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M AT H E M AT I C S
S T U D Y M A T E R I A L
LIMITS AND DERIVATIVES
AIEEE
NARAYANA INSTITUTE OF CORRESPONDENCE COURSES
FNS
HOUSE,
63
KALU
SARAI
MARKET
SARVAPRIYA VIHAR, NEW DELHI-110016
PH.: (011) 32001131/32/50 FAX : (011) 41828320
Website
:
w w w . n a r a y a n a i c c . c o m
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:
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PREFACE
Dear Student,
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Power packed division of units and chapters in a scientific way, with a correlation being there.
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C O N T E N T S
CONTENTS
NARAYANA
CONTENTS
Definition of a limit
Trigonometric limits
Exponential and logarithmic limits
Approximations
Some useful expansions
Indeterminate forms
Limit of greatest integer function
Sandwich Theorem
Derivative of a function
Some differentiation formulae
Algebra of differentiation
Differentiation of implicit functions
Derivative of parametric functions
Derivative of a function w.r.t. another function
Use of log in finding derivatives of the function of
type (f(x))g(x)
Differentiation using trigonometrical substitutions
Higher order differentiation
Derivative of infinite series
Differentiation of a determinant function
INTRODUCTION
This chapter is an introduction to
calculus. Calculus is that branch of
mathematics which mainly deals with
the study of change in the value of a
function as the points in the domain
change. In this chapter we define limit
and some algebra of limits. Also we
study derivative and algebra of
derivatives and derivatives of certain
standard functions.
1
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1.
DEFINITION
If y = f(x) is any function which is defined in a neighbourhood of a then for some greater than zero
there exists a > 0 such that |f(x) l| < | x a | < then l is said to be limit of the function when
x-approches a. It is symbolically written as Lt f (x) = l
x a
2.
STANDARD FORMULA
Lt
x a
xn an
= na n 1 ; x a ; n is a rational number or integer.
xa
Remark :
3.
x m a m m mn
= a
xn an
n
Lt
x a
TRIGONOMETRIC LIMITS
4.
(i)
lim
sin x
=1
x
(ii)
lim cos x = 1
(iii)
lim
tan x
=1
x
(iv)
lim
sin 1 x
=1
x
(v)
lim
tan 1 x
=1
x
(vi)
lim
sin x o
=
x
180
x 0
x 0
x 0
x 0
x 0
x 0
ex 1
=1
x
(ii)
(iii)
lim
a x bx
a
= log e , a, b > 0
x
b
(v)
1
Lt (1 + x)1/ x = e = Lt 1 +
x 0
x
x
(vii)
a
lim 1 + = ea
x
x
(i)
x 0
x 0
Lt
ax 1
= log e a (a > 0)
x
(iv)
lim
(1 + x) n 1
=n
x
(vi)
lim (1 + ax)1/ x = ea
x 0
x 0
x
x 0
1
(viii) lim
1 + f (x)
x
(ix)
lim (1 + f (x) )
(xi)
lim
f (x)
1/ f (x)
x a
x 0
= e , where f (x) as x
=e
(x)
lim
log x
= 0 (m > 0)
xm
log a (1 + x)
= log a e (a > 0, a 1)
x
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5.
APPROXIMATIONS
sin ax ! ax
(ii) cos ax ! 1
(iii)
tan ax ! ax
(iv) eax ! 1 + ax
(v)
eax ! 1 ax
(vii) a ! 1 + (logea)x
x
(ix)
(xi)
6.
a2x2
2
(i)
(viii)
(x) coshax ! 1 +
tanhax ! ax
n
1 x !1
sinhax ! ax
a2x2
2
x
, |x| < 1
n
ex = 1 +
x x2
+
+ ......
1 2
(c)
ax =1+
(e)
x 2 x3
log(1 x) = x +
+ + .....
2
3
(g)
sin x = x
(i)
tan x = x
(k)
cos h x = 1 +
x2 x4
+
+ .......
2
4
(m)
sin 1 x = x +
x 3 9x 5
+
+ ......
3
5
(o)
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx +
(p)
1
x 11 2
1 + = e 1 + x + ......
x
2 24
x x 2 x3
+
+ .....
1 2
3
(b)
e x = 1
(d)
log(1 + x) = x
(f)
cos x = 1
x3 x5
+
.......
3
5
(h)
sin h x = x +
x3 x5
+
+ .......
3
5
x 3 2x 5
+
.......
3
15
(j)
tan h x = x +
x 3 2x 5
+
+ .......
3
15
(l)
cos 1 x =
(n)
tan 1 x = x
x 2 x3
+ .....
2
3
x2 x4
+
.......
2
4
x 3 9x 5
x +
+
+ ......
2
3
5
x3 x5 x7
+
+ ......
3
5
7
n(n 1) 2
x + ....... where n z +
2
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7.
INDETERMINATE FORMS
The forms which cannot be defined exactly are called indeterminate forms, they are
0
,
, 0 , , 00, 0 and 1
0
L HOSPITALS RULE
f (x)
f (x)
0
f (x)
takes the form of
or
then the limit of the function is xLt
, if xLt
a
g(x) itself
x a g(x)
g(x)
If Lt
till
1.
f (x)
0
,
then the limit of the function is xLt
a g (x) and the process is continued
0
0
,
is eliminated then limit is obtained.
0
If 0 form is given, convert it in the form of
0
,
by taking one term to the denominater
0
or
form, then take the
0
00 and 0 form is given take the help of logarithms convert the problem again in the form of
or
form and then use LHospitals Rule.
0
4.
8.
If Lt [f (x)]
g(x)
x a
g( x )
Lt g( x )[f ( x ) 1]
= e x a
Lt [x] = a
x a +
Lt [x] = a 1
x a
x a
Lt [x] = c
x c
4
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sin[x]
, [x] 0
[x]
If f (x) =
Example :
=0
[x] = 0
where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, then find Lt f (x)
x 0
Lt f (0 h) = Lt f (0 + h)
Solution :
h 0
9.
h 0
Lt
h 0
sin[ h]
sin[h]
= Lt
h
0
[ h]
[h]
sin1 1
SANDWICH THEOREM
Suppose that g(x) f(x) h(x) for all x in some open
interval containing c, except possibly at c itself.
Suppose also that
y
h(x)
f(x)
g(x)
x c
10.
g(x) =
( x )
f (t) dt then
1 n
n n
r =1
Lt
r
f = f (x) dx
n a
b
(b)
r
x (r = x , n = 1)
n
(c)
1
dx
n
(d)
(e)
5
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DERIVATIVES
11. DERIVATIVE OF A FUNCTION
Let y = f(x) be a function defined on an interval [a, b]. Let for a small increment x in x, the corresponding
increment in the value of y be y. Then
y = f(x) and y + y = f(x + x)
On subtraction, we get
y = f(x + x) f(x)
or
y f (x + x) f (x)
=
x
x
lim
x 0
y
f (x + x) f (x)
= lim
x
0
x
x
if this limit exists, is called the derivative or differential coefficient of y with respect to x and is
written as
dy
or f (x) . Thus
dx
y
dy
f (x + x) f (x)
= lim
= lim
. This is called Differentiation from first principle.
x
0
x
0
x
x
dx
Derivative at a point:
The value of f (x) obtained by putting x = a, is called the derivative of f(x) at x = a and it is denoted
dy
dx x = a
by f (a) or
Note :
dy
d
d
( y ) in which
is
is simply a symbol of operation and not 'd' divided by dx.
dx
dx
dx
d
(constant) = 0
dx
(ii)
d
n
n1
(x ) = nx
dx
(iii)
d
x
x
(e ) = e
dx
(iv)
d
x
x
(a ) = a loge a
dx
(v)
d
1
(logex) =
dx
x
(vi)
1
d
(loga x) = x log a
dx
e
(vii)
d
(sin x) = cos x
dx
(viii)
d
(cos x) = sinx
dx
6
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(ix)
d
2
(tan x) = sec x
dx
(x)
d
2
(cot x) = cosec x
dx
(xi)
d
(sec x) = sec x tan x
dx
(xii)
d
(cosec x) = cosecx cotx
dx
(xiii)
d
1
(sin x) =
dx
(xiv)
d
1
(cos x) =
dx
(xv)
1
d
1
(tan x) =
dx
1+ x2
(xvi)
d
1
1
(cot x) =
dx
1+ x2
(xviii)
d
1
1
(cosec x) =
dx
| x | x2 1
(xvii)
1
1 x
1
d
1
(sec x) =
dx
| x | x2 1
1
1 x 2
(xix)
d
ax
ax
(e sin bx) = e (a sin bx + b cos bx) =
dx
(xx)
d
ax
ax
(e cos bx) = e (a cos bx b sin bx) =
dx
(xxi)
x
d
|x|
|x| = | x | or
: x0
dx
x
(xxii)
ax
ax
b
)
a
b
)
a
d
1
log |x| =
dx
x
(ii)
d f1(x)
=
d x f2 (x)
(v)
f2 (x)
d
d
[f1(x)] f1(x)
[f2 (x)]
dx
dx
[f2 (x)]2
Chain rule
d y d y du dv
if y = f1(u), u = f2(v) and v = f3(x) then d x = d u . d v . d x
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dy
dy dt g(t)
=
=
dx dx f (t)
dt
Example - 1
Solution :
dx
= a[ sin + sin + cos ] = a cos ;
d
dy
.
dx
dy
= a(cos cos + sin ) = a sin
d
dy
= tan
dx
dy
x (yx y 1 + y x log y)
y
x
b
=
=
If x + y = a , then
f
dx
(x y log x + xy x 1 )
y
dy
dy
and obtain the value of
.
dx
dx
Method 2
f
f
f
f
dy
x
=
= x where
If f(x, y) = constant, then
and
x
y are partial differential coefficients of
f
dx
fy
y
f(x, y) with respect to x and y respectively.
Note :
An implicit function can be differentiated either with respect to 'x' or with respect to 'y'
i.e.
dy
dz
dy
dy dx f (x)
=
=
dz dz g(x)
dx
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Example - 2
1 x2
2x
Find the derivative of sin1
with respect to cos 1
2
2
1+ x
1+ x
Solution :
1 2x
= 2 tan1 x
Let f(x) = sin
2
1+ x
f (x) =
2
1+ x2
2
2
1 1 x
= 2 tan1 x g(x) =
Let g(x) = cos
2
+
1
x
1
+
x2
f (x) 2 /1 + x 2
=
=1
g(x) 2 /1 + x 2
g( x )
d tan x
tan x
Example - 3
(i)
sin
(ii)
cos
(iii) tan
(v)
y = sin
x cos
x tan
2 cos
(vii) 2 tan
(ix)
x sin
y = cos
y = tan
x = cos
x = sin
[x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 ]
1
[xy
xy
1 x y
(1 x 2 )(1 y 2 )]
1
(iv)
2 sin
(2x 1)
(vi)
2 tan
2x
1 + x2
(viii)
2 tan
(x)
3 sin
1
1
tan x = tan
4
1 x
1+ x
x = sin
( 2x 1 x 2 )
2x
1 x2
x = tan
x = cos
x = sin
1 x2
1 + x2
(3x 4x )
9
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(xi) 3 cos
x = cos
(4x 3x)
(xii)
3 tan
(xiv)
tan x + cot x =
x = tan
3x x 3
1 3x 2
(ii)
(iv)
th
20. n
ax
(1)
(2)
mn
m!
n
m
n
mn
D (ax + b) = (m n) ! a (ax + b)
Dn ( x m ) =
(3)
m!
x m n
(m n) !
n
D (ax + b) = n ! a
n
D (x ) = n !
(4)
n
n
1 ( 1) n ! a
=
Dn
n +1
ax + b (ax + b)
n
1 ( 1) n !
Dn =
x n +1
x
(5)
( 1)n 1(n 1) !
xn
D (log x) =
n
ax
( 1)n 1(n 1) ! n
a
(ax + b)n
ax
(6)
D (e ) = a e
(7)
D (a ) = (log a) a
mx
mx
.m
10
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(8)
D (sin x) = sin (x + n
(9)
)
2
)
2
)
2
)
2
D (cos x) = cos (x + n
n
ax
ax
(10) D {e
(11) D {e
(12) D (tan
2 n/2
ax
ax
b
)
a
b
)
a
x
( 1)n1(n 1) ! sinn sin n
) =
a
an
Where = tan
(13) D (tan
2 n/2
a
)
x
n1
x) = (1)
Where = tan
1
)
x
Example - 4
dy
3
3
If x = a cos , y = a sin , then find d x .
Solution :
Since x = a cos
dx
d (cos3 ) d (cos )
=a
.
d
(cos )
d
2
dy
d (sin3 ) d (sin )
2
=a
.
= 3a sin . cos
d
d (sin )
d
Now,
dy
d y d 3a sin2 cos
=
=
= tan
d x d x 3a cos2 sin
If y = f(x) be a differentiable function of x, such that whose second, third............, n derivatives exist.
th
The first, second, third ........., n derivatives of y = f(x) are denoted respectively by
d y d2 y
dn y
, 2 , .......,
d x dx
dx n
11
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(n)
f', f".............f
2
dy, d y, d y,.........d y
Example - 5
d2 y
ln x
If y =
then find
d x2
x
Solution :
We have y =
ln x
x
xy = ln x
.....(1)
dy
d x + xy = 1
dy
d x + ln x = 1
[From (1)]
.....(2)
d2 y
dx
x3
Hence
x3
d2 y
dx
d2 y
dx 2
d2 y
dx
dy
1
. 2x + = 0
dx
x
+ 2x 2
dy
+1= 0
dx
+ 2 (1 ln x) + 1 = 0
= (2 ln x 3)
or
[from (2)]
d2 y
dx
2 ln x 3
x3
f ( x ) + f ( x ) + f ( x ) + .........
(A) If y =
then y =
f ( x) + y
(y y) = f(x)
dy
Differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get (2y 1) d x = f '(x)
{f ( x )}.......
(B) If y = {f(x)}{f ( x )}
y = e
then y = {f(x)}
y !n f(x)
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ln f(x)
1
dy
f '(x) + ln f(x)
y
dx
f(x)
dy
dy
y y
f '(x) + ln f(x)
d x = {f(x)} f(x)
dx
dy
y
y1
{1 {f(x)} ln f(x)} d x = y {f(x)} . f '(x)
(C) y = f(x)
f(x)
then
dy
= f(x)f ( x ) f (x)[1 + log f(x)]
dx
d x
(x ) = x x (1 + log x)
dx
d(sin x sin x ) = (sin x)sin x .cos x[1 + log sin x]
(D) y = f(x)
g(x)
then
dy
f (x)
= f(x)g( x ) g(x)logf(x) + g(x)
dx
f(x)
d
1
dy y 2 f (x)
1
= 2
then
dx
y +1
1
f(x) +
.....
f(x) +
(E)
y = f(x) +
(F)
dy
2f (x)
1 + f(x)
y = log
then dx =
1 f 2 (x)
1 f(x)
1 + tan x
dy 2sec 2 x
y = log
=
then
dx 1 tan2 x
1 tan x
Example - 6
dy
If y = x + y + x + y + ....... then find d x
Solution :
We have y =
x + y + x + y + ......
y =
y x =
(y x) = 2y
x+ y+y
2y
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dy
2
2 (y x) 2 y d x 1 = 2 d x
dy
2
2
(2y (y x) 1) d x = (y x)
Hence
dy
( y 2 x)
=
d x (2y 3 2xy 1)
If F(x) =
f g h
! m n
u v w
F'(x) =
or
F'(x) =
f' g h
!' m n
u' v w
f g h
!' m' n'
u v w
f g' h
! m' n
u v' w
f g h
! m n
u' v' w '
f g h'
! m n'
u v w'
14
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SOLVED EXAMPLES
Example - 1
Solution :
Lt
a x bx
=
tan x
(1)
log(a/b)
(2)
log(b/a)
(3)
logab
(4)
a/b
x 0
Ans. (1)
Lt
(a x 1) (b x 1) x
tan x
x
Lt
a x 1 bx 1
x
x
x 0
x 0
( Lt
x 0
tan x
= 1)
x
Solution :
x 0
(1)
eab
(2)
ea/b
(3)
log(a/b)
(4)
logab
Ans. (1)
e x0
=e
Example - 3
Solution :
cos x " 1 x
1
[cos x + a sin bx 1]
x
x2
1 + abx 1
2
Lt
x 0
x
= e ab
( sin bx " bx )
1
1
+
+ .... +
Lt
=
(2n + 1)(2n + 3)
3.5 5.7
(1)
1
2
(2)
1
3
(3)
1
6
(4)
1
4
Ans. (3)
Lt
1 1 1 1 1
1
1
+ + .... +
2 3 5 5 7
2n + 1 2n + 3
1 1 1
= =
2 3 6
15
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Example - 4
Solution :
(1)
100
(2)
1000
(3)
10
(4)
Ans. (3)
10
10
1 10
4
100
x10 1 + + 1 + + .... + 1 +
x
x
x
Lt
x
10010
x10 1 + 10
x
= 1 + 1 + ..... + 10 times
= 10
Note : If the degree of numerater and denomenater are equal, then the ratio of constant
terms is the limit when x 0 and the ratio of coefficients of highest degree terms is the
limit when x .
x2
Example - 5
Solution :
Lt
sin
t dt
x3
x 0
(1)
3
2
(2)
1
3
(3)
1
2
(4)
2
3
Ans. (4)
x
d
sin t dt
dx 0
Lt
d 3
(x )
dx
x 0
sin x (2x)
x 0
3x 2
= Lt
= Lt
x 0
Example - 6
Solution :
2x x 2
=
3x 2
3
(1)
x
3
(2)
x
6
(3)
(4)
x
2
Ans. (4)
Using the fact nx 1 < [nx] nx
16
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n
x.n(n + 1)
x n(n + 1) n
Lt
Lt
[rx] Lt
<
2
2
n
n
n
n n r =1
2n 2
2
x
Lt
2 n
Lt
n
n(n + 1)
n(n + 1)
n < [rn] x
2
2
r =1
Example - 7
Solution :
[rx] 2
r =1
[rx] = 2
r =1
1
1
Lt 2
=
2
sin x sinh x
x 0
(1)
2
3
(2)
(3)
1
3
(4)
2
3
Ans. (1)
Lt
x 0
sinh 2 x sin 2 x
sinh 2 x sin 2 x
=
Lt
x 0
sinh 2 x sin 2 x
x4
= Lt
x 0
sinh 2x sin 2x
= Lt
= Lt
x 0
x 0
4x 3
e 2x e 2x
sin 2x
2
4x 3
23 e2 x (2)3 e 2x
3
23 sin + 2x
2
2
= Lt
x 0
4.3!
( the degree of denominator is 3, we take the 3rd order derivative)
8+8
+8
16 2
= 2
==
=
4.3.2
8.3 3
Example - 8
1 cos(ax 2 + bx + c)
is equal to
x
(x ) 2
(1)
( )2
2
(2)
(3)
(4)
a2
( ) 2
2
a2
( ) 2
2
17
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NARAYANA
Solution :
Ans. (4)
( ax 2 + bx + c a(x )(x ) )
a2x2
a 2 (x ) 2 (x ) 2 a 2 ( )2
cos
ax
1
"
Lt
=
=
2 x
2(x ) 2
2
Example - 9
Lt
x
(1)
(3)
Solution :
1
8
1
32
(2)
(4)
Ans. (3)
lim
x
2
If x
then h 0 put x = h
2
2
h
1 tan
4 2 1 cosh = lim tan + + h 1 cosh
= lim
3
h 0
h 0
h (2h)3
4 4 2 8h
1 + tan
4 2
cosh " 1 h
h h2
h h2
tan
2 2 = lim 2 2 = 1
= lim
h 0
h 0 8h 3
8h 3
32
Example - 10
Solution :
Lt
x 0
tan[e 2 ]x 4 tan[ e2 ]x 4
=
sin 4 x
(1) 0
(3) 8
Ans. (2)
e2 = (2.718)2 = 7.3875
(2)
(4)
[e2] = 7, [e2] = 8
tan 7x + tan 8x
15x
= 4 = 15
sin 4 x
x
4
Example - 11
Lt
x 0
d 2
1 1 + x
sin cot
d x
1 x
(1)
(3)
1
2
1
2
15
7
(2)
(4)
18
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Solution :
Example - 12
Solution :
Ans. (1)
Let
1 1 + x
2
y = sin cot
1 x
1
2
y = sin cot
y = sin =
dy
1
= .
dx
2
. Put x = cos 2.
1 + cos 2
1 cos 2
1 x
1 x
=
=
2
2
2 2
If y = (a x )( x b ) - (a b) tan
dy
ax
then find
dx.
x b
(1)
xa
x b
(2)
ax
x+b
(3)
ax
x b
(4)
x+a
x+b
Ans. (3)
2
Let
x = a cos + b sin
.....(1)
.....(2)
(a b )
sin2 (a b)
2
d y
d y d (a b) cos 2 (a b) 1 cos 2
=
=
=
= tan
Then
(b a) sin 2
sin 2
d x d x
Example - 13
ax
x b
1
Derivative of sec
1
2
w.r.t
2x 1
(1)
(2)
1
2
(3)
1
3
(4)
1
6
19
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NARAYANA
Solution :
Example - 14
Solution :
Ans. (1)
1
2 and
2x 1
y = sec
dy
dy dx
=
=
dx dz
dx
d y
d x
x
If x =
1
3
z=
1 + 3x
4x
2
4x
1 + 3x
(2x 2 1)2
3
=
2
2
3
1
1
1
2
2
1
2 1 + 3x
2x 1
2x 1
(2x 2 1) 1
=0.
and y = +
dy
1
, then d x =
(1)
x
y
(2)
y
x
(3)
x
y
(4)
x
y
Ans. (1)
x=
dx
1
d =1+ 2 ,
y=+
dy
dx
dy
d
dx
d
Example - 15
Let
If y =
1
dy
=1 2
d
1
1+ 2
1
= x
=
1
y
+
a b
. tan 1
a + b
(a 2 b 2 )
2
d2 y
x
tan then find
.
d x2
2
b cos x
(1)
b sin x
(a + b cos x )
(2)
(4)
b sin x
(3)
Solution :
(b + a cos x )
(a + b cos x )2
b cos x
(a + b cos x )
Ans. (2)
We have y =
(a b )
2
. tan
a b
x
tan
2
a + b
20
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Let
ab
x
u=
tan
a+b
2
y=
dy
=
du
2
(a b )
2
. tan 1 u
(a b ) 1 + u
2
.............(1)
2
(a b ) 1 + u
2
.
(a 2 b 2 ) 1 + a b tan 2 x
2
a+b
(a b ) 1 + a b
a+b
2
[From (1)]
1 cos x
1 + cos x
(a + b) (1 + cos x)
(a 2 b 2 ) {(a + b) (1 + cos x) + (a b) (1 cos x)}
(a + b) (1 + cos x )
(a b ) (2a + 2b cos x )
.....(2)
and
du
1
1
ab
x
a b
sec 2 =
=
.
.
dx
2
a + b (1 + cos x )
2
a+b
dy dy du
=
.
dx du dx
(1 + cos x )
ab
a+b
.
(a + b cos x ) a + b
ab
........(3)
1
a + b cos x
d2 y
b sin x
=
dx 2 (a + b cos x)2
Example - 16
Solution :
If x = e
tan1
y x2
dy
2 , then d x equals x
2
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
none of these
Ans. (4)
21
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log x = tan
y x2
x2
tan (log x) = (y x ) / x
y = x + x tan (log x)
dy
2
d x = 2x + 2x tan (log x) + x sec (log x)
Solution :
dy
2 y
x
If x e + 2xye + 13 = 0, then d x equals
(1)
(3)
2xe y x + 2y ( x + 1)
(2)
x( xe y x + 2)
2 xe x y + 2y ( x + 1)
(4)
x ( xe y x + 2)
2xe x y + 2y ( x + 1)
x( xe y x + 2)
none of these
Ans. (1)
Using partial derivatives, we have
dx
x 2 e y + 2xe x
2xe y x + 2y + 2xy
x 2 e y x + 2x
2xe y x + 2y (x + 1)
=
yx
x (xe + 2)
Example - 18
Solution :
dy
If y = sin x + sin x + ........ , then d x equals-
(1)
sin x
2y + 1
(2)
cos x
2y 1
(3)
cos x
2y + 1
(4)
none of these
Ans. (2)
y = sin x + y
2
y = sin x + y
y y sin x = 0
cos x cos x
dy
=
=
dx
2y 1
2y 1
22
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Example - 19
dy
1
1 4
4
2
, x + y = t + 2 , then d x equalst
t
If x + y = t
1
(1)
(2)
x y3
1
x3y
(4)
x y
(3)
Solution :
1
x y3
Ans. (3)
Squaring the first equation, we have
4
2 2
x + y + 2x y = t +
Example - 20
Solution :
2 2
t +
x y = 1
dy
2
2y d x = 3
x
+ 2x y = t +
2 2
2
y =
1
t2
1
t2
1
x2
1
dy
dx = 3
x y
d 3 d2 y
y
is equal tod x dx 2
(1)
p (x) p(x)
(2)
p(x) p(x)
(3)
p(x) p(x)
(4)
none of these
Ans. (3)
2
Giveny = p(x)
...(i)
p(x) = 2yy
p(x) = 2yy + 2y
...(ii)
d 3
d 3 d2 y
= 2
( y y' ' )
y
dx
d x d x 2
3
= 2 [y y + 3y yy]
2
= y [2yy + 6yy]
= p(x) p(x)
Example - 21
x + y f(x) + f(y)
If f
x,y R and f (0) = 1 , f(0) = 1, then f(2) =
=
2
2
(1)
1
2
(2)
(3)
(4)
1
2
23
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Solution :
Ans. (3)
2x + 0 f(2x) + f(0)
f(x) = f
=
2
2
2x + 2h
f
f(x)
2
f(x + h) f(x)
=
Lt
f (x) = Lt
h 0
h 0
h
h
f(2x) + f(2h) f(2x) + f(0)
= Lt
/h
h 0
2
2
= Lt
2h 0
Example - 22
f(2h) f(0)
= f (0)
2h
f(0) = c
f(2) = 2 + 1 = 1
c=1
If f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) and f(x) = 1 + xg(x) H(x) where Lt g(x) = 2 and Lt H(x) = 3 then
x 0
x 0
f (x) =
Solution :
(1)
f(x)
(2)
2f(x)
(3)
3f(x)
(4)
6f(x)
Ans. (4)
f(x + h) f(x)
f(x)f(h) f(x)
f(h) 1
= Lt
= f(x) Lt
h
0
h
0
h
h
h
f (x) = Lt
h 0
= f(x) Lt
h 0
1 + hg(h)H(h) 1
= f(x) Lt g(h)H(h)
h0
h
= f(x) (2 3) = 6f(x)
Example - 23
Solution :
(2)
1
5
(3)
(4)
Ans. (3)
Use L.H.R
Lt
x a
Example - 24
If g(x) =
1
{3t 2g(t)} dt then g(2) =
x 2
(1)
2/3
(2)
3/2
(3)
2/3
(4)
3/2
24
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NARAYANA
Solution :
Ans. (4)
x
Given g(x) =
1
{3t 2g(t)} dt
x 2
x
g(2) =
3
2
1/ x
Example - 25
Solution :
f(1 + x)
(1)
(3)
(2)
(4)
1/2
Ans. (3)
1/ x
f (1 + x)
Let y =
f (1)
1
{log f (1 + x) log f (1)}
x
log y =
log Lt (y) = Lt
x 0
x 0
x 0
f (1 + x) f (1) 6
=
= =2
f (1 + x) f (1) 3
Lt (y) = e 2
25
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NARAYANA
EXERCISES
LEVEL - I
sin x
1.
sin x x sin x
=
Lt
x 0
x
(1)
1
e2
(2)
(3) e2
1
e
(4) e
1 1
1
+ 2 + .... + n
2 2
2 =
Lt
n
1 1
1
1 + + 2 + ..... + n
3 3
3
1+
2.
3.
(1)
4
3
(2)
2
3
(3)
1
3
(4)
1
2
Lt
h 0
(4) 0
1
4.
(1) a( )
a( )
(4) ea( + )
(3) e
5.
6.
Lt
x 0
(2) log | a( )|
(1 + a3 ) + 8e1/ x
= 2 Then
1 + (1 b3 )e1/ x
(1) a = 1, b = 2
(2) a = 1, b = 31/3
(3) a = 1, b = 1/2
(4) a = 2, b R
Lt
sinn
(1) 0
(2)
(3) 1
(4)
26
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NARAYANA
x
x
x
x
Lt cos cos cos cos n
2
4
8
2
7.
(1) 1
(3)
(2)
x
sin x
sin x
x
(4) 1
2
n
1
+
+ ..... +
Lt
=
2
2
1 n2
1 n 1 n
8.
(3)
1
2
10.
(2) 2, 1
(3) 2, 1
(4) 2, 1
Lt
x 0
cos x 3 cos x
=
sin2 x
1
6
(3)
(2)
1
12
1
3
(4)
1
14
1 x
=
x 1 (cos 1 x)2
Lt
(1)
1
4
(3)
1
4
(2)
1
2
(4)
1
3
{[1 x] + [2
2
12.
1
3
(1) 2, 1
(1)
11.
(4)
sin2x + a sin x
be finite, then the value of a and the limit are given by
x3
If xLt
0
9.
1
2
(2)
(1) 0
x] + ....[n2 x]
n3
(1)
x
2
(2)
x
3
(3)
x
6
(4) 0
27
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NARAYANA
x x 1
=
cos 1
1
d x
x+x
d
13.
14.
15.
16.
(1)
1+ x2
(3)
1+ x2
If y = e x + e
x + ex +.....
(2)
1+ x2
(4)
1+ x2
dy
, then d x =
y
(1) 1 y
1
(2) 1 y
y
(3) 1 + y
y
(4) y 1
dy
x2 x3
+
+ ....... , then d x =
2! 3!
If y = 1 + x +
(1) y
(2) y 1
(3) y + 1
2x 2 1
w.r.t.
1
1 x 2 at x = 2 is-
(1) 2
(2) 4
(3) 6
(4) 1
x
17.
dy
1
If y = 1 + , then d x =
x
(1) 1 +
x
(3) x +
x
18.
1
1
log 1 +
+
x
1
x
(2) 1 +
x
log (x 1) x + 1
(4) x +
x
log 1 +
x
1
1
log 1 + +
x 1+ x
dy
2x + 3
If f (x) = sin (log x) and y = f
=
, then
dx
3 2x
9 cos (log x )
(1)
x (3 2 x ) 2
2x + 3
9 sin log
3 2x 2
(3)
(3 2x ) 2
2x + 3
9 cos log
3 2x
(2)
x (3 2 x )2
(4)
12
2x + 3
sin log
2
(3 2x)
3 2x
28
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NARAYANA
19.
dy
1
1/2
If y = cot (cos 2x) , then the value of d x at x =
will be6
2
(1)
3
1/ 2
1
(2)
3
1/2
1/2
(3) (3)
20.
(3)
22.
(4) (6)
dy
If y = logcos x sin x, then d x is equal to-
(1)
21.
(log sin x )
(4)
dy
equals
dx
1
2
(2) 2
(3) 0
(4) 1
x3
Let f(x) = 6
p
sin x cos x
d3
(f(x)) at x = 0 is
1
0
where p is constant, then
dx 3
2
3
p
p
2
(1) p
(2) p + p
3
(3) p + p
25.
(2)
(3) 1
24.
(1)
23.
1/ 2
(4) Independent of p
2
If f (x) = g(x) and g(x) = f(x) for all x and f(2) = 4 = f (2) then f (19) + g (19) is
(1) 16
(2) 32
(3) 64
(4) 8
29
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NARAYANA
LEVEL - II
x
1.
2.
3.
4.
Lt
x a
x
f (x) dx =
x a a
(1) 2 f(a)
(2) f(a)
(3) a f(a)
(4) 0
1
4
9
n2
Lt 3
+ 3
+ 3
+ .... + 3
=
n n + 1
n +1 n +1
n +1
(1) 1
(2) 2/3
(3) 1/3
(4) 0
Lt
x 0
log(1 + {x})
= (where {x} denotes the fractional part of x)
{x}
(1) 1
(2) 0
(3) 2
a1/
a
(1) 4
+ a1/
Lt
x 0
, a > 1 is
(2) 2
(3) 1
5.
6.
Lt
(4) 0
a n + bn
, where a > b > 1, is equal to
a n bn
(1) 1
(2) 1
(3) 0
1/ sin 2 x
Lt 1
x 0
+2
1/ sin 2 x
+ .... + n
1/ sin 2 x
sin 2 x
is
(1)
(3)
7.
(2) 0
n(n + 1)
2
(4) n
If G(x) = 25 x 2 , then Lt
x 1
(1)
1
24
(3) 24
G(x) G(1)
is
x 1
(2)
(4)
1
5
1
24
30
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NARAYANA
8.
x 9
(1) 3
(3) 6
Lt
9.
x 0
10.
12.
13.
x tan 2x 2x tan x
is
(1 cos 2x)2
(2) 2
(3) 1/2
(4) 1/2
Lt
(1) 1
(2) 2
(3) 3
(4) 4
2
Given f (2) = 6 , and f (1) = 4 , Lt f (2h + 2 + h ) f (2) is
h 0 f (h h 2 + 1) f (1)
(1) 3/2
(2) 3
(3) 5/2
(4) 3
Let g(x) = sin2[3]x2 sin2[3]x2 , [.] represents greatest integer function then xLt
0
(1) 63
(2) 63
(3) 1
(4) 1
If y = x |x| then
If 2x + 2y = 2x + y then
|x|
x
(4) 2 |x|
(2)
dy
=
dx
(1) 2x y
(3) 2x y
If x3y2 = (x + y)5 then
(1)
x
y
(3)
(2) 2y x
(4) 2y x
dy
=
dx
(2)
x
y
g(x)
=
sin 4 x
dy
=
dx
(3) x|x|
15.
(2) 4
(4) 8
(1) |x|
14.
x 3
(1) 2
11.
f (x) 3
y
x
(4) logx
31
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NARAYANA
16.
d
(x + a)(x 2 + a2 )(x 4 + a4 )(x 8 + a8 ) =
dx
(1)
(2)
(3)
x16 a16
xa
17.
If
x2
x3
f(x) = 1 2x 3x 2
then f (x) =
0 2 6x
(1) 0
(3) x2
18.
19.
20.
21.
(2) 1
(4) 6x2
(1) 0
(2) 1
(4) 3
Let f(x) be a polynomial function of second degree if f(1) = f(1) and a, b, c are in A.P then f (a), f (b), f (c)
are in
(1) A.P
(2) G.P
(3) H.P
(4) A.G.P
x
x
If cos cos 2
2
2
x
cos 3
sin x
.........to = x then
(1)
1
x 1
x
tan + 2 tan 2
2
2 2
2
1
x
+ 3 tan 3
2
2
+ ...... = cot x +
x
(2)
1
1
x 1
x 1
x
tan + 2 tan 2 + 3 tan 3 + ...... = cot x
2
2
x
2
2
2
2
(3)
1
x 1
x
sec 2 + 4 sec 2 2
2
2
2 2
2
(4)
1
1
1
x 1
x
sec 2 + 4 sec 2 2 + ...... = cosec 2 x + 2 + 3
2
22
2
2
x
x
2
+ ...... + = cos ec x 2
x
A triangle has two of its vertices at P(a, 0), Q(0, b) and the third vertex R(x, y) is moving along the st.line
y = x, if A be the area of the , then
dA
=
dx
(1)
ab
2
(2)
ab
4
(3)
a+b
2
(4)
a+b
4
32
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NARAYANA
22.
If f (x) = (x) and (x) = f(x) x , also f(3) = 5 and f (3) = 4 , then the value of [f(10)]2 [(10)]2 =
(1) 0
(3) 41
23.
(2) 9
(4) 25
5
If f(x) = sin [x] x , 1 < x < 2 and [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, then
2
f 5 =
2
(1)
5
2
4/5
(3) 0
(2)
5
2
(4)
3
2
4/5
4/5
dy
1 a sin x + bcos x
=
If y = tan
then
dx
acos x b sin x
24
25.
(1) 1
(2) 1
(3) 0
(4)
a
a cos x b sin x
If y =
x
a+
then
x
b+
dy
=
dx
x
a+
x
b + ........
(1)
b
a(b + 2y)
(2)
b
b + 2y
(3)
a
b(b + 2y)
(4)
ab
a + b2y
33
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NARAYANA
LEVEL - III
1.
Lt x cos sin =
4x 4x
(1)
(2)
(4)
(3) 1
2.
3.
Lt
[x]
=
x
(1) 1
(2) 3
(3) 1
x
2
=
Lt
sec x tan x
x
2
4.
5.
6.
7.
(1) 1
(2) 1
(3) 2
(4) 3
xe3x x
Lt
1 + x2 1
x 0
(1) 3
(2) 6
(3) 4
(4) 1
Lt
x 0
e|x| 1
=
x
(1) 1
(2) 1
(4) 0
x
n
nx
is
(1) n
(2) n
(3) n 1
(4) 0
Lt x + x + x x =
(1)
1
2
(3) 0
(2) 1
(4) does not exist
34
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NARAYANA
Lt
8.
x 2
2 x + 23 x 6
=
2 x / 2 21 x
(1) 8
(3) 2
(2) 4
(4) 6
4 + 3a n
an =
If a n +1 = 3 + 2a then nLt
9.
(1) 0
(2) 2
(3)
10.
(4) 2
1
1
+
+ .... +
+ .....nterms x > 0, then Lt f (x) =
If f (x) = x
(1 + 2x)(1 + 3x)
n
1 + x (1 + x)(1 + 2x)
1
1 x
(3) 1
1
1+ x
(4) 0
(1)
11.
(2)
x 4 sin(1/ x) + x 2
lim
is
The value of x
1+ | x |3
(1) 1
(3) 0
(2) 1
(4)
12.
cos2 x
is
13.
14.
(1) 0
(2) n
(3)
(4)
n(n + 1)
2
dy
=
dx
(1)
sin2 (a + y)
sina
(2)
cos2 (a + y)
cosa
(3)
cos2 (a y)
cosa
(4)
cos2 (a + y)
sina
dy
=
dx
(1)
m sin 2mx
n sin 2ny
(2)
n sin 2ny
m sin 2mx
(3)
n sin 2mx
m sin2ny
(4)
m sin 2mx
n sin2ny
35
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NARAYANA
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
xx xx
If f(x) = cot 1
then f (1) =
2
(1) 1
(2) 1
(3) log2
(4) log2
4x
dy
1
=
If y = logcot x tan x logtan x cot x + tan
2 then
4
x
dx
(1)
1
4 + x2
(2)
4
4 + x2
(3)
1
4 x2
(4)
4
4 x2
5
cos x
(2)
5
cos x
(3)
5
sin x
(4)
5
sin x
If f(x) = (cosx + sinx) (cos3x + isin3x) .... (cos[(2n 1)x] + isin(2n 1)x] then f (x) =
(1) n2f(x)
(2) n4f(x)
(3) n2f(x)
(4) n3f(x)
d
1
[(x)] =
5 then
dx
1+ x
1
(1)
1
1 + ((x))5
(2)
1 + ( f(x) )
(3)
1 + ((x) )
(4)
1 + ( f(x) )
If
x 2 + y 2 = ae tan
(y / x)
(1)
a / 2
e
2
(2)
ae / 2
(3)
2
e / 2
a
(4)
2 /2
e
a
2
If y = a cos(logx) + b sin(logx) then x
d2 y
dy
+x
=
dx
dx 2
(1) 0
(2) y
(3) y
(4) 1
36
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NARAYANA
22.
23.
24.
25.
dy
A
=
then the value of A is
dx 1 + x 2 2x cos a
(1) 2
(2) cosa
(3) sina
(4) 2
If y =
ax + b
, where a, b, c are constants then (2xy + y)y is equal to
x2 + c
dy
is equal to
dx
If
1 x 6 + 1 y 6 = a 3 (x 3 y3 ) , then
(1)
x 2 1 y6
y2 1 x 6
(2)
(3)
x2 1 x6
y 2 1 y6
y 2 1 y6
x2 1 x6
u(x)
Let f(x) = log
, u(2) = 4, (2) = 2 , u(2) = 2, v(2) = 1, then f (2) is
(x)
(1) 0
(2) 1
(3) -1
(4) 2
37
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NARAYANA
If xm yn = (x + y)m+n , then
y
x
(2)
x+y
xy
(3) xy
(4)
x
y
(2)
1
cos ec1
2
(4)
1
tan1
2
(1)
2.
dy
is
dx
1
2
4
1
1
(1)
1
sec1
2
(3) tan1
3.
4.
5.
[AIEEE - 2006]
(1)
a2
( )2
2
(2) 0
(3)
a2
( )2
2
(4)
a b
If lim 1 + + 2
x
x x
1 cos(ax 2 + bx + c)
is equal to
(x a)2
1
( )2
2
(3) a R, b R
(4) a = 1 and b = 2.
lim
[AIEEE - 2005]
2x
(1) a R, b = 2
x / 2
[AIEEE - 2005]
[AIEEE - 2004]
x
1 tan 2 [1 sin x]
is
x
3
+
1
tan
[
2x]
2
(1)
1
8
(2) 0
(3)
1
32
(4)
[AIEEE - 2003]
38
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NARAYANA
log(3 + x) log(3 x)
= k , the value of k is
x
If lim
6.
x 0
(1) 0
(2)
1
3
2
3
(4)
2
3
(3)
[AIEEE - 2003]
Let f(a) = g(a) = k and their nth derivatives fn(a), gn(a) exist and are not equal for some n. Further if
7.
lim
x a
(1) 4
(2) 2
(3) 1
(4) 0
8.
(1) 2n
(3) 0
10.
11.
+ .... +
is
1!
2!
3!
n!
(2) 2n1
(4) 1
If x = e y + e
9.
y +....to
, x > 0 then
1 x
x
(2)
1
x
(3)
x
1+ x
(4)
1+ x
x
1 cos 2x
x 0
2x
[AIEEE - 2003]
dy
is
dx
(1)
lim
[AIEEE - 2003]
[AIEEE - 2003]
is
(1)
(2) 1
(3) zero
x 2 + 5x + 3
lim 2
x x + x + 2
[AIEEE - 2002]
is
(1) e4
(2) e2
(3) e3
(4) e
[AIEEE - 2002]
12.
x 3
For x R , lim
is
x x + 2
(1) e
(2) e1
(3) e5
(4) e5
[AIEEE - 2002]
39
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NARAYANA
13.
14.
15.
x2
xf(2) 2f(x)
is given by
x2
(1) 2
(2) 2
(3) 4
(4) 3
2
If y = (x + 1 + x 2 )n , then (1 + x )
d2 y
dy
+x
is
2
dx
dx
(1) n2 y
(2) n2y
(3) y
(4) 2x2y
[AIEEE - 2002]
dy
is
dx
sina sin (a + y)
(2)
sin2 (a + y)
sina
(4)
sin2 (a y)
sina
(2)
1 log x
1 + log x
sina
(1)
16.
[AIEEE - 2002]
[AIEEE - 2002]
dy
is
If x y = ex y , then
dx
1+ x
1 + log x
(1)
log x
17.
(4)
19.
[AIEEE - 2002]
e x esin x
lim
is equal to
x 0
x sin x
(1) 1
(3) 1
18.
(1 + log x)2
lim
x 0
(2) 0
(4) none of these
[UPSEAT - 2004]
cos 2x 3 1
is equal to
sin 6 2x
(1)
1
16
(2)
1
16
(3)
1
32
(4)
1
32
lim 1
x
x 1
3x 1
is equal to:
(1) e12
(2) e12
(3) e 4
(4) e3
40
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NARAYANA
20.
21.
(1) ea
(2) e
2a
(4) 0
(3) e
The differential coefficient of f(sinx) with respect to x where f(x) = logx is
(1) tanx
(2) cotx
(3) f(cosx)
22.
(4)
(2) 16x
(4) x
x
If 1 = a
a
b b
x
x b and 2 =
a
a x
24.
(1)
x log e x then
d
1 = 3 2
dx
(4) 1 = 3( 2 )3/ 2
[UPSEAT - 2000]
dy
at x = e is
dx
1
1
e
(3)
25.
(2)
d
1 = 3( 2 ) 2
dx
If y =
b
are given, then
x
(1) 1 = 3( 2 ) 2
(3)
d2x
is equal to
dt 2
(1) 16x
(3) x
23.
1
x
(2)
e
1
log(e / x 2 )
d2 y
1 3 + 2log x
+
tan
,
=
then
2
dx 2
1 6log x
log(ex )
If y = tan
(1) 2
(3) 0
(2) 1
(4) 1
41
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NARAYANA
ANSWERS
EXERCISES
LEVEL - I
1. (2)
2. (1)
3. (1)
4. (3)
5. (2)
6. (1)
7. (2)
8. (2)
9. (2)
10. (3)
11. (1)
12. (2)
13. (4)
14. (1)
15. (1)
16. (1)
17. (1)
18. (4)
19. (1)
20. (1)
21. (1)
22. (1)
23. (3)
24. (4)
25. (2)
LEVEL - II
1. (3)
2. (3)
3. (4)
4. (3)
5. (2)
6. (3)
7. (4)
8. (2)
9. (3)
10. (2)
11. (2)
12. (2)
13. (4)
14. (4)
15. (2)
16. (1)
17. (4)
18. (4)
19. (1)
20. (1)
21. (3)
22. (2)
23. (2)
24. (1)
25. (1)
LEVEL - III
1. (2)
2. (1)
3. (3)
4. (2)
5. (3)
6. (1)
7. (1)
8. (1)
9. (3)
10. (3)
11. (2)
12. (2)
13. (2)
14. (1)
15. (1)
16. (2)
17. (3)
18. (2)
19. (3)
20. (3)
21. (3)
22. (3)
23. (1)
24. (1)
25. (2)
2. (4)
3. (1)
4. (2)
5. (3)
6. (3)
7. (1)
8. (3)
9. (1)
10. (4)
11. (1)
12. (3)
13. (3)
14. (1)
15. (2)
16. (4)
17. (3)
18. (4)
19. (2)
20. (1)
21. (2)
22. (1)
23. (2)
24. (2)
25. (3)
42
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