Warm-up October 9th

What type of bonding does this

cartoon illustrate?

Remember: covalent
bonds are between two
nonmetals, the electrons
are shared

 diatomic

molecule: molecules containing only 2

atoms
usually refers to 2 of the same atoms
ex: O2, Br2, F2, etc.
7+1

rule

7 + 1 rule

Covalent Bonds
Bond

Length

distance between two bonded atoms at their

lowest PE
average distance since there are some
vibrations
measured in pm
stronger the bond, shorter the bond

Covalent Bonds
Bond

Energy

energy is released when atoms become

molecules because they have lower PE
the same amount of energy must be used to
break the bond and form neutral isolated
atoms
stronger bond, higher bond energy
average since varies a small amount based
on atoms in entire molecule
in kJ/mol

Octet Rule
Octet

Rule- a compound tends to form

so that each atom has an octet (8) of
electrons in its highest energy level by
gaining, losing or sharing electrons
Duet Rule- applies to H and He

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Less

than 8:

Boron: 6 in outer energy level

More

than 8:

anything in 3rd period or heavier

because may use the empty d orbital
ex: S, P, I

Types of Bonds
single-

sharing of one pair of electrons

weakest, longest

double- sharing

of 2 pairs of electrons

stronger and shorter

triple-

sharing of 3 pairs of electrons

strongest and shortest

multiple

bonds

bonds include double and triple

Lewis Structures
like

Lewis dot diagrams but for entire

molecules
unshared electrons: (lone pairs) pair of
electrons not involved in bonding written
around only one symbol
bonding electrons: written in between 2
atoms as a dash

Drawing Lewis Structures

Steps:

1. Determine the total number of valence

electrons in the atoms to be combined
2. Arrange the atoms to form a skeleton
structure for the molecule ( if carbon is
present, it is the central atom. Otherwise,
the least-electronegative element atom is
central, except Hydrogen)

3. Form bonds between atoms

(2 e-).

4. Distribute remaining e- to give each

atom an octet (recall exceptions).
5. If there arent enough e- to go
around, form double or triple bonds.

NH3
ammonia
N:

5x1=5
H: 1 x 3 = 3
total = 8
N

is central

N2
nitrogen
N:

gas

5 x 2 = 10
10 electrons

CH2O
formaldehyde
C:

4x1=4
H: 1 x 2 = 2
O: 1 x 6 = 6
total = 12
C is central

Polyatomic Ions
charged

group of covalently bonded atoms

Example:

CN-

NH : ammonium ion
+
4

SO42- : sulfate ion

5

x 6 = 30
total = 30 + 2 = 32

OH- : hydroxide ion

+ 1 + 1 = 8 total

Resonance Structures
resonance

bonding between atoms that

cannot be represented in on Lewis
structure
show all possible structures with doubleended arrow in between to show that
electrons are delocalized

NO31 N:

5x1=5
O: 6 x 3 = 18
total = 23 + 1 = 24