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51
Cementing 1
52
Cementing 1
Introduction
Primary cementing is the cementing operation
performed immediately after the casing has been
run downhole. The materials, tools, equipment,
and techniques to be used vary depending on the
hole conditions, depth of the well, and the
people planning the job. Successful primary
cementing presents a constant challenge and
requires up-to-date knowledge and technology.
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this section, you should be
familiar with:
Topic Area
The units in this section are:
A. Capacity Calculations
B. Annular Volume Calculations
Sample Problem
What is the capacity, in gallons, of 1000 ft of 27/8 in., 10.4 lb/ft internal upset drill pipe? Use
53
Cementing 1
Solution
Find the appropriate capacity factor (in gal/ft) in
Figure 5.1. Then multiply by the length of the
drill pipe.
Figure 5.1
Sample Problem
Fill-Up Calculations
Solution:
Fill-up Factor = 152.05 ft/bbl
54
Cementing 1
Sample Problem
Displacement
Solution:
3 in. = 0.25 ft
Displacement =
0.7854 0.25 ft 0.25 ft 1000 ft =
49.09 ft3
Conversion factor =
(located in section 240, page 85)
0.1781 bbl/ft3
Displacement =
49.09 ft3 0.1781 bbl/ft3 =
8.74 bbl
Bull-Plugged Pipe
Open-Ended Pipe
3 in.
1.5 in.
3 in.
1.5 in.
Dry
1,000 ft
Bottom
BullPlugged
Outside View
Dry
1,000 ft
Sectional View
Figure 5.2
Bottom Open
Outside View
Sectional View
Figure 5.3
55
Cementing 1
Sample Problem
Displacement =
0.0368 ft2 1000 ft = 36.8 ft3
Solution:
OD = 3 in. = 0.25 ft
56
Cementing 1
Unit A Test:
For items 1 and 2, fill in the blanks. For items 3 to 5, use your Red Book as a reference and find the
solutions to check your progress in Unit A.
1. The volume that a certain length of pipe will hold is known as the pipe's ______________________.
2. ____________________________is defined as the volume of fluid displaced by an object when it is
placed in that fluid.
3. What is the capacity, in barrels, of 10,000 ft of 7 in., 23.0 lb/ft casing?
4. The casing ID is callipered on location with an average ID measured of 6.50. What is the
recalculated capacity, in barrels, of 10,000 ft of 7 in., 23.0 lb/ft casing?
5. How many feet of 4-1/2 in., 16.6 lb/ft internal upset drill pipe will 25 barrels of oil fill?
Now, check your answers against the Answer Key at the back of this section.
57
Cementing 1
Figure 5.6
Figure 5.5
58
Cementing 1
Figure 5.7
Sample Problem
Sample Problem
Solution:
Solution:
Sample Problem
Solution:
Annular Volume Factor = 0.0479 bbl/ft
59
Cementing 1
Solution:
Sample Problem
Find the annular volume, in barrels, between 23/8 in., 4.7 lb/ft tubing and a 6-1/8 in. hole. Use
Section 210 of the Red Book.
5 10
Cementing 1
Unit B Test
Calculate the answers for the following:
1. What is the annular volume, in gallons, between 5000 ft of 9-5/8 in., 53.50 lb/ft casing and 12-1/4 in.
hole? Use the Red Book to find the appropriate factor.
2. What is the annular volume in cubic feet, for 7675 ft of 2-7/8 in., 6.5 lb/ft tubing inside 7 in., 26 lb/ft
casing? Use the Red Book to find the appropriate factor.
Now, look up the suggested answers in the Answer Key at the back of this section.
5 11
Cementing 1
Density in
lb/ft3
Solids
Gold
Mercury
Lead
Iron
Aluminum
Wood
Ice
Density in
g/cc
1206.2
846.0
712.5
485.0
165.6
50.0
56.9
19.3
13.5
11.4
7.7
2.6
0.8
0.9
125.0
64.3
62.5
50.0
46.8
2.00
1.03
1.00
0.80
0.75
Liquids
Sulfuric Acid
Sea Water
Fresh Water
Kerosene
Gasoline
Gases
Density
Air 0.075
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrogen
0.0075
0.084
0.0737
0.0734
0.0053
0.0012
0.00134
0.00118
0.00117
0.000085
1.00
1.120
0.983
0.979
2.004
5 12
Cementing 1
Specific Gravity
Specific gravity (abbreviated Sp Gr) is the
weight of a volume of material divided by the
weight of the same volume of material taken as a
standard. For solids and liquids, the standard is
water; for gases, the standard is air. Another
definition of specific gravity is the ratio of the
density of a substance to the density of water or
air. The density of water is 8.33 lb/gal. It is a
simple matter to convert density to specific
gravity (or vice versa).
Sample Problem
141.5
- 131.5
Sp Gr
141.5
API 131.5
density of substance
Sp Gr =
density of standard
Sp Gr =
10 lb/gal
8.33 lb/gal
Sp Gr = 1.2
Absolute Volume
API Gravity
Baumes gravity is a scale that uses salt water as
a reference rather than fresh water. It is used in
refineries to determine the gravity of acids and
alkalis only.
API gravity is used in most other instances in the
oil field. Water is used as the standard. Water's
API gravity is 10 degrees.
As the specific gravity increases, the API gravity
decreases. Crude oil with a 42 API gravity has
an actual specific gravity of 0.82. American
crude is commonly run from 0.768 to 0.966
specific gravity, which would range from 52.6
to 10.5 on the API gravity scale.
5 13
Cementing 1
1 ft
1 ft
1 ft
1 ft
1 ft
5 14
Cementing 1
Sample Problem
What is the absolute volume (gallons) and
weight (lb per gallon) of this slurry?
Solution
ABSOLUTE
Sample Problem
MATERIAL
FACTOR
MATERIALS
(lb)
(gal/lb)
Water
8.33
0.1200
0.2499
0.0443
= 0.0110705
Sand
4.0
0.0456
3% KC1
TOTALS
(gallons)
1.0
0.1824
1.1934705 gal
Solution
We will use the chart below to help in our
calculation of absolute volume. First, list the
materials and their weights in the first two
columns. Then, using the Red Book table, list the
absolute volume factors (gal/lb) in the third
column.
FACTOR
VOLUME
MATERIALS
(lb)
(gal/lb)
(gallons)
Water
8.33
0.1200
Sand
0.0456
MATERIALS
(lb)
(gal/lb)
(gallons)
Water
8.33
0.1200
1.0
Sand
4.0
0.0456
0.1824
12.33 lb
Class H Cement
Water @ 8.33 lb/gal
Solution
For this cementing problem, we will add a
column to the chart for mixing water
requirements. Proceed as in the last two sample
problems until you need to fill in the mixing
water requirements for the Class H cement. This
quantity you can find in the Technical Data
section of the Red Book in the table for Water
Requirements. For Class H cement, the
requirements are 4.3 gal/sk. Enter this under the
appropriate column:
ABSOLUTE
FACTOR
TOTALS
MATERIAL
Sample Problem
ABSOLUTE
MATERIAL
TOTALS
12.579 lb
VOLUME
1.1824 gal
5 15
Cementing 1
ABSOLUTE
MIXING
(lb)
Cement
94
Water
(gal/lb)
0.0382
ABSOLUTE
WATER
(gallons)
(gallons)
3.6
4.3
8.33
Water
TOTALS
MIXING
TOTALS
(lb)
(gal/lb)
(gallons)
4.3
94
0.0382
3.6
35.82
8.33
4.3
129.82 lb
WATER
(gallons)
7.9 gal
5 16
Cementing 1
Unit C Quiz:
For items 1 3, fill in the blanks. For items 4 and 5, calculate the answer.
1. In dealing with specific gravity, the weight of a volume of a material is ________________________
by the weight of the same volume of a material taken as a_______.
2. Absolute density considers only the___________ ____________ occupied by the material.
3. Volume per unit mass defines ______________ _______________.
4. Calculate the weight (lb/gal) of the following slurry:
base fluid is 10 lb/gal brine
sand at 10 lb/gal (0.0456 gal/lb)
5. Using Class H cement (94 lb/sk) and 4.3 gallons mixing water, what is the cement slurry density (lb/
gal) and yield (ft3/sk)?
Now, look up the suggested answers in the Answer Key at the back of this section.
5 17
Cementing 1
F
A
Well Parameters
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
B
5
Pipe Size
Well Fluid
Hole Size
Pipe Depth
Shoe Track Length
Required Cement fill-up
Excess volume required (percent)
Calculation Guidelines
Do not apply any decimal places for pressure or sacks
5 18
Cementing 1
Material
(lb)
Water
Absolute
Volume
(gal)
Factor
(gal/lb)
Mixing Water
Requirements
(gal)
lb/gal
gal
TOTALS ==>
gal
Total mixing water must be entered under absolute gallons before totaling.
Find the weight of the mixed cement by using this formula:
Total Pounds/Total Absolute gallons = lb/gal
Find the cement yield in cubic feet per sack by using this formula:
Total Absolute gallons / 7.4805 gal/ft3 (constant) = ft3/sack
The mixing water per sack is the sum of the gallons in the far right column
lb/gal
ft3/sk
gal/sk
5 19
Cementing 1
Well Parameters
Pipe Size
9 5/8 in 36 lb/ft
Well Fluid
8.7 lb/gal
Hole Size
12.25 in
Pipe Depth
300 ft
40 ft
To surface
100%
5 20
Cementing 1
Figure 5.13
5 21
Cementing 1
5 22
Cementing 1
Material
(lb)
Class G
Cement
2% Calcium
Chloride
.25lb Flocele
Water
Totals
Factor
(gal/lb)
94
Absolute Mixing
Volume Water
(gal) Required
(gal)
0.0382 =
3.5908 5.00
1.88
0.0612 =
0.11506
0.25
0.845 =
=
0.02113
41.65
8.33 =
5.00
137.78
8.7270
5.00
The mixing water per sack is the sum of the gallons in the far
right column
Cement Density
137.78
8.7270 =
15.8
lb/gal
Cement Yield
8.7270
7.4805 =
1.17
ft /sk
5.00
gal/sk
Mixing Water
Required
5 23
Cementing 1
Figure 5.16
5 24
Cementing 1
Figure 5.17
3 Sacks of Cement
1. Now that you know the cubic feet needed
(Step 11), you use the yield (Step 8) to
calculate the number of sacks needed:
5 25
Cementing 1
Figure 5.18
When all of the cement has been mixed, the top
plug will be pumped down to a depth of 260 ft.
The number of barrels needed to do this is the
same as the capacity of the casing to the float
collar.
5 26
Cementing 1
Figure 5.19
5 27
Cementing 1
Hydrostatic Outside
Cement
300 ft 0.8208 psi/ft
Total: 300 ft
246 psi
246 psi
Hydrostatic Inside
Cement
40 ft 0.8208 psi/ft
Well Fluid
260 ft 0.4519 psi/ft
Total 300 ft
33 psi
117 psi
150 psi
5 28
Cementing 1
5 29
Cementing 1
Well Parameters
13 3/8-in. Casing
17 1/2-in. Hole
Pipe Size
Well Fluid
8.5 lb/gal
Hole Size
17.5 in.
Pipe Depth
2400 ft
80 ft
400 ft
2000 ft
120%
Area Of Pipe
2
13.375 in 13.375 in 0.7854 = 140.50 in.
(Section 240 Page 85)
2,000 ft
Hook Load
2,400 ft 68 lb/ft 0.8701 = 142,000.32/lbs
(Section 130 Table 132 Buoyancy Factor)
Pressure to lift (pump) pipe out of the hole
2
142,000.32 lb 140.50 in. = 1010 psi
2,320 ft
2
Lead
Tail
Displacement
2,400 ft
Figure 5.20
Cement Volume
Given
Sl. Wt 13.6 lb/gal
3
Sl. Vol. 1.55 ft /sk
Water 7.62 gal/sk
Given
Sl Wt 16.4 lb/gal
3
Sl. Vol 1.07 ft /sk
Water 4.3 gal/sk
Tail
3
400 ft (openhole) 0.6946 ft /ft
277.84 ft
=
=
611.25 ft
3
67.25 ft
3
678.50 ft (tail)
Lead
3
2000 ft (openhole) 0.6946 ft /ft
1389.20 ft
3056.24 ft (lead)
5 30
Cementing 1
Material
Name
Material
(lb)
65% Class H
Cement
35% Poz
6% Bentonite
2% Calcium
Chloride
.25lb Flocele
Water
Totals
Factor
(gal/lb)
61.1
Absolute Mixing
Volume Water
(gal) Required
(gal)
0.0382 = 2.33402
2.75
25.9
5.22
1.74
0.0488 =
0.0453 =
0.0612 =
1.26392
0.23647
0.10649
1.27
3.60
0.00
0.25
0.0845
0.02113
0.00
63.47 =
8.33
157.68
7.62
Material
Name
Material
(lb)
Class H
Cement
1% Calcium
Chloride
.25lb Flocele
Water
11.5820
7.62
Factor
(gal/lb)
94
Absolute Mixing
Volume Water
(gal) Required
(gal)
0.0382 =
3.5908
4.30
0.94
0.0612 =
0.05753
0.25
0.0845 =
=
0.02113
35.819 =
8.33
4.30
Totals 131.009
7.9695
4.30
Cement Density
Cement Density
Cement Yield
Mixing Water
Required
157.68
11.5820 =
13.6
lb/gal
11.5820
7.4805 =
1.55
ft /sk
Cement Yield
7.62
gal/sk
Mixing Water
Required
5 31
131.009
7.9695 =
16.4
lb/gal
7.9695
7.4805 =
1.07
ft /sk
4.3
gal/sk
Cementing 1
Sacks of Cement
Resulting Force
Force Down
Tail
3
3
678.50 ft 1.07 ft /sk
634 sk
Lead
3
3
3056.24 ft 1.55 ft /sk
1972 sk
Tail
634 sk 4.3 gal/sk
Lead
1972 sk 7.62 gal/sk
=
=
=
=
137266.98 lb
4,076.74 lb
141343.72 lb
Force Up
140.50 in 661 psi
=
=
Hook Load
92870.50 lb
141343.72 lb
92870.50 lb
48473.22 lb Downward Force
When Plug Lands
Hydrostatic Outside
Tail
400 ft 0.8519 psi/ft
Lead
2000 ft 0.7065 psi/ft
341 psi
1413 psi
Total: 2400 ft
1754 psi
Hydrostatic Inside
Tail
80 ft 0.8519 psi/ft
Well Fluid
2320 ft 0.4416 psi/ft
Total 2400 ft
68 psi
1025 psi
1093 psi
5 32
Cementing 1
Well Parameters
Well fluid
Spacer
Cement
Pipe Size
7 in. 32 lb/ft
Well Fluid
10.4 lb WBM
Hole Size
8 in.
Pipe Depth
9700 ft
80 ft
500 ft
25%
GIVEN:
Cement through casing as follows
30 bbl spacer @ 11.4 lb/gal
TOS (top
of spacer)
Followed by:
Premium Class G Cement containing 0.5% CFR-3 + 0.1%
HR-5. Displace plug with 10.4 lb/gal WBM.
TOC (top
of cement)
9,200 ft
9,620 ft
9,700 ft
5 33
Cementing 1
Material
(lb)
94
X
Factor
(gal/lb)
0.0382
Absolute
Volume
(gal)
3.5908
Mixing Water
Requirements
(gal)
5.00
0.47
0.0938
0.04409
0.094
0.0750
0.00705
Water
41.65 =
TOTALS ==>
8.33
136.214
5.00
gal
8.6419
5.00 gal
Total mixing water must be entered under absolute gallons before totaling.
Find the weight of the mixed cement by using this formula:
Total Pounds/Total Absolute gallons = pounds/gallons
Find the cement yield in cubic feet per sack by using this formula:
Total Absolute gallons / 7.4805 gal/ ft3 (constant) = ft3./sack
The mixing water per sack is the sum of the gallons in the far right column
136.214 /
8.6419 =
15.8
lb/gal
8.6419 /
7.4805 =
1.16
ft3/sk
5.00
gal/sk
5 34
Cementing 1
Cement Volume
3
95 sks
=
=
475 gal
11.31 bbl
95 sk 5 gal/sk
475 gal 42 gal/bbl
75.15 ft
3
18.79 ft
3
16.2 ft
3
110.14 ft
Sacks of Cement
=
=
=
347.76 bbl
=
=
75.15 ft (From 1)
3
18.79 ft
3
93.94 ft
3
6.652 ft/ft
624.89 ft cement
1120.45 ft spacer
Height Of Spacer
Height Of Mud
9700 ft - 624.89 ft - 1120.45 ft
7954.66 ft
Hydrostatic Outside
Cement: 624.89 ft 0.8208 psi/ft
Spacer: 1120.45 ft 0.5922 psi/ft
WBM: 7954.66 ft 0.5403 psi/ft
=
=
=
Total: 9700 ft
513 psi
664 psi
4298 psi
5475 psi
Hydrostatic Inside
Cement (in shoe): 40 ft 0.8208 psi/ft
WBM:
9660 ft 0.5403 psi/ft
=
=
Total: 9700 ft
Differential Pressure (at top of shoe)
5475 psi - 5252 psi
33 psi
5219 psi
5252 psi
223 psi
5 35
Cementing 1
Unit D Quiz
Fill in the blank with one or more words to check your progress in Unit D.
1. When using the Worksheet for Slurry Weight and Volume Calculations, the first thing you need to
know is what ___________ of cement is being used. Then you can look up the ingredients
______________ and _____________ volume factors.
2. An absolute volume for each material is calculated by multiplying its _____ by its ___________.
3. To obtain the density of the cement mixture, divide the ________________ of the materials by the
________________________________________ of the materials.
4. To find the yield, the total absolute volume in gallons is divided by the constant, ___________ gal/ft.
5. To calculate the total volume of slurry needed for this job, add the slurry needed to fill the
_________________ and the slurry needed to fill the ____________________. Your unit of measure
will be ___________ which needs to be converted to __________.
6. To calculate the number of sacks needed for this job, divide the amount of slurry in _____________
by the _______________________________ in cubic feet per sack.
7. To obtain the total amount of mixing water you will need, multiply the number of ______/sk water by
the number of __________.Then convert to the unit of measurement used in tanks, ___________, by
dividing gallons by _______gal/bbl.
8. You need to calculate the pressure needed to land the plug, since a pressure build up might
indicate_________ and a loss of pressure may mean
______________________________________________.
9. For the pressure to land the plug, you will need to use the ____________
___________________________________ conversion tables in the Calculations and Formulas
section of you handbook. You will look up the _____/ft of the fluids (extrapolating, if necessary),
then multiply these by the depth of the float collar (or the length of the _____________ part of the
hole).
Now, look up the suggested answers in the Answer Key at the back of this section.
5 36
Cementing 1
Refer to
Page
1. capacity
2. Displacement
3. Turn to Section 210 Pages 21
0.0393 bbl/ft 10,000 ft = 393 bbl
4. ID2 3.14159/4/144 = 0.230438cft/ft
0.230438 / 5.6146 cft/bbl = 0.041043 bbl/ft
0.041043 bbl/ft 10,000 ft = 410.43 bbl
5. Turn to Section 210, Table 212B, Page 9
25 bbl 70.32 ft/bbl = 1758 ft
6. OD = 4.5 in. = 0.375 ft
ID = 2.0 in. = 0.167 ft
OD Area = 0.7854 0.375 ft 0.375 ft =
0.1104 ft2
ID Area = 0.7854 0.167 ft 0.167 ft =
0.0219 ft2
Cross-sectional Area =
0.1104 ft2 - 0.0219 ft2 = 0.0885 ft2
Displacement =
0.0885 ft2 2000 ft = 117 ft3
Conversion Factor = 0.1781 bbl/ft3
Displacement =
117 ft3 0.1781 bbl/ft3 = 31.52 bbl
Refer to
Page
Refer to
Page
5 37
Cementing 1
3. Absolute volume
4.
ABSOLUTE
MATERIAL
FACTOR
VOLUME
MATERIALS
(lb)
(gal/lb)
(gal)
Brine Water
10
Sand
10
TOTALS
0.0456
20 lbs
1.0
0.456
1.456 gal
5.
Material
Factor
Volume
(lb)
(gal/lb)
(gal)
NAME
Class H Cement
Water
94 X
35.819 =
TOTALS ==>
0.0382 =
3.5908
8.33 lb/gal
129.819
Mixing Water
Requirements
(gal)
4.30
4.30 gal
7.8908
4.30 gal
129.819 /
7.8908 =
16.5
7.8908 /
7.4805 =
1.05
4.30
Refer to
Page
5 38
Cementing 1
5 39
Cementing 1