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09.H3.:=F 128.3.@.;<=F B30:G0B. <=A7 17 0:/080/5.@:0 2.@7:.2 B=/83F.8., .@0
0 A7D. 5 D7A5 9.27;7:0 B=37/.<. !.0;<=80>78 B30125B B37/12.8.A. = =:=A 18725 B=/@747 123.27F060 .:.@=F067 0 123.27F060 23.:1?=3A.G067, B=/37I565>0 23./0G061<7 0/767 18=A .527:20;:=A 093.95 0 .527:20;:=A A=/7@5 1872.. !.0;<=80>78 27<12 /=A0:03. :./ 23./0G061<0A B37/@=C<=A 2.<= /. 17 ?=@<@=3:0 =H3.1G0 5 D7A5 6.8J.65 :.6;7C>7 <.= A=208 <=60, ;58.65>0 098=3:= 9:.;7D7, A=/7@567 67/:5 17A.:20;<5 /0A7:9065 :=8=F 27<12., <.= C2= 5 D7A5 A=47 /. 5;7128567
=H@0<565>0 A=/7@ 1872..
9:!/-+ 3+/#: 128.3.@.C28= -278.:. P.0;<=80>., ?=@<@=3:7 B37/12.87 =
=:=A 18725, E@0=2=8. <=:G7BG06. =/:=1. 23./0G067 0 0:/080/5.@:=F 2.@7:2.

K=/73:. 13B1<. B=7906. B3=5;.8. 17 B37 187F. 1. 12.:=80C2. F@=H.@:0L 0/76:0L 0 B=720;<0L 2=<=8., /=< 17 :.C7 :.1@7I7 5 D=6 23.40 372<=
0 1B=3./0;:=, ;.< 0 2.A= F/7 67 D7F=8= B3015128=, <.= :. B30A73 5 B71:0C285 +.<1. M=B7, =;0F@7/:= (Alexander 1985). -278.: !.0;<=80> 17,
1 /35F7 123.:7, :.6;7C>7 1.F@7/.8. <.= .527:20;.: 23./0G0=:.@:0 B71:0< <=60 :7 37?7303. :0 :. <.<8= :.1@7I7, B30 ;7A5 17 09/8.6.65 230 D7F=87 /=A0:.:2:7 27A7: 23.8. 0 20C0:., 1A32, B=7906. (M=20> 2005). M38.
67 27A. <.3.<2730120;:06. 9. B0C;78= 3.:= 128.3.@.C28= 0 =H@0<567 A=/7@ G7@=802=F 1872., 01<=:1<5, 3.61<5 (E@06./7 1999, 12) 12=BJ7:=12 80/=8. 0 =H@0<. H0>.. )35F. 67 =H7@740@. D7F=85 <.1:065 ?.95 15=;.8.D. 1
837A7:=A 0 1A3>5 09 7F90127:G06.@0120;<7 B=90G067. :7 17, A7I520A,
A=F5 B=1A.23.20 0 5 59.6.A:=6 B3=472=120, <.= =B=90G061<0 B=@=80 B0C;78=F A=/7@. 1872., 27 10AH=@09=8.20 <.= B303=/. 0 F3./. K=A7:.2 <=60 0L =H67/0D567 67127 0A.F0:03.65>0 15H67<2, C2= 17 =F@.C.8. 09 B769.4. 9.A0CJ7:=F 0@0 B769.4. 17>.D. A=/7@565>0 A.@5 B30;5. M=720;<=
0L B78.D7 =H67/0D567, 2.<=I7, H0@= <.= <37.208:0 B30:G0B L.3A=:0;:=F
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1872., H0@= B3=A0CJ.65>0 B=90G065 B71A7 0 B71:0<. 5 128.3:=120 01B3.4D7:=F :7H., 0@0 5 B=1@7/D7A 128.3.@.;<=A 17FA7:25, <=60 67 =H7@740@. B71:0;<. 7F90127:G06., <.= 0967/:.;.8.D7 H08.D. 0 B78.D. 5 37.@:=120 1872.-<.= 27<12..
$.C7 67 B.< 12.:=80C27 /. 67 =: A=/73:0 B01.G, . /. 67 =/:=1 B37A.
23./0G060 67/.: 80/ A=/73:0272. (PetroviQ 1972). !.0;<=80>78 H.90;:0
B=125B.< =/37I567A= <.= B=720<5 B30<308.D.. R7F=8 27<12 ?5:<G0=:0C7 :. /87 B.3.@7@:7 3.8:0 3.8:0 27A.21<=-A=2081<7 B=83C0:7 0 3.8:0
1<3087:0L 9:.;7D.. M38. /=B30:=10 5873J08=120 A=/7@. 1872., :06.:103.D5 9:.;7D., H=F.21285 A=208. 0 @7<10<7, 408=120 120@.... R7:. 67 :.68.4:06. ?5:<G06., A7I520A, /. B30<3067 =:5 /35F5, <=6. 5 H020 =H@0<65
1@0<5 1872.. SH=F 2=F. 17 5 27<125 =28.3. 67/.: 10AH=@0;<0 B3=12=3 <=60
5/8.6. 9:.;7D. <.<= A=208., 2.<= 0 G7@0:7 /7@. =H@0<565>0 B769.47 9.A0CJ7:=F 0 B769.47 17>.D.. SH=F 2=F 10AH=@0;<=F B3=12=3. !.0;<=80>78= 128.3.@.C28= 67 <=AB.20H0@:= ?=@<=@=35 0 A=47 17 25A.;020 1.
12.:=80C2. ?=@<@=3:=F A=/7@. 1872. H5/5>0 /. 0 D7F. =/@0<567 5/8.6.D7 1872=8. (T.:/0> 2004). "9A7I5 =87 /87 B=720<7 3.9806. 17 6=C 67/:.
2.;<. /=/03. 123.27F06. =H@0<=8.D. 1@0<7 1872., 87320<.@:. 1235<253.
<=1A=1., <=6. 17 =H.3. 0 5 L=309=:2.@:0 B.:/.: B=/3.95A78.65>0 0 ./7<8.2:5 10AH=@0<5.
P7=3061<= B=@.90C27 3./. 67127 E@0=2=8 <=:G7B2 =/:=1. 23./0G067 0
0:/080/5.@:=F 2.@7:2., :./@0;:=F <37.208:=F B01G. <=60 128.3. 2.<=
C2= H03. =/37I7:0 <=AB@7<1 <D0478:0L <=:87:G06. 0 A7D. 5 D7A5 9.27;7:0 B=37/.< (Eli=2 1963). 1@.D.65>0 17 /7@0A0;:= = 273A0:=@=F065 27=306. G02.2:=120 (OraiQ-ToliQ 1990), F=8=30A= = !.0;<=80>78=6 23./0G061<=6 B=720G0 <=6. 3.9@0<567 /87 123.27F067 518.6.D.: 123.27F065 .:.@=F067
0 123.27F065 23.:1?=3A.G067, <.= 0 B=125B<7 A0A797 27 A=/0?0<.G067,
0:8739067 0 :7F.G067. #=8=30A=, 9.20A, = :=8=A 27<125/:=8=A <=:27<125,
<.= 0 = 23./0G061<=A B37/@=C<5. !.0;<=80>78 23./0G061<0 B30125B /7?0:0C7A= <.= B=720<5 B30<308.D.. R7F=8. 093.902. 128.3.@.;<. 0:/080/5.@:=12 :.F@.C.8. :=80 27<12 <=60 /=A0:03. :./ 23./0G061<0A B37/@=C<=A 0 B30<308. F., H0@= /. A5 B30125B. 1. 12.:=80C2. 123.27F067
.:.@=F067 0@0 09 B=90G067 123.27F067 23.:1?=3A.G067. +0C7 :7F= :7B=137/:0 :.12.8J.;, !.0;<=80> 23.:1?=3A0C5>0 B30<308. B372<7, B=B52
T@5A=8=F 1=@0B10120;<=F B71:0<. 1.A==;0C>7D. <=60 17 =/ :.1@7I. =1.A0= 0 =/8=60= B. 17 5 D7F=8=A /7@5 23.F=80 B372L=/:0<. 18=/7 :. B30<308.D7 0 :7B37B=9:.2J08=12 (Blum 1980).
M37/12.87 = =:=A 18725 B=/8=/7 17 B=/ 873=8.D.. P.6 17 17FA7:2 ?=@<@=3. /7?0:0C7 <.= F3.I. <=6. 1B./. 5 23./0G065 0/76. 0, B=B52 10127A1<7
H020 =8=F 20B. <5@2537, 01B=J.8. <.<= 5 B3.FA.20;:0A, 2.<= 0 5 .B123.<2:0A =H@0G0A. H08.D.. %B1=3H567 F. 87> 51A7:. <D0478:=12 5 ;067 =<8037
5@.90 "1.A= 5A72:0;<=-873H.@:. 0:273B372.G06. 873=8.D., :.6;7C>7 <.=
Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology, n. s. Vol. 7. Is. 4 (2012)

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0 <.= 18=6128= 873=8.D. 0/76:7, . :7 5A72:0;<7 1235<2537, /. 17 0:<=3B=303. 5 <D0478:= /7@=, =H6.CD.8. @F. U376/7:H73F: "%B123.<2.:, =BC20
B=6.A '?=@<@=3.' =/:=10 17 :. 9.83C7:5, 1.A=12.@:5 B=6.85 5 :7<=6 B=17H:=6 =H@.120 <=6. 17 :.@.90 B= 123.:0 =/ 0:/080/5.@:7 5A72:=120. P.<.8,
<.1:060 ?=@<@=3 0A. B=17H.: 408=2." (Frejdenberg 1987, 204) W7/.: =/ D7F=80L B=17H:0L 408=2., <.= 5 /7@5 -278.:. !.0;<=80>., 67127 23.:1?=3A.G06. 5 123.27F065 A=/7@=8.D. B01.:7 <D0478:=120.
M=/ B37/12.8.A. = =:=A 18725 B=/3.95A78. 17 =BC20 :.908 9. B3=12=3
=:=123.:=120, F/7 17 =/806. 408=2 B=1@7 1A320. P.6 17 B3=12=3 =H0;:= 9.A0CJ. <.= 2.A:= 0 15A=3:= A712=, :.@0< =8=A7 18725, 0@0 :.=B.< 5 =/:=15 :. D7F.. - /35F7 123.:7 4087 /5L=80 B37/.<., ;0A7 67 5<5B:0 1872 B=@.309=8.: :. B30:G0B5 H0:.3:7 =B=90G067 B30 ;7A5 67 B=17H:= 9:.;.6.: 2.H501.: B37@.9 B37<= F3.:0G7 09A7I5 /8. 1872.. ' 87320<.@:=6 <=:G7BG060
<=1A=1. /35F0 67 1872 1A7C27: :. B=@5 /=@7, 5 B=/97AJ5, 01B=/ 8=/7, /=<
L=309=:2.@:. 1235<253. B=/3.95A78. 2=B=F3.?065 <.3.<2730120;:5 9. B=@
25I7F, =28=37:=F, /.@7<=F, <.= C2= 15 8=/. 0 B=6A=80 879.:0 9. D5, .@0 0
=A7I7:0 B3=12=3 F3./. (DeteliQ i IliQ 2006, 56-60). M38=H02:= 67/:=-012=
A021<=F A0CJ7D. 0967/:.;.8. 15B3=2:7 0 15B3=212.8J7:7 B=6A=87 5 A=/7@ G7@=802=F 1872. (Frejdenberg 1987), B. =:. 123.:. 01B=;72<. :067 17FA7:203.:. :. 720;<=A B30:G0B5, C2= B=8@.;0 0 =/15128= <.1:060L 1@0<=8020L B37/1.2.8. <.4D.8.D. 0 A5;7D. F37C:0<. 27 3.61<0L 80906. 0 B37/7@. 0/7.@09=8.:7 B303=/7 (@08./., 832).
' !.0;<=80>78=A 17 =B515 137>7 :09 27<12=8. <=60 15 :.12.@0 <.= =/67<
B37/12.8. = =:=A 18725, 0@0 <.= .527:20;:. B0C;78. 80906. 2=F B3=12=3..
K=47A= 0L B=/7@020 5 /87 F35B7, 1L=/:= 2=A7 /. @0 /7@565 :. 3.8:0 27A.21<=-A=2081<7 B=83C0:7 0@0 :. 3.8:0 1<3087:0L 9:.;7D.. !.9@0<567A=,
2.<=, /7@. 5 <=60A. 15 B30152:0 B.3G06.@:=, /7@565>0 :. :7<0 17FA7:2 :=8=F 27<12., 27 =:. 5 <=60A. 15 5 D7A5 B30152:0 10127A1<0 =H@0<565>0 D7F=8 ?=3A.@:0 .1B7<2 0 D7F=8 A=/7@ 1872.. ' 128.3.@.C285 =8=F B01G. 137>5 17 =H7 <=:G7BG067, <=AB.20H0@:7 <.<= D7F=8=6 7F90127:G06.@0120;<=6
2.<= 0 3.61<=6 27A0, 1 20A C2= 0L =: B3=67<2567 0 :. B=720;<5 3.8.: C037>0 D0L=8= 17A.:20;<= B=J7. '<.9.>7A=, :.6B37, :. <=@=<806.@:5 5B=237H5
2=F 093.9. H79 9:.;.6:060L ?=3A.@:0L 0 17A.:20;<0L 0AB@0<.G06. 5 :=8=A
237<125. P.<.8 67 B=:7<./ 0 A=208 =:=F 1872. 0 5 51A7:=6 <D0478=120, :B3.
5 :.3=/:=6 B30B=87G0 "E3= 1 =:=F. 180672." (-$M!, 23), 5 <=6=6 67 B=6.A
5B=237HJ7: <.= L5A=3:0 .@0H0 9. 27A5 B=/8.@7.
P.<.8 67 0 A=208 =:=F 1872. 5 G320G0 " H@.G0 :./ P=3=:2=A": "M0J0A 5 :7B=9:.27 B37/7@7 0 =1@5C<567A F@.1=87 <=67 :7 3.95A7A... (0@0
A7I5 <=60A. 1.A= B=<.2<./ 3.9.H03.A 0 B=67/0:7 :.C7 37;0, B3=C.3.:7
25I0A .<G7:20A., <=67 A7 27< =8@.C:= /=20;5... <.= /. 0 H5<8.@:= /=@.97
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.$ #"#/$ 1872." (5, 278). K. <=@0<= <=@=<806.@.:, 52=@0<= 0 1A01.=:=

01B3.4D7:, =<=C2.@0 093.9 5 :=80 27<12 5:=10 18=67 17A.:20;<= B=J7
<=67 17 5 :=8=A <=:27<125 37.@09567 :. /87 9:.;7D1<7 3.8:0, B10L=@=C<=6 0 B=720;<=6. M=37I7D7 (123.:=F) 6790<. 1 =:0A 1872=A 879567 17 <=@0<= 9. /=408J.6 51.AJ7:=120, 2=@0<= 0 9. 0/765 B71:0;<7 7F90127:G067.
W790< /=H06. 1A01.= (A021<7) <5>7, .@0 :7 1.A= H0>. 87> 0 B=79067, . A712= ;=87<=87 B=8@.C>7:=120 /7@567 09 B=90G067 =/15128. (Lotman 1976)
.<20803.65>0 0 .1=G06.G065 :. ?=3A5@:5 .@7F=3065 51A7:7 <D0478:=120
<=6. 25I0:=A B=137/567 1A32 (-.A.3X06. 2007, 189190).
B01 B0C;78=F B=32372.: "" /35F7 A=67 F@.87/E8=// (*.= /. 67 0 5 18725 :7<=A /35F=A 0 1.180A/ 3.9@0;02=A//!.1@. 0 =23F:52.)" (:'38$5"* -,-#$%*, 6, 2, 103) 0@5123567 185 1@=47:=12 B0C;787 B=720<7 B30<308.D..
%@5906. :. ;587:7 120L=87 :.3=/:7 B71A7 "-A32 A.6<7 W5F=80>.": "K=6.
35<=, 97@7:. 6.H5<=!/#/67 10 3.1@., F/67 @' 10 5123F:52.!", -$M, 2, 123.
222, :7 /727<2567 17 1 @.<=>=A 372=30;<0L =H32. H5/5>0 /. 17 G02.2 /7<=AB=:567 0 0:<=3B=303. 5 B=720;<= B78.D7. M=32372, 5A72:0;<= /7@=,
0A. B=F5H:5 /0A7:9065, 5 :.6A.D5 35<5 <.= .1=G06.G06. :. 1A32. K=2080
35<7 0 F@.87 =23F:520L =/ 27@. /.65 B71:0;<=6 1@0G0 B=237H:5 3.9=3:5
/0A7:9065. %<20803. 17 0 .1=G06.G06. :. 23.F0<5 B37/@=C<. 0:27:90803.65>0 /=408J.6 1A32:=120.
-20L=80 B30<308.65 6=C 67/:5 23./0G061<5 8795, =/67< 873=8.D. /.
=/3.9 9.A7D567 /5C5 B. 17 237H. ;58.20 =:0L <=60 H0 /. 67 5@=87 (Elworthy 1958; V=3I780> 1990). *.<= 17 =:= 5 :.3=/5 =/:=10 0 :. ?=2=F3.?065, .1=G06.G06. :. G3274 :067 /.@7<.. " 5A72:=12 H0 H0@. B52 /= 1A320, C2= 67 :7F.G06. 0 D7:=F A021<=F B=37<@., <=@0<= 0 527A7J7D7 B=308. <. 80C0A 9:.D0A. <.= 0AB5@1. 1A320. K=208 /35F=F 1872. ?=@<@=3:0
67 2.<=I7, B37A/. 67 B37/12.8. /.:.1 <=:87:G0=:.@:. 0 5 6790<5 <=@=<806.@:.. U3.97=@=F09.A, A7I520A, =28.3. .1=G06.208:= B=J7 <. B3=12=35
1A320 0 D7F=8=6 /7A=:1<=6 /0A7:9060, . =:= 17 879567 9. 7F90127:G06.@0120;<0 .1B7<2 B0C;787 B=720;<7 27A7. *.= A72.?=3. C037F 9:.;7D1<=F
=B17F. /35F0 1872 17 /.:.1 :7 =/:=10 1.A= :. =H02.8.@0C27 A3280L, =A=F5>565>0 0 /35F.;067 0:273B372.208:7 @0:067 <=67 H0 17 27A7J0@7 :. 3717A.:209.G060 =<=C2.@=F 093.9. <. 0A.F0:.208:0A 0@0 03.G0=:.@:0A
1?73.A., 27 <. !.0;<=80>78=6 3.61<=6 27A0.
*=:27<12 5 <=A7 17 B=6.A =:=F. 1872. 6.8J. <.= A=208 :. 3.8:0 27A.21<=-A=2081<7 B=83C0:7 F=2=8= 587< 67 B=37/H7:: "=17>.A 17 :. 20A 09@09.:0A /.1<.A. <.= /. H=3.80A 5 :7<=A 9.F3=H:=A 408=25... <=60 80C7 0
:7A. <=:G." ("+7@0<0 3.1B512", 5, 48), C2= >7 37>0 /. B01.G :. :08= B=720;<7 1.A=187120 098=/0 0 17A.:20;<= B=J7 B37/@=C<. <=60 237H. /. /7@567 0 5 :=8=A 27<125. 8.6 B3=12=3 5 "+7@0<=A 3.1B5125", A7I520A, 5
=1:=80 67 .:20?=@<=3:0, A=/73:= 37/5<=8.: 1.A= :. D7F=8 :7F.208:0
.1B7<2. #3=271<:0 1B=6 /720D128. 0 1A320 :7 =H67/0D567 G0<@517 J5/Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology, n. s. Vol. 7. Is. 4 (2012)

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1<=F 408=2. B=B52 /:78:=F 0 F=/0CD7F <35F., 87> .:20A021<0, B=/ B30:G0B 1A320 B=/8=/0 187, =<37>7 <354:0G5 5:.9./ 0 :7F03. A021<5 87;:=12 408=2. 53H.:=A 80906=A 87;:=120 1A320 <=6. 17 15F71208:= 3.9806.
0 :. 03=:061<=A ?=:5 23./0G061<0 :7F.208:7 837/:=120 0937<7: "$7A.
:0 <3.6. :0 <=:G.." (-$M , 195).
S.:0AJ08 67 B30A73 0:8732=8.D. 87320<.@:7 1235<2537 1872., 1 D=A
0 B3=12=3. 1A320. "3=:06. <=6. B=012=87>567 /5H0:7, 18=6128. B=/797AJ., 1 8010:.A.: "*5/. B=H7>0 1. =8=F /:.?/+01=<= :7F/7? W=C /5HJ7?
#/7?" ("' 90A1<0 15A3.<", 3, 29), 09=<37>7 A021<5 1@0<5 H5/5>0 /. 120L=80 15F730C5 =17>.D7 09F5HJ7:=120 A=/73:=F ;=87<., :.1B3.A G7@=802=F ?=@<@=3:=F 1872.. W7/0:. 09871:=12 1A320 B=:0C2.8. =B=90G061<7
B=@=87 23.:1?=3A0C5>0 0L 5 .B1=@52:0, L=A=F7:0 B3=12=3 4087 1A320.
-20L=80 17, A7I520A, A=F5 =H6.1:020 0 B3.27>0 B37/12.85 = 1@=67802=120
:7H71<=F B3=12=3. H5/5>0 /. =:. B=/3.95A78. B3=12o3:5 /5H0:5. +0906.
:7H71<0L /5H0:., H0@= /. 17 25A.;0 <.= 09=<372.D7 =/:=1. :. @0:060
87320<.@7 0@0 <.= A0A79. :7H71<0L 1?73., ?37<87:2:. 67 5 =8=A =B515.
10A 18=6128. B@.2017A067 B30/78.: /5H=< (#=32.:-M37A< 2004; )3.F0>780> 2007), 15F730C7 67 0 15H12.:/.3/:. 37<G06., :B3.: ")=< 67 A03=8.@=, 5 83L5, =H@.;67 9.512.8J7:=/*.= B=/8=/:= 127D7 5 :7H71<=6 /5H0:0"
("S@.20H=31<. B71A.", 1, 104). 'A712= 5=H0;.67:7 B37/@=C<=-B./7C<7
<=:1235<G067: :. :7H5 :75B=37/08= 67 ;7C>. :712.:/.3/:.: 5 :7H5. %<= 0
:7 5B5>565 :. <=1A0;<7 1?737, =8.<87 B71:0;<7 1@0<7 15F730C5 H.3 :7A73J08=, J5/1<=A =<5 0 5A5 :7/=125B:= B3=123.:128=.
/67< L30C>.:1<7 B37/12.87 J5/0 <.= H3.>7 0 1712.3.: "K01@0A :.
/5C7/*=67 A3.< =H590A.//% 80/0A H3.>5 0 171237/!.1527 B= 15A3.<5//*.<= 17 5A=3:0 83.>.65 1. B=1@." ("-872 =<= A7:7", 10, 17) /7@=A 67 0:8732=8.:. =/15128=A 87@0<0L B30;. <.= =1:=8:=A 17A.:20;<=A @0:06=A B71A7, . /7@=A 67 A72.?=3. 1.=17>.D. @031<=F 15H67<2.. )7@565>0 B.3G06.@:=, 80906. 5A03.D. B=012=87>7:=F 1. 4080A 53H.:0272=A 0967/:.;.8.
B3=12=3 408=2. 0 B3=12=3 1A320, .@0 B37=<37>7 0 8731<5 0 A021<5 0/765
=:=F 1872. H5/5>0 /. =:. 15F30C7 183L=802=12 0 1A01.= 5A03.D.. %<= 17
1@7/0 .3F5A7:2.G06. K036.:7 )727@0> 0 K.3067 "@0>, <=6a /=<.9567 /. 67
F3./ =27@=8J7D7 1872. A3280L 673 17 5 D7A5, 09=<37:52=, B37A. 4080A.
B=:.C. <.= /. 15 A3280, =8. 17 B71:0;<. 1@0<. 6.1:067 =H@0<567 :. ?=:5
23./0G061<=F B37/@=C<. (DeteliQ i IliQ 2006, 56-60). /15128= 720;<=F A=A7:2. 12.3060 67 1@=6 B37/12.87, 1./. 23.:1?=3A01.: 5 9.67/:0;<0 B.<.=
408=F-A328=F ;=87;.:128., /01=:.:2:= 67 B=12.8J7: 5 37@0F061<0 0 A021<0 A=2081<0 <=AB@7<1, C2= 67 0 :.;0: /. 17 :. 3.8:0 1<3087:0L 9:.;7D. 0:27:908:067 /7F3./03. 1.837A7:=12, . 1872 87@0<0L B30;. 1:.4:067
/=87/7 5 B02.D7. %:20A021<. 0 .:20?=@<@=3:. 1@0<. 1872. =H@0<567 17
:. D0L=80A B30:G0B0A..

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"S.B01 09 A=;8.37" (1, 54) F=2=8= 5 G7@0:0, . B=17H:= 120L=80: "#@7/.A B=/ 12.H@=A: 40@7, <83F7, F5<7 /+037 <3=9 @0C.6 <= B=/97A:7 35<7/" /347 /38=, :7 /.65 F. 1A712.", B30A73 15 B37/12.87 =:=F 1872. B=90G0=:03.:=F 01B=/ 97AJ7. M71A. B30B./. B0C;78=6 3.:=6 128.3.@.;<=6
?.90, =H7@747:=6 3.61<=A 27A=A, C2= >7 37>0 /. =8.6 20B B37/12.8. 5 D=6
/7@567 10127A1<0. *.= /7= G7@=802=F 1872. =: :7A. :7F.208:= 9:.;7D7,
B=17H:= :067 A72.?=3. 1A320, 87> D7F=8 7@7A7:2 <=60 5 B=372<5 128.30
0A. 18=65 183101L=/:=12 0 18=67 A712=. Y2=:1<0 B3=12=3 23./0G061<0 67
B37/@=4.< 809067 G7@=802=F 1872.. -A32 67 9.@=F. 408=2., C2= /38= 5
B=90G060 =17 1872. :.F@.C.8. 1@0<=A B=/97AJ. <.= <@0G7 H0>.. M=137/0
67, A7I520A, 27< 67/:. A=F5>:=12 25A.;7D. =87 B71A7. R7:. 03=:061<.
2=:.@:=12, =H@0<=8.:. B=17H:= @7<10<=120@7A0A., =12.8J. B3=12=3 0 9.
/8=1A01@7:=12, 9. 15AD5 5 /=1@=8:0 1A01.= 809067 G7@0:7, 9. 0:273B372.208:5 B=90G065 0:8732=8.D. 23./0G061<=F =H3.1G., 1 D0A 0 9. 7F90127:G06.@0120;<5 27A5. EF97F79. <=6. H0 0:1201203.@. :. B.3.@7@:=A
F3.I7D5 0 3.9F3.I08.D5 B37/@=C<., :. B3=472=120 7F90127:G06.@0120;<7 0 3.61<7 27A7, <=67 67/:. /35F5 5<0/.65 /=<0/.65>0 09871:=12 1872., :7
H0 H0@. B=F37C:. 2.<=I7.
' B71A0 "Post scriptum" 10127A1<= B3015128= B37/12.8. = =:=A 18725
128.3. 809065 1872. A3280L <.= ?=: :. <=A7 :.3.12. 03=:061<. /012.:G.
=/ J5/1<7 47J7 9. 87;:0A 408=2=A, =H@0<=8.:. :. 873=8.D5 /. 17 9.F=3H:0 408=2 =/806. 5 B3=12=35 01B=/ 97AJ7: "T5H., 23: 0 28=3 3.9H.G.:0, 4080/-@.87 18=67 B3.8= C2= 15 6=C :./ :.A../)=< 8=/7 27<5: A.@0
<.A7: 1080/#3767 17 :. 15:G5 (A0;7 =H38.A..)!" (3,168) $79:.2:. 3.61<.
H5H. 5 /35C285 23./0G0=:.@:= 9@=<=H:=F (G3:=F) 23:. 0 <=A0;:=F 28=3.
F3=271<:= 0967/:.;.8.65 80/=87 H0>. .:203.61<=A G7@=802=C>5 5A03.D.,
. :./F3=H:0 <.A7: L5A=3:= =408J.8. :. 1.3<.120;:=A 15:G5 <=67 408=2
/.67 A3280A.. $7 23.:1G7:/03. 408=2 87> 1A32. '80/ 5 87;02= ;=87<=8=
:79./=8=J128= =:0A C2= 0A.: "$. 408=2 H.G.L <.A7: 2.<= ;712=./-./.
B=/ 97AJ=A B78.A 0 F@7: H@.20A 1A32" /7F3./03. 0 583747:= :79./=8=J128= 5980C7:=F B71:0<. B3097A:=A 128.3:=C>5.
#=8=3:0 =H32 H.G.20 17 <.A7:=A 0A. /8=6.<5 5@=F5. : 3.9F=8=3:=A <=AB=:7:2=A 1:04.8. <=:87:G0=:.@:0 /5L=8:0 B.2=1 B78.D. (U30/30L 2003), /=< 879. <.A7:. 0 F3=H. 83.>. 0 :. 3=A.:20;.31<= =/H.G08.D7 408=2., :. D7F=85 A.:030120;<5 45/D5 9. =:=123.:0A L=309=:2=A
1A320. *5@A0:.G06. 03=:067: "- @012=A C2= B./7 A7D.= H0L A712=" 09
B=90G067 B=<=6:0<. 0 D7F=8=F 8.B.6. 9. 408=2=A .B153/:= 0120;7 408=2
B.@=F (A328=F) @012.. " ?0:.@:0 01<.9 B71A7 0 G0<@51.: "Z0@7 5 A3.<5
97AJ7 23715 F=3D0 832" 0A. /8=17<@0 03=:061<0 1A01.=, B=30;5>0 A021<5 1@0<5 1872. 0 :. 2=A B37/@=C<5 =H@0<=8.: A02 = 87;:=120 B=79067,
.@0 0 :7F03.65>0 B37=<372 <. 53H.:=A H79:.I5 <=67 >7, <.<= 9.83C:0
27<12 2.<= 0 G7@0:5 G0<@51., 3./0<.@:= 9.28=3020 =28=308C0 ;=87<. 9.
Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology, n. s. Vol. 7. Is. 4 (2012)

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(.:20A021<5) 128.3:=12-H79-837/:=120. *D0478:=012=3061<. .@5906.

B3715I567 0 27A0 B71:0;<7 7F90127:G067. P3./0G0=:.@:7 17 B37/12.87
67/:=A /0A7:906=A B3=67<2565 0 5 ;=87<. 0 D7F=8 5:523.CD0 1872 5<0/.65>0 0 1A01@7:=12 =:=F 1872. 0 1A01@=28=3:5 15C20:5 A02..
(712. 67 1@0<. 1872. A3280L <.= B3=12=3. 2.A7, :B3.: "K:=F0 A=60
/3.F0 /35F565 1. A3.<=A." (/H79 :.1@=8./, 1, 94). M71A. "P5F=8.:<7" 0A.F0:.3:0 67 B0C;78 /06.@=F 1 B=<=6:0A B306.27J7A B71:0<=A -<7:/73=A
*5@7:=80>7A, . 23./0G061<7 B37/12.87 5 D=6 /7@565 10127A1<0. '9 =H0;.6:= =H3.>.D7 B=<=6:0<5 <.= /. 67 408, 137>7 17 0 =/67< 873=8.D. 5 9.F3=H:0 408=2. -872 A3280L 9.A0CJ. 17 :.@0< 18725 4080L, 1.A= 1A7C27: 01B=/ 97AJ7, C2= 17 B3=67<2567 :. B10L=@=C<0 B@.:: "+0/7= 1.A
28=6 12= 5 <.?.:0//S. <=60A/#=2=8= 80/J08//-7/0C 5 :7<=A :76.1:=A
/35C285 1. <=60A/3.:067 :0<./. :010 17/7=.//S.;5= 1.A 28=6 1A7L/' B.3<5//SH=F <=F. 1.A 9.B@.<.=.//S:.A/" 28=6 15// =80A 37/=80A. //*=67 :010 B3=;02.=." (2, 81-82). P3./0G061<. B37/12.8. ?=3A.@:= 67 A=/0?0<=8.:. A=2080A. B=27<@0A 09 .AH067:2. A=/73:0272. 0 (H=7A1<7) B71:0<;<7 7F90127:G067.
Y73A720;:=12 7@0B17: "%<= H0L 6. H0= A730@= 187F =:=F C2= 17
:.//28=60A B=/97A:0A A3.<=A 5 =8=6 =H0;:=6/:=>0 :. 1B=J:=6 123.:0 97AJ7/H79 27H7 1./ /7C.8.?" (2, 83) :7 /=83C.8. A01.= 9:.;7D1<0 =28.3.65>0 01<.9. M37/12.8. B=/97A:=F A3.<. B=A73. 17 =/ B5<7 <=:87:G0=:.@:=120 <. :7/=5A0G0 B37/ 1A3>5, 673 408=2 :7 5A7 /. =/F=8=30 :. B02.D.
<=6. =:. B=12.8J.. %<= ?=@<@=3:0 =H3.9.G 67127 B=879.:=12 /87 1?737,
.<= B=<=6:0G0 23./0G061<0 6715 9.@=F. =H:.8J.D. 408=2., 12=F. 0 9.@=F.
1A01@., 0:873906. 67 B=2B5:. 673 :7 1.A= C2= 17 5A03.D7 837/:567 1. 12.:=80C2. H08.D., :7F= 17 5 2=A "837/:=8.D5" 0 =H71A0CJ.8. B=2035>0
:.1@7I7:7 B37/12.87, <=@0<= 0 1.A= B=12=6.D7. $. ?=:5 23./0G061<7
B37/12.87 A=/7@567 17 1@0<. 1872. A=/73:7 =17>.6:=120, 1872. :0C2.80@.
0 H79:.I..
+0906. 12.:0C2. A3280L B3=67<2567 17 5 27A5 B71:0;<7 7F90127:G067
<.= =H67/0D565>0 B30:G0B, .:20A021<. 879.-5-1A320, <=65 :0 5A72:=12
:7 A=47 /. B=<0/.: "' <.<85 10 17 B=/97A:5 1=H5 2= 5B520=//). 1 O3D.:1<0A 0 #@0F=30>7A/" 1 !.C=A M@.=80>7A//' 67/0:=A /35C285//S. 0120A
B=/97A:0A 12=@=A 185 87;:=12 H79/37;0 067/:7 /. B3=87/7C?" M=6.A 9.F3=H:=120 5B=237HJ7: 67 5 B37:717:=A 9:.;7D5 0 B3=67<2=8.: 5 B=12A=/73:0120;<= 0967/:.;.8.D7 5A72:=120 0 408=2., B=/8=I7D7 187<=@0<7
128.3:=120 B=/ B30:G0B7 B=79067 0 B71:0;<7 7F90127:G067, <=60 17 B=/83F.8.65 15AD0, 23.:1?=3A0C5 5 B30:G0B7 5A03.D.. K=208 >52.D. 5
=8=A 17 <=:27<125 A=47 25A.;020 <.= 10AH=@ 1A320, B=17H:= .<= 17 0A.
5 80/5 A021<0 28=3.;<0 B=27:G06.@ 37;0, C2= 67 .1=G06.G06. <=6. 51@=4D.8. 23./0G061<7 8797 =87 B71A7.

!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-*, ". .. /#0. 7. .1. 4 (2012)

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K=208 B=/97A:=F F3./., B30152.: B.3G06.@:=, 137>7 17 5 B71A0 "W717:

5 W.17:=8G5", <=6. B30B./. 27A.21<=A <=AB@7<15 012=3061<0L 123./.D.
-3H.: "-<@=:0@0 1A= 17 =/ <0C7://" 12=60A=/P.<=/' A=<3=A 15A3.<5//($. 83L5 B=/97A:=F F3./.)//E8= 87> ;02.85 87;:=12 //M=/ 1080A @.20G.A. H72=:1<=F A=:1235A-G872.//" G3:0A =@=8:0A =H@.G0A...." (4,
129). /67< 873=8.D. 5 =:.6 1872 67127 B730?3.9. 6.17:=8.;<=F F3=HJ., .
B37/12.8. <=6. 67 =H@0<567 67127 F3./1<0 B3=12=3. M=@=4.6 4080L :. 83L5
B=/97A:=F F3./. B=137/567 /=408J.6 /. B3=2.F=:0120 /7@7 0120 B3=12=3
1 A3280A 4328.A.. %B153/:=12 27 B=90G067, 0:27:90803.:. =<10A=3=:=A, .1=G06.208:= C030 9:.;7D1<0 =B17F B71A7 <. 37?@7<108:=6 5:08739.@:=120 87>=6 :7F= C2= 67 3=/=J5H08. B=7906. :.6;7C>7 01B01567 9.L8.J565>0 0 23./0G061<=A B37/@=C<5.
"1<.9 17 =28.3. H.3 5 /8. 17A.:20;<. B3.8G., <. 0967/:.;.8.D5 408=2. 0 1A320 5 <=3012 =:=F /35F=F, 27 <. B37590A.D5 2740:7 0 15/H0:7 A5;7:0<. 0 D0L=87 43287. K=2080 879.:0 9. <0C5 ?0:.@09565 =8.6 B=721<0
27<12, . 9.67/:= 1 :.1@=8=:0A A=208=A 6717:0 0 58=/:=A /71<30BG06=A:
"' H39=A :.0@.1<5 15A3.<./+7> 09. B=/:." (4, 128) 01B01565 =<803 10@.9:7 ?.97 /:78:=F 0 F=/0CD7F G0<@51.. P3./0G061<0 10AH=@0 B30A7D7:0
5 .:20A021<=A 0 .:20?=@<@=3:=A A=/7@5 1872. 0:27:90803.65 /=408J.6
/71235<208:7 128.3:=120 0 3.9=3:=F 2=<. 012=3067. *.= ;712= <=/ =8=F
B01G., :.37;7:0 27A.21<0 <=AB@7<1 =H0;:= :7 B3.20 7<1B@0G03.D7 12.8.
0@0 =17>.D., 87> :7<0 B=6.A 09 1?737 <5@253:=F B.A>7D., ;06. 0L 5:08739.@:. 10AH=@0<., 9.67/:= 1 F3=271<:=A 23.:1B=90G06=A 128.3:=1:=F
A=208. (1087 @.20G7 H72=:1<=F A=:1235A-G872.) 15F71208:= :.F@.C.8..
S. 3.95A78.D7 !.0;<=80>78=F 128.3.@.;<=F B3=G71. H02:. 67 A72.?=3.: "M02.C 17 B= 12=20 B52: F/7/@740/M=/97A:. B71A. 408=2. :.680C7
1@0;:. 28=A/@0<5?" ("-7:<7 :. H0J5", 3, 131). Y73A720;:=12 =87 B71A7
/=98=J.8. 0:273B372.208:=6 B=90G060 /. =/37/0 =B17F /7@=8.D. 23./0G061<7 B37/12.87. :. B3=67<2565 B37/12.85 = 8790 4080L 0 A3280L :. 37?@7<108:0 27 B=720;<0 B@.:, 1 20A C2= 17 2.6 =/:=1 :7 A=3. 25A.;020 1
:7F.208:=F 12.:=80C2., <.= B3015128= 1A320 5 18.<=A J5/1<=A ;0:5, B.
.B153/:=, 0 5 128.3.@.;<=A, 87> 0 09 B=90G067 408=2=/.8:=F .1B7<2. 97AJ7. - 2=F 17 .1B7<2. B=7906. /=8=/0 5 8795 1 B30:G0B0A. H0>., B37A/.
17 A=208 B71A7 :7 A=3. 1L8.2020 /=1@=8:=, 87> <.= A72.?=3. B=90208:7
/0A7:9067 408=2:0L 2=<=8.. Y73A720;:=12 =8=F B=721<=F 27<12., <=60
B30B./. G0<@515 ;$."# ',!#, 9:.;7D1<0 :.69.2.AD7:06=6 0 :.6F5C>=6 !.0;<=80>78=6 G7@0:0, B3=8=G03. 3.9@0;027 0:273B372.208:7 =BG067. '
:.69.F=:72:060A 120L=80A.: "#@7/.C 5 A.@= 3540;.12 9F@=H C2= 1B.6./3.12.8J7:./)8. B3.8G. 28=F A71. 0 <=12065. K03:= 67 27A7/SF@=H.. ,520 2= 35<. 28=6. :. L@./:=6 F@.80/<.A7:.." 1B=3:0 A=F5 H020 A7@.L:=@0;.: 2=: 0 ?0:.@:0 01<.9 <=60 58=/0 A=208 A71. 0 <=12065, 59 17A.:20;<0
1@=678025 10:2.FA5: /8. B3.8G., :.8=/7>0 0 :. A01.= = B3=@.9:=120.
Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology, n. s. Vol. 7. Is. 4 (2012)

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:. 17 0:27:90803. ?0:.@:=A 10:2.FA=A, B37A/. 15 23./0G061<0 .AH08.@7:2:. 97AJ. 0 B=@017A.:20;:0 10AH=@ <.A7:. <=3=908:0 A=A7:.2
18.<7 7F97F797 <=6. B3727:/567 :. <=:.;:=12 25A.;7D. =87 B71A7. *.A7:
67 ;712. B0C;78. 10AH=@0;<. 10:7F/=L. :7B=A73087 B303=/7, 1872. <=60
67 67/:=A 9.587< /.2, B37A/. 5 =8=A <=:27<125 A=47 5B52020 0 :. A3287.
#=8=3:0 =H32: L@./:. F@.8., /7A72.?=309=8.: 0 37A72.?=309=8.:, /7273A0:0C7 ?0:.@:0 01<.9 <.= 1.A32:5 125/7:. %:20A021<= ?0:.@7 09=<37>7 12.20;:=12 B=12.D. 5 12.20;:=12 B=12.D. 1A320, 5 5A03.D7 <.= .B1=@52:0 B30:G0B H0>.. M37=<372 17 3.9806. 5 53H.:=A <=:27<125, 09 B731B7<2087 G0<@0;:=F A02., 0@0 <.3.<2730120;:7 !.0;<=80>787 10AH=@0<7
(<.1:=F) @72., <@0G7 <3.6. 51.I7:7 5 83L5:.G =H0J. 0 937D., C2= 67 0
B37/@=F 9. 0:273B372.G065 =87 1@=678027 B71A7 <=6. B37/12.87 = =:=A
18725 5B=2B5D567 0 B=720;<0A 0AB@0<.G06.A..
U37<87:2:0 0 3.9:=831:0 !.0;<=80>787 =/67G0 =:=F. 1872. 27 B37/12.8. 879.:0L 9. D7F. B=20;5 0 =/ B0C;78=F B378.1L=/:=F 51A737D. :.
7F90127:G06.@0120;<5 18712 <=6., :71A037:., B3701B02567 1A01.= 408=2.,
<=@0<= B=90G065 ;=87<. 0 B=90G065 B71A7 5 D7A5. *.= /0A7:906. 53H.:=F
<=AB@7<1., =:. F3./0 0 67/.: B=@ 27A7J:7 =B=90G067: F3./-B303=/., <=6.
A=/7@567 1@0<5 1872. =8=F =B51.. M3=12=3 1A320 0A. =B=90G065 5 B3=12=35 87;:=120 <=6. 17 5 D7A5 :067 =H@0<=8.@. 5 2=6 A730. !7/.< B30A73 2.<80L 23./0G061<0L B37/12.8. 67127 "T.6<. = P./060" 5 <=6=6 =:7 =/37I565
20B 0 =H@0<565 A=/7@ 1872.. M30;. 17 =H@0<567 :. A7120A. :7=/37I7:=120, ;06. 67 ?5:<G06. /. 9.2.A:7 3.8.: 27A.21<=-A=2081<7 B=83C0:7, .
1A01.=:= =28=37 3.8.: 1<3087:0L 9:.;7D..
-2.30 P./06. 9.A0CJ., 0@0 1.D., /. F. B=17>567 D7F=8 B306.27J &5<06.:. $067, B30 2=A, 09871:= :0 /. @0 67 &5<06.: 5=BC27 408. M=27:G06.@:. B=172. A328.G. 6=C 67/.: 67 ?=@<@=3:0 =H3.9.G 5 =8=6 B30;0, /=< 67
23./0G061<. 879. 1A320 0 1:. =BC27B=9:.2.. R0L /8=60G. B=@.97 5 8=4D5, . B3.27>0 17A.:20<5 :.1@7I7:0L B37/12.8., 5 H020 =/@.97 :. =:.6
1872: "$.67/:=A, <.= /. 09.I=C7 09 90A7: 1.=:0G7 9.B7C7 = 801=<5, 97@7:5 23.85, B3=C.3.:5 G387:0A H5@<.A.. S.B520C7 17 9.20A B7C0G7 <3=9
@01:.25 C5A5, :. ;06=6 17 080G0 5<.9. B@.80;.12. 37<. =H.16.:. 15:G7A"
(8, 212). &08./. <.= A72.?=30;<. B37/12.8. 3.6. 137>7 17 5 :.C=6 51A7:=6
<D0478:=120, :B3. 5 B37/.D5: "'+0/7= 1.A B37<3.1:5 @08./5. :/7 H0L
20 12.6.= 230 /.:. /. 17 =:7 <3.1=27 :.F@7/.A.' $. 2= 972 37;7: ' :.<0 67
3.6 =:=F. 1872.: .@0 67 27C<= /= D7F. /=>0.'" (" ;0:. 9.<@728.", -$M!,
133) $. 2.<85 2=B=F=3.?065 5<.9565 0 :.C0 0123.408.;0, B37A/. =:. 0A.
=BC27 9:.;7D7 0 5 1@=87:1<=A 0 5 L30C>.:1<=A 18725.
' B30;0 <=6. 27A.209567 1A32, A7I520A, 3.61<. @08./. :7 F3./0 71L.2=@=C<5 809065, 87> 67 A=/0?0<567 5 10AH=@0;<=-/71<30B208:0 B=125B.<, /=< 67 9.F=:72:0 =/@.9.< /8. 12.3G. =28=37: 9. 25A.;7D7. !./D.
"T.6<7 = P./060" =/806. 17 2=<=A 90A7, 10@.9:7 ?.97 F=/0CD7F <35F.. $.!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-*, ". .. /#0. 7. .1. 4 (2012)

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F@0/9.A0CJ7:0 01<=3.< 5 B3=@7>7 23.:1G7:/03. <3.6, C2= 67 B37@.9.< 09

67/:7 5 /35F5 ?.95 G0<@51., B=;72.< :=8=F <35F., .@0 :7 5 1A01@5 B=:.8J.D. 87;:=F 83.>.D. 012=F, 87> B370:.;7D. 5 /35F0 =:2=@=C<0 12.251.
: 67 <37.208:0 =2<@=: =/ 18.<=/:780G7, .@0 0 =/ A021<0L 0 ?=@<@=3:0L
=H3.9.G. 673 67 1A32, :. ?=:5 =/67<. 873=8.D. 5 3.6, 1.F@7/.:. <.= 80C0
<8.@0272 408=2.. !.61<0 17 B3=12=3 @08./7 137>7 5 "T.6G0 = @08./0 0 1<.<.8G0A." 0 "T.6G0 = G872=80A. 0 /5F0", B37A/. 67 5 20A 27<12=80A. 0
?=3A.@:= 0 17A.:20;<= B370:.;7D7 :.F@.C7:067, .@0 0 5/.J7:067 =/ :.1@7I.. ' D0A. 17 10AH=@ A=47 B=/87120 B=/ 3.61<0 L.3A=:09565>0 B30:G0B <.= 67/.: B=@ A=/7@. 1872. =8=F =B51., 27A7J.: 5 B0C;78=A 128.3.@.C280 9. /7G5 (M=20> 2010). K=208 @08./7, H79 =H903. :. 23./0G061<0
B30125B, 5 /7@5 67 @030;.3. !.0;<=80>. ?37<87:2.:, B=17H:= 5 3.:0A B71.A., . D7F=8. A=/0?0<.G06. :.1@7I7:7 B37/12.87 A=47 17 25A.;020 0
<.= 18.<0 L.3A=:09=8.:0 A0<3=<=1A0;<0 L3=:=2=B <=60 =27@=8J567 A02
= 3.65.
/67< 873=8.D. 5 B3=@.9 5 1872 A3280L 5 =8=A =B515 /7@567 B.3G06.@:=. $.87C>7A= :. B.3 B30A73.: "*.= /. 1A= 10C@0 B=/ 97AJ5, 5 23.B"
("$0 B37/7= A.F@7:", 3, 28) 67127 0 B10L0;<. B3=67<G06. H5/5>0 /. A=208
23.B. 5 :=8=A <=:27<15 03=:061<0 B=A73. A021<7 B37/12.87 <. 53H.:0A
B=:=30A.. : 17 879567 9. <5>5 <.= D7:. /=D./L2=:1<. 2.;<., C2= A=/0?0<567 =B=90G065 0 .<10=@=C<0 B=3.8:.8. /87 1?737 :. @0:060 :7F.2080272.. K=208 B7>0:7: "E8= F@.8. <= B7>0:. 67;0" (/H79 :.1@=8./, 1, 69) 5
.1=G06.208:=6 03=:061<=6 8790-B=-B3.9:0:0, B=:7= 67 =/67< 10AH=@0<7
2.6:=8020L 83.2. 5 B=/97A:0 1872 0:27:90803.65>0 7F90127:G06.@0120;<0
/=408J.6. -37>7 17 ;.< 0 =/67< 873=8.D. 5 /7A=:1<. H0>. <=6. 5 B7>0:.A. 0@0 B=/ 97AJ=A ;58.65 H@.F=: "-87 A7 B=1A.23.: A3<0 B=1<=< 40@7/N2= 1.8 B302.67: ;58. /5H 0 ;7<.." ("+0/0<", 3, 27).
$.1@7I7:= 9:.;7D7 .@5908:= .<20803. 7F90127:G06.@0120;<0 /=408J.6 0 5 B71A.A. 1. 128.3:=1:=A 27A=A 123./.D. -3H.. K=208 6.A7: "=:
[B71:0<] 17 <.= L0B:=201.: H5<8.@:= 9.F@7/.= 5 /5H0:7 5$-$ 5 <=60A. 67
2.6 408=2 H0= :. :.6H352.@:060 :.;0: 2=2.@:= =H71A0CJ7:." ("M37/F=8=3", :31*("$ &,.-$, 4, 119), <=:<372.: 67 B3=2=20B A.1=8:0L F3=H:0G.
5 <=60A. 15 17 9. 837A7 )35F=F 18721<=F 3.2. 1.L3.D08.@7 43287 3.2:0L
9@=;0:.. ".<= 17 =/:=10 :. <=:<372:7 =<=@:=120, A=208 6.A7 5 =8=A 20B5 B71.A. 5B5>567 :. 10AH=@0<5 B3=@.9. 5 L2=:1<0 B3=12=3, C2= :7 A=3.
H020 B5<. <=0:G0/7:G06. :. @0:060: (012=3061<.) 128.3:=12 23./0G061<0 B37/@=4.<. -0AH=@0<. 67 20B0;:= ?=@<@=3:., :B3.: "M37@7 I78=6<7
<=/ F=87/. =<= 67/:7 /5H=<7 6.A7, . /=I7 :7<.<.<8 12.3.G H7@7 H3./7 /=
B=6.1., B. 0A 37;7: 'V78=6<7! ;58.627 17 80 27 6.A7, 673 /. <=67 =/ 8.1 5B./:7 83727:= 5 D5, =:7 H0 17 A.20 =/A.L B3728=30@. 5 <3.85.'" ("M7B7J5F.", -$M!, 167)

Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology, n. s. Vol. 7. Is. 4 (2012)

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"9=<37:520 =/67< 873=8.D. /. /5C7 5 1872 A3280L B52565 8=/=A/37<=A B=20;7 09 L=309=:2.@:7 <=:G7BG067 <=1A=1. 0 B=/3.95A78. /. 17 =:
:.@.90 B37<= 8=/7: "P.6 1B@.8 67 H0= 879.: 9. =H.@5:/% ;0:0@= 17 <= /.
:7<5/ B@=80/S.67/:= 1 :.C0A A01@0A., <. 4.@5/)35F=A, H79 :.C0L 27@.,
.@ 5 :=80/ H@0< 408=2., 1.: 0@ 6.85 A.@5." ("% <.<.8 65;7 H7C7 /.:", 3,
173) P8=3.;<0 B=27:G06.@ ;=87<. B=125@03. 0:8732=8.:0 ":=80 =H@0<
408=2." <=60 80C7 :067 80C0 =:2=@=C<0 127B7: 87>, 5 9.801:=120 =/ 0:273B372.208:7 B=90G067, 1A32 0@0 5:523.CD. 37.@:=12. $.1@7I7:. B37/12.8., B=2=8= 5 <=AH0:.G060 1 H7127@71:=C>5, 520;7 :. 9:.;7D7, B37A/.
67 9. D7F. <J5;:. B3=67<G06. 10AH=@0<7 8=/7 :. B10L=@=C<5 3.8.:. U0:.@:0 /0120L: "*0C=, =/C<30:0 L@./:7 /8730 1872.,/). 5I7 A.<.3 93.<
=/ 65;7!" (1, 174) :. 27A.21<=-A=2081<=6 B=83C0:0 0 A021<0A 1@0<.A.
=H@0<567 0/765 G7@=802=120, B3=40A.D. 128.3:=120 0 51B=A7:., B. :.
3.8:0 B=137/=8.:=F 9:.;7D. 15F730C7 .B=@=F065 17>.D. <=67 <=:120250C7 5:523.CD5 1?735 J5/1<=F 28=3.;<=F B=27:G06.@..
K=208 /8730 A=47 17 25A.;020 <.= B3=@.9 5 =:.6 1872, C2= H0 =H3:5@= 23./0G061<5 B37/12.85 80I7D7A 1872. <.= B3=12=3. A3280L, B=F=2=8=
5 <=AH0:.G060 1 7B0272=A "L@./:7". -20L=80 .@5/03.65 0 :. B=90208:0,
B@=/=:=1:0 0@0 @5123.G061<0 .1B7<2 8=/7, 15B3=2.: =:=A 5 B372L=/:=A
G02.25, <.= 1A01.=:=A B37=<3725 <=60 17 B3.20 5 A7/06.@:=A 17FA7:25:
"5 B=/:7/$. 452=A 1B@.85, 59 8=/7 C2= 1B=3=/M3=I=C7 <3.6 :.1 0 <3=9
:7B3=L=/:7/K01@0 <=67 1A= /=:7@0, /=< 1<=3=/" =:7 :015 187 B=12.@7
8=/:7!" +=/. .1=G03. :. B3=@.9:=12 408=2. 0 L.=20;<0 .1B7<2 /790:27F3.G067, 2.<=I7 <.3.<2730120;.: 9. =8.6 10AH=@. K=208 1B@.8. 0A. B37/@=4.< 5 B@=80@0A. <=6. B378=97 /5C7 :. =:.6 1872 5B=2B5D565>0 37B732=.3 23./0G061<0L B37/12.8. 0 D0L=85 1.A=18=6:5 B30A7:5 5 :=8=A, 17A.:20;<0 .AH08.@7:2:=A 27<125. P3./0G0=:.@:. B=@017A.:20;:=12 10AH=@. 8=/7 0 1.A=18=6.: B30125B <.<= 2=A ?7:=A7:5, 2.<= 0 B37/12.80 =
=:=A 18725, B=F=2=8= D0L=8. 7F90127:G06.@0120;<. B3=67<G06. :. B10=L=@=C<0 B@.:, /=B30:=17 9:.;7D1<=6 =28=37:=120 =87 B71A7.
S:.A7:020 0 5 <3020G0 095972:= B30L8.>7: 1=:72 " 16.6 15 1.A= 83.2. <3.6." (3, 56), 27A5 1A320 B3=67<2567 5 80C7 1?737, 10AH=@09=8.:7 A=208=A 1872@=120/16.6., 27 67 =H@0<567 <.= 9.F=:72:5, B.3./=<1.@:5 B=L8.@5 B=137/128=A 10AH=@0<7 83.2.. M71A. 67 =1=H7:. 8.306.:2. =:=F. 1872., H0@= /. F. 0:273B372.G06. A0209567 0@0 B=30;7. U0:.@:0 17FA7:2
58=/0 0 .:202720;<0 A=208 A3.<./1A320 5 10AH=@0;<0 6.1:= 03=:09=8.:=A 01<.95: "P.6 A3.< /. :067 H=@712 16.6.?" '3H.:0 /=408J.6 0A. B=/3C<5 28=3.;<=F B=27:G06.@. ;=87<., 15F7301.:=F H0@= <.= =/15128= 23./0G061<0L B30:G0B.: "P.6 A5< /. :067 985< H79 <3.6."; "P.6 <30< /.
:067 83L 20C0:7", H0@= <.= 3.9=3:= /7@=8.D7/:7F.208:0 .1B7<2, B=/@7F.D7 .:20A021<=A :.;7@5: " A01= 3067" (0 /.J7). K=2080 A5<., <30<. 0
20C0:7 A72=:0A067 15 (=/152:7/:7A=>:7) B=79067 B. 67 67/:. 9:.;7D1<.
!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-*, ". .. /#0. 7. .1. 4 (2012)

1128

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/0A7:906. 1=:72. 0 :7F.G06. 5A72:=120, B=17H:= .<= 17 0A. 5 80/5 1@54H. <=65 =:. 0A. 5 3.61<0A 1B=:.A.. S.B02.:=12 :./ H=@7CC>5 16.6.,
10AH=@. 87@0;.:1287:=F 23.:1G7:/7:2. 1:.4:= B=2037 23./0G061<7
B37/12.87, . 123.27F06. A0209.G067 B3701B02567 128.3.@.C28=. !7@.20809.G06. 09 15H67<208:7 B731B7<2087 @031<=F 15H67<2. B=30;7 0 =H67<208:5
:7B=A7308=12 A021<=F /01<531. <=60 :7 =12.8J. A712. 15AD0, 2.<= /. 17
.:20A02 A=/7@567 :7 1.A= :. 17A.:20;<=6 3.8:0 87> 0 :. :08=5 B71:0;<=F B=125B<..
M=7A. :'38$5"* -,-#$%* B=187>7:. 67 17>.D5 :. A3287, 5 <=:27<125 5
<=A7 51A.J7: 0 /79=3067:201.: @031<0 15H67<2 7F90127:G06.@0120;<0 /=408J.8. 408=2 0 1A32. M37/12.87 = =:=A 18725 5 D=6, 12=F., /7@565 10127A1<0. EB09=/7 879.:7 9. K0@=C. O3D.:1<=F: "" =:/. 67 B71:0<//(*.=
/. 67 B=1@7/D7 =87 37;0 B=B52 C5C2.8=F :7<=F B@.C2. B37<= 3.A7:. 0
B=83L F@.87/18=67 =F3:5=)//"9 1=H7 A=67/:712.=" (20., 2, 152) :=17 =/67<
873=8.D. /. A3280 B=17>565 4087, B3=67<2=8.: :. B10L=@=C<0 0 B=720;<0 B@.:. M37/12.8. 17 0 3.9806.: "["01<31@." ;025J.] (*.= /. 67 /= 237:.
=8=F/" =:./S.67/:= 1. D0A/" 5 2.A0 D7F=8=6 012=6//)5H=<= B=/ 97AJ=A
:7F/7 1<3087:= H=3.80@..)" (18., 2, 142), :. ?=:5 873=8.D. /. /5C7 H=3.87 :. =:=A 18725. &0C7:= A.F061<=F <=:27<12., =:= <=:87:03. 27A.20G0
=87 15A=3:7 B=7A7, B=187>7:7 51B=A7:0 :. B=<=6:0<7, B. :.F@.C.8. D7:
/=A0:.:2.:, 7F90127:G06.@0120;<0 /=408J.6. *.<= 15 A7I5 D0A. 0 B01G0, @0<=80 B=7A7 B3.27 B71:0<=85 408=2:5 0 128.3.@.;<5 H0=F3.?065,
C2= 0 5A72:=12 B=90G0=:03. 5 /35F0 1872 /=8=/7>0 5 B02.D7 A02 = D7:=6 87;:=120, 1 D0A 0 27A5 B71:0;<7 7F90127:G067 0 D7:5 809065 1872.<.= 27<12..
1:=8:0 <=:27<12 B=7A7 2.<87 B=<=6:0<7 =H@0<567 :. B37/@=C<5 8.AB03. 0@0 1@0;:0L :7F.208:0L H0>., C2= B=283I567 0 A=208 B@.C2. <=60A
17 =F3:5= O3D.:1<0. *=:<372:0 120L=80 = O3D.:1<=A, A7I520A, :015
/7273A0:01.:0 :0 B=90208:= :0 :7F.208:= B. 17 A=F5 .:.@0903.20 1 =H.
.1B7<2., 0.<= 17 9.67/:= 1 B3.4D7D7A 23.:1G7:/7:2. F5H0 0 17>.D7 :.
B=90208.: =B=90G061<0 B=@, :. B372<7 9.C2020:0<7, . B37=8@./.8.65 /7A=:1<. 0 =B.1:. H0>., H@04. A=/73:=A /=408J.65 1872.. ":273B372.208:0 <=:27<12 <=60 H0 12.3067F B01G. 25A.;0= <.= 128.3.@.;<=F B372<.
=:=F A@.I7F, B.<, A=208 B@.C2. :7 H0 /=87= 5 8795 1 8.AB03=A 87> 1 H.6<=8020A ;.3=H:0A 137/128=A (Prop 1982), C2= H0 7B09=/5 B=12.80@= 5
<=:27<12 ;5/71:=F (*.6=. 1971; Todorov 1987).
"120 23./0G061<0 B37/@=4.<, A3280 <=60 B37@.97 F3.:0G5 0 B=17>565
4087, =H@0<567 0 B=37I7D7: "*.= /. B37/. A:=A (5 :7<.<8=A B375/7C7:=A/<*&#1#- '$03) 12=60 :7<.<.8 9.F3=H:0/ (=8=F. B52. 0 B=4527@0 =/
0@=8.;7)/:7137>:0 H.3/ :.C -0A. M.:/53=80> //"@0 =/H@5/7@0 (0 <=1==< =/ F@7/.D./5 18=65 /5H0:5) :7<0 P0: '6780>/(5 =:=6 D7F=8=6 ;$6$'*("#5 )$1$"*.)..." ("-23.C0@. :. B030:;.:0A (0 /35F0A) B=J0A.", ;*",Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology, n. s. Vol. 7. Is. 4 (2012)

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.)$ &%*8$, 4, 42-43), 59 .@59065 :. 873=8.D7 5 1@0;:=12 /8. 1872., =128.37:5 7<1B37108:0A 7B0272=A: B375/7C7:0. *.= 0 587< 5 27A.21<=A <=AB@7<15 B71:0;<7 7F90127:G067, Bp7/12.87 = =:=A 18725 B30152:7 15 10127A1<0. "@=8.;., 12.6.>0 !.0;<=80>78 10AH=@ 1A320, <=:23.12303. 17
37.@0120;<0A /72.J0A. 1872. B71A7. :0 /0J7A ;*",.), &%*8, 0A.65
5B3.8= 2.<.8 9./.2.<, /. 18=6=A :7=H0;:=C>5 0 H09.3:=C>5 51B=12.87
=2<@=: =/ 5=H0;.67:7 128.3:=120, /. 51B=12.87 8795 1 5:523.CD=A 1?73=A B71:0<. 27 /. B=<37:5 D7: 28=3.;<0 B=27:G06.@, C2= 67 0 ?5:/.A7:2
:. <=A7 !.0;<=80> A0209567 ;=87<..
' :'38$5"*- -,-#$%*-$ 0 B71A.A. 1@0;:=F 27A.21<=-A=2081<=F <=AB@7<1., 5 <=A7 A3280 "B=17>565" B71:0<., 23./0G061<0 2.H501.: B37@.9
B37<= F3.:0G7 09A7I5 /8. 1872. B3=67<2567 17 :. B10L=@=C<0 0@0 B=720;<0 B@.: 0 17A.:20;<0 0:8732567. K328.G0 1.A= B=/17>.65 :. 5A03.D7,
.@0 :015 /71235<208:0 5 =/:=15 :. 1?735 408=2.. -.180A 67 15B3=2.:
B=37/H7:0 <=:27<12 5<=@0<= 25 F3.:0G5 B37@.90 408 ;=87<. ' 2.<80A 17
B71A.A. 1872 80/0 <.= 408. 1A32. P.<8. 67 F3=271<:. 80906. 12.3=120 <.=
1A320 <=6. 67 87> :.125B0@., 408=2. <=60 :0<./ :067 :0 H0= /35F= /= 5A03.D7: ")8=60G. C.<=A <@5B5 12745/*.= /. 17 9. 408=2 8745/"@0 /. 15 :.
15:G7 =H./"9.C@0 A.@= 09 18=F F3=H.." ("-2.3G0 :. 15:G5", 1, 157) M=:.C.D7 B37A. 4080A. <.= /. 15 A3280 B30A7D7:= 67 5 B71A0 A=/73:=F
17:90H0@0272., 7F90127:G06.@0120;<=F /=408J.6. H71A01@. 408J7D. 0
H71A01@. 5A03.D.. "98=3:0 1A01.= 2.<8=F 0967/:.;.8.D. 67127 B=879.:=12 /8. B=@., 59.6.A:. 879. <=6. 6.A;0 G7@=8025 1@0<5 1872.. *.= 0 5 87>0:0 !.0;<=80>780L 27<12=8. <=60 17 B=908.65 :. 873=8.D. 5 9.F3=H:0
1872 0 408=2 B=@7 1A320, 23./0G061<. 17 17A.:20<. =/H.G567 B=30G.D7A
B=12=6.D. 0 D7F=87 183L7, 1 D0A 0 B=30G.D7A 1A01@. =:7 123.:7. M0C;78. /7@. <=6. 3.9806.65 27 ?=@<@=3:7 0/767 =H@0<565 17 <.= D0L=8. :7F.G06., /.<@7, <.= .:20?=@<@=3:., 1 20A C2= 17 B= 17H0 3.95A7 /. 15 =:7
A=/7@=8.@7 1@0<5 1872. 673 17 /35F.;067 :7 H0 :0 A=F@7 B=30G.20. P= >7
37>0 /. 5 20A 27<12=8A. ?=3A.@:0 .1B7<2 23./0G061<=F B37/@=C<. /7@567 :. 3.8:0 27A.21<=-A=2081<7 B=83C0:7, /=< 67 D0L=8. 17A.:20;<. /0A7:906. 5B01.:. <.= A0:51-B=125B.<.
=$&*.* # >%"#- 2'$0*-*%3 (1, 133-149) 27A.209565 =H=@7@=F +@./0A03. M530>., <=60 =/ B71:0<. 23.40 /. A5 :.B0C7 B71A5 = D7F=8=A H=@=8.D5 0 2.<= F. =87<=87;0, /=< =8.6 B0C7 = 87> A328=A :.35;0=G5. O7@0:. B=;08. :. =/67<5 873=8.D. 5 408=2 B=1@7 1A320, 5 !.0;<=80>78=6 8.306.:20 /. 17 A3280 :=>5, B=/ =<30J7A A717G., 83.>.65 0 =H.8J.65 0127
B=1@=87 <=67 15 3./0@0 0 9. 408=2.. P.<= 17 =H6.CD.8. 0 7B0272 <=60
B3.20 65:.<.. +@./0A03 67 G3: :7 1.A= 9.2= C2= 67 !=A, 87> 0 9.2= C2= 17
9.A0CJ. <.= /. 67 A32.8. +73=8.D7 67 B3=67<2=8.:= 5 128.3.@.;<5 0A.F0:.G065, 9.A0CJ.D7 408=2., <=60 17 37.@09567 5 B=27:G06.@:=6 87;:=120
B=79067. 8= 67 /7@= 0 B.3./0FA.21<0 B30A73 123.27F06. A0209.G067 B=7!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-*, ". .. /#0. 7. .1. 4 (2012)

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9067, B=12.8J7:7 :. =/67<5 873=8.D. 5 A.F061<5 A=> 37;0. 8. :718.<0/.CD. <D0F. =H@0<567 17 <.= <=:2.A0:.G06. /8. ?=@<@=3:. 37F0123., =/
<=60L B37/12.87 = =:=A 18725 F3./7 3.8.: 27A.21<=-A=2081<7 B=83C0:7,
. 873=8.D7 5 A.F061<5 A=> 37;0 3.8.: 1<3087:0L 9:.;7D..
P7A5 0@5123567A= B71A=A 7.: "+7> <.= /. ;567A 5 -=B=25 G0F.:1<0
B@.;:/&7@7;5 230 10:., /87 <>730, 5/=80G../M./7 :=>: A03, 1802.G, 9879/.. T@71:5 0 1=80G.,/:./ *=1A.67A; A717G, <.= 54.37:0 1.;.//-80 A01@7
/. 27 :7A., . 9.A.;7 9. 12=F./S.16. 20 5 35G0 <=1., B. 523:5./ / 28=F <=3.<. :067/:. B20G. :7 B3:5./$.=C230= 10 <=15. (-./ 12.8J.C H351 5
3=F.)//M=/ A717G=A 17 B3540@= 402= <.= A03./+7@0<0 B=1=, .@ B37/5F= 67
1./ 28=67 837A7...//E8= F. F/7 0 5 B71A0, A32.8, :=10 :.62747 H37A7:/S.A.L:5= 67 <=1=A G3:0 +@./0A03..." U=@<@=3:0 <=:27<12 9.F3=H:=F 408=2. :.F=87C2.8. /7A=:1<= B3015128=, . =:= /7@567 15H873908:= :. 873=8.D7 5 A.F061<5 A=> 37;0, :7 :. ;=87<. 0 A.27306.@:0 80/ H0>.. !.9@0;027
?=@<@=3:7 B37/12.87 5 098=3:=A <=:27<125 67/:. /35F5 :7 /=8=/7 5 B02.D7, C2= 6.1:= /=<.9567 /. =:7 5 B0C;78=A =B515 :015 /35F= /= B=125BG0 =H@0<=8.D., B30 ;7A5 67 0/76. 1872. A3280L 5 :=80 27<12 B3=67<2=8.:.
<.= 0A.F0:.G06., . 0/76. = A.F061<=6 A=>0 37;0 <.= 52=B06..
+73=8.D7 5 408=2 B=1@7 1A320 137>7 17 5 F=2=8= 7B0F3.A1<0A 120L=80A.: "-87 C2= 67 0<./ 0A.@=/Z08=2 /= 537 5/71:7,/ :067 A328= :0A.@=
/(T.3 :7<7 :=>0 ;5/71:7)" ( 8., 1, 143) <=60 :=17 0 =/67< 873=8.D. 5 15/H0:5. M=6.A ;5/71:=F, 20B ?.:2.120<7 5 <=A7 17 /8. 1872. 12.B.65 H79 :7F.208:0L B=1@7/0G., B30A7D7: 67 5 /=1@=8:=A, . :7 <.<= 67 2= <=/ !.0;<=80>. :75B=37/08= ;7C>7, 5 B37:717:=A 0@0 <=@=<806.@:=A 9:.;7D5. K=208 <=G.: "0 8=D. 187 :./.../<=G7 ;.A=87" .1=G03. 0 :. /7A=:1<. H0>. 0 :.
=BC27B=9:.20 37<80902 <=60A 17 5:0C2.8.65 8.AB030. " :. ?=:5 ?=@<@=3:0L 0AB@0<.G06. 0 :. 3.8:0 27A.21<=-A=2081<7 B=83C0:7, /.<@7,
12.B.65 17 0 15<=HJ.8.65 /8. 80/. B=12=6.D., 27@71:0 1872 0 1?73. 0A.F0:.G067. %F=: 67, A7I520A, 1.A= B3080/.: 673 .<= :.3.2=3 65:.<. 9.A0CJ. <.= 87> A328=F, .<= 4080 1872 :.=B.<= 80/0 <.= A3280 1872, 0 67/:.
0 /35F. 1?73. H0>., 0 A.27306. 0 /5L, 12.B.65 17 809065 1A320, <=6. 15C20:1<0 :7F03. ?=@<=3 <.= 2.<.8.
+@./0A03=8. :./. /. >7 =B78.:= 9.67/:= 1 B71A=A =18=6020 87;:=12
0A. B37/@=4.< 5 873=8.D5 /. 37;7:= B=12.67/=12.67 128.3:=, C2= =H@0<567 3.8.: 1<3087:0L 9:.;7D.. R7F. B3.20 =H37/:=-=H0;.6:0 <=AB@7<1 879.: 9. :.3=/:5 A7/0G0:5, A=/0?0<=8.: 0 873=A 5 @7<=802. 18=6128. 37;0: ""A. @7<=8020L 23.8., F@0:7, 93.<./" 8=/7 <=6. 67 1. D0A. 67/:.<../.../" 6. 1.A 5 67/:=6 :=>0 :. /=L8.25/T0= :7;7A :.@0< :. 37; :7B=9:.25." (1, 139) M=/8=I7D7 37;0 B=/ 2.6 <=AB@7<1 B=8=/ 67 9. 7F90127:G06.@0120;<5 15AD5: "%@ 17 A7:0 :067 :0 5 1:5 18. L27@./2. 37; /. B=<.47 0 /. H5/7 G7@." (1, 139). M3=67<2565>0 23./0G061<0 B37/@=4.< :. B=720;<0 B@.:, !.0;<=80> F. B30L8.2. 0 17A.:20;<0 A=/0?0<567, /=< F. 7FIssues in Ethnology and Anthropology, n. s. Vol. 7. Is. 4 (2012)

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B37/12.8., =8. <D0F. /=8=/0 5 B02.D7 0 18=6 B=720;<0 =1:=8, B=12.8J7:
:. ?=: 873=8.D. 5 A.F061<5 A=> 37;0. /H.G08.D7 B=;72:0L B372B=12.8<0, B=30G.D7 18=F 27A7J., A=A7:.2 67 <=60A 17 =$&*.* # >%"#- 2'$0*-*%3 :.680C7 5/.J.8.65 =/ ?=@<@=3. 0 D7F=80L 0/76:0L B372B=12.8<0.
" 5 =8=6 17 <D090 137>7 A=208 B=:.C.D. B37A. 408=A ;=87<5 <.= /.
67 A32.8, C2= 67 0 67/.: D7: :.3.208:0 .1B7<2: "W. 0 9. D7F. 67/:5 B5C0A" (1, 136). $.3.2=3 9.A0CJ. /. 67 D7F=8 65:.< A32.8 0 B=908. 17 :.
3025.@:0 7@7A7:2 <=60 17 =/:=10 :. B=<=6:0<. (S7;780> 1982, V=3I780>
1994). M=1A32:0 =H37/0 :.A7D7:0 408=A ;=87<5 <.3.<2730120;:0 15 9.
=$&*., # >%"#- 2'$0*-*%3. :0 15 0:873906. =H0;.6., .@0 0 67/.: =/ 9:.;7D1<0 :=17>0L A=208. D7:7 G7@0:7: "" 9:.: 1 /35F7 123.:7 90/. :7<=
<=10/Z52= 402= 18=6=6 F@./:=6 /5C0 9. @7<." (1, 93) 673 1 3.8:0 B=67/0:.;:=F, 1. 15/H0:7 G3:=F +@./0A03., A72.?=30;<0 B37:=17 :.3.2=3=8
/=408J.6 :. 12.D7 1872.. +@./0A03 2.<= 5 A.C20 @031<=F 15H67<2. B37@.90 F3.:0G5 09A7I5 /8. 1872. 5 =H. B3.8G. :.6B37 <./ 17 9.A0CJ. /.
67 65:.< 5A3=, . 9.20A 0 <./ 17 9.A0CJ. /. =H0@.90 4080 1872. -8712, 5
2=A 1A01@5, B=12.67 =:. .<208:. 1B=:. <=6. B=879567 0 3.9.3. 1?737, a
23./0G061<7 17 B37/12.87 B=283I565, <.<= 67 9.<J5;0@. 0 %:. !./0:. (!./0: 1997, 21), :. B10L=@=C<=6 3.8:0 J5/1<=F H0>..
+0I7D7 408=2:0L B=1@=8. <.= H5/5>7 1A320, 5:523.CD. B3.9:0:. 53H.:=F ;=87<., :.12.@0 15 :. ?=:5 /.>7, 5 <=6=6 67 3025.@:= 590A.D7 L3.:7
"9. /5C5" B=<=6:0<. :709=12.8:0 7@7A7:2. M37=<372 67 7<1B@0G02.: ;.< 0
.<= 17 A=208 90/. 1L8.20 A72.?=30;<0, <.= F3.:0G. <=6. /7@0 1872 4080L
=/ 1872. A3280L. *.<= B71A. 27A.209567 5:523.CD7 09F:.:128= B71:0<. 9.3=HJ7:=F 5 2.A:0G0 B71A7, :0 =8.6 01<.9 :7 09@.90 098.: B=720;<=F <=:27<12.. K=208 9:.D. B=17H.: 67 80/ 5A72:0;<7 1B=9:.67. '80/ B3=/037
B37<= =;0F@7/:=120, 1 /35F7 123.:7 90/., :.B0B.8.65>0 <3.6 5 1.A=A B=<3725 B=12=6.D.. M30A730 15F730C5 B3=12=3 1A320 H5/5>0 /. 17 1872 A3280L 9.A0CJ.= 0 <.= =H3:52 5 =/:=15 :. 1872 4080L. %<= 17 5 =/:=15 :.
408=F ;=87<. B=:.C. <.= /. 67 B=<=6:0<, A=208 3025.@:7 3./D7 =H@0<567
1?735 1A320. $0 1 2=F 12.:=80C2. 80I7D7 H08.D. <.= 5A03.D. :7 H0 H0@.
/35F.;06.. U=@<@=3:. B=879.:=12 /87 37F067 H0>., C2= /.67 1A01.= 27@71:=A B=12=6.D5 0 :712.6.D5, B37=<37:52. 5 =/30G.D7 18.<=F 1A01@., 67127
A0:51-B=125B.< <=60 17A.:20;<0 =6.;.8. .:20?=@<@=3:0 A=/7@ 1872. 1A320, 17A.:20;<0 0:27:90803.: 0 .:20?=@<@=3:0A B=30G.D7A A=>0 37;0.
M=37/ =$&*.$ # >%"#- +@./0A035 0 B71A7 " 16.6 15 1.A= 83.2. <3.6."
:. =1=H7:=6 8.306.:20 873=8.D. 5 8795 4080L 0 A3280L :.12.67 0 F@.1=8020
1=:72 "$020" (3, 20). ' 137/0C25 67 D7F=87 809067 ;=87< <=60, 593=< 0 183L. 180L 128.30, 15;7J.8. 28=3.;<0 B=27:G06.@ 5A72:=120 27 7F90127:G06.@0120;<= B3701B0208.D7 H=F., B. 0 B=12A=/73:0120;<= B=30G.D7 87@0<0L
B30;.. SH=F :7B=2<5BJ087 7F90127:G06.@0120<7 187120 =: 17 "1.AG06.2"
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<=1A=1., D7F=87 12=473:7 1@54H7 5 B=87908.D5 G7@0:7 1872.. *=:27<125.@:=12 =B51., 5 <=A7 67 ?37<87:2.: 10AH=@, 83.>. 0 :. D7F=85 23./0G0=:.@:5 837/:=12, :. A02=87 = 15I.6.A. 27 P79765 0 %306./:0 .@5/03.65>0 :.
<3L<=12 408=2., 12=F. 0 :. /=A727 J5/1<0L B37F:5>.. %AH08.@7:2:=12 <=65 /=H06. =8.6 10AH=@ 51B=12.8J. B.3./=<1.@:7 8797 5 837A7:5 :. @0:060
1A32:=120. +37A7 67 :=17>0 B30:G0B 1872., 1.F@7/.: 5 =H. D7F=8. .1B7<2.,
B=90208:=A 0 :7F.208:=A, 53H.:=A 0 A0209565>7A.
%<= 67 <.3.<2730120<. 123.27F06. A0209.G067 B30A7:. A021<=F B30:G0B. =B=90G06. :. 3.9@0;027 37@.G067, 0:/080/5.@:. A=/0?0<.G06. B3=12=3:0L =/:=1. :. @0:060 87320<.@7 0 L=309=:2.@7, 15B3=2:=12 <=6. 17 51B=12.8J. 5 =8=6 B71A0 67127 837A7. B=90G06.: 1./.CD=12B3=C@=12/4080
A3280, 0:=8.208:0 67 A=A7:.2 5 =/:=15 :. :.1@7I7. '@=F. ;=87<. <.= 12=473:=F 7@7A7:2. 0 A7/06.2=3. 09A7I5 =B=:7:2:0L B30:G0B. B370:.;7:. 67
=1. 1872.. -0AH=@0;<. .1=G06.G06. :.1@=8:=F A=208. 3.9806. 17 :. A72.?=30;<=A B37:=C7D5 ?090;<=F 18=6128. 2.:.:=120 B. 67 <3L<=12 408=2. :7F.G06. A02.. "$020" 09 53H.:=F /=408J.6. 809065 1872. 128.3.65 :. A=/0?0<.G060 A021<0L B30:G0B., . 809065 1A320 :. D0L=8=6 :7F.G060. M=137/0
67 67/:. =/ :.69:.;.6:0L B71.A. 9. 3.95A78.D7 28=3.;<=F B=27:G06.@. ;=87<. <.= ?5:/.A7:2. !.0;<=80>787 1@0<7 1872.: "W7/:=A :.1 25, F/7 :.1
0A.,/$7>7 H020./K0 1A= :020/*=67 8745 :73=I7:7 1. A3280A..//$7A. <3.6../ M301@=:0A= :. 93.< 58.:/*3=9 C5BJ0:7 09A7I5 :.1 872.3 /58./N2=
837A7:. B= /8. 1B.6..//&747 01B=/ A3.;:7 17:7 /K3280, . 6=C :73=I7:7/
-@520 8.9/5L <=60 <3.6 :.1 9.1872@5G..//K0 17 <=H:= @7@56.A=/" 1@5C.A=
872.3 1.A=/" :02 B= :02 <.<= B5G...."
8.6 67 1=:72 B.3./0FA. .AH08.@7:2:7 B=90G067 ;=87<. 5 A=/7@5 1872.
=8=F =B51.. U0:.@:0 01<.9 0:<@0:03. <. 53H.:=A /=408J.65, C2= 67 0 B=203.D7 28=3.;<=F B=27:G06.@. ;=87<. 5 0:0G06.@:=A 0 A7/06.@:=A 17FA7:25. *0/.D7 1B=:. 09A7I5 /87 123.:7, 0:873906. B37/@=C<., B=7209=8.:0 67 =2<@=: =/ 7F90127:G06.@0120;<7 187120, /012.:G. <=6. /7@567 :718.<0/.CD=A 80906=A, B37A/. 67 :7 :./8@./.8.. M=7906. 0A. B=/3C<5 5 123.27F06.A. A0209.G067 673 67 ;=87< B.108.:, /=< B303=/. .<208:= =H@0<567
128.3:=12 A7/06.@:0L :020 0 ?0:.@:7 1A32:=120. ":0G06.@:0 <.237: 0
?0:.@:. 273G0:. 15F730C5 =B=:7:2:0 =/:=1. : B=1A.23. J5/7 1. 12.:=80C2. 408=2., . =:. F. 3.9F3.I567 1. 12.:=80C2. 1A320 1.F@7/.8.65>0 23.6.D7 <.= 80/ :712.6.D.. U0:.@:= B5G.D7 :020, B3=20G.D7 408=2. <.= 1.A
3.9=3:0 2=< 1A320, 67127 09=<372.D7 0 A021<7 0 ?=@<@=3:7 1@0<7 1872.,
<=67 B=@.97>0 =/ 23./0G061<7 B=879.:=120 /87 1?737 0 =/H.G565>0 67, =H@0<567 .527:20;:0 809065 67/:7 =/ :.6@7BC0L !.0;<=80>780L B71.A..
*=AB@7<1 873=8.D. 5 =:.6 1872 093.9 67 =BC27J5/1<7 9.=<5BJ7:=120
F=35>=A 2.;<=A ;=87<=87 7F90127:G067. P3./0G061<. 18712 =H@0<567 A=/7@
G7@=802=F 1872., 5 <=A7 15 408=2 0 1A32 1.A= B3=12=3:= 3.9/8=67:0 80/=Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology, n. s. Vol. 7. Is. 4 (2012)

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80 H08.D.A /=< 09A7I5 D0L B=12=60 59.6.A:. 183101L=/:. 879.. K=/73:.

18712 B.< <0/. 25 1B=:5 B=:0C2.8.65>0 1 D=A 0 1A01.= B=1@7/D7F J5/1<=F ;0:.. B37/A7>7:7 B37/12.87 /35F7 123.:7 ?5:<G0=:0C5 27< <.=
0<=:=F3.?06. 1A320, 51<3.>7:7 9. 18=6 B=90208.: 23./0G061<0 .1B7<2. P.6
<=AB@7<1 0/76. 0 1@0<. 23.:1?=3A0C7 17 0 5 5A72:0;<0 B=125B.<, <=60 5
128.3.@.C285 -278.:. !.0;<=80>. B=12.67 B37 187F. A72.?=3. 1A320 <.=
/7@. 7F90127:G06.@0120;<7 187120. ' =8=A 17 =B515 F5H0 0 D7: :7F.028.:,
/7A=:1<0 80/, F5H0 18.<0 D7: 1./34.6 0 1A01.=, . =:= C2= 59 D5 =B12.67
67127 1.A= B3.9:0:. A=/73:=F /=408J.6. 1872.. !.0;<=80> F., 9.20A, B3=67<2567 :. B10L=@=C<5 3.8.: A=/73:=F ;=87<., <.= 0 5 D7F=85 0A.F0:.G065, C2= 67 0 :.6;7C>. 15/H0:. =:=F. 1872. 5 1.837A7:=6 5A72:=120 =8=F..
M0C;78. 67 B.< =1=H7:=12 B3=67<2=8.D7 =8=F ?=@<@=3:=F 17FA7:2. 0 :.
B=720;<5 3.8.: B=721<=F 27<12., C2= C030 D7F=8= 17A.:20;<= B=J7 =28.3.65>0 F. 0 9. 0/76:7 10127A7 <.<87 23./0G06. :7 B=9:.67.
/ 18=I7D. 1872. A3280L :. <=@=<806.@:0 093.9 /= .527:20;:7 809067 5
1=:720A. " 16.6 15 1.A= 83.2. <3.6." 0 "$020" 27 5 <D090 "S.B010 = G3:=A
+@./0A035", -278.: !.0;<=80>78 B30125B. ?=@<@=35 <.= H=F.2=A 1@0<=8:=-10AH=@0;<=A ?=:/5 <=60, B=/37I7: /=A0:.G060 :=8=F 27<12., :06.:103. 0@0 B3=/5HJ567 D7F=8 =1:=8:0 9:.;7D1<0 2=<, 51@=4D.8. A=/7@ 1872.,
/=B30:=10 D7F=8=6 5873J08=120 0@0 =:7=H0;7:=120. -28.3.@.;<0 =/:=1
B37A. B3=C@=120, 279. 67 T=6.:. W=8.:=80>., 527A7J567 ;=87<. 5 837A7:5 0
B=283I567 <=:20:50272 D7F=80L =17>.D., A01@0, B=125B.<., <=60 /.65 09871:=12 D7F=8=A B=12=6.D5, .@0 F3./7 0 /01<=:20:50272, 3.9@0<5 D7F=8=F
1.A=B=283I08.D.: "P= :=8= 17 0 15C20:1<0 /=408J.8. <.= 587< /35F.;067
<=67 :.1 0 =28.3. B37A. B3=A7:.A. 1872. 0 =A=F5>567 /. 0L 1B=9:.A= 0
=8@./.8.A= B3=G71=A 1=B1287:=F A7D.D. 0 B37=H3.4.6." (W=8.:=80> 2010,
49). 'B3.8= <.= C2= !.0;<=80>78. <37.208:. 23.:1?=3A.G06. H.C20:7 01B01567 (09F5HJ7:5) B5:=>5 B=12=6.D. 0 128.3.D..
U=@<@=3 67 /7= <5@253:=F 9:.D. 0 <5@253:=F B.A>7D., <=67 87> B= 17H0 :=10 098712.: 9:.;7D1<0 B=27:G06.@. R7F. B=283I567 0 %:. !./0:
B3=A0CJ.65>0 A=/73:5 <D0478:5 15/H0:5 8.AB03.. +73=8.D7 5 8.AB037 23./0G061<0 67 "37G7B2" 9. 0/7:20?0<=8.D7 0 15B3=212.8J.D7 9@5.
8.6 A=208 <D0478:= A=/7@567 :7F.208:7 .1B7<27 /5C7, /5L. 0 1872., .
D0L=87 15 B=1@7/0G7 :7137>., 9@= 0 1A32, 0120 B=6A=80 0 <.27F=3067 <=67
67 =: B731=:0?0<=8.= 0 5 3=/:.;7@:=6 23./0G061<=6 <5@2530. ' 1.837A7:=6 <D0478:=12 :.6;7C>7 67 10AH=@ 0@0 A72.?=3., . 8.AB031<= 9@=, ;.<
0 <./. 17 23./0G061<0 0<=:=F3.?0C7, B30B01567 17 ;=87<5 (!./0: 1997,
21). *=:27<12 873=8.D. 5 B=721<=A 27<125, 2.<=, /=408J.8. :54:5 23.:1?=3A.G065, .@0 0 ;58. 18=67 B38=H02:= 9:.;7D7. P3.:1?=3A01.20 F. 5
:=80 27<12 "9:.;0 /=;.3.8.20 25 1025.G065 0 567/:= 8@./.20 D=A7 B=A=>5 :=8=F B71:0;<=F B=372<." (Kuk 1986, 158-159).

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$=323=B U3.6 ?=3A5@0C7 583747:, 18.<.<= :7 :72.;.: 12.8 /. 67 T0H@06., 80906=A 128.3.D. 0 .B=<.@0B17, B37F@7/=A J5/1<7 012=3067, <=:<372:0A 1@0<.A. 0 10AH=@0A., 520G.@. :. 0A.F0:.G065 S.B./. (Fraj 1985,
9, 15). " /35F0 15 23./0G061<0 10127A0, D0L=80 1@0<=8:0 10127A0 0 A=/7@0 1872., B=90G06. ;=87<. 5 18725 0 =B37/A7>7:. 10AH=@0<., 80C7 <.= =/67< 0 .@5906., <.= ?=:/ :.1@7I7:0L 1@0<. 0 D0L=80L 17A.:20;<0L 837/:=120, A.D7 <.= :7B=137/:0 =1@=:.G 0A.F0:.208:=-1.9:.6:=F 128.3.@.;<=F
0AB5@1., =12.80@0 23.F. 5 =8=A 35<=B015. $. 0A.F0:.G065 <=6. F. 67 128.3.@. 0 =:5 <=6. F. 67 B37:=10@., B01.G 37.F567 .527:20;:=C>5, C2= =/F=8.3.65>0 :. H.90;:= B37B=9:.8.D7, =H@0<567 1.A=H02:0 5:087395A.
W7/:. =/ <3.6D0L 0:12.:G0 =8=F. 3./. 67127 :.5A /. 17 13B1<. <D0478:=12 B3=5;.8. :7 1.A= 1. 12.:=80C2. F@=H.@:0L 0/76:0L 0 B=720;<0L 2=<=8., 87> 0 B=@.97>0 =/ :.C7F :.1@7I., =/ <5@253:0L <=/=8. 1<3087:0L 5
/5H0:.A. B=721<=F 27<12. 0 5 /5H0:.A. 87320<.@7 837A7:.. U=@<=3 B=283I567 ;=87<=8 <=:20:50272 1. =1:=8=A D7F=8=F /5L=8:=F B=12=6.D. (W=8.:=80> 2010, 46), .@0 =28.3. 0 B=J7 ;=87<=87 <37.208:=120: "P0A7 17 23./0G06. B=283I567 <.= 802.@:= A712= J5/1<=F B=12=6.D. 0 1.A=B=283I08.D.,
673 =:= C2= /=@.90 09 B3=C@=120 /=:=10 /3.F=G7:5 7:73F065 9. <372.D7 5
H5/5>:=120" (W=8.:=80> 2010, 48). $7A. 9:.;.6:=F :.G0=:.@:=F B71:0<.
<=60 :067 ?=3A5@01.= 809065 :.G0=:.@:7 <5@2537, 279. 67 M.8@=80>780L
7176. = 13B1<0A B71:0G0A. (M.8@=80> 1992). $.G0=:.@:0 B71:0< :067 B01.G <=60 B0C7 H.:.@:5 B=79065 :. :.3=/:5 :7 H0 @0 B=/F378.= :.G0=:.@0120;<. =17>.D., 87> B01.G <=60 :. 2=6 87320<.@0 23.40 0 :.@.90 18=67 A712=, H0@= 09 B=90G067 012=872:=120 0@0 09 B=90G067 15B3=2:=120. M71:0<
<5@2537 :067 B01.G <=60 G0203. 123.:7 5A72:0<7 0 ?0@=9=?7, 87> B01.G
<=60 17 1B5C2. :09 87320<.@5 837A7:. 0 =/=9/=, 09 B731B7<2087 <5@253:7
/06.L3=:067, =H@0<567 .527:20;:5 809065 <5@2537.

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Duica PotiQ
The School of Higher Professional Education for
Preschool Teachers, Pirot, Serbia

Stevan Rai\koviQ and Folkore: The Notions of the Other World

This work investigates Ra\koviQs relation with folkore, general fund of
pictures and meanings, starting from T. S. Elliot's concept of tradition as chosen G37.2087 principel to wich individual talent is consciously submited to,
but in the same time impact its order. Rai\koviQ's approach to the notions of
the other world depends on relations of analogy and transformation, subordinating tham to the writer's authentic expresion and authentic model of the
world. Rai\koviQs work is dominate so folklore effects occasionally as periodical motif, which keeps its meaning and shapes one semantic dimension of
the literary work, as well as in some texts it participates in world model.
Key words: opus of Stevan Rai\koviQ, folklore notions of the other world,
Elliot's concept of tradition
Issues in Ethnology and Anthropology, n. s. Vol. 7. Is. 4 (2012)

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Stevan Rai\koviQ et le folklore :

reprsentations de lautre monde
Cet article explore les rapports que Stevan Rai\koviQ entretient avec le folklore, le point de dpart tant ici le concept de la tradition chez Eliot en tant
que principe crateur adopt auquel se soumet le talent individuel tout en transformant lordre dj tabli. Lapproche de Rai\koviQ des reprsentations de
lautre monde est soumise la stratgie de lanalogie et la stratgie de la
transformation : en effet Rai\koviQ assujettit les ides traditionnelles son expression authentique et son modle authentique du monde. Le texte de
Rai\koviQ domine le modle traditionnel si bien que les modles folkloriques
y apparaissent le plus souvent comme des motifs qui, en conservant leur signification originelle, modlent une dimension smantique du nouveau texte, mais y participent galement pour forger le modle du monde.
Mots cls: posie, folklore, luvre de Stevan Rai\koviQ, reprsentations
folkloriques sur lautre monde, la conception eliotienne du rapport de la tradition et du talent individuel
Primljeno / Received: 03. 06. 2012.
PrihvaQeno / Accepted for Publication: 08. 08. 2012.

!"#$"!%#&#'#()* &%#+',-*, ". .. /#0. 7. .1. 4 (2012)