a cree ees Teton ee ; Eee aecog THESSALONIKI 2004Archaic Olive Oil Extraction Plant in Klazomenai”™ Elif Koparal and Ertan Iplikei he recent excavations at Klazomenai, eo which is well-known as a centre of major pottery and sarcophagi manufacturers during the Archaic period, produced significant evidence related to another industrial activity, namely the production of olive oil. To date, two olive oil extraction plants have been discovered at Klazomenai. One of these was located on the south slope of the acropolis, the industrial district of the city, where pottery kilns and a bone-carving ‘workshop were also present. The other olive oil extraction plant, which is the subject of this study, ‘was located on the west side of the modern road between iskele and Urla, in HBT (Map B), where an iron-processing workshop and a well-defined Grainage system and two wells, also dating to the Archaic period, were uncovered. Even though olive oil has always been a very important commercial commodity and a very ‘common source of nutrition, the olive extraction process in the ancient world is not widely under- stood. For this reason, it is necessary to include some brief information about the process of olive oil production before discussing the peculiar features of the Klazomenai Olive Oil Extraction Plant. Palaeobotanical research in the Mediterranean basin proves that wild olive trees existed in the region before the end of the Tce Age,! but unfortu- nately evidence for its domestication is much less abundant. It has been suggested that olive trees were cultivated as early as 2500 in Crete and that the large pithoi found in the Cretan palaces were ai used for the storage of olive oil Both organic and material evidence suggest that the eastern coast of the Mediterranean must have been a centre for olive growing and olive oil production. The earliest evidence for olive extraction comes from the ‘eastern Mediterranean coast and Cyprus, and dates to the Late Bronze Age.? By comparison, the avail- able evidence about olive oil extraction is very scanty in the Acgean basin and limited to surface findings only which are relatively late in date. The Klazomenai Olive Oil Extraction Plant thus repre- sents a very significant discovery, since it is so far the only installation for oil production preserved with its own datable small finds and permanent elements, in Asia Minor. ‘The procedure of extracting olive oil has not changed since antiquity. In modern times the methods used at small-scale local workshops are essentially the same with only rhinor modifications, fn spite of new technological developments. This may be due to conservatism or to economical reasons. The first stage, the picking of the olives, was preferably done by hand or by shaking the branches. It takes place in October when the fruits begin to get ripe. The depiction of an olive harvest scene on an Attic black-figured amphora attri- buted to the Antimenes Painter, shows that it was done in the same way as today (Fig. 1). After the harvesting, the following stages involved croshing, pressing and distilling the olive oil. The olives were ground either manually with simple portable mortars, or with « more advanced apparatus, a mill ‘The paste obtained from the olive crushing was222 Symposivom “Klazomenci, Teos and Abdera: Mecropoleis and Colony” Fig. 1. Olive harvest scene on Attic black-figured neck- amphora attribuied to the Antimenes Painter. London, British Museum, B 226 (ABV 273.116). After R. Frankel, S Avitsur and E. Ayalon, History and Technology of Olive Oil in the Holy Land (Tel Aviv 1984) 24 fig, 11 poured into woven sacks which were then placed on the pressing bed to be squeezed. During the press- ing process, hot or more usually cold water was poured over the sacks to drain every drop of oil off the pulp. The final stage was the separation of olive oil from water. The existing evidence reveals that there was more than one method to distil olive oil. ‘The simplest was to collect the mixture of olive oil and water in # vat and to leave it to settle for a while, so that the olive oil would rise to the surface due to its lighter density. Then it could be skimmed off with ladles. A more developed apparatus featured a tank with a faucet at the bottom which ‘was used to drain off the residue as the water sank down, Such tanks were in use in the small focal ‘workshops in the Aegean region until recent times. Annumber of pits, which represent the permanent elements of the Klzomenai Olive Oil Extraction Plant, were hewn into bedrock and were preserved with their own datable finds, thus providing us with the opportunity to identify the functions of the elements and to establish a chronology for the plant (Fig. 2). Only scanty remains of carbonized ‘wood and afew nails were found in the pits indicat- ing that the devices placed inside must have been made of wood. The portable parts of the install- ation seem to have been carried away after the abandonment of the plant. The pits were un- covered below remains of Roman edifices and a Basileia complex dated to the second quarter of the fourth contury.* There were eleven pits of different size and shape in the main room of the plant. The storage spaces were located to the north and west of the main room, The presence of more than one Fig. 2. Klazomenai. Aer- ial view of the Olive Oil Extraction Plant and the storage space of the second phase including a Late Antique cistern,, Koparal and E ilii, Archaic Olive Oi! Baraction Plant in Klacomenai 223 element serving the same function indicated that two different systems were used at this plant. Two press and separation devices were found, while the crushing basin appears to have been part of both systems. The two systems appear to have belonged to two different phases according to the material evidence which revealed that the smaller-sized press and collecting vat were terminated earlier than the larger ones. Apparently the smaller and simpler devices were replaced with more advanced versions in order to satisfy the demand for increased production capacity in the beginning of the second phase. First Phase (Figs 3-4) ‘The system applied during the first phase of the plant ‘was quite simple in comparison with the one used in the second phase, which directly involved the intro- duction of new technologies. The pits that were used for the placement of the devices in the first phase are numbered 1-4 on the plan. Pit 1,2 round depression ig. 4. Klazomenai Olive Oil Extraction Plant; reconstniction ofthe frst phase (E. plik)224 ‘Sympositom “Klacomenai, Teos and Abdera: Mesropokeis and Colony" ig. 5. Klazomanai Olive Oi! Extraction Plant; hypothetical reconstruction of oteril (Ei) with a cavity at the bottom, served for the first stage of oil extraction, the crushing of the olives.> The round cavity at the bottom of the basin was used for the placement ofthe socket ofthe mill which stabilized the device. In order to prevent the gnawing of the surface at the bottom of the basin from the friction caused by the turning of the millstones, the bottom ‘must have been either paved with stone slabs carved out of rock or, more likely, a gap may have been left between the millstones and the floor, what would also prevent the crushing of the olive pits The location of thc crushing basin, adjacent to the western border of the main room, presumably facilitated the hauling of the olives into the basin through a window in the western wall. On the other hand, its location must have prevented anyone from meking a whole torn around it, since there was not enough space. ‘Therefore we assume that a flat wooden plank on four feet was placed above the crushing basin to accommodate the control of the millstones with the aid of an arm connected to the mill (Fig. 5). ‘Tae filling debris in Pit 1 consisted of two layers of different texture. The relatively loose layer at the bottom strongly argue that it was formed uninten- ‘ Fig. 6 . Toe fragment of a Clazomenian amphora, fourth century (E. Koparal); b Terracotta lamp, Archaic or fourth century (E. Koparal);¢. Chian kantharos, last quarter of the sith century (E- Koparal); d. North lonian banded bowl, second half ofthe sith century (F. Ydmaz)E, Koparal end E.Iplksi, Archaic Olne Oil Beracion Plant in Klazomenai ms tionally after the abandonment of the plant. A Chian kantharos (Fig. 6c)? and a North Ionian banded bow (Fig. 6d)® dated roughly to the second half of the sixth century were found in this layer. The layer above this was homogeneous with the layer formed during the fourth-century levelling for the construction of the large mansion, the Basile, ‘A Clazomenian amphora toe (Fig. 6a)? and a terracotta lamp (Fig. 6b)!9 dated to the fourth century were recovered in this layer. ‘The rectangular Pit 2 and the conical Pit 3 served for the placement of the press device in the t phase. The shallow cavities on the sides of Pit 2 were used to stabilize the slotted piers made of ‘wood, where one end of the press beam was hinged; the other end was pulled down by human power supported by weight stones, during the pressing process. The press bed, presumably made of wood, must have been placed above Pit 3, in which any dripping from the sacks would be collected, before the start of the pressing procedure."! The rounded bottom of Pit 3 undoubtedly enabled the oil accu- mulated in it to be collected. it 4 with a round conical depression hewn into bedrock, was located right next to the press device and served as the collecting vat, It is highly likely that a gutter connected the press bed with a vessel placed in this pit, where the mixture of olive oil and ‘water obtained from the pressing was transferred in order to be distilled. The vessel in Pit 4 could have beena simple jar, in which the olive oil rising up was skimmed off, or, perhaps more likely, could have been a jar with a faucet at the bottom which would have allowed the removal of the excess water and residue which sank down, An Attic skyphos bears a depiction ofa single-beamed lever and weight press device, similar to the one in Klazomenai (Fig. 7). “The original fill in Pits 2 and 4 was laxgely dest- royed during the construction of the Basileiain the fourth century, but fortunately a part of the 1 fill preserved at the bottom produced material evidence suggesting a date for the annul- ment of these elements. A fragmentary Chian amphora (Fig. 8a)"2 dated to the last quarter of the sixth century was found in this layer at the bottom of the press. The rest of the filling above was dest- royed and replaced with large stones to reinforce the foundation of a wall laid in an east-west direc- tion, which belonged to the Basileia. Pit 5 of the second phase, which was located next to the press Fig. 7. Attic black-figured skyphos depicting olive oit ‘pressing with human power and weight stones. Boston, Museum of Fine Arts, 99.525 (H.L. Pierce Fund). After L. Foxhall, “Oil Extraction and Processing Equipment in Classical Greece” in M-C. Amoureti and J-P. Brun (eds), La production du vin et de Uhuile en Méditerranée (BCH Suppl. 26) (Paris 1993) 185 fg. 1 aes ® Fig. 8a. Rim fregment of bulbous-necked Chian amphora, last quarter of the sixth centuy (F. Yilmaz): b. Ac Dlackeglazed stemmed bows, late sith century (E. Koparal)226 ‘Symposiums “Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Metropoles and Colony” bn Fig. 9. North-south section of Olive Oil Extraction Plant (E. Koparal) of the first phase, was also filled with large stones to provide a robust foundation for the Basileia ‘The small vat assumed to be located below the press table was not disturbed during the construc- tion of the Basilefa and a black-glazed Attic bowl (Eig. 80), dated to the fate sixth century, was found in it, It is not possible to suggest a precise date for the beginning of the first phase based on the preserved evidence. However, datable ceramic sherds found in the pits of the first phase provide 4 tetminus post quem for the beginning of the second phase, since these pits were filled in order to form a level surface for the installation of the devices of the second phase, ‘The storage space of the first plant located to the north of the main room, was a chamber cut into bedrock. Its borders are not yet firmly determined due to the presence of foundation walls belonging to the Basileia, but it may be that the storage space bordered the main room to the north and east. The floor level of the storage space was almost a meter below the main room, Itwas presumably entered by a portable. ladder placed on the northern wall, since no doorway opening to the depot was identi- fied. On the floor of the chamber there were conical depressions hewn into the bedrock, which must have been used to stabilize the bottom of large storage jars. No such jar was preserved in situ, but great quantities of pithoi fragments were found scattered around. A pithos was found in situ sunken into the floor, and two floors were identified in the ‘area around it (Fig. 9). The first floor was a stone pavement surrounding the rim of the pithos while the second one above it, made out of beaten earth, was almost 0.20 m thick. It is highly likely that the pithos was used to collect the olive oil which dripped down, since the stone-paved floor was levelled to the rim of the vessel. ‘The conical depressions on the floor of the storage space were filled and a level was formed with the beaten earth floor. The foundation of a wall running in an east-west direction, located parallel to the northern border of the main room, had destroyed both floors, indicating clearly that the wall was constructed at a date later than both floors. Although we are dealing here with a complex stratigraphy, the ceramic finds suggest a valid answer to the questions about the function of the floors and the wall. An Attic black-glazed bowl (Fig. 10a), the rim fragment of an olpe (Fig 10b),} and a one-handled bowl (Fig. 10c)!° were ‘ , Fig. 10.4. Attic bowl, late sith contury (F. Yulmaz); b. Ria Sragment of North Ionian olpe, late sith century (FE. ‘Koparal); . North Ionian one-handled bow, late sixth century (F. Yilmaz)E, Koparal and E, Iplikei, Archaie Olive Oil Feeracion Plant in Klazomenai 27 found below the earth floor and indicate that this floor was made no earlier than the last quarter of the sixth century. The consistency of the filling in the conical cavities was comparable with that of the units belonging to the first phase. An olpe (Fig Lia),}7 and an Attic black-glazed Type C cup (Fig. L1b),!® both dated to the last quarter of the sixth century, were found in those cavities and verify that they were terminated at the same time as the press and the collecting vat of the first phase, We may conclude that this storage space was used uring the first phase of the plant, but it must have also been in use for 2 certain period at the beginning of the second phase until the completion of the second, larger storage space. The stone pavement and the conical cavities in the bedrock were used uring the first phase, whilst at the beginning of the second phase a new level was formed with the construction of the earth floor and by filling in the conical pits solidly. ‘The presence of the second depot and the wall constructed in the first storage chamber suggest that the first depot went out of use after the completion of the larger depot and that the wall was then built to border the northern side of the main room. ~~ Fig. 11 a, Rim fragment of Norte fonian ole, late sith century (E. Koparal);b, Attic black glazed Type C cup (E Koparl); c. Ati blackeglazed bow, ca 380 (F. Yalmaz); 4 Aitic black-glazed bon, ca 380 (E. Koparal) Second Phase (Figs 12-13) ‘The second phase of the Klazomenai Olive Oil Extraction Plant directly involved the introduction of new technology in order to fulfill the demand for increased production capacity. The elements of the second plant are numbered 1, 5-8 (a-f) on the plan. ‘As mentioned above, Pit 1, the crushing basin, was ‘used for the same purpose in the second phase as well. The pits in which the press device and the collecting vat of the first plant had been placed, ‘were no longer used, a level surface was formed, ‘and a new press and three-compartmented separ- ation tank were installed. These new devices were not only larger in size, but also owing to certain technical modifications were of increased capacity. ‘The compounds of the second press are numbered 8.a-fon the plan, The rectangular pit (8f) dug in an east-west direction was used for the placement of the slotted piers of wood where the one end of the ‘beam was fixed. The cavities on the sides of the pit Fig. 12. Ground plan of the second phase.228 Symposinm "Klazomenai, Teos and Abdera: Mesropoeis and Colony” provided stability for the wooden panels into which the end of the beam was hinged. Three circular shallow depressions (82-c), located in front of the rectangular pit, served for the placement of the ‘wooden trunks that supported the press bed. Two small conical pits in the middle of the three round depressions were identical with Pit 3 of the first phase in terms of size and shape. Evidently those Fig, 13. Klazomenci Olive Oil Ex- traction Plant; reconstruction of the second phase (E. iplikei) pits also had the same function, which was to catch any amount of oil dripping from the sacks filled with the olive pulp. It is not surprising that in the second phase there were two such pits instead of one due to the expanded amount of pulp pressed at Fig. 140, Klazomenai Olive Oil Extecton Plan; hypothetical reconstruction of press device used in the second phase (E. Ils); b. Kazomenai Olive Oil Extraction Plan; bluprine of res device (E.Ipik)E.Koparal and ffl, Archie Olive Oi! Beaton Plant in Klazomenai 229 Fig. IS. Klazomenai Olive Oil Extraction Plant; hypothet- fecal reconstruction of fork-shaped press bear used in the second phase (E. Inlikci) cone time (Fig. 14a-b). The long width ofthe rectangular pit suggests that a fork-shaped beam was used instead of a single one in order to keep it balanced (Fig. 15).2 ‘The rough alignment ofa square-shaped pit (number 9 on the plan) with the proposed location of the press beam strongly argues that a pulley was connected to the beam in order to reduce time and energy during the pressing process (Fig. 16) The use of such a capstan is a remark- able technological novelty applied to the press device of the second phase. ‘The final stage of olive oil production, namely the separation of oil from the bitter juice and water was done manually in the first phase. The intro- Fig. 17, Reconstructed view of the three-compantment separation tank (E. Iplitsi)230 Symposium “Klazomenai, Tes and Abdera: Meropoles and Colony” duction of a three-compartment separation system (Pits 5, 6 and 7) in the second phase provided con- tinuous distillation (Fig, 17). The mixture of oil and water was transferred from the press into Pit 6 with ‘gutter connecting the two and was left to settle for awhile. The oil, which is naturally lighter in density rose to the surface and flowed into Pit 5, while the water sank and passed through a hole with a stopper into Pit 7. Thus, the separation process was done without interruption and provided continuous production, thus allowing greater production capacity. ‘The ceramic sherds found in the pits that served as the permenent elements of the second plant ate dated exclusively to the fourth century. An Attic black-glazed bowl (Fig. 11)” and a Clazomenian amphora (Fig. 18b)”? were found in the pits of the press device. Pits 5-7 that served for the separation of oil and water also included ceramic material dated to the second quarter of the fourth century. An Attic black-glazed saltcellar (Fig. 11d)" and an Aitic black-glazed fish-plate (Fig. 18a)" found in the separation tanks confirmed that the pits were filled in the fourth century. As mentioned above, another storage space, larger in size, was built in the second phase to handle the increased amount of production. This chamber, likewise hewn into bedrock measured 4.80 m x7.50 m, and was located to the west of the ‘main room (Fig. 19.1). This storage space was also filled in the fourth century during the construction of the Basileia. A Clazomenian amphora (Fig 18c)°5 accompanied by an Attic black-glazed bowl? were found on the floor of the depot, showing that this was filled at the same time as the other elements of the second plant, The presence of ceramic sherds dated to the fourth century in the units of the second phase could well give the incorrect impression that the second plant was used until the fourth century. As will be mentioned below, however, a hiatus between the end of the sixth century and the beginning of the fourth century has been observed at both the living quarters and the burial grounds of Klazomenei. Taking this into account, we may claim that the elements of the second plant i Fig, 18 0, Antic black-glaced fisk-plate, early fourth cen- tury (R. Yilmaz); 6, Rim fragment of Clazomentan amphora, fourth century (B, Koparl);c. Rim fragment of Clazomenian amphora, fourth century (E. Koparal) remained at the site during the fifth century and that they were then removed by the builders of the Basileia, At the same time, the pits that had served ‘as the permanent elements of the plant were filled solidly to form a level for the foundation of the Jarge mansion in the fourth century. ‘There were no remains of the walls or any evidence for the roof of the plant, other than a few disintegrated mud-bricks. Nonetheless, the evidence from the other sectors for the architecture of the Archaic period at the site provides some hints regarding the superstructure of the Olive Oil Extraction Plant. Stone wall socles topped byE., Koparal and E.Ipliksi, Archaic Olive Oil Betraction Plant in Klazomenai 21 Fig. 19. Ground plan of Olive Oil Bxraction Plant , Main compound; I. Storage area ofthe frst phase; I. Storage area of the second phase. mud-bricks are typical for the domestic units. It is natural to assume that the same masonry will have beon used for the Olive Oil Plant as well. There are two types of roofs that may be suggested: a hipped- thatched roof made of organic material (Fig. 20)"” or a flat roof composed of beaten earth. A tiled roof is not an option, since the excavations at the ‘Archaic settlement revealed no evidence for the use of terracotta roof tiles during this period. Dating ‘The chronology of the Klazomenai Olive Oil Extraction Plant must be established after exami ing the historical events that took place in Klaz0- ‘menai. The excavations carried out at the living quarters and the necropoleis of the city exposed a hiatus between 550/546-530 in Klazomenai. Even ‘though itis difficult to determine such a short gap accurately, the lack of Attic pottery dated to this, period at the settlement and the burial grounds confirms that the mainland of Klazomenai was Fig. 20. Clazomenian sarcophagus imitating a house with 2 hipped-thatched roof. Akpmar necropolis, late seventh century (E. iplikgi)232 Symposi "Klazomenci, Teor and Abdere: Mesropoleis and Colony” either not inhabited between 550/546-530 or that the settlement was diminished.2* This corrclates well with the ancient sources. The ceramic sherds found in the compounds of the plant belonging to the first phase are dated to the last quarter of the sixth century. Based on this evidence, the beginning of the second phase must be placed in the last quarter ofthe sith century. Taking into consideration the hiatus between 550/546-530, we may assume that the second Olive Oil Extraction Plant started to operate around 530/525 and since the mainland ‘was not inhabited between 550/546-530 the first plant must have been used during the first half of the sixth century, ‘The ancient sources state that Klazomenai and Kyme were invaded by the Persians a year after the Tonian Revolt, which began in 499 (Herodotos 5.123). As a result of the Pers Clazomenians moved to the island with fear (Pausanias 7.3.9). The excavations at the settlement and the burial grounds indicate a long hiatus, which lasted during the fifth century. The test soundings on Karantina Island indicated that the inhabitants of Klazomenai abandoned the mainland and moved to the island. Consequently, given the stratified material evidence, which agrees the second plant must have been used until the beginning of the fifth century. Its highly likely that the devices of the plant were disassembled and ‘carried away in order to be re-used. The area was inhabited once more a century later and the plant's pits were filled to form a strong foundation for the Basileia in the early fourth century. fn invasion the the historical events, Conclusion ‘The Klazomenai Olive Oil Extraction Plant is @ reflection of the intellectual and practical environment, which led to the emergence of the Pre-Socratic philosophers and scientists of Tonia, who laid the foundations of moder science. Certain modifications applied to the plant in its second phase directly involved the introduction of new technologies that greatly improved the olive oil extraction process. These are: the application of the three-compartment separation system, the use of a rollermill functioning with a pair of millstones and the introduction of « capstan used in the press- ing stage, which allowed greater production cap- acity and dramatic drop of the time and energy consumed in the process. The extraction plants and the technical knowledge they evidence strongly suggest that olive oil became an important trade ‘commodity for the Clazomenians in the second half of the sixth century. Klazomenai became a centre of olive oil export trade, rather than just a local producer with limited capacity. Some, at least, of the Clazomenian transport amphorac found at various sites on the Mediterranean and Black Sea coasts may have carried Clazomenian oil. Ortadogu Teknik Universitesi ‘Yerlesim Arkcolojisi Anabilim Dali Mirmarlik Faktiltesi, Yeni Bina, No. 410 ‘TR-Inénii Caddesi Ankara 06531 Altintas Mahallesi Ege Sokak, No. 4 ‘TR-Urla 35430 Abbreviations Agora XIL = B.A. Sparkes and L. Talcott, Agora XIL Black and Plain Pottery of the 6th, 5th and 4th Centuries BC (Princeton 1970) Dojer, “Amphores” = E. Doer, “Premitxes remar- ‘ques sur let amphores de Clazoménes” in J.-Y. Empezeur and Y. Garlan (eds), Recherches sur les amphores greeques, Actes du Colloque international ‘organisé par le Centre National de ta Recherche Scientifique, 1" Université de Rennes I et Ecole Francaise d'Athones. Athones, 10-12 septembre 1984 (BCH Suppl. 13) (Paris 1986) 461-471. KST = Kan Sonuglan Toplants: Notes * We would like to thank Professor Given Baiar for giving us the opportunity to study and publish the Azchaic Olive Oil Extraction Plant in Klazomenai, All dates are BC unless otherwise stated. 1. HLA. Forbes and L, Foxhall, “The Queen of All ‘Trees: Preliminary Notes on the Archaeology of the Olive” Expedition 21.1 (1978) 38. 2. RI. Forbes, Studies in Ancient Technology 3 (Leiden 1965) 104, For a ertical review of the available mate~B 10. Kopzrl and E, Iplitgi, Archaic Ove Oi! Exton lenin Klazomenci rial regarding botanical and archacological evidence for the olive in the Prehistoric Aegean see C.N. ‘Runnels and J. Hansen, “The Olive in the Prehistoric ‘Aegean: The Evidence for Domestication in the Early Bronze Age” OxfTA 5 (1986) 299-308, SS, Hadjisawas, “Olive Oil Production in Ancient Cyprus” RDAC 19882, 111-120. G, Balar and Y. Ersoy, “1997 Yih Klazomenai Gahigmatant” KST 20.2 (1998) 67; G. Bakar et at, 1999 Klazomenai Kazisi” KST 22.2 (2000) 33. ‘There is no substantial evidence to determine that the crushing basin was also used during the first phase, Our assumption is based om the lack of any other device that could be used for this process. At the other contemporary plants a oylinder roll on a flat top was used to grind the olives. In Klazomenai a cylinérical rock was found, but this is not sufficient ‘to suggest that such a tool was used in the first phase instead of the crushing basin, as a bed was not found. For such examples see R. Frankel, S. Avitsur and E, Ayalon, History and Technology of Olive Oil in the Holy Land (Tel Aviv 1994) 187, figs 290 and 31a, During conversations with local olive oil producers, ‘we were informed that if the olive pits were crushed the oil would have an unpleasant bitter taste, Similax examples of white-slipped small Chian kan- tharoi were found at the Emporio on Chios in layers dated between 550-500: J. Boardman, Excavations in Chios 1952-1955, Greek Emporio (BSA Suppl. 6) (London 1967) 161-162 figs 109.763-764, pl. 60.763. Other similar examples are roughly dated to the second half of the sixth century: A. Lemos, Archaic Pottery of Chios. The Decorated Styles (Oxford 1991) 195-177, pl. 214 no. 1635. Similar bended bowls were found at Tocra in de- posits dated between 560-510: J. Boardman and J. Hayes, Excavations at Tocra 1963-1965. The Archaic Deposits | (BSA Suppl. 4) (London 1966) 55-56 fig. 28.146, 760, pl. 38.751, 759; td., Excavations at Tora 1963-1965. The Archaic Deposits Hand Later Deposits (BSA Suppl. 10) (London 1973) 23-24 fig. 9.2038. For further discussion on the banded bowls from Kiazo- menai see Y.E. Ersoy, Clazomenae: The Archaic Ser Iement (Ph.D Diss., Bryn Mawr College 1993; Ann ‘Axor 1996) 373-378. ‘This amphora type, which is most likely a local production, is found in great quantities in the fourth- century settlement, For farther discussion see Doier, “Amphores” 469, fig. 15. ‘One cannot be precise on the dating of this simple plain lamp. Itis a type which is extremely common at the site particularly throughout the sixth century. 233 ‘Some examples, however, randomly attested in the fourth-century houses suggest that the type ‘continued also in the Classical era. For Archaic examples of the type cf. KF. Kinch, Fouilles de Vroulia (Belin 1914) 159-160, pl.27-Sa-b and 27.10a- b. LI. Even today at small workshops, a vessel is placed below the press table o catch the oil dripping off the sacks as this pure oil which is not yet mixed with water is of the highest quality. 12, CE W-D. Niemeier, “Die Zierde Toniens" 44 1999, 405, fig. 28.17. 13. CE Agora XII 140-141, 304 no. 969, pl. 35. 14, Similar examples of Attic black-glazed bowis from the Athenian Agora are dated between 525-500: Ibid. 125, 288 no. 727, pl. 30. 15, For an identical example of an olpe found at Miletos and dated to the late sixth century sce W. Voigtlinder, “Funde aus der Insula westlich des Buleuterion in Milet” IstAfite 32 (1982) 46 fig. 8.53, 120 no. $3, pl. 17. For another example found at Old ‘Smyrna and dated to the same period sce J.M. Cook, “Old Smyrna, 1948-1951" BS4 53-54 (1958-59) 29, pi. db (right). 16, This type of one-handled bowls is extremely common fn the late sixth-century deposits at the site. For further discussion see Ersoy, op.cit (n. 8) 378-380. For the specimens from Miletos, randomly attested in the Late Archaic-Early Classical contexts see Niemeier, op.cit. (n. 12) 384-385 figs 14-15; Voigtlinder, op.cit. 81 fig. 39.241. For another ‘example from Olbia found in a grave with goods ated to the end of the sixth century see V.M, Skud- nove, Arkhaicheskii Nekropot’ Ol'vi [Archaic Necro- polis of Olbia] (Leningrad 1988) 132 no. 208, 17. See note 15, above 18, Cf, Agora XII 91-92, 263-264, no. 398, fig. 4; H. Bloesch, Formen attischer Schalen von Exekias bis zum Ende des strengen Stils (Bern 1940) 119-124, pls 32a, 334. 19, Fork-shaped beams were used at installations in Israel until the recent times: Frankel eta, op.cit. (0. 5) 172, fig, 477. 20, In Israel and Cyprus the use of capstans was intro- ‘duced much later: Frankel et al, pci, figs 42-45; Hadjisawas, Olive Oil Processing in Cyprus from Bronze Age to the Byzanilne Period (SIMA 99) (Ni- ‘cosia 1992) 33 and fig. 59. 21. There are similar examples of Attic black glazed. bowls found at the Athenian Agora that are speci ‘ally dated to 380: Agora XII 134, 298 no. 876, pl 33.234 Symposium “Klacomenai, Teo and Abdera: Meropoteis end Colony” 22, The type of Clazomenian amphora found in the ‘press unit is extremely common in the fourth-century deposits at the site. For further discussion see Doier, “Amphores” 469, fig. 15. 23, Cl. Agora XII 135, 299 no. 882, fig. 9, pl. 33 (dated 10 380). 24, tis dated to the early fourth century, in accordance vwith similar examples found at Old Smyrna: LM. Cook, “Old Smyrna: Fourth-Century Black Glaze” BSA 60 (1965) 152-153 fig, 10.1 25. Dor, “Amphores” 469, fig. 15. 26, For similar examples of black-glazed bowls, highly likely associated with local Ionian workshops see J Boehlau and K. Schefold, Larisa am Hermos II. Die Exgebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1902-1934. Die Klein {unde (Berlin 1942) 184 fig. 894; Cook, op. ci. (n. 24) 147-148 figs 4.1-2, 5, pl. Sa. 21. This terracotta sarchophagus dated to the early years, of the sixth century was found at the Akpinar necro- polis during the 1999 campaign. Its lid is shaped like a hipped-thatched roof and indicates that this root model was in use during the sixth century. 28, YE. Ersoy, “Klazomenai in the Archaic Period” inJ. Cobet, V. von Graeve, WD. Niemeier and K. Zimmermann (eds), Fakes lonien: eine Bestandauf- nahme, Akten.des Intemationalen Kolloguiwms zum einhundertidhrigen Tubilaum der Ausgrabungen in Miles, Panionion/Gizelcamls, 26.09.-01.10.1999 (ia press, tobe published in 2004); id, supra 60-64, 28. The social order of Ionia was greatly upset asa result of the offensive intention of the Persian King Cyrus ‘and the fear caused by looters that accompanied the Persian forces. The hiatus observed in the burial ‘grounds and the living quarters of the city should be associated with the abandonment of the city by the Tonians, who fled with fear. To make a suggestion about the settlements of that period would not be ‘more than a mere guess, however we may claim that the Clszomenians had spread around the villages and the surrounding islands and if the mainland was inhabited the settlement must have been restricted to ‘a small area, 30, See Giingbr, supra 121-131, esp. 124-129.