D(E) and n(E)

m
T
E
EF

1.3 m0
300 K
0.05 eV

Maximum energy

Emax

0.3 eV

Minimum energy

Emin

-0.1 eV

Effective mass
Temperature
Energy at marker
Fermi Energy

0.1 eV

of states

1.2

5000000000000000000000

Calculated values
Effective density
Nc

6000000000000000000000

3.7E+019 cm

4000000000000000000000

0.8

3000000000000000000000

0.6

2000000000000000000000

0.4

1000000000000000000000

0.2

-3

Density of states gc(E) 2.3E+021 cm-3eV-1

Probability of occupancy
at energy E
87.38%
Density of occupied states
at energy E n(E) 2.0E+021 cm-3eV-1
Integral / density
n
2.3E+020 cm-3

0
-0.2

Energy (eV)

Page 1

0.2

0
0.4

P ro b a b ility

D e n s ity (c m -3 e V-1 )

Density of States and Carrier Density

Bart Van Zeghbroeck 1997

D(E) and n(E)

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4

P ro b a b ility

0.2
0

0.2

0
0.4

Page 2

n versus Ef

Carrier density versus the Fermi energy

Bart Van Zeghbroeck 1997

1.00E+15 cm-3

maximum density, nmax

1.00E+22 cm

Density for EF =
Calculated values
numeric integral
Joyce-Dixon approx.
density at T = 0
approximate density

-3

0.1 eV

2.306E+020
2.076E+020
2.125E+020
1.779E+021

cm-3
cm-3
cm-3
cm-3

Carrier Density (cm-3)

10000000000000000000000

Plot control
minimum density, nmin

1000000000000000000000
100000000000000000000
10000000000000000000
1000000000000000000
100000000000000000
10000000000000000
1000000000000000
-1

Fermi Energy (eV)

Page 3

n versus Ef

Page 4

Close-up

Carrier density versus the Fermi energy

Bart Van Zeghbroeck 1997

Density for EF =
Calculated values
numeric integral
Joyce-Dixon approx.
density at T = 0
approximate density

0.1 eV

2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+021

cm-3
cm-3
cm-3
cm-3

Carrier Density (cm-3)

1000000000000000000000

100000000000000000000

10000000000000000000

1000000000000000000

100000000000000000

0
0.2 0.4
-0.1 0.1 0.3

Fermi Energy (eV)

Page 5

Close-up

0.2 0.4
.1 0.3

Page 6

Equations

Bart Van Zeghbroeck 1997

Density per unit energy

n( E )=g c ( E )f ( E )

Fermi function

( E )=

( EE F )/ kT

1+ e
Density of states

gc ( E )=

8 2 3/2
me EE c , for EEc
h3

Density
Integral
(solved numerically)

n= g c ( E )f ( E)dE
E

Joyce-Dixon approximation E F Ec
n 1 n
3 3 n 2
ln
+
(
)( ) +
(solved numerically)
kT
N c 8 N c 16 9 N c
Density at T = 0

Page 7

2 2 qm
n= 2 2
3

3/2

( )

( E F Ec )3/2 , for E F

Equations

m
1.3
Nc
4E+019
E
-0.1
-0.096
-0.092
-0.088
-0.084
-0.08
-0.076
-0.072
-0.068
-0.064
-0.06
-0.056
-0.052
-0.048
-0.044
-0.04
-0.036
-0.032
-0.028
-0.024
-0.02
-0.016
-0.012
-0.008
-0.004
6E-017
0.004

m0
9.10E-31
Epoint
0.05
NE
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8E+013
6E+020

k
1.38E-23
Ef
0.1
FE
0.999565
0.999492
0.999407
0.999308
0.999192
0.999057
0.998899
0.998715
0.9985
0.998249
0.997957
0.997616
0.997218
0.996754
0.996212
0.995581
0.994845
0.993987
0.992988
0.991823
0.990468
0.98889
0.987054
0.984919
0.982439
0.979559
0.976219

T
q
h
300 1.60E-19
n
Emax
Emin
###
0.3
NEFEn
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
### 1E+011
### 1E+018
Page 8

hbar
Efmin
-0.27191
6.63E-34 1E-034
0 0.144626
Vt
Efmax
nmax
-0.1 0.025843
0.1
###
Ef
0.1
0 3E-005 -0.27191
0.1
1 3E-005 -0.26774
3E-005 -0.26358
4E-005 -0.25941
4E-005 -0.25525
5E-005 -0.25108
5E-005 -0.24692
6E-005 -0.24275
7E-005 -0.23859
7E-005 -0.23442
8E-005 -0.23025
9E-005 -0.22609
0.000102 -0.22192
0.000114 -0.21776
0.000126 -0.21359
0.000141 -0.20943
0.000157 -0.20526
0.000174 -0.20109
0.000194 -0.19693
0.000216 -0.19276
0.000241 -0.1886
0.000268 -0.18443
0.000299 -0.18026
0.000332 -0.1761
0.00037 -0.17193
0.000412 -0.16776
0.000459 -0.16359

Equations

0.008
0.012
0.016
0.02
0.024
0.028
0.032
0.036
0.04
0.044
0.048
0.052
0.056
0.06
0.064
0.068
0.072
0.076
0.08
0.084
0.088
0.092
0.096
0.1
0.104
0.108
0.112
0.116
0.12
0.124
0.128
0.132
0.136
0.14
0.144
0.148
0.152
0.156

9E+020
1E+021
1E+021
1E+021
2E+021
2E+021
2E+021
2E+021
2E+021
2E+021
2E+021
2E+021
2E+021
2E+021
3E+021
3E+021
3E+021
3E+021
3E+021
3E+021
3E+021
3E+021
3E+021
3E+021
3E+021
3E+021
3E+021
3E+021
3E+021
4E+021
4E+021
4E+021
4E+021
4E+021
4E+021
4E+021
4E+021
4E+021

0.972348
0.967867
0.962689
0.956713
0.94983
0.941919
0.932849
0.922479
0.910662
0.897243
0.882069
0.864993
0.845875
0.8246
0.801078
0.775261
0.747152
0.716811
0.684367
0.650021
0.614045
0.576779
0.538619
0.5
0.461381
0.423221
0.385955
0.349979
0.315633
0.283189
0.252848
0.224739
0.198922
0.1754
0.154125
0.135007
0.117931
0.102757

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

4E+018
8E+018
1E+019
2E+019
2E+019
3E+019
4E+019
4E+019
5E+019
6E+019
7E+019
7E+019
8E+019
9E+019
1E+020
1E+020
1E+020
1E+020
1E+020
1E+020
1E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020

0.000511
0.000569
0.000633
0.000705
0.000785
0.000874
0.000974
0.001084
0.001207
0.001344
0.001497
0.001666
0.001855
0.002066
0.0023
0.002561
0.002852
0.003175
0.003535
0.003936
0.004383
0.00488
0.005434
0.00605
0.006736
0.0075
0.008351
0.009299
0.010353
0.011528
0.012836
0.014292
0.015913
0.017718
0.019728
0.021966
0.024458
0.027232
Page 9

-0.15943
-0.15526
-0.15109
-0.14692
-0.14275
-0.13858
-0.1344
-0.13023
-0.12605
-0.12188
-0.1177
-0.11351
-0.10933
-0.10514
-0.10095
-0.09675
-0.09255
-0.08834
-0.08412
-0.07989
-0.07566
-0.07141
-0.06714
-0.06286
-0.05856
-0.05423
-0.04988
-0.04549
-0.04107
-0.0366
-0.03207
-0.02748
-0.02282
-0.01806
-0.01321
-0.00823
-0.0031
0.002192

Equations

0.16
0.164
0.168
0.172
0.176
0.18
0.184
0.188
0.192
0.196
0.2
0.204
0.208
0.212
0.216
0.22
0.224
0.228
0.232
0.236
0.24
0.244
0.248
0.252
0.256
0.26
0.264
0.268
0.272
0.276
0.28
0.284
0.288
0.292
0.296
0.3
0.05

4E+021
4E+021
4E+021
4E+021
4E+021
4E+021
4E+021
4E+021
4E+021
4E+021
5E+021
5E+021
5E+021
5E+021
5E+021
5E+021
5E+021
5E+021
5E+021
5E+021
5E+021
5E+021
5E+021
5E+021
5E+021
5E+021
5E+021
5E+021
5E+021
5E+021
5E+021
5E+021
5E+021
5E+021
5E+021
6E+021
2E+021

0.089338
0.077521
0.067151
0.058081
0.05017
0.043287
0.037311
0.032133
0.027652
0.023781
0.020441
0.017561
0.015081
0.012946
0.01111
0.009532
0.008177
0.007012
0.006013
0.005155
0.004419
0.003788
0.003246
0.002782
0.002384
0.002043
0.001751
0.0015
0.001285
0.001101
0.000943
0.000808
0.000692
0.000593
0.000508
0.000435
0.873778

###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###
###

2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020

0.030321
0.033761
0.037591
0.041855
0.046603
0.05189
0.057776
0.06433
0.071628
0.079753
0.0888
0.098873
0.11009
0.122578
0.136483
0.151966
0.169205
0.1884
0.209772
0.233568
0.260064
0.289565
0.322413
0.358988
0.399711
0.445055
0.495541
0.551755
0.614346
0.684037
0.761634
0.848034
0.944235
1.051348
1.170613
1.303406

Page 10

0.00769
0.013428
0.01945
0.025809
0.032569
0.039807
0.047615
0.056107
0.065418
0.075716
0.087208
0.100148
0.114851
0.131715
0.151237
0.174048
0.200955
0.232989
0.271485
0.318179
0.375336
0.44594
0.533929
0.64454
0.784755
0.963932
1.194655
1.493904
1.884656
2.39809
3.076612
3.97801
5.181179
6.793995
8.964163
11.89415

Equations

(2.6.1)

(2.5.1)

me

3/2

EE c , for EEc

(2.6.6)

1 n
3
3 n
( )( )2 + .. .
8 N c 16 9 N c

(2.4.7)

( E F Ec )3/2 , for E FE c

(2.6.16)

(2.6.11)

Page 11

Equations

1E+015
1E+022
nmin
10
### n
a
b
c
n
### 0.00495 0.353553 -7.73913
1E+015 7E+020 0.00495 0.353553 -1.00347
1E+015 2E+018 0.00495 0.353553 -7.06556
1E+015 6E+020 0.00495 0.353553 -1.0799
2E+015 3E+018 0.00495 0.353553
-6.467
2E+015 6E+020 0.00495 0.353553 -1.15491
2E+015 5E+018 0.00495 0.353553 -5.93579
3E+015 5E+020 0.00495 0.353553 -1.22821
3E+015 8E+018 0.00495 0.353553 -5.46503
4E+015 5E+020 0.00495 0.353553 -1.29948
4E+015 1E+019 0.00495 0.353553 -5.04848
5E+015 5E+020 0.00495 0.353553 -1.36841
6E+015 2E+019 0.00495 0.353553 -4.68047
7E+015 4E+020 0.00495 0.353553 -1.4347
8E+015 2E+019 0.00495 0.353553 -4.35589
1E+016 4E+020 0.00495 0.353553 -1.49807
1E+016 3E+019 0.00495 0.353553 -4.07011
1E+016 4E+020 0.00495 0.353553 -1.55828
2E+016 4E+019 0.00495 0.353553 -3.81893
2E+016 4E+020 0.00495 0.353553 -1.61512
2E+016 5E+019 0.00495 0.353553 -3.59855
3E+016 3E+020 0.00495 0.353553 -1.66843
3E+016 6E+019 0.00495 0.353553 -3.40554
3E+016 3E+020 0.00495 0.353553 -1.7181
4E+016 7E+019 0.00495 0.353553 -3.23679
5E+016 3E+020 0.00495 0.353553 -1.76408
6E+016 8E+019 0.00495 0.353553 -3.08952
7E+016 3E+020 0.00495 0.353553 -1.80637
Page 12

Equations

8E+016
9E+016
1E+017
1E+017
1E+017
2E+017
2E+017
2E+017
3E+017
3E+017
4E+017
5E+017
5E+017
6E+017
7E+017
9E+017
1E+018
1E+018
1E+018
2E+018
2E+018
2E+018
3E+018
3E+018
4E+018
4E+018
5E+018
6E+018
7E+018
8E+018
1E+019
1E+019
1E+019
2E+019
2E+019
2E+019
3E+019
3E+019

9E+019
3E+020
1E+020
3E+020
1E+020
3E+020
1E+020
3E+020
1E+020
2E+020
1E+020
2E+020
1E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020

0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495

0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553

-2.96121
-1.84502
-2.84959
-1.88013
-2.75264
-1.91184
-2.66856
-1.94032
-2.59574
-1.96578
-2.53274
-1.98842
-2.47831
-2.00848
-2.43133
-2.02617
-2.39081
-2.04172
-2.3559
-2.05534
-2.32585
-2.06725
-2.29999
-2.07762
-2.27775
-2.08664
-2.25864
-2.09446
-2.24222
-2.10124
-2.22812
-2.10711
-2.21602
-2.11217
-2.20564
-2.11654
-2.19673
-2.12031
Page 13

Equations

4E+019
4E+019
5E+019
6E+019
7E+019
8E+019
9E+019
1E+020
1E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
3E+020
3E+020
4E+020
5E+020
5E+020
6E+020
8E+020
9E+020
1E+021
1E+021
1E+021
2E+021
2E+021
2E+021
3E+021
3E+021
4E+021
4E+021
5E+021
6E+021
7E+021
9E+021
1E+022

2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020
2E+020

0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495
0.00495

0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553
0.353553

-2.18909
-2.12355
-2.18253
-2.12945
-2.14928
-2.13143
-2.14842
-2.13313
-2.14767

Page 14