Chapter 3 A Stresses in Beams 1 Per Page

1
CIVIL
Mechanics of Solids
ENGINEERING
1. Stress Analysis
2. Columns
3. Stresses in Beams
BUITEMS
4. Circular Shafts
QUETTA
5. Springs
6. Strain Energy
12 DEC 2011 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
STRESSES IN BEAMS" BY
ARSHAD ALI
arshadalibuitems@yahoo.com
CIVIL
Chapter 3a
ENGINEERING
Stresses in Beams
Theory of simple bending
BUITEMS
Moment of resistance
Section modulus
QUETTA
Application of flexure formula
ARSHAD ALI
Introduction to Beams
CIVIL
A beam is a horizontal
ENGINEERING
structural member used

to support loads
BUITEMS
Beams are used to

support the roof and
QUETTA
floors in buildings
ARSHAD ALI
Definition of Beam
CIVIL
A beam may be defined as a structural member whose length

is relatively large in comparison to its thickness and depth,
ENGINEERING
and which is loaded with transverse loads that produce
significant bending effects as oppose to twisting or axial effects
BUITEMS
QUETTA
transverse loads
Large length
ARSHAD ALI
Classification of Beam w.r.t shape
Beams are generally classified according to their

CIVIL
geometry and the manner in which they are

supported.
ENGINEERING
Straight
BUITEMS
Curved
Tapered
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
Classification of beam w.r.t supports

CIVIL
Cantilever
ENGINEERING
Simply Supported
BUITEMS
QUETTA
Overhanging
Fixed
Continuous
ARSHAD ALI
Beams used in Buildings and Bridges

CIVIL
Girders.
ENGINEERING
Joists
Stringers
BUITEMS
Purlins
Girts
QUETTA
Lintels
ARSHAD ALI
Girders
CIVIL
Girder is the main horizontal support of a structure which supports

smaller beams. Usually the most important beams, which are,
ENGINEERING
frequently at wide spacing.
BUITEMS
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
Joists
CIVIL
Usually less important beams, which are closely spaced, frequently

with truss-type webs
ENGINEERING
BUITEMS
QUETTA
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10
Stringers
CIVIL
Longitudinal bridge beams spanning between floor beams.
ENGINEERING
BUITEMS
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
11
Purlins
Roof beams spanning between trusses.
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Purlins
Or Roof Beams
BUITEMS
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
12
Girts
Horizontal wall beams serving principally to resist bending due to wind on the
CIVIL
side of an industrial building.
ENGINEERING
BUITEMS
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
13
Lintels
CIVIL
Members supporting a wall over window or door openings.
ENGINEERING
BUITEMS
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
14
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Beam Theory
BUITEMS
QUETTA
12 DEC 2011
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
ARSHAD ALI
15
Common Structural Elements

CIVIL
ENGINEERING
BUITEMS
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
16
Common Structural Elements

CIVIL
ENGINEERING
BUITEMS
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
17
Introduction to Beams
CIVIL
The parallel portions on an I-beam or H-beam are

referred to as the flanges. The portion that connects the
ENGINEERING
flanges is referred to as the web.

Web
BUITEMS
Web
Flanges
QUETTA
Flanges
ARSHAD ALI
18
Beam Theory
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Strong Orientation
BUITEMS
Weak Orientation
Cross Section
QUETTA
Cross Section
ARSHAD ALI
19
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Moment of Inertia
BUITEMS
QUETTA
12 DEC 2011
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
ARSHAD ALI
20
Beam Theory
CIVIL
An important variable in beam design is the moment of

inertia of the cross section, denoted by I.
ENGINEERING
Inertia is a measure of a bodys ability to resist rotation.

Moment of inertia is a measure of the stiffness of the beam
BUITEMS
with respect to the cross section and the ability of the

beam to resist bending.
QUETTA
As I increases, bending and deflection will decrease.

Units are (LENGTH)4, e.g. in4, ft4, cm4
ARSHAD ALI
21
Moment of Inertia
The area moment of inertia is the second moment of area around a given axis.
CIVIL
For example, given the axis O-O and the shaded area shown, one calculates
ENGINEERING
I l dA
2
BUITEMS
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
22
Moment of Inertia
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Moment of inertia about x-axis
I x y 2 dA
Moment of inertia about y-axis
I y x 2 dA
Moment of inertia about z-axis
I z r 2 dA
BUITEMS
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
23
Moment of Inertia
CIVIL
Moment of Inertia is an important value which is used to determine
ENGINEERING
BUITEMS
QUETTA
M E

I
y R
the state of stress in a cross section
resistance to buckling
L2e
PL3

48EI
the amount of deflection in a beam
Radius of Gyration
2 EI
I
A
ARSHAD ALI
24
Moment of Inertia
CIVIL
For example, if a designer is given a certain set of

constraints on a structural problem
ENGINEERING
Loads
Spans
end conditions
BUITEMS
a "required" value of the moment of inertia can be

determined. Then, any structural element which has at
least that specific moment of inertia will be able to be
QUETTA
utilized in the design.
ARSHAD ALI
25
Moment of Inertia
CIVIL
Or if the inverse of above problem in design like for

example
ENGINEERING
If a specific element is given in a design. Then the

load bearing capacity of the element could be
determined.
BUITEMS
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
26
Beam Theory
CIVIL
I can be derived for any common area using calculus.
ENGINEERING
However, moment of inertia equations for common cross

sections (e.g., rectangular, circular, triangular) are readily
available in math and engineering textbooks.
For a rectangular cross section,
BUITEMS
bh3
Ix
12
X-axis (passing
through centroid)
h
b
b is the dimension parallel to the bending axis. h is the

QUETTA
dimension perpendicular to the bending axis.
ARSHAD ALI
27
Beam Theory
CIVIL
2
y
dA
Ix is defined as
Ix
2nd Moment of Area about x axis
dA dx dy
which is also the centroidal axis

ENGINEERING
h
2
Ix
dA
x
Ix
y 2 dx dy
h
b
x
2
2
h
d
b
2
y2
y 0
x
1
b
2
b
2
dy
BUITEMS
b
2 b
y
y 0 2 2 dy
h
Ix
QUETTA
h
d
2
Ix b
h
2
ARSHAD ALI
y 2 dy
h
2
28
Beam Theory
yc
CIVIL
Ix b
dA
ENGINEERING
xc
h
3 2
y
3
h
2
3
3
b h h
I x
3 2 2
b h3
Ix
3 4
BUITEMS
bh3
Ix
12
QUETTA
hb3
Iy
12
Do yourself
ARSHAD ALI
29
Beam Theory
CIVIL
2
y
dA
Ipx is defined as
I px
2nd Moment of Area about axis parallel to x axis
dA dx dy
h
ENGINEERING
I px
y 2 dx dy
y 0 x 0
h
I px
dA
x
y 0
I px
y 2 x 0 dy
BUITEMS
y 2 b 0 dy
y 0
h
I px b
y 0
QUETTA
I px
I px
y 2 dy
ARSHAD ALI
y3
b
3
bh3
3
30
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Parallel Axis Theorem
BUITEMS
QUETTA
12 DEC 2011
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
ARSHAD ALI
31
Parallel axis Theorem
The parallel axis theorem is a relation between the moment of inertia about an axis
CIVIL
passing through the centroid and the moment of inertia about any parallel axis.
ENGINEERING
I parallel axis Icentroidal axis A d 2

I p I c Ad 2
BUITEMS
I xp I x Ad
I yp I y Ad
dA
C
y
d
QUETTA
x
A=Area of Cross Section
d = distance of axis from centroidal axis
ARSHAD ALI
32
Parallel axis Theorem

CIVIL
In general parallel axis theorem for any two parallel axes as long as one passes
through the centroid. As shown in the picture, this is written as
ENGINEERING
I p I c Ad
BUITEMS
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
33
Parallel Axis Theorem Proof

CIVIL
h
d
2
yc
ENGINEERING
dA
x
bh3
Ix
12
h
d
xc
bh3
Ip
3
BUITEMS
QUETTA
3
3
3
bh
h
bh
bh
bh

2
I x Ad
b h
Ip
12
12
4
3
2
3
ARSHAD ALI
34
Beam Theory
CIVIL
Example: Calculate the moment of inertia about the Xaxis for a yardstick that is 20mm high and 5mm thick.
ENGINEERING
bh
Ix
12
Y-Axis
h = 20mm
BUITEMS
X-Axis
Ix
5 mm 20 mm
12
QUETTA
I x 3333.333 mm 4
b = 5mm
ARSHAD ALI
35
Beam Theory
CIVIL
Example: Calculate the moment of inertia about the Yaxis for a yardstick that is 20mm high and 5mm thick.
ENGINEERING
hb3
Iy
12
Y-Axis
h = 20mm
BUITEMS
X-Axis
Iy
20 mm 5 mm
12
QUETTA
I y 208 mm 4
b = 5mm
ARSHAD ALI
36
Beam Theory
CIVIL
These calculations are very simple for a solid, symmetric

cross section.
ENGINEERING
Now consider slightly more complex symmetric cross

sections, e.g. hollow box beams. Calculating the moment of
inertia takes a little more effort.
BUITEMS
Consider a hollow box beam as shown below:

0.25 in.
6 in.
QUETTA
4 in.
ARSHAD ALI
37
Beam Theory
CIVIL
The same equation for moment of inertia, I = bh3/12, can be

used.
ENGINEERING
Treat the outer dimensions as a positive area and the inner

dimensions as a negative area, as the centroids of both are
about the same X-axis.
BUITEMS
X-axis
QUETTA
Positive Area
Negative Area
ARSHAD ALI
38
Beam Theory
CIVIL
Calculate the moment of inertia about the X-axis for the

positive area and the negative area using I = bh3/12. The
ENGINEERING
outer dimensions will be denoted with subscript o and the

inner dimensions will be denoted with subscript i.
BUITEMS
ho = 6 in.
X-axis
hi = 5.5 in.
QUETTA
bo = 4 in.
bi = 3.5 in.
ARSHAD ALI
39
Beam Theory
CIVIL
ho = 6 in.
ENGINEERING
X-axis
hi = 5.5 in.
bi = 3.5 in.
bo = 4 in.
BUITEMS
Ipos
b h
o o
12
QUETTA
Ipos
4 in6 in3
12
b h
i i
12
Ineg
Ineg
3.5 in5.5 in3
ARSHAD ALI
12
40
Beam Theory
CIVIL
Simply subtract Ineg from Ipos to calculate the moment of

inertia of the box beam, Ibox
ENGINEERING
Ibox Ipos - Ineg

3
0.25 in.
Ibox
6 in.
BUITEMS
4 in.
QUETTA
b o ho bi hi
12
12
Ibox
4 in6 in3 3.5 in5.5 in3
Ibox
4 in216 in3 3.5 in166.4 in3
12
12
12
12
Ibox 23.5 in4
ARSHAD ALI
41
Beam Theory
CIVIL
The moment of inertia of an I-beam can be calculated in

a similar manner.
ENGINEERING
BUITEMS
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
42
Beam Theory
CIVIL
Identify the positive and negative areas
ENGINEERING
BUITEMS
Positive Area
Negative Area
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
43
Beam Theory
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
and calculate the moment of inertia similar to the box

beam (note the negative area dimensions and that it is
multiplied by 2).
ho
BUITEMS
hi
bo
QUETTA
bi
bi
I I beam
b h
2 bi hi
o o
12
12
ARSHAD ALI
44
Beam Theory
CIVIL
The moment of inertia of an H-beam can be calculated in

a similar manner
ENGINEERING
BUITEMS
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
45
Beam Theory
CIVIL
The moment of inertia of an H-beam can be calculated in

a similar manner
ENGINEERING
BUITEMS
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
46
Beam Theory
CIVIL
however, the H-beam is divided into three positive

areas.
ENGINEERING
h2
h1
h1
b2
BUITEMS
b1
I H-beam
b1
b1 h13
12
b 2 h 23
12
QUETTA
IH-beam
2 b1 h1 b 2 h2
12
12
b1 h13
12
ARSHAD ALI
47
Beam Theory
CIVIL
Example: Calculate the deflection in the I-beam shown

below. The I-beam is composed of three x 4 steel
plates welded together.
ENGINEERING
P = 5000 lbf
BUITEMS
x 4 steel plate (typ.)
L = 8 ft
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
48
Beam Theory
CIVIL
First, calculate the moment of inertia for an I-beam as

previously shown, i.e. divide the cross section of the
beam into positive and negative areas.
ENGINEERING
ho = 5 in.
hi = 4 in.
BUITEMS
bi =
bo = 4 in.
3
QUETTA
I I beam
b o ho
2 bi hi
12
12
bi
3
ARSHAD ALI
49
Beam Theory
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
First, calculate the moment of inertia for an I-beam as

previously shown, i.e. divide the cross section of the
beam into positive and negative areas.
ho = 5 in.
hi = 4 in.
BUITEMS
bi =1.75in
bo = 4 in.
QUETTA
I I beam
bi
4in5in3 2 1.75in4in3
12
12
I I beam 23.0 in4

ARSHAD ALI
50
Beam Theory
CIVIL
Next, calculate the deflection (E steel = 30 x 106 psi).
ENGINEERING
P = 5000 lbf
BUITEMS
L = 8 ft
QUETTA
PL

48EI
ARSHAD ALI
51
Beam Theory
CIVIL
Calculate the deflection, .
ENGINEERING
PL3

48EI

5000 lb96 in3
6 lb f
48 30 x 10 2 23 in4
in
6 lb
48 30 x 10 2 23 in4
in
BUITEMS
QUETTA
0.134 in
5000 lb884736 in3
ARSHAD ALI
52
Beam Theory
CIVIL
Example: Calculate the volume and mass of the beam if

the density of steel is 490 lbm/ft3.
ENGINEERING
BUITEMS
x 4 steel plate (typ.)
L = 8 ft
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
53
Beam Theory
CIVIL
Volume = (Area) x (Length)
ENGINEERING
V AL
V 30.5in4in8ft
BUITEMS
V 3 2.0in 96 in
2
V 576 in
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
54
Beam Theory
CIVIL
Convert to cubic feet

3
ENGINEERING
1ft
V 576 in
12in
3
1ft
3
V 576in
3
1728in
3
BUITEMS
V 0.333 ft
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
55
Beam Theory
CIVIL
Calculate mass of the beam

Mass = Density x Volume
ENGINEERING
m V
BUITEMS
lbm
m 490 3 0.333ft 3
ft
m 163.3 lbm
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
56
Moment of Inertia of Built-up Sections

CIVIL
Let us take three rectangular cross section and arrange in different orders
ENGINEERING
BUITEMS
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
57
Calculation of Moment of Inertia

CIVIL
ENGINEERING
6 103
2 63
I
2
12
12
428
10
BUITEMS
b h3
6 23
2
I1
Ad
6 2 42 196.
12
12
b h3
2 63
I2
36
12
12
4
QUETTA
b h3
6 23
2
I3
Ad
6 2 42 196.
12
12
I I beam 196 36 196 428

ARSHAD ALI
58

CIVIL
b h3
6 63
I1
108
12
12
ENGINEERING
6
b h3
6 23
2
I1
Ad
6 2 22 52.
12
12
BUITEMS
2
6
6
QUETTA
b h3
6 23
I2
4
12
12
b h3
6 23
2
I3
Ad
6 2 22 52.
12
12
I 52 4 52 108
ARSHAD ALI
59

CIVIL
b h3
6 63
I1
108
12
12
ENGINEERING
6
b h3
2 63
I1
36.
12
12
BUITEMS
2
6
6
QUETTA
b h3
2 63
I1
36.
12
12
b h3
2 63
I1
36.
12
12
I 36 36 36 108
ARSHAD ALI
60

CIVIL
6 23
10 63
I
2
2 6 22
12
12
76
ENGINEERING
10
6
b h3
6 23
I2
4.
12
12
BUITEMS
b h3
2 63
I3
36.
12
12
b h3
2 63
I1
36.
12
12
QUETTA
I I 2 I 2 I3
36 4 36
76
ARSHAD ALI
61
Same Area but different Moment of Inertia

CIVIL
Comparison of Ix
ENGINEERING
BUITEMS
QUETTA
428
108
108
76
0.0023
0.0093
0.0093
0.014
PL3

, assuming P,L and E are constant
48EI
ARSHAD ALI
62
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Stresses in Beam
BUITEMS
QUETTA
12 DEC 2011
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
ARSHAD ALI
63
Stresses in Beam
CIVIL
The neutral axis is the unstressed.
ENGINEERING
BUITEMS
QUETTA
Compression
Neutral axis
Tension
ARSHAD ALI
64
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Centroid
BUITEMS
QUETTA
12 DEC 2011
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
ARSHAD ALI
65
Definition of Centroid
CIVIL
Middle point of a geometrical figure

For 2 dimension the centroid is centre of area
ENGINEERING
For 3 dimension the centroid is centre of volume
BUITEMS
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
66
Centroid Calculations
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
80
BUITEMS
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
67
CIVIL
For continuous Areas
For discrete Areas
ENGINEERING
A x
x
A
i
xdA
A
ydA
A
Ay
y
A
i
80
BUITEMS
QUETTA
50
10
60
ARSHAD ALI
68
CIVIL
Formula
A x
x
A
i
ENGINEERING
80
50
10
50
x2 10
35
2
A2 50 10 500
Ay
y
A
i
BUITEMS
60
QUETTA
10
x1
5
2
A1 80 10 800
A1 x1 A2 x2
A1 A2
800 5 500 35
16.5
800 500
ARSHAD ALI
69
CIVIL
Formula
x, y 16.5, 26.5
A x
x
A
i
ENGINEERING
80
50
10
Ay
y
A
10
y2
5
2
A2 50 10 500
BUITEMS
60
QUETTA
80
y1
40
2
A1 80 10 800
A1 y1 A2 y2
A1 A2
800 40 500 5
26.5
800 500
ARSHAD ALI
70
Formula
CIVIL
A x
Ay
x
,y
A
A
i
ENGINEERING
x3 50
80
10
5
2
A1 80 10 800
x1
BUITEMS
QUETTA
10
40
30
2
A2 40 10 400
x2 10
10
55
2
A3 80 10 800
40
60
A1 x1 A2 x2 A3 x3
A1 A2 A3
800 5 400 30 800 55

800 400 800
30
ARSHAD ALI
71
CIVIL
x, y , 30, 33
ENGINEERING
y1
80
40
2
Formula
80
40
2
A3 80 10 800
y3
80
40
A1 80 10 800
10
BUITEMS
QUETTA
A x
Ay
x
,y
A
60
10
5
2
A2 40 10 400
800 40 400 5 800 40

800 400 800
33
y2
A1 y1 A2 y2 A3 y3
A1 A2 A3
ARSHAD ALI
72
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Bending Equation
BUITEMS
QUETTA
12 DEC 2011
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
ARSHAD ALI
73
Bending Stresses in beam

CIVIL
Neutral axis
The fibres above the Neutral axis are in
ENGINEERING
compression and the fibres below the

axis are in tension. This hypothetical
line is call the neutral axis and upon
which the stress value is zero
Compression
BUITEMS
Radius of Curvature R
QUETTA
Tension
ARSHAD ALI
74
Bending Stresses in beam

CIVIL
S r
DE L Original length R
ENGINEERING
JK L ' Length in bending R y
L L R R y y
Compression
Change in length per original

Length L is called strain
BUITEMS
y y
R R
QUETTA
Tension
ARSHAD ALI
75
Bending of Beam
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Compression
Compression
Tension
Tension
BUITEMS
Neutral axis
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
76
Bending of Beam
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Compression
Compression
Tension
BUITEMS
Tension
QUETTA
Neutral axis
ARSHAD ALI
77
CIVIL
For a linearly elastic material,
ENGINEERING
E
y
E
R
BUITEMS
E
R
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
78
CIVIL
F Stress Area
dA
ENGINEERING
from previous equation
dA
BUITEMS
y
E
R
F Stress Area
y
E dA
R
Neutral axis
Moment of this force is M
QUETTA
y
E dA y
R
y2
E dA
R
M dA
Moment = Force x Force arm
ARSHAD ALI
79
CIVIL
Total Moment of this force is M
M
ENGINEERING
BUITEMS
M
M
I
y
E dA y
R
y
E dA y
R
E
y 2 dA
R
M =Moment of resistance
E
I = Moment of inertia about NA
I
R
E =Modulus of Elasticity
E
R = radius of curvature of NA
R
= Bending stress
QUETTA
M E

I
y R
dA
y
Neutral axis
Bending Equation
ARSHAD ALI
80
Problem 1
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
A 250 mm depth x 150 mm width rectangular beam is subjected to bending moment of

750kNm. Determine
i.
The max stress in the beam
ii.
If the value of E is 200 GPa, find the radius of curvature
iii. The value of stress at a distance of 65 mm from the top surface of beam
(a) Bending Stress
b 150mm
BUITEMS
d 250mm
M 750kNm
I
y
My
I
150 mm
E 200GPa
250 mm
QUETTA
R?
ARSHAD ALI
81
Problem 1
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Moment of inertia
bd 3 0.15 0.253
I
0.0001953m 4
12
12
Distance from neutral axis
Bending Stress Value
d 0.25
0.125m
2
2
M y 750 103 0.125
480 MPa
I
0.0001953
BUITEMS
M y 750 103 0.065
250 MPa
Bending Stress Value at y = 0.065
I
0.0001953
QUETTA
Radius of Curvature
M E
E I 200 109 .0001953
R
52.08m
3
I
R
M
750 10
ARSHAD ALI
82
Problem 2
CIVIL
An I-section girder, 200 mm wide by 300 mm deep, with flange and web of thickness 20 mm is
used as a simply supported beam over a span of 7 m. The girder carries a distributed load of
5 kN/m and a concentrated load of 20 kN at mid-span. Determine: (a) the second moment of
area of the cross-section of the girder, (b) the maximum stress set-up.
ENGINEERING
I girder I rectangle I shadedportion

200 mm
300 mm
20 mm
BUITEMS
bd 3
I
12
QUETTA
200 3003
90 2603
12
12
10
10
12
12
1.86 104 m 4
20 mm
ARSHAD ALI
83
Problem 2
CIVIL
M E

I
y R
ENGINEERING
WL WL2
M
4
8
20 103 7 5 103 7 2
M
N m
4
8
I
y
My
(35.0 + 30.63)103 = 65.63 kN m
BUITEMS
20 kN/m
6kN/m
65.63 kN m 150 103 m
1.86 104 m 4
QUETTA
51.8MN / m 2
300
103
2
ARSHAD ALI
7m
84
Problem 2
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
W
2
W
2
L
2
L
2
BUITEMS
W L WL

2 2
4
W
x
2
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
85
Problem 2
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
WL
2
L
2
WL
2
L
2
BUITEMS
Wx
x
2
L
2
2 L WL
2
2
8
W
QUETTA
x
ARSHAD ALI
86
Problem 3
CIVIL
A symmetrical section 200 mm deep has a moment of inertia of 2.26 x 10-5 m4 about its
neutral axis. Determine the longest span over which, when simply supported, the beam
would carry a uniformly distributed load of 4kN/m run without the stress due to bending
exceeding 125 MN/m2
ENGINEERING
Data
w 4kN / m
M E

I
y R
h 200mm
I 2.26 105 m 4
w 4kN / m
BUITEMS
125MN / m 2
M ?
L?
QUETTA
125 106
2.26 105
0.2
2
28.25kNm
wL2
M
8
4kN / m L2
28.25kNm
8
L 7.5m
ARSHAD ALI
87
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Section Modulus
BUITEMS
QUETTA
12 DEC 2011
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
ARSHAD ALI
88
Section Modulus
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
The section modulus of a beam is the

ratio of a Moment of inertia to the
distance of the extreme compressive
fibre from the neutral axis
Recall
I
y
My
I
Section modulus of the crossM
sectional shape is of significant
I
importance in designing beams
y
BUITEMS
It is a direct measure of the strength

of the beam.
QUETTA
A beam with larger section modulus

will be stronger
S
S
I
y
ARSHAD ALI
b/2
H
89
Section Modulus
CIVIL
Rectangular Section
y
ENGINEERING
I
y
d
2
bd 3
I
12
BUITEMS
bd 3
2
bd
S 12
d
6
2
S = Section Modulus
I = Moment of inertia about NA
y = distance from neutral axis
QUETTA
d = depth of beam
bd 2
S
6
b = thickness of beam
ARSHAD ALI
90
Section Modulus
CIVIL
Hollow Rectangular Section
ENGINEERING
I
y
D
y
2
BD 3
Io
12
BUITEMS
BD 3 bd 3
3
3
BD
bd
12
Z 12
D
6D
2
bd 3
Ii
12
Z = Section Modulus
Io = Moment of inertia about NA
Ii = Moment of inertia of hollow section
y = distance from neutral axis
QUETTA
BD3 bd 3
Z
6D
D = depth of beam
B = thickness of beam
d = depth of hollow section
b = thickness of hollow section

ARSHAD ALI
91
Section Modulus of Common Cross Sections

CIVIL
Neutral Axis
ENGINEERING
b/2
d
BUITEMS
bd 2
S
6
D
d
BH 2 bh3
S
6
6H
d3
32
D4 d 4
32 D
BD3 bd 3
S
6D
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
92
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Question Bank
BUITEMS
QUETTA
12 DEC 2011
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
ARSHAD ALI
93
Question bank
CIVIL
1. Define beam and its functions in structure

2. Write down the types of beam w.r.t shape
ENGINEERING
3. Write down the types of beam w.r.t Loadings

4. Write down the types of beam in buildings
5. Why moment of inertia is an important characteristic of beam
BUITEMS
6. What is neutral axis of beam

7. Which equation governs the elastic bending of beam
QUETTA
8. How can we calculate the deflection of simply supported beam
ARSHAD ALI
94
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Thanks
BUITEMS
QUETTA
Note: Your suggestions are always welcome to improve the lecture

presentations
arshadali@buitems.com.pk
12 DEC 2011
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
ARSHAD ALI
95
CIVIL
ENGINEERING
BUITEMS
Deflection of Beam
General equation
QUETTA
12 DEC 2011
MECHANICS OF SOLIDS
ARSHAD ALI
96
Beam Deflection Formula

s R
CIVIL
For smaller angles
tan
ENGINEERING
ds Rd
For smaller angle
ds
R
d
tan
dy
dx
BUITEMS
dy
dx
d d 2 y
dx dx 2
QUETTA
dy
dx
For smaller angles
ds dx
1 d2y
2
R dx
dx
d
1 d
R dx
ARSHAD ALI
97

CIVIL
1 d2y
2
R dx
ENGINEERING
M E
I
R
M 1
EI R
M E

I
y R
BUITEMS
M d2y
2
EI dx
d2y
M EI 2
dx
QUETTA
ARSHAD ALI
98

CIVIL
ENGINEERING
L
BUITEMS
QUETTA
PL3

48EI
ARSHAD ALI
99

CIVIL
ENGINEERING
d2y
M EI 2
dx
P
d2y
x EI 2
2
dx
P
d2y
2 xdx EI dx 2
BUITEMS
P
d2y
xdx EI 2
2
dx
P x2
dy
EI
C1
2 2
dx
QUETTA
Px 2
dy
EI
C1
4
dx
L
dy
0
2
dx
2
L
P
2 0C
1
4
PL2
C1
16
Px 2
dy PL2
EI
4
dx 16
ARSHAD ALI
100

CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Px 2
dy PL2
EI
4
dx 16
Px 2 PL2
dy
EI
4
16
dx
dy Px 2 PL2
EI
dx
4
16
P x 3 PL2
EIy
x
4 3 16
For maximum deflection x

3
L
P 2 PL2 L
EI
4 3
16 2
BUITEMS
Px 2 PL2
dy
EI dx 4 16
PL3 PL3
EI
96
32
P x3 PL2
EIy
x C2
4 3 16
QUETTA
P x3 PL2
EIy
x C2
4 3 16
L
,y
2
PL3
EI
48
x 0, y 0
PL3
48 EI
0 C2
ARSHAD ALI

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1

12 DEC 2011 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

Application of flexure formula

12 DEC 2011 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

structural member used

Beams are used to

12 DEC 2011 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

A beam may be defined as a structural member whose length

and which is loaded with transverse loads that produce

significant bending effects as oppose to twisting or axial effects

Classification of Beam w.r.t shape

Beams are generally classified according to their

geometry and the manner in which they are

Classification of beam w.r.t supports

12 DEC 2011 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

Beams used in Buildings and Bridges

12 DEC 2011 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

Beams used in Buildings and Bridges

Girder is the main horizontal support of a structure which supports

frequently at wide spacing.

Beams used in Buildings and Bridges

Usually less important beams, which are closely spaced, frequently

Beams used in Buildings and Bridges

Longitudinal bridge beams spanning between floor beams.

side of an industrial building.

Members supporting a wall over window or door openings.

Common Structural Elements

Common Structural Elements

The parallel portions on an I-beam or H-beam are

flanges is referred to as the web.

An important variable in beam design is the moment of

Inertia is a measure of a bodys ability to resist rotation.

with respect to the cross section and the ability of the

As I increases, bending and deflection will decrease.

12 DEC 2011 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

Moment of inertia about x-axis

Moment of inertia about y-axis

Moment of inertia about z-axis

Moment of Inertia is an important value which is used to determine

the state of stress in a cross section

the amount of deflection in a beam

12 DEC 2011 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

For example, if a designer is given a certain set of

a "required" value of the moment of inertia can be

utilized in the design.

12 DEC 2011 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

Or if the inverse of above problem in design like for

If a specific element is given in a design. Then the

I can be derived for any common area using calculus.

However, moment of inertia equations for common cross

For a rectangular cross section,

b is the dimension parallel to the bending axis. h is the

dimension perpendicular to the bending axis.

12 DEC 2011 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

2nd Moment of Area about x axis

which is also the centroidal axis

12 DEC 2011 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

2nd Moment of Area about axis parallel to x axis

12 DEC 2011 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

Parallel Axis Theorem

Parallel axis Theorem

I parallel axis Icentroidal axis A d 2

12 DEC 2011 MECHANICS OF SOLIDS