(2) Jewrome

ta

ton

dianusmatik

qro

(R3, +, )

kai

snola

W1 = {(x1, x2, x3) R3 : 2x1 4x2 + 2x3 = 5}

kai

W2 = {(x1, x2, x3) R3 : 3x1 + 2x2 4x3 = 0}.

Ja

meletsoume

enai

poi

ap

ta

dianusmatiko upqwroi

Arqik,

parathrome

ti

parapnw

tou

to

snola

(R3, +, )

mhdenik

stoiqeo

(0, 0, 0)
(R3, +)
W1
2 0 4 0 + 2 0 = 0 6= 5
W1
(R3, +, )
(0, 0, 0) W2
W2 6=
, R
x, y W2
x = (x1, x2, x3) y = (y1, y2, y3)
th

omda

den

upqwro

tou

3x1 + 2x2 4x3 = 0

Pollaplasizonta

kai

thte

pou

den

opte

kai

plon, an

Antjeta,

me

sto

, opte to

afo

enai

ankei

Epi-

me

, tte

3y1 + 2y2 4y3 = 0.

kai

ti

antstoiqa

parapnw

kai

do

isthte

prosjtonta

ti

is-

prokptoun, petai ti

(3x1 + 2x2 4x3) + (3y1 + 2y2 4y3) = 0,

20

opte

3(x1 + y1) + 2(x2 + y2) 4(x3 + y3) = 0

kai

epomnw ,

x + y = (x1 + y1, x2 + y2, x3 + y3) W2,

ra, bsei th Prtash 1, to

tou

(R3, +, )

21

W2

enai upqwro

(M2, +, )
22

(3) 'Estw

qro twn

pragmatik

mhtrn

dianusmatik

me pragmatik stoiqea

kai

"

W1 = {
: , , R},
2 1
"
#
4 3
W2 = {
: , , R}.
0
Ja

meletsoume

enai

upqwroi

Arqik,

"

00
00

poi

tou

parapnw

snola

parathrome

ti

W1

" (M
# 2, +, )
0 0
W2
0 0

tou

Antjeta,

ta

(M2, +, )

den ankei sto

upqwro

ap

to

mhdenik

stoiqeo

W1

den enai

, opte to

, opte

22

W2 6=

, R
# "
#
31
42 32
,
W2 ,
0
2 0

Epiplon, an

"

41
1

kai

tte enai

"

"

41 31
42 32

+
1 0
2 0
"
# "
#
41 31
42 32
=
+
1 0
2 0
"
#
4(1 + 2) 3(1 + 2)
=
W2 .
(1 + 2)
0
W2
(M2, +, )

'Ara,

ro

bsei

tou

th

Prtash

23

1,

to

enai

upqw-

Tom dianusmatikn upoqrwn

tom

do

smatiko

V1 , V2

perissterwn

qrou

enai

upoqrwn

upqwro .

enai upqwroi tou

en

Sugkekrimna,

(V, +, )

, tte

V1 V2

(V, +, )
0 V1
0 V2
0 V1 V2
V1 V2 6=
, F
x, y V1 V2
V2
x, y V1
x, y V2
upqwro

An

enai

an

enai

tou

epeid

kai

, opte

Prgmati,

dianu-

kai

upqwroi kai

tte

petai

epeid

kai

ta

ti

V1

, petai

ti

x + y V1
Opte,

kai

x+y V1 V2
V1 V2

sh 1, petai ti

x + y V2.

kai smfwna me thn Prta-

enai upqwro

24

tou

(V, +, )

'Enwsh dianusmatikn upoqrwn

H nwsh do perissterwn upoqrwn en dianu-

smatiko qrou den enai en gnei upqwro .

krimna,

V1 V2
V1 V2

V1 , V2

an

enai

enai

upqwro

V2 V1
V1 V2

upqwroi

tou

tou

(V, +, )

Sugke-

(V, +, )

an

kai

tte

mno

an

(V, +, )
V1 * V2
V2 V1
x V2
V1 * V2
y V1
y
/ V2
x, y V1V2
x+y V1V2
x + y V1 x + y V2
x + y V2
x V2
x V2
y = x+(x+y)
V2
x+y
/ V2
x + y V1
y V1
y V1
x = (x + y) + (y) V1
V2 V1
Prgmati, an

ja

apodeiqje

Epeid

ja

uprqei

(afo

to

ti

kai

'Estw,

me

, petai ti

Epeid

enai upqwro tou

opoo

enai

An

, opte

, tte epeid

), petai ti

topo.

'Ara,

kai epeid

(afo

ti

25

'Ara,

opte

), petai

'Ajroisma

To

jroisma

dianusmatikn upoqrwn

do

perissterwn

upoqrwn

dianusmatiko qrou enai upqwro .

an

V1 , V2

enai upqwroi tou

en

Sugkekrimna,

(V, +, )

, tte to snolo

V1 + V2 = {x1 + x2 : x1 V1, x2 V2}

onomzetai

jroisma

twn upoqrwn

V1 V2
,

kai enai

(V, +, )
0 V1
0 V2
0 = 0 + 0 V1 + V2
V1 + V2 6=
, F
x, y V1 + V2
x = x1 + x2
y = y1 + y2
x 1 , y 1 V1
x 2 , y 2 V2
V1 , V2
upqwro

tou

Prgmati,

kai

epeid

opte

kai

an

kai

pou

Epeid oi

enai

x1 + y1 V1
Tte

petai

Epiplon,

tte

kai

upqwroi, petai

kai

ti

ti

x2 + y2 V2.

mw , epeid

x + y = (x1 + x2) + (y1 + y2)

=(x1 + y1) + (x2 + y2) V1 + V2
kai

smfwna

enai

me

thn

Prtash

upqwro .

26

1,

petai

ti

V1 + V2

V1 V2 V1 + V2
x V1
x = x+0 V1 +V2
V1 V1 + V2
V2 V1 + V2
V1 V2 V1 + V2
Shmeinoume

epeid gia kje

petai

ti

ti

Prgmati,

isqei ti

Omow

, opte telik

27

apodeiknetai

ti

Grammik sunduasm

(V, +, )
(F, +, )

'Estw

to

dianusmatik qro

ep tou

sma-

kai

x1, x2, . . . , xn V.
Tte, kje stoiqeo

xV

pou mpore na grafe sth

morf

x = 1 x 1 + 2 x 2 + + n x n ,
1 , 1 , . . . , n F
sunduasm
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn
1 , 2 , . . . , n

pou

twn

Oi

tou

grammiko

grammik

onomzontai

telest

st

onomzetai

sunduasmo.

grammik sunduasm

enai

28

suntele-

Profan ,

stoiqeo

tou

kje

Pardeigma:

'Estw

(R3, +, )
(10, 5, 5) R3

qro

Na

pragmatik

exetasje

an

to

dianusmatik

dinusma

x=

enai grammik sunduasm twn dia-

nusmtwn

x1 = (3, 1, 2),

x2 = (1, 0, 4),

Ja exetsoume an uprqoun

1 x 1 + 2 x 2 + 3 x 3

x3 = (1, 1, 1).

1 , 2 , 3 R

, me

x=

Enai

x = 1 x 1 + 2 x 2 + 3 x 3
(10, 5, 5)=1(3, 1, 2) + 2(1, 0, 4) + 3(1, 1, 1)
(10,5, 5)=(31,1, 21)+(2, 0, 42)+(3, 3, 3)
(10, 5, 5)=(31 +2 3, 1 +3, 21 +42 +3)

31 + 2 3 = 10

1 + 3 = 5

21 + 42 + 3 = 5

Epilonta

to

1 = 2 2 = 1
,

kai

epomnw

x1 , x2 , x3

parapnw

3 = 3
x

kai

to

enai

ssthma,

, opte

29

ti

x = 2x1 +x2 3x3

grammik

prokptei

sunduasm

twn

Grammik jkh sunlou

(V, +, )
(F, +, )

'Estw

to

dianusmatik qro

S = {x1, x2, . . . , xn}

V
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn
S
grammik jkh
jkh
< S > < x1 , x2 , . . . , xn >
kai

stw

perasmno

uposnolo

grammikn

sunduasmn

tai

ep tou

tou

To

snolo

) tou

me

na

lwn

pe-

twn

onomze-

twn

( apl

bolzetai

sma-

kai sum-

, dhlad

< x1 , x2 , . . . , xn >
={1x1 + 2x2 + + nxn : 1, 1, . . . , n F }.
U =< x1, x2, . . . , xn >
U pargetai genntai
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn
S
An

, tte lgetai ti to s-

nolo

( ap to snolo

namh

to

kfrash

snolo

enai

ti

ta

30

).

diansmata

Mia llh isod-

diansmata

pargoun

ap ta

x1 , x2 , . . . , xn

gennon

to

snolo

To

< x1 , x2 , . . . , xn >
, F

snolo

(V, +, )

afo gia

enai

upqwro

tou

kai

x = 1 x 1 + 2 x 2 + + n x n ,
y = 1 x1 + 2 x2 + + n xn ,
to stoiqeo

x + y = (1 + 1)x1+(2 + 2)x2+
+(n + n)xn
ankei

sto

Epiplon

< x1 , x2 , . . . , xn >
xi < x1, x2, . . . , xn >
.

, gia kje

i [n]

afo

xi = 0x1 + + 0xi1 + 1xi + 0xi+1 + + 0xn.

Tlo ,

gia

fo

W
i [n]

an

kje

kje

(V, +, )
xi W
< x1, x2, . . . , xn > W

upqwro

tte

grammik

dianusmatiko

qrou

tou

me

sunduasm

(tou

ap

enai

stoiqea

a-

en

stoiqeo tou.

Ap ta prohgomena prokptei h epmenh prtash.

Protash

. H grammik jkh

< x1 , x2 , . . . , xn >

enai o mikrtero dianusmatik qro pou periqei

ta

x1 , x2 , . . . , xn .
31

Paratrhsh:

Ap thn prohgomenh prtash pro-

kptei ti an ta diansmata

y1 , y2 , . . . , yn
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn

enai gram-

miko sunduasmo twn dianusmtwn

te

isqei

, t-

ti

< x1, x2, . . . , xn, y1, y2, . . . , yn >=< x1, x2, . . . , xn > .
Pardeigma:

(Rn, +, )

Ston pragmatik dianusmatik qro

an

i [n],

ei = (0, 0, . . . , 0, 1, 0, . . . , 0),
x Rn
e1 , e2 , . . . , en
tte

kje

enai

afo, an

grammik

sunduasm

x = (x1, x2, . . . , xn)

twn

tte

x = x1(1, 0, 0, . . . , 0) + x2(0, 1, 0, . . . , 0)+

+ xn(0, . . . , 0, 1)
= x 1 e1 + x 2 e2 + + x n en .
'Ara,

ap

isqei

ti

Rn =< e1, e2, . . . , en >

thn prohgomenh

Exllou,

paratrhsh, prokptei ti

Rn =< e1, e2, . . . , en >=< e1 + e2, e1, e2, . . . , en >

=< e1 + e2, e2, . . . , en >,
dhlad

gia

nan

dianusmatik

qro

mpore

na

upr-

qoun perisstera ap na snola, me to dio pljo

stoiqewn, pou

ton

pargoun.

32

Grammik anexarthsa

(V, +, )
(F, +, )

'Estw

to

dianusmatik qro

Ta diansmata

grammik exarthmna

ep tou

sma-

x1 , x2 , . . . , xn V
tan

enai

uprqoun

1, 2, . . . , n F,
qi

la

sa

me

to

mhdenik

stoiqeo

tou

ttoia

ste

1x1 + 2x2 + + nxn = 0.

An ta

x1 , x2 , . . . , xn

tte enai

den enai grammik exarthmna,

grammik anexrthta.

Isodnama,

ta

x1 , x2 , . . . , xn

enai

xrthta an kai mno an, gia kje

grammik

ane-

1 , 2 , . . . , n F

isqei

1x1 +2x2 + +nxn = 0 1 = 2 = = n = 0.

33

Paradegmata:

(1) Ta

diansmata

ei = (0, 0, . . . , 0, 1, 0, . . . , 0),
i

tou dianusmatiko qrou

i [n],

(Rn, +, )
1 , 2 , . . . , n

enai grammi-

k anexrthta, afo, gia kje

, enai

1 e1 + 2 e2 + + n en = 0
1(1, 0, 0, . . . , 0) + 2(0, 1, 0, . . . , 0)+
+ n(0, . . . , 0, 1) = (0, 0, . . . , 0)
(1, 0, 0, . . . , 0) + (0, 2, 0, . . . , 0)+
+ (0, . . . , 0, n) = (0, 0, . . . , 0)
(1, 2, . . . , n) = (0, 0, . . . , 0)
1 = 2 = = n = 0.

34

(2) Ta

diansmata

x1 = (2, 1, 0),

x2 = (1, 3, 1),

tou dianusmatiko qrou

anexrthta,

isqei

afo

x3 = (1, 0, 2)

(R3, +, )
1 , 2 , 3 R

gia

enai grammi-

kje

ti

1 x 1 + 2 x 2 + 3 x 3 = 0
1(2, 1, 0) + 2(1, 3, 1) + 3(1, 0, 2) = (0, 0, 0)
(21, 1, 0)+(2, 32, 2)+(3, 0, 23) = (0, 0, 0)

21 + 2 3 = 0

1 + 32 = 0

2 + 23 = 0

1 = 2 = 3 = 0.

35