D,B' thng hng AD//BC.
Tng t dn n AB//CD.
T suy ra ABCD l hnh bnh hnh th chu vi ca n nh nht.
2 + 3 = a.
m
1
Ta chng minh: 2 2 (1).m, n * .
n
an
m
1
m
1
Nu (1) khng ng th:
2 < 2 2< 2
n
n
an
an
1
1
m 2 .n <
m < 2 .n +
an
an
1
1
1
m + 2 .n < 2 2 .n +
n( m + 2 ) < 2 2 n 2 + = 2 2 n 2 +
=
an
a
3+ 2

1
2 + 3 .n 2 + 2 + 3 .n 2
= 2 2 .n 2 +
3+ 2

Cu 5: t

)(

) (

2 3 n2 1 + 2 + 3 n2
1
1

> 2 (2).
n(m + 2 .n) an

2 + 3 .n 2 = an 2

m
m 2 2n 2
1
M:
2 =

(3)
n
n( m + n 2 ) n( m + n 2 )
T (2) v (3)

m
1
2 > 2 . (mu thun vi iu m ta gi thit)
n
an

Vy ta c pcm.

37

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


13:Thi Tng Hp (1997-1998)

Vng 1:
Cu 1: Cho x =

10 + 6 3 .( 3 1)
6+2 5 5

.Tnh P = ( x 3 4 x + 1)

1999

Cu 2: Gii phng trnh: x + 3 + x + 8 = 5 x .


Cu 3: Gii h phng trnh:
2 xy = x + y + 1

2 yz = y + z + 7
2 xz = z + x + 2

Cu 4: Tm tt c cc s t nhin n : 2n + 15 l s chnh phng.


Cu 5: Cho ABC c cc cnh u bng 1(vd). Bn trong tam gic ta t hai ng
trn (O,R) v ( O ', R ' ) tip xc ngoi vi nhau, sao cho mt trong hai ng trn
tip xc vi cc cnh BC,BA; ng trn kia tip xc vi cc cnh BC, CA.
1
1.CMR: R + R ' 3 1 . .
2
2. Cc bn knh R, R ' bng bao nhiu tng din tch hai hnh trn trn nh nht
v tnh gi tr nh nht .

Hng dn gii:
Cu 1: Theo bi ra ta c:
3

x=

) ( )=2 .
( 5 + 1) 5
3

3 +1 . 3 1
2

Suy ra: P = ( 8 8 + 1)

1997

= 1.

Cu 2: iu kin: x 0.

Ta c:

x + 3 + x + 8 = 5 x.

38

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

2 x + 11 + 2 ( x + 3)( x + 8) = 25 x
4( x + 3)( x + 8) = (23x 11) 2

11
x
23

x = 1.
Vy x = 1 .
Cu 3: Theo bi ra ta c:
2 xy = x + y + 1

2 yz = y + z + 7
2 xz = z + x + 2 (1)

C:
3 xy = ( x + 1) . ( y + 1) 3 xyz = ( xz + z ) . ( y + 1) = ( x + 1) . ( zy + z )
3 yz = ( z + 1) . ( y + 1) + 6 3 xyz = ( xz + x ) . ( y + 1) + 6 x
0 = ( y + 1) . ( z x ) 6 x . M 3 xz = ( z + 1) . ( x + 1) + 1 nn:
3 xyz = ( x + 1) . ( yz + y ) + y 0 = ( x + 1) . ( z y ) y.

+) Nu x = 1 y = 0, z = 7 (loi,khng tha mn).


+) Nu y = 1 x = 0, z = 2 (tha mn).
+) Xt x v y -1.C:

3.xy
( x + 1)( y + 1) x + 1
xy
x +1
=
=

=
xyz + xy = xyz + yz 2 x 2
yz 2 z + 1
3. yz 6 ( z + 1)( y + 1) z + 1
xy = yz zx 2 2 xy = 2 yz 2 zx 4 x + y + 1 = y + z + 7 4 x 4
5x 2 = z
Thay vo (1) c:
2 x(5 x 2) = 5 x 2 + x 2 x = 1 z = 3 y = 2 (loi trng hp x = 1 do gi thit).
Vy nghim cn tm l:
x = 1, y = 2, z = 3
x = 0, y = 1, z = 2

Cu 4:

t 2n + 15 = k 2 .
___

___

V 2n # 3;15# 3 nn k 2 # 3 k 2 chia cho 3 d 1.

39

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

( D dng chng minh c rng s chnh phng chia cho 3 c s d l 0 hoc 1).
2n chia cho 3 d 1 n chn.
+) Nu n = 0 2n = 42 .
+) Nu n 2 th: 2n 0(mod 4) 2n + 15 3(mod 4) k 2 3(mod 4)
(v l-D dng chng minh c rng s chnh phng chia cho 4 c s d l 0 hoc 1).
Vy n = 0 l s cn tm.
Cu 5: H OM , O ' N BC .

1.Ta c:
BM
n = cot g 300 BM = R. 3
= cot gOBM
OM
Tng t: CN = R ' . 3
MN = 1 3 ( R + R ' )
C: R + R ' = OO ' MN hay
R + R ' 1 3 ( R + R ' ) ( R + R ' )(1 + 3 ) 1
R + R'

1
1+ 3

3 1
.
2

2.Gi S1 , S 2 ln lt l din tch ca cc hnh trn (O)v( O ' ). C:

S1 + S 2 = R + R
'2

'
= .2 R '2 + R 2
R +R
2
2

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi R = R ' =

3 1
.
4

40

3 1
.
.
2 2

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


14:Thi Tng Hp (1997-1998)

Vng 2:
Cu 1:Gii h:

y 3 + y 2 x + 3x 6 y = 0
2
x + xy = 3
Cu 2: C tn ti hay khng cc s nguyn x, y tha mn: 1992.x1993 + 1993. y1994 = 1995 .
Cu 3: S 1997 c vit di dng tng ca n s hp s vi nhau,nhng khng vit
c di dng tng ca n + 1 s hp s vi nhau. Hi n bng bao nhiu?
Cu 4: Xt ABC ngoi tip ng trn c bn knh r = 1 .Gi ha , hb , hc ln lt l
di cc ng cao h t nh A,B,C ti BC,CA,BA.Hy tnh gi tr ln nht ca M
vi :
1
1
1
M=
+
+
.
ha + 2hb hb + 2hc hc + 2ha
Cu 5: Trn ng trn cho 16 im v dng 3 mu:xanh,,vng t cc im ny
(mi im mt mu).Gia mi im ni bng mt on thng c t mu tm
hoc nu. CMR:Vi mi cch t mu trn cc im(ch dng 3 mu: xanh, ,
vng) v mi cch t trn cc on thng ni gia cc cp im (ch dng hai mu
tm hoc nu) ta u tm c trn hnh v mt tam gic c cc nh l cc im
cho m cc nh c t bng cng mt mu v cc cnh cng c t bng
cng mt mu (d nhin l khc mu t trn nh).
Hng dn gii:

y 3 + y 2 x + 3x 6 y = 0
Cu 1: Theo bi ra ta c:
xy = 3 x 2
3
2
3
2
y + y.(3 x ) + 3 x 6 y = 0
y x y + 3x 3 y = 0

2
2
xy = 3 x
xy = 3 x
( y x)( y 2 + yx 3) = 0
( y x)( y 2 + 3 x 2 3) = 0

2
2
xy = 3 x
xy = 3 x
xy = 3 x 2
2
xy = 3 x

x = y
.
x= y=
y x = 0
2
2

3
=

xy
x
y + x = 0

x = y

41

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

3
x = y =
2

Vy
3
x = y =
2

Cu 2: C: 1992.x1993 + 1993. y1994 y1994 1995(mod 4).

T gi thit suy ra y l y 2 1(mod 4) y1994 1(mod 4) 1995 1(mod 4) (V l).


Nh vy phng trnh cho v nghim.
___

Cu 3: Nhn thy 4 l hp s nh nht.M 1997 # 4 .

Gi n l s hp s c tng bng 1997, n l s ln nht .


1997
= 499 .
n<
4
Li c: 1997 = 4 + 4 + ... + 4 + 9 (c 447 s 4).
Vy n = 448.
Cu 4:

p dng kt qu Cu 4.1- 1 ta c:

1
1
1 1
+ +
= = 1.
ha hb hc r

1 1 1
D dng CM c BT sau: ( x + y + z ) . + + 9 vi x,y,z>0.
x y z
1 1 1
1
2
9

p dng ta c: ( ha + hb + hb ) . + + 9 hay: +
(1).
h
h
h
+
2
h
h
h
h
a
b
a
b
b
b
a

Tng t ta cng c:

1
2
9
1
2
9
+

(2); +

(3).
hb hc hb + 2hc
hc ha hc + 2ha

Cng cc BT (1),(2),(3) theo v ri rt gn ta c:


1
1 1 1
+ + 3M M . ng thc xy ra ABC u.
ha hb hc
3

42

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


Cu 5:

Trn ng trn c 16 im t bi
3 mu nn tn ti t nht 6 im cng t bi mt mu.
Ta gi s 6im A, B, C, D, E, F t bi cng
mt mu (mu chng hn).
Ni A vi B,vi C,vi D, vi E,vi F.
Trong 5 on thng c t bi 2 mu lun c
t nht 3 on thng cng mu.Ta gi s
on AE, AF, AD c t bi mu tm.
-Nu mt trong ba on FE, ED, DF c t bi mu tm pcm.
-Nu c ba on FE, ED, DF c t bi mu nu pcm.

43

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


15: Thi Chuyn Hng Vng (1997-1998)

Vng 1:
Cu 1: Tm gi tr nh nht ca A: A = 10 x 7 y .Trong x, y l nghim nguyn ca

phng trnh : 3x + 5 y = 11 .
Cu 2: CMR: (a + b)(c + d ) + (a + c)(b + d ) + (a + d )(b + c) 64 abcd .
Trong a,b,c,d > 0.
Cu 3: Cho ng trn (O,r).Xt hnh thang ABCD ngoi tip ng trn ni trn, trong
n = , CAD
n = vi 900, 900.
BC // AD, BAD
1
1
1
1
a)Chng t :
+
=
+
.
2
2
2
OA
OB
OC
OD 2

b)Tnh S ABCD theo r, , .Vi cc gc , bng bao nhiu th hnh thang


ABCD c S nh nht v tnh S nh nht theo r (S l din tch ca hnh thang
ABCD).
Hng dn gii:
Cu 1: T gi thit 3 x + 5 y = 11 .Suy ra
y 1
x = 4 2y +
y = 3t + 1, x = 2 5t y = 3t + 1, x = 2 5t vi t .
3
C: A = 10 x 7 y .

-Nu 1 < t < 1 th: A = 10. ( 2 5t ) 7. ( 3t + 1) = 13 71t 13.


-Nu t -1 c: A = 10. ( 2 5t ) + 7. ( 3t + 1) = 27 29t 56.
-Nu t 1 th: A = 10. ( 5t 2 ) 7. ( 3t + 1) = 29t 27 2 .
Vy Amin = 2 khi x = 3, y = 4 .
Cu 2: Bn c t gii.
Cu 3: Ta h OI, OT, OM, ON ln lt vung gc vi AB, CD, BC, AD.

a).D thy cc tam gic COD, BOA vung O.


1
1
1
1
1
1
C:
+
+
=
=
=
.
2
2
2
2
2
OC
OD 2
OA
OB
OI
OT

44

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

b).C AI = AN = OI .tg

V: BI = BM = OI .Cotg

= r.tg

= r.Cotg

C:

BM + AN

.2r = r 2 .(tg + Cotg ) .


2
2
2
Tng t:
S BMNA =

SCMND = r 2 .(tg
S ABCD = r 2 (tg

+ Cotg
+ tg

) .Suy ra:

+ Cotg

+ Cotg

).

C:
tg
tg

+Cotg
+Cotg

2 tg
2 tg

.Cotg
.Cotg

= 2.
= 2.

Suy ra S 4r 2 . ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi = = 900 .

45

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


16: Thi Chuyn Hng Vng (1997-1998)

Vng 2:
___

___

Cu 1: Cho n ( n 2 ) s thc ai ( i = 1, n ) tha: 1 < ai < 0 vi i = 1, n .


n

i =1

i =1

Chng t: a i + 1 = (1 + ai ) .
Cu 2: Trong 1997 s t nhin t 1 n 1997 chn n s ( n 2 ) phn bit sao cho 2 s
bt k c chn c tng chia ht cho 8. Hi trong cc cch chn n s nh th th
n ln nht l bao nhiu?
Cu 3: Cho on thng AB v mt im C trn AB vi AC = a, BC = b .ng thng qua
C v vung gc vi AB ct na ng trn ng knh AB ti D.Dng ng trn
tm P bn knh r1 tip xc vi CA,CD v tip xc vi na ng trn ng knh
AB.Dng ng trn tm Q bn knh r2 tip xc vi CB, CD v tip xc vi na
ng trn ng knh AB. Gi r l bn knh ng trn ni tip tam gic ABD.

a)Tnh r1 , r2 theo a, b .
b)Tm ng thc lin h gia r , r1 , r2 .
Hng dn gii:
Cu 1:

-Vi n = 2 ta c:
a1.a2 > 0 hay: a1.a2 + a1 + a2 + 1 > a1 + a2 + 1 ( a1 + 1) . ( a2 + 1) > ( a1 + a2 + 1)
-Gi s BT cho ng vi n = k 2 tc l:
a1 + a2 + ... + ak + 1 < (1 + a1 ) . (1 + a2 ) ... (1 + ak +1 ) .
-Tht vy:
Theo gi thit qui np ta c: (1 + a1 ) . (1 + a2 ) ... (1 + ak ) > a1 + a2 + ... + ak + 1(1)
Li c: 0 > ak +1 > 1 nn: ak +1. (1 + a1 ) . (1 + a2 ) ... (1 + ak ) > ak +1 (2)
Ch : 0 < (1 + a1 ) . (1 + a2 ) ... (1 + ak ) < 1.
Cng (1) vi (2) theo v ta c: (1 + a1 ) . (1 + a2 ) ... (1 + ak +1 ) > a1 + a2 + ... + ak +1 + 1 (pcm)

46

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


Cu 2:
Gi s c n s t nhin a1 , a2 ,..., an trong tng hai s bt k chia ht cho 8.

(1 ai 1997 vi i = 1, n)
C:
a1 + a 2 #8
a 2 a 3 (mod 8) .t a2 = 8t1 + k , a3 = 8t2 + k
a1 + a3 #8
k = 0
Do a2 + a3 #8
k = 4

(0 k 7) .

+) k = 0 suy ra: a2 , a3 chia ht cho 8 m a2 + ai #8 (i = 1, n) .


Suy ra ai #8 a1 , a2 ,..., a8 #8 .
1997
Trong 1997 s t nhin:1,2,3,...,1997 c:
= 249 s chia ht cho 8.
8
Vy n = 249 .
+) k = 4 .Lp lun tng t ta c: a1 , a2 ,..., a8 chia cho 8 d 4.
1997 + 4
n
= 250 .
8

Vy n = 250 (4,12,20,28,...,1996).
Cu 3:
a).Gi s b a.C:
ba
.
OC = AO AC =
2
a+b
OP =
r1 .
2
Trong PEO: PE 2 + EO 2 = PO 2 hay:
2

ba
a+b

2
r1 = r1 +

+ r1 hay:
2
2

b(a 2r1 ) = r12 r1 = b + b 2 + ab .Tng t: r2 = a + ab + a 2


AD.BD = (a + b) ab
C:
AD 2 + BD 2 = (a + b) 2
b).
( AD + BD + AB ) .r = ( a + b ) ab
r=

Suy ra: AD = ab + a 2 , BD = ab + b 2 .

(a + b) ab
ab . a + b
=
a + b( a + b + a + b)
a + b + a+b

C:
r1 + r2 = a + b ( a + b a + b ) =

2 ab . a + b
a + b + a+b

47

Suy ra: r1 + r2 = 2r .

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


17:Thi Tng Hp (1995-1996)

Vng 1:
Cu 1: Gii h:
2 x 2 y 2 = 1
2
x + xy = 2
Cu 2: Gii phng trnh: 1 x + 4 + x = 3 .

a +1 b +1
l mt s nguyn
+
b
a
dng.Gi d l c s ca a,b.Chng t: d a + b .

Cu 3: Gi s a,b l cc s nguyn dng sao cho:

Cu4: Cho hai hnh ch nht c cng din tch.Hnh th nht c kch thc a v b
( a > b > 0 ).Hnh th hai c kch thc c v d ( c > d > 0 ).
CMR: Nu a > c th chu vi ca hnh th nht ln hn chu vi ca hnh th hai.
Cu 5: Cho 3 im c nh A,B,C thng hng theo th t y.Gi ( ) l mt vng trn
qua B,C.K t A cc tip tuyn AE v AF n vng trn ( ) (E,F l cc tip
im).Gi O l tm ca vng ( ). I l trung im ca BC,N l trung im ca
EF.

1.Chng t: E v F nm trn mt vng trn c nh khi vng trn ( ) thay i.


2.ng thng FI ct vng trn ( ) ti E ' .CMR: EE '// AB .
3.CMR: Tm vng trn ngoi tip tam gic NOI nm trn mt ng thng c
nh khi vng trn ( ) thay i.
Hng dn gii:
Cu 1:T h:
2 x 2 y 2 = 1
(I)
2
x + xy = 2

Suy ra: 4 x 2 2 y 2 xy x 2 = 0 hay: 3x 2 xy 2 y 2 = 0 (1)


- Nu y = 0 x = 0 (loi)
- Nu y 0 t (1):
x
= 1 x = y = 1 .
y
x
2
2
+) Nu = y = x thay vo (I) ta c:
y
3
3
+) Nu

48

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

8 2
2
y y = 1 (v l )
9
xy + x 2 = 2

x = y = 1
Tm li :
x = y = 1

Cu 2: iu kin: 4 x 1 .

t u = 1 x , v = 4 + x ta c:
v = 3 u
u + v = 3
v = 3 u

2
u = 1
2
2
2
u + v = 5
u + (3 u ) = 5
u = 2

x = 0
Tm li ta c:
x = 3

Cu 3:

Theo gi thit:

a2 + b2 + a + b
l s nguyn .Suy ra: ( a 2 + b 2 + a + b )# d 2 .
ab

M a 2 , b 2 # d 2 nn ( a + b )# d 2 a + b d 2 a + b d .
Cu 4: K hiu din tch ca hai hnh ch nht l S.Ta phi chng minh:
S
S
S

a + b > c + d a + > c + (a c)1 > 0 .


a
c
ac
a > b
S
M
> 0.
S < ac hay 1
c > d
ac
S

Theo gi thit : a > c nn: (a c)1 > 0 .(pcm)


ac
Cu 5:

1.E,F thuc ng trn (A) bn knh

AB. AC .

2.D thy A,F,O,E,I nm trn ng trn ng


knh AO.
n
'
n = FEA
n = FE
FIA
E pcm.
3.C AKN  AOI nn:
AN.AO = AK.AI m AN.AO = AF2 = AB.AC AK = const.
Vy tm ng trn ngoi tip ONI nm trn ng trung trc on KI.(Ch :Tm
ng trn ngoi tip ONI cng l tm ng trn ngoi tip t gic ONKI).

49

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


18:Thi Tng Hp (1995-1996)

Vng 2:

)(

Cu 1: Cho x + x 2 + 3 . y + y 2 + 3 = 3 .Hy tnh E vi E = x + y .


x + xy + y = 1

Cu 2: Gii h: y + yz + z = 3
z + zx + x = 7

Cu 3: Cho x, y 0 v x 2 + y 2 = 1 . Chng t:

1
2

x3 + y3 1 .

Cu 4: Tm s c 9 ch s: A= a1 a 2 a3 b1b2 b3 a1 a 2 a3 trong a1 0 v b1b2 b3 =2 a1 a 2 a3 ,

ng thi A c th vit c di dng : A = p12 . p22 . p32 . p42 vi p1 , p2 , p3 , p4 l cc


s nguyn t phn bit.
Cu 5: Cho vng trn ( ),v hai dy AB v CD ct nhau ti I (I nm trong ng
AN AI 2
trn).M l trung im ca BD,MI ko di ct AC ti N.Chng t:
=
.
NC CI 2
Hng dn gii:
Cu 1:

Nhn c hai v ca ng thc cho vi x x 2 + 3 ta c:

) (

3 y + y 2 + 3 = 3 x x 2 + 3 (1)

Nhn c hai v ca ng thc cho vi y y 2 + 3 ta c:

) (

3 x + x 2 + 3 = 3 y y 2 + 3 (2)
Cng (1) vi (2) theo v v rt gn ta c: x + y = 0 .Vy E = 0 .
Cu 2:

H cho tng ng vi:


( x + 1)( y + 1) = 2

( y + 1)( z + 1) = 4 (I)
( z + 1)( x + 1) = 8

Nhn c ba phng trnh trn ta c:

( x + 1) . ( y + 1) . ( z + 1)
2

( x + 1)( y + 1)( z + 1) = 8

.
( x + 1)( y + 1)( z + 1) = 8

50

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

T ta tm c:
x = 1, y = 0, z = 3
x = 3, y = 2, z = 5

Cu 3:

1.T gi thit ta c: 0 x, y 1 .Nn: x3 + y 3 x 2 + y 2 = 1.


2.C:
2
( x + y ) 2. ( x 2 + y 2 ) = 2 x + y 2 .Li c:
1 = ( x2 + y2 ) =
2

x . x3 + y . y 3

( x + y ) . ( x3 + y 3 )

1
1
1
1

.Nn: x 3 + y 3
.
x 3 + y 3 m
x+ y
x+ y
2
2

Cu 4:

A = a1 a 2 a3 b1b2 b3 a1 a 2 a3
= a1a2 a3 .106 + b1b2b3 .103 + a1a2 a3

= a1a2 a3 . (106 + 2.103 + 1)


= a1a2 a3 .7 2.112.132

Vy a1 a 2 a3 phi l bnh phng ca mt s nguyn t p ( p 13,11,7 ).


p = 19
Do b1b2b3 < 1000 nn a1a2 a3 < 500 10 < p < 23

p = 17
Nh vy bi ton c hai p s:
A = 289578289
A = 361722361

Cu 5:
Ta c:
S
S
AN S AIN S AIN S IDM
=
=
.
= AIN . IDM =
NC S NIC S NIC S IBM
S IBM S NIC

AI .IN ID.IM AI .ID


.
=
IM .IB NI .IC
IC.IB
ID IA
=
.T ta c pcm.
M:
IB IC
=

51

a1 a 2 a 3 = 289

a1 a 2 a3 = 361

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


19:Thi Hc Sinh Gii Cp Tnh (1999-2000)
Cu 1:

a-CMR: Vi n th: n5 v n c ch s tn cng ging nhau.


b-Phn tch s 2000 thnh tng cc bnh phng ca 3 s nguyn dng.
Cu 2:

a-Tm a nghim ca phng trnh : x 4 + 2 x 2 + 2a.x + a 2 + 6a + 1 = 0 l nh


nht, ln nht.
b-Cho a 10, b 100, c 1000 .
Tm gi tr nh nht ca tng: P = a +

1
1
1
+b+ +c+ .
a
b
c

Cu 3:
1
3
2
x = y + y + 3 (1)

Gii h: y 3 = z 2 + z + (2)
3

1
3
2
z = x + x + 3 (3)

Cu 4: Cho tam gic ABC khng cn A.Gi M l trung im cnh BC,D l hnh chiu
vung gc ca A trn BC,E v F ln lt l cc hnh chiu vung gc ca B v C
trn ng knh AA ' ca ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC. CMR: M l tm
ng trn ngoi tip tam gic DEF.

Hng dn gii:
Cu 1:
a-Bn c t gii.

b-Ta phi tm cc s nguyn dng x,y,z tha mn: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 2000 .


Ch : Mt s chnh phng khi chia cho 4 s d 0 hoc 1.
M 2000# 4 nn suy ra x,y,z chn. t x = 2 x1 , y = 2 y1 , z = 2 z1 .
Ta c: x12 + y12 + z12 = 500 .
Tng t : x1 = 2 x2 , y1 = 2 y2 , z1 = 2 z2 , ta c: x22 + y22 + z22 =125.
Khng gim tnh tng qut ta gi s: x y z hay x2 y2 z2 .
Suy ra: x22 < 125 < 3.x22 6 < x2 < 12 .Ta xt:
+)Vi x2 = 7 th y22 + z22 = 76 .Theo nhn xt trn : y2 , z2 chn v c:

52

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

y32 + z32 = 19 vi y2 = y3 , z2 = z3 .Ch 19 chia cho 4 d 3. Nh vy ,theo nhn xt trn


th khng th tn ti y3 , z3 tha mn : y32 + z32 = 19 .
+) Vi x2 = 8 th y22 + z22 = 61 y2 = 6, z2 = 5 x = 32, y = 24, z = 20 .
+) Vi x2 = 9 th y22 + z22 = 44 .Lp lun tip nh trong trng hp x2 = 7 s thy khng
tn ti.
+) Vi x2 = 10 th y22 + z22 = 25 y2 = 4, z2 = 3 x = 40, y = 16, z = 12 .
+) Vi x2 = 11 th y22 + z22 = 4 y2 = 2, z2 = 0 (Khng tha mn).
Vy 2000 = 322 + 242 + 202 = 402 + 162 + 122 .
Cu 2:

a-Gi s x0 l nghim ca phng trnh cho ,th th ta c:

x04 + 2 x02 + 2a.x0 + a 2 + 6a + 1 = 0 hay : a 2 + 2. ( x0 + 3) .a + x04 + 2.x02 + 1 = 0 (1)

-V phng trnh (1) vi n l a lun c nghim. Suy ra:


2
2
2
' = ( x0 + 3) ( x04 + 2.x02 + 1) = ( x0 + 3) ( x0 + 1) 0
( x02 + x0 + 2 ) . ( x02 + x0 + 4 ) 0
x02 + x0 + 2 0
1 x0 2 (2).
-Thay x 0 = 1 vo (1) v rt gn c : a 2 + 4a + 4 = 0 hay a = 2 ; Thay x 0 = 2 vo (1)
ri rt gn : a 2 + 10a + 25 = 0 hay a = 5 .Do :
T (2) suy ra:Vi a = 2 th phng trnh cho c nghim nh nht l -1 v vi a = 5
th phng trnh cho c nghim ln nht l 2.
b-Ta c:
1 99a
a
1 99a a
1 99.10
a
101
a+ =
+
+ =
+
+
+ 2.
=
.
a 100 100 a 100 100 a 100
100.a 10
ng thc xy ra a = 10.
1 9999b
b
1 9999b b
1 9999.100
b
10001
b+ =
+
+ =
+
+
+ 2.
=
.
b 10000 10000 b 10000 10000 b
10000
10000.b
100
ng thc xy ra b = 100.
1 999999c
c
1 999999c
c
1
c+ =
+
+ =
+
+
c 1000000 1000000 c 1000000 1000000 c
999999.1000
c
1000001
+ 2.
=
1000000
1000000.c
1000
ng thc xy ra c = 1000.

53

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

111
(t c khi a = 10, b = 100, c = 1000 ).
1000
*Nhn xt:Ngoi cch s dng k thut tch trong BT C-Si nh trn,cc bn c th
gii bng cch xt tnh ng bin ca hm s.
1
3
2
x = y + y + 3 (1)

Cu 3:Xt h phng trnh: y 3 = z 2 + z + (2)


3

1
3
2
z = x + x + 3 (3)

1
1
Ta thy: y 2 + y + > y 2 + y + 0 nn t (1) x > 0 .Tng t: y > 0, z > 0 .
3
4
Ly (1) tr (2) v bin i: ( x y ) . ( x 2 + xy + y 2 ) = ( y z ) . ( y + z + 1) (4) .
Do m Pmin= 1110

V x, y, z > 0 nn x 2 + xy + y 2 , y + z + 1 > 0 .Do t (4) ta c:


Nu x y th y z .Suy ra x z (5).
Mt khc t (2) v (3) v t y z suy ra z x (6).
T (5) v (6) suy ra: x = y = z .
1
H cho tr thnh : x 3 = x 2 + x +
3
1
.
Hay 4 x 3 = x 3 + 3 x 2 + 3 x + 1 3 4 .x = x + 1 x = 3
4 1
1
Vy nghim ca h cho l: x = y = z = 3
.
4 1
Cu 4:
V D v F nhn AC di mt gc vung nn D v F thuc ng trn ng knh
AC,ngha l t gic ACDF ni tip ng trn.
Gi H l trung im ca AB th th
H l tm ng trn qua A,C,D,F.
Li c:
n
A ' BC = n
A ' AC m:
n
n FDB
n=n
A ' AC = FDB
A' BC

nn : DF // BA ' DF AB nn MN DF
m ND = NF MD = MF .
Xt hnh thang BECF c M l trung im BC
M ng trung trc ca EF.
Vy ta c iu phi chng minh.
Ch :V ABC khng cn nn DEF khng b suy bin.
54

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


20:Thi Hc Sinh Gii Cp Tnh (1998-1999)
Cu 1:

a-CMR: Nu a v b l cc s nguyn l th phng trnh x 2 + ax + b = 0 khng


c nghim nguyn.
b-CMR: Trong ba s nguyn lin tip 2 N 1, 2 N , 2 N + 1 khng c s no l s
chnh phng. Trong : N = 1.3.5...1999 .
1 1 1
Cu 2: Cho a,b,c 0 tha mn : ( a + b + c ) . + + = 1.
a b c
1945
1945
1975
Tnh T vi: T = ( a + b ) . ( b + c1975 ) . ( c1999 + a1999 ) .
Cu 3: Cho a, b, c > 0 tha mn : abc = 1 . Tm GTLN ca biu thc:
ab
bc
ca
.
P= 5 5
+ 5 5
+ 5
a + b + ab b + c + bc c + a 5 + ca
Cu 4: Cho ng trn tm O, bn knh R v ng thng (d) ngoi ng trn. M l
mt im di ng trn (d). T M k cc tip tuyn MP v MQ vi ng trn (P
v Q l cc tip im). N l giao im ca PQ vi OM.

a-CMR: OM.ON khng i.


b-CMR: Chng t:Tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic MPQ thuc mt ng
thng c nh.
c-Tm qu tch im N.
Hng dn gii:
Cu 1:

a-Gi s phng trnh: x 2 + ax + b = 0 vi a, b l cc s nguyn l c nghim l x1 , x2 .


x + x = a (1)
Theo nh l Vi-et: 1 2
x1.x2 = b (2)

V b l s nguyn l nn nu x1 , x2 l cc s nguyn th t (2) suy ra x1 , x2 u


l cc s nguyn l. Do x1 + x2 l s nguyn chn x1 + x2 a (V l).
Tm li : Ta c iu phi chng minh.
b-Ta thy:
___

2 N # 2 , 2 N # 4 2N khng l s chnh phng .


N # 3 2 N 1 2(mod 3) nn 2 N 1 khng l s chnh phng.

55

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

Gi s 2 N + 1 = k 2 k l.
2 N = k 2 1 = ( k 1) . ( k + 1)# 4.
N # 2 (V l).
Tm li: Ta c pcm.
Cu 2:

1 1 1
Theo gi thit: ( a + b + c ) . + + = 1 (a + b).(b + c).(c + a ) = 0 .
a b c
T : T = 0 .
Cu 3: D thy : a 5 + b5 a 3b 2 b3 a 2 0 nn: a 5 + b5 a 3b 2 + b3 a 2 .
ab
ab
1
c
2 2
=
=
.
5
5
a + b + ab a .b .(a + b) + ab ab(a + b) + 1 a + b + c
Tng t:
bc
a
ac
b
v 5
.

5
5
5
c + b + cb a + b + c
c + a + ca a + b + c
T ta c pcm.
Cu 4:
a-D thy : OM .ON = OP 2 = R 2 .
b-H OH (d), I l trung im OM,
G l giao im ca OH vi PQ.
D thy: I l tm ng trn ngoi tip
tam gic MPQ.
D thy:I ng trung trc [OH].

c-C OGN  OMH :


OG.OH = ON .OM = R 2
R2
OG =
G c nh.
OH
N thuc ng trn ng knh OG (tr im O).

56

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


21:Thi Tng Hp (1991-1992)

Vng 1:
Cu 1:

1.Gii v bin lun phng trnh:

a+x + ax
a+x ax

= b trong a,b>0;x l n

s.
2.Cho phng trnh: x 2 + ax + b + 1 = 0 trong a, b v b 1 .Chng t: Nu
phng trnh c hai nghim u l nhng s nguyn th a 2 + b 2 l hp s.
Cu 2: Cho a,b,c l nhng s i mt khc nhau v khc 0.
a 3 x + a 2 y + az = 1

Gii h: b 3 x + b 2 y + bz = 1
3 + 2 + =
c x c y cz 1
Cu 3: Tm nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh : 7 x = 3.2 y + 1.
Cu 4:

a-Cho hnh thang ABCD (AB // CD).


Gi E l giao im ca hai cnh bn,
F l giao im ca hai ng cho.
CMR:ng thng ni E,F i qua
cc trung im ca y AB,CD.
b-Cho + ABC . M, N, P ln lt
l cc im trn cc cnh BC, CA, AB.
Ni AM, BN, CP. CMR: Nu din tch ca 4 tam gic bng nhau (Cc tam gic gch
cho) th cc din tch ca ba t gic khng gch cho cng bng nhau.
Cu 5: Tn ti hay khng 1991 im trn mt phng sao cho bt k 3 im ni trong
chng u l nh ca mt tam gic c mt gc t.
Hng dn gii:
Cu 1:

a-VP dng ,vy VT dng nn:


a + x > a x a + x > a x .Vy x > 0 .
iu kin : 0 < x a .

57

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

A C
A B C D
=
th
=
.C:
B D
A+ B C + D
ax
b 1
a+x + ax
=
= b th:
a+x
b +1
a+x ax
x 2 b
a x b +1 2 b

=
nn: =
1.
a + x b +1+ 2 b
a b +1
2a b
Vy phng trnh c mt nghim x =
tha mn : 0 < x a vi b 1 v
b +1
v nghim nu 0 < b < 1 .
Ta c tnh cht: Nu

b-D thy: a 2 + b 2 = ( x12 + 1) . ( x22 + 1) .Tht vy:


a = x1 + x 2
Theo nh l Vi-et:
b + 1 = x1 .x 2
trong x1 , x2 l nghim ca phng trnh cho.C:
a 2 + b 2 = ( x1 + x2 ) + ( x1 x2 1) = ( x12 + 1) . ( x22 + 1) .
2

Do b 1 nn x1 x2 = b + 1 0 .Li c:
x12 + 1 > 1 v x22 + 1 > 1 .T ta c pcm.
1
1
1

z
yx=0
3
2
a
a
a

1
1
1
Cu 2: V a, b, c 0 nn vit li h phng trnh nh sau: 3 2 z y x = 0
b
b
b
1
1
1
c3 c2 z c y x = 0

Xt a thc:
1
1
1
P ( X ) = X 3 zX 2 yX x . Theo h trn ta thy: P = 0, P = 0, P = 0 .
b
c
a
1 1 1
Vy a thc c ba nghim i mt khc nhau , , ; nn theo nh l Vi-et:
a b c
X1 + X 2 + X 3 = z

X 1 X 2 + X 2 X 3 + X 3 X 1 = y trong X 1 , X 2 , X 3 l cc nghim ca P ( X ) .
X X X = x
1 2 3
1

x = abc

a+b+c

Vy: y =
abc

ab + bc + ca

z =
abc

58

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


Cu 3:

-Nu x l : 7 x 3(mod 4) . Suy ra: 3.2 y + 1 3(mod 4) nn:


3.2 y 2(mod 4) y = 1, x = 1.
-Nu x chn : 7 x 1(mod 4) .t x = 2k .
C : 7 2 k 1 = 3.2 y hay : ( 7 k 1) . ( 7 k + 1) = 3.2 y .

Thy: 7 k + 1 2(mod 3) nn: 7 k + 1 = 2m (m ) lc : 7 k 1 = 2m 2 .

Vy: ( 2m 2 ) .2m = 3.2 y ( 2m 1 1) .2m +1 = 3.2 y

Thy : 2m 1 1 l 2m 1 1 = 3 m = 3 x = 2 y = 4 .
Vy : x = 1, y = 1 hoc x = 2, y = 4 .
Cu 4:

a-EF ct AB,DC ti I , F ' '.Dng ng thng qua F v song song vi AB ct AD,BC ti


M,N.
Trong ADC v BDC c:
MF AF
NF BF
=
v:
=
DC AC
DC BD
AF BF
=
nn MF=FN.
m:
AC BD
Trong + EDF ' v + ECF ' c:
EF
FN
MF
=
= ' DF ' = F ' C .
'
'
DF
EF
FC
Tng t : AI = IB .
b-AM, BN, CP ct nhau ti I, J, K nh hnh v. CI ct NK L. C:
S ANI = S IJK S NAJ = S KAJ
NK // AJ .
Theo phn a) CI ct NK ti
trung im L ca NK. C:
S NIC = S KIC , S ACI = SCIM
AI = IM .
S AIB = S BIM S APJI = S BJKM
Tng t ta c pcm.

59

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


Cu 5:

Trn na ng trn ng knh AB (tr im A,B) ta ly ty 1991 im A1, A2, A3,...,


A1991 .Tp hp 1991 im ny lun c ba im mt khng thng hng nn chng l nh
Ai Aj Ak (1 i < j < k 1991) chn cung ln hn na ng trn
ca mt tam gic c : n
,vy n
A A A t.Vy tn ti tp hp im tha mn bi ra.
i

60

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


22:Thi Tng Hp (1991-1992)

Vng 2:
Cu 1:

a-Rt gn biu thc: A = 3 2 3 4 2 . 6 44 + 16 6 .


b-Phn tch biu thc: P = ( x y ) + ( y z ) + ( z x ) thnh nhn t.
5

Cu 2:

a-Cho a, b, c, , , tha mn: a + b + c = 0 v + + = 0 v:

= 0.

Hy tnh: A = .a 2 + .b 2 + .c 2 .
b-Cho a, b, c, d 0 v a, b, c, d 1 1.CMR: 0 a + b + c + d ab bc cd da 2 .
Cu 3: Cho trc a v d l nhng s nguyn dng. Xt tt c cc s c dng:
a, a + d , a + 2d ,..., a + nd ,... CMR: Trong cc s c t nht mt s m 4 ch s
u tin ca n l 1991.
Cu 4: Trong mt cuc hi tho khoa hc c 100 ngi tham d.Gi s mi ngi u
quen bit vi t nht 67 ngi. CMR: C th tm c mt nhm 4 ngi m bt
k 2 ngi trong nhm u quen bit nhau.
Cu 5:

a-Cho hnh vung ABCD. Ly im M nm trong hnh vung:


n = MBA
n = 150 .CMR: MCD u.
MAB
b-Hy xy dng mt tp hp c 8 im m: ng trung trc ca on ni hai
im bt k lun i qua t nht hai im ca tp hp .
Hng dn gii:
Cu 1:

a-p s: A = 3 2 3 4 2 .6 2 3 + 4 2

= 3 20 .

b-Xt P ( x, y, z ) = ( x y ) + ( y z ) + ( z x ) .
5

Thy P ( y, y, z ) = P ( x, z , z ) = P ( x, y, x ) = 0.
Nn: P ( x, y, z ) = ( x y ) . ( y z ) . ( z x ) . A. ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) + B. ( xy + yz + zx )

Cho x = 0, y = 1, z = 1 c: 1.2.1. A.2 + B. ( 1) = 1 + 25 1 2 A B = 15 (1) .


61

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

Cho x = 0, y = 1, z = 2 c: 1.1.2.[ A.5 + B.2] = 1 + ( 1) + 25 5 A + 2 B = 15 (2) .


T gii h (1)&(2) c: A = 5, B = 5 .

Nn: P = 5. ( x y ) . ( y z ) . ( z x ) . ( x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx ) .
Cu 2:

a-C: (a + b + c )(a + b + c ) = 0
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + ab( + ) + bc( + ) + ca( + ) = 0
a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab bc ca = 0

a 2 + b 2 + c 2 abc + + = 0
c a b
2
2
2
a + b + c = 0.

b-C: a + b + c + d ab bc cd da = a. (1 b ) + b. (1 c ) + c. (1 d ) + d . (1 a ) 0
(1 a ) . (1 b ) 0 a + b ab 1
Li c:
(1 c ) . (1 d ) 0 c + d cd 1
Nn:
a + b + c + d ab bc cd da a + b + c + d ab cd =
= ( a + b ab ) + ( c + d cd ) 1 + 1 = 2.

Ta c pcm.
Cu 3:
a,d cho trc, a + d l s t nhin, vit trong h thp phn c k ch s:
10k 1 a + d 10k hay:
1
a
d
a
d
k + k 1 k , k < 1.
10 10
10
10 10
Do s tn ti s n trong tp t nhin tha mn:
a
d
1991 k + n. k < 1992 .
10
10
Lc : 1991.10k a + n.d 1992.10k .
Vy 4 ch s u tin ca a + n.d l 1991 (pcm).
Cu 4: Ta ch rng nu c hai ngi A & B quen nhau chng hn.Th th:
S ngi quen chung ca A & B t nht l 34 ( = 67 + 67 100 ) ngi.Gi M l tp hp
cc ngi quen chung ca A & B. Trong M phi c t nht cp C&D quen nhau .V
nu trong M chng c ai quen nhau th mi ngi trong M ch quen nhiu nht l
100 34 = 66 < 67 ngi (tri gi thit).Vy c t nht mt nhm 4 ngi (A,B,C,D) m
bt k hai ngi trong nhm u quen bit nhau (pcm).

62

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


Cu 5:
a-Dng tam gic u ABE.(E nm ngoi hnh vung).
+ ADM =+ AEM DM = EM .
+ BCM =+ BEM CM = EM .
CM = DM .
D thy + AEM cn E nn:
EA = EM EM = AB .
T suy ra pcm.

b-Da vo phn a) ta c tp
hp 8 im A,B,C,D,M,N,P,Q
tha mn bi ra.

63

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


23:Thi Tng Hp (1992-1993)

Chuyn L-Ha:
Cu 1:

(x + y )2 . y = 2
a-Gii h
(x + y ). x 2 xy + y 2 = 1

b-Cho x, y > 0 : x + y = 1 . CMR: 8. x 4 + y 4 +


Cu 2:

1
5.
xy

Gi s m l mt tham s cho phng trnh: ( x 1) . ( x 2 ) . ( x 3) . ( x 4 ) = m


c bn nghim x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 u khc 0. Hy tnh gi tr ca biu thc sau theo m:
1
1
1
1
P= +
+
+ .
x1 x 2 x3 x 4

Cu 3: Cho + ABC : BC = a, CA = b, AB = c . AD l phn gic trong ca l


A ( D BC ).
2
a-CMR: AD = AB. AC DB.DC
b-Tnh AD theo a,b,c.
Cu 4: Cho + ABC c AM, BN l cc ng trung tuyn xut pht t A,B; AD,BI l cc
l th:
A> B
ng phn gic xut pht t A v B. Chng t: Nu l
a) AM < BN .
b) AD < BI .
Cu 5: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh: 2 xy + x + y = 83.
Hng dn gii:
Cu 1:

y 3 = 2
(v l)
a-Nu x = 0 th 2
y. y = 1
Vy nn x 0 . t y = t.x .Ta c:
2
(x + tx )2 .tx = 2
(
1 + t ) .t
2
( t 1 ).

2
2
2
2 2
1
(1 + t ) 1 t + t
(x + tx ). x tx + t x = 1
t = 1
t 2 3t + 2 = 0
t = 2
1
1
+)Nu t = 1 y = x 4 x 3 = 2 x = 3 y = 3
2
2
1
2
+)Nu t = 2 y = 2 x 18 x 3 = 2 x = 3 y = 3
9
9

64

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

Vy h cho c hai cp nghim nh trn.


b-C:
4

x4 + y4 x + y
1

8 x 4 + y 4 1 (1).
=
2
16
2

1
1
x+ y
Li c: xy
4 (2).
=
4
xy
2
Cng (1)&(2) theo v ta c pcm.
1
ng thc xy ra khi x = y = .
2
Cu 2: C: ( x 1) . ( x 2 ) . ( x 3) . ( x 4 ) = m (1)

( x 2 5 x + 4 ) . ( x 2 5 x + 6 ) = m.

t x 2 5 x + 4 = y , (1) s tr thnh: y. ( y + 2 ) = m y 2 + 2 y m = 0 (2) .


(1) c bn nghim th (2) phi c hai nghim y1 , y2 thch hp.C:
' = 1 + m > 0 m > 1 .
Li c: y1 + y2 = 2 v y1. y2 = m .
Do vai tr ca x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 trong P nh nhau , nn c th coi x1 , x2 l nghim
ca phng trnh: x 2 5 x + 4 = y1 ,v x3 , x4 l nghim ca phng trnh: x 2 5 x + 4 = y2
C:
x 2 5 x + 4 y1 = 0 , x 2 5 x + 4 y2 = 0 v x1 + x2 = 5 , x1 x2 = 4 y1 , v: x3 + x4 = 5
x1 x2 = 4 y2 .Nn:
P=

x + x 2 x3 + x 4
1
1
1
1
5
5
50
.
+
+ +
= 1
+
=
+
=
4 y1 4 y 2 24 m
x1 x 2 x3 x 4
x1 .x 2
x 3 .x 4

Cu 3:
a-Ta c:

c
AD
=
bc = AD.AA1 .
AA1
b
(AD ct ng trn ngoi tip ABC ti A1)
C:
AD.DA1 = DB.DC AD. ( AA1 AD ) = DB.DC hay:
ABD  AA1C nn:

AD. AA1 AD 2 = DB.DC bc AD 2 = DB.DC AD 2 = AB. AC DB.DC


DB DC DB + DC
a
=
=
=
nn:
b-C:
c
b
b+c
b+c

a 2 bc
a2
2
DB.DC =
.T
:
.
AD
bc
1
=

2
(b + c )2
(
)
b
C
+

65

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


Cu 4:
a)
2
a2
2
2
m
b
c
=
+

2
a
2
Ch :
2
2 m 2 = a 2 + c 2 b
b
2
l
l
Do A > B nn a > b .

So snh v phi ca hai ng thc :


ma2 < mb2 AM < BN .

b)
2

a2
d a = bc 1
2
(b + c )

Theo bi 3:

b2
2
d b = ca 1 (c + a )2

2
2
T d a < d b AD < BI .

A1

Cu 5: T 2 xy + x + y = 83 ( 2 x + 1) . ( 2 y + 1) = 167.

T : ( x, y ) l ( 83;0 ) , ( 0;83) , ( 1; 84 ) ; ( 84; 1) .

66

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


24:Thi Tng Hp (1992-1993)
Vng 1:
Cu 1:
a-Gii phng trnh: x + 2 + 3 2 x 5 + x 2 2 x 5 = 2 2 .

xy 2 2 y + 3x 2 = 0
b-Gii h: 2
y + x 2 y + 2 x = 0
Cu 2: Tm tt c cc cp s nguyn khng m (m,n) phng trnh:
x 2 mnx + m + n = 0 c nghim nguyn.
Cu 3: Cho + ABC c din tch S. Trn cc cnh AB,BC,CA ly C ', A ', B ' tha mn:
AC ' = C ' B, 2.BA ' = A ' C ,3.B ' C = AB ' . Gi s AA ' ct B ' B M, C ' C ct B ' B
N, C ' C ct AA ' P. Tnh din tch +MNP theo S.
Cu 4: Cho + ABC ni tip trong mt ng trn. Ly D trn cung BC (khng cha A)
ca ng trn . H DH vung gc vi BC, DI vung gc vi CA, DK vung
BC AC AB
gc vi AB. CMR:
.
=
+
DH DI DK
Cu 5: Tm tt c cc cp s nguyn dng ( m, n ) sao cho 2m + 1 chia ht cho n v
2n + 1 chia ht cho m.

Hng dn gii :
Cu 1:
2 x 5 0

a-iu kin : x 2 2 x 5 0 (I)

x + 2 + 3 2x 5 0

C:

x + 2 + 3 2x 5 + x 2 2x 5 = 2 2

2x + 4 + 6 2x 5 + 2x 4 2 2x 5 = 4

2x 5 + 3 + 1 2x 5 = 4

C:

2x 5 + 3 + 1 2x 5

ng thc xy ra

2x 5 + 3 + 1 2x 5 = 4 .

)(

2x 5 + 3 1 2x 5 0 3 x

5
Vy nghim ca phng trnh : x ;3 .
2
67

5
(tha mn (I)).
2

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

xy 2 2 y + 3x 2 = 0 (1)
b-C: 2
2
y + x y + 2 x = 0 (2)
-Nu x = 0 y = 0.
-Nu x 0 y 0 . Nhn (2) vi x ri tr (1) theo v ta c:
x 3 y + 2 x 2 + 2 y 3x 2 = 0 x 3 + 2 y = x 2 x 3 + 2 0 nn :

y=

x
8
thay vo (2) ta c: 3x 6 + 11x 3 + 8 = 0 x 3 = 1, x 3 = .
3
x +2
3

Vy h phng trnh c ba nghim:


2
x1 = 1, y1 = 1; x 2 = 3 , y 2 = 4; x3 = 0, y 3 = 0 .
3
Cu 2: Theo bi ra: Nu x1 , x2 l nghim ca phng trnh.Theo nh l Viet ta
x + x 2 = mn
c: 1
x1 x 2 = m + n
Nu x1 nguyn (hoc x2 ) th nghim cn li cng nguyn.
Do m, n 0 x1 , x2 0 .
-Nu mt trong bn s x1 , x2 , m, n bng 0 th c bn s u bng 0.

Ta c cp ( 0, 0 ) .

-Ta tm cp m 0, n 0 . Khi : m, n 1 .
Nn: ( x1 1) . ( x2 1) = ( m 1) . ( n 1) + 2 2 .
T : m = n = 2 hoc m = 5, n = 1 hoc m = n = 3 hoc m = 1, n = 5 .
Cu 3: K AA '// C ' C , ta c:

3
CP '
AC '
AC '
BA ' BA1 A ' A1 1
=
=
=
v:
=
=
= .
'
'
'
BC BC
3
A A1 A1 A AC ' + 2 AC ' 5
CC
3

S
PC 4
4
C ' P C ' P A ' A1 3 1 1
= ' .
= . =
= APC =
Ta c:
'
'
'
5 3 5
5
S AC 'C 5
CC
CC
A A1 CC
4 1
2S
nn S APC = . .S =
5 2
5
Tng t : S BNC =

3
1
S , S AMB = S .
5
10

68

C1
C'
P
A1

B'
N

B
A'

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

T : S AMB =

1
S.
10

p = BA
p . DE ct BC ti F.C:
Cu 4: Ly cung CE
+ BDF + ADC v + DFC + DBA

Hai tam gic ng dng c cc cnh


v ng cao tng ng t l , nn:
AC BF AB FC
=
=
;
DI DH DK DH
.
AC AB BF + FC BC

+
=
=
DI DK
DH
DH
2m + 1# n
m, n l. Gi s n m 2n + 1 3m .Ta xt:
Cu 5: C:
2n + 1# m
n = 1, m = 3
+) 2n + 1 = m th do n \ 2m + 1 = 2. ( 2n + 1) + 1 n \ 3
n = 3, m = 7
+) 2n + 1 = 3m th do 3m = 2n + 1 2m + 1 m = 1 n = 1 .
Vy ta c 5 cp s nguyn dng: (1,1) ; (1,3) ; ( 3, 7 ) ; ( 3,1) ; ( 7,3) .

69

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


25:Thi Tng Hp (1992-1993)

Vng 2:
Cu 1:

a-Tm tt c cc s nguyn n : n 4 + 2n3 + 2n 2 + n + 7 l s chnh phng.


b-Cho a, b, c > 0 v a + b + c 1 . CMR:

( )

Cu 2: Cho a l tng cc ch s ca s 2 9

1945

1
1
1
+ 2
+ 2
9.
a + 2bc b + 2ca c + 2ab
2

v b l tng cc ch s ca a.

Tm tng cc ch s ca b.
Cu 3: Cho + ABC . Gi s ng phn gic trong v ngoi ca gc A ct BC ti D, K

tng ng. CMR: Nu AD = AK th AB 2 + AC 2 = 4 R 2 ,trong R l bn knh


ng trn ngoi tip + ABC .
Cu 4: Trong mt phng k 1992 ng thng sao cho khng c hai ng no song

song v khng c ba ng no ng qui. Tam gic to bi ba ng thng trong


s cc ng thng cho gi l "tam gic xanh" nu n khng b ng no
trong s cc ng cn li ct.
a-CMR: S tam gic xanh khng t hn 664.
b-CMR: S tam gic xanh khng t hn 1328.
Cu 5:C 41 thnh ph c ni vi nhau bng cc ng ch i c mt chiu.Bit t

mi thnh ph c ng 16 ng n cc thnh ph khc v c ng 16 ng t


cc thnh ph khc ti n.Gia hai thnh ph bt k khng c qu mt con ng
ca mng li trn. CMR: T mt thnh ph bt k A u c th i n mt
thnh ph bt k B m ch i qua nhiu nht hai thnh ph trung gian.
Hng dn gii :

70

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


Cu 1:

a-t y 2 = n 4 + 2n3 + 2n 2 + n + 7 = ( n 2 + n + 1) ( n 2 + n + 6 ) .
2

1
3

hay: y = ( n + n ) + n + + 6.
2
4

hay: y 2 = ( n 2 + n + 2 ) 3. ( n 2 + n 1)
2

Khi n = 0 hoc n = 1 th y 2 = 7 khng phi l s chnh phng.

Vy n 0; 1 . Lc : n 2 + n 1 = ( n 1) . ( n + 1) + n v 3. ( n 2 + n 1) < 0 .

Ta c: ( n 2 + n ) < y 2 < ( n 2 + n + 2 )
2

Suy ra:
2
n = 2
y 2 = ( n 2 + n + 1) lc n 2 + n 6 = 0
n = 3

b-Bn c t gii.
Cu 2: V 23 1 (mod 9) ( 23 )

Vy ( 29 )

1945

3.1945

1 (mod 9) .

8 (mod 9) .

K hiu S (m) l tng cc ch s ca m .


S (a), S (b) chia cho 9 cng d 8.
217420 < 10 40.134

6
C: 213 = 8192 < 104 2130 < 1040 nn: (213 ) < 10 24
2 7 < 10 3

Vy : (2 9 )

1945

= 217420+13.6+ 7 < 10 5391 (2 9 )

a = S ( 29 )

1945

1945

) 5391.9 = 48519

c khng qu 5391 ch s. Li c:

b = S ( a ) 3 + 9 + 9 + 9 + 9 = 39
c = S (b) 12
S (b) = 8 .

71

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


Cu 3:

ADK vung cn A.Gi AI l ng cao.


n = 450
m
A2 + CAI
C:
A1 + n
ABD = n
ADK = 450
l
n=n
nn : CAI
ABD AI tip xc vi (O)

ngoi tip ABC.


OA AI OA // BC . OA ct (O) ti A1
(A1 A). C AC = A1B v:
AB 2 + AC 2 = AB 2 + A1 B 2 = 4 R 2 .

Cu 4: Gi P ( k ) l s "tam gic xanh" to ra do k ng thng . Ta c P ( 3) = 1 .

Xt k + 1 ng thng nh vy. Trong phi c t nht 1 ng thng d m giao im


ca k + 1 ng thng cng mt na mt phng c b l d. Xt cc giao im khng
trn d, t phi c mt giao im gn d nht.Chnh im ny l nh ca mt "tam gic
xanh" (Cc "tam gic xanh" c vn gi nguyn).Vy P ( k + 1) P ( k ) .
P (3) = 1

P (4) P(3) + 1
C:
P ( n) n 2 .
.....

P (n) P(n 1) + 1
Vy ta c kt lun mnh hn c hai cu a&b: S "tam gic xanh" khng t hn
1992 2 = 1990 .
Cu 5:

T A c ng 16 ng i ra. Nu c mt ng ti B pcm.
Nu khng th t A c 16 ng i ti 16 thnh ph trong tp M.
Nu trong M c mt ng i ti B pcm.Nu khng th:

72

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

Gi N l tp hp 16 thnh ph c ng ti B. Nu trong M c mt thnh ph ti


N pcm.
Nu khng c th:
Trong M : 16 thnh ph c 16 16 = 256 ng i n cc thnh ph trong M v P (P tc
l tp hp 41 2 16 16 = 7 thnh ph cn li).
S cc ng i ra ca cc thnh ph trong M n mt thnh ph khc trong M nhiu
nht l: 15 + 14 + ... + 2 + 1 = 120 .
S cc ng i ra t cc thnh phn ca M n cc thnh ph ca P nhiu nht l:
16 7 = 112 . Vy: 256 120 + 112 (V l).
Tm li ta c pcm.
Ch :C th thay d kin c 41 thnh ph thnh 42 thnh ph cng c.

73

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


26:Thi S Phm I(1998-1999)

Vng 1:
Cu 1:

1-Cho ab 0, a + b 0 .CMR:
a)

1
1
1
1 1
1
.
+ 2 +
= +
2
2
a
b
(a + b ) a b a + b

b) a + b +

a 2b 2

(a + b )

= a+b

ab
.
a+b

2-S dng kt qu trn tnh: x = 1 + 99


...

9 2 + 0, 999
..

9 2 vi n 2 .


n

Cu 2: CMR: x +

4x

(x 1)(. x + 1)3

> 3 vi x > 1 .

Cu 3: Tm s nguyn ln nht khng vt qu : 4 + 15 .


x 2 + 4 yz + 2 z = 0

Cu 4: Gii h: x + 2 xy + 2 z 2 = 0
2 + 2 + + 1 = 0
y
xz y

Cu 5: Cho t gic ABCD ni tip ng trn (O).ng thng BD v cc tip tuyn vi


(O) ti A,C ng qui ti S.Gi I l giao im ca AC v BD.
CMR:
a) AC.DC = AD.BC
SB IB AB.CB
b)
=
=
.
SD ID AD.CD
Hng dn gii :
Cu 1:
1.
a) C:
1 1
1
1 1
1
+ 2+
= +
2
2
a b (a + b)
a b a+b

1 1
1
1 1
1
2
2
2
+ 2+
= 2+ 2+
+

2
2
2
a b (a + b)
a b ( a + b ) ab a ( a + b ) b ( a + b )

2
2
2

= 0 2(a + b) 2b 2a = 0
ab a (a + b) b(a + b)
Ta c pcm.

74

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

b) C:

a+b+

a +b +
2

a 2b 2

(a + b )

a 2b 2

(a + b )

= a+b

= a +b +
2

ab
a+b
a 2b 2

(a + b )

2(a + b)ab
+ 2ab 0 = 0 (hin nhin).
a+b

n
2.Vi a = 1 v b = 999...9

(n ch s 9) th a + b = 10 v:
n c/s 9

1
ab = 0, 999
...
 ...

9; ab = 99


9 . Suy ra:
a+b
n
n
x = a+b+

a 2b 2

(a + b )

= a+b

ab
= 999...
...

9, 00


01 .
a + b 
n
n 1

Cu 2: C:
4x 3
x2 1 x +1 x +1
4x 3
x+
=
+
+
+
1 44 1 1 = 3 .
3
3
x
2
x
2
x
(x 1)(x + 1)
(x 1)(x + 1)
x2 1 x +1
=
= 1 v nghim.
ng thc khng xy ra v phng trnh :
x
2x
Tm li ta c pcm.
Cu 3: Ta c : x1 = 4 15 , x 2 = 4 + 15 l hai nghim ca phng trnh: x 2 8 x + 1 = 0
Ta c: x1 x 2 = 1, x1 + x 2 = 8 v x12 = 8 x1 1, x 22 = 8 x 2 1
x1n, +2 2 = 8 x1n, +21 x1n, 2 S n + 2 = 8S n +1 S n (vi S k = x1k + x 2k ).

T :

(
15 )

x17 + x 27 = S 7 = 1874888 x 27 = 4 + 15

0 < x17 < 1 1874887 < 4 +

= 1874888 x17 m 0 < x1 < 1 nn:

7
< 1874888 4 + 15 = 1874887 .

Ch : K hiu x1k, 2 = x1k + x 2k .


Cu 4:
C: 2 xz + y 2 + y + 1 = 0 xz 0 .
M :
x 2 + 4 yz + 2 z = 0 2 z. (1 + 2 y ) = x 2

x + 2 xy + 2 z 2 = 0 x. ( 2 y + 1) = 2 z 2
2 xz. (1 + 2 y ) = 2 x 2 .z 2 > 0 (1)
2

Li c: 2 xz + y 2 + y + 1 = 0 2 xz = ( y 2 + y + 1) < 0 (2) .
Thy (1) & (2) mu thun vi nhau H cho v nghim.

75

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


Cu 5:

SA AB SB
=
=
(1)
SD DA SA
SC CB SB
+SCB+SDC nn:
=
=
(2)
SD DC SC
AB CB
=
Do SC = SA , t (1) & (2) :
DA DC
nn : AB.CD = AD.CB
SB SB.SC AB.CB
b)T (1) & (2) ta c:
.
=
=
SD SD.SA AD.CD
Tng t nh trn ta c:
+ IAB+ IDC v + ICB+ IDA
IB AB.CB
Suy ra c :
=
.
ID AD.CD
Ta c pcm.
a). +SAB+SDA nn:

76

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


27:Thi S Phm I(1998-1999)

Vng 2:
Cu 1: Cho x, y, z , t [ 0;1) v tha mn: xyzt = (1 x ) . (1 y ) . (1 z ) . (1 t ) .

CMR: x. (1 t ) + t. (1 z ) + z. (1 y ) + y. (1 x ) 1 .
Cu 2: Tm cc s nguyn dng n sao cho s S n = 1.2.3...7 + n. ( n + 1) ... ( n + 7 ) c th

vit di dng tng cc bnh phng ca hai s nguyn dng.

Cu 3: Gii bt phng trnh: x + x + 1 + x x x + 1


4

(x

+ 1)
.
x
3

Cu 4: Cho + ABC cn B, cnh bn AB ln hn cnh y AC, bit din tch + ABC l


1(vdt). CMR : Ta c th t lt + ABC vo mt min tam gic vung c din
tch 3 .
Cu 5: Cho hnh ch nht ABCD v im M nm trong hnh ch nht.
1.CMR: MA + MB + MC + MD AB + AC + AD .
2.Tm tt c cc v tr ca M : MA.MC MB.MD .
Hng dn gii :
Cu 1: Theo gi thit: xyzt = (1 x ) . (1 y ) . (1 z ) . (1 t ) (1).

C: x. (1 t ) + t. (1 z ) + z. (1 y ) + y. (1 x ) 1 (1 x z ) . (1 y t ) 0 (2) .

xz (1 x )(
. 1 z)

. 1 t)
yt (1 y )(

T (1) suy ra:


xz (1 x )(
. 1 z)

. 1 t)
yt (1 y )(
Vy ta c pcm.

0 1 x z

0 1 y t (2) lun ng.


0 1 x z

0 1 y t

Cu 2: Gi s S n = a 2 + b 2 vi a, b * .

D thy: n. ( n + 1) ... ( n + 7 )# 64 S n # 4 a, b chn a = 2a1 , b = 2b1 .

t: n. ( n + 1) ... ( n + 7 ) = 64k . C:
a12 + b12 = 2.3.5.6.7 + 16k # 4 a1 = 2a2 , b1 = 2b2 .C:
a22 + b22 = 9.5.7 + 4k 3 (mod 4) (iu ny khng th xy ra).
Vy khng tn ti n tha mn bi ra.

77

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


Cu 3: iu kin: x > 0 .

Chia c hai v ca BPT cho


x+

t : x +

1
x+

1
x

+ 1

1
x+

1
x

x( x 2 + 1) v bin i BPT tr thnh:


x+

1
(1).
x

1
=t 2.
x

1
1
1
1
Khi (1) tr thnh: t + 1 t 1 t t .
t
t
t
t
Do c hai v u dng nn:
1
1
1
1 t 2 + t 2t. t
t
t
t

1
1
1
t + 1 2 t 0 t 1
t
t
t

iu ny lun ng vi t 2.
Vy: BPT cho c nghim vi x > 0.
Cu 4: Gi O l trung im AB = 2a .
V na ng trn (O) bn knh R = OC
c ng knh DE nm trn ng thng AB.
n
ACB < 900 n
ACB < 900 n
ACB < DCE
Do n
AB < DE (V OC > OA ).
+ ABC nm hon ton trong min tam gic vung CDE.
C:
n>n
n > 900 (Do BOC
n&n
BOC
AOC nn BOC
AOC b nhau).
H CH AB.C:
OB 2 + OC 2 = OB 2 + OH 2 + HC 2 < CB 2 = AB 2 = 4a 2 R < a 3 = 3
(Do SABC=1(vdt)).

T ta c pcm.
Cu 5:

*B : Cho im M bt k trong tam gic t ABC (t A).


Khi : BM + CM < AB + AC .
Tht vy: Ko di BM ct AC ti K.
BM + CM < BM + ( MK + KC ) = BK + CK <
< ( AB + AK ) + CK = AB + AC
Tr li bi ton ta c:
78

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

*)Nhn xt: Xt im N nm trn [AB].Ly D ' i xng vi D qua AB.


Theo b :
ND '+ NC AD '+ AC hay ND + NC AD + AC .
1.Gi s M nm trong hnh ch nht ABCD.
Qua M k NP AB (N AB,P CD).C:
MA + MB + MC + MD = ( MA + MD ) + ( MB + MC )
AN + ND + NC + NB = AB + AC + AD (dpcm).

2.Qua M k HK AD (HAD,KBC).C:
MA.MC MB.MD MA2 .MC 2 MB 2 .MD 2
( MN 2 + MH 2 ) . ( MK 2 + MP 2 ) ( MN 2 + MK 2 ) . ( MH 2 + MP 2 )
( MN 2 MP 2 ) . ( MH 2 MK 2 ) 0
( MN MP ) . ( MH MK ) 0.

iu ny c c khi M thuc mt trong hai hnh ch nht AEOS; CROF trong


E,F,R,S,O ln lt l trung im ca AB,BC,CD,DA,AC.

79

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


28:Thi Tng Hp (1998-1999)

Vng 1:
Cu 1:

1.Gii phng trnh: 2 x 2 + x 2 + 8 = 4 .


x 2 + xy + y 2 = 7
2.Gii h : 4
x + x 2 y 2 + y 4 = 21
a 3 3ab 2 = 19
Cu 2: Cc s a,b tha mn: 3
b 3a 2 b = 98
Tnh : P = a 2 + b 2 .
Cu 3: Cho a, b, c [ 0;1] . CMR: a + b 2 + c 3 ab bc ca 1 .
Cu 4: Cho ng trn ( ) bn knh R . A&B l hai im c nh trn ng trn,
( AB < 2 R ).Gi s M l mt im thay i trn cung ln AB ca ng trn.

1.K t B ng thng vung gc vi AM, ng ny ct AM I v ct ( ) N.


Gi J l trung im ca MN. CMR: Khi M thay i trn ng trn th mi im
I,J u nm trn mt ng trn c nh.
2.Xc nh v tr ca M chu vi ca AMB l ln nht.
Cu 5:

1.Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng n sao cho mi s n + 26 v n 11 u l lp


phng ca mt s nguyn dng.

2.Cho x,y,z thay i tha mn: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 . Tm gi tr ln nht ca P,vi:


1
2
2
2
P = xy + yz + zx + x 2 ( y z ) + y 2 ( x z ) + z 2 ( x y ) .
2
Hng dn gii :

Cu 1:
1.
iu kin: x 2 2 .

C:

2 x2 + x2 + 8 = 4

)(

2 x 2 + x 2 + 8 + 2 2 x 2 x 2 + 8 = 16
x 2 = 1
x 6 x + 16 = 3 2
x = 1
x = 7
4

80

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

x = 1
Vy nghim ca phng trnh :
x = 1
(a 3 3ab 2 ) 2 = 192 (1)
2.C: 3
2
2
2
(b 3a b) = 98 (2)
Cng (1) & (2) theo v ta c:
a 6 + b6 + 3a 4b 2 + 3a 2b 4 = 192 + 982 ( a 2 + b 2 ) = 192 + 982
3

a 2 + b 2 = 3 192 + 982
Cu 3: Do a, b, c [ 0;1] nn:

(1 a ) . (1 b ) . (1 c ) 0
1 a b c + ab + ac + cb abc 0
a + b + c ab ac cb 1 abc 1
Ch v b, c [ 0;1] nn: b 2 b; c 3 c .Suy ra:

a + b 2 + c 3 ab bc ca a + b + c ab ac cb 1 abc 1 (pcm).
Cu 4:

AIB = 900 nn khi M thay i th I nm


1. V n
trn ng trn c nh c ng knh AB.
IJ l trung tuyn ca tam gic
MN
.
vung MNI nn : IJ =
2
Do tng hai cung AB v MN l 900
n = 900 ), m AB c nh
ANB + NAM
(n
nn MN c di c nh.
Ko di IJ ct AB ti H.C:
n=n
n IAB
n+n
n + JMI
n = INM
n + JMI
n = 900 nn JH AB.
JIM
AIH = JMI
AIH = IAB
on IJ vung gc vi AB v c di c nh. K hai on AA'; BB' vung gc vi
A' JB ' = n
AIB (gc c
AB v c di bng IJ ( A ', B ', I nm cng mt pha i vi AB) n
cnh tng ng song song).
A' JB ' = 900 .Vy J nm trn ng trn c nh c ng knh l A' B ' .
n
2.Ko di AM mt on : MN = MB c:
AN = AM + MN = AM + MB.

81

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

Do AB c nh nn chu vi AMB ln nht th AN ln nht.


Gi P,Q ln lt l trung im ca cung ln AB v cung nh AB.
n m
n = 900 , MQ l phn gic n
AMB nn MP l phn gic BMN
D thy PMQ
nn PA = PB = PN = const .
Suy ra:
AN PA + PN = 2.PA
ng thc xy ra M P.

BMN cn

Vy v tr cn xc nh ca M l
ti trung im cung ln AB.
Cu 5:

n + 26 = a 3 (1)
vi a, b * .
1.Gi s
3
n 11 = b (2)
Ly (1) tr (1) theo v ta c: 37 = a 3 b 3
hay (a b ). a 2 + ab + b 2 = 37 = 1.37
m a > b v a b < a 2 + ab + b 2 nn ta c:
a = b + 1
a b = 1

2
2
2
2
a + ab + b = 37
(b + 1) + b(b + 1) + b = 37
T b = 3 n = 38.

2. Vi a, b, [0;1] th: (a b ) .(1 ) 0 a 2 + b 2 2ab + .(a b ) (*) .


p dng (*) vi hai s x, y v = z 2 (ch z 2 [0;1] ) ta c:
2

x 2 + y 2 2 xy + z 2 .( x y ) (1).
2

y 2 + z 2 2 yz + x 2 . ( z y )2 (2)
Tng t ta c:
2
2
2
2
x + z 2 xz + y . ( x z ) (3)
Cng theo v (1)&(2)&(3) ri chia c hai v cho 2 (ch gi thit x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 ) ta
1
2
2
2
c: 1 xy + yz + zx + x 2 ( y z ) + y 2 ( x z ) + z 2 ( x y ) = P .

P = 1 khi x = y = z =

1
3

Vy MaxP = 1 .

82

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


29:Thi Tng Hp (1998-1999)

Vng 2:
Cu 1:

x + x 2 + x 3 + x 4 = y + y 2 + y 3 + y 4
1.Gii h 2
x + y 2 = 1
2. Vi gi tr no ca a th phng trnh sau c nghim :
1 x + 1+ x = 1 a + 1+ a
Cu 2: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh: 19 x 3 98 y 2 = 1998 .
Cu 3:

1.Cho a,b,c tha mn hai iu kin sau:


i) 0 < a < b.
ii)Phng trnh : ax2 + bx + cx = 0 v nghim.
CMR:

a+b+c
> 3.
ba

2.Cho x, y, z > 0 . Tm GTNN ca P vi: P =

x2
y2
z2
+
+
.
x 2 + 2 yz y 2 + 2 xz z 2 + 2 xy

Cu 4: Cho bng vung kch thc l 1998 2000 (c 1998 hng v 2000 ct).K hiu

(m,n) l vung nm giao hng th m v ct n (t trn xung di-t tri qua


phi).Cho cc s nguyn p,q tha mn:1 p 1993 v 1 q 1995. T mu cc
vung con ca bng theo qui tc : Ln th nht t mu nm :

( p, q ) ; ( p + 1, q + 1) ; ( p + 2, q + 2 ) ; ( p + 3, q + 3) ; ( p + 4, q + 4 )
T ln th hai tr i, mi ln t nm cha c mu nm lin tip trong cng mt
hng hoc cng mt ct. Hi bng cch ta c th t mu ht tt c cc vung
con ca bng hay khng?V sao?

83

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


Cu 5: Cho tam gic u ABC.Trong tam gic ABC, v ba vng trn 1 , 2 , 3 c bn

knh bng nhau,tip xc ngoi ln nhau v mi vng trn u tip xc vi hai


cnh ca tam gic.Gi l vng trn tip xc vi c ba vng trn 1 , 2 ,

3 (tip xc ngoi).Bit bn knh ca vng trn l r.Hy tnh di cnh ca


ABC.
Hng dn gii :
Cu 1:

1.
2
3
4
2
3
4
x + x + x + x = y + y + y + y (1)
Ta c: 2
2
x + y = 1 (2)

T (1) suy ra:

( x y ) + ( x 2 y 2 ) + ( x3 y 3 ) + ( x 4 y 4 ) = 0
( x y ) . 1 + x + y + x 2 + xy + y 2 + ( x + y ) . ( x 2 + y 2 ) = 0
Kt hp vi (2) ta c:
2

(
x + y ) 1
(x y ).[2 + 2.(x + y ) + xy ] = 0 (x y ).2 + 2(x + y ) +
=0
2

x = y
2

2 + 2.( x + y ) + ( x + y ) 1 = 0

+)Nu x = y t (2) suy ra: x = y =

1
2

(x + y )2 1 = 0 hay:
+)Nu 2 + 2( x + y ) +

x + y = 1
x + y = 3

(x + y )2 + 4.(x + y ) + 3 = 0

84

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

x = 0, y = 1
-Vi x + y = 1 t (2) suy ra:
x = 1, y = 0
-Vi x + y = 3 y = ( x + 3) suy ra: (x + 3) + x 2 = 1 x 2 + 3x + 4 = 0 (v nghim).
2

x = y = 2

Tm li h cho c nghim: x = y =
2

x = 0, y = 1
x = 1, y = 0

2.Gi s phng trnh cho c nghim x0 khi :


1 x0 + 1 + x0 = 1 a + 1 + a
C:

( 1 x

+ 1 + x0

(1)

(1 x0 + 1 + x0 ). 12 + 12

1 x0 + 1 + x0 2
Li c: 1 a + 1 + a 1 a + 1 + a = 2
1 x0 + 1 + x0 = 2
Vy (1)
1 a + 1 + a = 2

M 1 a + 1 + a = 2 (1 a ).(1 + a ) 0 1 a 1.
Vi 1 a 1 ta c: 1 a + 1 + a = 2 .
Phng trnh cho tr thnh: 1 x + 1 + x = 2 .
R rng phng trnh trn c nghim x = 0 .
Vy gi tr cn tm ca a l: 1 a 1 .
Cu 2: C: 19 x 3 98 y 2 = 1998
19 x 3 = 98 y 2 + 1998
Suy ra: 98 y 2 + 1998#19 y 2 + 1#19
M: Mt s chnh phng khi chia cho 19 khng bao gi c s d l 18.(C th chng
minh iu ny mt cch d dng bng kin thc ng d).
Cu 3:
1.Theo bi ra ta c: b 2 4ac < 0 ac > 0 c > 0 v ta cn c:

85

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

4b 2 < 16ac 16a 2 + c 2 + 8ac = ( 4a + c ) 0 < 2b < 4a + c hay :


2

4a > 2b c a + b + c > 3. ( b a ) m b > a nn ta c:

a+b+c
> 3 (pcm).
ba

2.Bn c t gii.
Cu 4:

Vi mi (m,n) trong bng ta chia lm 5 loi sau:


-Loi 1:Gm tt c cc ( m; n ) trong : m n 0 (mod 5)
-Loi 2:Gm tt c cc ( m; n ) trong : m n 1 (mod 5)
-Loi 3:Gm tt c cc ( m; n ) trong : m n 2 (mod 5)
-Loi 4:Gm tt c cc ( m; n ) trong : m n 3 (mod 5)
-Loi 5:Gm tt c cc ( m; n ) trong : m n 4 (mod 5)
Do bng vung c 2000 ct nn trong mi hng s c ng 2000 vung.
V 2000 # 5 nn suy ra s mi loi trong cng mt hng bng nhau S mi loi trong
ton bng cng bng nhau.
Ta nhn thy : T ln t mu th hai tr i,trong mi ln t chng ta t ng mt loi 1,
mt loi 2,mt loi 3, mt loi 4, mt loi 5.
Do s mi loi trong ton bng l bng nhau nn mun t ht bng th ln t u tin
chng ta s phi t mt loi 1, mt loi 2, mt loi 3, mt loi 4, mt loi 5.
Nhng cc loi ny li thuc cng mt loi do:
( p q ) ( p + 1) ( q + 1) ( p + 2 ) ( q + 2 ) ( p + 3) ( q + 3) ( p + 4 ) ( q + 4 ) (mod 5)
Nh vy chng ta khng th t ht bng c.
Cu 5: K hiu nh hnh v.
D thy : KT = 3.r .
Gi bn knh ca cc ng trn 1 , 2 , 3 l x .
C:
AB = AL + LH + HB = 2. AL + LH = 2. 3 + 1 .x .

2 1
2. 3 + 1 .x
. . AB =
.
3
3 2
3
M: AP = 2.PL AK = x nn:
2. 3 + 1 .x
3 + 2 .x
KG = AG AK =
x=
.
3
3
KG KT
3+2
3.r
C:
=

=
AG AB
2. 3 + 1 2. 3 + 1 . x
C: AG =

. AO =

) ( )
3.r
2.(
x=
AB = 2.( 3 + 1).x =
( 3 + 2)

3 + 1 . 3.r
3+2

86

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


30:Thi Tng Hp (2000-2001)

Vng 1:
Cu 1:

1.Tnh S =

1
1
1
+
+ ... +
.
1.2 2.3
1999.2000

x
2 1
x + y 2 + y = 3

2.Gii h:
x + 1 + x = 3

y y
Cu 2:

1.Gii phng trnh: x 1 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 = 1 + x 4 1 .


2.Tm tt c cc gi tr ca a (a R) phng trnh:
11

2 x 2 4a + .x + 4a 2 + 7 = 0 .
2

Cu 3: Cho ng trn (O) ni tip trong hnh thang ABCD (AB // CD) tip xc vi
AB,CD ln lt E,F.
BE DF
1.CMR:
=
.
AE CF
2.Cho bit AB = a, CB = b (a < b) ,v BE = 2. AE .Tnh din tch hnh thang
ABCD.
Cu 4: Cho x,y l hai s thc khc 0.CMR:
4x 2 y 2
x2 y2
+
+
3.
(x 2 + y 2 )2 y 2 x 2

ng thc xy ra khi no?


Hng dn gii :
Cu 1:

1.C:
1
1
1
1
1 1 1
1
+
+ ... +
= 1 + + ... +

1.2 2.3
1999.2000 2 2 3
1999 2000
1
1999
= 1
=
.
2000 2000
x
2 1
+
+
=3
x
2

y
y

2.Ta c:
x + 1 + x = 3

y y
S=

87

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

1
x+ =2

y
x
1
1
1

x + + x + 6 = 0
x + = 3

y
y
y
y
x + = 3


y
1 x
1 x

+
+
=
x
x
+
+
=
3
3

1 x
y y
y y

x + + = 3
y y

1
x + y = 2

x
y = 1

x = y = 1.

1
x + = 3
y

x
= 6
y

Vy nghim ca h cho l: x = y = 1 .
Cu 2:

1.iu kin : x 1 .
C: x 1 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 = 1 + x 4 1(1)
Ch : x 4 1 = ( x 1).(x 3 + x 2 + x + 1)
C:
(1)

)(

x 1 1 .1 x3 + x2 + x + 1

x 1 1 = 0

x = 2.
1 x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 = 0
Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = 2.

2.Gi s phng trnh cho c nghim nguyn x0 khi ta c:


11

2 x02 4a + .x0 + 4a 2 + 7 = 0 (*)


2

11
4a 2 4 x0 a + 2 x02 .x + 7 = 0 (1)
2
Do , phng trnh (1) vi n l a lun c nghim. Hay:

88

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

11

' = 4 x02 4. 2 x02 .x + 7 0 4 x02 + 22 x0 28 0 2.(2.x02 11x0 + 14) 0


2

7
x0 2
2
x0 = 3
V x0 nguyn nn suy ra:
x0 = 2
-Vi x0 = 3 thay vo (*) ta c:
11
17

18 4a + .3 + 4a 2 + 7 = 0 4a 2 12a +
= 0 8a 2 24a + 17 = 0
2
2

6 2
a=
.
4
-Vi x0 = 2 thay vo (*) ta c:
11

8 4a + .2 + 4a 2 + 7 = 0 4a 2 8a + 4 = 0 a = 1 .
2

a = 1

6+ 2
Tm li ta c: a =

a = 6 2

4
Cu 3:

1. (O) tip xc vi AD, BC ti H v N.


BE DF
BN DH
C:
=

=
BN .CN = AH .DH
AE CF
AH CN
D thy : ADO, BOC l cc tam gic vung O.
Nn: BN .CN = ON 2 = OH 2 = AH .DH .
Ta c pcm.
2.Bn c t gii:
3b 2a
S ABCD =
. 2a.(3b 2a )
3
Cu 4: C:

(x

4x 2 y 2
2

M:

+ y2

(x

4x 2 y 2
x2 y2
+ 2 + 2 =
y
x
x2 + y2

4x 2 y 2
2

+ y2

(x
+

+ y2
4x 2 y 2
2

(x
+

+ y2 )
2.
x2 y2
2

2.

89

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

3. x 2 + y 2
V:
4x 2 y 2
Suy ra:

(x

4x 2 y 2
2

+ y2 )

(x
+

3.

+ y2 )
4x 2 y 2
(x 2 + y 2 ) + 3.(x 2 + y 2 ) 2 2 + 3 2 = 3 .

2
=
+
4x 2 y 2
x2 y2
(x 2 + y 2 )2 4 x 2 y 2

Ta c pcm.
ng thc xy ra x = y 0.

90

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


31:Thi Tng Hp (2000-2001)

Vng 2:
Cu 1:

1.Tm tt c cc cp s nguyn ( x, y ) tha mn: y.( x 1) = x 2 + 1.


2.Cho cp s ( x, y ) tha mn: 1 x + y 1 v 1 xy + x + y 1 .
CMR: x 2 v y 2 .

Cu 2:
4
1
5
+ x = x + 2x .
x
x
x
2
2.Cho f ( x ) = ax + bx + c c tnh cht: f (1) , f ( 4 ) , f ( 9 ) l cc s hu t.

1.Gii phng trnh:

CMR: a, b, c l cc s hu t.
Cu 3:

1.Cho t gic li ABCD. CMR: Nu cc gc B,D ca t gic l vung hoc t th


AC BD .
2.Cho on thng AC c nh v im B di ng. Tm tp hp tt c cc im B
ABC l tam gic vung hoc t v gc BAC l gc b nht ca ABC.
Cu 4: Trn mt phng cho 6 im sao cho khng c 3 im no thng hng v khong
cch gia cc cp im l cc s khc nhau. Ta ni mi cp im bi mt on
thng. CMR: Trong cc on thng thu c c mt on thng l cnh b nht
ca tam gic c 3 nh l 3 trong s 6 im cho, ng thi l cnh ln nht ca
mt tam gic khc c 3 nh l 3 trong s 6 im cho.
Hng dn gii :
Cu 1:

1.D thy x 1 .
Ta phi c: (x 2 + 2)# (x 1) .
M: x 2 1# ( x 1) .
(x 2 + 2) (x 2 1)# ( x 1) 3 # ( x 1) x 1 = 1,3 .
T ta c cc cp ( x, y ) cn tm: ( 2;6 ) , ( 0; 2 ) , ( 2; 2 ) , ( 4;6 ) .
1 x + y 1
2.Theo bi ra:
1 xy + x + y 1

91

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

0 ( x + 1).( y + 1) 2 (1)
hay:
1 ( x + 1) + ( y + 1) 3 (2)
T (1) x + 1 & y + 1 cng du kt hp vi (2) x + 1, y + 1 0 (*).
x, y 1 (3) .
x +1 3
T (2) : ( x + 1) + ( y + 1) 3 kt hp vi (*)
x, y 2 (4).
y +1 3
T (3) & (4) ta c pcm.
Cu 2:

1.t

1
5
= a 0; 2 x = b 0
x
x

( x 0) .

4
1
5
+ x = x + 2x
x
x
x
1
5
1
5
hay: x 2 x x 2 x = 0 .
x
x
x
x

C:

hay: a (b 2 a 2 ) b = 0 (a b).(1 + b + a ) = 0 a = b hay:


1
5
4

x =0
x = 2x

1
5

x
x
x

x = 2.
x = 2x
1
1
x
x
x 0
x 0

x
x
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l x = 2.

2.Theo bi ra ta c:
a + b + c Q (1)

16a + 4b + c Q (2)
81a + 9b + c Q (3)

T (2) 80a + 20b + 5c Q kt hp vi (3) a 11b 4c Q (4).


T (2) c: 48a + 12b + 3c Q (5) .
T (4) & (5) 49a + b c Q kt hp vi (1) 50a + 2b Q 25a + b Q (6) .
T (6) & (1) 24a c Q kt hp vi (2) 40a + 4b Q 10a + b Q kt hp vi
(6) 15a Q a Q kt hp vi (6) b Q c Q.
Ta c pcm.
B

Cu 3:

1.Dng ng trn ng knh AC.


V gc B,D vung hoc t nn hai im
B&D phi trong hoc nm trn ng
trn ng knh AC.

92

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

Nn: AC BD .
Ta c pcm.
2. Bn c t gii.
Cu 4:

Qui c,gi mi tam gic c 3 nh l 3 im trong s cc im cho mt cch vn tt


l tam gic.
Vi mi tam gic,ta t cc cnh ln nht ca n mu xanh,ta t mu tt c cc on
thng khng c t mu xanh.
Gi mt trong 6 im cho l A. Do theo nguyn l richl,tn ti 3 on trong s 5
on ni A vi 5 im cn li cng mu.Gi 3 on l: AB, AC, AD.Xt:
*Trng hp 1: AB, AC, AD c cng mu xanh. Khi v cnh ln nht ca DBC c
mu xanh nn mt trong cc tam gic ABC, ABD, ACD l tam gic c c 3 cnh cng
c t bi mu xanh. T ta c pcm.
*Trng hp 2: AB, AC, AD c cng mu . Khi ,v cc on thng ni c c
di khc nhau i mt nn BC, CD, DB tng ng l cnh ln nht ca cc tam gic
ABC, ACD, ADB. Suy ra BCD c c 3 cnh c cng mu xanh. T ta c pcm.

93

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


32:Thi Tng Hp (1996-1997)

Vng 1:
Cu 1: Cho x > 0 , hy tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
6
1 6 1

+
x

x + 6 2
x
x

.
P=
3
1
1

3
x+ + x + 3
x
x

Cu 2: Gii h:

1
x
1
y

+ 2

1
=2
y

+ 2

1
=2
x

Cu 3: CMR: Vi mi n nguyn dng ta c: ( n3 + 5n )# 6 .


Cu 4: Cho a, b, c > 0 . CMR:

a 3 b3 c3
+
+
ab + bc + ca.
b
c
a

Cu 5: Cho hnh vung ABCD cnh bng a. Gi M, N, P, Q l cc im bt k ln lt


nm trn cc cnh AB, BC, CD, DA.

1.CMR: 2a 2 MN 2 + NP 2 + PQ 2 + QM 2 4a 2 .
2.Gi s M l mt im c nh cho trc trn cnh AB. Hy xc nh v tr ca
cc im N,P,Q ln lt trn cc cnh BC,CD,DA sao cho MNPQ l mt hnh
vung.
Hng dn gii :
6

1 6 1

x+ x + 6 2
x
x
=
Cu 1: C: P =
3
1
1

3
x+ + x + 3
x
x

1
1
1

= x + x 3 + 3 = 3. x + 6
x
x
x

Vy Pmin = 6 khi x = 1 .

( x > 0) .

94

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


Cu 2: t X =

1
1
;Y =
( x, y > 0).
x
y

C: X + 2 Y = Y + 2 X .Thy:
-Nu X > Y th: X + 2 Y > Y + 2 X .
-Nu X < Y th: X + 2 Y < Y + 2 X .
Vy phi c: X=Y . Vi X=Y ta c:
X + 2 X = 2 X + (2 X ) + 2. X .(2 X ) = 4
X .(2 X ) = 1 X 2 2 X + 1 = 0 X = 1.
Suy ra X = Y =1 x = y = 1.

Vy ta c cp nghim (x,y) l (1;1).


Cu 3: C: n3 + 5n = ( n 1) .n. ( n + 1) + 6n # 6 .
Cu 4: C:
a3
b3
c3

+ ab + + bc + + ca 2a 2 + 2b 2 + 2c 2 2ab + 2bc + 2ca.


b
c
a

a 3 b3 c3
+
+
ab + bc + ca.
b
c
a
ng thc xy ra a = b = c .
Suy ra:

Cu 5:
1.Ch : x, y 0 ta lun c:
1
2
2
( x + y ) x 2 + y 2 . ( x + y ) (1).
2
2
2
MN = MB + NB 2
2
2
2
NP = NC + PC
Ta c: 2
2
2
PQ = PD + QD
QM 2 = QA 2 + MA 2

F
H

) (

MN 2 + NP 2 + PQ 2 + QM 2 =

) (

) (

= MB 2 + MA 2 + NB 2 + NC 2 + PC 2 + PD 2 + QD 2 + QA 2
p dng (1) ta c: 2a2 MN2 + NP2 + PQ2 + QM2 4a2.

2.Gi s MB = x . Ta chn N,P,Q : NC = DP = QA = x .


D thy MNPQ l hnh vung .Bi ton c duy nht mt nghim.

95

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


33:Thi Tng Hp (1996-1997)

Vng 2:
Cu 1: Gii phng trnh:

x 1 + 1 + 2. x 1 = 2 x.

x y = 1

Cu 2: Gii h: y z = 1

z x = 1
Cu 3: Cho x,y l nhng s nguyn dng thay i tha mn: x + y = 201 .

Hy tm GTLN & GTNN ca biu thc: P = x. ( x 2 + y ) + y. ( y 2 + x ) .

Cu 4: Cho on thng BC v ng thng (d) song song vi BC. Bit khong cch gia
BC
.
(d) v ng thng qua B v C nh hn
2
Gi s A l mt im thay i trn (d).

1.Xc nh v tr ca A bn knh vng trn ngoi tip ABC l nh nht.


2.Gi ha , hb , hc l di cc ng cao ca ABC .
Xc nh A tch ha .hb .hc ln nht.
Cu 5.a:(Dnh cho chuyn ton)
3
Cho x + y + z > 0 v x + y + z .
2
1
1
1
3
Chng t: x 2 + 2 + y 2 + 2 + z 2 + 2 . 17 .
2
x
y
z

Cu 5.b:(Dnh cho chuyn tin)


Chia mt hnh trn thnh 14 hnh qut bng nhau.
Trong mt hnh qut t mt vin bi (xem hnh v).
Gi I l php bin i: Ly hai hnh qut bt k c
bi v chuyn t mi hnh qut mt vin bi sang
hnh qut lin k nhng theo hai chiu ngc nhau
(v d, nu vin bi mt hnh qut c chuyn
theo chiu kim ng h th vin bi hnh qut kia c chuyn theo chiu ngc li).
Hi bng vic thc hin php bin i trn, sau mt s hu hn bc ta c th chuyn
c tt c cc vin bi vo mt hnh qut c khng? Nu c hy ch ra cch bin i.
Nu khng th hy gii thch?

96

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


Hng dn gii :
Cu 1: iu kin: x 1 .

Phng trnh cho tng ng vi:

(
(

)
x 1 + 1) + (
3

x 1 + 1 + ( x 1) + 1 + 2. x 1 = 2.
3

x 1 + 1 = 2. t

x 1 + 1 = t ta c:

t +t 2 = 0
(t 1).(t 2 + 2t + 2) = 0 t = 1.
Vi t = 1 x = 1.
3

x = y + 1

Cu 2: H cho tng ng vi (iu kin x, y, z 1 ): y = z + 1

z = x + 1
Gi s ( x, y, z ) l mt nghim vi xmin (cc trng hp khc lm tng t).
x y
Khi ta c:
kt hp vi h trn y z z x x = y = z .
x z
3+ 5
( x 1) .
H trn tr thnh: x = x + 1 x =
2
3+ 5
Suy ra: x = y = z =
.
2
Cu 3:
3
C: P = x. ( x 2 + y ) + y. ( y 2 + x ) = ( x + y ) 3 xy. ( x + y ) + 2 xy hay P = 2013 601.xy
P ( xy ) min
R rng max
Pmin ( xy ) max
Ta gii quyt bi ton : x, y Z + tha mn:
x + y = 201 .Tm max, min: A = xy .
C: A = x. ( 201 x ) = x 2 + 201.x

Suy ra:
x = 100
x = 101
Amax khi
hoc
y = 101
y = 100
x = 1
x = 200
hoc
Amin khi
y = 200
y = 1
T : Pmax = 2013 - 601.200.1
v Pmin = 2013 - 601.100.101

97

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


Cu 4:

1.Do BC c nh nn tm O ca vng trn ngoi tip ABC lun chy trn ng trung
trc ca [BC] Bn knh ng trn ngoi tip ABC nh nht khi O trng vi trung
BC
BC
ct (d) ti hai im
im I ca BC. (Do d( BC ,( d )) <
ng trn (I) bn knh
2
2
phn bit).
Bi ton c hai nghim : A & A ' u nhn BC di mt gc vung.
2.S
(S l din tch ABC).
AB
h
2S
= ha .2 S . b .
C: ha .hb .hc = ha .hb .
AB
AB
Do ha v 2S lun khng i nn:
h
h
h
(ha .hb .hc ) max b max . Song: b 1 b max = 1 hb = AB .
AB
AB
AB
Khi ABC vung A.
2.Ch : hc =

Bi ton c hai nghim hnh.


Cu 5.a:
1 1 1
9
6.
C: + +
x y z x+ y+z
2

1 1 1
2
t: a = + + 6 2 v b = ( x + y + z ) ab 9 2.
x y z
Ta c:

2
2
2
2
b 2 3 a 3
ab 2 3 a
3 a
+ 6 . 2 .2. 2 + 6 . 2
a+b = . 2 +
2
9
2 6
2 6
2
2 6

2
2

3
a + b .2.1 +
2

2
2 3 2
3
2

6
.
1
=

+6 .

2
2

p dng: a12 + a 22 + b12 + b22 + c12 + c 22


ta c:
1
1
1
x + 2 + y2 + 2 + z2 + 2
x
y
z
2

(a1 + b1 + c1 )2

(x + y + z )

3
3
+ 6 2 = . 17 .
2
2
98

(a 2 + b2 + c 2 )2
2

1 1 1
+ + + = a + b
x y z

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

1
ng thc xy ra khi x = y = z = .
2
Cu 5.b:

Ta chng minh rng khng th chuyn tt


c cc bi vo mt hnh qut.
Tht vy,ta sn en cc hnh qut nh hnh v.
Ti thi im ban u :
Tng s cc vin bi trong cc hnh qut en v
tng s cc vin bi trong hnh qut trng u l mt s l.
D thy vi mi thi im th tng s cc vin bi trong cc hnh qut en v trong cc
hnh qut trng lun l mt s l.
V vy, khng th chuyn tt c cc vin bi vo trong mt hnh qut c.

99

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


34:Thi S Phm I(1996-1997)

Vng 1:
Cu 1:

Xt phng trnh: x3 + ax 2 + bx + 1 = 0 trong a v b l hai s hu t.


1.CMR: a = 5, b = 3 l cp s hu t duy nht lm cho phng trnh cho c ba
nghim trong c mt nghim l x = 2 + 5 .K hiu x1 , x2 , x3 l ba nghim .
2.Vi mi s t nhin n t S n = x1n + x2n + x3n .
Tnh S1 , S2 , S3 . CMR: Sn lun l s nguyn.
3.Tm s d trong php chia S1996 cho 4.
Cu 2: Cho ba s nguyn x, y, z tha mn iu kin : ( x + y + z )# 6 .

CMR: M chia ht cho 6 vi M = ( x + y ) . ( x + z ) . ( z + y ) 2.xyz .


Cu 3: Tm gi tr ca tham s a h sau c nghim duy nht:
x 2 + a + 1.x x 5 7 x 2 + x + 2
4
x + x 3 + a 2 3 .x 2 4 x 4 4a 2 = 0

Cu 4: Cho tam gic ABC vung cn A. AD l trung tuyn thuc cnh huyn. M l mt
im thay i trn on AD. Gi N,P theo th t l hnh chiu vung gc ca M
xung AB & AC. H l hnh chiu vung gc ca N xung ng thng PD.

1.Xc nh v tr ca M AHB c din tch ln nht.


2.CMR: Khi M thay i, ng thng HN lun i qua mt im c nh.
Cu 5:

1.Trn mt mnh giy c ghi 1996 cu khng nh nh sau:


+Cu th 1:"Trn mnh giy ny c ng 1 cu khng nh sai".
+Cu th 2:"Trn mnh giy ny c ng 2 cu khng nh sai".
+Cu th 3:"Trn mnh giy ny c ng 3 cu khng nh sai".
....
+Cu th 1996:"Trn mnh giy ny c ng 1996 cu khng nh sai".
Hi trong s 1996 cu khng nh c cu no ng khng? Hy trnh by r
lp lun v ch ra tt c cc cu ng nu c.
2.Cng cu hi nh trn nhng trong cc cu khng nh cho ch "ng" c
thay bng "khng qu".V d:
Cu th 1:"Trn mnh giy ny c khng qu 1 cu khng nh sai".
100

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


Hng dn gii :
Cu 1:

1.C: x = 2 + 5 l nghim ca phng trnh cho khi v ch khi:

(2 + 5 ) + a.(2 + 5 )
3

+ b. 2 + 5 + 1 = 0

(4a + b + 17 ). 5 + (9a + 2b + 39) = 0


4a + b + 17 = 9a + 2b + 39 = 0
a = 5; b = 3.
2.Vi a = 5; b = 3 phng trnh tr thnh: x3 5 x 2 + 3x + 1 = 0 hay:

(x

4 x 1) . ( x 1) = 0 c ba nghim l: x1,2 = 2 5 v x3 = 1 .

Vy Sn = 1 + x1n + x2n .
Ta d dng tnh c : S1 = 5; S2 = 19; S3 = 77.
t Pn = x1n + x2n ta d dng chng minh c: Pn + 2 4.Pn +1 Pn = 0 (1) vi mi n 1 .
T , bng php qui np, suy ra Pn vi mi n = 1, 2,3,... do S n vi n .
3.T (1) Pn + 2 Pn (mod 4). Mt khc: P2 = 18 2 (mod 4).
T : P1996 P1994 P1992 ... P2 2 (mod 4).
Cu 2:

D dng chng minh c:


( x + y ) . ( z + y ) . ( x + z ) + xyz = ( x + y + z ) . ( xy + yz + zx ) .
T c: M = ( x + y + z ) . ( xy + yz + zx ) 3 xyz .
T iu kin : ( x + y + z )# 6 ta suy ra trong ba s x, y, z c t nht mt s chn
3 xyz # 6 . T ta c pcm.

Cu 3:

Phng trnh th hai trong h c th phn tch thnh:


( x2 4 ) .( x2 + x + 1 + a 2 ) = 0 c ng hai nghim l x1 = 2; x2 = 2 .
Bng php th trc tip vo phng trnh th nht, ta thy x1 = 2 lun tha mn vi
mi a.Vy h c nghim duy nht khi v ch khi x2 = 2 khng tha mn bt phng
trnh, ngha l:
a < 3
4 + 2. a + 1 > 6 + 2 a + 1 > 2
a > 1

101

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


Cu 4:

1.Dng BE // AC ct PD ti E. Thy:
n = NHB
n = 450 .
BE = PC = BN NEB

C
E

Mt khc: n
AHN = n
APN = 450 .

Vy n
AHB = 900 v HN l ng phn gic ca n
AHB .
Suy ra:

1
1 AH 2 + BH 2
2
= . AH 2 .BH 2 .
S AHB
4
4
2
S AHB

AB 4
=
16

AB 2

ng thc xy ra khi AH = BH tc l khi H D M .


Vy khi M D th S AHB ln nht.
2.V HN l ng phn gic n
AHB nn HN lun i qua im gia ca na ng trn
ng knh AB. R rng im ny c nh.
Cu 5:

1.Nu 1 cu l ng th cc cu khc u sai.Vy c khng qu 1 cu ng.


Mt khc:Nu tt c u sai th cu th 1996 ng,v l.
Vy phi c cu ng v ch c 1 cu ng.iu c ngha l cu th 1995 l cu duy
nht ng.
2.Nu c h cu l sai ( 0 < h < 1996 ) th cc cu h, h + 1, h + 2,..., h + 1996 u ng.Suy ra
ch c cc cu 1, 2,..., h 1 l sai (tri gi thit c h cu sai).Vy khng c cu no sai ,
ngha l c 1996 cu u ng.

102

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


35:Thi S Phm I(1996-1997)

Vng 2:
Cu 1: Cho biu thc:

x + 3x + (x 4).
P(x ) =
3
2
2
3

x2 1 4

x 3x + x 4 . x 2 1 + 4
1.Rt gn P(x).

vi x 1.

2.Gii phng trnh : P ( x ) = 1 .


Cu 2:

1.Phn tch a thc thnh nhn t: ( a b ) + ( b c ) + ( c a ) .


3

2.Vi n l mt s t nhin cho,xt xem khng nh sau ng hay sai:


n
n
n
a thc: ( a b ) + ( b c ) + ( c a ) chia ht cho a thc n. ( a b ) . ( b c ) . ( c a )
2 x 1 = y z
Cu 3: Cho ba s nguyn dng x,y,z tha mn:
x > 1
CMR: z = 1 .

Cu 4: Gi M, N ln lt l trung im cc cnh BC, CD ca t gic li ABCD.


1
2
CMR: S ABCD .( AM + AN ) . (K hiu S ABCD ch din tch t gic ABCD).
2
Cu 5: Trn b mt bin h hnh trn c 2n thnh ph ( n 2 ).Gia hai thnh ph ty
c th c hoc khng c ng thy ni trc tip vi nhau.Ngi ta nhn thy
rng,i vi hai thnh ph A&B bt k th gia chng c ng thy ni trc tip
vi nhau khi v ch khi gia cc thnh ph A' v B' theo th t l hai thnh ph
gn vi A&B nht nu i t A n A' v B n B' trn b h dc theo cng mt
chiu (cng chiu kim ng h hoc ngc chiu kim ng h). CMR: T mi
thnh ph u c th i bng ng thy ti mt thnh ph ty khc theo mt l
trnh qua khng qu hai thnh ph trung gian.
Hng dn gii :
Cu 1:

1.Phn tch t v mu thnh nhn t c:


( x + 2). x 1. x 1.( x + 2) + ( x 2). x + 1
P( x) =
( x 2). x + 1. x + 1.( x 2) + ( x + 2). x 1

[
[

]
]

Suy ra iu kin tn ti P(x) l: x 1; x 2; x

103

2
3

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

Vi iu kin y: P ( x) =

( x + 2). x 1

.
( x 2). x + 1
2
.C hai gi tr ny u khng tha mn iu kin trn.
2.Gii P ( x ) = 1 ta c: x =
3
Vy phng trnh v nghim.
Cu 2:

1. ( a b ) + ( b c ) + ( c a ) = 3. ( a b ) . ( b c ) . ( c a ) .
3

2. S dng nh thc Newton c th thy khng nh ng khi n l.


D thy khng nh sai khi n chn.
Cu 3:
Do x > 1 2 x # 4 y z + 1# 4 nn y l. Xt:
___

+) z chn y z l s chnh phng l y z 1 (mod 4) y z + 1 # 4 .


Vy z l.Ta t z = 2t + 1 (t 0) .
Khi : y z + 1 = ( y + 1) . ( y z 1 y z 2 + y z 3 ... y + 1)

t M = y z 1 y z 2 + y z 3 ... y + 1 , M l tng ca 2t + 1 s l M l
M l c l ca s 2 x M = 1 .
Vy y z + 1 = y + 1 z = 1 (pcm).
Cu 4:Gi s MA ct BD I. T gi thit M, N l trung im ca BC v CD. Ta c:
S ABCD = 2 S AMCN = 2 ( S AMN + SCMN ) =

= 2 ( S AMN + S IMN ) 2 ( S AMN + S AMN ) =

E
I

1
= 4 S AMN 4. . AM . AN
2

2
AM + AN 1
2.
= . ( AM + AN ) (pcm).
2
2

Cu 5: Vi 3 thnh ph lin tip X , Y , Z k theo chiu no ta c: Y = X ' v Z = Y ' .


Do theo gi thit:
( X , Y ) = 1 ( X ', Y ') = (Y , Z ) = 0

( X , Y ) = 0 ( X ', Y ') = (Y , Z ) = 1
trong k hiu ( X , Y ) = 1 (hay 0) ch rng gia hai thnh ph X v Y c ( khng c)
ng thy ni trc tip. T suy ra rng c th biu din 2n thnh ph cho bi s

104

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

sau (hnh 1): Trong mi tn ch r cp thnh ph k nhau c ng thy ni trc


tip (hnh v vi n = 4 ).
Hnh1
Xt hai thnh ph A v B ty .
Nu ( A, B ) = 1 ta c ngay pcm.
Nu ( A, B ) = 0 ta c 3 trng hp:
10) ( A, A ') = ( B, B ') = 1 (hnh 1).
Lc ny v ( A, B ) = 0 nn ( A ', B ') = 1 .
Ta c ng i: A A ' B ' B .
20) ( A, A ') = 1, ( B, B ') = 0 (hnh 2).
Nu B = B1 th 3 thnh ph B1 , B, B ' lin tip.

M: ( B, B ') = 0 nn ( B1 , B ) = 1 . Nn: ( A, B1 ) = 1 th c ng i: A B1 B .
Nu ( A, B1 ) = 0 th

( A ', B ) = 1 v c ng i: A A ' B .

3 ) ( A, A ') = ( B, B ' ) = 0 (hnh 3). Gi s A = A1 v B = B1 .Tng t nh trn ta phi c:


0

( A, A1 ) = ( B, B1 ) = 1 . V ( A, B ) = 0

nn ( A1 , B1 ) = 1 .

Ta c ng i: A A1 B1 B .
Hnh2

Hnh3

Tm li trong mi trng hp ta u c pcm.

105

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


36:Thi Chuyn Hng Vng(1999-2000)

Chuyn L:
x 2 + 2 + x + y 2 + 3 + y = 5
Cu 1: Gii h:
x 2 + 2 x + y 2 + 3 y = 2
Cu 2: CMR:

2 a.(c d ) + 3d 3
vi mi s a, b, c, d [2;3] .

3 b.(d c) + 3c 2

Cu 3: CMR: Vi ba s thc a,b,c phn bit th phng trnh:


1
1
1
+
+
= 0 c hai nghim khc nhau.
xa xb xc
Cu 4: Cho ABC ( AB = AC ).Trn cnh BC ly cc im E,F (khc B,C) tha
BC
mn: BE = CF <
.Gi R, r ln lt l bn knh ng trn ngoi cc tam gic
2
ABC, AEF.

a).CMR: Hai ng trn ngoi tip cc tam gic ABE v ABF c bn knh bng
nhau.
b).Tnh bn knh ng trn ngoi tip ABF theo R v r.
Hng dn gii :
Cu 1:

t a = x 2 + 2 + x; b =

y 2 + 3 + y. H cho tr thnh:

a = 5 b
a + b = 5
b = 3, a = 2

2
3
2 3
b = a = 5
5 b + b = 2
a + b = 2
2

13
17

x = 20 , y = 20
T ta c cc nghim:
x = 1 , y = 1

2
a.(c d ) + 3d 2
(1) .

b.(d c) + 3c 3
a.(c d ) + 3d 3d a(d c) 3d 3(d c) c 2
=

= .
-Nu d c th:
b.(d c) + 3c b(d c) + 3c 3(d c) + 3c d 3
a.(c d ) + 3d 2(c d ) + 3d d + 2c

=
.
-Nu c > d th:
b.(d c) + 3c 3c 2.(c d ) c + 2d
Cu 2: Ta chng minh:

106

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

C:

d + 2c 2
3d + 6c 4d + 2c 4c d (lun ng).
c + 2d 3

Vy (1) c chng minh.


a.(c d ) + 3d 3
(2) .

Ta chng minh:
b.(d c) + 3c 2
a.(c d ) + 3d a.(c d ) + 3d 3.(c d ) + 3d c 3
=

= .
-Nu c > d th:
b.(d c) + 3c 3c b.(c d )
3c 3(c d ) d 2
a.(c d ) + 3d 3d a (d c) 3d 2(d c) d + 2c
=

=
..
-Nu d c th:
b.(d c) + 3c b(d c) + 3c 2(d c) + 3c c + 2d
d + 2c 3
C:
2d + 4c 3c + 6d c 4d (lun ng).
c + 2d 2
Vy (2) c chng minh.
Bi ton c chng minh xong.
Cu 3: iu kin: x a, x b, x c.
1
1
1
C:
+
+
=0
xa xb xc
( x a).( x b) + ( x b).( x c) + ( x c).( x a) = 0

3 x 2 2.(a + b + c).x + ab + bc + ca = 0(1)


t f (x) = 3x 2 2.(a + b + c).x + ab + bc + ca = 0 .
f ( a) = ( a b).(a c) 0

C: f (b) = (b c).(b a) 0
f (c) = (c a).(c b) 0

Hn na: Ta xt phng trnh (1) c:


1
2
2
2
' = (a + b + c) 2 3.(ab + bc + ca) = . (a b ) + (b c ) + (c a ) > 0
2
(Do a b, b c, c a ).
T ta c pcm.

Cu 4: p s: RABF = R.r .
Ch :Khi cc bn gii bi ton 3,cc bn thng xt ' > 0 ri suy ra iu phi chng
minh ngay l cha .Cc bn phi chng minh thm mt quan trng l : a,b,c khng
phi l nghim ca phng trnh ang xt.

107

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


37:Thi Chuyn Hng Vng(1998-1999)

Vng 1:
Cu 1: Gii phng trnh: x 2 + x 2 2 x 19 = 2 x + 39.
x + y + xy = 2

Cu 2: Gii h phng trnh nghim nguyn: y + z + yz = 5


z + x + zx = 7

Cu 3: Cho hai s dng a,b tha mn: a + 2b 8 . CMR:


a + 3b + 2a + 5b + 3a + 4b < 12.
Cu 4: Cho na ng trn tm O ng knh AB = 24 (cm). Trn tia OB ly cc im
C v D sao cho: OC = 15 (cm) v OD = 20 (cm). Hai tip tuyn CM v DN ct
nhau E. Tnh CM, DN v din tch CDE.
Hng dn gii :
Cu 1:

x 2 2 x 19 = t 0. Ta vit li phng trnh cho:

x 2 2 x 19 + ( x 2 2 x 19) 20 = 0 hay:
t 2 + t 20 = 0 (t 4).(t + 5) = 0 m t 0 nn:
t=4
x = 7
T c: x 2 2 x 19 = 16 x 2 2 x 35 = 0
x = 5
Cu 2: y chnh l Cu2- 18.
Cu 3: p dng BDT Bunhiacpxki:

a + 3b + 2a + 5b + 3a + 4b

(a + 3b + 2a + 5b + 3a + 4b ).(1 + 1 + 1) hay:

a + 3b + 2a + 5b + 3a + 4b (6a + 12b).3.
M a + 2b 8 nn 6a + 12b 48 . T suy ra:

a + 3b + 2a + 5b + 3a + 4b 48.3 = 12. ng thc khng xy ra, vy ta c pcm.

108

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


Cu 4: Gi E l giao im ca CM v DN.

D dng tnh c: CM = 9(cm), DN = 16(cm) .


C:

CM ON 3
n = tg NDO
n COM
n = NDO
n.
=
= nn: tg COM
MO DN 4

Gi M ' l im i xng ca M qua AB. C:

n' = COM
n = NDO
n OM ' // ND.
COM
Gi H l giao im ca CM ' vi ND.
D thy t gic ONHM ' l hnh vung.

n
'
n = ONH
n = 900
C = OMC
(V c M ' O // NH v OM
v c ON = OM ' = 12 cm )
HC = HM ' CM ' = ON CM = 3 cm .

t x(cm) = ME = NE . C: CE 2 = EH 2 + HC 2 hay :

( CM + x )

= ( NH EN ) + 9 ( 9 + x ) = (12 x ) + 9 x =
2

100
(cm).
7
150
1
1
1
= .DE.CH = .100. .3 =
(cm 2 ).
7
7
2
2

Suy ra: DE = DN EN =
C: S DCE

109

12
(cm)
7

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


38:Thi Chuyn Hng Vng(1998-1999)

Vng 2:
x 3 + x 3 y 3 + y 3 = 17
Cu 1: Gii h:
x + xy + y = 5
Cu 2: CMR: Vi n 4 th BT ng vi cc s dng x1 , x2 ,..., xn bt k:

(x1 + x2 + ... + xn )2 4.(x1 .x 2 + x2 .x3 + ... + xn .x1 ).

Cu 3: Tm gi tr ln nht ca hm s: y = 2 x 2 7 x + 3 .( x 3) vi x [ 3;3].
Cu 4: Cho ABC c ba gc nhn. Cc ng cao AD,BE,CF ct nhau ti H. K hiu
S ABC , S DEF l din tch ca cc tam gic ABC v DEF.

a).CMR:

S DEF
= 1 Cos 2 A Cos 2 B Cos 2 C.
S ABC

b).Bit AD = 3 (cm), BE = 2 2 (cm) v HC = 5.HF . Tnh S ABC = ?


Hng dn gii :
a 3 3ab + b 3 = 17
x + y = a
hay :
Cu 1: t
H cho tr thnh:
xy = b
a + b = 5

(a + b). a 2 ab + b 2 3ab = 17
5a 2 8ab + 5b 2 = 17

a + b = 5
a + b = 5
5a 2 8a.(5 a ) + 5.(5 a) 2 = 17
a = 2, b = 3

a = 3, b = 2
b = 5 a
x = 1, y = 2
T ta c:
x = 2, y = 1
Cu 2:
2
-Vi n chn ta c: (x1 x 2 + x3 ... + x n 1 x n ) 0 hay:

(x1 + x2 + ... + xn )2 4.(x1 .x2 + x2 .x3 + ... + xn .x1 ) (pcm).

-Vi n l ta c:
Khng gim tnh tng qut gi s xn = min ( x1 , x2 ,..., xn ) . C:

(x1 + x2 + ... + xn )2 4.(x1 .x2 + x2 .x3 + ... + xn .x1 )


2
[(x1 + x 2 + ... + x n 1 ) + x n ] 4.( x1 .x 2 + x 2 .x3 + ... + x n .x1 )

110

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


( x1 + x2 + ... + xn 1 ) + xn2 + 2 xn . ( x1 + x2 + ... + xn 1 )
2

4. ( x1.x2 + x2 .x3 + ... + xn 2 .xn 1 + xn 1.x1 ) + 4.( xn 1.xn + xn .x1 xn 1.x1 )

V n 1 chn nn: (x1 + x 2 + ... + xn 1 ) 4( x1 .x2 + x2 .x3 + ... + x n 2 .x n1 + xn 1 .x1 ) .


2

Ta s chng minh: x n2 + 2 x n .( x1 + x 2 + ... + x n 1 ) 4.( x n 1 .x n + x n .x1 x n 1 .x1 )


Do x1 x n , x n 1
Vy ta c pcm.

x n2 + 2 x n .(x 2 + x3 + ... + x n 2 ) + 2 x n 1 .( x1 x n ) + 2 x1 .( x n 1 x n ) 0 .
x n ( x1 x n ) 0; ( x n 1 x n ) 0.

Cu 3: C: y = (3 x).(3 x ).( 2 x 1)
1
-Nu x y 0.
2
1
-Nu x > . p dng BT C-Si (Ch : 3-x 0;2x-1 0) c:
2
3
125
3 x + 3 x + 2x 1
y = (3 x ).(3 x ).(2 x 1)
.
=
3
27

4
ng thc xy ra khi x = .
3
125
4
Vy y max =
khi x = .
27
3
Cu 4:

S
S DEF
S
S
AF . AE CE.CD BF .BD
= 1 AEF CED BFD = 1

.
S ABC
S ABC S ABC S ABC
AC. AB CB.CA BC.BA
S
T : DEF = 1 Cos 2 A Cos 2 B Cos 2 C.
S ABC
a-C:

b-Trc ht ta chng minh cc b sau:


AB
BC
CA
10)
=
=
= 2 R (nh l hm s sin).
SinC SinA SinB
20) Vi a = BC,b = CA,c = AB c:

CosA =

b2 + c2 a2
a2 + c2 b2
b2 + a2 c2
; CosB =
; CosC =
.
2bc
2ac
2ac

C: Gi O l tm ng trn ngoi tip ABC, ko di AO ct (O) ti im th hai H.Ta


c:

111

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


AC AC
=
.
SinB = Sin n
AHC =
AH 2 R
AB
CB
Tng t: SinC =
; SinA =
.
2R
2R
AB
BC
CA
Vy:
=
=
= 2R .
SinC SinA SinB
Li c:
AF
AF . AB = AB. AC.
AC
AF
AF .BF + AF 2 = AB. AC.
AC
AF
. T : 2. AF .BF + 2. AF 2 = 2. AB. AC.CosA
2. AF .BF + 2. AF 2 = 2. AB. AC.
AC
2
2
2
BF + CF = ( AF + CF ) + AF 2 + CF 2 2. AB. AC.CosA

a 2 = c 2 + b 2 2bc.CosA
b2 + c2 a2
CosA =
.
2bc
a2 + c2 b2
b2 + a2 c2
Tng t: CosB =
; CosC =
.
2ac
2ab
Tr li bi ton:
Ta c:
AC
n = DC .
= SinB = SinDHC
2R
HC
DC
Suy ra: HC = 2 R.
HC = 2 R.CosC
AC
HD
n
HD = HC.
= 2 R.CosC.CosDHC
HC
HD = 2 R.CosB.CosC (1)
Tng t: HF = 2 R.CosB.CosA (2) .
T (1) ta c:
HD
HC =
= 2 R.CosC = 5.HF (3) .
CosB
T ( 2) & (3) suy ra: 2 R.CosC = 2 R.CosB.CosA.5 CosC = 5.CosB.CosA .
b2 + a2 c2
a2 + c2 b2 b2 + a2 c2
= 5.
.
2ac
2ac
2ab
2
2
2
2
5. ( c + b a ) . ( a + c 2 b 2 )
a 2 + b2 c2 =
(4) .
2.c 2
AC AD
3
b
3
2 2
M:
=
=
=
.Suy ra: a =
.b thay vo ( 4) c:
BC BE 2 2
a 2 2
3

112

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


c2
34
5
7c .b 2 c 2 .b 4 = 0 7. 2
9
81
b
4

34 c 2 5
. 2
=0
9
81
b

c2 5
5
Suy ra: 2 = c 2 = .b 2 .C:
9
9
b
2

2 2
5
.b + b 2 .b 2

2
2
2
3
9
b +a c
1

=
CosC =
=
2ab
2 2 2
2
2.
.b
3
l = 450 BC = BE = 4 (cm).
C
CosC
1
S ABC = .BC. AD = 6 (cm 2 ).
2
Vy: SABC = 6 (cm2).

113

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


39:Thi Chuyn Hng Vng(1995-1996)
Vng 1:
Cu 1: Cho a, b, c > 0 tha mn: a + b + c = 12 .
CMR:

3a + 2. a + 1 + 3b + 2. b + 1 + 3c + 2. c + 1 3. 17 .

Cu 2: Mt cuc thi u bng bn c khong t 20 n 30 ngi tham d,trong c


cc kin tng v cc vn ng vin(cha c phong kin cp tng). Theo th
l th mi u th phi u vi tt c cc u th khc v mi cp ch u mt
trn. Ai thng c 2 im, thua b 0 im,cn ha c 1 im. Bit rng tng
s im ca mi u th khi gp tt c cc kin tng th bng na s im ca
mnh sau mi trn u. Hi c bao nhiu ngi tham d cuc thi,trong c bao
nhiu kin tng?
Cu 3: CMR: Vi mi s nguyn n > 1 th:
1
1
3
5
2n 1
< 2 . 2 . 2 ... 2
< 1.
n!
n
n
n
n
Cu 4: Cho ABC vung C c BC = a, CA = b . Ly cc im K,M,N nm ngoi
ABC sao cho cc KAB, MBC, ANC vung cn vi cnh huyn tng ng
l AB,BC,CA.V cc na ng trn ng knh AB, BC, CA theo th t i qua
cc im KMN.
1.Tnh S KMN theo a, b .
2.Tnh bn knh ng trn tip xc vi 3 na ng trn trn khi
a = 6 (cm), b = 8 (cm)

Hng dn gii :
Cu 1: C:
Li c:

a + b + c (a + b + c).(1 + 1 + 1) = 6.

3a + 2 a + 1 + 3b + 2 b + 1 + 3c + 2 c + 1

) (
(

) (
)

)
2

3a + 2 a + 1 + 3b + 2 b + 1 + 3c + 2 c + 1 .(1 + 1 + 1) =

= 3.(a + b + c) + 2. a + b + c + 3 .3 ( 3.12 + 2.6 + 3) .3 = 51.3

Suy ra:
3a + 2. a + 1 + 3b + 2. b + 1 + 3c + 2. c + 1 51.3 = 3. 17
ng thc xy ra khi a = b = c = 4 .

114

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

Cu 2: Gi s c: x vn ng vin , y kin tng.


Mi vn ng vin s u s trn: +) y trn vi kin tng
+) x-1 trn vi cc vn ng vin khc
Mi vn kin tng s u s trn: +) y-1 trn vi kin tng
+) x trn vi cc vn ng vin khc
y.( y 1)
trn.
2
( x + y ).( x + y 1)
Tng s cc trn u:
trn.
2
Sau mi trn u tng s im ca c hai ngi chi lun l 2.

S trn c kin tng thi u: xy +

Theo bi ra ta c:
Tng s im ca tt c mi ngi sau khi gp kin tng =

1
tng s im ca tt c
2

( x + y ).( x + y 1)
y.( y 1) 1

mi ngi. Ta c: 2 xy +
.
= .2.

2
2
2

Suy ra:
x 2 (2 y + 1).x ( y 2 y ) = 0 .V x x = 8 y 2 + 1 l s chnh phng.
M 1 y 20 y = 6 x = 15.
Vy c 21 ngi tham d cuc thi,trong c 6 kin tng.

Cu 3: p dng BT C-Si ta c:
n

1
3
2n 1

2 + 2 + ... + 2

1
3
5
2n 1

n
n
n =

2 . 2 . 2 ... 2
<
n
n
n
n
n

1 + 3 + ... + (2n 1)

2n

n
=
= 1.
n

Li c: Vi 1 t n ta lun c: (1 t ).( 2n 2t + 1) 0 hay:


2t 1
1
2n (2t 1)
1

>
2
n
n t +1
n
n t +1
n

T ta c BT :
2n (2t 1)
1
vi 1 t n .
2

n
n t +1

115

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


Thay t = 1,2,..., n ta c:
2n 1 1
2

n
n

2n 3
1
2

1
1
3
5
2n 1

n
n 1 2 . 2 . 2 ... 2

n!
n
n
n
n

...

1 1

n 1
Du bng khng xy ra.
1
1
3
5
2n 1
Vy: < 2 . 2 . 2 ... 2
< 1 (pcm).
n!
n
n
n
n
Cu 4:

1.D thy cc tam gic AKC,KCM vung. C:


1
1
S KMN = .MN .KC = .( NC + MC ).KC .
2
2
0
M : n
ACK = 45 nn: KC = AC. 2 = b. 2 .C:
1
1
1
1
NC =
. AC =
.b v: MC =
.CB =
.a .
2
2
2
2
T :
1 1
1
S KMN = .
.(a + b). 2 .b S KMN = .(a + b).b
2 2
2
2.Trc ht ta xt bi ton ph sau:
"Cho HQT vung H c HQ = 3, HT = 4 (vdd). Tm im O trong tam gic HQT
: HO = QO 1 = TO 2 ".
Gii:
H OL,OP ln lt vung gc vi QH,HT.
t OH = x, HP = y . C:
OP 2 = OT 2 TP 2 hay:
x 2 y 2 = ( x + 2) 2 (4 y ) 2 hay: x = 3 2 y (1) .
Li c: OL2 = OQ 2 QL2
hay: x 2 y 2 = ( x + 1) 2 (3 HL) 2
hay:

x 2 y 2 = ( x + 1)2 9 + 6. x 2 y 2 ( x 2 y 2 )
x 4 + 3. x 2 y 2 = 0 (2).
T ( 2) ta c: (4 x) 2 = 9.( x 2 + y 2 ) kt hp vi (1) c:

116

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


y = 4
23 y 112 y + 80 = 0
y = 20
23

20
29
T (1) y < 4 .Vy y =
.
x=
23
23

Tr li bi ton:
Gi O l tm ng trn tip xc vi ba na ng trn trn. Gi cc im tip xc
ln lt l: T ', Q ', H ' (hnh v).
Gi T,Q,H ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh AC,CB,BA ca ABC.
C: OT ' = OH ' = OQ ' hay: OT + TT ' = OH + HH ' = OQ + QQ '
OT + 3 = OH + 5 = OQ + 4 OT 2 = OQ 1 = OH
p dng bi ton ph trn cho HTQ c:
29
29
144
OH =
OH ' =
+5=
23
23
23
144
Vy bn knh cn tm c di :
(cm).
23

117

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


40:Thi Chuyn Hng Vng(1995-1996)

Vng 2:
Cu 1: Tm gi tr ln nht,nh nht ca biu thc :

mn : a + c = b + d = 50.

a c
+ trong a, b, c, d tha
b d

Cu 2: Cho ABC c gc A t v AB < AC . Xt im D trn cnh BC sao cho DM


vung gc vi AB ti M thuc on AB, DN vung gc vi AC ti N thuc on
AC. Hy xc nh D sao cho on MN nh nht. Tnh gi tr nh nht theo cc
cnh v cc gc ca ABC.
Cu 3: Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng n trong 1500 < n < 2000 sao cho n c ng 16
c s trong c c l 19.
Hng dn gii :
Cu 1:

-Ta tm GTLN ca biu thc cho.


a c
Ta hon ton c th gi s rng : khi ta c:
b d
a a+c
c
a

= 1 1. Li c:
b b+d
d
b
c
a c
+Nu c 48 48 + 1 + 48 = 49.
d
b d
a c 1 49 1
1
+Nu c = 49 a = 1 + = +

+ 49 = 49 .
b d b d
49
49
a
c
1

Vy + = 49
khi a = 1, b = 49, c = 49, d = 1.
49
b d max
-Ta tm GTNN ca biu thc cho.
a c
Nhn xt: Trong hai phn s , lun tn ti mt phn s c gi tr ln hn hoc bng
b d
a
1.(iu ny d dng chng minh c bng phn chng).Vy ta gi s rng 1 .Khi
b
ta c a b .Ta bin i biu thc nh sau:
a c a 50 a
1
1
P= + = +
= 2 + (a b).
(*)
b d b 50 b
b 50 b
1
1
+)Nu b 25
P 2.
b 50 b

118

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


1
1 50 50
1
1
+)Nu b > 25 P = 2 (a b).
2 (50 b).
=

50 b b
50 b b b 49
a c 50
Mt khc khi a = 50, b = 49, c = 0, d = 1 th + =
.
b d 49
50
a c
Vy + = .
b d min 49

Cu 2:
n = 1800 l
D thy MDN
A < 900 .

p dng b 1 trong 38 c:

MN
= AD.
n
SinMDN

(Ch : A,M,D,N cng nm trn ng trn ng knh AD).


n m AD AH nn:
hay: MN = AD.SinMDN
n = AH .Sin(1800 lA)
MN AH .SinMDN

A) khi D H .
Vy: MN min = AH .Sin(1800 l
Cu 3:

T gi thit n chia ht cho 19 nn ta t: n = 19 . A vi A, .


Ta c: 1500 < 19 . A < 2000 < 3.
-Nu = 2 4 < A < 6 A = 5 khng tha mn.
-Nu = 1 78 < A < 106.
Ta c th t :
A = p11 . p 2 2 ... p k k vi pi P, i > 0. Cc s p i i mt khc nhau i = 1, k .

n = 19. . p11 . p 2 2 ... p k k t gi thit ta c:


(1 + 1).( 1 + 1)(
. 2 + 1)...( k + 1) = 16 ( 1 + 1)(
. 2 + 1)...( k + 1) = 8 = 2.4 = 2.2.2
+Nu ( 1 + 1)(
. 2 + 1)...( k + 1) = 2.2.2 suy ra:

1 = 2 = 3 = 1

k = 3
A = 3.5.7
n = 3.5.7.19
78 < A = p1 . p 2 . p3 < 106

A = 2.3.17 n = 2.3.17.19

119

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

. 2 + 1)...( k + 1) = 2.4 suy ra:


+Nu ( 1 + 1)(

1 = 1

3
2 = 3 78 < A = p1 . p 2 < 106 p 2 < 4.
k = 2

Nu p 2 = 3 2 < p1 < 4 p1 = 3 (loi).


3
3
p = 11 A = 2 .11 n = 2 .11.19
Nu p 2 = 2 9 < p1 < 14 1

3
3
p1 = 13 A = 2 .13 n = 2 .13.19
= 7
. 2 + 1)...( k + 1) = 8 1
+Nu ( 1 + 1)(
A = 2 7 > 105 (loi).
=
1
k

Tm li ta c bn p s tha mn bi ra:
n = 1672 hoc 1976 hoc 1995 hoc 1938.

-Bt c din n no hay trang web no s dng file ny phi xin


php v c s cho php ca ban qun tr din n
http://mathnfriend.org mi c php s dng.
-Bt c c nhn no s dng file phi xin php tc gi v c s
cho php ca tc gi mi c php s dng.

120

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


41:Thi S Phm I(2001-2002)
Vng 1:

)(

Cu 1: Xt a thc : P( x) = 1 x + x 2 x 3 + ... x 1999 + x 2000 . 1 + x + x 2 + ...x 2000 .


Khai trin v c lng cc s hng ng dng c th vit:
P ( x ) = a 0 + a1 x + a 2 x 2 + ... + a 4000 x 4000 .Tnh a 2001 .
Cu 2: Gii phng trnh : 3x 2 7 x + 3 x 2 2 = 3x 2 5 x 1 x 2 3x + 4 .
Cu 3: Tm ba ch s hng n v, hng chc, hng trm ca s: A = 26 6

2001

Cu 4: Cho a, b > 0 .Bit rng phng trnh: x 3 x 2 + 3ax b = 0 c ba nghim


a3
(khng nht thit phn bit).CMR: 3 + 27.b 28 .
b
Cu 5: Gi A ', B ', C ' ln lt l trung im ca cc cung BC,CA,AB khng cha cc
nh A,B,C ca ng trn ngoi tip ABC. Cc cnh BC,CA,AB ct cc cp
on thng C ' A ', B ' A '; B ' A ', C ' B '; C ' B ', C ' A ' ln lt cc cp M,N,P,Q v
R, S. Chng t:
1.Trc tm H ' ca + A ' B ' C ' trng vi tm I ng trn ni tip + ABC .
2.Cc ng cho MQ,NR v PS ca lc gic MNPQRS ng qui I.
3.Ba on MN,PQ v RS c di bng nhau khi v ch khi + ABC u.
Hng dn gii:
Cu 1:
C:
P( x) = 1 x + x 2 x 3 + ... x 1999 + x 2000 . 1 + x + x 2 + ...x 2000

(
= (1 + x
= (1 + x

)(

+ x 4 + ... + x

) (x + x + ... + x )
) x .(1 + x + x + ... + x )

2000 2

1999 2

2
2
4
1998
+ x 4 + ... + x 2000
Ta thy: P (x ) c c sau khi b cc du ngoc v nhm cc s hng trong tch s l
mt a thc khng cha cc s hng vi ly tha l ca x .
Tm li: a 2001 = 0.
2

121

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

3x 2 7 x + 3 0
x 2
2

Cu 2: iu kin: x 2 0
5 + 37 (I).

x
x 2 3x + 4 0

Phng trnh cho c th vit li:

3x 2 7 x + 3 + x 2 3x + 4 =

(3x

5 x 1 2.( x 2) +

(x

x 2 2 + 3x 2 5 x 1
2

2 3.( x 2) = 3 x 2 5 x 1 + x 2 + 2 (1)

Nu x > 2 ta thy VT < VP.


Nu x < 2 ta thy VT > VP.
Th vi x = 2 thy tha mn phng trnh (1) v h iu kin (I).
Tm li : Nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = 2 .
Cu 3: D thy: 6 2001 = 5t + 1 (t )

C: A = 26 5t +1 = (26 5 ) .26
C: 26 5 1(mod125) A 26(mod125).
Ta c th t: A = 125k + 26 (k ) .
D thy A#8 125k + 26#8 5k + 2#8 k 6(mod 8) nn:
k = 8m + 6 vi m .T suy ra: A = 1000.m + 776.
Ch s hng n v, hng chc, hng trm ca A ln lt l : 6,7,7.
t

Cu 4: Gi x1 , x 2 , x3 l cc nghim ca phng trnh : x 3 x 2 + 3ax b = 0 .

x1 + x 2 + x3 = 1(1)

Theo nh l Vi-et m rng ta c: x1 x 2 + x1 x3 + x 2 x3 = 3a(2)


x x x = b(3)
1 2 3
Trc ht ta chng minh: x1 , x 2 , x3 > 0. Tht vy:
T (3) thy: x1 , x 2 , x3 0.
T (1) c th thy rng: Trong ba s x1 , x 2 , x3 phi c t nht mt s dng, ta gi s

x1 > 0 .Nu nh c mt trong hai s x 2 , x3 m, chng hn x2 < 0 th t (3) ta c:


b = x1 x 2 x3 > 0 x 2 x3 > 0 x3 < 0 . T ( 2) c:
0 < 3a = x1.( x2 + x3 ) + x2 x3 =
= 1 ( x2 + x3 ) .( x2 + x3 ) + x2 x3 = x2 + x3 x22 x32 x2 x3 < 0 (v l ).

Tm li ta c : x1 , x 2 , x3 > 0. Li c:
a3
1
3
+ 27.b = ( x1 x2 + x1 x3 + x1 x2 ) .
+ 27 x1 x2 x3 =
3
b
27.x13 x23 x33

122

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


3

1 1 1 1
1
= . + + + 27.x1 x2 x3
+ 27 x1 x2 x3 =
27 x1 x2 x3
x1 x2 x3

1
26
1
26
.27 x1 x2 x3 +
= 28
=
+ 27 x1 x2 x3 +
2.
3
27.x1 x2 x3
x1 + x2 + x3
27 x1 x2 x3
27.x1 x2 x3
27.

1
1
1
ng thc xy ra x1 = x 2 = x3 = a = , b =
.
3
9
27

Cu 5:

A ).
1.D thy A, I , A ' thng hng (do AA '& AI ng thi l ng phn gic trong ca l
Tng t: B, I , B ' thng hng; C , I , C ' thng hng. C:
1
n
n
n
' '
' '
l +C
l = 90 0 .
A' C ' B ' + C
BI = n
A'C 'C + CC
B = . l
A+ B
2
IB ' C ' A ' . Tng t : IC ' A ' B ' , IA ' C ' B ' .
T H ' I .
2.C:
n
' '
IB
C =n
AA'C ' = n
A' B 'C '
I v A i xng vi nhau qua B ' C ' .
IA B 'C '

n = IAR
n IQ // AB . Tng t: MI // AB nn M,I,Q thng hng.
n
AIQ = QAI

Hon ton tng t: N,I,R thng hng; P,I,S thng hng.


Ta c pcm.
3. C: PQ = SR PQ + AQ = RS + AR . Vy: AS = AP .
AS AP
Hn na ta thy: SP // BC nn:
=
AB = AC .
AB AC
Tng t dn n BC = AC + ABC u.
Ngc li: Nu ABC u, d thy PQ = RS = MN .

123

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

42:Thi S Phm I(2001-2002)

Vng 2:
Cu 1: Vi mi s k nguyn dng, t: S k =

) (
k

2 +1 +

2 1 .

CMR: S m + n + S m n = S m .S n vi mi m, n * : m > n.
Cu 2: Cho n l mt s nguyn dng.
Chng t tng : Tn = 15 + 2 5 + 35 + ... + n 5 chia ht cho tng An = 1 + 2 + .. + n .
Cu 3: Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng p > 1 sao cho phng trnh sau c nghim duy

1
.x + 1 = 0.
nht: x 3 + p.x 2 + p 1 +
p 1

x 3 + y 3 + x 2 .( y + z ) = xyz + 14

Cu 4: Gii h: y 3 + z 3 + y 2 .( z + x) = xyz 21
z 3 + x 3 + z 2 .( x + y ) = xyz + 7

Cu 5.a(Chuyn Ton):

Cho ABC cn A. K hiu x,y,z ln lt l cc khong cch MA ', MB ', MC ' t


mt im M nm trong mt phng (ABC) n cc ng thng CB, CA, AB . Tm
qu tch nhng im M nm trong gc BAC sao cho : x 2 = yz .
Cu 5.b(Chuyn Tin):

Trong mt bng vung 2000 2000 (mi c kch thc l 1) v mt


ng trn vi bn knh 10 khng i qua nh no v cng khng tip xc vi
cnh no ca cc vung.
1.ng trn v ct cc cnh ca cc vung ti bao nhiu im?
2.Chng t: ng trn cho ct khng t hn 79 vung.
Hng dn gii:

) (

m
Cu 1: C: S m .S n = 2 + 1 +

) (

) (

m
n
2 1 . 2 + 1 +

124

n
2 1 =

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

m
= 2 +1 +

(
= ( 2 + 1) + (

n
. 2 + 1 +
m
2 + 1
1

)
2 + 1)

m+ n

mn

2 +1

nm

n
2 + 1
1
+
m+ n
2 +1
1

( )
= ( 2 + 1) + ( 2 + 1) + ( 2 1) + ( 2 1)
m+ n

mn

nm

m+ n

= S m+ n + S mn .

Ta c pcm.
Cu 2:

Ta chng minh bi ton tng qut sau:


Chng t: Tng S k = 1k + 2 k + 3 k + ... + n k chia ht cho An vi n l s nguyn dng ty
v k l s t nhin l. Tht vy:
Ta bit ( a k + b k ) chia ht cho ( a + b ) vi k l.
Thy: An = 1 + 2 + .. + n =

n.( n + 1)
n.(n + 1)
. Ta s chng minh S k #
.
2
2

-Khi n chn:
n k n k
S k = 1 + n + 2 + (n 1) + ... + + + 1
2 2



#( n +1)
#( n +1)

) (

#( n +1)

S k # (n + 1) .
n k n k n k
Hn na: S k = 1 + (n 1) + 2 + (n 2) + ... + 1 + + 1 + + n k
2 2 2


n
n
#
#

) (

n
2

n.( n + 1)
n
n

, m , (n + 1) = 1 S k #
.
2
2
2

-Khi n l:
n 1 k n + 3 k n + 1 k
+
+
S k = 1k + n k + 2k + (n 1) k + ... +
2 2 2


n +1
n +1
#
#
Sk #

) (

Sk #

n +1
2

n +1
.
2

125

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

n 1 k n + 1 k k
+
+n
Hn na: S k = (1k + (n 1) k ) + ( 2k + (n 2) k ) + ... +
2 2


#n
#n
#n

S k #n .
n.(n + 1)
n +1
M
.
, n = 1 Sk #
2
2

Tm li ta c pcm.

1
.x + 1 = 0.
Cu 3: C: x 3 + p.x 2 + p 1 +
p

2
[x (1 p )]. ( p 1).x + ( p 1).x + 1 = 0

x = 1 p

(*)
2
( p 1).x + ( p 1).x + 1 = 0
phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht h (*) c nghim duy nht
Phng trnh (1) v nghim hoc phng trnh (1) c nghim kp x1 = x2 = 1 p .
Kt hp vi iu kin p > 1, p ta tm c cc gi tr ca p tha mn bi ra l
p = 2,3,4 .

x3 + y 3 + x 2 .( y + z ) = xyz + 14 (1)

Cu 4: Theo bi ra ta c: y 3 + z 3 + y 2 .( z + x) = xyz 21 (2)


z 3 + x3 + z 2 .( x + y ) = xyz + 7 (3)

Cng (1), (2) & (3) ta c:


2.(x 3 + y 3 + z 3 ) + x 2 .( y + z ) + y 2 .( z + x) + z 2 .( x + y ) = 3 xyz
(x 3 + y 3 + z 3 3 xyz ) + x 3 + y 3 + z 3 + x 2 .( y + z ) + y 2 .( z + x) + z 2 .( x + y ) = 0
( x + y + z ).(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 xy yz zx ) + (x + y + z ).(x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) = 0
1
1
1

2
2
2
( x + y + z ). .(x y ) + .( y z ) + .( z x ) + x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 0
2
2
2

x + y + z = 0

x = y = z = 0
R rng x = y = z = 0 khng phi l nghim ca h cho.
Vy ta c: x + y + z = 0 thay vo (1), ( 2) & (3) ta c:

y 3 = xyz + 14
y 3 = z 3 + 35
y 3 = z 3 + 35
3

3
3
x 3 = z 3 + 28
z = xyz 21 x = z + 28
x 3 = xyz + 7
( z 3 + 21) 3 = ( z 3 + 35).( z 3 + 28).z 3
( z 3 + 21) 3 = x 3 y 3 z 3

126

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

y 3 = z 3 + 35
y = 2
3

3
x = z + 28 x = 1 (tha mn).
z = 3
z 3 = 27

Vy nghim ca h cho l: x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.
Cu 5a: Gi O,I ln lt l tm ng trn bng
tip gc A, ng trn ni tip ca tam gic ABC.

*Thun:
H MI ', MH , MK ln lt vung gc vi
cc ng thng AB,BC,CA.
'
l =C
l = HMK
n (1)
MH = B
C: In
M: MH 2 = MI ' .MK

MH MK
(2).
=
MI ' MH

T (1) & ( 2) suy ra:


MHI ' MKH (c.g.c)
'
'
n In
n
In
HM = HKM
BM = MCB
D thy BIO vung B.
Gi L l trung im ca IO BIL cn L
1 l
n = LIB
n = 1 .l
IBL
A + .B
2
2
1
1 l 1 l
n+n
IBL
ABI = . l
A + .B
+ .C = 900.
2
2
2
0
n
ABL = 90 AB tip xc vi ng trn ng knh IO.
BM,CM ct ng trn ng knh IO ln lt M ', M '' .
q' = BM
q'' .
'
n BM
Do In
BM = MCB

M ' M '' M ' M '' M M nm trn ng trn


ng knh IO.
*o:

Ly M bt k trn ng trn ng knh IO.


H MI ', MH , MK ln lt vung gc vi cc
ng thng BA,BC,AC.
D thy: AB tip xc vi ng trn ng knh IO.
'
l =C
l = HMK
n
C: In
MH = B
'
'
n = HKM
n
M In
HM = In
BM = BCM

127

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


+ MHI '+ MKH ( g .g )
MH MK

=
MH 2 = MI ' .MK
'
MH
MI
*Kt: Qu tch im M cn tm l ng trn ng knh IO.

Cu 5b:

Xt giao im ca cc ng li vi ng trn C c bn knh bng 10.


R rng : Cc giao im trn chia ng trn thnh cc cung.Mi cung ch thuc vo
phn trong ca mt vung S vung m C ct bng s giao im ca cc ng
li vi C:
-Cc ng li ngang ct C ti 40 giao im (20 2=40 im) (V mi ng li
ngang ct C ti 2 im).
-Cc ng li dc ct C ti 40 giao im (20 2=40 im) (V mi ng li dc
ct C ti 2 im).
(Do C c bn knh bng 10 nn n ct 20 ng li ngang, 20 ng li dc).
S giao im l 80.
S vung l 80 > 79.

128

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


43:Thi Chuyn Hng Vng(2001-2002)

Vng 1:
Cu 1:

a.Tnh

2 + 3. 2 + 2 + 3 . 2 + 2 + 2 + 3 . 2 2 + 2 + 3 .

b.CMR: Nu a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + ab + bc + ca = 0 th a = b = c = 0 .
Cu 2:

a.Gii phng trnh : (x 2 9 x + 18). x 5 = 0 .


b.Gii phng trnh : x 10 + 30 x = x 2 40 x + 400 + 2. 10 .
c.Trong mt mt phng cho n im ty . CMR: Lun c ng trn cha bn
trong n im cho.

Cu 3: CMR:

43
1
1
1
44
<
+
+ ... +
<
44 2. 1 + 1. 2 3. 2 + 2. 3
2002. 2001 + 2001. 2002 45

Cu 4: Cho ng trn (O,R) v ng thng x y c nh nm ngoi ng trn. T mt


im M ty trn x y k hai tip tuyn MP,MQ ti (O). Dy cung PQ ct OM ti
K. CMR:

a.T gic MPOQ ni tip ng trn (V) v (V) i qua hai im c nh.
b.Khi M di chuyn trn x y th tch OK.OM khng i v im K di chuyn trn
mt ng trn c nh.
Hng dn gii:
Cu 1: Bn c t gii.
Cu 2:

a.Phng trnh cho c hai nghim x = 5 hoc x = 6 .


b. iu kin: 10 x 30 .
x 10 + 30 x ( x 10 ) + ( 30 x ) .[1 + 1] = 40 = 2. 10
ng thc xy ra x = 20.
M: x 2 40 x + 400 + 2. 10 = ( x 20) 2 + 2. 10 2. 10 .
ng thc xy ra x = 20.
. 1 + 1] = 40 = 2. 10 x = 20.
Tm li: x 10 + 30 x [( x 10) + (30 x )][
c.Gi s n im cho l A1, A2,..., An.
V c hu hn im nn ta c th gi s im A2 cch xa im A1 nht.

C:

129

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

Tc l: AAi A1A2 ( i = 3, n ).
Khi ng trn (A1,R) vi R > A1A2 l ng trn cn tm.
Cu 3:

Nhn xt:

vi k * .

(k + 1). k + k . k + 1
k
k +1
Cho k = 1,2..., 2001 ta c:
1
1
1
1
+
+ ... +
= 1
2. 1 + 1. 2 3. 2 + 2. 3
2002. 2001 + 2001. 2002
2002
43
1
44
< 1
<
.
D thy :
44
2002 45
Cu 4:
a.(V) lun i qua O v H (H l chn ng vung gc h t O xung x y).
b.C: OK .OM = R 2 .
Gi L l giao im ca OH v PQ.
OL OK
R2
=
OL.OH = OK .OM = R 2 OL =
= const.
OLK ~ OMH
OM OH
OH
L c nh K thuc ng trn c nh: ng trn ng knh OL.

130

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


44:Thi Chuyn Hng Vng(2001-2002)

Vng 2:
Cu 1: Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:

1
1
1
+
+ ... +
=
1.2 2.3
x.( x + 1)

2001 x + 2001

2001 x + 2002
Cu 2: Cho a thc : P = ( x + y + z ) x 3 y 3 z 3 .Chng t:
a.Nu P = 0 th (x11 + y 11 )( y 7 + z 7 )(z 2001 + x 2001 ) = 0.
b.Nu x, y, z l cc s nguyn cng chn l th P # 24.
3

Cu 3: Cho a, b, c > 0 khng i v x, y , z > 0 thay i sao cho:

a b c
+ + = 0.
x y z

Tm gi tr nh nht ca P vi P = x + y + z.
n = 450 quay xung quanh B sao cho Bx
Cu 4: Cho hnh vung ABCD cnh a. Mt gc xBy
ct cnh AD ti M, By ct cnh CD N (M v N khng trng vi D).Gi E, F
tng ng l giao im ca BM, BN vi AC.
a.Chng t: Cc t gic ABFM, BCNE, MEFN ni tip ng trn.
b.Chng t: MN lun tip xc vi mt ng trn c nh v chu vi ca tam gic
MND khng i.
c.Tm v tr ca M, N v nu cch dng cc im tam gic MND c din
tch ln nht.
Hng dn gii:
Cu 1: Bn c t gii.
Cu 2: Ch : (x + y + z ) x 3 y 3 z 3 = 3.( x + y ).( y + z ).( z + x ) x, y, z R.
2
a b c
Cu 3:C: ( x + y + z ) = ( x + y + z ). + + a + b + c .
x y z
b
c
a
x = a .( a + b + c )
x2 = y2 = z2

ng thc xy ra
y = b .( a + b + c )
a + b + c = 1

x y z
z = c .( a + b + c )
3

Vy Pmin =

a+ b+ c .

131

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


Cu 4:
n = 450 = FAM
n nn t gic ABFM ni tip c. Tng t ta cng c: T gic
a. FBM
CBEN ni tip. T suy ra:
n + BCN
n = 1800 BEN
n = 900 NEM
n = 900 .
BEN
n = 900 .
Tng t: MFN
T gic MEFN ni tip.

b.Ly im K trn tia i ca tia AD


sao cho AK = CN .
BK = CN v :
n = KBA
n+n
n+n
KBM
ABM = NBC
ABM =
n = 450 = NBM
n
= 900 NBM
KMB = NMB (c.g .c ) BA = BL (BL MN)
MN tip xc vi ng trn (B;a).
Li c: KBM = NBM KM = MN
P (MND ) = MN + ND + MD = KM + MD + ND = KA + AM + MD + DN =
= CN + ND + MD + MA = 2a.
c.C: MD + ND + MN = 2a MD + ND + MD 2 + ND 2 = 2a

4a 2 = MD + ND + MD 2 + ND 2
2

) MD + ND + MD +2ND
2

1
1

2
= 1 +
.(MD + ND ) 4.1 +
.MD.ND
2
2

M MD.ND = 2.S MDN nn suy ra:


S MDN

a2

2 + 1 .2

n = NBC
n = 22,50 .
ng thc xy ra MD = ND MBA

132

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


45:Thi Tng Hp (2001-2002)

Vng 1:
Cu 1: Tm cc gi tr nguyn x,y tha mn ng thc: ( y + 2 ) .x 2 + 1 = y 2 .
Cu 2:

1.Gii phng trnh : x.(3 x + 1) x.( x 1) = 2. x 2 .


x 2 + xy + 2 = 3 x + y
2.Gii h: 2
x + y 2 = 2

Cu 3: Cho na ng trn ng knh AB = 2a . Trn on AB ly M. Trong na mt


phng b AB cha na vng trn, ta k hai tia Mx v My sao cho
n
n = 300 .Tia Mx ct na vng trn E, tia My ct na vng trn F.
AMx = BMy
K EE ', FF ' vung gc vi AB.

1.Cho AM =

a
, tnh din tch hnh thang vung EE'F'F theo a.
2

2.Khi im M di ng trn AB, chng minh ng thng EF lun tip xc vi


mt vng trn c nh.
Cu 4: Gi s x,y,z l cc s thc khc 0 tha mn:
1 1
1 1
1 1
x. + + y. + + z. + = 2
z x
y z
x y
3
3
3
x + y + z = 1
1 1 1
Tnh: P = + + .
x y z
Cu 5: Vi x,y,z > 0. Tm GTLN ca biu thc: M =

xyz
.
( x + y ).( y + z ).( z + x)

Hng dn gii:
Cu 1: C: ( y + 2).x 2 + 1 = y 2 ( y + 2).x 2 = y 2 1 (1).
D thy: y 2 nn:
2 < y 1
y2 1
2
(1) x =
0 nn
y+2
y 1

Do x 2 ( y 2 1)# ( y + 2 ) m ( y 2 + 2 y )# ( y + 2 ) .Suy ra: ( 2 y + 1)# ( y + 2 ) m

( 2 y + 4 )# ( y + 2 )
133

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

y = 1
y = 3
3# ( y + 2 )
y =1

y = 5
x = 0, y = 1
Cui cng ta c cc cp nghim tha mn l:
x = 0, y = 1
Cu 2:

x.(3x + 1) 0
1.iu kin:
x.( x 1) 0
C:

x.(3 x + 1) x.( x 1) = 2. x 2

x.(3x + 1) + x.( x 1) 2. x 2 .(3x + 1).( x 1) = 4 x 2


x 2 .(3x + 1).( x 1) = 0
x = 0

1
x =
3

x = 1

x = 0

Th li u thy tha mn. Vy nghim ca phng trnh cho l: x = 1

1
x =
3

2
x + xy + 2 = 3 x + y (1)
2.C: 2
2
x + y = 2 (2)
T (1) suy ra: x 2 + ( y 3) .x + 2 y = 0 .
Coi y l phng trnh vi bin s l x. Ta c:
x = 1
3 y ( y 1)
2
2
nn:
= ( y 3) 4.( 2 y ) = ( y 1) x1, 2 =
2
x = 2 y
x = 1
Nh vy (1)
x = 2 y

(C th bin i trc tip x 2 + ( y 3) .x + 2 y = 0 ( x 1) . ( x 2 + y ) = 0 .)

-Vi x = 1 thay vo (2) c: y = 1 hoc y = 1 .


-Vi x = 2 y thay vo (2) c: ( y 2 ) + y 2 = 2 y = 1 suy ra x = 1 .
2

134

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

x = 1, y = 1
Tm li ta c nghim
x = 1, y = 1
Cu 3:
1. H OI, OK ln lt vung gc vi MF,ME.
15.a
1
1
D thy: OI = OK = .OM = .a; IF = OF 2 OI 2 =
.
4
4
2
3
3.a
IM
M:
= Cos 30 0 =
IM =
2
4
OM
3 + 15 .a
.
FM = FI + IM =
4

3 + 45
'
0
.a
MF = Cos 30 .MF =

8
Ta c:
(1)
FF ' = Sin30 0.MF = 3 + 15 .a

C:
EK = OE 2 OK 2 =

15
.a
4

EM = EK MK
hay:

45 3
.a
ME ' = Cos 30 0.ME =

3.a
15 3

8
EM = EK
=
.a .Ta c:
( 2)
4
4
15
3

EE ' = Sin30 0.ME =


.a

8
1 15. 3.a 2
T (1)&(2) ta c: S EE ' E ' F = ( EE ' + F ' F ).E ' F ' . =
(vdt).
2
32
2. H AL, BQ EF; AH, BT ln lt vung gc vi ME ,MF.
Xt M nm trn on AO:
Ko di FM ct (O) ti V (V F).
(Ch :Trng hp M nm trn on BO, ta ko di
EM ct (O) v chng minh hon ton tng t.)
n = BMF
n=n
n = VMO
n.
AMV EMO
C: EMA
Ta s chng t: EM = VM . Tht vy:
-Nu EM < VM th: Trn EM ly K sao cho MK = MV .
Khi :
MVO = MKO (c.g .c)
OV = OK m OV = OE OK = OE K O EM = VM (V l).
-Nu EM > VM th hon ton tng t ta cng dn n iu v l nh trn.
Tm li EM = VM .

135

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

p = VA
o EFA
n = VFA
n.
EAM = VAM (c.g.c) EA = VA EA
Li c:
n
n + BFV
n = 900
AFB = 900 VFA
n + BFQ
n = 1800 (VFA
n + BFV
n ) = 900 EFA
n + BFQ
n = VFA
n + BFV
n
EFA
n = BFT
n FBT = FBQ BQ = BT = 1 .BM
BFQ
2
1
Tng t: AL = AH = . AM
2
1
T suy ra : AL + BQ = .( AM + BM ) = a
2
a
Vy EF lun tip xc vi ng trn (O; ) .
2

*)Nhn xt: li gii trn ta chng minh EM = VM (tng ng vi vic chng


minh EMO = VMO ) da vo cc iu kin sau:
n = VMO
n ; OV = OE; OM chung. Vy m ta da vo cc yu t ny chng minh
EMO
c rng EM = VM cng tc l chng minh c EMO = VMO .
Vy th hai tam gic ny bng nhau theo trng hp c-c-g ? Ta mi ch bit ti cc
trng hp bng nhau ca tam gic l c-g-c hay g-c-g hay c-c-c ch cha bao gi bit ti
cn trng hp bng nhau th t ca tam gic na - chnh l c-c-g c pht biu
nh sau:
Hai tam gic c hai cp cnh bng nhau. Gc ng vi cnh ln hn ca tam gic th
nht bng gc ng vi cnh ln hn ca tam gic th hai. Khi hai tam gic ny bng
nhau. C th din t nh sau:
AB = MN < BC = NP
khi ABC = MNP .
Cho ABC , MNP c:
n = NMP
n
BAC
Chng minh tng t nh trn ta chng minh EM = VM .
n = VMO
n = 1500 > 900 .Do cnh EO v
Cc bn trong bi ton trn ta c : EMO
VO ln lt l cnh ln nht trong tam gic EOM v VOM.
OM = OM < EO = VO
OEM = OVM EM = VM .
Do ta c:
n = VMO
n
EMO
Nh vy nu ta "hp php ha" trng hp bng nhau th t ca tam gic, th trong
nhiu bi ton,cch gii ca ta s ngn hn c rt nhiu.
Cu 4:

1 1
1 1
1 1
C: x. + + y. + + z. + = 2
z x
y z
x y

136

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


y+z x+z x+ y
+
= 2 ( x + z ).xz + ( x + y ).xy + ( y + z ). yz + 2 xyz = 0
x
y
z
( x + y ).( y + z ).( z + x) = 0

-Nu x + y = 0 x = y m x 3 + y 3 + z 3 = 1 z = 1 P = 1.
-Nu y + z = 0 z = y m x 3 + y 3 + z 3 = 1 x = 1 P = 1.
-Nu z + x = 0 x = z m x 3 + y 3 + z 3 = 1 y = 1 P = 1.
Tm li P=1.
Cu 5:

xyz
xyz
1

= .
( x + y ).( y + z ).( z + x) 2. xy .2. yz .2. zx 8
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi x = y = z .
1
Tm li Mmax = .
8
Ta c: M =

137

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


46:Thi Tng Hp (2001-2002)

Vng 2:
Cu 1:

1.Cho f ( x ) = ax 2 + bx + c c tnh cht : f ( x ) khi x .Hi cc h s a, b, c


c nht thit phi l s nguyn khng? Ti sao?
2.Tm cc s nguyn khng m x, y tha mn: x 2 = y 2 + y + 1 .

Cu 2: Gii phng trnh: 4. x + 1 = x 2 5 x + 14.

ax + by = 3
2
2
ax + by = 5
Cu 3: Cho a ,b, x, y R tha mn : 3
3
ax + by = 9
ax 4 + by 4 = 17

Tnh : A = ax5 + by 5 v B = ax 2001 + by 2001 .


Cu 4: Cho on AB c trung im O. d1,d2 l cc ng thng vung gc vi AB ti
A,B. Mt gc vung nh O ct d1 M, d2 N. K OH vung gc vi MN. ng
trn ngoi tip MHB ct d1 E (E M). MB ct NA I, HI ct EB K. CMR: K
nm trn mt ng trn c nh khi gc vung quay xung quanh O.
Cu 5: Cho 2001 ng tin, mi ng tin c sn hai mu: v mt cn li mu
xanh. Xp 2001 ng tin theo mt vng trn sao cho tt c cc ng tin u
c mt xanh nga ln pha trn. Cho php mi ln i mt ng thi 5 ng tin
lin tip cnh nhau. Hi vi cch lm nh th, sau mt s hu hn ln ta c th
lm cho tt c cc ng tin c mt nga ln pha trn c khng? Ti sao?
Hng dn gii:
Cu 1:

1.Cu tr li l: Khng!
1
1
Vi a = b = , c ch ta c:
2
2
1
f ( x) = .x.( x + 1) + c . R rng vi x th x.( x + 1) # 2 f ( x) khi x .
2
2.
Vi y = 0 ta c x = 1 .
Vi y > 0 : t

y + 1 = t > 1. Khi : x 2 = y 2 + y + 1 = (t 2 1) + t
2

138

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

Do t > 1 nn : (t 2 1) < x 2 < (t 2 ) x 2 khng l s chnh phng (V l).


Cu 2:
2

t:

x + 1 = t 0.

C: 4. x + 1 = x 2 5 x + 14 hay 4t = (t 2 1) 5.(t 2 1) + 14
(t 2) 2 .(t 2 + 4t + 5) = 0 t = 2.
T ta tm c x = 3 l gi tr cn tm.
2

Cu 3:

C:
5.( x + y ) = (ax 2 + by 2 ).( x + y ) = ax3 + by 3 + (ax + by ).xy = 9 + 3xy
5.( x + y ) 3xy = 9 45.( x + y ) 27 xy = 81 (1).
C:
9.( x + y ) = (ax3 + by 3 ).( x + y ) = ax 4 + by 4 + (ax 2 + by 2 ).xy = 17 + 5 xy
9.( x + y ) 5 xy = 17 45.( x + y ) 25 xy = 85 (2).
T (1)&(2) 2 xy = 85 81 xy = 2 thay vo (1) x + y = 3 .
x = 2, y = 1
T ta tm c cc cp ( x, y ) tha mn bi ra l:
x = 1, y = 2

ax + by = 3
2 a + b = 3
a = 1

-Nu x = 2, y = 1 ta c: 2
2
4 a + b = 5
b = 1
ax + by = 5
A = 33; B = 1 + 2 2001.
-Nu x = 1, y = 2 tng t ta c: A = 33; B = 1 + 2 2001.
Cu 4:
n = HAO
n = HMO
n = NMO
n v:
C: HAB
n = HBO
n = HNO
n = MNO
n
HBA
HAB vung H
HO = AO = OB HMO = AMO , HON = BON .

C:

AI AM MH
=
=
HI // AM HK AB (1).
IN BN
HN

n = NHB
n = NOH
nn
n = HBA
n (2) .
ABE = HNO
C: MEB
T (1)&(2) suy ra:
HB i xng vi EB qua AB.
Li c: H HB, K EB.

139

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

AHB = n
AKB n
AKB = 900 .
M HK AB H i xng vi K qua AB n
Suy ra K thuc ng trn ng knh AB.
Cu 5:
nh s cc ng tin t 1 ti 2001 theo chiu quay ca kim ng h.
Ln 1:i mt cc ng 1,2,3,4,5
Ln 2:i mt cc ng 2,3,4,5,6
...
Ln 1998:i mt cc ng 1998,1999,2000,2001,1
Ln 1999:i mt cc ng 1999,2000,2001,1,2
Ln 2000:i mt cc ng 2000,2001,1,2,3
Ln 2001:i mt cc ng 2001,1,2,3,4
Nh vy mi ng ta i mt 5 ln tt c cc ng tin sau ln lt th 2001 u
mt .
*Nhn xt: Ci kh ca bi ton l vic nh hng ban u cho cu hi:C hay Khng.
Cng vn l tng trn, song ta s din t ci ca mnh theo cch khc.Sau y l
mt v d:
Ta nh s 2001 ng tin t 1 n 2001 theo chiu quay ca kim ng h.
Bc 1:Lt 2000 ng t ng 1 dn 2000 th ng 1 n 2000 mu , cn ng 2001
mu xanh.
Bc 2: Lt 2000 ng 2001,1,2..n 1999 (tr ng 2000 l khng lt)
th ng 1 n 1999 mu xanh, ng 2000 v 2001 mu .
Bc 3: Lt 2000 ng 2000,2001,1,...n 1998 th ng 1 n 1998 mu cn ng
1999,2000,2001 mu xanh.
Bc 4: Lt 2000 dng 1999,2000,...1997 th ng 1 n 1997 mu xanh, cn ng 1998
n 2001 mu .
Bc 5: lt ng 1998 ,1999,..n 1996 th ng 1 n 1996 mu cn ng 1997 n
2001 mu xanh.
Bc 6: lt 5 ng 1997 n 2001 th ta c 2001 ng .
Vy p n l c th.

140

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

y l cch gii s khai ca ti trong ln u vit cun sch ny (C km hnh v minh


ha cc bc trn).Tuy nhin cch gii trn gy "kh chu" cho ngi c-v s khng
hiu t hng suy ngh no m tc gi li i ti li gii ny. y cng l mt ci "mo
vt" ca ngi lm ton khi mun giu hng i ca mnh-lm cho li gii bi ton thiu
t nhin.Qua cc th gp ca cc bn,ti "sa" li li gii nh trn.Cc bn s thy
li gii ny xut pht kh t nhin, khng "kh chu" nh li gii ca ti trc kia.
Chng ta th ngh vi hi khc mt cht xem:Mi ln ch lt 4 ng thi.
(Cc gi thit ban u vn gi nguyn).
Lc ny cu tr li li l: Khng th v:
rng mi ln i mt 4 ng th s ng tin mt xanh tng ln hoc gim i 1 s
chn ng.M lc u c l ng mt xanh khng th.
Cc em lm th cu ny kh hn (vi bi u tin):Tm s ln i t nht c ton
c mt .
Vic hc ton khng ch dng li vic gii ra bi ton.Cc em hy suy ngm li gii
sau, tm ra lp lun sai ch no?
Bi ny ta nn s dng tnh cht bt bin.Bi gii nh sau:
Trong 2001 ng xu ta nh s th t cho chng theo chiu kim ng hc:
- 401 ng c s th t chia cho 5 d 1(loi 1)
- cc ng c s th t chia cho 5 d 1,2,3,4 mi loi c 400 ng
(loi 2,3,4,5).
Nu cho s mt xanh l -1,mt l 1 th c 401 ng chia cho 5 d 1 c tch l m, cc
loi kia tch l dng ht.
Nu i mt ca 5 ng lin tip th s lun c mt ng tin thuc mi loi ni trn.
Vy khi i mt 5 ng xu lin tip th tch cc ng xu loi 1 s lun khc tnh m
dng vi 4 loi kia (bn c th t kim tra li).
Suy ra khng th!

-Bt c din n no hay trang web no s dng file ny phi xin


php v c s cho php ca ban qun tr din n
http://mathnfriend.org mi c php s dng.
-Bt c c nhn no s dng file phi xin php tc gi v c s
cho php ca tc gi mi c php s dng.

141

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


47:Thi Chuyn Hng Vng(2002-2003)

Vng 1:
Cu 1: Cho phng trnh: x 2 mx + m 1 = 0 c hai nghim x1 , x2 .

1.Tnh gi tr ca biu thc : M =

3x12 + 3x 22 3
.
x12 .x 2 + x 22 .x1

2.Tm gi tr ca m x12 + x 22 = 10.


Cu 2: Cho hai s x,y tha mn ng thc: 2 x 2 +

1 y2
+
= 4. Xc nh x,y tch x.y
4
x2

t gi tr nh nht.
x 2 + 2 xy + 3 y 2 = 9
Cu 3: Gii h phng trnh: 2
2 x + 2 xy + y 2 = 2

Cu 4: Cho tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn (O). Tia phn gic trong ca gc A ct
ng trn (O) ti im M.

a) Dng tia phn gic ngoi Ax ca gc A. Chng minh rng Ax i qua mt im


c nh.
b) Ko di Ax v pha ngc li ct CB ko di E. Chng minh rng gc AMO
bng gc CEA.
c) Trn cnh AC ly mt im D bt k ( D khc A,C ). ng thng BD ct
ng trn (O) ti im th hai F. ng thng qua A vung gc vi AB v
ng thng qua F vung gc vi FC ct nhau P. Chng minh rng P,D,O
thng hng.
Cu 5: Chng minh rng vi mi s t nhin n, ta lun c:
n + n + 1 < 4n + 2 .
Hng dn gii:
Cu 1: Ch rng phng trnh cho lun c nghim.
x1 + x 2 = m
p dng nh l Vi-et:
x1 .x 2 = m 1

m 0
1. iu kin: x 22 .x1 + x12 .x 2 0 x1 x 2 .( x1 + x 2 ) = m.(m 1) 0
m 1

142

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


3 x12 + 3 x 22 3 3( x1 + x 2 ) 6 x1 x 2 3 3m 2 6.( m 1) 3 3.( m 1)
.
=
=
=
x1 x 2 .( x1 + x 2 )
(m 1).m
m
x12 .x 2 + x 22 .x1
m = 2
2
2. C: x12 + x 22 = 10 ( x1 + x 2 ) 2 x1 x 2 10 = 0 m 2 2.(m 1) 10 = 0
m = 4
2

Ta c: M =

Cu 2: p dng BT C-Si ta c:
1 y2
1 y2
x 2 .y 2
4
4 x 2 .x 2 .
+

4
.
.
=
4
.
4
4
x2
x2 4
2
2
hay 4 x . y 2 xy 2.
4 x2 + x2 +

Vy (xy )min

2
y2
1
x
=
=

4
x2

1 y2
= 2 2 x 2 + 2 +
=4
4
x

xy = 2

x = 1

y = 2
x = 1

y = 2

2 x 2 + 4 xy + 6 y 2 = 18
Cu 3: Ta c: 2
18 x + 18 xy + 9 y 2 = 18

2 x 2 + 4 xy + 6 y 2 = 18
2
2
2 x 2 + 4 xy + 6 y 2 = 18
2 x + 4 xy + 6 y = 18

2 x + y = 0

2
2
16 x + 14 xy + 3 y = 0
(2 x + y ).(8 x + 3 y ) = 0
8 x + 3 y = 0

x = 1, y = 2
x = 1, y = 2

3
x =
,y = 2
4
.
2

3
,y = 2
x =
4. 2

Cu 4:
a. Nhiu bn thc mc khng hiu yu t g l c nh trong bi ton.
Nu tam gic ABC c nh th bi ton tr nn tm thng.
Theo ti hiu th: Tam gic ABC ni tip (O) c y BC c nh ( A di chuyn trn ng
trn c inh (O) ),...
Chng t: Ax i qua mt im c nh.
Khi bi ton s c gii nh sau:
Gi M1 l giao im ca Ax vi (O). Ta chng minh M1 c nh.

143

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


Ta c: AM1 AM ( V Ax AM ).
Suy ra MM1 l ng knh ca (O) M1 l im chnh gia ca cung BC c cha A
(pcm).
b. Gi K l trung im ca BC.
D thy : O,K,M thng hng.
Nhn thy t gic AKME ni tip c.
n
AKE = n
AMK pcm.
c. Gi B ' l giao im th hai ca ng
trn vi AP th BB ' l ng knh ca
ng trn (O). Gi F ' l im i
xng ca F qua PD.
Gi Py l tia i ca tia PD, Ft l
tia i ca tia FC.
By gi ta xt hai trng hp:
+ TH1: P nm trong (O). Ta c:
n
'
n ).
n=B
Do PFD
FC ( do cng ph vi gc BFC
n
n
n
n
n
'
'
'
'
'
n = PF
M : B
FC = B
AC v PFD
D PF
D=B
AC T gic F ' PDA ni tip

n
n
n
'
'
'
n=F
F
Ft = FPy
Py = F
AD . Vy AF ' FC l t gic ni tip ng trn (O).
T y d c O,P,D thng hng ( cng thuc trung trc ca EF ).
+ TH2: P nm ngoi (O). Ta c:
ng thng PF ct (O) ti im th hai l K. Ta c:
n
n
n
'
'
'
n=B
n = 1800 KFB
n = 1800 KAB
n = 1800 B
AD v cng
DF
P = DFP
AD ( ch : KAB
n
'
n ) DF
n = 1800
ph vi BAC
P + DAP
n' = DPF
n' = DPB
n' = CB
n
'
T gic ADFP ni tip CAF
F ( ch : CB ' F = DPB ' v

n
' ' '
cng ph vi F
B P ) T gic AFFC ni tip pcm.
Cu 5: Bn c t gii.

144

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


48:Thi Chuyn Hng Vng(2002-2003)
Vng 2:
Cu 1:
1. Chng minh rng s : n = 2.

3 + 1 . 2 3 l s hu t.

2. Cho x 1. Hy rt gn biu thc: M = x + 2. x 1 + x 2. x 1 .


Cu 2: Cho a,b 0.
1. a,b tha mn ng thi: 2a + 3b 6 v 2a + b 4 . Tm gi tr ln nht v nh
nht ca biu thc : A = a 2 2a b .
2. a + b = 10 . Chng minh rng (1 + a 4 ) . (1 + b 4 ) 101 .
Cu 3: Chng minh rng nu p l s nguyn t, a l s nguyn dng sao cho1 + 2 a
khng l s nguyn t th phng trnh: x 2 2. a .x p = 0 khng c nghim hu
t.
Cu 4: Cho t gic li ABCD ni tip ng trn (O).
a. Trn cc cnh AB,BC,CD,DA ly cc im tng ng M,N,P,Q sao cho:
QA NB AB
MA PD AD
v
=
=
.
=
=
QD NC CD
MB PC BC
Chng minh rng MP vung gc vi NQ.
b. V tia Ax vung gc vi AD ct BC ti E, tia Ay vung gc vi AB ct CD ti F.
Chng minh rng EF i qua O.
1 4 9
+ + =3
Cu 5: Tm cc s dng a,b,c tha mn h phng trnh: a b c
a + b + c 12
Hng dn gii:
Cu 1:
1. n = 2 .
2. M = x 1 +

x 1 1

K: x 1.

145

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


Cu 2:
1. T gi thit ta c: 0 a, b 2 a 1 1.
Ta c: A = (a 1) b 1 1 b 1 = b 0.
b = 0
a = b = 0
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi :

a = 2, b = 0
a 1 = 1
Li c:
3
+) Nu 0 a < , c:
2
2
2
22

3. a
6 2a
22
3
3
A = a 2 2a b a 2 2a
=

.
3
3
9
2
2

a = 3
a = 3

ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi


6

2
a
b =
b = 14

3
9
3
+) Nu a 2 , c:
2
Theo gi thit : 2a + b 4 0 b 1. Ta c:
2

7
3
A = a 2a b = (a 1) b 1 1 1 1 = .
4
2
3

a =
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
2
b = 1
2

22
7
< .
9
4
22
Vy Amin = .
9

Ch

(a + b )2

5
5
5
a 3b 3 + 2ab 40 < + 2. 40 < 0.
4
2
2
2
3 3
Suy ra: ab. a b + 2ab 40 0

2. Ta c: ab

[
ab.[a b
ab.[a b

]
6ab] 0

4.(a + b) 2 + 2ab 0

4a 4b
2

a 4 b 4 6a 2 b 2 4a 3 b 4b 3 a 0
(a + b) 4 + a 4 b 4 6a 2 b 2 4a 3 b 4b 3 a + 1 (a + b) 4 + 1 = 101
a 4 + b 4 + a 4 b 4 + 1 101

)(

1 + a 4 . 1 + b 4 101(pcm).

146

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

a = 10 , b = 0
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
a = 0, b = 10
Cu 3:

-Nu

a Q , phng trnh cho khng c nghim hu t.

-Nu a Q , khi a = t 2 vi t l s t nhin.


Phng trnh cho tr thnh: x 2 2t.x p = 0 .
Gi s phng trnh trn c nghim hu t x0 =
Khi :

m
vi m, n , n 0, (m, n) = 1.
n

m2
m
2t. p = 0 m 2 2t.m.n p.n 2 = 0 m 2 # n m (m, n) = 1 n = 1 .
2
n
n

Nh vy, nu phng trnh cho c nghim hu t th nghim hu t l s nguyn.


Mt khc, nu phng trnh cho c mt nghim hu t th nghim cn li cng phi l
s hu t ( suy ra d dng t h thc Vi-et ).
Tm li : Nu phng trnh cho c nghim hu t th cng tc l phng trnh cho
c hai nghim nguyn.
Gi s phng trnh cho trong trng hp ny c nghim hu t. Suy ra phng trnh
cho s c hai nghim nguyn theo lp lun trn.
Gi s x1 , x2 l hai nghim nguyn ca phng trnh.

x1 + x2 = 2t (1)
Theo Vi-et:
x1 + x2 = p (2)
T ( 2) suy ra tn ti mt trong hai s x1 , x2 c gi tr tuyt i l 1.
Ta gi s l x1 : x1 = 1.
(1)
+) Nu x1 = 1 x 2 = p
p = 2t + 1 = 1 + 2. a ( v l v 1 + 2. a khng l s
nguyn t ).

(1)
+) Nu x1 = 1 x 2 = p
p = 1 2t 1 ( v l ).
Tm li vi gi thit ca bi ton th phng trnh cho khng th c nghim hu t.

Cu 4:
a. Chng minh: - MP l phn gic ca gc AIB.
- NQ l phn gic ca gc AID. ( I l giao ca AC v BD ).
b. Tng t c/Cu 4/ 47.

147

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


Cu 5:

p dng BT Svacx:
2
1 4 9 (1 + 2 + 3)
3= + +
a + b + c 12.
a b c
a+b+c
b c
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi a = = .
2 3
b c

a = =
Nh vy h cho
a = 2, b = 4, c = 6.
2 3
a + b + c = 12

148

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


49:Thi Tng Hp (2002-2003)

Vng 1:
Cu 1:

1. Gii phng trnh:

8 + x + 5 x = 5.

( x + 1).( y + 1) = 8
2. Gii h phng trnh:
x.( x + 1) + y.( y + 1) + xy = 17
Cu 2: Cho a,b,c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic.
Chng minh rng phng trnh: x 2 + ( a + b + c ) .x + ab + bc + ca = 0 v nghim.
Cu 3:Tm tt c cc s nguyn n sao cho n 2 + 2002 l mt s chnh phng.

1
1
1
+
+
1 + xy 1 + yz 1 + zx
trong x, y, z l cc s dng thay i tha mn iu kin x 2 + y 2 + z 2 3.

Cu 4: Tm GTNN ca biu thc: P =

Cu 5: Cho hnh vung ABCD. M l im thay i trn cnh BC ( M khng trng vi B )


v N l im thay i trn cnh CD ( N khng trng D ) sao cho :
n = MAB
n + NAD
n.
MAN

1. BD ct AN v AM tng ng ti P,Q. Chng minh rng nm im P,Q,M,C,N


cng nm trn mt ng trn.
2. Chng minh rng ng thng MN lun tip xc vi mt ng trn c nh
khi M v N thay i.
3. K hiu din tch ca tam gic APQ l S1 v din tch ca t gic PQMN l S 2 .
Chng minh rng t s

S1
khng i khi M v N thay i.
S2

Hng dn gii:
Cu 1:

1. iu kin: 0 x 25 .
Ta c:

8 + x + 5 x = 5.

149

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

)(

8 + x + 5 x + 2. 8 + x . 5 x = 25

(8 + x )(. 5 x ) = 6
(8 + x )(
. 5 x ) = 36

x = 1.

xy + ( x + y ) = 7
( x + 1).( y + 1) = 8

2. Ta c:
2
x.( x + 1) + y.( y + 1) + xy = 17
( x + y ) xy + ( x + y ) = 17
xy + ( x + y ) = 7
xy + ( x + y ) = 7

2
2
( x + y ) xy + ( x + y ) + ( x + y ) + xy = 24
( x + y ) + 2.( x + y ) + 1 = 25
x + y = 4
x = 1

xy = 3
y = 3

x + y = 6
x = 3

xy = 13
y = 1
Cu 2: a,b,c l di ba cnh mt tam gic nn:
2
a < (c + b) a < a.(c + b)
2

b < (c + a) b < b.(a + c) Suy ra:


c < (a + b) c 2 < c.(a + b)

a 2 + b 2 + c 2 < a.(c + b) + b.(c + a ) + c.(a + b)


(a + b + c ) < a.(b + c) + b.(c + a ) + c.(a + b) + 2.(ab + bc + ca)
2

(a + b + c) 2 < 4.(ab + bc + ca)


(a + b + c) 2 4.(ab + bc + ca) < 0.
Suy ra phng trnh cho v nghim v c < 0.
Cu 3: t n 2 + 2002 = y 2 vi y l s nguyn dng.

Suy ra: ( y n ) . ( y + n ) = 2002 .


___

+) Nu y n l s l th y + n cng l s l ( y n ) . ( y + n ) # 2 .
Suy ra ( y n ) . ( y + n ) 2002 .
+) Nu y n l s chn th y + n cng l s chn ( y n ) . ( y + n ) # 4 .
2002# 4 ( V l ).
Vy khng tn ti n tha mn bi ra.

150

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


Cu 4: Theo BT Svacx:
2
(
1 + 1 + 1)
9
9
9
3
P
=

= .
2
2
2
(1 + xy ) + (1 + yz ) + (1 + zx) 3 + xy + yz + zx 3 + x + y + z
3+3 2
3
Suy ra: Pmin = t c khi x = y = z = 1 .
2
Cu 5:

1. 2. Tham kho Cu 4/ 44.


3. Ch cc tam gic APM, AQN ln lt l cc tam gic vung cn P v Q . Ta c:
S APQ 1
AP AQ
1
AP AQ 1
1 1
.
.
.
=
=
=
=
AM AN
AN AM 2
S AMN 2
2 2 2
S
S APQ = S PQMN 1 = 1. Ta c pcm.
S2

151

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


50:Thi Tng Hp (2002-2003)

Vng 2:
Cu 1:

1. Gii phng trnh: x 2 3x + 2 + x + 3 = x 2 + x 2 + 2 x 3 .


2. Tm nghim nguyn ca phng trnh: x + xy + y = 9.
x 2 + y 2 + xy = 1
Cu 2: Gii h phng trnh: 3
x + y 3 = x + 3 y

Cu 3: Cho mi s nguyn dng 1,2,...,10. Sp xp mi s mt cch ty thnh


mt hng. Cng mi s vi s th t ca n trong hng, ta c mi tng.
Chng minh rng trong mi tng tn ti t nht hai tng c ch s tn cng
ging nhau.
4a
9b
16c
+
+
b+ca a+cb a +bc
trong a,b,c l di ba cnh ca mt tam gic.

Cu 4: Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc: P =

Cu 5: ng trn (C) tm I ni tip tam gic ABC tip xc vi cc cnh BC,CA,AB


tng ng ti cc im A',B',C'.

1. Gi cc giao im ca ng trn (C) vi cc on IA,IB,IC ln lt l M,N,P.


Chng minh rng cc ng thng A'M, B'N, C'P ng quy.
2. Ko di AI ct ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC ti D ( khc A ).
IB.IC
CMR:
= 2r , trong r l bn knh ca ng trn (C).
ID
Hng dn gii:
Cu 1:

1. iu kin: x 2 3x + 2 0; x + 3 0; x 2 0; x 2 + 2 x 3 0.
Theo bi ra ta c:

( x 1).( x 2) + x + 3 = x 2 + ( x 1).( x + 3)

x 2 .( x 1 1) = x + 3.( x 1 1)

( x 2 x + 3 ).( x 1 1) = 0
x = 2.

152

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

2. Theo bi ra ta c: ( x + 1).( y + 1) = 10
x + 1 = 2, y + 1 = 5
x + 1 = 2, y + 1 = 5

x + 1 = 1, y + 1 = 10

x + 1 = 1, y + 1 = 10
hay:
x + 1 = 5, y + 1 = 2

x + 1 = 5, y + 1 = 2
x + 1 = 10, y + 1 = 1

x + 1 = 10, y + 1 = 1
T ta c nghim:
x = 1, y = 4
x = 3, y = 6

x = 4, y = 1

x = 6, y = 3
x = 9, y = 0

x = 0, y = 9
x = 11, y = 2

x = 2, y = 11

x 2 + y 2 + xy = 1
Cu 2: Theo bi ra ta c:
( x + y ).(1 2 xy) = x + 3 y
2
2
2
2
x 2 + y 2 + xy = 1
x + y + xy = 1
x + y + xy = 1

y.( x 2 + xy + 1) = 0
y.(2 x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 ) = 0
2 xy.( x + y ) 2 y = 0

x 2 + y 2 + xy = 1
x = 1

y. ( x + y )2 + x 2 = 0
y = 0

Cu 3: Gi s xi l s th t ca s i trong hng ( i = 1,2,...,10 ).

Nh vy i j th xi x j v xi {1, 2,3,...,10

} vi ( i = 1,2,...,10 ).

Ta c:
(1 + x1 ) + ( 2 + x2 ) + ... + (10 + x10 ) = 2. (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 10 ) 0 (mod10) (1).
Gi s cc tng (1 + x1 ) , ( 2 + x2 ) ,..., (10 + x10 ) khng tn ti hai tng no c ch s tn
cng ging nhau.

153

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

Suy ra cc ch s tn cng ca cc s (1 + x1 ), (2 + x 2 ),..., (10 + x10 ) s i mt khc nhau

v thuc tp hp {0,1,2,3,...,9 }.Suy ra:


(1 + x1 ) + (2 + x2 ) + ... + (10 + x10 ) (0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 9) 5 (mod10) (2).
Th th (1)&(2) mu thun vi nhau. Tc l iu ta gi s l sai.
Vy ta c pcm.
Cu 4:

t x = b + c a, y = a + c b, z = a + b c ( x,y,z >0).
4.( y + z ) 9.( x + z ) 16.( x + y ) 4 y 9 x 4 z 16 x 9 z 16 y

+
+
=
+ + +
+ +
x
y
z
y x
z y
z
x
4 y 9x
4 z 16 x
9 z 16 y
2.
.
+ 2.
.
+ 2.
.
= 52.
x y
x z
y z

C: 2 P =

Suy ra: P 26.


4 y 9x
x = y
6c

b=

4 z 16 x

ng thc xy ra =
z
x
a = 7 c

9 z 16 y
5
y = z

Vy Pmin = 26.
Cu 5:
q
A' P = B
'P
1. D thy IC A'B' IP A'B' q
'
' ' '
C P l phn gic ca gc A C B .
Tng t: A'M l tia phn gic ca
gc C'A'B' ; B'N l phn gic gc C'B'A' .

M cc ng phn gic ca tam


gic C'A'B' th ng qui vi nhau pcm.
l l
n = DIB
n = A + B DBI cn D.
2. C: DBI
2
H DT BI TB = TI.
l l
l
l
l
l
C
r
A+ B
C
A+ B
C:
= Sin = Cos
(1) ( V +
= 900 ).

2
2
IC
2
2

154

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


l
l
A+ B
n = TB = BI = BI (2). (V DBI cn nn BD = ID)
= Cos IBD
DB 2.DB 2.DI
2
r
IB
IB.IC
T (1)&(2) suy ra:
=

= 2r .
IC 2.ID
ID

M Cos

( )

155

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


51:Thi S Phm I(2002-2003)

Vng 1:
1+
Cu 1: Chng minh ng thc:

3
2

3
1+ 1+
2

3
2

3
1 1
2

= 1.

1
Cu 2: Gii phng trnh: x 3 x 2 x = .
3

x + y = 4z 1

Cu 3: Gii h phng trnh: y + z = 4 x 1

z + x = 4 y 1
Cu 4: Tm tt c cc s c 5 ch s abcde sao cho: 3 abcde = ab .
Cu 5: ng trn (O) ni tip tam gic ABC tip xc vi cc cnh BC,CA v AB theo
th t D,E v F. ng thng vung gc vi OC O ct hai cnh CA v CB ln
lt I v J. Mt im P chuyn ng trn cung nh DE khng cha im F, tip
tuyn ti P ca (O) ct hai cnh CA,CB ln lt M,N.Chng minh rng:
n = ( khng i ), hy xc nh theo cc gc ca ABC.
a. Gc MON
b. Ba tam gic IMO, OMN, JON ng dng vi nhau.T suy ra:
IM .JN = OI 2 = OJ 2 (*)
c. o li, nu M v N l hai im theo th t ly trn hai on thng CE v CD
tha mn h thc (*) th MN tip xc (O).
Hng dn gii:
Cu 1:

Ta c:
3
3
1
1+
2
2
+
=
+
=
3
3
4 + 2. 3
4 2. 3 1 +
1+ 1+
1 1
1+
1
2
2
4
4
1+

3
2

2+ 3
3+ 3

2 3
3 3

3
2

1+

= 1.

156

3
1
2 +
3 +1
1
2

3
2 =
3 1
2

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


Cu 2: Tham kho Cu 3/ 19.
Cu 3: iu kin : x, y, z

1
.
4

Theo bi ra ta c:
x + y = 4z 1
2.( x + y ) = 2. 4 z 1

y + z = 4 x 1 2.( y + z ) = 2. 4 x 1

2.( z + x) = 2. 4 y 1
z + x = 4 y 1
Cng cc ng thc trn theo v ta c:
4 x + 4 y + 4 z = 2. 4 z 1 + 2. 4 x 1 + 2. 4 y 1

) (
2

4x 1 1 +

) (

4y 1 1 +

4z 1 1 = 0

1
x= y=z= .
2
3

Cu 4: Theo bi ra ta c: ab 1000.ab = 100c + 10d + e.


2

* Nu ab 31 ab < 1000 ab 1000.ab < 0 100c + 10d + e < 0 ( v l).


2

* Nu ab 33 ab + 33.ab + 33 2 1000 33 2 + 33.33 + 33 2 1000 > 0 .

)(

Suy ra: ab 33 . ab + 33.ab + 33 2 1000 0


3

ab 1000.ab 33 3 1000.33 > 1000.


100c + 10d + e > 1000 ( v l v: 100c + 10d + e 999 < 1000 ).

* Nu ab = 32 100c + 10d + e = 32 3 1000.32 = 768.


Vy a = 3, b = 2, c = 7, d = 6, e = 8.
Cu 5:
n = MOP
n + NOP
n = 1 . MOP
n + MOE
n + 1 . NOP
n + NOD
n = 1 .DOE
n
a. C: MON
2
2
2
l
l
C
C
n = 1 . 1800 n
Hay: MON
ACB = 900 = 900 .
2
2
2
l
n = OME
n = OMI
n. Li c: OIC
n = MON
n ( = 900 C ) .
b. C: OMP
2
OM ON
.
OMN  IMO ( pcm)
=
IM
OI

157

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

Tng t: ONM  JNO (pcm)

ON OM
=
JN
JO

OM ON ON OM
.
.
=
IM .JN = OI .OJ = OI 2 = OJ 2 ( pcm).
IM JN
OI JO

c. T N k tip tuyn NM ' vi (O) ( M ' AC ).


Theo trn ta c : IM '.JN = OI 2
Theo gi thit ta c: IM .JN = OI 2
Suy ra M M ' (pcm).

158

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


52:Thi S Phm I(2002-2003)

Vng 2:
Cu 1: Chng minh rng s : x0 = 2 + 2 + 3 6 3. 2 + 3 l mt nghim ca

phng trnh : x 4 16.x 2 + 32 = 0 .


Cu 2: Cho x, y > 0 tha mn x + y 6 . Hy tm GTNN ca biu thc:
6 8
P = 3x + 2 y + + .
x y
Cu 3: Cho s nguyn t p > 3 . Bit rng c s t nhin n sao cho trong cch vit thp
phn ca s p n c ng 20 ch s. Chng minh rng trong 20 ch s ny c t
nht 3 ch s ging nhau.
Cu 4: Cho tam gic ABC. M, N l trung im ca cc on CA, CB tng ng.

1. I l im bt k trn ng thng MN ( I M, I N ). Chng minh rng trong


ba tam gic IBC, ICA, IAB c mt tam gic m din tch ca n bng tng cc
din tch ca hai tam gic cn li.
2. Trng hp I l giao im ca tia NM vi ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC.
Chng minh rng:
BC CA AB
.
=
+
IA
IB IC
Cu 5: Cho s t nhin n > 1 v n + 2 s nguyn dng a1 , a2 ,..., an + 2 tha mn iu
kin : 1 a1 < a2 < ... < an + 2 3n .
Chng minh rng lun tn ti hai s ai , a j ( 1 j < i n + 2 ) sao cho:
n < ai a j < 2n.

Hng dn gii:
Cu 1:

Ta c: 8 2. 3 + 2. 3 = 2. 2

) (

( 2 + 3 ) .( 6 3. 3 ) = ( 2. 2 )
= ( 2. 2 )

2 + 3 + 6 3. 3 + 2.

2 + 3 + 6 3. 3

2 + 3 + 6 3. 3 = 2. 2

159

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

2+ 3 +

(2 +

8 2. 2 + 3 2.

)(

2 + 3 . 6 3. 2 + 3 = 2. 2

)(

(2 +

2 + 3 . 6 3. 2 + 3 = 8 4. 2
2

2 + 2 + 3 6 3. 2 + 3 = 8 4. 2

x02 = 8 4. 2

x02 8 4. 2 = 0

x02 8 4. 2 . x02 8 + 4. 2 = 0

4
2
x0 16 x0 + 32 = 0
Cu 2: C:
y 8
3
3x 6
3x 6 y 8 3
P = .( x + y ) + + + + .6 + 2.
. + 2. . = 19.
2
2 x
2 y
2 x 2 y 2
ng thc xy ra khi x = 2, y = 4 .
Vy Pmin = 19 .
Cu 3: Gi s s p n trong biu din thp phn c nhiu nht hai ch s ging nhau.
Theo gi thit p n c 20 ch s.
S p n c 2 ch s 0, 2 ch s 1,..., 2 ch s 9.

p n 2. ( 0 + 1 + 2 + ... + 9 ) 0 (mod 3) .
p n # 3 p# 3 ( v l ).
Vy iu gi s trn l sai pcm.
Cu 4:
1.

+ Nu I [MN] th:
1
1
C: S ABI = .S ABC = . ( S ABI + S ACI + SCBI )
2
2
S ABI = S ACI + S BCI (pcm).
+ Nu I[MN] th:
Gi s I nm trn tia i ca tia NM. C:
S ACI = S ANC + S ANI + S INC = S ABI + S IBN + S INC
S ACI = S ABI + S BCI (pcm).

160

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

2. S dng cng thc: S =

abc
(R l bn knh ng trn ngoi tip).
4R

Ta c: S BCI = S ABI + S ACI


BC CA AB
BI .IC.BC BI . AI . AB AI . AC.CI
.
=
+

=
+

4R
4R
4R
IA
IB IC
Cu 5: t bi = ai +1 ai ( i = 1, n + 1 ) ( bi * ).

Phn chng:
ai a j n
Ta gi s:
i, j : 1 j < i n + 2
ai a j 2n
D thy c rng: an + 2 a1 n + 1.
rng: an + 2 a1 3n 1 .
Bng phn chng ta hon ton chng minh c: Lun tn ti mt s k m:
a k +1 a1 n
trong 0 < k < n .

a k + 2 a1 2n
a 2 a1 < a3 a1 < ... < a k +1 a1 n
Khi ta c:
2n a k + 2 a1 < a k +3 a1 < ... < a n + 2 a1
Suy ra:
b1 n
b + b n
2
1
.....

b1 + b2 + ... + bk n
b + b + ... + b 2n
2
k +1
1
.....

b1 + b2 + ... + bn +1 2n

Ch rng: 1 b1 < b1 + b2 < ... < b1 + b2 + ... + bk n


v: 2n b1 + b2 + ... + bk +1 < b1 + b2 + ... + bk + 2 < ... < b1 + b2 + ... + bn +1 = a n + 2 a1 3n 1
Xt n + 1 s nguyn dng :
b1 , b1 + b2 ,..., b1 + b2 + ... + bk ; (b1 + b2 + ... + bk +1 + 1) 2n, ,..., (b1 + b2 + ... + bn +1 + 1) 2n .
R rng n + 1 s nguyn trn nhn cc gi tr t 1 ti n ( c n gi tr ).
t , p * , t < p tha mn:
b1 + b2 + ... + bt = (b1 + b2 + ... + b p + 1) 2n ( 1 t k ; k + 1 p n + 1 ).
bt +1 + bt + 2 + ... + b p = 2n 1 hay: a p +1 a t +1 = 2n 1. R rng n < 2n 1 < 2n.

Nh vy mu thun vi iu ta gi s ban u pcm.

161

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


53: Thi Hc Sinh Gii TP.H Ni (2006-2007)
Cu 1: Cho x, y l cc s tha mn: x + y = 2 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc:
A = x3 + y 3 + 2.xy .
Cu 2:

a) Cho p l s t nhin khc 0. Gi x1 , x2 l hai nghim ca phng


trnh: x 2 + 5 px 1 = 0; x3 , x4 l hai nghim ca phng trnh: x 2 + 4 px 1 = 0.

Chng minh rng tch: ( x1 x3 ) . ( x2 x3 ) . ( x1 + x4 ) . ( x2 + x4 ) l mt s chnh


phng.

b) Tm s t nhin m tha mn ng thi cc iu kin 9000 < m < 10000 , m chia


cho 95 d 25 v m chia cho 97 d 11.
Cu 3:

a) Tm cc s a,b phng trnh: ( x 1) . ( x a ) + 1 = ( x 2 ) . ( x + b ) c t nht


ba nghim l x = 30, x = 3, x = 2007.
b) Gii phng trnh:

x2

3
1
1
2
+ x
= x , vi iu kin x
.
4x
4x
2

Cu 4: Trong mt phng cho 19 im phn bit, trong khng c ba im no thng


hng v nm trong hnh ch nht kch thc 2 3 . Chng minh rng trong 19
3
im cho c 3 im nm trong hnh trn bn knh v to thnh mt tam gic
4
c t nht mt gc khng vt qu 450 .
Cu 5: Trong ng trn (O;R), cho dy AB c nh ( AB < 2 R ) v C l im chnh gia
ca cung nh AB. Gi M l im ty trn cung ln AB, N l giao ca dy CM
vi dy AB.

a. CMR: Tch CN.CM c ln khng ph thuc vo v tr ca im M.


1
b. Xc nh v tr ca im M trn cung ln AB sao cho: AM BM = . AB .
3
Hng dn gii :
Cu 1:

Theo gi thit x + y = 2 . Ta c:

162

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

A = x3 + y 3 + 2 xy = ( x + y ) 3xy. ( x + y ) + 2 xy
3

=
8 6 xy + 2 xy = 8 4 xy 8 ( x + y ) =4.
Du = xy ra x = y kt hp vi gi thit x + y = 2 ta c x = y = 1.
Vy Amin = 4 khi x = y = 1.
2

Cu 2:

x1 + x2 = 5 p
x .x = 1
1 2
a. p dng nh l Vi-et cho hai phng trnh cho ta c:
x3 + x4 = 4 p
x3 .x4 = 1
Ta c:
( x1 x3 ) . ( x2 x3 ) . ( x1 + x4 ) . ( x2 + x4 ) = x1 x2 ( x1 + x2 ) .x3 + x32 . x1 x2 + ( x1 + x2 ) .x4 + x42

= x32 + 5 p.x3 1 . x42 5 p.x4 1 = x32 + 4 p.x3 1 + p.x3 . x42 + 4 p.x4 1 9 p.x4 =




=0
=0
= 9 p 2 . ( x3 x4 ) = 9 p 2 . ( 1) = 9 p 2 (dpcm).

b. Gi s m = 95k + 25 = 97q + 11 (k , q : 106 > k > 94; 103 > q > 92) .
Ta c: 95k + 25 = 97q + 11 2q + 11 25 (mod 95) 2q + 11 = 95t + 25 .
Suy ra t phi l s chn. t t = 2t ' . Khi : q = 95t '+ 7 m
103 > q > 92 t ' = 1 q = 102 m = 9905 (tha mn).
Vy m = 9905.
Cu 3:

a. Gi s phng trnh cho nhn x = 30, x = 3, x = 2007 l nghim. Ta c:

( x 1) . ( x a ) + 1 = ( x 2 ) . ( x + b ) ( b + a 1) .x ( a + 1 2b ) = 0

(*)

Phng trnh (*) l phng trnh c bc nh hn 3 m li c x = 30, x = 3, x = 2007 l


b + a 1 = 0
a = 3
nghim nn:

a + 1 + 2b = 0
b = 2
a = 3
Th li thy vi
phng trnh cho nhn x = 30, x = 3, x = 2007 l nghim.
b = 2
Vy a = 3, b = 2.

163

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

b. Ta c:

x2

3
1
1
2
+ x
= x , vi iu kin x
.
4x
4x
2

2 1
=a0
x
4x

t
Theo bi ra ta c:
1
x
=b0

4x
3
3
a + b = x
a + b = x
2
2
(
)
(
)
x
x

2 2

2
.
.
1
a
b
a
b
x
x

+
=

2
2
(
)
(
)
(
)
a
b
x
x

3
a + b = x
2
(x
)

2
a b = x 1

1
1 1
4x2 1 1
=
=
Suy ra: ( a + b ) ( a b ) = x ( x 1) b = x
2
4x 2
4x
4

1 17
Loi
x =
8
2
4x x 1 = 0

1 + 17
Tha mn
x =
8

1 + 17
.
Vy nghim ca phng trnh l: x =
8
Cu 4:
- Trc ht ta chng minh vung kch thc 1 1 hon ton b ph bi ng trn c
3
bn knh l . Tht vy:
A
B
4
Xt hnh vung ABCD c kch thc l 1 1 .
O
2 3
Khi ta c: OA =
< .
D
2
4
C
3
V vy, vung ABCD s b ph kn bi ng trn O; (pcm).
4
- Ta chng minh: Nu c 4 im m khng c 3 im no thng
hng th s tn ti 3 im trong 4 im to thnh mt tam
gic c t nht mt gc khng vt qu 450 . Tht vy:

Gi s c 4 im A,B,C,D.
- Nu 4 im cho to thnh mt t gic li (hnh v).
Khi :
n+n
n + CDA
n = 3600 .
Ta c: DAB
ABC + BCD
V vy, s tn ti mt gc trong bn gc trn khng ln hn 900 .

164

B
D
C

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th


n 900 . Suy ra: Trong hai gc DAC v BAC phi c
Gi s DAB
t nht mt gc khng ln hn 450 .
n 450 .
Khng gim tnh tng qut, ta gi s BAC
Khi ta c tam gic BAC tha mn c t nht mt gc
khng vt qu 450 (pcm).
- Nu 4 im cho to thnh mt t gic lm (hnh v). Khi :
Trong tam gic ABC lun tn ti mt gc khng ln hn 900 .
n 900 .
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s BAC
Suy ra trong hai gc BAD v CAD phi c t nht
mt gc khng ln hn 450 .
n 450 .
Khng gim tnh tng qut, ta gi s BAD
Khi ta c tam gic BAD tha mn c t nht mt gc
khng vt qu 450 (pcm).
- Tr li bi ton ban u, ta chia hnh ch nht kch thc
2 3 thnh 6 vung kch thc 1 1 nh hnh v .
C 19 im xp vo 6 vung, theo nguyn tc irichle
s tn ti mt vung cha t nht 4 im.
p dng kt qu ca hai bi ton trn ta c ngay pcm.

D
C
B

Cu 5:
a. Ta c:
+CAN +CMA ( g g )

CA CN
=
CN .CM = CA2 = const (dpcm).
CM CA

b.
-Phn tch: Gi s dng c im M tha mn yu
cu ca bi ton.
Nh vy : AM > BM nn M nm trn na mt
phng cha B b l ng thng OC
(trung trc ca AB).
AB
Trn AM ly K sao cho: AK =
.
3
Suy ra: MK = MB +MKB l tam gic cn M.
Ta c:
0
n
n + MBK
n = + 180 =
AKB = KMB
2
0
180 +
1
=
( = Sd q
AmB)
2
2
Suy ra: K thuc cung cha gc

165

N H
C

Phm Minh Hong-Cu hc sinh trng THCS Phong Chu-Ph Ninh-Ph Th

1800 +
dng trn on AB cng pha
2
vi cung ln vi b l ng thng AB.
- Cch dng:
1800 +
AB
+ Dng (A,
) ct cung cha gc
dng
2
3
trn on AB (cng pha
vi cung ln vi b l ng thng AB )ti K.
+ Ko di AK ct (O) ti im M ( M A ).
+ M l im cn dng.
- Chng minh: Bn c t chng minh.
- Kt lun: Bi ton c 1 nghim hnh.

K
A

H
C

166

Tc gi: Phm Minh Hong

Mc lc
1: Thi Chuyn Hng Vng(2000-2001) vng 1.............................................1
2: Thi Chuyn Hng Vng(2000-2001) vng 2.............................................4
3: Thi S Phm I(2000-2001) vng 1...............................................................8
4: Thi S Phm I(2000-2001) vng 2.............................................................10
5: Thi Tng Hp (1999-2000) vng 1.............................................................12
6: Thi Tng Hp (1999-2000) vng 2.............................................................16
7: Thi Chuyn Hng Vng (1999-2000) vng1............................................19
8: Thi Chuyn Hng Vng (1999-2000) vng2............................................21
9: Thi S Phm I (1999-2000) vng 1.............................................................24
10: Thi S Phm I (1999-2000) vng 2...........................................................28
11: Thi S Phm I (1997-1998) vng 1...........................................................33
12: Thi S Phm I (1997-1998) vng 2...........................................................35
13: Thi Tng Hp (1997-1998) vng 1............................................................38
14: Thi Tng Hp (1997-1998) vng 2............................................................41
15: Thi Chuyn Hng Vng (1997-1998) vng 1..........................................44
16: Thi Chuyn Hng Vng (1997-1998) vng 2..........................................46
17: Thi Tng Hp (1995-1996) vng 1............................................................48
18: Thi Tng Hp (1995-1996) vng 2............................................................50
19: Thi Hc Sinh Gii Cp Tnh (1999-2000)................................................ 52
20: Thi Hc Sinh Gii Cp Tnh (1998-1999)................................................ 55
21: Thi Tng Hp (1991-1992) vng 1............................................................57
22: Thi Tng Hp (1991-1992) vng 2............................................................61
23: Thi Tng Hp (1992-1993) Chuyn L-Ha............................................ 64
24: Thi Tng Hp (1992-1993) vng 1............................................................67
25: Thi Tng Hp (1992-1993) vng 2........................................................... 70
26: Thi S Phm I(1998-1999) vng 1.............................................................74
27: Thi S Phm I(1998-1999) vng 2.............................................................77
28: Thi Tng Hp (1998-1999) vng 1.............................................................80
29: Thi Tng Hp (1998-1999) vng 2.............................................................83
30: Thi Tng Hp (2000-2001) vng 1.............................................................87
31: Thi Tng Hp (2000-2001) vng 2.............................................................91
32: Thi Tng Hp (1996-1997) vng 1.............................................................94
33: Thi Tng Hp (1996-1997) vng 2.............................................................96
34: Thi S Phm I(1996-1997) vng 1.............................................................100
35: Thi S Phm I(1996-1997) vng 2.............................................................103
36: Thi Chuyn Hng Vng(1999-2000) Chuyn L.....................................106
37: Thi Chuyn Hng Vng(1998-1999) vng 1............................................108
38: Thi Chuyn Hng Vng(1998-1999) vng 2............................................110
39: Thi Chuyn Hng Vng(1995-1996) vng 1........................................... 114
40: Thi Chuyn Hng Vng(1995-1996) vng 2............................................118
41: Thi S Phm I(2001-2002) vng 1..............................................................121
42: Thi S Phm I(2001-2002) vng 2..............................................................124
43: Thi Chuyn Hng Vng(2001-2002) vng 1............................................129
44: Thi Chuyn Hng Vng(2001-2002) vng 2............................................131
45: Thi Tng Hp (2001-2002) vng 1.............................................................133
167

Tc gi: Phm Minh Hong


46: Thi Tng Hp (2001-2002) vng 2.........................................................138
47: Thi Chuyn Hng Vng(2002-2003) vng 1........................................142
48: Thi Chuyn Hng Vng(2002-2003) vng 2........................................145
49: Thi Tng Hp (2002-2003) vng 1..........................................................149
50: Thi Tng Hp (2002-2003) vng 2..........................................................152
51: Thi S Phm I(2002-2003) vng 1...........................................................156
52: Thi S Phm I(2002-2003) vng 2...........................................................159
53: Thi Hc Sinh Gii TP.H Ni (2006-2007) ............................................162

168

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