Gpon/Ftth: PTCL Training & Development

GPON/FTTH
PTCL Training & Development
Content Development Team
Muhammad Usman
Senior Instructor, PTC Lahore
Muhammad Pervaz Ahmad Senior Instructor, PTC Faisalabad
Muhammad Zeeshan
Senior Instructor, PTCL Staff College, Haripur
Nasir Mahmood,
Lecturer, PTCL Academy, Islamabad
Muhammad Pervez,
Lecturer, PTCL Staff College, Haripur
Jamil Ahmed,
Lecturer, PTC Peshawar
Jamil-ud-din,
Instructor, PTC Multan
Muhammad Zaheer,
Instructor, PTC Quetta
Muhammad Umer Farooq, Junior Instructor, PTC Karachi
Ahmad Ali Shah, Junior Instructor, PTC Peshawar
Ghulam Mustafa,
Junior Instructor, PTC Sukkur
Objectives
After completion of this course, the participants will
be able to:
List the limitations of traditional copper based
access network and explain how GPON addresses
these limitations
Describe the Architecture of an optical access
network
Identify the components and operation of GPON
Describe Key GPON technology.
Contents
1. Overview of Optical Access Network
2. Basic Concepts of PON
3. GPON Standards
4. GPON Reference Model
5. GPON Key Technologies
6. GPON Management and Service Provisioning
7. Basic Services over GPON Network
Overview of Access Network
Definition (AN)
It is access of customer to the
telecommunication services or vice versa.
Traditionally it was called OSP (Outside Plant)
or LN (Local Network) or Local Loop.
Access Network is a network that connects a
user to the telecommunication services.
Access Network
EX
Access Network
LE
EX
END USER
AN is called the last mile of Telecom Network
Role of AN in the Operators Business

Final tool for service delivery to the end users
Quality & flexibility of AN determine the speed and quality of service to the end users
Major cost factor for the operator
Accounts for about 40~50% of total telecom network investment
Very important in a competitive
environment
End user oriented, generates revenue for operators
Services
Services
node
Access Network
End user
Motive: revenue
Good AN, Better Services, More Revenue !

8
138
Types of Access Networks

Wired Access Networks
Copper wired Access Networks
2 W-Loop for POTS, ISDN,XDSL
Fiber optic based access Networks
FTTB
FTTC
FTTH
For POTS, ISDN,XDSL, VOIP, TV, MSAN.
Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial Cable Systems
Access network for the cable TV networks, Internet, VOIP.
Wireless Access System (WLL)
CDMA
Wi-MAx
Characteristics of Traditional Access Mode

Feeder layer
3~5 km
LE
Central office
Distribution layer Drop layer

500m~1
10~300 m
km
CC
D.P
Connection
Cabinet
Distribution
Box
Copper Cables Based

Point to point/star
architecture
Tailored to voice/low speed
data
passive
10
USER
Limitation of Traditional Access Mode

Feeder layer
3~5 km
LE
Central office
Distribution layer Drop layer

500m~1
10~300 m
km
CC
D.P
Connection
Cabinet
Distribution
Box
USER
Copper Cables Based

Small coverage
Limited bandwidth
Maintenance
complexity
Reliability cut
down
Traditional access
mode has become the
Enormous
bottleneck of modern
telecom network!
investment
11
How to Overcome the bottleneck
Optical Integrated Services

Access Network
Advantages:
12
Wide Coverage
Broad Bandwidth
Easy
Maintenance
High Reliability
Low Investment
140
Access Network Status

During the current period of transition, global telecom carriers
need to:
1. Enhance service competitiveness and provide more services.
2. Increase ARPU (Average Revenue Per User) value and reduce
the maintenance cost by binding multiple services.
3. Improve customers satisfaction on the network and reduce
the customer churn rate.
To make a success in the transition,
increasing the bandwidth is the prerequisite.
13
Introduction-Broadband Services
Voice services revenue is getting flat
On a world wide basis, the market is calling
out for broadband which allows for the wide
range of applications and products e.g.,
14
High speed internet access

Sophisticated telephony services
High definition TV
Video on demand
Network based gaming
Music and moving down load
Education and business based video conferencing
Telemedicine.
Narrowband and Broadband Services

Internet connection
speed
15
Time to down load a Time to down load Streaming video

typical web page
a typical 5 min
quality
song
56K dial-up modem
14 sec
12 min 30 sec
256K broadband
3 sec
3 min
Low Quality
512K broadband
1.6 sec
1 min 30 sec
1Mb broadband
0.8 sec
41 sec
2Mb broadband
0.4 sec
20 sec
4Mb broadband
0.1 sec
5 sec
6Mb broadband
Instantaneous
Instantaneous
8Mb broadband
Instantaneous
Instantaneous
Medium Quality
TV Quality
How to provide Broadband services

through Access Network
16
Digital Subscriber Line

Cable Modem
Fiber in The Loop
Wireless
Satellite
Broadband over Power Lines
Development Trend of the Access Network

- All over IP
Directory
DSL
ON
GP
TH
GSM/GPRS CDMA
FT
ADSL
es
rel
Wi
17
Storage
PDH
Cable
Ethernet
Location &
Presence
ATM
SDH
Message
Aggregation
Network
IP
PSTN
Online Gaming
Core
Voice
Eth/IP/MPLS
FR
X.25
Access
Data
Video
Wireless Voice
Wireless Data
Message
High Speed
Internet
Dial-up
Streaming
VoIP
Voice
Servic
e
What is FTTH?
Copper
//
Fiber
CO/HE
CO/HE
//
Old networks, optimized for voice
CO/HE
//
Optical networks, optimized for voice,

video and data
Note: network may be aerial or underground
18
2 Mbps
1 Gbps +
What is FTTH?
An OAN in which the ONU is on or within the customers premise.

Although the first installed capacity of a FTTH network varies, the
upgrade capacity of a FTTH network exceeds all other transmission
media.
OAN:
Optical Access Network
ONU:
Optical Network Unit
OLT:
Optical Line Termination
OAN
CO/HE
//
OLT
19
ONU
FEATURES OF OPTICAL FIBER

High Transmission Capacity
Low Attenuation
Long Repeater Spacing
No Cross talk and Signal Leakage
Small size and Light weight
Security of service
20
DISADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER

Small bending causes radiation loss
Optical Fiber connections need to align the fiber
core with fine precision
A very small flaw (hole) at the fiber surface
weaken the strength of fiber
Optical Fiber is very Fragile
21
Why FTTH? - fiber versus copper
A single copper pair is capable

of carrying 6 phone calls
A single fiber pair is capable of

carrying over 2.5 million
simultaneous phone calls 64
channels at 2.5 Gb/s)
A fiber optic cable with the same
information-carrying capacity
(bandwidth) as a comparable
copper cable is less than 1% of
both the size and weight
22
Why FTTH? - fiber versus copper
Glass
Copper
Uses light
Transparent
Dielectric material-nonconductive
EMI immune
Low thermal expansion
Brittle, rigid material
Chemically stable
23
Uses electricity
Opaque
Electrically conductive material
Susceptible to EMI
High thermal expansion
Ductile material
Subject to corrosion and
galvanic reactions
Fortunately, its recyclable
What is a Fiber Optic Cable?

An optical fiber (or fiber) is a glass or
plastic fiber designed to guide light
along its length
24
History of Optical Communication

Hand signals, Flags and Smoke Signals
Light Transmission through bent water jet
1000
Nature of light was defined and laws of reflection given
1880
Photo Phone by A.G. Bell
1962
Laser diode
1966
Idea of optical fiber for communication by Kao & Hock ham
1970
Chemical vapor deposition(VCD) < 20 db/ Km by Corning
1973
MCVD <1 db/Km by Bell Systems
25
INTRODUCTION
To
LIGHT
26
Law of Reflection
27
This law states that when a ray of

light is reflected from a surface, the
angle of reflection is equal to the angle
of incidence.
Law of Reflection
Normal
i2 r2
i= r
1
28
Normal
i= r
2
Refraction
It is the bending of light rays due to
changes in the speed of propagation when light
enters from one medium to another.
29
The angle at which the light bends is a function

of the mediums index of refraction.
Angle of Incidence
A
B
Glass
Air
Angle of Refraction
Critical Angle
Glass
Air
Glass
Air
Angle of Incidence
= Angle of Reflection
Glass
Air
90 0
The critical angle of incidence.

30
Refraction
n 2> n
Refraction of a light ray passing through an optically denser medium .

31
Index of Refraction
It is the ratio of the speed of light

through a medium to the speed of light
through vacuum.
Index of refraction
32
=n =
Vc
Vg
Index of Refraction
It is equal to the sine of the angle of incidence

divided by the sine of the angle of refraction.
Index of refraction
33
=n =
sin i
sin r
Refractive Indices
MATERIAL
INDEX OF REFRACTION
VACCUM
1.0000
AIR
1.0003
MERCURY VAPOUR
1.0009
WATER
1.3
GLASS
1.6
DIAMOND
2.4
Selected indices of refraction

34
Propagation Principles
in
Optical Fiber
35
Fiber Optic Principles
Optical fiber is basically a glass waveguide.
Different wavelengths of light are directed

through the fiber core by refraction
& reflection.
Different wavelengths relate to different

colors.
36
Wavelength
Invisible =
Infrared (high band)
Visible
400 - 750 nm
Invisible =
850 nm and 1300 nm / Multi-mode LED
1310 nm and 1550 nm / Single-mode LED
37
Ultra-violet (low-band)
Light Propagation in Optical Fiber
Propagation of light in an optical fiber

requires that the light be totally confined
within the fiber.
The above object can be obtained in two
different ways
Total Internal Reflection
38
Continuous Refraction
Most widely used method for the

propagation of light through optical fiber
is the total internal reflection.
The amount and direction of deflection is

determined by the amount of difference in
refractive indices as well as the angle at
which the rays strike the boundary.
39
(Continued)
For incidence angles equal to or greater

than the critical angle, the glass air
boundary will act as a mirror and no light
escape from the glass.
Example:
40
n2 (Glass)
Sin c
1
= n (Air) = 1.5
Sin 90
1
Sin c = 0.6667
c = 41.8
(Continued)
For incidence angles equal to or greater

than the critical angle, the glass air
boundary will act as a mirror and no light
escape from the glass.
Example:
41
n2 (Glass)
Sin c
1
= n (Air) = 1.5
Sin 90
1
Sin c = 0.6667
c = 41.8
(Continued)
Out Going Ray
Incoming Ray
Light propagation within a flexible glass fiber.

42
(Continued)
Very complex core structure
High refractive index (n ) at the center

decreases gradually to a lower refractive
index (n ) at the circumference.
1
43
(Continued)
In step index fiber, the index profile for a

constant index fiber displays a sharp step
at the fibers perimeter.
The variable index fiber shows an index

profile that has its highest value in the
center and slops away gradually. This is
referred to as a graded-index fiber.
44
STEP INDEX FIBER
(Continued)
GRADED INDEX FIBER
n1
n2
A comparison of index profiles for step-index and graded-index fibers.
45
(Continued)
How light rays react to a gradually changing index ?

n1
n2
n3
n4
n1
n2
n3
n4
Hypothetical Multilayer Fiber

46
(Continued)
4
3
2
1
n4
6
7
Light propagation with in a hypothetical multi layer fiber.

47
Core Profile
(Continued)
Refractive Index Difference
1.490
1.485
1.480
1.475
1.470
1.465
62.5 micron core
Cladding
60
40
20
20
Fiber Radius (microns)

48
Cladding
40
60
(Continued)
The effects of increasing the number

of refractive layers while maintaining
the same n
49
CENTER
OUTSIDE
FOUR LAYERS
50
(Continued)
CENTER
OUTSIDE
EIGHT LAYERS
51
(Continued)
CENTER
OUTSIDE
INFINITE
52
LAYERS
(Continued)
Graded index Fiber
Graded-index fiber becoming very popular

for specialized applications.
It is relatively expensive to manufacture,

due to its complex core structure.
It is also more difficult to workwith.
53
Two Methods of Optical Confinement

A
Continuous Refraction (Graded Index Fiber)
B
Total Internal Refraction (Step Index Fiber)
54
Classification of Optical Fiber

on the basis of
Areas of Application
55
FIBER OPTIC CABLES
Internal
External
Duct Cable
Simplex Cord
Duplex Cord
Direct Burial Cable
Underground Cables
Underwater Cable
Breakout Cable
Distribution Cable
Short Span Cable

Long Span Cable
OPGW Cable
56
Aerial Cables
Classification on Application
57
Indoor cable
Direct buried cable
Duct cable
Aerial cable
Underwater cable
58
Indoor cable
Direct buried cable
Duct cable
Aerial cable
Underwater cable
Breakout Cable
Simplex Cord
Duplex figure 8 / Zip Cord

59
Breakout Cable
Continued
PVC sheath
PVC jacket
Centre member
Buffered Optical Fiber
Aramid yarn
60
Distribution Cable
Aramid yarn
Optical Fiber
Tight buffer
Flame retardant PVC &
zero halogen sheath
61
62
Indoor cable
Direct buried cable
Duct cable
Aerial cable
Underwater cable
Direct Burried Cable

Central strength member
Jelly filled loose tube
PE inner sheath
Corrugated coated steel tape armour
Moisture barrier sheath

PE outer sheath
63
64
Indoor cable
Direct buried cable
Duct cable
Aerial cable
Underwater cable
DUCT CABLE
Polyethylene outer sheath

Polyester tapes
Jelly
strength member
Small Loose tube
Optical fiber
65
66
Indoor cable
Direct buried cable
Duct cable
Aerial cable
Underwater cable
Aerial Fiber Optic Cable
67
Several variations of Aerial cables are

available for fiber optic, depending on
the
placement,
application
and
environment.
AERIAL CABLE Tight Buffer
Supporting strength member

PE sheath
Tight buffer
68
AERIAL CABLE Loose Tube

Optical fiber
Jelly filed Loose tube
Supporting strength member
High density PE sheath
69
AERIAL CABLE - Short Span

Moister resistant jelly
Loose tube
PE sheath
Aramid yarn
High density PE sheath
70
AERIAL CABLE Long Span

Optical Fiber
Jelly Filled Slotted core
PE Inner sheath
Rods Reinforcing
PE outer sheath
71
72
Indoor cable
Direct buried cable
Duct cable
Aerial cable
Underwater cable
Under Water Cable

Optical fibers in loose tube
Heat sealable tape
PE inner sheath
Moisture barrier sheath
Bitumen layer
Armoring wires
PE outer sheath
73
Connector
Insertion
loss
Repeatability
Fiber type
Application
0.06-1.00 dB
0.20dB
SM,MM
Telecommunication
0.20-0.50dB
0.20dB
SM,MM
Telecommunication
0.20-0.70dB
0.20dB
MM
Fiber Optic Networks
0.50-1.00dB
0.20dB
SM,MM
Datacom,Telecommunic
ation
0.20-0.70dB
74
0.20dB
SM,MM
Fiber Optic Networks
Connector
Insertion loss
Repeatability
Fiber
type
Application
0.30-1.00dB
0.25dB
SM,MM
Highdensity
Interconnects
75
0.20-0.45dB
0.10dB
SM,MM
Telecommunication
0.2-0.45dB
0.10dB
SM,MM
Datacom
0.40-0.80dB
0.30dB
MM
Military
Typ.0.40dB (SM)
Typ.0.50dB (MM)
Typ.0.40dB (SM)
Typ.0.20dB (MM)
SM,MM
Inner-/intra-building
Security, Navy
ADAPTERS
ST Adapter
76
SMA Adapter
ADAPTERS
D4 Adapter
77
DIN Adapter
Continued
ADAPTERS
Biconic Adapter
78
FC Adapter
Continued
ADAPTERS
SC Adapter
79
Continued
Mini- BNC Adapter
Core
Optical Fiber Structure
Thin glass centre of the fiber where the light travels
Cladding
Outer optical material surrounding the core that reflects the light back into the
core
Coating
Plastic coating that protects the fiber from damage and moisture
Glass
Glass core glass cladding
Lowest attenuation
Plastic
Plastic core plastic cladding
Highest attenuation
Plastic-clad silica
Glass core plastic cladding
Intermediate attenuation
80
TYPES OF FIBRES
1.
SINGLE-MODE
2.
MULTI-MODE
SINGLE-MODE
In single-mode fibre only one ray, or mode, of light
propagates down the core at a time. It is used
primarily for telephony and cable television
applications, and is used increasingly for campus
backbones.
81
MULTI-MODE
Multi-mode fibre was the first type of fibre to be

commercialized and is commonly used for data
communications. In multi-mode fibre many rays, or
modes, of light propagate down the core
simultaneously. Multi-mode fibre typically is used in
private premises networks, where signals are
transmitted less than two kilometers.
82
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE

SINGLE-MODE
1. Diameter of core is less
2. Only one mode is propagated
3. Used for Short Haul & Long Haul Transmission
MULTI-MODE
83
1.
Diameter of core is more
2.
More than one mode are propagated
3.
Used for Short Haul transmission
Fiber Optic ITU Standards

G.651 MMF
Large core: 50-62.5 microns in diameter
Transmit infrared light (wavelength=850 to 1300
nm)
Light Emitting Diode
G.652 SMF
Small core: 8-10 microns in diameter
Transmit laser light (wavelength= 1200 to 1600
nm)
Laser Diode
84
OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE
Fibres
Slotted
Core
Inner
Steel Armoring
Polly-ethylene
Middle sheet
Polly-ethylene
Polly-ethylene
sheet
sheet
Strengthening
member
Corrugated
steel
tape
85
Fiber Optic Cable Construction
86
Why Total Internal Reflection
Concept
Light travels through the core constantly

bouncing from the cladding
Distance
A light wave can travel great distances because
the cladding does not absorb light from the core
Signal degradation
Mostly due to impurities in the glass
87
REASON OF ABSORPTION LOSSES IN FIBER

Atomic Defects in Glass composition
Impurities of metal ions
Electronic absorption bands in the ultra-violet
region
Atomic vibration bands in the near infrared
region
Intrinsic absorption
88
Attenuation Vs. Wavelength
89
Oband
90
Eband
Sband
Cband
Lband
Uband
Optical Fiber Transmission System
Optical Transmitter:
Produces and encodes the light signal.
Optical Amplifier:
May be necessary to boost the light signal (for
long distance)
Optical Receiver:
Receives and decodes the light signal
Optical Fiber:
Conducts the light signal over a distance
Tx
91
Amp
Rx
Optical Transmitter
Function:
Electrical to optical converter
Types:
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Laser Diode (LD)
Comparison:
Item
92
LED
LD
Data rate
Low
High
Mode
Multimode
Multimode/Single mode
Distance
short
long
Temp sensitivity
minor
substantial
cost
low
expensive
Optical Amplifier
Definition:
amplifier
An optical fiber with a doped coating
How it works:
Most atoms in excited state rather then in ground state
When perturbed by a photon, matter loses energy resulting in
the creation of another photon
Second photon is created with the same phase, frequency,
polarization and direction of travel as the original.
The perturbing photon is not destroying in the process
Elements:
Erbium-rare, so expensive
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA)
93
Optical Receiver
Function:
Optical to electrical conversion.
Rx
Types photo detector:

APD - (avalanche Photo Diode)
PIN (Positive Intrinsic Negative Photo Diode)
How it works:
Gives an electrical pulse when struck by light
Error:
Thermal noise is an issue.
To make pulse powerful enough, the error rate can
be made arbitrarily small
94
Optical Transceiver
Definition:
A transmitter and a receiver in a single
housing
Practical Implementation:
Transceivers typically comes as SFP
Small-form-factor pluggable unit
TX
Rx
95
Joining Fibers - connectors

Properties:
Good alignment/correct orientation.
Presentation at the termination point of the fiber
Always introduce some loss
Connector types:
Amount of mating cycles
LC, FC, SC,
Color code
APC green
PC - blue
96
Optical Power Splitter

Optical Splitter:
Typically divide an optical signal from a single
input into multiple (e.g two) output signal
Generally provide a small optical loss to the
signal passed through it
97
Optical Power Splitter
Power of 2 split
3.5 dBm loss every split
1x8 has on average 3.5x3=10.5 dBm of
loss
1x32 has on average 3.5x5=17.5 dBm of loss
Optical budget 28 dBm = 20 km
98
Fiber Cable loose tube

Ideal for long distance
Easy drop-off
Standard buffer tubes for excess
fiber length
Anti-bucking central strength
member
Termination and splicing requires
cleaning
Gel may weaken fiber
Inflexible stress buildup, cracks,
water penetration
99
Loose Tube Cable in FTTH

Advantages:
Proven technology
Lower cost for fibers below 144 fibers
Ease of access to individual fibers
Disadvantages:
Available in size only up to 432 fibers
Cable becomes very large for size over 288 fibers
Restoration can take longer for large count cable
Need to pay attention to buffer tube storage in cold
weather
100
Tight Buffer
Usually indoor
Single fiber for patch-cords, pig-tails,

jumpers, linking devices.
Multi fiber in riser application
101
Ribbon Cable in FTTH
Advantages:
Proven technology
Lower cost for 144 fibers and large
Ease of access to individual fiber
Large count cables will fit in a smaller duct than the
same sized loose tube
Higher fiber count in a splice tray
Disadvantages:
More difficult to store pass-through fiber in a ped or
splice case
Ribbon is less tolerant to physical damage than loose
tube
102
HOW FIBRE WORKS
103
Types of Windows used
104
Wavelengths used for Single Mode Fiber (long distances) communications

1310 nm
Usually lowest cost lasers
Used for shorter broadcast runs and short to moderate data runs
1550 nm
Can be amplified with relatively low-cost erbium doped fiber amplifiers
(EDFAs)
Lasers are fabricated on a number of different wavelengths (about
1535 1600 nm) for wave division multiplexing (WDM) applications
Slightly lower fiber loss at 1550 nm
1490 nm
Increasingly popular for downstream data in 3l systems.
Cannot be amplified as easily
Somewhat higher device cost
Single and Dual Fiber Systems
Single Fiber
Downstream broadcast* on 1550 nm
Upstream data on 1310 nm
Downstream data on either 1310 or 1490 nm* depending on
system
Advantages
Less fiber deployed
Fewer optical passives (taps or splitters)
Fewer labor-intensive connections
* Downstream data can be carried at 1550 nm if not used for broadcast
105
Single and Dual Fiber Systems
Dual Fiber
Various plans, usually one fiber will be used for downstream and
one for upstream, or one will be used for broadcast and one for
data. Sometimes one will be used for specialized services, such as
returning RF-modulated data from set top terminals
Advantages
Simplifies terminal passive components
Somewhat lower signal loss
106
SAFETY MEASURES REGARDING

OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE HANDLING
107
Optical Fiber and LASER Light Safety

Safety issues relevant to operation and maintenance staff
involved in optical fiber systems fall into one of three
categories:
- Laser light Sources
- Handling of bare optical fiber ends
- Hazardous Chemicals
108
LASER LIGHT SOURCES

This includes both optical line transmission equipment and
Optical test equipment.
A laser can cause damage to human tissue either on the surface
of the skin or in and around the eyes.
- The Eyes
- Laser Safety Requirements
- Laser safety Procedures
- Some General Rules on Laser Safety
109
The Eyes
The eyes, being a very sensitive part of the human body, can
Be very susceptible to the hazards of laser light.
Laser Safety Requirements

Only staff who have attended an optical fiber training course
And had their eyes tested may install, test and optical fiber cables.
Laser Safety Procedure

-Ensure that the power is turned off at both ends of the section
while the optical fiber cable is being worked on.
-Under no circumstances should an optical fiber or connector
110
Vision Hazard
111
Vision Hazard
LASER
WARNING
112
Continued
Fiber
Dont add fiber to your food !
Ingestion
113
Fiber
Continued
Bare fiber
114
OPTICAL FIBRE CABLE

That is connected to an optical source, be viewed directly with
the eye or be directed at the skin.
- In some circumstances it may be necessary to test fusion slices
in conjunction with jointing operations. Under no circumstance
Must a light signal from an OTDR) be transmitted through a fiber
Until jointing staff have completed splicing operations on the
fiber
And have notified the testing Officer that it is safe to do so.
115
Some General Rules on Laser Safety
Never look into the beam of a transmitting

laser, either via the output port of
equipment or the end of a connected fiber
Initially assume that all fiber and
equipment is active in transmitting
light.
Optical connectors should always be held
at least 300mm from the eye, etc.
116
HANDLING OF THE BARE FIBERS

Bare fibers should be treated with more care
than handling a piece of broken glass in the
home
If optical fiber glass accidentally penetrates the
skin, it probably remain there and eventually
infect the area around it
However in extreme cases it could potentially
end up in the blood stream, which would be
extremely dangerous.
117
HANDLING OF THE BARE FIBERS

Always dispose of broken fibers or fiber.
Off cuts in receptacle designated for this
purpose i.e. fiber bin.
Do not throw bare fiber in a waste disposal bin
or on the floor.
Always wash hands thoroughly after handling
optical fiber, especially when eating food.
Never touch the end of a bare fiber
118
FITL -Fiber in the loop

FTTB
Fiber to the Building/Basement
FTTC
Fiber to the Curb/Cabinet
FTTH
Fiber to the Home
119
Architecture of Optical Access Network

Customer
Premise
CO
BA
DSLAM
xDSL 2~20Mbps
ODN
2.5Gbps Down /1.25Gbps Up
FTTC
3.5-5km
Remote Business
Curb
m
250-700 ge
e
ov ra
Urban C
OLT
MDU
Multi-Dwelling Unit
FTTB
OLT
ONU
Optical Networks Unit
FTTH
OLT
ONT
Optical Networks Termination
Optical Line Termination
120
What is Optical Access Network?

From the architecture diagram, the optical access network comprises the following
scenarios:
1. FTTB scenario
SBU : Single business unit ; providing a comparatively small number of ports such as
POTS, 10/100/1000BASE-T and DS1/T1/E1 ports
MTU :Business Multi-tenant unit ; providing a comparatively larger number of ports,
including POTS, 10/100/1000BASE-T and DS1/T1/E1 ports.
FTTb ~ Fiber to the Building , is the deployment of fiber (optical) cable to a

specific location within a building, then connected to the buildings
existing copper, cable facilities.
121
This deployment is also referred to as FTTB (Fiber to the Basement) &

FTTB (Fiber to the Business).
This deployment will be the typical for MDUs & MTUs also known as
** FTT mdu ~ Fiber to the MDU **
2. FTTC & FTTCab scenario

. FTTC & FTTCab scenario
MDU : Multi-dwelling unit ;providing a comparatively larger number of
ports, including 10/100/1000BASE-T, VDSL2, and so on.
FTTc ~ Fiber to the Curb , is the deployment of fiber close to

the customer but not fully to the customers residence.
In this deployment the existing copper plant is still used to

deliver service to the actual customer.
FTTN (Fiber to the Neighborhood) & FTTC (Fiber to the

Cabinet) generally fall under the FTTC category. Both services
are in deployment and in use, a perfect example is a
DLC/NGDLC (Digital Loop Carrier) which some of us get our
phone service from.
A direct fiber from the CO (Central Office) is terminated at the
DLC/NGDLC and then service is delivered to the customers
residence via the copper plant.
122
3. FTTH scenario
123
FTTH scenario
SFU : Single family unit , providing a comparatively
small number of ports, including following types: POTS,
10/100/1000BASE-T, and RF.
FTTh ~ Fiber to the Home , is the complete

deployment of fiber to the customers home, with
replacement of there existing NID (Network Interface
Device).
This replacement device is called an ONT (Optical
Network Terminator).
Strategic Drivers for FTTH

Multi Service Network - Service Convergence
Each Long distance (20 Km)
Only active components ate OLT and ONT
splitter Passive
Remote service provisioning
Future proof (almost infinite bandwidth)
Reduce operational costs
Fiber cost decreasing compared to copper
124
Basic Concepts of PON
PON concept
Passive Optical Network
PSTN
Passive Optical
Splitter
Internet
Optical Line
Terminal
IPTV
126
...
..
Optical
Network Termination
..
Optical Network
Unit
..
PON is short for Passive Optical Network ;
GPON architecture: Passive optical network featuring one-to-multiple-point;
Optical Line Terminal (OLT)
Optical Network Unit (ONU)
Optical Distribution Network (ODN).

Why GPON?
<1Mbps
Access
Technology
Coverage
diameter
8M
3M
VDSL / ADSL2+
PON
Copper Based
Copper Based
Fiber Based
<2km
127
~20km
<1km
Live TV
VoD
HDTV
VoD
HDTV
Game
Internet
Video conference
Remote control
2003
2002
GPON supports :
2.5G
ADSL/ADSL2+
<3km
Service
requirement
s
25M
Triple-play service
HDTV: 16-20M/program;
Data: 10M;
Video Conference: 4.5M
2006
2010
Time
High-bandwidth up to 1.25Gbps/2.5Gbps
Long-reach up to 20km
GPON is the choice of large carriers in the international market.
Why PON?
128
Enormous information carrying capacity

Easily upgradeable
Ease of installation
Reduced O&M costs
Long distance reach
Secure
Immune to electromagnetic noise
Best suited for triple play services
GPON Services
Business Services
E1/PRI
BRI
2G/3G
SIP/POTS etc
VPN & Ethernet Leased Lines/Internet Leased line
Residential Services
HSI (High Speed Internet) (Al Shamil)
IPTV
POTS
129
Philosophy
130
Two types of FTTH networks exist today

Retail
Vast majority of FTTH builds today
Network owner sells services directly to subscribers
Follows traditional telecommunications and cable television
models
Wholesale
Market created by a few state laws
Network owner sells capacity to multiple providers who in turn
sells services to subscribers
Only examples in US today are some municipal FTTH
networks
Technical considerations
Data
How much per home?
How well can you share the channel?
Security how do you protect the subscribers data?
What kind of QoS parameters do you specify?
Compatible business services?
SLAs
T1
131
Support for voice?

Support for video?
Broadcast
IPTV
Technical considerations
Data
How much per home?
How well can you share the channel?
Security how do you protect the subscribers data?
What kind of QoS parameters do you specify?
132
Technical considerations - Speed
133
Data requirements
Competition: ADSL, cable modem ~0.5 to ~1.5 Mb/s
shared, asymmetrical
FTTH ~10 to 30 Mb/s non-shared or several 100 Mb/s
shared, symmetrical
SDTV video takes 2-4 Mb/s today at IP level
HDTV takes maybe 5 times STDV requirement
Pictures can run 1 MB compressed
5.1 channel streaming audio would run ~380 kb/s
Technical considerations - Speed

Required Data Rate
FTTH
HDTV
DSL or cable
Streaming Picture in
modem
audio
15 seconds
VoIP
Service
134
SDTV
Technical considerations Speed (IPTV Reference)

August 17, 2001:
MGM, Paramount Pictures, Sony
Pictures, Warner Brothers, and
Universal Studios unveiled plans
for a joint venture that would
allow computer users to
download rental copies of feature
films over the Internet.
December 9, 2002:
Hollywood's Latest Flop
Fortune Magazine
The files are huge. At 952
Megabytes, Braveheart took just
less than five hours to download
using our DSL Line at home in
the same time we could have
made 20 round trips to our
neighborhood Blockbuster
135
Estimated minimum time to acquire Braveheart
Technology
Minutes
Hours
Modem 56
kb/s
ISDN 128
kb/s
20
12
DSL 1 Mb/s
2.5
Cable 2.5
Mb/s
1
45
FTTH
Days
0.4
Standards
STANDARDS
ITU-T G.983
APON (ATM Passive Optical Network). This was the first
Passive optical network standard. It was used primarily for
business applications, and was based on ATM
(Asynchronous Transfer Mode) 53-byte cell to transfer
data.
Initial offering 155.52 Mbps Downstream, 155.52 Mbps
upstream.
BPON (Broadband PON) is a standard based on APON

architecture. It adds support for WDM, dynamic and higher
upstream bandwidth allocation, and survivability. It also
created a standard management interface, called OMCI,
between the OLT and ONU/ONT, enabling mixed-vendor
networks.
137
BPON - PON FSAN / ITU-T G.983
* BPON standard of APON (Asynchronous Transfer Mode)
Fiber Cable Span no more than 20Km (12Miles) of Single-mode

fiber
Asymmetrical 622 (STM-4) / 155 (STM-I) Mbs bandwidth per OLT
path of 32 ONT's.
OLT - WDM (Wave Division Multiplexing)
1550nm downstream bandwidth for (Analog / Digital / HDTV)
1490nm downstream data rate of 622Mbps for Voice / Data
1310nm upstream data rate of 155Mbps for Voice / Data
TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) of ATM packets
1:32 Passive Splitter OSP Topology
138
STANDARDS (contd)
IEEE 802.3ah
EPON or GEPON (Ethernet PON) is an IEEE/EFM standard
for using Ethernet for packet data. 802.3ah is now part of the
IEEE 802.3 standard.
-There are currently over 15 million installed EPON ports.
-With China's 2008 EPON deployments total installed base is
expected to reach nearly 20 million subscribers by year end
2008.
-EPON uses IP-based protocol to transfer data.
- 100 Mbps Symmetrical.
- 1.25 Gbps Symmetrical.
139
STANDARDS (contd)
ITU-T G.984
GPON (Gigabit PON) is an evolution of the BPON standard. It
supports higher rates, enhanced security, and choice of Layer
2 protocol (ATM, GEM, Ethernet). In early 2008, Verizon
began installing GPON equipment, having installed over 800
thousand lines by mid year. British Telecom, and AT&T are in
advanced trials. GPON uses IP-based protocols to transfer
data.
140
GPON - PON FSAN / ITU-T G.984
141
Fiber Cable Span no more than 20Km (12Miles) of Singlemode fiber

Asymmetrical 1.244 Gbps or 2.444 Gbps / 155 or 622 Mbs
bandwidth per OLT path of 32 ONT's
OLT - WDM (Wave Division Multiplexing)
1550nm downstream bandwidth for (Analog / Digital / HDTV)
1490nm downstream data rate of 2.4 Gbps for Voice / Data
1310nm upstream data rate of 1.2 Gbps for Voice / Data
TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) of ATM packets
1:32 Passive Splitter OSP Topology
GPON Standards
ITU-T G.984.2
ITU-T G.984.1
Specifications of ODN parameters

Specifications of 2.488Gbps downstream optical port
Specifications of 1.244Gbps upstream optical port
Overhead allocation at physical layer
Parameter description of GPON network

Requirements of protection switch-over
networking
Simple development process

Powerful compatibility
ITU-T G-984.1/2/3/4
ITU-T G.984.3
Specifications of TC layer in the GPON system
GTC multiplexing architecture and protocol
stack
GTC frame
ONU registration and activation
DBA specifications
Alarms and performance
142
ITU-T G.984.4
OMCI message format
OMCI device management frame
OMCI working principle
xPON Protocols
143
Basic Performance Parameters of GPON

GPON identifies 7 transmission speed combination as follows:
Upstream
Downstream
Rate(Gbps) Rate(Gbps)
144
0.15552
1.24416
0.62208
1.24416
1.24416
1.24416
0.15552
2.48832
0.62208
2.48832
1.24416
2.48832
2.48832
2.48832
1.24416 Gbit/s up, 2.48832 Gbit/s

down is the mainstream speed
combination supported at current
time.
Basic Performance Parameters of GPON

Maximum logical
reach
60 km
Maximum physical
reach
20 km
Maximum differential 20 km
fibre distance
Split ratio
145
1 64/up to1
128
The distance
between nearest
and farthest
ONTs
ITU Full Service Access Network-FSAN Standards.
146
The following standards apply for APON and GPON.

- Fiber loop length limited to 20 Km between OLT and ONT.
- System will support from 2 to 64 splits within the 20 Km in any
increments or combinations (1:2, 1:4, 1:8, 1:16, 1:32, 1:64). Most
designs are based on a 32-way split.
Total optical budget is 30 db. Note. ITU G.984.2 Amendment 1
limits this to 28 db.
Maximum difference in optical budget between the first ONT and the
last ONT is 20 db, although many manufacturers can now support a
higher optical budget difference.
- Video is an analog overlay to the digital voice and data.
- Voice and Data downstream transmission is 1480 to 1500nm.
- Voice and Data upstream is 1260 to 1360nm.
- Analog Video overlay on a single fiber system for downstream is
1550nm.
PON Architecture Choices
Architectural Choices
Selecting the Best of Multiple Choices
Active
Sometimes called Point-to-Point or P2P
Dedicated fiber and optics for each subscriber
PON
Uses passive optical splitters to serve many
subscribers from one optical unit
Comes in several formats:
GPON
BPON
EPON
148
Connectors
(NID)
Active Architecture
Central Switch
Drops
149
Active Architecture
150
Benefits
Dedicated bandwidth per subscriber
Simple, point-to-point topology
Challenges
Cost: each subscriber requires a separate
pair of optical transmitters/receivers
Limited deployment options
PON Architecture
Connectors
(NID)
Central Switch
Passive Optical Splitter

Drops
Feeder
151
PON Architecture
152
Benefits
Low-cost for high total bandwidth:
matches video broadcast traffic patterns
Flexibility in outside plant topology
Challenges
More complex outside plant topology
Choices: APON, BPON, GPON, EPON?
Considerations
A recent study found:
Top 5% of users consume 56% of total bandwidth
Top 20% of users consume 97% of total bandwidth
The study also reported bandwidth by application:

Peer-to-peer - 66%
Web surfing - 27%
E-Mail - 7%
Potential Conclusion:
Most users arent so bandwidth hungry or applicationsophisticated as pundits think
Source: Ellocoya Networks study, as reported by telephony.com
153
The Answer is
The best choice for now and the future is:
GPON
154
Types Of Splitting
155
Types of Splitting
Centralized Splitting
Partially Distributed Splitting
Fully Distributed Splitting
156
Architectural Models
Connectors
(NID)
Splitters are here
Local Convergence Point
(Splice)
Central Switch
Feeder
(Splice)
Drops
Distribution
157
NAP
Target Applications:
High customer churn
Requirement for highly flexible connectivity
Homerun Consolidates all Splitting to the CO

Most Flexible Due to Central Splitting
Highest headend flexibility/scalability
Requires the Most Amount of Fiber

Most Expensive, Most Flexible
158
Connectors
(NID)

(Splitter)
Central Switch
(Splice)
Drops
Feeder
Distribution
Splitters are here
159
NAP

Target Application:
Overbuild with anticipated customer churn, slower
build out, or lower-to-mid-level take rates
Consolidates Local Subscribers to Central

Splitter Cabinet for Adds & Drops
Reduces Feeder Fiber Needs
Heavy Fiber Usage in Distribution
Second Most Expensive Design
160
Splitters are here
Central Switch
Connectors
(NID)
NAP
(1xn Split)

(1xn Split)
Feeder
Distribution
Drops
(100% Take Rate)
161

Target Application:
Higher Take Rates
Low Anticipated Customer Churn
Fiber Lean Distribution and Feeder
Least Expensive Up Front Cost
Headend Does Not Scale as Well as Previous

Architectures
Requires higher take rates to offset investment
162
PON Architecture Summary

Architecture Type
Flexibility
Application
Fully Distributed
Splitting
Least
Higher Take Rates

Low Customer Turnover
Partially Distributed
Splitting
Mid
Low to Mid Take Rates/Slow Build

High Customer Turnover
Most
High Customer Turnover

Need for High Flexibility
Cash to Burn
163
Cost
The Optimum Optical/Copper Solution

The Ideal Platform Supports
GPON and Copper
Provides triple-play service delivery over both
Allows for a managed migration
This combined GPON and copper platform would:
Offer all the choices of different split architectures
Also add Really Fully Distributed option of putting
the OLT in the remote loop carrier
164
Connectors
(NID)
Really Fully Distributed Splitting

NAPs
Splitters are here
Central Switch
(1xn Split)
Fiber
Drops
Copper and Fiber

loop carrier
(1xn Split)
Feeder
Distribution
Copper
Drops
Many OLTs share common
feeder transport fibers
165
Operational Considerations.
Advantages of a Copper and Fiber Platform
Common Administration
Reduced Training Cost
Reduced Cost for Flow-through Provisioning
Reduced Sparing
Common Customer Service Experience

Triple play regardless of serving infrastructure
Orderly Network Migration

Paced by your depreciation schedules and
recovery issues, not service offerings
166
PON Topologies
ONU1
ONU2
ONU1
ONU2
ONU3
OLT
ONU3
OLT
ONU4
ONU4
ONU5
ONU5
(a) Tree topology (using 1:N splitter)
(c) Ring topology (using 2x2 tap couplers)
ONU1
ONU1
ONU2
ONU2
ONU3
OLT
OLT
ONU5
ONU3
ONU4
(b) Bus topology (using 1:2 tap couplers)
167
ONU4
ONU5
(d) Tree with redundant trunk (using 2:N splitter)
System Architecture
168
GPON ARCHITECTURE
OLT (Optical line Terminal)

Access Media
Optical Splitter
ONU (Optical Network Unit) / Residential
Gateway
ODN (Optical Distribution Network)
169
Components of PON
170
COMPONENTS
A PON consists of an Optical Line Terminal
(OLT) at the service provider's central office and
a number of Optical Network Units (ONUs) near
end users.
A PON configuration reduces the amount of fiber
and central office equipment required compared
with point to point architectures.
171
OLT
The OLT provides the interface between the PON
and the service providers network services. These
typically include:
Internet Protocol (IP) traffic over Gigabit, 10G, or
100 Mbit/s Ethernet
Standard time division multiplexed (TDM) interfaces
such as SONET or SDH
ATM UNI at 155-622 Mbit/s
172
OLT ~ Optical Line Terminal

OLT is the networks control card. This card
resides in the local CO (Central Office) cross
connected to the video and data networks that
will be delivered to your home, it consists of a
special DFB (Distributed Feedback) calibrated
laser that is always on.
This control card acts as a traffic signal to the
remote ONT's for complete data / video
throughput upstream and downstream.
173
ONU
ONT is an ITU-T term, whereas ONU is an IEEE
term. In Multiple Tenant Units, the ONT may be
bridged to a customer premise device within the
individual dwelling unit using legacy
technologies such as Ethernet over twisted pair,
Ethernet over Coax, or DSL.
An ONT is a device that terminates the

PON and presents customer service
interfaces to the user.
Some ONUs implement a separate subscriber unit
to provide services such as telephony, Ethernet
data, or video.
174
ONU ~ Optical Network Unit

ONU ~ Optical Network Unit , this is similar to
the SFU-ONT but for a MDU / MTU, or small
business.
It contains 12 - 24 POTS Lines, multiple
"Ethernet" or "VDSL" connections, and one /
two high-powered RG video outputs.
These ONT's come in two forms, a wall
mountable or rack-mountable unit, they are
typically installed in a stairwell area, or
basement next to the existing SAI for that floor
175
ONT
The ONT terminates the PON and
presents the native service interfaces to
the user.
These services can include voice plain old
telephone service (POTS) or voice over IP
(VoIP)), data (typically Ethernet), video.
176
ONT
177
Functions of ONT
178
Functions of ONT
Often, the ONT functions are separated into two
parts:
179
The ONU, which terminates the PON and presents a converged interface
such as xDSL, coax, or multiservice Ethernet toward the user.
Network termination equipment (NTE), which provides the separate, native
service interfaces directly to the user.
Note: This is the CPE (Customer Premise Equipment) endpoint of

the ODN. The ONT is an Optical to Electrical to Optical device ,
that delivers your triple play services. It will replace your existing
copper NID (Network Interface Device) , and coax connections. The
existing POTS / Coax inside wiring will be cross connected to the
ONT. Since we understand that a PON is completely passive the
endpoint must contain an AC voltage connection to perform the
Optical to Electrical conversions for your services.
Fusion Splitter
1 x 4 Fusion Splitter
1310 nm
Fiber
1490 nm
1550 nm
180
Fusion Splitter
2 x 4 Fusion Splitter
Fiber
1310 nm
1490 nm
1550 nm
181
Planar Splitter
1 x 8 Planar Splitter
182
Planar Splitter
183
BEAM SPLITTER
A beam splitter is an optical device that splits a
beam of light in two.
Schematic representation of a beam splitter cube

184
BEAM SPLITTER - Design 1

In its most common form, a cube, it is made from
two triangular glass prisms which are glued together
at their base using Canada balsam.
The thickness of the resin layer is adjusted such
that (for a certain wavelength) half of the light
incident through one "port" (i.e. face of the cube) is
reflected and the other half is transmitted.
185

Another design is the use of a half-silvered mirror.
This is a plate of glass with a thin coating of
aluminum (usually deposited from aluminum vapor)
with the thickness of the aluminum coating such
that, of light incident at a 45 degree angle, one half
is transmitted and one half is reflected. Instead of a
metallic coating, a dielectric optical coating may be
used. Such mirrors are commonly used as output
couplers in laser construction. Similarly, a very thin
pellicle film may also be used as a beam splitter.
186

A third version of the beam splitter is a dichroic
mirrored prism assembly which uses dichroic optical
coatings to split the incoming light into three beams,
one each of red, green, and blue. Such a device
was used in multi-tube color television cameras and
also in the three-film Technicolor movie cameras. It
is also used in the 3 LCD projectors to separate
colors and in ellipsoidal reflector spotlights to
eliminate heat radiation.
187
FDH ~ Fiber Distribution Hub

FDH ~ Fiber Distribution Hub , is the cross
connection splice-point for the Central Office
Fiber and Distribution Fiber to the FDT's
servicing the customers community.
This hub can come in various configurations
(Aerial Pole mount / Ground Pedestal), the
providers configuration will typically be the 144 /
216 user count, designed to be a plug and play
system for the FDT / Drop Cable connections.
188
189
(ADC) FDH Rear Panel
190
FDH Splitter Cabinet

Core Component: Splitter Cabinet for 432 subscribers (13 Splitters), available also for 144 and 288
subscribers (pre-stubbed and pre-connectorized)
OptiTect Cabinet CouplerModules | Photo

CCO108
191
Splitter Module
192
1xN FTTH Splitters
1x16 slot
193
1x8 slot
1x2 slot
FDH
194
Corning OptiTect FDH Gen III - 432 &

288 Field Installation
195
PON Splitter Cabinet Sizing

Sizes available: 32 Fiber (1 Splitter) to 864 Fiber
(Home Run and Centralized Local Distribution
Cabinet)
Sizing will be dependent on rural or urban applications.
Specific cabinet sizing is trade off between size of the
distribution area and number of cabinets.
Rural areas: Serving areas tend to get too large well
before the ideal cabinet size is reached.
Urban areas: Due to the density, the number of fibers
can exceed the available cabinet sizes before the
serving areas become unmanageable.
196
Outdoor Fiber Distribution Hub (FDH).

The outdoor (FDH) provides for
connections between fiber optic cables
and passive optical splitters in the OSP
environment.
The outdoor (FDH) utilize standard
SC/APC to interconnect feeder and
distribution cables via 1:32 optical
splitters and connectors.
197
Indoor Fiber Distribution Hub (FDH)
198
The indoor FDH is designed to organize and administer

fiber optic cables and passive optical splitters in an
indoor environment typically suitable for high rise
buildings and is placed in the telecom room.
These FDH are used to interconnect main cable
(Feeder) and drop cable (2F) via optical splitters in a
FTTH network application.
No splices are allowed between the Telecom Room and
Flats.
Where the building has less than 32 customers, a wall
mounted splitter FDH (indoor type) is more suitable.
The unit will serves as a Mini ODF with splitter
assembly and facility to terminate drop cables.
Distribution Cables & Drop Cables
199
From Outdoor FDH Cabinet location, distribution cable (loose tube)

sizes 24F, 16F and 8F combinations may be considered,
depending upon the grouping of villas/homes, number and
locations.
The drop closures to be installed inside joint boxes, close to group
of villas/homes or as per site requirements. These have single
entry on one side and 24+ outlets for drop cables.
The drop cables are 2F construction, it is recommended that both
the 2F are spliced through in the drop closure, so that the fibers are
through to the splitter location.
In the FDH Cabinet, only one fiber of 2F drop cable is required to
be terminated.
In the case of single villas, company shall extend and terminate the
drop cable in the micro ODF (Low Homes Areas).
DROP CABLE
200
DROP CABLE ~ This cable is the final connection to

the customers ONT. This cable can be spliced from an
aerial / underground FDT. Most providers have moved
to a pre-terminated drop cable system, this saves cost
and installation time.
Drop Cable ~ This cable will enter the customers
apartment from the FDT that's usually located in a
closet, or stairwell in a high-rise building. In a small
garden-style MDU deployment your drop cable may
come from an FDT located on the outside of your
building, and routed through the roof breezeway into
your apartments designated closet.
SFH (Single Family Home) - Corning OptiFit Drop Cable.
Corning OptiFit Drop Cable
201
Corning SST-Drop Cable
202
Corning OptiSheath Multi-Port Terminal FDT
203
Pre-terminated drop cable system
204
FDT ~ Fiber Distribution Terminal

FDT ~ Fiber Distribution Terminal , is
the cross connection splice-point between
the community serving FDH Distributing
Cable, and the Drop Cable to the
customers ONT.
205
SFU (Single Family Unit)

The SFU ONT is primarily used in single
dwelling homes.
This ONT will replace your existing demarc that
currently delivers your home service.
This same unit (The 611i is the preferred
model for this deployment) can also be used
in MDU Garden Style installations.
In these MDU installations the SFU is preferred
so that the ONT can be placed directly in the
unit, with the responsibility and electric cost
passed to the customer.
206
Tellabs 612 SFU ONT
207
Motorola 1000v SFU ONT (Scroll over pic)
208
GPON Principle----Data
Multiplexing
GPON adopts Wavelength Division
Multiplexing (WDM) technology, facilitating
bi-direction communication over a single
fiber.
1490nm
1310nm
209
Data Multiplexing
To separate upstream/downstream signals of multiple

users over a single fiber, GPON adopts two multiplexing
mechanisms:
In downstream direction, data packets are

transmitted in a broadcast manner;
In upstream direction, data packets are
transmitted in a TDMA manner.
210
GPON Principle----Downstream Data

Data for specified ONU
1
Data for specified ONU
211
Broadcast mode
GPON Principle----Downstream Data

Line rate.
Downstream : 2.488 Gb/s.

Upstream : 1.244 Gb/s.
Broadcast mode.
. continous mode operation.
. traffic in the downstream is sent to/received by every ONU.
Issue. Data confidentiality
. AES-Advanced Encryption Standard used for link layer encryption.
212
GPON Principle----Upstream Data

Data from specified user
1
Data from specified ONU
213
TDMA (Time Division Multiplex Access) mode
GPON Principle----Upstream Data

TDMA- Time Division Multiple Access.
burst mode operation.
the OLT controls which ONU gets access to the
upstream at a particular moment in time.
Issues: potential collision.

. access granting.
. distance ranging.
214
Upstream Bandwidth Allocation

The OLT is responsible for allocating upstream
bandwidth to the ONTs. Because the optical
distribution network (ODN) is shared, ONT upstream
transmissions could collide if they were transmitted
at random times.
ONTs can lie at varying distances from the OLT,
meaning that the transmission delay from each ONT
is unique.
The OLT measures delay and sets a register in each
ONT via PLOAM (physical layer operations and
maintenance) messages to equalize its delay with
respect to all of the other ONTs on the PON.
215

Once the delay of all ONTs has been set, the
OLT transmits so-called grants to the individual
ONTs.
A grant is permission to use a defined interval of
time for upstream transmission.
The grant map is dynamically re-calculated
every few milliseconds.
The map allocates bandwidth to all ONTs, such
that each ONT receives timely bandwidth for its
service needs.
216

Some services POTS, for example
require essentially constant upstream
bandwidth, and the OLT may provide a
fixed bandwidth allocation to each such
service that has been provisioned.
217
AES Encryption in GPON

1
OLT
Encryption
1 3 2
1 3 1
1 3 2
ONT
End User
11
1 End User
Decryption
1 3 1
EndUser
User
End
22
ONT
Decryption
3
AES: Advanced Encrypt Standard

A globally-used encryption algorithm
ONT
EndUser
User
End
33
Decryption
OLT applies Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 128 encryption.

GPON supports encrypted transmission in downstream direction, such as AES128 encryption.
In the case of GEM fragments, only the payload will be encrypted.
GPON system initiates AES key exchange and switch-over periodically, improving the reliability
of the line.
218
GPON reference Model
GPON Network Model Reference

UNI
R/S
ODN
S/R
SNI
OLT
ONU/ONT
T reference point IFpon
WDM
Optical
splitter
NE
220
WDM
ONU
Optical Network Unit
ONT
Optical Network Terminal
ODN
Optical Distribution Network
OLT
Optical Line Terminal
WDM
Wavelength Division Multiplex Module
NE
Network Element
SNI
Service Node Interface
UNI
User Network Interface

IFpon
Service node
V reference point
NE
GPON Multiplexing Architecture

O
N
U
IFpon
ONU-ID
identifies
ONUs
221
T-CONT
T-CONT
O
N
U
T-CONT
O
N
U
T-CONT
Port
Port
Port
GEM Port: the minimum unit for carrying

services.
T-CONT: Transmission Containers is a kind of

buffer that carries services. It is mainly used to
transmit upstream data units. T-CONT is
introduced to realize the dynamic bandwidth
assignment of the upstream bandwidth, so as
to enhance the utilization of the line.
IF pon: GPON interface.
Based on the mapping scheme, service traffic

is carried to different GEM ports and then to
different T-CONTs. The mapping between the
GEM port and the T-CONT is flexible. A GEM
port can correspond to a T-CONT; or multiple
GEM Ports can correspond to the same TCONT.
A GPON interface of an ONU contains one or

multiple T-CONTs.
Port
Port
Port
Port
Port
Alloc-IDs identifies
T-CONTs
Port-ID
identifies GEM
ports
GPON Multiplexing Architecture

OLT
ONT
GEM Port
GEM Port
T-CONT
T-CONT
222
GPON Frame Structure

Downstream Framing
125us
Physical Control Block
Downstream (PCBd)
Payload
Upstream
Bandwidth Map
ONT 0
AllocID
Start
End
AllocID
Start
End
100
200
300
500
OLT
T-CONT0
(ONT 1)
T-CONT 0
(ONT 2)
Slot
Slot
Slot
Slot
100
200
300
500
ONT 63
PLOu PLOAMu PLSu DBRu XPayload x DBRu Y Payload y
Upstream Framing
223
GPON Upstream Frame Structure

Upstream Framing
PLI Port ID PTI
HEC
GEM
Frame
GEM
header fragment header
Full
frame
GEM
header
Frame
fragment
DBA ReportPad if needed
PLOu PLOAMu PLSu DBRu x Payload x DBRu y Payload y
PLOu DBRu z Payload z
ONT A
ONT B
DBA
1,2,4bytes
PreambleDelimiter BIP ONU-ID Ind

ONU ID
A bytes B bytes 1 bytes 1 bytes 1 bytes
224
Msg ID
1 bytes
Message
10 bytes
CRC
1 bytes
CRC
1byte
GPON Downstream Frame

Structure
Downstream Framing
125us
PCBd
n
Psync
4 bytes
Payload
n
Ident
4 bytes
PCBd
n+1
Payload
n
PLOAMd
BIP
Plend
13 bytes 1 bytes 4 bytes
Coverage of this BIP
Plend
4 bytes
US BW Map
N*8 bytes
Coverage of next BIP
FEC Ind Reserved Super-frame

1 bit
1 bit Counter 30 bits
Blen BW MapAlen ATM Partition CRC

Length 12 bits Length 12 bits 8 bits
Access 1 Access 2
8 bytes
8 bytes
Alloc ID
12 bits
Flags
12 bits
SStart
2 bytes
..
SStop
2 bytes
Access n
8 bytes
CRC
1 byte
Send PLS Send PLOAMn Use FEC Send DBRu Reserved

1 bit
1 bit
1 bit
2 bits
7 bits
225
Mapping of TDM Service in GPON

TDM Buffer
Ingress buffer
TDM
TDM data
GEM Frame
PLI
Port ID
PTI
HEC
Payload
TDM fragment
TDM frames are buffered and queued as they arrive, then TDM data is multiplexed
in to fixed-length GEM frames for transmission.

This scheme does not vary TDM services but transmit TDM services transparently.
Featuring fixed length, GEM frames benefits the transmission of TDM services .
226
Mapping of Ethernet Service in GPON

Ethernet Packet
Inter packet gap
GEM Frame
PLI
Port ID
Preamble
SFD
5 bytes
PTI
CRC
DA
SA
Length\Type
GEM
Payload
MAC client data

FEC
EOF
GPON system resolves Ethernet frames and then directly maps the data of frames
into the GEM Payload.

GEM frames automatically encapsulate header information.
Mapping format is clear and it is easy for devices to support this mapping. It also
boasts good compatibility.
227
GPON Key Technologies
228
Ranging
DBA
T-CONT
AES
Attenuation
Ranging
OLT obtains the Round Trip Delay (RTD) through ranging process, then
specifies suitable Equalization Delay (EqD) so as to avoid occurrence of
collision on optical splitters.
To acquire the serial number and ranging, OLT needs open a window, that is,
Quiet Zone, and pauses upstream transmitting channels on other ONUs.
OLT
ONU1
ONU2
ONU3
229
DBA
230
What is DBA?
DBA, Dynamic Bandwidth Assignment
Why DBA?
It enhances the uplink bandwidth utilization of PON ports.
More users can be added on a PON port.
Users can enjoy higher-bandwidth services, especially
those requiring comparatively greater change in terms of the
bandwidth.
DBA operation modes
SR-DBA: status report-DBA
NSR-DBA: non status report-DBA
SR-DBA Operation
OLT
ONU
DBA report
DBA algorithm
logic
Control
platform
BW Map
Data
platform
T-CONT
T-CONT
Time slot
Scheduler
T-CONT
DBA block in the OLT constantly collects information from DBA reports, and sends the
algorithm result in the form of BW Map to ONUs .

Based on the BW Map, each ONU sends upstream burst data on time slots specified to
themselves and utilizes the upstream bandwidth.
231
SR-DBA Operation
OLT
D/S Direction
PCBd
ONT
US BW
Map
Payload
last time, OLT delivers BW
Maps in the header of

downstream frames.
U/S Direction
Data
Report
Based on the bandwidth allocation

information, ONU sends the status
report of data currently waiting in
T-CONTs in the specified time
slots.
OLT receives the status report

from the ONU, updates BW Map
through DBA algorithm and then
delivers the new BW Map in the
next frame.
ONU receives the BW Map from

the OLT and sends data in the
specified time slots.
232
Based on the algorithm result of
NSR-DBA Operation
NSR-DBA
NSR is an algorithm scheme that realizes DBA. It helps to predict the
bandwidth allocated to each ONU based on the traffic from ONUs.
Procedure:
Step1: Monitor the number of data packets received by OLT within
the specified interval.
Step2: Use the result of real time monitoring in step 1 to calculate the
utilization rate.
Step3: Recognize the congestion status by comparing the utilization
rate with the specified limits.
233
DBA Working Principle
234
Based on service priorities, the system sets SLA for each ONU, restricting service bandwidth.
The maximum bandwidth and the minimum bandwidth pose limits to the bandwidth of each ONU, ensuring
various bandwidth for services of different priorities. In general, voice service enjoys the highest, then video
service and data service the lowest in terms of service priority.
OLT grants bandwidth based on services, SLA and the actual condition of the ONU. Services of higher priority
enjoy higher bandwidth.
T-CONT Bandwidth Terms
235
Transmission Containers (T-CONTs): it dynamically receives grants delivered by

OLT. T-CONTs are used for the management of upstream bandwidth allocation in
the PON section of the Transmission Convergence layer. T-CONTs are primarily
used to improve the upstream bandwidth use on the PON.
T-CONT BW type falls into FB, AB, NAB, and BE.
Five T-CONT types: Type1, Type2, Type3, Type4, and Type5.
T-CONT Type and Bandwidth Type
236
Type1 T-CONT is of the fixed bandwidth type and mainly used for services sensitive to delay and
services of higher priorities, such as voice services.
Type2 and type3 T-CONT is of the guaranteed bandwidth type and mainly used for video services
and data services of higher priorities.
Type4 is of the best-effort type and mainly used for data services (such as Internet and email), and
services of lower priorities. These services do not require high bandwidth.
Type5 is of the mixed T-CONT type, involving all bandwidth types and bearing all services.
QoS Mechanism of ONU in GPON

VOIP
VOD
GPON
DATA
TDM
Traffic-flow
Service
Scheduling
differentia
And buffer
based on
control
802.1p
Traffic-flow
Service
Scheduling
differentia
And buffer
based on
control
802.1p
Service traffic based on

GEM Port-id
OLT
Splitter
VOIP
VOD
GPON
TDM
237
Traffic classification of services based on LAN/802.1p.
Service scheduling based on the combination of strict priority (SP) and Weighted Round Robin
(WRR) algorithms.
Service transmission based on service mapping with different T-CONTs, enhancing line utilization
and reliability.
QoS Mechanism of OLT in GPON

Ethernet
VOIP
BTV
bridging
GE/10GE
DATA
BSR
TDM
OLT
Nonblocking
switching
802.1p
COS
Queuing &
scheduling
GPON
DBA
GPON
Upstream service
traffic based on
different VLANs
PSTN
238
TDM Gateway
Traffic classification based on VLAN/802.1p.
Service scheduling based on combination of strict priority (SP) and Weighted

Round Robin (WRR) algorithms.
DBA algorithm, enhancing uplink bandwidth utilization.
Access control list (ACL)-based access control on layers above layer-2.
(ADC) - FTTP Infrastructure
239
(ADC) - FTTx Architecture
240
(ADC) - FTTx MDU Architecture
241
Corning PON Overview
242
Tellabs PON Overview
243
Ring Protection
244
Verizon MDU - Garden Style

Installation
245
Verizon MDU - Garden Style Installation
246
Verizon MDU - Garden Style Installation
247
Property Buried Distribution - FDH feed to FDT Installation

Pic1- Each property will have a main buried drop splice-point from the main FDH
servicing the property.
248
Pic 2 - Each individual building will have a buried fiber pig-tail spliced into the main fiber
back to the FDH.
249
Pic 3 - This fiber pig-tail is already pre-terminated to that new FDT, which will
usually be located next to existing OSP facilities.
250
FDT - Exterior Molding Apartment

Pathway
251
Each building FDT is capable of providing service to 24 apartments. As

service is activated each jumper is then connected to that unit.
252
Aerial Feed / Distribution Splice Enclosures
253
Aerial Premise Drop Enclosure / Aerial to Buried Distribution Pedestal

Enclosure
254
Pic 1 - Open view of Aerial FDH 216 Pic 2 - Scroll over the enlarged pic ~
Pole Mount ADC FDH 216 w/ Aerial Feed & Distribution enclosure above.
255
FTTH Planning-Outgoing FO Cable from CO.
256
The OSP fiber counts from the Central Office should be

of suitable size, to ensure meeting the future capacity
requirements.
The number of fibers in the OSP cable would more likely
end up being closer to 1 Fiber per 16 tenants.
Requirements of direct fibers for business establishment
should also to be considered, while sizing the main
cables.
Where the diversity is required for an important office,
Airport, Police, Hospital etc the fiber can be routed in two
different routes.
Fibers already laid for local network & CATV Network
can be considered while developing the GPON Network.
The Number of Splitters per (FDH)

Cabinet & Sizing of (Feeder) Cable.
257
Every splitter requires a single fiber from OLT.

The total number of splitter requirement per cabinet
shall be based on 5th year tenants forecasted.
25% spare fibers should be considered in the FO cable
size, for future requirements, maintenance, etc.
Number of Splitter per Cabinet=No of Tenants / Split
Ratio (1:32).
The provision of the number of fibers may equal to at
least 20 year tenants forecasted.
Feeder cable to be loose tube 8F/16F/24F.
Optical Power Attenuation

Calculating optical splitter attenuation :
Insertion loss of the optical splitter (<1dB):

(Power_input) - (Power_output of all branches)
Input
1:2 optical splitter
Output
2:N optical splitter
258
10 log(0.5) = - 3.01
Attenuation of a 1:2 optical

splitter: 3.01 dB
splitter: 12.04 dB
splitter: 18.06 dB
Fibre Attenuation and Power Budget

Fibre attenuation relates to the fibre length
About 0.35 dB per km

for 1310,1490nm
The attenuation of fibre splicing point is

generally less than 0.2dB
Other factors may cause attenuation, such
Huaweis OLT and ONU

28 dB (Class B+)
as fibre bending
Table G.984.2 Classes for optical path loss
Class A
Class B
Class B
Class C
Minimum loss
5 dB
10 dB
13 dB
15 dB
Maximum loss
20 dB
25 dB
28 dB
30 dB
NOTE The requirements of a particular class may be more

stringent for one system type than for another, e.g. the class C
attenuation range is inherently more stringent for TCM systems
due to the use of a 1:2 splitter/combiner at each side of the ODN,
each having a loss of about 3 dB.
259
Parameters of GPON (Class B+)

Items
Unit
OLT:
OLT
Mean launched power MIN
dBm
+1.5
Mean launched power MAX
dBm
Minimum sensitivity
dBm
5
-28
Minimum overload
dBm
-8
ONU:
260
Single
fibre
ONU
Mean launched power MIN
dBm
0.5
Mean launched power MAX
dBm
Minimum sensitivity
dBm
5
-27
Minimum overload
dBm
-8
GPON Management and

Service Provisioning
GPON Service Provisioning

Carriers nightmare
Flexible Configuration plan of GPON
Initial configurations (such as service system

information configuration, data configuration) are
required on terminals and then they can be put into use.
To finish these configurations, it is not cost-effective to
carriers.
Application scenario
1
Order Management
CRM
GPON supports zero configuration on

terminals and plug-and-play of terminals,
which is cost-effective.
Subscribe for services
Service Provisioning
Billing
Configure service network
NMS 2000
3 Send terminals to users
1
Use OMCI to finishing data

configuration on ONT
3
User
262
STB
Finish the auto-configuration of OLT
Access Network
2
ONT
ONT
Start up ONT and make registration with serial number
ONT
ONT
Basic Services over GPON

Network
Triple Play Solution in GPON

BB service platform
PC
TL1/CORBA
/API
SFU
IPTV
Carriers OSS
Phone
V
C
D
PE
M
SL
D
U
NMS
IP Core
OLT
Intern
et
Firewall
BRAS
SBU
Phone
VoD Server
Middle
ware
Ethernet
Splitter
PC
Notification
AAA Server
Softswitch
Base station
CBU
FE
E1
IP
Voice
CPE
264
ODN
NSP
ASP/ISP
Summary
In this presentation, we introduced GPON
basic concept , architecture , and
principle.
We also discussed about GPON service
provisioning and application.
265
THANK YOU
266

Gpon/Ftth: PTCL Training & Development

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GPON/FTTH

PTCL Training & Development

Content Development Team

PTCL Training & Development

PTCL Training & Development

PTCL Training & Development

Overview of Access Network

PTCL Training & Development

PTCL Training & Development

AN is called the last mile of Telecom Network

PTCL Training & Development

Role of AN in the Operators Business

Major cost factor for the operator

Accounts for about 40~50% of total telecom network investment

Very important in a competitive

Good AN, Better Services, More Revenue !

PTCL Training & Development

Types of Access Networks

Copper wired Access Networks

2 W-Loop for POTS, ISDN,XDSL

Fiber optic based access Networks

For POTS, ISDN,XDSL, VOIP, TV, MSAN.

Hybrid Fiber-Coaxial Cable Systems

Access network for the cable TV networks, Internet, VOIP.

Wireless Access System (WLL)

PTCL Training & Development

Characteristics of Traditional Access Mode

Distribution layer Drop layer

Copper Cables Based

PTCL Training & Development

Limitation of Traditional Access Mode

Distribution layer Drop layer

Copper Cables Based

PTCL Training & Development

How to Overcome the bottleneck

Optical Integrated Services

Access Network Status

PTCL Training & Development

High speed internet access

Narrowband and Broadband Services

Time to down load a Time to down load Streaming video

56K dial-up modem

PTCL Training & Development

How to provide Broadband services

Digital Subscriber Line

PTCL Training & Development

Development Trend of the Access Network

Old networks, optimized for voice

Optical networks, optimized for voice,

Note: network may be aerial or underground

PTCL Training & Development

An OAN in which the ONU is on or within the customers premise.

Optical Line Termination

FEATURES OF OPTICAL FIBER

PTCL Training & Development

DISADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER

PTCL Training & Development

Why FTTH? - fiber versus copper

A single copper pair is capable

A single fiber pair is capable of

PTCL Training & Development

Why FTTH? - fiber versus copper

PTCL Training & Development