1 32

, 2004
, :

: ,

, .
, D. Hilbert ,
20 , :

.
!
,

. - 2003

Laurentiu Panatopol.
, , :
x, y, > -1, :

1 + x2
1 + y2
1 + 2
2
+
+
1 + y + 2 1 + + x2 1 + x + y 2

(1)

,
,
. , (
) .

16/2/2008

 2 32

,
,
.
,
:

,

.
, , ,
.



.

.

.

, :
,
; :
,
.
(, , ..), ,
.
,
. ,
.

16/2/2008

 3 32

1

:
.

0 0

, > 0, + > 0 > 0

, + +

0 0,

> 0,

< 0,

, ( )

:
)

2 0 R N*

2+1 2+1 , N*

2 2 , N*

> 0,

1 1

1.

2.

( 0) ,
.
3.

2
.
,

16/2/2008

 4 32

, .
, :
:
( ) 2 0 , R
= .
,
( )2 0,
. , ,
.

1
:
.

2 + 2 2

2(2 + 2) ( + )2 , R

2 + 2 + 2 + +

3(2 + 2 + 2) ( + + )2 , , R

( + )2 4

( + + )2 3( + + )

:
2 + 2 2 2 2 + 2 0 ( )2 0

( + )2 4 2 + 2 + 2 4 0 2 2 + 2 0

( )2 0
)

2(2 + 2) ( + )2 22 + 22 2 + 2 + 2

2 2 + 2 0 ( )2 0
= .
.

2 + 2 + 2 + + 22 + 22 + 22 2 2 2 0
(2 2 + 2) + (2 2 + 2) + (2 2 + 2) 0
( )2 + ( )2 + ( )2 0
.

16/2/2008

 5 32

= = .

2 + 2 2, 2 + 2 2 2 + 2 2
:
22 + 22 + 22 2 + 2 + 2 2 + 2 + 2 + +
)

:
( + + )2 3( + + )
2 + 2 + 2 + 2( + + ) 3( + + ) 2 + 2 + 2 + +

(). = = .
)

:
3(2 + 2 + 2) ( + + )2
32 + 32 + 32 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 + 2
22 + 22 + 22 2 + 2 + 2 2 + 2 + 2 + +

= = .
1
, , > 0, :

1 1 1
1
1
1
+ + 2
+
+

+ + +
()

:
> 0

( + )2 4 * ,

+
4
1 1
4

+
+

1 1
4
1 1
4
+

+
+
+
:

4
4
4
1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + + + + + + + +

16/2/2008

 6 32

1
1
1 1 1
1
2 + + 4
+
+


+ + +
1 1 1
1
1
1
+ + 2
+
+

+ + +

= = , ( + )2 4
= .

1 1
4
+
,
+

. ( + )2 4, .
2
, , R = 1, 4 + 4 + 4 + + .

:
x2 + y2 + 2 xy + y + x
x, y, R :
4 + 4 + 4 22 + 22 + 22

(1)

22 + 22 + 22 = ()2 + ()2 + ()2 + + =

1.

= 2 + 2 + 2 = ( + + ) = + +

(2)

(1) (2) :
4 + 4 + 4 + +
= = .

xy

x 2 + y2
2

+ + = ( + + ) = 2 () + 2 () + 2 () 2

2 + 2
2 + 2
2 + 2
+ 2
+ 2
=
2
2
2

= 22 + 22 + 22 4 + 4 + 4

16/2/2008

xy + y + x x2 + y2 + 2.

 7 32

3
, , 0, :
(2 + 2)(2 + 2)(2 + 2) 222

:
2 + 2 2 2 + 2 0 ( )2 0

(1)

. , :
2 + 2 , 2 + 2 2 + 2
.
= = , (1).

2
:

1
2 > 0

) +

+ 2

+ 2

1
2 < 0

>0

1
1

2 + 2 2 + 1 2 2 2 + 1 0 ( 1) 2 0

. = 1.
)

<0

16/2/2008

1
1

2 + 2 2 + 1 + 2 0 ( + 1)2 0

 8 32

. = 1.
)

> 0

> 0

2 + 2
2 * , 2 + 2 2
+ 2

2 + 2 2 0 ( )2 0 .
= .
)

< 0

2 + 2
+ 2
2 2 + 2 2 ( + )2 0

. ( = ).

4
, , > 0 , :

1
1
1

+ 1 + + 1 + + 1 + 27

x+

1
2 x > 0. :
x
+1+

1
1
= + +1 2 +1 = 3

+1+

1
1
3 + 1 + 3

1
1
1

+ 1 + + 1 + + 1 + 3 3 3 = 27

= = = 1.

16/2/2008

 9 32

5
, , > 0, :

1 1 1
( + + ) + + 9

(1)

(1) ,
. :
:

1 + + + + 1 + + + + 1 9

+ + + + + 6

:

+ 2,
+ 2
+ 2



= = .

() :

+ + 3 3

1 1 1
1
+ + 3 3

1 1 1
, , ( + + ) + + 9, :

3

1
1
= 3
= 3 1 =1

3
:
)

+ 2

16/2/2008

+

2

2
+ 1

 10 32

3 + 3 + 3 3

++ 3

3

) + + 3 3
3
1

+ 1 + 1

:
+ 2 ( + ) 2 ( 2 ) 2 + 2 + 2 4
2

2 2 + 2 0 ( )2 0

x2 + y2 2xy x = y = :

) + ( ) 2 + 2
2

= .


)

1
1
.

Euler:

1
3 + 3 + 3 3 = ( + + ) ( )2 + ( )2 + ( ) 2
2
+ + 0, :
3 + 3 + 3 3 0 3 + 3 + 3 3
.
= = .
x3 + y3 + 3 3xy x = 3 , y = 3 = 3

)
:

(3 ) +(3 ) +(3 )
3

16/2/2008

3 3 3 3 + + 3 3

= x x 3 = . ) = = .

 11 32

++ 3
().
3

+ + 3 3 ,

1 1 1
1
+ + 3 3

1 1
1
,
:

+ 1 + 1

:
++ 3

3

3
1

+ 1 + 1

= = .
6
, , :
( + )( + )( + ) 8

:
+ 2 , + 2 + 2

:
( + )( + )( + ) 8
:

= = 2 2 2 = () 2 =
= = .

( + )2 4, ( + )2 4 ( + )2 4
.

16/2/2008

 12 32

7
, , > 0, :

+ + + 8

x + y 2 xy,
8 = 23 . :

2
=2

2
+ 2

+ + + 8 = 8 = 8

= = = 1. , :

, =
= , , , 0

:
= 1
:
= 2, = 2 = 2
:
= 2 = (2)2 = 4 = (2)4 = 8
= 1 = = = 1.
8
, , 0, :
)

) ( + + )(2 + 2 + 2) 9

( + + )( + + ) 9

+ + 3 3 + + 3 3 = 3 3 () 2

( + + )( + + ) ( 3 3 ) 3 3 () 2 = 9 3 ()3 = 9

16/2/2008

 13 32

1 1 1
( + + )( + + ) = ( + + ) + + 9

1 1 1
( + + ) + + 9.

= = .
:

+ + 3 3

2 + 2 + 2 3 3 2 2 2 = 3 3 () 2

. = = .

() () :
2 + 2 + 2 + +

4
:
)

(2 + 2)(x2 + y2) (x + y)2

(2 + 2 + 2)(x2 + y2 + 2) (x + y + )2
( B.C.S.)

(2 + 2)(x2 + y2) (x + y)2 2x2 + 2y2 + 2x2 + 2y2 2x2 + 2xy + 2y2
2y2 + 2x2 2xy 0 (y x)2 0
. :

y x = 0 y = x

= ( x, y 0) = y = 0
x y

> 0 , :
= = y
)

16/2/2008

 14 32

(2y2 + 2x2 2xy) + (22 + 2y2 2y) + (22 + 2x2 2x) 0

(y x)2 + ( y)2 + ( x)2 0
. :

= = , x, y, 0 x = y = = 0
x y
, > 0 ,
= , = y =
B.C.S. (Buniakovski Cauchy Schwarz) , .
9
, , , :
(1 + 4)(1 + 4)(1 + 4)(1 + 4) (1 + )4

(2 + 2)(x2 + y2) (x + y)2 :

(1 + 4 )(1 + 4 ) = 12 + ( 2 ) 2 12 + ( 2 ) 2 (1 + 2 2 ) 2

(1 + 4)(1 + 4) (1 + 22)

(1 + 22)(1 + 22) (1 + )2

:
(1 + 4)(1 + 4)(1 + 4)(1 + 4) (1 + 22)2(1 +22)2 =
2

= (1 + 2 2 )(1 + 2 2 ) (1 + ) 2 = (1 + ) 4
( ) = = = = 1.
10
, , > 0, :

( + + ) + + ( + + )2

B.C.S. :

16/2/2008

 15 32

2
2
2

( )2 + ( )2 + () 2 + +

+
+

( + + ) + + ( + + ) 2

:

= = 2 = ..

= = .

5
)

1 1
2
.
, > 0, +

, > 0,

+
.

+
4

, > 0,

4
1 1
+ .
+

, 0, :

2 + 2 +

.
) , > 0,
+
2
)

i)

3 + 3 ( + )

iii)

5 + 5 (3 + 3) 22( + )

, , 0,

, > 0,

ii)

+
11 1
+ .
2
2
+
2

4 + 4 (2 + 2)

( + )( + ) + .

.
() () .
:
)

+ 2 :

+
1 1
2
2
+

16/2/2008

 16 32

1
=
=
.
2

( )

2(2 + 2) ( + )2

2 + 2 +

, + > 0.
+
2

( + )2 4

+
, + > 0.

+
4

2 + 2 2, :

2 + 2 2

1
1
+
+
+
11 1

2 2
2 2 +
2
+
2
+
2
+
2
2

( + )2 4 :

+
4
1 1 4
4
1 1

+

+
() () .
) i)

3 + 3 ( + ) ( + )(2 + 2) ( + ) 0
( + )(2 2 + 2) 0 ( + )( )2 0

1.

. = .
1.

4 + 4 (2 + 2) 4 3 + 4 3 0 3( ) 3( ) 0
2.

( )2(2 + + 2) 0

, 2 + + 2 0 . = .
iii)

:
4( ) 4( ) 0 ( )(4 4) 0

( )(2 2)(2 + 2) 0 ( )2( + )(2 + 2) 0

(3 + 3) ( + ) = 22( + ), (i).
)

:
( + )( + ) + ( + )( + ) ( + )
2

+ + + + + 2 + 2 0
.

16/2/2008

) 0
2

= = = 0.

 17 32

11
x, y, > 0, :

(x 3 + y 3 )(y 3 + 3 )( 3 + x 3 ) (x + y)(y + )( + x)

x 3 y 3 3
xy

3 + 3 ( + ), :

x 3 + y3
y 3 + 3
3 + x 3
x + y,
y +
+ x
xy
y
x
:

(x 3 + y3 )(y3 + 3 )(3 + x 3 )
(x + y)(y + )( + x)
x 2 y 2 2

(x 3 + y3 )(y3 + 3 )(3 + x 3 ) (x + y)(y + )( + x)

x 3 y33
xy

x = y = .
12
, , > 0 = 1, :

+ 5
+ 5
1
5
5
+ + + + + 5 +
5

( ... 1996)

.
5, () 5 + 5 22( + ). :

16/2/2008

 18 32

1
1

1
2 2
5 5

5
+ + ( + ) +
+ + ( + ) +
5

=
=
5
+
( + + ) ( + + ) + +
5

= 1. , , :

+ 5 5
+ 5

5
+ + + + + 5 +
5

+ +
=1
+
+
=
+ + + + + + + +

= = = 1.

6
, , > 0 x, y, R, :

x 2 y 2 (x + y)2
+
)

+

x 2 y 2 2 (x + y + )2

+ +

++

. :

x 2 y 2 (x + y) 2
+

(x 2 + y 2 )( + ) (x + y) 2

+
x2 + 2x2 + 2y2 + y2 x2 + 2xy + y2
2x2 2xy + 2y2 0 (x y)2 0
. :

x y = 0 x = y
)

x y
=

() :
x 2 y 2 2 x 2 y 2 2 (x + y) 2 2 [ (x + y) + ]
+ +
= + +

( + ) +

x 2 y 2 2 x + y +
+ +

+ +

16/2/2008

x y
= = .

 19 32

() .
2003.
13
, , > 0 + + = 1, :

( + )2 ( + )2 ( + )2
1
+
+
+1
+1
+1

6 :

( + ) 2 ( + ) 2 ( + )2 [ ( + ) + ( + ) + ( + )]
=
+
+

+1
+1
+1
( + 1) + ( + 1) + ( + 1)
2

4( + + ) 2
4
=1
=
( + + ) + 3 1 + 3

+ + +
=
=
.
+1 +1 +1

( )( + + + 1) = 0 = . :

= = =

1
3

14
, = 1, :

1
1
1
3
+ 3
+ 3

( + ) ( + ) ( + ) 2
3

36 ... 1995

= 1, :

1
()2
2 2
() 2
=
=
=
3 ( + ) 3 ( + ) ( + ) +
, 6 () :

16/2/2008

 20 32

1
1
1
() 2
()2
()2

+
+
=
+
+
3 ( + ) 3 ( + ) 3 ( + ) + + +

( + + ) 2 + + 3 3 3
=

=
2
2( + + )
2
2

x + y + 3 3 xy, x = , y = = .
:
xy = = ()2 = 1
= = = 1, x = y = .

16/2/2008

 21 32

,
,
.

. ,

, .
1. x, y, > 0 xy = 1, :

xy
y
x
+ 3
+ 3
1
3
3
x + y + 1 y + + 1 + x3 + 1
3

( )

Cauchy (3 + 3 + 3 3) :

x 3 + y3 + 13 3xy 1 x 3 + y3 + 1 3xy

1
1

3
x + y + 1 3xy
3

xy
xy
xy
1

3
3
x + y + 1 3xy
x + y +1 3

(1)

y
1
x
1

3
3
3
y + +1 3
+ x +1 3
3

(2)

(1) (2) :

xy
y
x
+ 3
+ 3
1
3
3
x + y + 1 y + + 1 + x3 + 1
3

x = y = = 1.

x3 + y3 xy(x + y) ( ) :
x3 + y3 + 1 xy(x + y) + 1 = xy(x + y) + xy = xy(x + y + )

16/2/2008

 22 32

xy
1

3
x + y +1 x + y +
3

y
1
x
1

3
3
3
y + +1 x + y +
+ x +1 x + y +
3

xy
y
x
3
+ 3
+ 3

3
3
3
x + y +1 y + +1 + x +1 x + y +
3

3
1 x + y + 3
x+ y+
:
x + y + 3 3 xy = 3 1 = 3

x = y = = 1.
2. ,

+ + = 1,

A=

2
2
2
+
+
+ + +

. :

2
( 2 + ) ( + )

=
=

=

=
+
+
+
+
+
2
2

+ 2

1
1

+ 2
+
2 +
2
2

( ) =

=
2
2
2
2

16/2/2008

 23 32

2
2
2

+
2
+
2
+
2
:
A=

+ +
2
2
2
1
+
+
++
= ++
+ + +
2
2

:
++ = ( ) +( ) +( ) + + =
2

= + + = 1

A 1

1 1
=
2 2

1
1
A = . = = = .
2
3
3. , , > 0

1
1
1
+
+
= 1, 8.
1+ 1+ 1+

1
1
1
=
= x,
= y
1+
1+
1+
:

1 x
1 y
1
, =
=
x
y

(1)

x+y+=

1
1
1
+
+
=1
1+ 1+ 1+

1 x = y + 2 y :
1 y = + x 2 x 1 = x + y 2 xy

16/2/2008

 24 32

(1 x)(1 y)(1 ) 8 y x xy (1 x)(1 y)(1 ) 8xy

(1)
1 x 1 y 1

8 * ,
x
y

= = = 2.

.
4. , , > 0, :

27
+ 3+ 3
3

( + + )2

x 3 + y3 + 3 3 3 xy

:
3

3
+
+

=
3

3 3 3
33 3

:
3 3
3
3
9

1 1 1 =

+ + + +

9
27

( + + ) 2 3( + + )
2
+ + ( + + )
2 + 2 + 2 + +
. . = = .
5. , , > 0 = 1, :

1+

3
6

+ + + +
(Team Selection Test, 2003)

16/2/2008

 25 32

1
1
1
, =
=
x
y

= 1

1+

1
= 1 xy = 1
xy

3
6

1+
+ + + +

1+

(1)
3
1
x

(1)
3xy
6xy

*,
xy + y + x x + y +

+ 1y + 1

1+

11+11 + 11
x y y x

3
6

xy + y + x x + y +

(2)

(x + y + )2

(x + y + ) 3(xy + y + x) xy + y + x
3
2

1
3
3
9

2
xy + y + x (x + y + )
xy + y + x (x + y + ) 2

1+

3
9
1+
xy + y + x
(x + y + ) 2

(3)

1+

9
6
3
9

1 2
+
0
2
(x + y + )
x+y+
x + y + (x + y + ) 2
2

3
1
0
x+y+
:

3
= 0 x+y+=3
x+y+

xy = 1 :
x + y + 3 3 xy x + y + 3

x = y = , = = = 1.

16/2/2008

 26 32

6. , , > 0 + + = 1 3 , 3 3
, :

3
3
3
1

+
+
3 - 3 - 3 - 6

, , :
3
3
3
2
2
2
+
+
=
+
+
3 3 3 3 3 3

A=

x 2 y 2 2 (x + y + )2
+ +

+ +

( + + ) 2
9

+ +

:
(1)

:
9

+ +

1


6 9 + + + + 3
6

(2)

+ + 3 3 = 3

1
= = = .
3

7. x, y, > 0 xy = 1, :

1
1
1
3
+
+

x + xy y + y + x 2
(G.M. 2000)

x =
1

16/2/2008

, y = = , , , > 0. :

+
+

2
+ + + 2

(1)

 27 32

= , = , = (1) :

3
+
+

+
+

+ + + 2
+ + + 2

(2)

B.C.S. :

,
,

+
+
+

( + ), ( + ), ( + )

:
2

+ +

+ +

2
2
2
( ( + ) ) + ( ( + ) ) + ( ( + ) )

. ( + ) +

( + ) +
( + )
+
+
+

2

+
+
( + + + + + ) ( + + )
+ + +

( + + ) 2

+
+

+ + + 2( + + )

( + + )2 3( + + ) :

( + + ) 2
3( + + ) 3

=
2( + + ) 2( + + ) 2
. x = y = = 1.

(2) :
:

2
2
2
( + + ) 2
3
+
+
=
+
+

+ + + + + + 2( + + ) 2
( + + )2 3( + + ).

16/2/2008

 28 32

8. , , > 0

1
+ + = , :
3

1
+ 2
+ 2

- + 1 - + 1 - + 1 + +
2

. :

2
2
2
( + + )2
=
A= 3
+
+

+ 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 3 + ( + + )
=

( + + )2
++
=
= 2 2 2
2
2
2
( + + )( + + ) + ( + + ) + + ( + + ) + 1
=

++
1
3

2 + 2 + 2 + 1
=

++
=
( + + ) 2( + + ) + 23
2

+ +
1
=
2
1
2
( + + ) 2 3 + 3 + +

1
+ 2
+ 2

+ 1 + 1 + 1 + +
2

= = .
9. x, y, > 1, :

1 + x2
1 + y2
1 + 2
2
+
+
1 + y + 2 1 + + x2 1 + x + y 2
( 2003)

.
y . :

1 + y 2 2y y

1 + y2
2

:
1 + y + 2 1 +

16/2/2008

1 + y2
1+ x2
1+ x2
2(1 + x 2 )
+ 2

=
2
1 + y + 2 1 + 2 + 1 + y2 2(1 + 2 ) + (1 + y 2 )
2

 29 32

2(1 + x 2 )
2(1 + y 2 )
2(1 + 2 )
+
+
2
2(1 + 2 ) + (1 + y 2 ) 2(1 + x 2 ) + (1 + 2 ) 2(1 + y 2 ) + (1 + x 2 )

(1)

1 + x2 = , 1 + y2 = , 1 + 2 = (1) :

+
+
1
2 + 2 + 2 +

(2)

, , :

2
2
2
A=
+
+
2 + 2 + 2 +
6 :

( + + ) 2
( + + )2
3( + + )
=1
=

3 + 3 + 3 3( + + ) 3( + + )

( + + )2 3( + + ). (1),
. = = , x = y = .

(2) . ( , 49 : 36.)
10. x, y , z x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3 .

xy yz zx
+
+
S=
z
x
y

a 2 + b 2 + c2 ab + bc + ca .

xy yz zx
S = + + + 2 (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 )
z x y
2

xy yz
yz zx zx xy
+
+
2 (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) =
x y
z x
y z
2
2
2
(y + z + x ) +2 (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) =
= 3+6=9

16/2/2008

 30 32

S 2 9 , S 3 . x = y = z = 1 ,
S = 3 , S 3.

.

.
, .

1.

.
2. :

1
, , > 0, :

1.

3.

( + )( + )
2

1
+

2.

1


+

( + )( + ) 2 + +

+ ++

+ +
+
+
+ +

xy

, x = + y = +
+ x + y

4.

i)

ii)

5.

3
2

2
2
+ +
3

6.

7.

(22 + 2 + 2) ( + )( + )

8.

11 1
+
+ 4
2

2( + )

2 + +
2

2
9.

, , 0, :

16/2/2008

 31 32

(22 + 2 + 2)(22 + 2 + 2)(22 + 2 + 2) ( + )2( + )2( + )2

10.

, , > 0, :

11 1 1
+ 2
+ 2
+ +
+ + + 2
2

11.

, , > 0, :

3
3
3
+ +
+
+

2
2
2
2
2
2
+ + + + + +
3
(Kmal )

12.

, , 0, :
( + ) + ( + ) + ( + ) 2( + + )

13.

, , > 0, x = + , y = + = + , :

xy

( + )( + )( + ) (x + y)(y + )( + x)
14.

, , > 0, :

+
+
2
+
+
+
;
15.

, , :

3
+
+

( + )( + )
( + )( + )
( + )( + ) 2
;
16.

x, y, > 0, :

x
(x 2 + y 2 )(x 2 + 2 )

y
(y 2 + 2 )(y 2 + 2 )

(2 + x 2 )(2 + y 2 )

1
1
1
+
+
x + y y+ + x

.
1. - :
, 2005

16/2/2008

 32 32

2. - :
, 2006
3.

: , ,

4.

: , ,

5.

: , ,

6.

: ,

7.

: ,

8.

. . :

(2 ),
9.

, ,

10.

11. , ,

. .
)

12 . M. S. Klamkin, ,

.
1.

2.

, ,

3.

4.

, ,

16/2/2008