V.

ANBAZHAGAN,
Manager,WRI

Crystal Structures
- Body centered cubic (BCC)

- Face centered cubic (FCC)

723 C

Gray cast iron

IRON- CARBON PHASE DIAGRAM

Key phases are:

Ferrite (bcc
Austenite ( fcc
Delta ferrite (bcc
Iron carbide (Fe3C)
12

ASME

Material Specification

Section II, Part A

Wrought, castings & forgings
Ferrous : Cast iron, carbon steels
: Heat resisting (Cr-Mo)
steels
: Stainless steels
Structural & Pressure vessels

Test
Certificate

NUCLEAR STEAM GENERATOR

FLAME TUBE ASSEMBLY : Hastelloy, Ni-Cr-Fe-Mo

18

Heat Affected Zone

FCHAZ

CGHAZ

Microstructure constituents in steels

Ferrite - low carbon solubility : BCC
Pearlite - combination of ferrite and cementite
Austenite - FCC
Bainite :

Iron carbide with good toughness

Martensite - Rapidly cooled by quenching

Untempered martensite is the hardest and most brittle
of the microstructures

PROPERTIES REQUIRED IN STEELS

GOOD TOUGHNESS
GOOD WELDABILITY
RESISTANCE TO BRITTLE FRACTURE
DEFORMABILITY

PRESSURE VESSEL STEELS

Steam Drum:

SA 299 : C Mn Steel

Water Drum & Headers :

SA 515, 516 Gr. 60, 70 (C Mn)
Economiser Tubes, Boiler Tubes
Water wall panels : SA 210 Gr. A1 (C.S)
35

STEELS USED IN BHEL TIRUCHY

Carbon Steel

: SA 106 Gr. B

2.25 Cr 1 Mo Steel : SA 335 P22

Austenitic Stainless Steel
304 316 (Mo) 321(Ti)
347(Nb)
DIN 20 Mn Mo Ni 55 : ASTM A 533
Q T : A 517 Gr. F - Penstock pipes
H S L A Steel : A 710
36

Multi pass weld beads

Hydrogen Induced Crack

Macro Bead
of SMAW E430

Macro Bead
of E430 Nb

Macro
Unpulsed weld

Macro
Pulsed weld

Petrochemical Vessels (KRL, MRPL)

Process vessels (ALUMINA

PLANT-HINDALCO,ZUARI AGRO)

Visible Cracks

Cracks in a pipe

SEM Study Ductile Fracture

INCLUSION