&

2015

V
E V

http://www.youtube.com/wwfgrwebtv
http://www.facebook.com/WWFGreece
http://twitter.com/WWF_Greece


...................................................................................................................................................... 3
1. .............................................................................................................................................. 9
1.1. .......................................................................... 9
1.2. ................................................................................................................................. 11
2. ............................................................. 13
2.1 ............................................................................... 13
2.2. ........................................................... 16
2.2.1 ........................................................................................................................... 17
2.2.2 ............................................................................................................................. 18
2.2.3 ................................................................................................................................. 19
2.2.4. .......................................................................................................................... 21
3. ........... 23
3.1 ........................................................................................................................................... 23
3.2. ........................................................................................................ 24
3.2.1 V ................................................................................. 24
3.2.2 ............................................................................................................................. 26
3.2.3 CO2 ........................................................... 28
3. 3 ................................................................................................................. 29
3.3.1 ........................................................................................................................ 29
3.3.2 .................................................................................................................................. 31
4. ....................................................................................... 36
4.1 ................................................................................................................................... 36
4.2 ........................................................ 40
4.3 .................................................................................................. 42
4.4 ................................................................................. 43
5. :
.......................................................................................................................... 47
5.1 ................................................................................................ 47
5.2. ............................................................................................................................. 52
5.3. ...................................................................................................................... 54
5.4. V .................................................................................. 57
6. :
........................................................................................................ 60
6.1 .............................................................................................................. 60
6.2. (NET METERING) ............ 61
6.3. ..................... 66
7. ............................................. 71
7.1. .................................................................................. 71
7.1.1 ............................................................................................................................ 76
7.1.2 .......................................................................................................................................... 77
7.1.3 ..................................................................................................... 79
7.2. ................................................................ 80
7.2.1. ................................................................................................................ 80
7.2.2. ................................................................................................................ 82
7.2.3. .................................................................................................................. 83
8. ............................................................................................................................. 86

 - ................... 88
1. ......................................................................................................................... 88
.1.1 .................................................................. 88
.1.2 ............................................................................................................ 88
.1.3 ......................................................................................... 89
2. ............................................................................... 89
....................................................................................................................................... 91

() ......................................................................... 91
............................................................................................................................................ 94



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29 2013,
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.


: 10, ,
()
, , .

, . (2014, 6 ). : ,
;. WWF blog. http://www.wwf.gr/blog/post/2014-0606-12-56-03
5 Landler, Mark. (2014, 11 ). U.S. and China Reach Climate Accord After Months of Talks. The New
York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/12/world/asia/china-us-xi-obama-apec.html?smid=fbshare&_r=1
6 European Council. (2014, 23 ). Conclusions of the European Council.
http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/145397.pdf
7 , . (2012, 21 ).
. .
http://www.hellenicparliament.gr/Vouli-ton-Ellinon/ToKtirio/Fotografiko-Archeio/#e641e26f-9b1c-40e7-976850427fb7334a (36:05)
8 WWF . (2014, 9 ).
5. http://www.wwf.gr/news/907-5
9 Chambers, Madeline. (2014, 18 ). Germany to cut support for overseas coal plants. Reuters.
http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/09/18/germany-coal-idUSL6N0RJ2XP20140918
10 European Commission. More information on the European IPPC Bureau (EIPPCB).
http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/about/more_information.html
4

 . 2015
2019.

, V,
NOx, SO2
.

().

2012, 2020-2050
310 2050, 2030
30 .
( 1,74% 2,2%)
2021,
Market Stability Reserve 11
2030.
, 30
2030 12.
V
13
, ,
30 /,
V.

E.On14, ,
2
() .
, RWE15, 2


. ,
2014 EnBW16, 4 .
EDP17 2005
2013 2013, 71%
.
,
, , . V 660 W
1,4 . KfW
11 European Commission. (2014, 22 ). Proposal for a DECISION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT
AND OF THE COUNCIL concerning the establishment and operation of a market stability reserve for the Union
greenhouse gas emission trading scheme and amending Directive 2003/87/EC.
http://ec.europa.eu/clima/policies/ets/reform/docs/com_2014_20_en.pdf
12 Carbon Market Watch. (2014, ). Whats needed to fix the EUs carbon market. Recommendations for the
Market Stability Reserve and future ETS reform proposals. http://carbonmarketwatch.org/wpcontent/uploads/2014/07/ETS-POLICY-BRIEF-JULY-2014_final_1.pdf
13 , , . (2014, 6 ).
.

- . http://goo.gl/8Xo58g
14 Stephen, Lacey. (2014, 1 ). Germanys Biggest Utility, E.ON, Is Divesting Fully From Centralized
Power Plants. NC Warn. http://www.ncwarn.org/2014/12/germanys-biggest-utility-e-on-is-divesting-fullyfrom-centralized-power-plants-green-tech-media/
15 Beckman, Karel. (2013, 21 ). Energypost.eu. Exclusive: RWE sheds old business model, embraces
transition. http://www.energypost.eu/exclusive-rwe-sheds-old-business-model-embraces-energy-transition/
16 , EnBW. (2014, 7 ). FY 2013: Strategic reorientation launched, efficiency programme
successfully accelerated. https://www.enbw.com/company/press/press-releases/press-releasedetails_64064.html
17 EDP Energias de Portugal, Renewable Energies. http://goo.gl/ZQ7exq

10

 . , ,
, , 2015 4-5

, ,
18.
TES6 Sostanj (600 MW)
V (46% vs 41,5%),
: 70-80 .
, 225 ,
1,4 0,6 19.
WWF 20, V
TES6.
V II
35% 2050, .
, .
V
, -5,4%. , 100 ,
94,6 .
, V
.
V,

.
1.2.
2

(, , )
.
3

( V ).
4
( )
.
.
5
V

.
, ,
V.
6
,
Energypress. (2015, 27 ). : . .
http://www.energypress.gr/news/Petrakos-:-Praxh-prwth-to-telos-ths-Mikrhs-DEH
19 , Bankwatch. (2014, 2 ). Sostanj lignite plant: A mistake not to be repeated.
http://bankwatch.org/news-media/for-journalists/press-releases/sostanj-lignite-plant-mistake-not-be-repeated
20 WWF . (2013, 26 ). 5 2,
. .
http://www.wwf.gr/images/pdfs/PtolemaidaVMeliti%CE%99%CE%99.pdf
18

11

 V. , ,

(net metering)
.
, 7 ,

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12

2.
2.1

21 ,
22.
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-)23, 10,06 GW
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, 4.906 MW 698MW 24.
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.
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39 , .
.

, 700MW.
()
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201325,26.
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2010-2012. 2013 2.578 MW27, 374 MW
( 10kW) 41.217 .
() 23MW
220MW, 2013 46MW
.

Kaldellis, J.K., Zafirakis, D., Kondili, E. (2009, ). Contribution of lignite in the Greek electricity
generation: Review and future prospects. Fuel, Volume 88, Issue 3, Pages 475-489
22 Kaldellis, J.K., Zafirakis, D. (2007, ). Present situation and future prospects of electricity
generation in Aegean Archipelago islands. Energy Policy, Volume 35, Issue 9, Pages 4623-4639
23 (). (2014, ).

2015-2024

.
http://www.admie.gr/uploads/media/DPA_2015-2024_Prokatarktiko_Schedio_Kyrio_teychos.pdf
24
. (2014, ). .
http://www.lagie.gr/fileadmin/groups/EDRETH/DAS_Monthly_Reports/201412_DAS_Monthly_Report.pdf
25 . (2014, ). .
http://www.lagie.gr/fileadmin/groups/EDSHE/MiniaiaDeltiaEL/2014_01_Miniaio_Deltio_EL_APESITHYA_v
2.pdf
26 AE. (2013, ). .
http://goo.gl/IccSdx
27
(). (2014, ).
2013. http://helapco.gr/wp-content/uploads/pv-stats_greece_2013_June14.pdf
21

13


6000
5000

MW

4000
3000
2000

1000
0

2010

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14

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2014 2020, ( 2.1).
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. (2014, ). .
http://www.lagie.gr/fileadmin/groups/EDSHE/MiniaiaDeltiaEL/2014_12_Miniaio_Deltio_EL_APESITHYA.pd
f
29
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30 3851/2010. ( 85/04.06.2010).

, .
31
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15

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32

. (2014, ). .
http://www.lagie.gr/fileadmin/groups/EDSHE/MiniaiaDeltiaEL/2014_10_Miniaio_Deltio_EL_APESITHYA.pd
f
33
. (2014, ). .
http://goo.gl/uITw0O
34 . (2014, 24 ).
2030. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/ec/145397.pdf
35 , (). (2014, 9 ).
! ...: 2020 2030. ...
.. http://goo.gl/DHbX12

16


(4/2/2013-10/2/2013)

9000

(2/7/2012-8/7/2012)

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(W)

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8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000

7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000

0
1

10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100 109 118 127 136 145 154 163

10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100 109 118 127 136 145 154 163

2.3. ()
36
()

2.4 ( 2012).
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13GW (
/).
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23,
( 2.4),
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2012 ( 2014)

( 2014)

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6000
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2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

2021

2022

2023

36

()

37

2.2.1
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2009-2012 ( 2.5).
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. , 2.5
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36

. 2014. . .
http://www.admie.gr/leitoyrgia-dedomena/ekkatharisi/fortisi-monadon-paragogis-kai-fortia-systimatos/
37 . (2014, ). 2014-2023.
http://www.admie.gr/to-systima-metaforas/anaptyxi-systimatos/meleti-anaptyxis-systimatosmetaforas/archeio/document/94667/doccat/detail/Document/

17

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24 (2009-12)

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50%
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20%

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21%
20%
19%
18%
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2009

2010

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1

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801

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2.6. () ()
36
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18


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36

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.
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/
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20%
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0

30

60

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120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

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2.8. /

36

19


/ (2009-10)

/ (2011-12)
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2009

2010

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Poly. (2010)

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2011
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344

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2.10. /

36

, 2.11,
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,
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/ (2009 - 2012)
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100%

100%

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80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2200

2400

2600

2800

3000

80%
60%
40%
20%
0%

0%
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

200

400

600

800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 3000

(MW)

2.11. / () ()
36
.

( 2.12)
(

).

20

 /
(7/1/2013 - 13/1/2013)

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/
(2/7/2012 - 8/7/2012)

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2250

2000

2000

1750

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(MW)

(MW)

2250

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1500
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1000
750

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1500
1250
1000
750

500

500

250

250

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0
1

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2.12. / ()
36
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.
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36

(
)38,
, . . (2006, 23-26 ). . 2006.
ENERGYTEC 2006 & 1 : & ,
HELEXPO Palace, . https://www.dei.gr/Documents/Leris_Energytec_2006.pdf
38

21


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1998

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22

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,

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.
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,
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39.

:

LCOE , CAPEX
(Capitalised Expenditure)
, OPEX (Operating Expense)
, CO2,
.
,
,
(integration) .

.

(System LCOE)40.

. , ,
39 Foster, J., Wagner, L., Bratanova, A. (2014, ). LCOE models: A comparison of the theoretical
frameworks and key assumptions. www.uq.edu.au/eemg/docs/workingpapers/2014-4.pdf
40 Ueckerdt, F. Hirth, L., Luderer, G., Edenhofer, O. (2013, ). System LCOE: What are the costs of
variable renewables?. Energy, Volume 63, 15 December 2013, Pages 6175

23

 .,
2010 (10) . ,
( ,
, weighted average cost of capital, WACC)
.
3.2.
3.2.1 V
LCOE V
WWF 20
. ..,
41,42,43,44,45,46. 3.1 .
3.1: -
V
47

CCGT

OCGT

/kW

800

400

/kW/yr

40

20

15

/MWh

0.60

35.00

60.0%

39.5%

350

550

CO2

%
kg/MWh

2,106

41.5%
961

48

CO2.
V
. WWF
14,31/MWhf.
10,62/MWhf, Booz
49. ,
,
14,31/MWhf
.

Fraunhoffer ISE. (2013, ). Levelized Cost of Electricity - Renewable Energy Tecnologies.

http://www.ise.fraunhofer.de/en/publications/veroeffentlichungen-pdf-dateien-en/studien-undkonzeptpapiere/study-levelized-cost-of-electricity-renewable-energies.pdf
42 Prysma S.A., (2013, ). Study on Cost and Business Comparison of Renewable vs. Non-renewable
Technologies (RE-COST). http://iea-retd.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/20130710-RE-COST-FINALREPORT.pdf
43 Black & Veatch. (2012, ). Cost and performance data for power generation technologies.
http://bv.com/docs/reports-studies/nrel-cost-report.pdf%E2%80%8E
44 BREE, Australian Energy Technology Assessment, 2012
45 Department of Energy & Climate Change. (2013, ). Electricity Generation Costs.
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/269888/131217_Electricity_G
eneration_costs_report_December_2013_Final.pdf
46 Parsons Brinckerhoff. (2013, ). Electricity Generation Cost Model - 2013 Update of Non-Renewable
Technologies.
https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/223634/2013_Update_of_No
n-Renewable_Technologies_FINAL.pdf
47 .. 1.390
.
48 / - . (2011, ).
CO2 V 660
MWe
49 , . (2014, ). Booz ,
. https://www.dei.gr/el/i-dei/kentrotupou/deltia-tupou/deltia-tupou-2014/iounios-2014/i-deikentro-tupoudeltia-tupoudeltia-tupou-2014ioun
41

24

 ,
( - ), ..
.
..
, 3.1,
... ,
..
, .. ,
.
..
50, ( 3.2).

3.1.

3.2.

51,52

50

EC, SWD (2014) 15 final, Commission staff working document, Impact Assessment, Accompanying the
document, Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European
Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions: A policy framework for climate and energy in
the period from 2020 up to 2030. http://ec.europa.eu/smartregulation/impact/ia_carried_out/docs/ia_2014/swd_2014_0015_en.pdf
51 European Union Natural Gas Import Price. https://ycharts.com/indicators/europe_natural_gas_price
52 . (2014, 15 ). .
http://www.rae.gr/site/categories_new/about_rae/factsheets/2014/major/15072014.csp?viewMode=normal
50

25


.

,
,
. , ,

53.
V54, V
80% (7000 ), CCGT OCGT, 46% (4000 ) 11%55 (1000 )
.
3.2.2
(, , ,
) ,
. ,

,
56. /
,
.
- ..
41,42,43,44,45,46,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66
. V
WWF
20.
,
,
WWF , ()
V 8146 2020 4143 2050
20

54 /. (2011, ). - (
V).
55 .
2013
.
56 ~400 900
MW.
57 Frankfurt School-UNEP Centre/BNEF. (2014). Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2014.
http://www.unep.org/pdf/Green_energy_2013-Key_findings.pdf
58 IRENA. (2013). Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012: An Overview.
http://www.irena.org/DocumentDownloads/Publications/Overview_Renewable%20Power%20Generation%20C
osts%20in%202012.pdf
59 EPIA. (2011, ). Solar Photovoltaics Competing in the Energy Sector.
http://www.epia.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/Competing_Full_Report.pdf
60
IEA. (2014). Tracking Clean Energy Progress. OECD/IEA, .
http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Tracking_clean_energy_progress_2014.pdf
61
NREL & IEA. (2012, ). Wind Task 26: The Past and Future Cost of Wind Energy.
https://www.ieawind.org/index_page_postings/WP2_task26.pdf
62
IEA. (2010). Renewable Energy Essentials, Geothermal.
http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Geothermal_Essentials.pdf
63
Poyry. (2013, ). Technology supply curves for low carbon power generation.
http://www.poyry.co.uk/sites/www.poyry.co.uk/files/325_technology_supply_curves_v5_1.pdf
64
IEA. (2011). Solar energy perspectives. OECD/IEA, .
http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/solar_energy_perspectives2011.pdf
65
IEA. (2013). Technology Roadmap Wind Energy.
http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Wind_2013_Roadmap.pdf
66
DiW Berlin. (2013, ). Current and Prospective Costs of Electricity Generation until 2050.
http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.424566.de/diw_datadoc_2013-068.pdf
53

26

67, ,
( ,
).


.
.

.
,
( ).

.


.
(
), ,
. .


(woodchips).
, (1MW
5W ),

,
( CO2) .
(18/MWh
25/MWh
) .
, o
(parabolic trough) ,
binary cycle .

3.2-3.5.
3.2: 10/kW

2014
2020
2030
2040

1000
970
920
870

1500
1455
1380
1305

3000
2743
2473
2203

5000
4571
4121
3671

2050

820

1230

1933

3221

.
.
67

27

 3.3: / 10/kW

2014
2020
2030
2040
2050

960
816
734
683
642

1650
1403
1262
1174
1103

1250
1063
956
889
836

1750
1488
1339
1245
1170

/ -

1500
1275
1148
1067
1003

2150
1828
1645
1530
1438

3.4: , , 10/kW

2014

2800

4000

3000

4000

5000

6500

4500

6000

2020

2520

3600

2700

3600

4500

5850

4050

5400

2030

2380

3400

2550

3400

4000

5200

3825

5100

2040

2240

3200

2400

3200

3500

4550

3600

4800

2050

2240

3200

2400

3200

3000

3900

3600

4800

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MW

kWh/kW

10

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1752

2179

3066

50

2.1%

2628

3504

4380

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1300

1500

1700

0.1

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1300

1500

1700

/ -

0.01

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1100

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1700

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7008

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7884

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7008

7446

7884

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3504

50

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6132

7008

7884

3.2.3 CO2
T CO2
, ~6/ CO2. ,
,
,
.
,
, 2050
85/ 264/ 50.

28

 205068

( 32% 40% 2030 )
. CO2
3.6.
3.6: CO2

205068
50
(GHG40r)50

CO2
10/t
2020
2030
2040
2050
20
40
52
50
10
35
67.5
100
10
40
152
264

3. 3
3.3.1
,
V ,
3.7.

.
2020-2030,
( ).

..,
. CO2 (GHG40r)
,

, .
OCGT
, ,
.
3.7:

2050

(GHG40r)

LCOE '10/MWh
V
CCGT
117,28
99,80
117,95
101,65
132,80
129,30

OCGT
193,86
194,92
212,75

,
. ,
LCOE
20% .
3.3
...
V ...

EC, SEC (2011) 1565 final. (2011, ). Energy Roadmap to 2050 Impact Assessment and scenario
analysis.

68

29

LCOE
/MWh

LCOE
/MWh

.5 - +-20%

CCGT - +-20%

145

110
106.70
104.60

105

133.55

135
125

120.47

100
115
114.08

95
105

95.00
92.90

90

101.00

95
85

85

LCOE
/MWh

OCGT - +-20%

230
218.58

220
210
200.24
200
190
187.48

180
170

169.15

160
150

3.3.
, ) V ) CCGT, )
OCGT

.
CO2
. 3.4.


..
.
V OCGT ,
CO2 2050
,
,
.
LCOE
/MWh
180

LCOE
/MWh
180

.5 -
2050

160

CCGT-
2050

160

GHG40r
140

140

120

120

100

100

80

80
60

60
30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

30

GHG40r

80%

90%

100%

30%

35%

40%

45%

50%

55%

60%

65%

LCOE
/MWh
310

OCGT -
2050

260

GHG40r
210
160
110
60

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

3.4.
CO2. ) V ) CCGT, ) OCGT

3.3.2
,
.
,
,
,
.
,
.

, ,
(
)
(
).
LCOE , (
)

( ) ( 3.5).
3.6
2014-2020-2030-2040-2050. 3.8
LCOE .

,

3.5. LCOE

31

2050-
2050-
2050-
2050-
2050- -
2050-
2050-
2050- -
2050- -
2040-
2040-
2040-
2040-
2040- -
2040-
2040-
2040- -
2040- -
2030-
2030-
2030-
2030-
2030- -
2030-
2030-
2030- -
2030- -
2020-
2020-
2020-
2020-
2020- -
2020-
2020-
2020- -
2020- -

2014-
2014-
2014-
2014-
2014- -
2014-
2014-
2014- -
2014- -
0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

3.6.

32

400

450

500

-


-
-

2014

2020

2030

2040

2050

3.8: LCOE
LCOE (10/MWh)

59.85
72.68
107.16
200.04
120.34
140.34
85.65
97.65
82.24
121.27
65.99
82.09
54.50
70.84
79.45
126.27
41.85
63.37

-


-
-

59.85
125.03
120.34
85.65
87.49
70.20
57.98
90.55
44.40

72.68
233.38
140.34
97.65
129.02
87.33
75.36
143.91
67.23

-


-
-

63.59
142.89
122.87
88.01
94.07
75.48
62.35
101.65
46.95

77.22
266.72
142.87
100.01
138.73
93.91
81.03
161.55
71.09

-


-
-

67.34
160.75
125.39
90.36
104.52
83.87
69.27
112.75
49.50

81.76
300.06
145.39
102.36
154.14
104.34
90.03
179.18
74.96

-


-
-

74.82
178.61
130.43
95.07
122.97
98.67
81.50
123.32
51.03

90.85
333.40
150.43
107.07
181.34
122.75
105.92
195.98
77.28

33


.
3.7 3.8 4
(CCGT OCGT
).


.
,

.
CCGT -

CCGT -

300

350

250

300
250

200

200
150
150
100

100

50

50

2014

2020

2030

2040

2050

2014

2020

2030

2040

2050

CCGT

- -

CCGT

- -

- -

- -

- -

- -

CCGT - &

CCGT - / &

400

400

350

350

300

300

250

250

200

200

150

150

100

100

50

50
-

2014

2020

2030

2040

CCGT

2014

2050

2020

2030

CCGT

2040

2050

3.7. LCOE ..-CCGT

CGT -

OCGT -

350

350

300

300

250

250

200

200

150

150

100

100

50

50

2014

2020

2040

2050

2014

2020

2030

2040

OCGT

- -

OCGT

- -

- -

- -

- -

34

2030

- -

2050

 CGT - / &

CGT - &
400

400

350

350

300

300

250

250

200

200

150

150

100

100

50

50
-

2014

2020

2030

2040

OCGT

2014

2050

2020

2030

OCGT

2040

2050

3.8. LCOE ..-OCGT

V ( 3.9)
, /
.
,
.

CCGT
.

.
.5 -

.5 -

300

350

250

300
250

200

200
150
150
100

100

50

50

2014

2020

2030

2040

2050

2014

2020

2030

2040

.5

- -

.5

- -

- -

- -

- -

2050

- -

.5 - / &

.5 - &
400

400

350

350

300

300

250

250

200

200

150

150

100

100

50

50
-

2014

2020

2030

.5

2040
-

2050

2014

2020

2030

.5

2040

2050

3.9. LCOE V

35

4.
4.1
3, ,

.
,
,
, ,
4.1.

4.1.
[ ]

(/)
( 4.2)69,70,
,
,
.

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36

 /
(2000-2013)

x (GW)

350
300

250
200
150
100
50
0
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

4.2. / 69,70

,

. , 2013 214
, 250 2012. ,

/, Frankfurt
School-UNEP Centre/BNEF 39 GW /
39% 201257. , 4.3
/ , 4.4
/
2020. / 0,5/W
/
800/kW / .

37

 4.3. / 58

4.4. / 59

, 4.5
,
,

( 4.6). 2008
.

( 4.7)
.

38

 4.5. 61

4.6. 61

4.7. (capacity factor) 61

/ ,
.
80
. ,
, ,
23MW.


. ,
,
.

39

 ,
35% 62. 4.8

.
, 90%,
,
/ .
,
,
.
,
.

4.8. 58

.
.
( wood-chips
pellet) .

.
,

( , , ).

.

.
,
.
4.2

71,72,73. ,
Cifor, Angela, Denholm, Paul, Ela, Erik, Hodge, Bri-Mathias, Reed, Adam. (2014, 23 ). The policy
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 74,75. ,
,
,
. ,
,
76,77.
()

78.
, /
(..
),

.
,
:

( )
79.

,
,
80.

/
81.

82,83.

Gaviano, Antonello, Weber, Karl, Dirmeier, Christian. (2012). Challenges and Integration of PV and Wind
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78 Papathanassiou, S.A., Boulaxis, N. G. (2006). Power limitations and energy yield evaluation for wind farms
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81
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41

4.3
,


.
, ,

.
, ,
,
( 4.9 4.10). ,
. 84
83.

- ,
, .. (flywheels),
(super capacitors)
(superconducting magnetic energy storage) ( 4.9).

(pumped hydro storage)
(compressed air energy storage),
-
(utility scale) ( 4.9). ,
,

.

4.9. 82

,
.
84

42

82

4.10. 82

. ,
, ,

. ,

,
(spinning reserve)85, (peak shaving),
/

/
(transmission/distribution deferral), .. ( 4.10)

,



74,86.
/
87,
.
4.4
,

.
130GW

.
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269-277
85

43

88, / .
1890 , 1930
,

,
.
99%
89
.
(
4.1)90 20GW,
Virginia (Bath County 3GW).
4.1: (2013) 90

/
(GW)
1

Bath County

3.003

Huizhou

2.448

Guangdong

2.400

Okutataragi

1.932

Ludington

1.872

Tianhuangping

1.836

Grand'Maison Dam

1.800

Dinorwig

1.728

Raccoon Mountain

1.652

10

Mingtan

1.602

4.11. () Pennsylvania- (: Margaret Luzier, U.S. Army

Corps of Engineers) () Okinawa- (: Agency of Natural Resources and Energy
Japan)
Alstom. (2011). Pumped Storage Power Plants.
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88

44

 ( 4.12)

.

.
, ,
.

,
, Okinawa ( 4.11).

4.12. .

( )
. ,
100m 0.25kWh/m3
250MWh/Mm3 ,
. 70%-75%91

(-),

.

.
Dinorwig
~1.7GW 16 92,

( 4.2), (40

.. (2009). , - , .
, 2009, ISBN 978-960-9400-13-8
92 European Association for Storage of Energy, http://www.ease-storage.eu/demonstrator.html?show=508
91

45

 6-10
)93.
4.2:
93

~40

~10

<2

~0.1

~40

~6

<1.5

~0.1

~5%/

~2%/

~4%/

>40%/

~5%/

~2%/

~4%/

>40%/

50%

40%

<50%

~15%

Eurelectric. (2011). Flexible Generation. Backing up Renewables.

http://www.eurelectric.org/media/61388/flexibility_report_final-2011-102-0003-01-e.pdf
93

46

5. :

V 3


(LCOE) .
V,

. , 4,
.
, -
V.
V
, -
.
5.1
, ,
/
.
94

. ,
- -
.

2 ( 2.6 2.7),
( ) .
,

( 4.2) .

( ) ,

,
.
,
2.3%,
23 4GW, 40%
,
.
.
/ . ,
Nwt, / pv 5 GW.
,
1.91GW / 2.6GW. 2020
7.5GW / 2.2 GW.
, " "

94 Anagnostopoulos, J, Papantonis, D. (2013). Store Project, Facilitating energy storage to allow high penetration
of intermittent renewable energy, D5.1 GREECE, Overview of the electricity system status and its future
development scenarios Assessment of the energy storage infrastructure needs

47

 203095,
10GW / 5GW. ,

/, .
, ,

96,
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,
, 250m
600m ( 5.1).

( 1&2 - JRC)
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.

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http://www.ypeka.gr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=Xm5Lg9NOeKg%3D&tabid=367&...
96
Marcos Gimeno-Gutirrez Roberto Lacal-Arntegui. (2013). Assessment of the European potential for
pumped hydropower energy storage - A GIS-based assessment of pumped hydropower storage potential.
European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy and Transport.
https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/sites/default/files/jrc_20130503_assessment_european_phs_potential.pdf
97 , . .
: 62/2423 (
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.

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98

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V ( / 5 GW
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,

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.
/
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, 7 GWh.
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,
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. , / ,
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.

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52


(100% & )

(MWh)

10000
9500
9000
8500
8000
7500
7000
6500
6000
5500
4000

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Npv=3.5GW

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Npv=4.5GW

Npv=5.0GW

4100

4200

4300

4400

4500

4600

4700

4800

4900

5000

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(MWh)

10000
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9000

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7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

(MW)

5.3. 100% 95%

( 10GWh).

5.4
100% V, 3
4 GW.
50 300 MW. 97
/ 400 MW.
,
.

53


(100% & )
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275

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200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
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/ ,

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/ (/kW)
/
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)
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1650

1000
960

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( 5.5) ( 5.6),
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5.3

54

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V 9-16
95% 6-16 .
6-10
4-10
.
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.

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pv=5GW

16
15

( )

( )

16

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15
14
13
12
11
10
9
4000

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Npv=4GW

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pv=3GW
pv=5GW

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Npv=3.5GW

14
13
12
11
10
9
8
7

4100

4200

4300

4400

4500

4600

4700

4800

4900

6
1000

5000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

(MW)

(MW)

5.5. :
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95% .

(100% - )
pv=1GW
Npv=3.5GW

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pv=5GW

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10

( )

( )

10

(95% - )

6
4000

4100

4200

4300

4400

4500

4600

(MW)

4700

4800

4900

5000

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pv=2GW
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pv=3GW
pv=5GW

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Npv=3.5GW

9
8
7
6
5
4
1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

(MW)

5.6. :
10GWh 100%
95%

.
5.7, 500 . (95%
),
100 . (95% 100% ). ,
1% 5%
.

55


(95% )

(100% )
pv=1GW
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500

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140
120
100
80
60
40
20

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400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0

0
4000

4500

1000

5000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

(MW)

(MW)

5.7.
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5.2,

( 5.8) ( 5.9)

4 GW, 2,3%
2020.
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120

100

LCOE (/MWh)

LCOE (/MWh)

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pv=3GW
pv=5GW

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Npv=4.5GW

130

105

95
90
85

110
100
90
80

80
75
4000

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4100

4200

4300

4400

4500

4600

(MW)

4700

4800

4900

5000

60
1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

(MW)

5.8. :
100% () 95% ()
10GWh

,
50-65/MWh 100% (
5.9) 45-85/MWh 95% ( 5.9),
.

56


(100% )
70

pv=1GW
Npv=3.5GW

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85

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80

65

LCOE (/MWh)

LCOE (/MWh)

75

60

55

70
65
60
55

50

50

45
4000

4100

4200

4300

4400

4500

4600

4700

4800

4900

5000

45
1000

1500

2000

(MW)

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

(MW)

5.9. :
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.
100%
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95% ~90/MWh ( ) ~140/MWh (
).
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3,
V 96,47 /MWh 162,45 /MWh.

(90% vs 80%),
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-
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165

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145
125
105
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65
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1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

(MW)

5.10.
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5.10, 5.11
(
- 5GW-
).

57

95%

(GWh)

10

100%

4
0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

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.

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.

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V, .
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V
,

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4000
4500
5000
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2500
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4000
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5000

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2500
1500
1000

10000
9000
9500

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1500
1000
500
500
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,

.

58

 /

/ ,
.
,

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V (96,47 /MWh)

(90%) (80%).
,
WWF 20,
V.

59

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.
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http://www.dsireusa.org/incentives/index.cfm?EE=1&RE=1&SPV=0&ST=0&searchtype=Net&sh=1

60

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http://www.ypeka.gr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=9HB%2fezdtZvE%3d&tabid=785&language=el-GR
102
14 .3468/2006,
(Net Metering),
http://www.rae.gr/categories_new/about_rae/activity/global_consultation/current/300714.csp
103 WWF net metering. (2014, ).
http://www.wwf.gr/images/pdfs/WWF_net_metering_.pdf

61

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)

(4000 KWh) (9045
KWh). / (KWh/KWp)
. PEPESEC PROJECT, Energy planning for sustainable communities, Indicative results of the
electricity
measuring
campaign
in
the
Municipality
of
Amaroussion
(CRES).
http://www.cres.gr/pepesec/apotelesmata_uk.html
104

62

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Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS), http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/

EcoTopTen http://www.ecotopten.gr/index.php?page=9-w
107 . (2013, ). netmetering.
http://helapco.gr/wp-content/uploads/HELAPCO_Net_Metering_25Nov2013.pdf
108 . http://www.dei.gr/el/eksupiretisi-pelatwn/oikiakoi-pelates/timologia
105

106

63

 6.2. 25 net metering /

4 Wh () 9 Wh ()

.
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/ .
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64


net metering. PVGIS105
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/
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109 ,
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(
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net metering,
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.
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2 net
(2014, 17 ). Energy prices and costs report, Accompanying the document,
COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN, PARLIAMENT, THE COUNCIL, THE
EUROPEAN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL, COMMITTEE AND THE COMMITTEE OF THE REGIONS: Energy
prices and costs in Europe. http://ec.europa.eu/energy/doc/2030/20140122_swd_prices.pdf
110 , . (2014, 10 ).

..
www.admie.gr/anakoinoseis/deltia-typoy/deltiotypoy/article/1581/
111 . (2011, ). -
:
http://www.admie.gr/fileadmin/user_upload/Files/study/MELETI_DIASYNDESIS_TIS_KRITIS_EKTENIS_P
ERILIPSI.pdf
112
WWF . (2014, ). .
. http://wwf.gr/images/pdfs/WWF-NOMOreport-2014-FINAL.pdf
109

65

metering. , 5% 2
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.


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http://www.rae.gr/site/file/categories_new/about_rae/actions/decision/2014/2014_A0356?p=files&i=0
113

66

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RMI116
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Information Administration) 600$/Wh
200 $/Wh 2035.
3 .
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Morgan Stanley117,
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, -
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,
. net metering
, / .
Morgan
Stanley, /
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net metering
Suratsawadee A. et al. (2014). Comparison the economic analysis of the battery between lithium-ion and leadacid in PV stand-alone application, Energy Procedia 56 352 358
115 UBS. (2014, ). Will solar, batteries and electric cars re-shape the electricity system?
http://knowledge.neri.org.nz/assets/uploads/files/270ac-d1V0tO4LmKMZuB3.pdf
116 Rocky Mountain Institute. (, 2014). The Economics of Grid Defection.
117 Forbes. (2014, 25 ). Morgan Stanley's Bull Case For Tesla Goes Past Hot Cars.
http://www.forbes.com/sites/samanthasharf/2014/02/25/morgan-stanleys-bull-case-for-tesla-goes-past-hotcars/
114

67

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,
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15 ,
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115.

,


.
7.1.

16% 2012
86% .
1990 16%118.

2020
.
() 2020
. (2014). Emissions inventory Annual inventory submission of Greece under the convention and the
Kyoto Protocol for greenhouse and other gases for the years 1990-2012
118

71

 CO2 4% 2005,
2030. , 2009/28/E
2020
10%. EUROSTAT 2012
1,1% 5,8% 28 .
2012 6.380 ktoe
37% 23%
. 119

, :
2020 10.000
11,3ktoe.
2015 50.000
22,7ktoe.
2020 10.000
9,9ktoe.
2020
21,4 ktoe.
2020
29,34 ktoe.
:
,
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,
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.

.

2020 95 gr CO2/km
130 grCO2/km . ,
3035%120.
. 2000

(LPG), , ,
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,
,
122.
7.1: 122
119 . (2013, ). , 7, 9
2012/27/, ,
, 2009/125/ 2010/30 /

2004/8/

2006/32/.
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/sites/ener/files/documents/article7_el_greece.pdf
120 . (2012, ).
. http://www.opengov.gr/minenv/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2012/01/texniki-ekthesi.pdf
121 Nanaki E., Koroneos C. (2013). Comparative economic and environmental analysis of conventional, hybrid
and electric vehicles-the case study of Greece. Elsevier Journal of Cleaner Production 53 (2013) 261-266
122 Kay D., Hill N., Newman D. (2013). Powering ahead The future of low carbon cars and fuels. Ricardo
AEA

72

()

Diesel

LPG

-diesel

1
-diesel
(
)

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. (/)
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:
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.
.
2. / (Battery Electric Vehicles-BEVs): /

.
3. / (Extended-Range Electric VehiclesEREVs):
, .
4. Plug-in-hybrids (PHEVs):
.
,
.

73

 7.2. / 120

/ .


. 6.000 25%
/,
, 14.004120. /

.
2013 /
120.
, 2013
,
/ 2020, 10%
.
2013 13.000
2020123.
13 .

2013 2014
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.
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1.600, 1.350, 1.350 1.356.
/ 2012 180.000 ,
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2012 2011, 45.000
113.000. 2014 / 400.000.
/ , .
, 20% /. 2020
2% , 20

, . (2013, 24 ). http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-1340_el.htm
123

74

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, 4 (, , ).
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125
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123
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)

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126
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2014)

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13.000

13

120

129

120
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120
/

:
IEA. (2013). Global EV Outlook Understanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to 2020.
http://www.iea.org/publications/globalevoutlook_2013.pdf
125 Liaggou, Chryssa. (2014, 24 ). Use of electric vehicles expected to proliferate.
Ekathimerini. http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite2_1_24/09/2014_543191
126 The alternative fuels data center, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/, United States Department of
Energy
127 Mukai, A., Hagiwara, Y. (2013, 20 ). Japan carmakers team up to add number of electric chargers.
Bloomberg. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-07-29/japan-carmakers-team-up-to-hasten-buildup-ofelectric-chargers.html
128 Chargemap.com, http://chargemap.com/stats/germany
129 Plug in electric vehicles in Japan, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plugin_electric_vehicles_in_Japan
130 ACEA. (2014, 1 ). Overview of purchase and tax incentives for electric vehicles in the EU.
http://www.acea.be/uploads/publications/Electric_vehicles_overview__2014.pdf
124

75

.
7.1.1
/
.
380-450 kWh,
300-350 kWh 2020 250 kWh 2020,
. ,
30kWh,
12.500-15.500 131.

7.3. 120

131 Chatzikomis C., Spentzas K., Mamalis A. (2014). Environmental and economic effects of widespread
introduction of electric vehicles in Greece. Springer

76

 7.4. 2020124
7.1.2
/ ,
, . /
160132
. o 7.4
CO2 , 2050.

. / . /
,
.

.
~150 .
200-250 Wh/kg 2020, 100-150
Wh/kg .
0.15-0.20 kWh ,
200-250 132.

132

Deloitte Global Services Limited. (2011). Unplugged: Electric vehicle realities versus expectations

77

 7.5. 120

: , 121.
/
. 7.3
/ ., .
. , 131. /


. /
. /
133.
7.3: (TOYOTA; CITROEN; MEPPW,
2011; PPC, 2011; GCEP, 2006; Gaines and Cuenca, 2000; Petersen, 2009;Nemry et al.,
2009)121

(MJ/100km)
217.6
134.4
72

()
588
952
129

IEA-Renewable Energy Technology Deployment. (2010). RETRANS - Opportunities for the use of renewable
energy in road transport

133

78

 7.4: 131

/
/

70%
7.5l/100km
20.4kWh/100km
4.6l/100km

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10%
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4.9l/100km

7.1.3
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132.

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.
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79

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8.8 CO2 57%
.
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7.7. 131
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80

 7.5: 134

(. 2).
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833 CO2 kWh.
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530 CO2 kWh 2020
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120.
50%
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50% 40% 428
CO2 kWh121.
121,
/
, , /

. , ,

50%. 50%
(HEVs) / ,
,
121.

European Commission. (2011). European Green Cars Initiative.

http://ec.europa.eu/research/transport/road/green_cars/index_en.htm

134

81

 7.8. (/100
) . :
36gCO2e/kWh. B:
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135

EURELECTRIC Task Force on Electric Vehicles. http://www.ev-merge.eu/

82


/ 135.
(dual charging)

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Garcia-Valle R., Pecas Lopes J. (2013). Electric Vehicle Integration into Modern Power Networks. Springer
Power Electronics and Power Systems Book

136

83

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136.
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IEDC. (2013). Creating the clean energy economy Analysis of the electric vehicle industry.
http://www.iedconline.org/clientuploads/Downloads/edrp/IEDC_Electric_Vehicle_Industry.pdf

137

84

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..
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,

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Carbon Capture and Storage /

Feed-in tariffs /
Internal rate of return /
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FiTs
IRR
LCOE
LPG
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94

Sir Peter Scott (1909-1989), WWF

WWF
21
117 43 A

.: 210 3314893
Fax: 210 3247578

WWF

E-mail: n.mantzaris@wwf.gr

1961
To WWF 1961

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1991
WWF
1991.

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