G LIGL BUILDING CODES OF RUSSIA Pay I >) ig He 4 Loads And Stresses SNIP 2.01.07-89‘SNIP 2.01.07-89 Loads And Stresses. ‘This publication is a compilation of building codes and regulations of the Russian Federation and may be used for ‘educational and reference purpeses only. Information in this ‘document is subject to change without notice. Each chaper of this publication caries its own numerical index. No part of this index must be considered in any sense ax the official ‘wording or interpretation of the original document. Although very care has boon taken to ensure accumcy of translation, the publisher can not accept responsibility for any crocs oF ‘omissions dhat may occar in the publication. This mati ‘shall be used in conjunction with applicable requirements of the lew, code, ornuces ad eas offer, Sate, ‘municipal and other authorities having je Reise ne. maiz no waranty of my Led Wh ep © this material. 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Printed in U.S.A. & Recycle ! 82010789 HERIGMME suc coves oF RussixContents SNIP CUSTOMER SERVICE AND SALES m ‘A Your Srvc 1 Sonacs fon 1 Caslogs Pama stoare a ‘SUMMARY troduction To SNIP Phonetec Equivalents w w CHAPTER 1 . GENERAL 1 CLASSIFICATION OF LOADS: LOAD COMBINATIONS 3 CHAPTER 2. WEIGHT OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS AND SOILS CHAPTER 2. CHAPTER 3 . LOADS PRODUCED BY EQUIPMENT, PEOPLE, ANIMALS, STORED MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS CHAPTER 3. 6 LOADS PRODUCED BY EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS AND. PRODUCTS STORED 6 UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOADS. 7 CONCENTRATED LOADS AND LOADS ON GUARD- RAILS 10 CHAPTER 4 . LOADS PRODUCED BY BRIDGE AND SUSPENDED CRANES " CHAPTER 4. " CHAPTER 5 . SNOW LOADS 14 CHAPTER 6 . WIND LOADS. 16 CHAPTER 7 . SLEET LOADS WERT sut0ine coves oF Russia CHAPTERT. CHAPTER 8 . CLIMATIC TEMPERATURE EFFECTS 25 CHAPTER 8. 25 CHAPTER 9. OTHER LOADS 29 CHAPTER 10 . DEFLECTIONS AND : DISPLACEMENTS. 30 ULTIMATE VERTICAL DEFLECTIONS OF STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS, 31 ULTIMATE HORIZONTAL DEFLECTIONS OF COLUMNS ‘AND BRAKING DEVICES DUE TO LOADS PRODUCED BY CRANES. 34 ULTIMATE HORIZONTAL DISPLACEMENTS AND DEFLECTIONS OF FRAME BUILDINGS, STRUCTURAL, MEMBERS AND SUPPORTS OF CONVEYER ‘GALLERIES CAUSED BY WIND LOAD, INCLINATION OF FOUNDATION AND CLIMATIC TEMPERATURE EFFECTS 35 ULTIMATE CAMBER OF INTER-STORY FLOOR SLABS CAUSED BY PRELIMINARY COMPRESSION ‘STRESSES a7 APPENDIX 1. CLASSIFICATION OF BRIDGE AND SUSPENDED CRANES BY DIFFERENT OPERATION CONDITIONS 38 APPENDIX 2. LOAD CAUSED BY CRANE HITTING AN END STOP 39 APPENDIX 3. SNOW LOAD DIAGRAMS AND COEFFICIENTS 40 APPENDIX 4, WIND LOAD DIAGRAMS AND AERODYNAMIC COEFFICIENTS C 46 APPENDIX 5. CLIMATIC ZONING MAPS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION 55 APPENDIX 6. DETERMINATION OF DEFLECTIONS AND DISPLACEMENTS 56 APPENDIX 7. CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES BY DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE 58 $2010789- |KEY WORDS 59 LIST OF REFERENCE DOCUMENTS FOUND IN TEXT 61 CONVERSION TABLES Graphic Sales St Preis ‘51 nts, Dedvod Unit and Symbols Unt Conversion Factors Sl Unis Length 'S1Unks Area g 8 ' aaeere $2010789- I ‘BUILDING coves oF RUSSIA INIESITESNIP Customer Service And Sales At Your Service SNIP provides you with the easiest access to the wealth of information about architectural design, engineering, construction, development, Property management and ‘general business practice in the Russian Federation, Customer's satisfaction is our primary goal. While consistently improving the quality of our products and services, we ty to keep our prices low. We use every ‘opportunity to. minimize operational cost and pass the savings on to you. 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Large volume and international shipment charges vary, Allow 7 to 10 business days for regular delivery or 3-5 days for priority 2010789 - IllSummary ‘The present standards cover design of structural components and-bases of butfdings and structures and establish principal provisions and rules for determining and taking into account dead and live loads and stresses (effects) as well as their combinations. Loads and forces different from conventional ones applied to structural components and bases are allowed to be determined in accordance with special technical specifications. * ‘When performing reconstruction, design load values shall be determined based on the results of examination of existing components. Atmospheric loads shall be assumed based on data provided by federal meteorological surveillance authorities. Further on in the text, where possible, the term "load" is used as a substitute forthe term "stress (effect)". ‘The word "structures" is used for "buildings and structures". Due 10 the lengih of alphabetically indexed lists in some Sub-Sections alphabetical indexing (except where Latin symbols are used inthe original txt) was replaced by numerical in all Sections for consistency. - Editor. Introduction To SNIP Phonetic Equivalents SNIP is a system of building codes and regulations ofthe Russian Federation. We ar pleased to present you with this publication as pat of the large collection of documents conducting professional practice in Rusia. Designed to protect public health, safety and welfwe, Russian building codes employ diffeeot organizational seuctue in ‘comparison to the structure used inthe codes of the U.S. and other eveloped counties. ; g Engich J Russian | English ‘Being part of the complex system of uniform federal standards, building codes of Russia are organized in five pats: Adminisration sand Economy of Construction; Design Standards: Construction Management, Execution and Quality Control; Estimate Standards; Standards for Expenditure of Labor and Material Resources, Each ‘pat contains separate documents developed by practices and regulatory ageacies and approved by the federal authorities. Mort of the regulating documents in construction are statutes enforced by federal agencies and organizations. Al! documents are organized in subject groups. Each publication carries Index assigned by the Code Clasiicator (eg SNIP 201.02-85), where frst dit indicates Pat No next two digits stand for Group No. third two digits show Document No. in f {he Group; and last two digits, separated by hyphen, indlate year of the initial approval of the document by the federal authorities Documents cross-reference among Groups, Parts and. different standards, ist of referenced publications can be found inthe end of each document ‘SNIP is dedicated to helping archimets, engineers, contruction profesionals, developers and facility managers beter serve the ‘world by providing them access tothe essen information they need wsuccessfilly perform their work in Russia. + op |afe|4]o}a]v lo }z fz |e |x |~|n [i |mlo}of<|o|> THEEFEEFEEEEPERPEEEEP REE EEE fm Jo foo for Le Ye fc fe |x Jo fue Lo Jor fro faa Jo fox fax fs ox fos feo fae fm for Jo om Jor I> Im Je fo fe fe fe fe fe Im fo he Jo Jo fo fa Jo |x fe fu [x |x fu fx fo be | [a fo fo —t | I $2010789- IV BUILDING coves OF RUSSIA ETTEMSNIP2.01.07-89 LOADS AND STRESSES Chapter 1. GENERAL Section 1.1. Design shall consider loads appliéd'to building Structures and their components in the. process of erection, use, manufacture, storage and transportation of building structures and their components, ae Section 1.2. Principal characteristics of loads established in the present regulations shall be their specified (required) values. A certain type of load is typically characterized by only one specified value. For loads produced by people, animals, equipment on floors of residential, public and agricultural buildings, bridge and overhead cranes, snow, temperature and other climatic factors, two specified values shall be used: full and reduced. . Reduced value shall be introduced into calculations when the load duration shall be taken into account, in endurance tests and in other cases specified in design regulations for ‘components and bases. Section 1.3. A design value of load shall be determined as a product ofits specified value and reliability coefficient by load 3 corresponding to the limit state to be considered and being assumed as follows: 1. imaccordance with Sections 2.2, 3.4, 3.7, 3.11, 4.8, 5.7, 6.11, 73 and 8.7 for strength and stability analysis; 2. equal to 1 for endurance analysis; 3. equal to 1 unless other values are specified in design regulations for components and ‘bases for strain analyses; 4. according to design regulations for components and bases for limit state analyses other than noted above, ‘When statistical data are available load design values are allowed to be determined directly by the assigned probability of their excess. In the analysis of components and bases for conditions of erecting buildings end structures the design values of snow, wind, sleet loads and climatic temperature effects shall be reduced by 20%. ‘When itis necessary to perform a strength and stabili collision of vehicles with parts of structures the relia taken into account shall be assumed equal to 1. Notes: For loads with two specified values the respective design values shall be determined with the same reliability coetficient by oad (forthe int state under consideration). analysis under fire, explosion, indices by load for all loads CLASSIFICATION OF LOADS Section 1.4. Depending on load duration one shall differentiate dead and live (sustained, instantaneous, special loads. Section 1.5. Loads appearing during manufacture, storage and transportation of components 2s well as erection of structures shall be considered in design as instantaneous loads. Loads WEIR suns coves oF Russia $2010789-1[SNIP 2.01.07-89 Section 1.6. Section 1.7. Section 1.8. $2010789-2 LOADS AND STRESSES appearing at the structural service stage shall be considered in conformity with Sections.6 - 1.9. Dead loads shall include: 1. the weight of building parts including the weight of load-bearing and enclosing building components; 2. the weight and pressure of soils (embankment, back fils; rock pressure. Forces produced by pre-stress retained in a component or a-base shall be considered in analyses as forces initiated By dead loads. Sustained loads shall include: 1, the weight of temporary partitions, grouted and cast-in concrete footings for equipment; 2, the weight of stationary equipment: machine-tools; mechanisms; motors; tanks; pipelines with valves, supporting parts and insulation; belt and other conveyors: fixed hoist motors with their cables and guides as well as the weight of liquids and solids filling the equipment; 3. pressure of gases, liquids and loose solids in tanks and pipelines; excessive air ‘Pressure and rarefaction appearing under shaft ventilation; 4. loads on floors produced by stored and rack equipment in storage spaces, teftigerated rooms; grain storehouses; book repositories, archives and similar spaces, 5. process temperature effects produced by stationary equipment; the weight of a water on water-filled flat roofs; the weight of industrial dust deposits unless its accumulation is ruled out by appropriate procedures; 8. loads produced by people, animals, equipment on roofs of residential, public and agricultural buildings with reduced specified values presented in Table 3; 9. vertical loads produced by bridge and suspended cranes with a reduced specified value calculated by multiplying ofa full specified value ofthe vertical load produced by one crane (see Section 4.2) in each bay of a building by a coefficient: 0.5 for 4K-6K crane operation condition groups; 0.6 for 7K crane operation condition group; 0.7 for 8K crane operation condition group. Crane operation condition groups shall be assumed according to GOST 25546-82; 10, snow loads with a reduced specified value calculated by multiplying of a full specified value in conformity with instructions of Section 5.1 by coefficient: 0.3, for region IIL; 0.5 for region IV; 0.6 for regions V and VI; 11. climatic temperature effects with reduced specified values calculated in conformity with instructions of Sections 8.2 - 8.6, provided that 6, = @: = 6) = =0with A= Avn= 0; 12, stresses caused by strains in bases but not accompanied by a radical change of the soil structure as well as thawing of permanently frozen soils; 13, stresses caused by changes in the moisture content, shrinkage and creep of materials Instantaneous loads shall include: BULDING coves oF RUSSIA KETSNIP 2.01.07-89 LOADS AND STRESSES 1. loads produced by equipment appearing in a start-stop, transitional and testing state as well as under its rearrangement or replacement, 2, the weight of people, repair materials in equipment service and maintenance zones; 3. loads produced by people, animals, equipment on floors of residential, public and agricultural buildings with full specified values, except loads indicated in Sections LTA, 1.7.2,1.73,1745 - 4. loads produced by mobile lifting and handling equipment (forklifts, battery- powered trucks, loading cranes, telphers as well as produced by bridge and suspended cranes with full specified values); | 5. snow loads with full specified values; 5 6. climatic temperature effects with full specified value; 7. wind loads; 8, sleet Ioads. Section 1.9. Special loads shall include: 1, stresses caused by seismic; 2, stresses caused by explosion; 3. loads caused by abrupt violations of a production process; temporary malfunction or failure of equipment; 4, stresses caused by strains of the base accompanied by radical changes in the soil structure (under wetting of subsiding soils) or its settlement in mining and karst areas. LOAD COMBINATIONS Section 1.10. The first and second group limit state design of components and bases shall be performed with account of the most unfavorable combinations of loads or respective forces. These combinations are established from the analysis of actual options of simultaneous action of various loads for the considered stage of component or base behavior with account of probable appearance of various live load application conditions or when some of the loads are absent. Section 1.11. Depending on the considered composition of loads one shall differentiate: 1, main combinations of loads consisting of dead, sustained and instantaneous 2. special combinations of loads consisting of dead, sustained, instantaneous and one of the special loads. Live loads with two specified values shall be incorporated into combinations as sustained ones - with account of the reduced specified value, as instantaneous ones ~ with account of the full specified value. In special combinations of toads incorporating explosions impacts or loads caused by collision of vehicles with parts of structures it is allowed to consider instantaneous loads mentioned in Section 1. Section 1.12, When taking into account combinations including dead and not less than two live loads the design values of live loads or respective forces shall be multiplied by coefficients of combinations equal to: KESIIEEE suo coves oF nussia 2010789 -3SNIP 2.01.07-89 LOADS AND STRESSES. ‘* in main combinations for sustained loads 'Y% = 0.95; for instantaneous ones y= .95; for instantaneous ones 5 = 0.8, except the cases specified in design regulations for structures in seismic areas and in other design regulations for components and bases. A special load shall be ‘assumed without reduction, In account of main combinations including dead loads &nd one live load (sustained or instantaneous) Coefficients '% , Ys shall not to be used. Note. I main combinations when taking nto account three and more instantaneous loads their design values are allowed to be muted by a combination cooficiant assumed forthe first (by the degree of Infuence) instantaneous load: 1.0; forthe second: 0.8; forthe rest: 0.6. Section 1.13. With account of load combinations in conformity with Section 1.12 as one live load shall be assumed: 1. load ofa certain kind from one source (pressure or rarefaction in a tank; snow; wind: sleet loads; climatic temperature effects; load from one forklift, battery- powered truck, bridge or suspended crane); 2. load from several sources if their joint action is taken into account in the specified and design values of the load (load produced by equipment, people and stored materials on one or several floors with account of coefficients Wand , given in Section 3.8 and 3.9; load produced by several bridge and suspended cranes with account of coefficient ¥ given in Section 4.17; sleet and wind load determined in conformity with Section 7.4). 82010789 -4 BUILDING CODES OF RUSSIASNIP 2.01.07-89 LOADS AND STRESSES Chapter 2. WEIGHT OF STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS AND SOILS Section 2.1. A specified weight value of prefabricated components shall be determined on the basis of standards, working drawings or manufacturers data. Other building components and soils shall be calculated using design dimensions and specific weight of materials and soils with account of their moisture content during construction and operation of structures. Section 2.2. Reliability coefficients by load for the weight of structural components and soils are presented in Table 1. Table 1 ‘Components of structures and types of sols Reliability coefficient load ys Structures: steel 1.05 concrete (average density over 1600 kgm); reinforced concrete, masonry; 14 reinforced masonry; wood ‘concrete (average density 1600 kg/m and less); insulating, leveling and finishing layers (mats, rolled materials, back fils, coverings, etc): factory-prepared for installation 12 prepared for instalation on construction site 13 Solis: naturally laid 14 flled-up 115 Notes: 1. When testing components for resistance against overtuming as well as in other cases when ‘eduction in weight of components and sols may impair conditions of structural behavior, fone shall_underiake an analysis assuming forthe weight of a component or its part the ‘oliabitty cosfcient by load 74 = 0.9. 2. When determining loads from soll one shall take into account the loads produced by materials stored, equipment and vehicles transfered tothe sol. ‘3. Formetal components where stress caused by dead weight exceed 50% of total stress, one shall assume Y¢= 1 WEIN suns coves oF russia $2010789-5SNIP 2.01.07-89 Chapter 3. Section 3.1. LOADS AND STRESSES LOADS PRODUCED BY EQUIPMENT, PEOPLE, ANIMALS, STORED MATERIALS AND.PRODUCTS Requirements of the present section apply to loads produced by people, animals, equipment, products, materials, temporary partitions, acting on floor slabs of buildings and floors laid directly on soils. Floor loading options with these loads shall be assumed in conformity with designed conditions of erecting and operating buildings. If atthe design stage the data on these conditions are inadequate, in the analysis of components and bases itis necessary to consider the following loading options for individual floot slabs: ‘© continuous loading with the assumed load; ‘+ unfavorable partial loading in the analysis of components and bases sensitive to such loading scheme; ‘© absence of live load, ‘The total live load on floor slabs of a multi-story building under their unfavorable partial oading shall not exceed the load under continuous loading of the floors determined with account of combination coefficients ¥, , the values of which are calculated by formulas B)and (4). LOADS PRODUCED BY EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS STORED Section 3.2. $2010789-6 Loads produced by equipment (including pipelines, vehicles), stored materials and products are specified in the Assignment for Design on the basis of process solutions, which shall provide: 1, possible Locations on each inter-story floor and floor on soil and equipment support dimensions; size of material and product storage areas; locations of possible closeness of equipment in the course of setvice or rearrangement; 2. specified load values and reliability indices by load assumed in conformity with instructions of the present regulations; for machines with dynamic loads - specified values of inertial forces and reliability coefficients by load for inertial forces as well as other necessary characteristics. ‘When replacing actual loads on floor slabs by equivalent uniformly distributed loads, they shal be determined by calculation and be specified separately for various structural members (slabs, joists, cross-bars, columns, foundations). The assumed ‘values of equivalent loads shall ensure the bearing capacity and rigidity of structural members required by their actual loading conditions. Full specified values of equivalent uniformly distributed loads for production and storage spaces shall be assumed for slabs and joists as not less than 3.0 kPa (300 kef/m’); for cross-bars, ‘columns and foundations - not less than 2.0 kPa (200 kgf m’) BUILDING CODES OF RUSSIA ESTESSNIP 2.01.07-89 LOADS AND STRESSES Account of future increase of loads produced by equipment and stored materials shall be assumed upon performing a feasibility study. Section 3.3. A specified value of equipment weight including that of pipelines shell be be determined fon the basis of standards or manufacturer's data, and for non-standard equipment - on the basis of certificate data of manufacturers or working drawings. The load produced by equipment weight shall include a unit's or machine's dead weight (including that of drive, permanent appliances, stipporting devices, grouted and concrete foundations), the ‘weight of insulation, equipment filers used in operation, the heaviest processed piece, the weight of transported cargo corresponding to the nominal load-carrying capacity, etc. G Loads produced by equipment on floor slabs and floors on soils shall be assumed depending on conditions of its location and possible movement in service. One shall provide arrangements ruling out the necessity to reinforce load-bearing components of building structure assuming load from movement of the equipment during construction of operation of the building. ‘The number of forklifts or battery-powered trucks simultaneously located on the floor shall be assumed in the analysis of various structural members based on Assignment for Design and requirements of technological process. ‘The dynamic force of vertical loads due to forklifts and battery-powered trucks is allowed to be taken into account by multiplication of specified values of static loads by dynamic factor equal to 1.2. Section 3.4, Reliability coefficients by load for equipment weight are presented in Table 2. Table 2 o Weight Reliability coefficient by load Stationary equipment 1.05 Insulation of stationary equipment 12. Equipment filers (including tanks and pipelines): liquids 7 10 ‘suspensions, slimes, loose materials 4A Forkifts and battery-powered trucks (with load) 12 UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOADS Section 3.5. Specified values of uniformly distributed live loads on floor slabs, stairs and floors on soils are given in Table 3. Section 3.6. specified values of loads on cross-bars and floor slabs produced by the weight of temporary partitions shall be assumed with regard to their design, location and nature of support by floors and walls. The above loads are allowed to be taken into account as uniformly distributed additional loads assuming their specified values on the basis of excl fr pope schemer of prion loco bat ot ae hen 0. Pa CS at m), Section 3.7, Reliability coefficients by load for uniformly distributed loads shall be assumed as: :1,3,- at full specified value less than 2.0 kPa (200 kgf/ m?); 1.2 - at full specified value 2.0 kPa (200 keff m*) and more. BUILDING CODES OF RUSSIA $2010789-7snip 201 LOADS AND STRESSES. Reliability coefficient by load produced by the weight of temporary partitions shall be assumed in conformity with Section 2.2. Section 3.8. In the analysis of beams, cross-bars, slabs as well as columns and foundations taking up load from one floor the full specified values of loads given in Table 3 shall be reduced depending on the loading area A, m’, of the member analyzed by multiplying by combination coefficient equal to: . 1. for spaces indicated in Sections 1, 2, 12.1 (at A>Ay Yar=04 + 0.6(A/A,)"?; Oy 2. for spaces indicated in Sections 4, 11, 12.2 (at A>A2 = 36 m’), Waa = 0.5 + O.SMA/A2)"; Q) Note: In the anatysis of wal taking uploads from one floor th load values shall be reduced depending ‘on the loading area A ofthe wall supported members analyzed (slabs, beams). Table 3 “¢ Buildings and spaces ‘Specified load values p.kPa ‘ul | reduced, 1. Apartments in residential buildings; bedrooms in pre-school children's |___1.5, 03 institutions and boarding schools; living quarters of resorts and boarding houses, hostels and hotels; wards in hospitals and ssanatoriums; terraces 2. Service spaces of administrative, technical engineering and scientific 20 O7 personnel of organizations and institutions; class-rooms of ‘educational institutions; service spaces (cloak-rooms, shower- and ‘washing rooms, WC) of industrial enterprises and public buildings and structures ‘3. Laboratories of medical institutions; laboratories of educational, Not less | Not less scientific institutions; spaces for computers; kitchens in public than 2.0 | than 1.0 buildings; mechanical spaces; basements 4 Halls: 1. reading 20 o7 2. dining (in cafes, restaurants, canteens) 3.0 1.0 3. for meetings and conferences; waiting; assemblies and concerts, 40 14 sports 4, shopping, exhibition and exposition Notiess | Notless than 40 | than 1.4 5 Not less | Not less than 6.0 | than 6.0 6. Stages of entertainment facilities Notless | Not less than 5.0 | than 1.8 7. Spectators’ stands: 1. with fixed seats 40 14 2. for standing spectators 5.0 48 8. Attic spaces: 7 : 8. Canopies over areas: 1. with possible concentration of people (exits and entrances of 4.0 14 production spaces, halls, auditoriums, etc.) 2. used for leisure 48 0s, (Continued) $2010789-8 BULDING CODES OF RUSSIALOADS AND STRESSES SNIP 2.01.07-60 (Continued) 3. other 05 : 10, Balconies (loggias) with account of load: 1. uniform strip load section 0.8 m wide along the balcony (loggia) 40 14 guardrail 2. uniform continuous load on balcony (loggia) area, the etfoct of 20 oz which is less favorable than that determined by 10.1" 11. Sections of equipment service and maintenance in production spaces | Notless > than 1.5 12. _Lobbies, foyers, corridors, stairs (with connecting passages) adjoining the premises incicated in following Items ofthis Table: 1. 1,2and3 30 10 2. 4,5, 6and 11 40 14 a7 50 18 13, Rellway station platforms 40 14 14, Spaces for farm animals: sheep and goats Notiess | Notless than 20 | than 0.7 cattle Notless | Not less than 5.0 | than 1.8 Notes: 1. Loads indicated In item 8 shall be takan Into aocount on the area not ocouped by equipment and matoras. 2. Loads indicated in tem 9 shall be taken into account without snow load. 3. Loads indloated in tem 10 shall be taken into account in the analysis of load-bearing memebers ‘of balconies (logglas) and wal sections In places of thelr restraint. In the analysis of located - below sections of walls, foundations and bases, the loads on balconias (oggias) aro to be assumed equal to those of adjoining main spaces of buldings and reduced with account of Sectons 3.8 and 39. 4. Specified load values for buldings and spaces indicated in tems 3, 4.3 5 6,11 and 14 shall be ‘assumed accorting o Assignment for Design on the basis of requirements of technological process. Section 3.9. When determining longitudinal forces for the analysis of columns, walls and foundations taking up loads from two and more floors, the full specified load values indicated in Table 3 shall be reduced. by multiplying by combination coefficient Yj: 1. for spaces indicated in Items 1, 2, 12.1 of Table 3: Var = 0.4 + (Was = 0.4Yin' @ 2. for spaces indicated in Items 4, 11, 12.2 of Table 3: Wao = 0.5 + (Yaz - 0.5)/n'? ; @ where Wai and Yaa determined in conformity with Section 3.8; ‘n= total number of floors (for spaces indicated in Table 3, Items 1, 2, 4, 11, 12.1, 12.2) the loads produced by which are taken into account in the analysis of sections of a column, wall, foundation. Note When determining bending moments in columns and walls one shall ke info account the load eduction for agjining beams and cross-bars in conformity wth Section 3.8. MEST buitoine coves oF aussi $2010789-9SNIP 2.01.07-89, LOADS AND STRESSES. CONCENTRATED LOADS AND LOADS ON GUARD-RAILS Section 3.10. Section 3.11. '$2010789 - 10 Bearing members of floors, roofs, stairs and balconies (loggias) shall be tested for a concentrated vertical load applied to the member in the unfavorable position on a square area with sides not more than 10cm (when other live loads absent). Ifthe Assignment for Design does not provide higher specified values of concentrated loads, they shall be assumed equal to: - 1. for floors and stairs: 1.5 EN (150 kgf); 2. for attic floor slabs, roofs, técraces and balconies: 1.0 KN (100 kgf); 3. for roof slabs on which one can move only by means of floor gully and walking grating: 0.5 KN (SO kgf). Members designed for local loads produced by equipment and vehicles possible during erection and use are allowed not to be tested for the above concentrated load. ‘Specified values of horizontal loads on hand-rails of stairs and balconies shall be assumed equal to: 1, for residential buildings, pre-school children's institutions, resorts, sanatoriums, hospitals and other medical institutions: 0.3 kN/m (30 kgt/m); 2. for spectators’ stands and gymnasiums: 1.5 KN/m (150 kgt/m); 3. for other buildings and spaces, if not required otherwise: 0.8 KN/m (80 kgf/m). For service areas, walking grating, guard-rails of roofs intended for short-term stay of people the specified value of horizontal concentrated load on hand-rails shall be assumed as 0.3 KN (30 kgf) (at any place along the hand-rail), if a higher load value is not required by the Assignment for Design. For loads listed in Section 3.10 and 3.11 one shall assume the reliability coefficient by oad y¢ = 1.2. BULDING CODES OF RUSSIA MESTSNIP 2.01.07-89, Chapter 4. Section 4.1. Section 4.2. Section 4.3, Section 4.4. Section 4.5. Section 4.6. Section 4.7. LOADS AND STRESSES LOADS PRODUCED BY BRIDGE AND SUSPENDED CRANES Loads produced by bridge and suspended cranes shall be determined depending on their operation condition groups (established by GOST 25546-82), on the drive type and on the cargo suspension method. An approximate list of bridge and suspended cranes of, ‘various operation condition groups is given in the Appendix 1. Full specified values of vertical loads transferred by crane wheels on the crane runway beams and other data necessary for calculation shall be assumed in conformity with requirements of standards for cranes, while for non-standard cranes - in conformity with data listed in manufacturers’ certificates, By the crane runway one means tho both beams bearing one bridge crene, and all beams Deni one supended crane (wo bean fr « shpl-y tre fr dasinbay sapenson crane, etc) A specified value of horizontal load acting along the crane runway and caused by braking of the electric crane bridge shall be assumed equal 00.1 of the full specified value of vertical load on braking wheels of the crane side under consideration. ‘A specified value of horizontal load acting across the crane runway and caused by braking of the electric trolley shall be assumed equal to: - for cranes with flexibly suspended cargo - 0.05 of the sum of the crane lifting capacity and the trolley weight; « for cranes with rigidly suspended cargo - 0.1 of the sum of the crane lifting capacity and the trolley weight. ‘This load shall be taken into account in the design of the buildings’ transverse frames and crane runway beams. Along with this one assumes that the load is transferred to one side (beam) of the crane runway, equally distributed among all crane wheels supported by it and can be directed both inside and outside of the bay under consideration, ‘A specified value of the horizontal load directed across the crane runway and caused by skewed nature of electric bridge cranes and non-parallel configuration of crane runways (by lateral force) for each running wheel of the crane shall be assumed equal to 0.1 of the full specified value of the vertical load on the wheel. ‘This load shall be taken into account only in strength and stability design of crane runway beams and their attachments to columns in buildings with cranes of 7K, 8K ‘operation condition groups. It is assumed that the load is transferred to a crane runway ‘beam from all wheels of the crane's one side and can be directed both inside and outside of the building's bay under consideration. The load indicated in Section 4.4 shall not be taken into account together with the lateral force. Horizontal loads produced by braking of the crane's bridge and trolley and lateral forces shall be considered as applied in the place of contact of the crane's running wheels with rail. A specified value ofthe horizontal load directed along the crane runway and caused by an impact of the crane agsinst an end stop shall be determined in conformity with the BUILDING CODES OF RUSSIA $2010789- 11[SNIP 2.01.07-89, Section 4.8. oa Section 4.9. Section 4.10. Section 4.11. Section 4.12. $2010789-12 LOADS AND STRESSES. instructions given in the Appendix 2. This load shall be taken into account only in design of end stops and their attachments to crane runway beams. Reliability coefficient by load for crane loads shall be assumed 7¢=1.1. In considering local and dynamic application ofthe concentrated vertical load from the cran ‘one wheel the full epectiod value of this load shall be multiplied in the strength analysis of crane runway beams by an addtional coaficient 7/1, equal tg: 1.8 for BK crane operation condition group witha rigidly suspended cargo; 1.4 for BK crane operation condition group with a flexibly suspended cargo; 1.3 for 7K crane operation condition group; 11 forthe rest groups of crane operation conditions. When checking local stably of webs the value ofthe additional cootficent shall be assumed. equal to 1.1. In the strength and stability analysis of crane runway beams and their attachments to bearing members the specified values of vertical crane loads ae to be multiplied by the dynamic factor equal to: ‘with column spacing not more than 12 m: 1.2 for 8K operation condition group of bridge cranes; 1.1. for 6K and 7K operation condition groups of bridge cranes as well as for all operation condition groups of suspended cranes; ‘with columm spacing over 12m: 1.1 for 8K operation condition group of bridge cranes. Design values of horizontal loads produced by bridge cranes of 8K operation condition group shall be taken into account with the dynamic factor equal to 1.1. In other cases the dynamic factor is assumed equal to 1.0 Inthe endurance analysis of members, checking deflections of crane runway beams and ‘column displacements as well as when taking into account a local application of a concentrated vertical load from a crane’s one wheel the dynamic factor shall not be taken {nto account. Vertical loads in the strength and stability analysis of crane runway beams shall be taken into account from not more than two bridge or suspended cranes most unfavorable by effect. ‘Vertical loads in the strength and stability analysis of frames, columns, foundations as well as bases in buildings with bridge cranes in several bays (in each bay on one level) shall be assumed on each runway from not more than two cranes most unfavorable by effect, while taking into account the alignment in one range of the cranes of different bays ~ not more than from four cranes most unfavorable by effect. ‘Vertical loads in the strength and stability analysis of frames, columns, rafter and eaves members, foundations as well as bases of buildings with suspended cranes on one ot several runways shall be assumed on each runway from not more than two cranes most unfavorable by effect. BUILDING CODES OF RUSSIA IESE[SNIP 2.01.07-89 Section 4.13. Section 4.14, Section 4.15. Section 4.16. Section 4.17. Section 4.18. LOADS AND STRESSES ‘When taking into account the alignment in one range of suspended cranes working on 12 m (for intermediate values ultimate camber shall be determined by linear interpolation). (Camber shall be determined based on preliminary compression stresses, the dead weight of floor slabs and the finished floor weight. 2 KEIR cuore coves oF nussia 2010789 - 37,SNIP 2.01.07-89, LOADS AND STRESSES. Appendix 1. CLASSIFICATION OF BRIDGE AND SUSPENDED CRANES BY DIFFERENT OPERATION CONDITIONS Cranes" Groups of Conditions of use Operation conditions Hand-operated of all types 1K=3k | Any With suspended drive hoists including attached Same as | Repair and handling operations of limited clamps ‘above | intensity ‘With winch load trolleys including attached clamps | Same as_| Power stations’ motor rooms, erection ‘above | work, handling operations of limited intensity With winch load troleys including those with 4K- 6K | Handling operations of medium intensity, attached clamps: process operations in mechanical shops, ‘stock storage of building materials, manufacturing plants, metal product storehouses With double-rope grab bucket, of the magnetic- Same es | Mixed storage, handling of various cargoes grab bucket type above Magnetic ‘Same as | Semifinished product storage, handling of ‘above _| various cargoes. Hardening, forging, pintie, foundry 7™ ‘Shops of metallurgical plants With double-rope grab buckets, magnetic-grab Same as | Uniform bulk cargo and metal bucket ‘above | scrap storage (one or two shift workload) ‘With winch load trolleys including those with Same as | Process cranes for 24 hour operation attached clamps, ‘above Traversing, charging box grab bucket, charging 8K ‘Shops of metallurgical plants pile-drving, blast cupola, stripping, well Magnetic ‘Same as | Shops and storehouses of metallurgical ‘above | plants, large storage centers of uniform ‘metal products With double-rope grab buckets, magnetio-grab Same as | Uniform bulk cargo and metal scrap bucket above _| storage (24 hour operation) Note: * Listis not al inclusive of erane types. $2010789 - 38 BULDING CODES OF RUSSIA IETIENSNIP Appendix 2. where LOADS AND STRESSES LOAD CAUSED BY CRANE HITTING AN END STOP ‘The specified value of horizontal load F (kN) directed along the crane runway and ‘caused by the crane hitting an end. stop shall be determined by formula: Femi lf; ¥ crane movement speed at the moment of strike, assumed equal to%of the nominal speed, m/s; F the greatest possible buffer setting assumed equal to 0.1 m for eranes with flexibly suspended cargo and having lifting capacity not more than 5O t, 1K - 7K operation condition groups; 0.2 m - in other cases; m —_ crane reduced mass determined by formula: m= (m2) + (m+ em lb crane bridge mass, t; trolley mass, t; crane lifting capacity, t; coefficient; k= 0 - for cranes with flexible suspension of cargo; k= 1 for cranes with rigid suspension of cargo; ~ aR 3 1 crane span, m; 1, olley approach, m. ‘The design value of the load under consideration with account of reliability coefficient by load 7 (see Section 4.8) shall be assumed as not exceeding the ultimate values indicated in the following table: ‘Cranes Ultimate toad F (kN) ‘Suspended (hand-operated and electric) 10 land bridge hand-operated. Electric bridge: ‘general purpose of 1K-3K operation 50 condition groups ‘general purpose and special of 4K-7K 150 ‘operation condition groups as well as foundry ones special of 8K operation condition group with cargo suspension: flexible 250 rigid 500 BUILDING CODES OF RUSSIA $2010789 - 39Appendix 3. SNOW LOAD DIAGRAMS AND ae ee | | COEFFICIENTS Diagram | Root profes and snow load diagrams | Cooficlents 4. and dagram applications 0. 1 Buildings with simple and ridge roofs 7 n = latas25°; . a =] =Data 260°. ‘Scheme 2 and 3 shall be taken into account for buildings with ridge roots (profile; Scheme 2 - at 20° < as 30° ; Bz ‘Scheme 3 - at 10° < a-< 30° only with walking decks or aeration devices available slong the root ridge r H SCHEME1 y CD SCHEME 2 a7sp 45h Cp ast SCHEME 3 Bes peas Tt OSL stant, 2 | Buildings with vauited roofs or those with similar outines : = 1/ Bf, but not more than 1.0 and not less than 0.4, —| ‘Scheme 2 shall be taken into account at f/ 12 1/8 1 I 1 ey t 1 Lt SCHEMES 1112108 , pa= 225 | en ace eee er fmt taken as not more than 1.4 SCHEME 2 O52 (Continued) 82010789 - 40 ‘BUILDING CODES OF RUSSIASNIP 2.01.97.89 LOADS AND STRESSES (Continued) 2 | Pointed arch roots At 82 15° itis necessary to use Diagram 18 3 | Buildings with tongitudinal skytights closed on top in 1401a/b ; BREAK 1+05a/6,, but not more than: ‘| " 4.0 for trusses and girders at the specified value of roof ‘weight 1.5 kPa and less; bya yb 255 for trusses and girders atthe specified value of roof pers ‘weight over 1.5 2.0 for reinforced concrete roof plates spanning 6 m and PLAN less and for steel corrugated deck; oe Ay sone ¢. |2-5 for reinforced concrete slabs spanning over 6 m as well owe a__ #8 for purlins irrespective ofthe span; lev—— b,= hy, but not more than b . ‘sxvucht |lzonee | When determining a load atthe skylight end for zone B the value of coefficient 1 in the both Schemes shall be cma a assumed equal to 1.0. SCHEME 1 Notes: pel 4.” Diagrams of Schemes 1, 2 shall be also used for (EE) zone « ridge and vaulted roots of two- and three-bay 7 : buildings with skylights in the thelr middle, je ZONE ¢ | 2- Effects of wind breaks on snow load distribution at skylights shall be ignored. 2 3. For'fat slopes at b > 48 m one shall take into ‘account increased local load at the skylight as near py SCHEME 2 the drops (see Diagram 8) 3 (Continued) BULDING CODES OF RUSSIA 2010789 - 41SNIP 2.01.07-89 LOADS AND STRESSES (Continued) 4 Shed roofs ve eee) ce. Diagrams shalbe used for shed roofs including those Y= a with inclined glazing and vaulted roof outline. A SCHEME ScHEME 2 | a i ae Tim OSL ost [ost [ast & | Two and mut-span bulngs with Hage rote SCHEME1 pet SCHEME 2 or ‘Scheme 2 shall be taken into account at a> 15° “Two- and multi-span buildings with vaulted and similarty outlined roofs f, L L SCHEME 4 pat SCHEME 2 pe pea Mg ast | ose | ost) ast ‘Scheme 2 shall be taken into account at f!> 0.1. For reinforced concrete roof plates the values of coetficients shall be assumed as not more than 1.4 (Continued) $2010789 - 42 BUILDING CODES OF RUSSIASNIP 2.01.07-89 LOADS AND STRESSES (Continued) 7 | Two- and muti-span buildings with ridge and vaulted roofs and longitudinal skylight Coefficient 1 shall be taken for bays with skylights in cordance with Schemosi and 2 of Diagram 3; for bays without skylights - with Schemes 1 and 2 of Diagrams 5 and. For flat ridge (a'< 15°) arid vaulted (f/< 0.1) roofs at {> 48 m one shall take into account increased local load as at the drops (see Diagram 8) 8 ‘Asnow load on the upper roof shall be assumed in ccordance with diagrams 1-7, while on the lower one intwo options: according to diagrams 1-7 and diagram 8 (for buildings - profile A, for sheds - profile £).Coefficient shall be taken equal to: po= 1 + (WAM + me 2), iS a but t shal not exceed: ‘Bhs (where f= in my ~in KPa); PLAN for buildings (profile A); re 6- for sheds (profile B). fa Values ith (re) for the upper (lower) roof depending on > Its profile are to be taken equal: aa 0.5- for fiat roots with a < 20° and vaulted roofs - with # | rabwoverstomucn =| frees LONGITUDINAL SKYLIGHT | 9.3. for fat roots with a> 20°, vauited - with f/1> 1/8, g and roofs with transverse skylights, For lower roofs with width a < 21 m (profile C) the value canopy ‘me shall be determined by formula: ‘ma =0.5 ki kek, but not less than 0.1, where ki = (a/ 21)"; ke= 1- 8/35; ko= 1- @/30, but & & not less than 0.3 (a- in m; a, B - in degrees). (Continued) BUILDING CODES OF RUSSIA $2010789 - 43[SNIP 2.01.07-89 LOADS AND STRESSES. (Continued) SCHEME 2 G[ts) 2h/s b= (Wo 1V(2h/s0~ 1)2h , but not more than 5h and 15 m; . Notes: 4. -Atd (ch) > 12 m value forthe drop section with length ch (ck) shall be determined without account of slight effects on the upper (lower) root. 5 2. the upper (lower) roof spans have different profiles, in determining itis necessary to take a Corresponding value m; (me) for each span in the range f(s) A local load at the drop shall not be taken into account, if the drop height (m) between two adjacent roots is less than s9/ 2 (where s in KPa) 9 Buildings with two height drops. oy ‘Show load on the upper and lower roofs shall be assumed he according to Diagram 8. Values fly , by, Liz, ba shall be a U a determined for each drop separately, for the left one: a= h-2h- Sha; SCHEME 1 — y>b by forthe right one Be yet ar ie 15 = ly» Dha~ Shi Wh 1.5m, but not less than 1.0 and not more than: “Sot te SCHEME 1 Be SCHEME 2 toa 1S at 1.5 : ca | $60 4| 04] 05 | -08 surface Gy =- 0. 2 When according 10 canes Section 6.9 f by +021 tga. bit Values cas at hy/f equal to: S05 4 22 Py 0.4 “05. “0.6 22 05 08 08 3 | Buildings with vaulted and Cost] Ai] Values cx, ca, at f//equal to: sirnilary outlined roots cient oi] 02] os[ oa] 05 ca | 0 | +01] 402] +0.4{ +0.6| +0.7] 1. Seo remarkto er | 02] 02 A] 40.2} +05) +0.7| diagram 2 cr | 21] 08 0.3] +03] +0.7| 2 Seeing ca | Ani] -08 Ay ota] tal Seermenng tray| aooording to Section 6.9 heb +077 Value cas is assumed according to Diagram 2 (Continued) 2010789 - 46 BULDING coves oF RUsstA ISTEsnip 2.01.07-80 LOADS AND STRESSES (Continued) 4 Buildings with longitudinal skylight > Coefficients Gyr, Car and cs shall be determined in 1. In design of lateral| ee ‘conformity with instructions to Diagram 2 frames of buildings < ~ with skylights and wind deflectors the value of total drag coefficient of the a “okylight-deflector system shall be, ‘assumed equal fo 14, 2. When determining coefficient v in accordance with Section 6.9 h= hy | Buildings with tongitudinal ‘skylights -. tats For a building's roof at section AB coefficients c, shall] 1. For windward, ss be assumed according to Diagram 4. I ward and ie tent For skylights of section BCat AS2 ox= 2; at28 o%=0.8, here Ronis shal Azal(tn= he). be determined in For other roof sections cy = conformity with instructions to Diagram 2. 2. When determining coeticient in conformity with Section 6.9 fy 6 | Buildings with longitudinal skylights of diferent hoight Coefficients c's: , C’e1 and Caz shall be determined in | See remarks 1 and 2 conformity with instructions to Diagram 2 where to Diagram 5 determining cx as hone shall take a building's windward wail height. For section AB cy shall be determined the same way {as for section BC of Diagram 5, whore as hy - he one ‘shall take the skylight height. 7 Buildings with shed roofs > Cyn For section AB cy shall be determined in conformity | 1. Friction force m4 with instructions to Diagram 2. shall be taken % , into account at For section BC & =-0.5 into account a rection, = 0.04, 2. See remarks 1 and 2 to Diagram 5 (Continued) BUILDING CODES OF RUSSIA $2010789 - 47SNIP 201.07-89 LOADS AND STRESSES (Cont 8 | Buildings with coling- glazed skylights aoe For a windward skylight coefficient c, shal be ‘See remarks 1 and 2 determined in conformity with instructions to Diagram | to Diagram 5 Dy 2; for the remaining part of the roof - gs for section BO} of Diagram 5. 9 | Buildings permanently open on’ cone side => agate, eit ed PLAN Gy PLAN ce At US 5% on = 2 = 40.2; at 2 30% cn shall be taken equal to cs in conformity with instructions to Diagram 2; c2=+0.8. 1. Coefficients oy on extemal surface shall be determined in ‘conformity with instructions to Diagram 2; 2. Permeability of enclosure shall bbe determined ‘as the ratio of the total area of ‘openings available i and full ‘enclosure area. For aittight| building one shall take c= 0, In bulldings listed in Section 6.1.3 the specified value of internal pressure on light ‘weight partons (at their surface density legs than] 100 kg/m) shall be assumed equal to 0.26, but not less than| 1 kPa (10 kgt! it 3. For each wall of the building "plus" or *minus* signs for coefficient cn at HS 5% shall be determined proceeding trom ‘the condition of realizing the most unfavorable Joading scheme. (Continued) $2010789 - 48 BUILDING CODES OF RUSSIALOADS AND STRESSES For section GD cy = 0.7, For section BC cy shall be determined by linear interpolation of values assumed at points B and C. Coefficients cx: and cas at section ‘AB shall be taken in conformity With instructions to Diagram 2 (where b and /are dimensions in plan of ‘the whole building). on | ce | ae [ce 1 wo] sos] 3] +1] 0 ' 20} +1] 0 ° 1 30} +21] +09] +06] 0 0 wo} of rt} 15] 0 " zo | +15] 405) 0 0 +0. 0 30 | +20] +08) +04 m 10 | +14] 404] - m 20} +18] +05] - PLAN For vertical surtaces coefficients cy shall bs Acge ia determined in conformity with instructions to Diagrams tand2. : 05a 11 | Sheds Dia-gran] Values of coefficients type | (deg) Coefficients co: , as Go , Cos shall be referred to the| sum of pressure: ‘on the sheds’ Upper and lower surfaces. For negative values a+ Ca + Os » Cot in go} +22| soe] - v ro | +13] 402] - be changed into Vv 2o| +14] +03] - : the opposite one! Vv 30] +16] +04] - : For sheds with jated roofs L 04. ‘12a | Sphere Blo] se] =] |] 5] % | 105) a0] 76] 10 (dea) sia] oq +04 02] v0] -12| 25] -tof | o2| «04 vad coe te Ga 1Sat Ae< 10%; Costfcients ce = 0.6at2 10s Ay <3 0 10°; eee 02 at 40 10° ieee Seca When deter- where mining Re Reynolds number; Fe = 0.88¢ (wok(z)7)"%* 10°; coefficient v in i conformity with d sphere diameter, m; ; contort Wo determined according to Section 6.4,Pa; Shall take {2} determined according to Section 6.5; bah =07d distance (m) from the grade to the sphere center, 24 determined according to Section 6.11 (Continued) KERIEME suto1vs coves oF russia 82010789 - 49SNIP 201.07-89 LOADS AND STRESSES (Continued) 12 | Structures with circular mia] 02] 05] 1 2 5 10 25 cylindrical surface wa} os | os | ossf 10] 11] 1415] 12 <0 Cat = ki Gy ~ * 1. Peisto be determined by where k= 1 at o> 0; aS gshall be assumed at Re > 4 ¢ 10° according to diagram 12,, graph: taking = . Ss 2. When 2 determining ‘ coefficient vin +04] conformity with Section 6.9 one Q shall take: 07d; he 04 f+ O7F. 08) Coefficient c shall be taken “12 into account when the roof is lowered (“oat- ing roof) as well as when itis absent. Roof type ‘Values of cat i/d equal to: V6 v8 24 Flat, conical at “05 06 “08 as, spherical at fds 0.4 md] we fim i]t [2 [es o os | 055 | 07 | 08 | 09 | 105 13 | Prismatic structures C= K Onn 3 = KG $2010789 - 50 Table 1 a] 8] «| =| «| w] v0] = ‘L06| ssl 7s] oss] 09] css] —1 42a shall be determined by Table 2 Table 2 Intable 2 2 1/b, where |, b- maximum and minimum dimensions of the structure, respectively, or its element in the plane being perpendicular to the wind direction. For walls with loggias at wind parallel to these walls, 0 = 0.1; for corugated roofs 0 = 0.04. For buildings rectangular in plan at 176 0.1 -0.5 and B=| 40° - 50° o.= 0.76; the wind load resultant applied at point BUILDING CODES OF RUSSIASNIP 2.01.07-89 LOADS AND STRESSES ©, with eocenticty @ = 0.15b. 3. Fe shall be determined by formula to Diagram ‘2a, assuming == hy - . dis ameter of cireumserbing cir, 4. When determining | coeficient un ’ conformity with Section 69, his height of structure, b is dimension in plan nanemce rea Le a : — ; y oO S15 24 5 we| sac | 13 - Ib ae 7 : ioe | ses] 20 205 WW , ~ > Ro a i] ee | 2 Po : Ties . sacar a fo co ER ~ directions (numbey A> of sides} 4610" saunas ies | 38 om 1 | 12 s 12 1.0 (Continued) BUILDING CODES OF RUSSIA $2010789 -51SNIP 2001.07.89 LOADS AND STRESSES (Continued) 44. | Structures and their elements | c= kon; with round cylindrical surface (anks, cooling towers, towers, chimney stacks), wires and cables as well as round tubular| and solid elements of braced structures: where k shall be determined by Table 1 of Diagram 1 Gj. determined by graph: See 2 Oe asi on 04 °C 7 8 Do ‘wires and cables (including height covered with sleet) = 1.2 Ry shall be structure. Values| shall be assumed for ‘wood members ‘4=0.005 m; for brickwork A= 0.01 m; for concrete and reinforced concrete members A= (0.005 my; for ‘toe! members ‘4=0.001 m; for wires and cables| with diameter d A=0.01¢ for ribbed surfaces with rib depth b A=b; For corrugated roots a= 0.04; For wires and cables d2 20 mm, free of sleet, the value cris allowed to be reduced by 10% 15. | Separately standing flat laticed| members SSSS= pa a GVA Lewd, where x _ aerodynamic coefficient of the /element of for shaped sections ¢ w= 1.4; for tubular] elements ¢ shall be determined according to graph to Diagram 14, assuming 2, = 2 (see Table 2 of Diagram 13); ‘Ac area limited by the component outline, ‘Aerodynamic coefficients to Diagrams 15-17 are given for latticed ‘components with arbitrary shaped outine, where: g= DA/As 08 Wind load shall be related to the area limited b 2010789 - 52 BUILDING CODES OF RUSSIA BESTESNIP 2.01.07-89 LOADS AND STRESSES outiine Ar. 3. Direction of axis xcoincides with the wind direction and is perpendicular to the component plane 16 | Anumber of flat parallel to ‘each other latticed components| For a windward component coefficient Gx shall be determined the same way as for Diagram 16. For the second and subsequent components a= oan For trusses made of tubes at Fy 2 4010 = 0.95. '@ | Values 7 for trusses of shaped sections an tubes at Ry < 4610” and b/h equal to: we] 1 2] 4/6 o1 | oss} oso} 1 1 1 o2| 075] ost] 087} 09 | 093 o3 | 056} 065} 073] 078] 083 o4 | 098] 048] 069] 065] 072 os | 019] 032] 044] 052] 061 os | o | 015] os] 04] 05 1. Seenotes 1-3 to Diagram 15; 2 Reshall be determined by formula to diagram 12a, where dis average: diameter of tubular ‘oloments; zis allowed to be assumed equal to the distance from the grade t the truss upper chord. 3. In Table to f= minimum dimension of the outing; for rectangular and trapezoidal trusses f| + length of the coutine's least side; for round latticed components h- their diameter, for eliptical components and those close to them by outine f- length ofthe least axis; b- distance between neighboring trusses. 4. Costficient @ shall be determined in ‘conformity with instructions to Diagram 15 (Continued) WESNEEE uinc coves oF russia $2010789 - 53SNIP 2 {Continuech LOADS AND STRESSES. 17 | Latticed towers and space ‘trusses. =o (14 mk, where cx shall be determined the same way as for Diagram 18; ‘shall be determined the same-way as for Diagram 16. Cross sectional outline shapes Ay nd wind docton —>cih ‘0 =>} 5 jet 12 =~ © See note 1 to Diagram 15. @ relates to the windward face outline area. With wind direction along the diagonal of tetrahedral ‘square towers coefficient ky for steel towers made of singular| ‘olements shall be reduced by 10%; for wood towers constructed of built-up elements, to be increased by 10% 18 | Stay ropes and inclined tubular| ‘elements located in the flow plane Com in conformity with instructions to Diagram 14 $2010789- 54 SULDING CODES OF RUSSIA ESTEESNIP 2.01.07.89 LOADS AND STRESSES ~ Appendix 5. CLIMATIC ZONING MAPS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION A set of maps on 8 sheets i published as a supplement to SNIP 2.01.07-89. Includes the entire territory of the former USSR. Map 1. Zoning map of the USSR by a snow load; Map 2. Zoning map of the USSR by an average winter wind velocity (ns); ‘Map 3. Zoning map of the USSR by a wind load; ‘ Map 4. Zoning map of the USSR by a thickness of a crust of ice (mm); Map 5. Zoning map of the USSR by an average monthly air temperature in January C% ‘Map 6. Zoning map of the USSR by an average monthly air temperature in July C% Map 7. Zoning map of the USSR by a deviation of the average air temperature of the coldest day of January from the average monthly air temperature in January (C°); ‘Addendum to Map 1 and 4, EI sun coves oF Russia $2010789 - 55SNIP 2.01.07-89 LOADS AND STRESSES: Appendix 6. DETERMINATION OF DEFLECTIONS AND DISPLACEMENTS ‘When determining deflections and displacements one shall take into account all main factors affecting their values (inelastic deformations of materials, crack formation, consideration of the deformed diagram, consideration of adjacent elements, pliability of connection points and bases). Under sufficient substantiation individual factors can be neglected or taken into account by an approximate method. For components from materials having creep properties offe shall take into account the increase of deflections over the period of time. When limiting deflections proceeding from physiological requirements one shall consider only the short-duration creep appearing immediately after load application, while proceeding from technological and structural (except the design for wind loads) and ergonomical requirements - full creep. When determining deflections of columns in single-story buildings and trestles produced by horizontal crane loads the column design diagram shall be assumed with account of conditions of their fixing, considering that: a column in buildings and roofed trestles does not have a horizontal displacement at the upper support level (unless the roof makes a disk being rigid in the horizontal plane, one shall take into account horizontal plisbilty of this support), a column in open trestles is considered as a cantilever. ‘With availability in buildings (structures) of technological and transport equipment causing vibrations of building components, and other sources of vibrations the ultimate values of vibration displacements, vibration velocity and vibration acceleration shall be assumed in conformity with the requirements of GOST 12.1.012-78; regulations for allowable sanitary vibration rates for work places and in residential buildings by the federal authorities for public health. With availability of high-precision ‘equipment and instrumentation sensitive to vibrations of components they are mounted on, the tultimate values of vibration displacements, vibration velocity, vibration acceleration shall be determined in conformity with special technical specifications. Design situations, for which it is necessary to determine deflections and displacements and respective Toads shall be assumed depending oti What requirements the analysis is based. (The design situation is a set of conditions considered in the analysis and determining design requirements to components. The design situation is characterized by a component's design diagram, load types, values of operation condition coefficients and reliability coefficient, alist of limit states to be considered in the given situation) Ifthe analysis is made proceeding from technological requirements, the design situation shall correspond to actions of loads affecting the technological equipment operation. Ifthe analysis is made proceeding from structural requirements, the design situation shall correspond to actions of loads that may result in the damage of adjacent elements due to considerable deflections and displacements. If the analysis is made proceeding from physiological requirements, the design situation shall correspond to the state connected with vibrations of components, and in design one shall take into account the loads affecting vibrations of components limited by requirements of the present regulations and regulatory documents indicated in Item 4 of this Appendix. Ifthe analysis is made proceeding from ergonomical requirements, the design situation shall correspond to the action of dead and sustained loads. For roof and floor components designed with a camber under limitation of deflection by ergonomical requirements, the vertical deflection to be determined shall be reduced by the size of the camber. Deflection of roof and floor members limited by structural requirements shall not exceed the distance (clearance) between the bottom surface of these members and the top of partitions, glass panels, ‘window and door frames located above the bearing elements. The clearance between the bottom surface of roof and floor members and the top of partitions located under the members shall not exceed 40 mm. ‘When fulfillment of these requirements is connected with the increase of roof and floor rigidity, by using structural measures one shall avoid this increase (e.g., by installing partitions not under bending beams, but close to them). 82010789 - 56 BUILDING CODES OF RUSSIASNIP 2.01.07-89 LOADS AND STRESSES 7. When between walls there are capital partitions (practically of the same height as the walls), values J in Item 2.1 of Table 19 shall be assumed equal to the distance between internal surfaces of bearing walls (or columns) and these partitions (or between internal surfaces of the partitions, Fig.4). Deflections of rafter elements with available suspended crane runways (see Table 19, Item 2.5) shall be assumed as the difference between deflections f; and fof adjacent rafter elements (Fig.5). 9. Horizontal displacements of frameworks shall be delermined in the plane of walls and partitions the integrity of which shall be insured. With braced frameworks of multi-story buildings over 40 m high the shift of story cells abutting diaphragms of rigidity and equal tof; / h,+ f:/ | (Fig.6), shall not exceed (see Table 22); 1/300 for Item 2; 1/500 ~ for Item 2a and 1/700 for Item 2b. - Fig. Diagrams for determining values !(/ 2, /;) with available capital partitions between walls ‘a one in span; b- two in span; | - bearing walls (or columns); 2 -capital partitions; 3 - floor (roof) before load application; 4 ~ floor (roof) after toad application; 5 - deflection reference lines; 6 clearance. Fig.5. Diagram for determining deflections of rafter clements with available suspended crane runways 1.- rafter elements; 2 - suspended crane runway beam; 3 - suspended crane; 4 - initial position of rafter elements; f= deflection of the most loaded rafter element; f;- deflections of the rafter elements adjacent to the most loaded ones. bh (the dash line shows the initial framework diagram before load application). BEI suns coves oF nussia | $2010789 - 57SNIP 2.01.07-89, LOADS AND STRESSES. Appendix 7. CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES BY DEGREE OF IMPORTANCE 1. The present regulations shall apply in design of structural members of buildings and. structures of the following function: industrial, agricultural, power engineering, transportation, communications, water ‘management, housing, commercial and institutional, except projects for which the account of their importance degree is established otherwise in an appropriate SNIP. 2, In structural design the degree of importance of buildings and structures shal be taken into account by the reliability coefficient according to ST SEV 384-76, The degree of importance of buildings and structures shall be determined by the magnitude of material and social damages possible when ‘components achieve limit states 3. Ultimate values of the bearing capacity, design values of resistance, ultimate values of strains and crack ‘opening shall be divided by the reliability coefficient 7, while design valves of loads, forces or other effects shall be multiplied by. 4, Values of reliability coefficient 7, are established depending on the importance class of buildings and structures according to the following table: Importance class of buildings and structures Reliability " cooticient by purpose 1 Class | _Main buildings and structures of projects having remarkably 10 Important national economic and/or social significance: main buildings of thermal power plants, nuclear power plants, central units of blast furnaces, chimney stacks over 200 m high, TV towers, structures of the EASS primary trunk network, tanks for oil and oll _ products over 10 thousand m° in capacity, indoor sports structures. with stands, buildings of theaters, movie houses, roofed markets, ‘educational institutions, children's pre-school institutions, hospitals, matemity homes, museums, state archives, etc. Class ll Buildings and structures of projects having Important national 0.95 ‘economic and/or social significance: projects of industrial, agricuttural, civil and housing purposes and communications, not included in Class | and ttt Class Ill Buildings and structures of projects having a limited national 09 ‘economic and/or social significance: warehouses without sorting and packaging operations for storage of agricuitural produce, fertilizers, ‘chemicals, coal, peat, etc., green-houses, single-story houses, wire ‘communication line supports, street illumination supports, fencing, temporary buildings and structures’, etc. "For temporary buildings and structures with service ife up to 5 years itis alowed to assume = 0.8. Note: For non-bearing brick walls, sel-bearing panels, partion, lintels above openings in walls Constructed of piece materials, foundation beams, window opening infils, sashes of aeration lights, eloments of gates, vent shafts and ducts, floors on grade, prefabricated elements in ‘he process of transportation and erection, al types of elements atthe stage of erection one isto ‘multiply all values of coeticient x, presented in the table, by 0.95. $2010789 - 58 BUILDING CODES OF RUSSIALOADS AND STRESSES Key Words A ‘Assignment for Design -6, 7,9, 10, 13, 26 B Beams «8, 9, 1, 12, 13, 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 56, 57, 58 Bending - 9,56 Brick - 35, 36, 52, 58 c Camber: 30,37, 56 Cargo - 7, 11, 12, 13,32, 38, 39 Coefficient ‘aerodynamic - 16, 17, 18, 29, 46, 52 combination - 4, 6, 8,9, 13 dynamic -7, 12, 19,31 reliability - 1, 5, 6,7, 8, 10, 12, 15, 19, 21, 31, 39, 56, 58 ‘Columns «6, 8,9, 11, 12, 13, 14,20, 33, 34,36, 56, 57, 66 Compression - 37 Concrete «2,5, 7, 20,26,27, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42, 52 Cranes «1, 2, 3, 4, 11, 12, 13,31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 56,57 Creep 2,56 D Deflections 12, 13, 30, 31, 32, 3, 34, 36, 6, 57 Density - 5,22, 23,48 Displacements - 12, 13, 19, 30, 31, 35, 36, 56, 57 E Endurance 1, 12, 13 Equipment «1, 2,3, 45,6, 7,9, 10, 15, 30, 32, 36, 56 Examination - See Testing Explosion «1, 3 F Fire 1 Floors 1, 2,3, 4, 6,7, 8,9, 10, 30, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36,37, 56,57, 58 Footings -2 Foundations - 6,7, 8,9, 12, 13, 34,35, 36, 58 Frequency - 18, 19, 20, 33 BUILDING CODES OF RUSSIA ~Gas-2 Glass - 35, 36, 56 Humidity -29 Insulation +2, 7 L Liquids - 2,7 Load ‘concentrated - 10, 12, 13, dead - IV, 1,2, 3,4,5,7, 31,37, 56 full -1,2,3, 11, 12, 14, 22, 32 horizontal - 10, 1, 12, 13, 19, 35, 39, 56, 66, live -IV, 1, 2,3,4, 6,7, 8,9, 10, 3, 32, 23, 36, 56 reduced 1, 2,3, 8,9, 13, 15, 33, 54, 56 uniformly distributed - 6, 7, 9,14, 15, 17, 19, 36, 38 vertical «2,7, 10, 11, 12, 13,35 M Machinery - 2, 6,7,32, 38 Masoncy «5, 20, 26,27 ‘Mass « See Weight Metal -27 Meteorological surveillance authorities - IV, 14, 16,27 Mining 3,49 P Partitions «2, 6,7, 8, 18, 32, 35, 36, 48, 56, $7, 58 Pressure - 2, 4, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 23, 47, 48, 49 R Radiation solar 25, 26,27, 36 Requirement technological 7,9, 29, 30, 31, 32, 56 Requirements $2010789 - 59SNIP 2.01.07-89 ‘ergonomical 30, 31, 32, 33, 56 physiological «30, 31, 32, 33, 56 structural - 13, 30, 32, 35, 36, 37, 56 Resistance - 5, 16, 17, 18, 36, $8 Rigidity -6, 11, 12, 19, 31, 36,39, 56, 57 Roofs 2, 10, 14, 15, 16, 17, 20, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 52, 56, 57, 58 Shrinkage - 2,29, 36 ‘Skylights 14,15, 16, 41, 43, 4,47, 48, 58, Sleet 1, 3, 4,22, 23, 24,52 Snow - 1, 2,3, 4,9, 14, 15,40, 41, 43 Soil - 2, 3,5,6,7 Stability «1,11, 1,13 Stairs -7, 9, 10, 32, 33 Steel «5, 26,27, 38 Storage: 1, 2,6, 38, 58 Strain «1, 2,3, 9,58 11, 12, 13,36 Strength: $2010789- 60 LOADS AND STRESSES: T “Temperature 1, 2,3, 4, 15, 24,25, 26, 27, 28, 36 ‘Testing - IV, 1,3,5, 10, 16, 18, 39 vee. - Velocity «15, 17, 23, 56 Ventilation » 2 Vibration - 30, 33, 56 Ww Water 2,14, 17, 19, 58, 66 Weight -2,3,5,7,8, 11, 14 15, 19, 33, 34, 36, 37, 39, 41, 48 Wind - 1, 3,4, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 23, 29, 32, 35, 36, 41, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 58 Wood : 5,52, 54 BUILDING CODES OF RUSSIA ESTEESNIP 2.01.07-89 LOADS AND STRESSES List of Reference Documents Found In Text ‘SNIP Reference SNIP 2.01.01-84 Climatology And Geophysics . SNIP I-3-86 Energy Conservtion ST SEV 384-76 ‘BUILDING CODES OF RUSSIA 2010789 - 61[SNIP 2.01.07-89 Conversion Tables SI- System International Metric ‘Also available online at hitp:/www.snip.com/bcodes/sysintet/ Graphic Scales LOADS AND STRESSES: issn Tansee Full Size Pact Hal Size 412. ato 4:5 (1:4) 1 Wet 4:40 (1:8) o 4:25 (1:24) oF 1:50 (1:48) 118"=1'-0" 621-0" Yr=10-0" Mr=10'-0" 1810-0" 1/16"=10.0" 1:2000 (1:1920) Note: ‘Matic scales rounded to reflect numbers used in construction practice. Accurate conversion shown In brackets. SI Prefixes eee oie Si +1000 000 000 000 000 000 10" ea E “1.000 000 000 000 000 10% peta P 41.000 000 000 000, 107 tora T 1.000 000 000 10" iga’ SG 4.000 000 10 mega M 1.000) 10" ilo k 100 107 ecto. h 19 10! deka da ot 10" deck d 0.01 10" cent e 0.004 10° nil m (0,000 001 10% micro u (0.000 000 001 10° nano) n (0.000 000 000 001 107 pico p (0,000 000 000 000 001 fomnto n {0.000 000 000 000 000 001 atto a $2010789 - 62 BUILDING CODES oF RUSSIA ESTESLOADS AND STRESSES a SI Units, Derived Units and Symbols 5 ot | a = Length Kilometer km Area square Kilometer | kent meter m square meter | _m? decimeter ‘dm = | square decimeter |_ dt ‘centimeter om ‘square om? centimeter ‘ilimetor mm ‘square milimeter | _ mm hectare ha Volume cuble meter m= ‘Weight ton t cubio decimeter_|_ dm? Idlogram ig cubic contimeter | _em® ‘ram, 2 . cubic milimeter_| _mm3 iligrar > Fluld L Angie a ao mt minute mi ‘second (i radian rad ‘Speed Kdometer per [kh Temperature | Celsius °c ur moters per meter_| avin Kelvin K meters per ms second : Force, stress | _nowion N Electric ‘ampere a Current Pressure pascal Pa Electric vot v _ Potential Power watt w Electric Charge | coulomb c Energy, work | joule Ts Electric ohm a Resistance Hluminance tux % Capacitance | fared F _ Luminance candela ca Conductance | siemens 3 Luminous flux_| lumen im Magnetic Flux | weber Wo, ‘Nuclear Activity | becquerel 84 Magnetic Flux | tesla T Den: ‘Absorbed Dose | _ gra By Inductance hen i BUILDING CODES OF RUSSIA '$2010789 - 63SNIP 2.01.07-89 LOADS AND STRESSES. Unit Conversion Factors eeu 1 statute mile = _ 1,609344 km 0.6213712 statute mile, tyd = 0.9144 m 1m = 1.0986133 yd itt (0.904799 m im = 9.280851 ft tin 2,5399956 om tom = _0.39370147 in tin 0.03937014 in 2.589998 km? 1 km? = 0,3961007 statute mile acre = 0.404678 ha tha 2.4710497 acres acre = 4046.873 mt tm 0.0002471 acres yd = 0.8961274 me im? 1.19599 yo rd = 0,09200904 m? 10.7630104 '0.0015500 in? 645.16 mm 1233,489 m* tn? = 0.0008107 acre ft tye? 0.7845549 mi tim? = 1.307054 ya? 100 boardft__= _0.2359737 m* in? = _4.2877604 board ft ite = _ 0.02831685 m® im = 35.3147 ft in = _18987.06 mm? ‘Lmm® = 0.000081 in® = 16.3871 em? a = 0.081024 in? 6.2898106 barre) 0.1589873 m* 3.785412 L 0.264172 gal (US) 1 gal (US) iat (Us) = 946.3529 mL 1m, ‘= 0.010567 gt (US) ~ [24 pt (us) = 479.4765 mL a Amok = 0.021194 pt (US) 1 floz (US) 29.5735 mL mt = 0.0338141 floz (US) ‘gal (US) 0.003785412 m* ° 264.1720373 gal (US) 1 barrel (US) 158.98 L 1° (degree) 0.01745329 rad 57.2957878° (degree) 1° (degree) 17,45329 mrad ‘mrad = 0,0572068" (degree) 1! (minute) 290.8882 urad = __0.0034377" (minute) 4.848137 urad 0.2082848" (second) 1 fm = 0.9048 mim mim = 3.2808399 fm 1 fm (0.00508 m/s ims 196.8503937 fim 1 fis 0.3048 m/s ime '3.2808300 tvs ‘miler = 1.609344 km/h Liew 0.621372 milefh $2010789 - 64 2.2369363 milefn [BUILDING CODES OF RUSSIASnup 2.01 LOADS AND STRESSES (Continued) its = _0.02831685 m’/s ime 35.3146625 ft 1 /min, = _0.4719474 Us 1Us 2.1188802 ft*/min 1 gavin 0.0630802 Ls 1Us 15.8503222 gal/min gavin = _0.0038 m®/min, 4. m/min, = __263.1578947 gal/min 1 gaVhour 1.0515 mL/s 1 ms 0.951023 galhour ‘milion gad 43.8126 Lis Aus 0.028245 milion aaa 1 acre tvs = 1233.49 m/e 4 m/e 0.008107 acre tvs 1 ton (short) (0.907185 metric ton metric = ‘1.102311 fon (short) ton ‘ton (short = 907.1847 kg tha. ‘= 0.011025 ton (short) 1 ton (long) 1016.04708 kg. Lg 0,0009842 ton (long) Ts 0.4595924 ka 1g) = 2,2046225 Ib oz = 28.34952 i = 0.035274 o7 Libs? 4.882428 ko/m* Akai? = __0.2048161 Ibi? Jozi '33,90575 g/m* 1gim* = _0,0294935 o2/yd* Jozi? 305.1517 gim* tom? = 0.003271 oz/t” Td 16.01846 kan? thom’ = 0.062428 bi ie 0.5992764 iain ‘Than’ = 1.685555 vd" 4 ton = _ 1.186553 vm? ym = _0.8427774 ton On ‘tonf(ton-force) = 8.89644 KN. KN = _0.1124045 tont (ton-foree) ‘ip (4,000 top) 4.64822 KN KN = 0.224809 kip (1,000 1b) + Ibf (pound.force) 444822 N 1N = 0.224809 Ib (pound -forco 4 tote 1.355818 Nem 1. Nem = _0.7375621 tbfet 1 ibtein 0.1129848 Nem Nem = 8.8507481 tbtein 1 tonteft 2.71164 kNem 1kNem = _ 0.368705 tonfeft kiet = 1.35582 kNem Nem = 0.737561 kipett ee ibm = 14.5939 Nim Nm = _0,0685218 tht ‘1 ibtfin = 175.1268 Nim Nim = 0.005701 tofin “ton = 29.1878 kN/m kN = 0.042609 tont/t (Continued) BUILDING CODES OF RUSSIA $2010789 - 65LOADS AND STRESSES. 4 tontin? 18.7895 Mpa 1Mpa___= _0.0725188 tontin® 1 tontitt? =_ 95.7605 kPa 1kPa = 0.0104427 tontit 1 kipfin® = 6.894757 Mpa 1 Mpa (0.145037 kip/in® 4 totin® = _6.894757 kPa 1 kPa = 0.450377 Ibtfin® bite 47.8803 Pa 1Pa 10,0208854 Itt ‘Atmosphere 101.3250 kPa 1 kPa = _0.0086682 Atmosphere ‘Linch mercury 3.37685 kPa. kPa = 0.296134 inch mercury 2.98808 kPa 0.3345623 foot water column (0.277778 kWh (550 ttelbt/s) ftelbte) 1BTU 1.055056 ki 7] = 0.947817 BTU iBT 1055.056 J 1 ‘= 0,0009478 BTU (0.7375621 ftelbt 0.1761102 BTUM(*et 0.092903 Im/t’(footcandle) .0.0929031 edt” Read this table horizontal $2010789 - 66 “foot lambert 3.426259 odin? ted? = _ 0.2918635 foot lambert 1 lambert = 3.183099 ked/m* 1 = 0.3141893 lambert keod/m® Read this table horizontally. 1000 m 0000en ex coo | 2001 “oem 1 mm SI Units Area ‘BUILDING CODES OF RUSSIA