" 93251//

" 92531//
" 99551//
" 37031/3

(') '
'
'
' '
'
'
'
'
'

" :93251//

./
.3

" :92531//

./"
.3"
.2
.5"
.9
.6

" :99551//

./ "
.3" "

" :37031/3

./
.3
.2
.5
.9
.6
.0

.8
.5

" :93251//

./
.3

" :92531//

./
.3
.2
.5

" :99551//

" :37031/3

./
.3
.2

" : 5239/11 " ; "

" : 5392/11 " ; " -
" : 5549/11 " ; "
" : 2072/12 " ' ; " ; "

"

, 5239/11 2-1 "

, 5392/11 "
5549/11 1 "
" ; " "
: 2072/12
4-3 "
5392/11 3-2
" : 2072/12

" ; " ; "

" - ; " ; "

-
' ;

.1

," ( 3122- :

, )
, .
? ,
, " " -;

-; ?
.
- .

.2

11.7.2011 .

:
"

. 1 " , "
,
, ,
,
, .

( . 2 )
,

, ,
[ ]
.
( ) ( 62 ) [
]

.
( )
,
(
) ; ,
, ,
, .

. 3 ,
,


,

,
; " , "
, " . 1992 -

( . 4 ) , ,



( ) 1 46
;
( ) 2
9
, " ; 1967 -
;
( ) 3 3
, " , 1985 -
;

, ( ) 2 "
" ;
( ) 4
, " ; 1958 -
( ) 5
, " , 1959 -
, " ; 1984 -

.
( ) ( ) ,


; ,
( ).

.5

. 6 4
".
( 2
: , 3 4 - :
. " :

).

.3

:
)

05.07.2010

," ( 3121- - 1 / ) .
25 ,
. , 14.07.2010
, ( : , ).
)

15.02.2011

( - 2 / ) .
, " ,
, ,
- , :
, ,
. "
, ,

, .
, " : , .
" ( , ' 3
).

.
- , ,

. , " ,

( , ' 22-21 " ) . ,
,
" ( , '

23-22 " ) . '

, , "
"
( , ' 28 " ) . '
, , ( ,
' 30-29 " ).

,
( ,' 19-17 " ) . ,
, " ,
" " ,
( , ' 32 " ) . ,
, .
)

, 28.02.2011

, ( ) .
, ,
"
( - 3 / ) .
" :

" ( 1 )
( 2 ) ,
( :

" , 373' , 112 .) 02.03.2011

, " , " ,
, ,
( , ' 4-3
" ).

,
, 07.03.2011 32 12 , ,
.
)

27.06.2011

( - 5 / ).
,
,
.
( ) ,
( - 6 /
).
( ) , " ,
, "
" ( , 27.06.2011 ' .) 15
"
" - " " " , ,

, " "
( , ) . , "
" " ( ( 2 ) )
-
( , ' 26-21 " ) . , "
, " "
" " ,
( ,
' 71-70 " ) .
, " ,
,
( , ' 58 " ).
, " , " :
" , " " ,
3 ,
.
.
( , ' 73-72
" ) . , , "
,
4 (
).
, , "
,
, - ,

" ( 2::3- : )
( , ' 72
" ).

, ,
,
- .
, ' ( ' ) - ,
" , -
Divestment and Sanctions ( BDS

, ) Boycott, , ,

" . ,

( ' 63 " ).
, " ,
, ,
"
" , , , "
" ( , ' 61 " ).
" ,
- " "
( 120 ) ( , 85 )
. "
" , ,

( - 7 / ).
)

, 10.07.2011 ,

"
. " ,

10

" ,
" " , ,
, :
" . 3 [ ] ,
" " [ ]...


,

.
. 4 ,


,
,
,
, . ,

" ,
,
, ,

,
,

.
[]...
. 5 "
" ,
,
,
-
".
( " ;
- 8 / ) .
)

, , 11.07.2011

. , "

11

( : ) :
"



.
-
: , , , ]...[ .
,
.
,
, ,
. ,

]...[ . -
. ?
. , ,
,
? [ ]...
,
.
, ,
[ ] " .
( , ' 169-168 ;
" ) .
, " ,
,
:
" ,
,
, .
,

.
[ ] , ,
[ ]...

12

,
. ,
".
( , ' 99 ) .
,
.
)

47 38 , . ,
4
, ,
,
.
.4

, , .

, ( " ) 5392/11
3-2 .
05.12.2012 "
. 09.12.2012 - - ,
, 3-2 .
- - ,
. 16.02.2014
.5

, . ,
,
, , ,
.

13

.6

1 " ( 5239/11 : )

2 , , ,
; " ( 5392/11 : )
,
2
( ) ; 2 " , 5549/11 "
" , 1 ,
( 19 - : " ) ; " ( 2072/12 :
) , , ,
.
2 1
, ,
, , ,
.
.7

" : " ( : ) ,

, ( : ) ,
( : ) ,
.

.8

, ,

,
:-; -; .
,
, .

14

()

,
, . ,
, " :
" " : " , 1 ,
.
, ,
" : " 1
.
()

, . ,
,
.

, . ,
,
.
" ,
( )
,
. ,
" "
, .
.
, , , 1995

15

,
. " " , ,
, " " .
.

.9

, ,

. ( : ,
, ) ,
" " " .
(
, 10.7.2011

( 3 ) ) . ,

.

.
()

. 10

, .

,
. , , ,
, ,
. , : ,
, .
,
.

16

, , . 34 -
,
, ( ) , ,
, ,
.
, , , ,
, .
, , " ,
" ,

, ,
.
.
. ,

,
, " -
" . ,
, , ,
,
. ,
. ,
,
,

,
" , , .

17

. 11

. -
, ( ) . ,
, - ,

, .
,
,
,
,

, , .
,
, " "
. ,
4 .

, ,
( ,
) .
,
,
.
" " . ,
, " " ,
" ".

,

18

(
) .
, , ,
" , ,
" .
, .
()

. 12

,
. ,
, . ,
,

.
(
) ,
, , .
, ,
,
( ) . ,
,
, , , .

,
, ,
.

19

BDS -

Sanctions -

Boycott

( ) ,

Divestment -

( ) .

. :

The Case Against Academic Boycotts of Israel (edited by Cary

)Nelson and Gabriel Noah Brahm (2015

( :

The Case Against Academic

; ) Boycotts , , ' 290-271 ( . ) 2014

, ,

, , ' 132-117
( " ( ) 2014 - :

, ) ; Marc A. Greendorfer,

The BDS Movement: That Which We Call A Foreign Boycott, By Any Other Name, Is
)Still Illegal (January 2015) (unpublished manuscript

( . ) Greendorfer :

()

. 13

, .
( )2

. 14

. ,

, .
,
,
.

. ,

20

(
) ,
.
( )3

. 15

, , , ,
.

. : ,
, [ ]

( : ) . , , ,
,
.
, .
,
( ( 2 ) ,
" " ) .

( )
, ,

.
( )4 " "

. 16

21

.
( 2 ) , "
, ,
.
,
" " , ,
. :
)

( , , )
, , .
)

, , ,

.
)

.
)

, ,

" " ,
, .
)

" " . , , .
" "
, .
)

,
.

22

. 17

, , .

, , ,
,
( ) ,
, , , , ,
, .
,
,
. , ,
,
, .
. 18

( )

" : " ,
1 . , " :
" 1 " : "
.
, , ,
, ( ,
) .

. 19

. ,
- ( " ) , ( 27.07.2011
: " 1715/97

' " ( ( ) 1997 ( 382-380 , 367 ) 4 :

).

23

. 20

( , 3 ) ,
. ' ( ,
' ) 386 :
"
.
.

. .
, .
, . []...
,
, ".
( " ) .

"
- , ,
, " " , ( 2 ) ,
, .
.
:
.
" " ,
, , . ,

24

.
- - .

. 21

, 2 ,

,
. ,
,
( , ,
' ) .
, .

( ) , "
" ( , ' ( ) - "
10203/03 " ' , " ( 763 , 715 ) 4
( ( ) 2008 : ) ; :

( ) 2014 ( 712-708 : , )
) .
, ,
, ,
, .

( )
.
( ) ,

25

( : ( ,)
, ' ; 59-51 :
' ' ; 30-29

Case Against Academic Boycotts

, The' . ) 5-4

, ( 120-45
) , , - ,
(
, " : ") .

"" , ,
. ,
" " " " (

: , , '
, The Case Against Academic Boycotts ; ) 872-871 ' . ) 5-4
,
( , , : , ' , " ) . ,
,
" , " " (
) 16.12.1773 "
" .
" " " " 19 -

Boycott

, Charles . 1873

, Boycott ,
.
,

Boycott

. " . Boycott
" " ,
" " , ( 20 -

26

" , , " ,
) , " " , . :

G ARY M INDA ,

B OYCOTT IN A MERICA H OW I MAGINATION AND I DEOLOGY S HAPE THE L EGAL M IND

) , (1999 ( ' : ) 197

"Group boycotts may appear to some as acts of

political terrorism".

" ,
. :
)288 (1964

; U.S.

NAACP v. Alabama ex rel. Flowers, 377

)NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co., 458 U.S. 886 (1982

( : . ) Claiborne
: " , " 729
( ; ) 2010 " ' ' ' ' " , 407
( 434-433 " ) .

. 22

, " - "

( ' " ) ,
. ,
, , ,
, " " 8-
; ( : ( ) 2010 ( 53 :,
) ; " 2194/06 '
( ( ) 20.6.2006 : ) ; " 236/13 ' "

. )) 15.01.2013 ( 2:-
"

" ,
, .
: ( ," 2:76-
) ; ( : 144

27
," ( 2:88- : )) ; ( :

," . 2:59- : - "

: " " ( ) 2012
( :- )) ; ( : 134 . :
" "

. ) 2004 ( 305 ' "

- " .) 2005 ( 313 ,

, ' ; ) 738-737 ( : 205 205 - ) ;

( : ) 11 ( 2
,

", 2:92-

"

8954/11

'

( ; ) ) 24.04.2014 ( : ( ),
" , 2:6:- : " 979/15 ' "

, ) 25.02.2015 ( 31- ) ;
,
( : 161 ) ; : ( : 255

) ( : 288 . :
( ' ) .)) 2001 ( 35-31
" ,
10-; . :
( ) ; " 5698/11 '

( ( ) 15.01.2015 : ) .
( " "
" ) , ,
. : " 4646/08 ' ( . ) 12.10.2008
" " .
(

Brennan

, ) J. " ,
" ( : ' ( ) - "

28

723/74 " ' " " ( , 281 ) 2

; ) 1997 ( 296 : " 399/85 ' " ( , 255 ) 3
( ) 1987 ( 280 : )) ,
" " ( )
"
" ( " 316/03 ' , " ( 249 , 278 ) 1
( )) 2003 ( : 19 -

).

. 23

" ,

:
:
" " ,
): Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47 (1919
"The most stringent protection of free speech would
not protect a man falsely shouting fire in a theater and
causing a panic" .

, '

- " 2533/10 ' ( .) 26.12.2011

, :
" " ( ) ,
.
" ,
,
. ( 24 ) .

29

. 24

. :

()

, ,
, , ,
( ) , ,
.
, , (
) .

( J.

) Stevens "

Claiborne

" " :

""Elements of criminality and elements of majesty

( , ' .) 888
" ,
" " ( :
) Claiborne , , " " (
:

International Longshoremen's Association, AFL-CIO, v. Allied International,

)Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project, 561 U.S. 1 (2010) ; Inc., 456 U.S. 212 (1982

( : ; ) Holder ,
).
,
( ) ,
- , , " " .
( "
" ,

30

) , . :
Gordon M. Orloff, The Political Boycott: An Unprivileged Form of Expression ,
)1983 D UKE L. J. 1076 (1983

( :

The Political Boycott

. ) Orloff, : "

" 115/75 " ' "-" " ( 799 ) 2

( .) ) 1975
"
" "
( applied review

) as

( review

.) facial

: " : ,
" ( ( 45 ) 1 , ) 2014 " 3429/11
' ( ( ) 5.1.2012 :

) ; : ' ' " : " 3429/11

' "
' " " ( ( ) 2013 :'' ,

) ; ( 60
).
()

.

.
()

( )
BDS -

( , ) Boycott Divestment and Sanctions Movement

.
, , , ,
, .

31

, , . -
( )
, , , ,
, , , ,
( ) . -
(
" - " )
" "
, ,
. , , ,
,
, - , ,
, " " , , .
" " " ,
, ,
, (

.) http://www.knesset.gov.il/mmm/data/pdf/m02861.pdf : :
-Greendorfer " . "

:

Briggs & Stratton Corporation v. Baldridge, 782 F.2d 915 (7th Cir.

)The Trane Company v. Baldridge, 552 F. Supp 1378 (W. Dist. Wisc. ; 1984

) . 1983 49 ) .

. 25

, " " , ,
,
: , ,
( ) ,

32

.
2
:
()

, , ,

( 2 ) ( ( 2 ) ).
()

( 62 )

( ( 2 ) ).
()

( : ) , ( 2 ) .
, 4-3 , :
, , (

) , , 4
, ,
.
" ".
, , ( 2 ) ( 2 , ) 3 , 4 -

" " " , ( 2 )

.


, ,

33

" " , . :
" 6427/02 ' , " ( 675-674 , 619 ) 1
( ) 2006 ' " 4676/94 " ' ,
" ( . ) 1998 ( 206 ) 5
" "

. 26

8-; , , "

" :
"
-
,
, ,
".

" " .

. 27

" "

" " ( ).
, , 4-2

, .

. 28

" "

.
" " ,
, 1 1 - -; .
.

.
. , ,

34

,
" " "
" . , ,
.
, .
. 29

" "

" 1/65 ' - , " 365

( , ) 1965 ( :
, 591-588
( 618-604 . ) 2005 ,
:

Jan-Werner Muller, A "Practical Dilemma

Which Philosophy Alone Cannot Resolve"? Rethinking Militant Democracy: An

)Introduction, 19 I NT L J C RIT .D EM .T HEORY (2012

.) Democracy :

( :

Muller, Militant

)T YULKINA , M ILITANT D EMOCRACY (2015

.) S VETLANA

"
" ,
1992 - - (
: " "
" .)) 2014 ( 351-349 , 347

,
"
" (
) .
" " : , :
)Intolerant Democracies, 36 H ARV . I NT . L. J. (1995

G.H. Fox & G.

; Nolte, "

, ,
" ( ) 2006 ( 357 , 327 : ,

) ( ) :

35

" " "

] ; " ] ,

" ( .
; " ).
. ,

. 30

, ' ,
:
" .

- ,
, ;


; ,
,
, , ,
" ( , '
.) 272
( " ) .
, , ,
, , ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
" " ,
, ,
(

36

, ,
( : 17 ( ) " ; 2:84- " 8/88
" ' " , " ( ; ) 1989 ( 101-100 , 95 ) 4 "
1569/93 ' () " , " ( ; ) 1994 ( 706 , 705 ) 5 :
, ) 1992 ( 956 " :
' ' ' ' ,
" ,
" : ,
, " ) ) .
: , ,
, . :
()

, ,

, ,
,
.

, ( )

. :

Orloff, The Political Boycott

( , ' 1077-

:) 1076
"A political boycott is a coercive mode of expression
that, regardless of its goals, deprives its victims of
their freedom to speak and to associate as they
please A political boycott uses economic coercion to
force its victims to speak or act politically in a way
that furthers the goals, not necessarily of the speaker,
but of the boycotter".

37

" ' '

,
...


, - ".
:
,
. : ' - " 11280/02
27-' " , " ( .) 2003 ( 18-14 , 1 ) 4
" ".
122 [

] ," , 2:7:- :
" . 122 20,000
:
( ) 1
,
;
...
( ) 3 , ,
,
;
...
( ) 6 ,
, ,
, , , , ,
, ; " , "

" .
( " ) .
' , , :
"


... ,

38

-
- ,
" ( " 11/01- '
" , " ( ; ) 2001 ( 168 ) 3
" ).
()

" .

,
, , ,
. ,
.
, , , ,
. : , ,
' . 119-117
. 31

"

" " , " " ,

.
. 32

" " ,

, .
, (
).
30-28 (
)
,
:

39

.
)

, :

; ; (
: ( , , ' -
' , ) per-se ( ; ) ,
( ) ) . '

Ulrich K.

Associative Rights (The Right to The Freedoms of Petition,

)and Association

, Assembly, , -

Preub

, ,
( :

Ulrich K. Preub, Associative Rights (The Right to The Freedoms of

Petition, Assembly, (and Association) in C OMPARATIVE C ONSTITUTIONAL L AW 948,

)(Michael Rosenfeld And Andreas Sajo eds., 2012

.) 963

.
)

.
,

, .
. 33

" :

, ,

, ,
, " ( " ) . "
,
, .
, " ,
, , , ,
, ( : , ,
' .) 705-691 :

40

()

. , ,

,
. , :

.
.

, ," ( 3111- :
) , , 3-
5 , :
" ( . 3 )
,
,
, ,
, , , , ,
, , .
...
( . 5 ) 3 4 -
, [ ] ,
, " .
( " ) .

, . ,
, ,
, ,
.
()

.
, " :
" , ,
( : 40 ) . ,
, .

41

. 34

,
. ,
. , ,

( Code, Article 225-2

.) Penal

' ' , ( 13-

, Equality Act 2010 3

General Act on Equal Treatment -

).

, , ,
, ,
.
. 35

" " , " ".
.
" "

. 36

" " .
, :
, , " "
" " , " " " "
( : , " 8823/07 ' ( ; ) 11.2.2010
- " 6784/06" ' ( ) 12.1.2011
( : ) ; , , .) 12-9
.

42

. 37

, ( : ,

, ' ; 383-373
- " 1661/05 ' , " ( 481 ) 2
( .) ) 2005 ,
( ,
, )
,
( ) . ,
" "
.
, , , , ,
, ,
, -
, ( ( 2 )

,
, ).
, .
( : 7-
( ) 2006 ( 4 : ) ; , ' ( ) ,
' ( ) 2013 ( 53-25 : )).

43

. 38

,
. ,
" " ( " 7052/03
' , ( , 235-234 , 202 ) 2 68 '
( ; ) 2006 , ' , 784 51 '

( )) , ,
( " 6304/09" '
, 115 ' '

( . )) 2.9.2010
, ,
. ,

" . "
" ,
.
? ,
, ,
2 .

. .
(3)

. 39

()

( 2 ) :

44

"
...
[ ] " .
,
, , :
" ( 5 ) . 3 4 -
, [ ] ,
, " .
" " :
" , " : " ,
.

. :

()1

56 .

()2

' - " 5712/01

' , " , " ( ( ) 2003 ( 408 , 385 ) 6 : ) ,

, , 30 :
"
' '
.
11 , " -
, 1999 ' ' - '
, [ ]...
. ' ... , ,
.
. :
28 , " ; 1981 -
( 5 ) ,
,
" ; 2000 - 15 (

45

) , " 1981 - .
, , ,
" .
( " ).
()

; " ,

, ,

(3) ,
. ' .
( 2 ) ( 31 - ) ,"2:92-

( : ) , ,
, , :
,
"( .2)
,

( ) ;
:
( ) 1 , , ;
( ) 2 , , ;
....
' , ',
( . 31 )
' ' 1 [ ] " .

" , :
" ... . 35
, 64


, .
64 ... ' :
,

... ' ...
. 36 .
76 -
:
.
;

46

( ) 1 ( 76 ) ' ...

' .-

, ,
...
-
...
" ( , '
.) 401
' ( :
)S TEWART M ILL , O N L IBERTY (1859
)U NIVERSITY P RESS 1984

; J OHN :

J. F EINBERG , H ARM TO O THERS

; (O XFORD :

,' ; 56-55 , ' ) 9-7

( 2 ) ( 2 - ) ( 2 ) .

,
, ( 2 ) , , , ,
" " " . "
, , ,
, ,
, .
- ( 2 ) (
) ( 2 ) .
,
, - ,
" " ( - " 73/53 " "

" ' , " ( ( ) 1953 ( 871 ) 2 : ) ) .

" " : , ,
' ; 650-643 " ' , " ( 141 , 94 ) 4 '

47

( ; ) 1995 , , ' ; 380-377

" ' '
" 11225/03 ' "
.) 2007 ( 232-231 , 219 " " ,
, ,
. ,

,
.
()

, ,
3 :
" . 3 ,


" .
()

: " " .

, ,
"
" ( ( 2 ) ).

. 40

( 2 ) , ,

, ( : , 64 , 10 76 -

) . .
,
( , , ,

48

51-49 ) . ,
" "
, .
(3)

. 41

( 2 )

( 62 ) :
" ( . 62 )
,
,

".
, 5
( : " 123/50 ' , " ( ( :)) 1950 ( 1559 ) 1 )
; ( ) ( ) ;
( ) ; ( ) " "
; ( ) .
" :
".

( : ( , )) 1986
.
( 2 ) , :
" ( 62 ) [ ]


".

49

( 2 )
, ,
. ,
. ,
( 2 ) ,
: , ( 62 ) , ,
, . ,
( 2 ) , ( 2 ) .
, , ( 2 ) .
(3)

. 42

( 2 ) :
" ( 2 ) .
,
(
) ;
, , ,
, " .
,

" " .
" " , ,

( : " "
( ) 2013 ( 105-99 ,99 :,

) ) . '
- " 9656/03 '

( ( ) 11.4.2005 : ) :
" " "
" " , ,

50

.
,
,

" ( . , ).
. 43

,
( : ; " 140/00 '
" , " ( ; ) 2004 ( 486 ) 4 " 2570/07
' ( ; ) 29.1.2009 " 4576/08- '
( ; ) 7.7.2011 " 9225/01 ' ( ) 13.12.2006 :,

, ' .) 117
, , " "
( : 31 , 4
," , 3118- 11 (

) ,".) 3123-
,
, .
, ,
, " "
, ,
"
( :

O N L IBERTY

; M ILL , .) Holder

, , ,
, , (
, ).
( 2 )
.

51

4 5-

. 44

3 4 - :
"

. 3 ,
,


,

,
; " , "
, " . 1992 -

( . 4 ) , ,



( ) 1 46
;
( ) 2
9
, " ; 1967 -
;
( ) 3 3
, " , 1985 -
;

, ( ) 2 "
" ;
( ) 4
, " ; 1958 -
( ) 5
, " , 1959 -
, " ; 1984 -

.
( ) ( ) ,


; ,
( )".

52

,
, . ,

, , ,
.
, , ,

. " ,
, ,
.
,
,
,
, . ,
, , , , ,
. " 1438/98

' , " ( , ) 1999 ( 385 , 337 ) 5 :

"
;
,

" .
, : " 5264/05 " " ' ,

( . ) 16.11.2005
, , 3

53

" ,
,
2

".
(
) , (

) ,
, (
, ).
. 45

, ,

, " 10104/04

' , , "
( , ) 2006 ( 93 ) 2 ,

. ' ( , ' 186-
:) 185
"

.
.

, - -

,
.

,
- .

.
" .
( " ) .

54

" "

""conventional wisdom

, ( " :
"bite the hand that feeds you

"Do

; not " :

" , , " " ).

.
, ,
?
.

" " . .
. 46

" "

. ,

, ,
" " .
, . ,
,
, ,
, ,
. ,

, "
" ,

( :

Holder

:- , ' . ) 575-574

55

, .
. ,

.
" "
. :

)Dakota v. Dole 483 U.S. 203 (1987

)v. Taxation with Representation 461 U.S. 540 (1983

)U.S. 173 (1991

; Regan

; South

Rust v. Sullivan 500

( : ) Rust :

"[L]egislature's decision not to subsidize the exercise

of a fundamental right does not infringe the right".

Agency for International Development et al. v. Alliance for

) Open Society International, Inc., et al. 570 U.S 1 (2013

" , , " ,
"
,
. "
,
. Rust
" 7245/10

' ( ) 04.06.2013 :
, , ' , " - " . : " ,
: " 381
( ; ) 2011 " , ' ' " .) 2013 ( 259
,

.
" "

56

. 47

, "

"
" " , " " . '
.
"
. " . " :
.
,
. ,

" . : , , ' ( 432 " ) ;

.

, , ,
"
" " . , ,
, , .
. 48

, .
.
. 12

, , :
" . 12 , , ,
,
, ,
, " .
"
( ) , : " 5977/07
' " ( ; ) 20.6.2014 "

57

10717/05 . ' '' ( ; ) 3.9.2013

Paul S Davis, Aid,

Abet, Counsel or Procrue, in T ORT L AW : C HALLENGING O RTHODOXY 413

). (Chamberlain, Neyeres & Pitel eds., 2013

, ,
,
.

. , ,
( ) 4 - ,
:
" . 4
,
. " 3
( " ) .
,
,
" " ,
( : " 606/93 " ( )2:92" '

, " ( . )) 1994 ( 12 , 1 ) 2 ,
. ,
" , " " -
.

. 49

, :

58

, , '
( )
. .
,
,
Loi du 29

( 24-23 ,
: , ) juillet 1881 sur la libert de la presse
"Article 23: Seront punis comme complices d'une
action qualifie crime ou dlit ceux qui, soit par des
discours, cris ou menaces profrs dans des lieux ou
runions publics, soit par des crits, imprims,
dessins, gravures, peintures, emblmes, images ou tout
autre support de l'crit, de la parole ou de l'image
vendus ou distribus, mis en vente ou exposs dans
des lieux ou runions publics, soit par des placards ou
des affiches exposs au regard du public, soit par tout
moyen de communication au public par voi e
lectronique, auront directement provoqu l'auteur ou
les auteurs commettre ladite action, si la provocation
a t suivie d'effet.
Cette disposition sera galement applicable lorsque la
provocation n'aura t suivie que d'une tentative de
crime prvue par l'article 2 du code pnal.
Article 24: Ceux qui, par l'un des moyens noncs
l'article 23, auront provoqu la discrimination, la
haine ou la violence l'gard d'une personne ou d'un
groupe de personnes raison de leur origine ou de leur
appartenance ou de leur non-appartenance une
ethnie, une nation, une race ou une religion
dtermine, seront punis d'un an d'emprisonnement et
de 45 000 euros d'amende ou de l'une de ces deux
peines seulement".

:
[Article 23: Will be punished as accomplices to an
action qualified as a crime or a misdemeanor, those
who, either by speech, calls or threats spoken in public
places or public assemblies, or by writing, printed,
drawings, engravings paintings, emblems, images or
all other written support (format), spoken format, or
visual image sold or distributed offered for sale or
exposed in (public) places or public assemblies, either
through billboards or via posters exposed for public
access (viewing), or by any method of communication
to the public by electronic means, which would have

59
)directly provoked the perpetrator (instigator) (single
or perpetrators (instigators)(plural), if the provocation
was followed by the effect (or followed by a reaction).
This clause will be equally applicable in situations
where the provocation would have been followed just
by an attempted crime as provided by section 2of the
penal code.
Article 24: Those who, by one of the methods
outlined in article 23, did provoke to discrimination,
to hatred or to violence towards a person or towards a
group of people by reason of their origin or of their
membership (part of) or of their non-membership to a
determined ethnic group, a nation, a race or a religion.
Will be punished by a one year prison sentence and of
a 45 000 euro fine, or to either of these sentences
alone].

Lille Criminal Court -

, , -
1,000 . ,

Cour de Casssation -

. 50

" ,

( :

Willem v. France (application no.

.) 10883/05), 10.12.2009
, : , ,
, , , ' ,
6 ( 1 ' ) , ,
, .
,
" " .

" " "
.

60

,
10 .
,
.
( , ) 20 ,
,
,
225-1 225-2 -

( Code

. ) Penal :

Leroy v. France, Application no. 36109/03

. 2.10.2008

. 51

, ,

Saquina Arnaud-Khimoun

" : ".

Khimoun -

( No B 10-

, ) 88.315 , , 2012 .
, ' , 119-118
"
,

. , "

, :
" (
;
" )

61

.
" ( " Kent State ,
' .) 118
. 52

, ,

Claiborne

- , "
. , ,

, . ,
, , , "
( : Holder -

" ).
. 53

"

Holder

, , ,
" " , " " ( :,

, ' .) 508-505 ,
, ,
, " " , ( :
).

" " ,
.
,
,
(

62

) . , -
:
: , ,
.
, -
( , , ( 2 ) ) .
,
45-
44 ,
.
. 54

" ,

, ( )
( : - " 4244/12 " '

( .)) 19.2.2014 .

. 55

. .

. 56

"

, , '

( ) - " 9098/01 ' , " ( 286 ) 4

( ( ) 2004 : ) .
, ' ( ) :

63

"
,
,


".
( ' ; 291-290
;
: " 5113/12 '
( ( ) 7.8.2012 : ) ) .
- " 3809/08

' ( ( ) 28.5.2012 : )
, ( 2 ) ( - )
4-3 .
:
()

- 2 ,

,
, ,
( ) (
) . : .

()

,
( : "
214/89 ' , ( , ) 1989 ( 840 ) 3 :
" " .) ) 1991 ( 93
()

( 2 )

64
; Deference

' : ( , ' ) 491-488

. 57

, Deference - (
" ) .
Deference -- .
' ,

Deference

( ) ,

: " 466/07" ' " ( , ) 11.01.2012

24-20 . , ' , .

Deference -

(
, " "
:

A LAN D.P B RADY , P ROPORTIONALITY AND D EFERENCE U NDER T HE UK

). ) H UMAN R IGHTS A CT : A N I NSTITUTIONALLY S ENSITIVE A PPROACH 30-34 (2012

.
" " ( ,)Margin of Apreciation-

. 58

" "

)App. No. 5493/72, 1 EHRR 737 (1979

H ANDYSIDE V . T HE U NITED

. K INGDOM , "

" (
) , ,

" " :
E LIZABETH

AND

G ALLAGHER

C AOILFJIONN

M OUNFIELD ,

H ELEN

.
J OHN

W ADHAM ,

65
P ROCHASKA WITH A NNA E DMUNDSON B LACKSTONE S G UIDE TO T HE H UMAN

). R IGHTS A CT 1998, 40-42 (5th ed., 2009

' : "
" " " :
"
.

. ,


.


" ( , '
. ) 511
, ' '
" " ( )

, , ( : , ,
'

.) 94-91 : Margin of Appreciation

" ,
,
.
... ( Rivers :
Proportionality and Variable Intensity of Review 65
) . ) C AMBRIDGE L.J 174-175 (2006

.

. ,

. ,

" ( , ' .) 512

66

, " "
" " " "
( :

A NDREW L EGG , T HE

M ARGIN OF A PPRECIATION IN I NTERNATIONAL H UMAN R IGHTS L AW 194-196

); (2012

P AOLA B ILANCIA , T HE D YNAMICS OF T HE EU I NTEGRATION AND T HE

). ) I MPACT ON T HE N ATIONAL C ONSTITUTIONAL L AW 147 (2012

, ,
" ( 2 ) ( - )
" " , " " .
- " 5493/06 ' ( .) 12.10.2010
" "
( )
.
(
)

. 59

, ( :
, ' ) , ,
.

, ,
.
,
" " " , " . :
.

67
, , (3)
- - ,

. 60

, - " 2311/11 '

( ( , ) 17.09.2014 : ) . :' , .
"
, " ( : " '

, 6 ' ( ) ( ) 18.1.2006
( : )) , " ,
, " ( , 4
' ( )) . : " 3803/11
' ( ; ) 5.2.2012 " 5440/11
() ' ( ; ) 11.3.2012 " 7872/10 '

( ; ) 7.6.2012 .
, ( 6 ) ,
, ,
, , : "
.

( review

( applied review

) as

, ) facial " ( :

Richard H. Fallon, Jr., Fact and Fiction About Facial Challenges, 99 C ALIF . L. R EV

). ) 915 (2011
.

( 2 ) - -
, ,

68

( 2 ) , ( - ) ,
3 4 - ,
.
" " " ".
,
,

. , , ,
" " ,
, - .

. 61

( 2 )

.
" " (
) , ,
" " (
) ,
.
. 62

, ,

, ( ' ) , , ,
" , ,
. ,
- ,
,
.

69

. 63

, ,

, ,
( , ,
) . ( )
.

' ;

' .
. ,
, " ( 2011 - : )
. , ,
8 - : . ,
,
. ,
" " " "

, " " " "
.
.1

, .
. , ,

70

- : - : .
.
. ,
, .
, ,
[ " " 10203/03

"

"

'

, " ( ( ) 2008 ( 757 , 715 ) 4 : ) ;

" 1661/05 ' , " ( 549- , 481 ) 2
( ) 2005 ( 544 : ) ].

.2

, ,

. ,
" ,
" ( 20 ) . .
.3

.
. "
" "
" [ ' " 73/53 " " " ' - , "
( ( ) 1953 ( 878 , 871 ) 2 : )] . "
" [ " 255/68 ' , " ( , 427 ) 2
.]) 1968 ( 435 - :
.

[ : " 4534/02 " ' ',
" ( ; ) 2004 ( 566-565 , 558 ) 3 " 2557/05 ' ,
" ( ( ) 2006 ( 218-215 , 200 ) 1 : ) ; " 4463/94

71
' , " ( ; ) 1996 ( 157-156 , 136 ) 4 " 10520/03
' , 10 ( ) '

( ( ) 12.11.2006 : ) ; , 26-22
( ) ' , ' ; 763-760

( ) 2014 ( 712-708 : , )].

.4

[ , : - " "

; ) 1996 ( 384-379 , 377 "

" ( 536-535 , 531 ,
.]) 2000
. "
" . , " "
. '
" : ;
? " [ John Milton, Areopagitica; A speech for

, the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing, to the Parliament of England (1644).

' " 316/03 ' , "
( ( ) 2003 ( 270 , 249 ) 1 : ) ; , ' .] 877

" . , ,
, ,
" [ " 399/85

' , " ( ) 1987 ( 274 , 255 ) 3

( : ) . : " 8954/11 ' , 62
' ( .] ) 24.4.2014 ,
" , , , ;

72

; ,
" [ , ' .] 878
" .
" [ ,
' . 876 : " 372/84- ' , " ( ) 3
( ) 1984 ( 238 , 233 : - )] .
. " , ,
, ,
" [ ' - , ' " .] 239
,
; , ' '
' " [ ' " 243/62 " ' , "
.]) 1962 ( 2416-2415 , 2407
.
. ,
.
. , " " ,
[ :
, ' .] 262
.5

. .
.
. , ,
. , ,
" .
" [ , 22 ( ) '

, ' .] 761-760 , ,

73

. , , .
" . "
[ , 23 ( ) ' ,
' . 761 : " 6226/01 ' - , " ( , 157 ) 2
( ) 2003 ( 164 : ) ; , ' .] 293
, ,
.
. .
. "
" ,
[ ' " 6396/96 ' - - , " ( ) 3
.]) 1999 ( 303 , 289
.6

.
"

" " " . ,

. , , , .
- . "
" " " [
" ' ' ' ' " ( 433 , 407 " )
( : , )] .
, , . , ,
" " ,
. , . .
" . " .
- . ,
.

74

, .
.
, ,
Democratizing the Economic : Theresa J. Lee .
Sphere: A Case for the Political Boycott, 115 W. Va. L. Rev. 531 (2012)

:) Lee, Political Boycott : (

"'Free trade in ideas' means free trade in the
opportunity to persuade to action, not merely to
describe facts. The boycott is precisely a means to
persuade others to action, including those being
targeted and those inspired to join. This "free
trade" in persuasion is why the boycott finds a
natural home under the marketplace of ideas
theory
In addition, even when a boycott does not
necessarily achieve its ultimate end, it remains a
vehicle for forcing the dissemination of an idea.
Boycotts make the perhaps otherwise latent
dissent visible to a greater number of participants
in the marketplace of ideas, highlighting not only
their position but also the very existence of the
debate" [Ibid, p. 549].

,
: , " .
" [,

.] Lee, Political Boycott, p. 553-556 : . 433 ' , ,

.
, , ,
. Lee, Political Boycott, p. 556-558 : [
Notes, Political Boycott Activity and the First Amendment, 91 :
.] Harv. L. Rev. 659 (1977-1978);

, "

.7

30 " (

75

) . " "
" " . , ,
.
. ,
. , , , .
, ,
, . ,
. .
.
. ,
. .
" "
. " "
. , ,
. ,
. , ,
. " "

. ,
" " .
: Lee, Political Boycott
"Claims that boycotts fail to satisfy the values of
the marketplace of ideas because they coerce
others into not speaking, thus depriving the market
of those ideas, must fail. Such claims give the
boycott too much credit. Boycotts are only one
voice among many; they are a costly form of
speech for the speaker and within the market, they
can be combated with further speech. As the Court
has often made clear, just because one voice is
louder does not mean that other voices are being
silenced, and even if the danger of drowning out
arises, the way to combat it has never been to
temper the louder voice" [Ibid, p. 549].

76

:
"While a successful boycott may appear to drown
out another position, the remedy is not to silence
the boycott but instead for those on the other side
to endeavor to make themselves 'louder'" [Ibid, p.
550].
NAACP v.

.8

) Claiborne : ( Claiborne Hardware Co., 458 U.S. 886, (1982)

Claiborne - 1996 .
.
.
. .
1.25 - 92 - ,
.
, . .
,
, .
,
: Stevens . ,
"Petitioners admittedly sought to persuade others
to join the boycott through social pressure and the
'threat' of social ostracism. Speech does not lose
its protected character, however, simply because it
may embarrass others or coerce them into action"
[Ibid, p. 909-910].

"The claim that the expressions were intended to

exercise a coercive impact on respondent does not
remove them from the reach of the First
Amendment. Petitioners plainly intended to
influence respondent's conduct by their activities;
this is not fundamentally different from the
function of a newspaper Petitioners were

77
engaged openly and vigorously in making the
public aware of respondent's real estate practices.
Those practices were offensive to them, as the
views and practices of petitioners are no doubt
offensive to others. But so long as the means are
peaceful, the communication need not meet
standards of acceptability" [Ibid, p. 911].

Barbara Ellen Cohen, The Scope of First Amendment

Protection for Political Boycotts: Means and Ends in First Amendment

). Analysis: NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co, 1984 W IS . L. R EV . 1273 (1984

.9

" " . "

, ,
, ,
, " ( 1 ) .
, " " . " " ,
, " . " ,
, ( : ) ,
. , ,
" "
.
. ,
, .
" " .
, [ :
? ; ) 2013 ( 9 ,
;

( ; ) 2008 ( 1224 , 1165

; ) 2003 , 283-
; ) 2001 ( 282 , , - "

78
' ' : "

( 178 , 130 - ; ) 2013 ,

" " ; ) 2010 ( 81 , 78 23 "
: ? " .]) 2006 ( 118 , 103 24
' ( ) " 7622/02 '

, " ( :) 2002 ( 726 ) 1

"

.
,

" ( , ' . ) 735

[ :

Haim

Ganz, Right and Left: Ideological Disobedience in Israel, 36 I SRAEL L. R EV .

).] 19 (2002
,

,
.

. 10

.
.

( 21 ) . . , ,
, .
.
8 - : . ,

79
:
; ;

; .
, : ,

" " .
. 11

. .
.
' " 1715/97 '

, " ( ( ) 1997 ( 367 ) 4 : ):

" ,

.
, "
" , ,
.
, ,
" "
.

, ,
.

,
.
,

.

,
,

,
" [ , ' . ] 423-422

. 12

80

.
.

,
.
" " " ".

. 13

, ,

.
[ , : 376-373
( ( ) 2010 : , )] . , ,
.
,
.

.
.
, ( : )
, 15.2.2011 " : -
" .
, 27.6.2011 " : ,
,
" .
. ,
, , ,
" " . ,
. , ,
, ,

81

. 14

, ,

, ( "
") .

. ' :
" ,
.
,
, .
" ' ' ,
,

' " [ , ' .] 385

. ,
" " " .
, , " [ , ,
' .] 399 ,
[ , , ' .] 405
" ,
" [ '
' " 6304/09" '
, .) 2.9.2010 ( 115 : " 4769/95 '

, " ( ; ) 2002 ( 280 , 235 ) 1 , ' .] 420

82

. 15

.
, , ,
. ,
. ,
,
. , .
, .
, ,
.
,
. ,
.
. .
, ,
. ,
, , .
" ... " [ " 3993/07
4' " , 10 '
( .]) 14.7.2011 ( ) '

" 7335/10 - ' ( , ) 29.12.2013

:
" , '
' , ,
,
, ,
" [ , " ].

, .

83

.
, .

,
.
. 16

( 2 )

.
. , ,
" " , .
, " "

. " ,
... " [,

, ' .] 415
. , :
" .

,
,

.
,
.

" [ , ' .] 417-416
.
" "

. 17

, " " , " .

- " [ , , '

84

.] 419
,
, .
. "
,
" [ , , ' .] 433

, .
, .
, , . "
" .
. , ,
" " , , ,
" " [ , ' 893-
. 887 : , ' ; 263 , , ' .] 631
" "

. 18

. ,
[ : , ' 219-
.] 218 ,
[ , "[An] Act would be content based
if it required 'enforcement authorities' to 'examine the content of the message

" ( that is conveyed to determine whether' a violation has occurred

Roberts .] McCullen v. Coakley, 134 S. Ct. 2518, 2531 ((2014) -
. , ,
, .
, .
.
, , ,

85

.
, , .

" " . " "
. .
.
. .
" "
[
,
].
. 19

( ) Content-Based Restrictions ( Viewpoint

) Discrimination .
. ,
. , ( ) Skewing [ Cass :
R. Sunstein, Half-Truths of the First Amendment, 1993 U. Chi. Legal. F. 25,

) ( 26-27 (1993 .) Sunstein :

" , ? -
" ,!

( 193-192 , 185 ( ) 2006 , : ) . :

Elena Kagan, The Changing Faces of First Amendment Neutrality: R.A.V. v.
St. Paul, Rust v. Sullivan, and the Problem of Content-Based Underinclusion,

) .] 1992 Sup. Ct. Rev. 29 (1992 : Sunstein

"The notion that the First Amendment bans

skewing effects on public deliberation is
connected with the idea that government may not
distort the deliberative process by erasing one side
of a debate. Above all, government may not distort
the deliberative process by insulating itself from

86
criticism. The very freedom of the democratic
process depends on forbidding that form of selfinsulation" [Ibid, p. 27].

,

. , , ) R.A.V. v. St. Paul, 505 U.S. 377 (1992
, ,
, , ,
, ( arouses anger, alarm or resentment in others on the basis

.) of race, color, creed, religion or gender

.
,

"fighting

" , words , , . ,
. ,

.
, , ,
. : Scalia
'"[T]he ordinance applies only to 'fighting words
that insult, or provoke violence, 'on the basis of
race, color, creed, religion or gender.' Displays
containing abusive invective, no matter how
vicious or severe, are permissible unless they are
addressed to one of the specified disfavored
topics. Those who wish to use 'fighting words' in
connection with other ideas -- to express hostility,
for example, on the basis of political affiliation,
union membership, or homosexuality -- are not
covered. The First Amendment does not permit St.
Paul to impose special prohibitions on those
speakers who express views on disfavored
subjects" [Ibid, p.391].

, ,
" "fighting words
.

87

" " " " "

: Scalia ."

"In its practical operation, moreover, the

ordinance goes even beyond mere content discrimination, to actual viewpoint discrimination.
Displays containing some words -- odious racial
epithets, for example -- would be prohibited to
proponents of all views. But 'fighting words' that
do not themselves invoke race, color, creed,
religion, or gender -- aspersions upon a person's
mother, for example -- would seemingly be usable
ad libitum in the placards of those arguing in
favor of racial, color, etc., tolerance and equality,
but could not be used by those speakers'
opponents. One could hold up a sign saying, for
example, that all 'anti-Catholic bigots' are
misbegotten; but not that all 'papists' are, for that
would insult and provoke violence 'on the basis of
religion.' St. Paul has no such authority to license
one side of a debate to fight freestyle, while
requiring the other to follow Marquis of Queensberry rules" [Ibid, p. 391-392].

. .
. ,
.
,
." "
Kennedy . , ,
Hill v. Colorado, 530 U.S. 703 ( )

: , (2000)

"Laws punishing speech which protests the

lawfulness or morality of the government's own
policy are the essence of the tyrannical power the
First Amendment guards against" [Ibid, p. 787].

88

. 20

" " .
, ,
.
[ : " 1438/98 ' , " ( ) 5
( ) 1999 ( 384 , 337 : ) ; " 5264/05 "

" ' ( ( ) 16.11.2005 : ) ; " 11020/05

' , , 10
( ( ) 16.7.2006 : ] . ,
,
. " ,
, " [ "
11585/05 ' , 11
( ( ) 19.5.2009 : )] .
" " [
3 , " .] 1985 -
" " ,
. '
" 343/09 '

( ( ) 14.9.2010 : ):
" ,
....
,
....
" [ ,
.] 34

"
" [ , .] 35

89
.3/

[ , : " 59/88" ' , " ( 707- , 705 ) 4

; ) 1989 ( 706 " 2196/00 , ' ,
, " ( ; ) 2004 ( 816-814 , 807 ) 4 " 3354/12 " '

, ; ) 18.8.2014 ( 15 " 2021/11 ' , 16

( .] 6.6.2013 , ,
.
.
. ,

. ,
. , ,
. ' :

"


. - .
,
- ,
' '
.


" [ , .] 16
.
,
. , ,
. " " .
,
,
. ,
, .
, .
, , ,

90

. ,
, ,
[ : ; ].
,
. , ,
, ,

, .
. 22

Agency for International

Development. v. Alliance for Open Society International, Inc ., 133 S. Ct. 2321

) . (2013

HIV - AIDS - .
.
.
, , ,
. ,
, ,
. " " " "
.
: Roberts

"[T]he relevant distinction that has emerged from

our cases is between conditions that define the
limits of the government spending program--those
that specify the activities Congress wants to
subsidize--and conditions that seek to leverage
funding to regulate speech outside the contours of
the program itself" [Ibid, p. 2328].

91

,
, .
, , ,
, AIDS / HIV -
. : Roberts

"By demanding that funding recipients adopt--as

their own--the Government's view on an issue of
public concern, the condition by its very nature
affects 'protected conduct outside the scope of the
federally funded program' A recipient cannot
avow the belief dictated by the Policy
Requirement when spending Leadership Act
funds, and then turn around and assert a contrary
belief, or claim neutrality, when participating in
activities on its own time and dime. By requiring
recipients to profess a specific belief, the Policy
Requirement goes beyond defining the limits of
the federally funded program to defining the
recipient" [Ibid, p.2330].

. , ,
. 4

.

.
, ,
,
. ( 4 )( ) 2
. , ,

9 , " ( 1967 - :

92

) . ( 9 )
" ,
" . ( 9 ) 1 ,
, , " " ;
" " ; "
" ; " - " .
. ,
, "
, " .
, . ,
,

. , ,

,
. , ,
, .
. 23

.
[ 9 ] .
" " ,
. ,
,
.

. ,
- ,
. , , " 612/81 ' , " ( , 296 ) 4

93

) 1982 ( 301
, " " . " 8840/09 '
, 13 '

( , ) 11.09.2014 , " " ,

.
" " [ "
9057/09 ' " ,

'

( , ] ) 20.10.2010 " "

, , [ "
3627/92 " ' , " ( 391 , 387 ) 3
( .]) 1993 ,
. , ,

.

,
.
. 24

" [ ] "
( 44 ) .
. " 10104/04

' , , "
( ( ) 2006 ( 93 ) 2 : ) ,

. .
' , ,
, ,
, , ,

94

.
,
.
"
" .
' " 2838/95 ' , "
( ( ) 1997 ( 23 , 1 ) 1 , 39
' , ' , ) 186 " ,
,
" . ,

. ,
. ( ) '

"

.
,
. ,
,

. ,


, , " [ ,
3 ( ) '
, ' .] 200
,
.
[ : " 10141/09 ' , 3
( .]) 6.3.2012 , , .
.
. ,

95

,
. , ,
[ 11 - : ] ,
, . ,
,
.
, ,
, .
,
, . , ,
,

.
. 25

,
, . ,
[

, , ] 17 .
.
. ,
, .
' :

" ,
,
, , .
. . ,
, .
. ;
; .
. ,
.

96

,
,
, :
" [ , ' .] 376-375
' :
"
,
.
, ,
, .

,
.
,
,

" [ , .] 9
.36

, , 3

, " , 1992 - .
" " " " ,
" " . ,
. , , .
, .
,
,

[ , : "
5627/02 ' , " ( .) 2004 ( 75 , 70 ) 5
:
" 5698/11 ' ( .] ) 15.01.2015
. 27

, .

ex post ,
" " . . ex ante
. ,
. , ,

97
[ , : " 4804/94 " '

, " ( ; ) 1997 ( 661 ) 5 ] ,

[ : " 153/83 ' , "
( , ]) 1984 ( 393 ) 2 [ : , '
] 164 [ , : "
2194/06 '

( ; ) 28.06.2006 ; ] .
" " . ,
,
.
, .
, .

( ) ' " Universal City Studios 806/88

Inc.' , " ( :) 1989 ( 22 ) 2

" .. .

. .
.
.

. ,
' ' , ' ' .
' ' ,
' ' [ "... , ' .] 35

. , ,
" ( 1965 - : )
,
[ , : "
3614/97" ' " , " ( 72-71 , 26 ) 1
( ; ) 1998 " 1104/07" ' " , " ( 518-517 , 511 ) 2

98

( ; ) 2009 " 2121/12 ' " , 78 , 55 , 50 , 3883 -

' ( ( ) 18.9.2014 : ) ; ,
33 ( ) ' ( ) .
4 : " 8345/08" ' ,
54-45 8 ' ( .) 27.7.2011
: " 89/04" ' , 61
( ; ) 4.8.2008 " 5845/05- ' , '

( ) ( .]) 20.9.2007 , ,

[ "
6706/14" ' , 15
' ' ( ( ) 10.2.2015 : )] . " 7383/08 '

, ( ) 11.7.2011 ( 29 : ) , ,

288 , " . 1977 -
' ,
( ,
):
" ,
,
. ,
,
.

.
" [ , 29
' ].

. 28

[ , Frederick Schauer, :
Fear, Risk and the First Amendment: Unraveling the "Chilling Effect", 58

99
) ( B.U. L. Rev. 685 (1978 ; ) Schauer :

Notes, The Chilling Effect in

Constitutional Law, 69 Colum. L. Rev. 808 (1969); Monica Youn, The

Chilling Effect and the Problem of Private Action, 66 Vand. L. Rev. 1473
& (2013); Leslie Kendrick, Speech, Intent, and the Chilling Effect, 54 Wm.
).] Mary L. Rev. 1633 (2013

. 29

, " "

. ,
. " "
.
.
, ,
" " . ,
. -

( : ) 2012
" ,
, . , ,

.

,
.



. ,

.
:

; ;

" [ , ' .] 46-45
.
.

100

. ,
, "

,
".
. 30

, ( 2 ) .
" " ;
;
;
. , ,
. " " ,
, . , ,
.
,
" " .
,
, "
" [ ( 2 )] .
" " ( , ) general causation
" " [ "
4693/05 " - ' , 128 (
) ' ( .]) 29.8.2010
. ( ) ' ,
[ " 1639/01

' ( :]) 2.6.2004

101

" ,
: ,
,
(
) ,
( )"
[ , 14 ( ) '
. . .].
. 31

, ,

.
, ,
.
. " all litigation,
Schauer, p. ( " and indeed the entire legal process, is surrounded by uncertainty

.) 687
. .
.

. ,
. ' ' ( )
" 1213/10 ' " ( :) 23.2.2012
" ,
, ,
.
, ( chilling
) effect
[ "... , 16
' ' ].
ScaliaVirginia v. Hicks, 539 -

) , U.S. 11 (2003
. : Scalia

"Many persons, rather than undertake the

considerable burden (and sometimes risk) of
vindicating their rights through case-by-case

102
litigation, will choose simply to abstain from
protected speech harming not only themselves
but society as a whole, which is deprived of an
uninhibited marketplace of ideas" [Ibid, p. 119].

Thornhill v. Alabama, 310 U.S. 88

) . (1940
,
( Picketing

.) Loitering Thornhill
,
, .
, .
,
,
. : Murphy
"The existence of such a statute results in a
continuous and pervasive restraint on all freedom
of discussion that might reasonably be regarded as
within its purview. It is not any less effective or,
if the restraint is not permissible, less pernicious
than the restraint on freedom of discussion
imposed by the threat of censorship" [Ibid, p. 98].

, :
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418 U.S. 323, 340 (1974); N.Y. Times Co. v.
). Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 279 (1964

. 32

. " ( 2 )
, ( 2 )" ( 40 ) . ,
( 2 ) ,
" " , ( 2 ) . ,
.

103

, ( 2 )
. ,
" " ,
. ( 2 ) .
.

.
.
. 33

.
" "

. 34

. ,

, " " .
,
. , -
, BDS . ,
[ Lior A. Brinn, The Israeli Anti-Boycott Law: :
Balancing the Need for National Legitimacy Against the Rights of Dissenting
Individuals, 38 Brooklyn J. Int'l L. 345, 352 (2012); Marc A. Greendorfer,
The BDS Movement: That Which We Call A Foreign Boycott, By Any Other
SSRN:

at

(Available

)(2015

Illegal

Still

Is

Name,

) ( http://ssrn.com/abstract=2531130 .]) Greendorfer :

.
. 35

, .

, , " "

104

. , , . ,
Lex loci

[ delicti " 1432/03 " ' , " ( , 345 ) 1

( ) 2004 ( 374-372 : ) ; " 4655/09 ' , 8
' ( .] ) 25.10.2011 , ,
" "
. , . ,
" , " ,
[ , ' .] 374
, , ,
,
[ " " , ,
,
.
, Michal Gal, Extra-territorial Application of Antitrust The Case :
of a Small Economy (Israel), New York University Law and Economics

) .] Working Papers No. 09-03 (2009 " "

,
,

. BDS - ,
" " , ,
. ,
,
. ,
,
" " ,
.

105

. 36

.
.
, . BDS -

. : Greendorfer

"The BDS Movement is not a grass roots

movement, nor is it a peace movement. In
charitable terms, the BDS Movement is simply the
latest iteration of the longstanding Arab League
mandate to eliminate the only non-Arab state from
the Middle East. In less charitable terms, the BDS
Movement is the non-violent propaganda arm of
the modern Islamist terror movement" [Ibid, p.
35].

Greendorfer . BDS -
.
"While the names change, the objectives of many such groups remain the

"[ same: the demonization, marginalization and destruction of Israel , '

.] 29
.
, ,
, .
.
.

[ : " 1/65 ' -
, " ( ; ) 1965 ( 390 , 365 ) 6 " 11280/02

- ' , " ( ( ) 2003 ( 66 , 1 ) 4 :

) ; " 6339/05 ' , .) 1.8.2005 ( 10
,

106

. : " ' '?

" 11225/03 '
" ( 229 , 219 " ) ( : ,

] . ( ) ' " 2/84

' " - , " ( :) 1985 ( 225 ) 2

" ,
. :

. ,
.
" [ , '
.] 315

. 37

.
,
.
, "
" .
, ,
.
,
.
" " .
' :

" -
.


. .
,

107

.. .

- -
" [ , ' .] 50-49

, "
" " . "
.
.
" .
,
.
, .
" [ ' " 2600/99 ' -

, " ( .]) 1999 ( 48 , 38 ) 3

. , "
" ,
. ,
.

.
.28

. ( ,
, ) . .
. ,

. " , ,
, , , , , , "
[ ( 3 ) ,
, " ( 2000 - : ) . 4

108

12 [ ]] . ,
.
. ,
" " .
" " . , ,
.
( , , )
( .) Immutable
" " ,
.
.25

, ,
. , ,
" " .
" " . , ,

[ : ( '
( ) 22 ) , " , 2014 " ; 577
, ( '
( ) 3 ) , " , 2012 " .] 499
. ,
" " , .
. ,
, .
,
[ ,
. , : " 10026/01 ,

' - , " ( ; ) 2003 ( 40-38 , 31 ) 3 " 453/94

' , " ( .]) 1994 ( 521-516 , 501 ) 5
. , " "
.

109

. ,
,
. , ,
.
.
.
" "

. 40

, " " ,
. .

. ,
.
.

" . " .
.

" " .
, .
. ,
.
. ,
; ;
.
.
.
.
( ).

110

.
.
,
- ,
- . ,
,
,
.
.

.

. 41

" " ,

.
" " " " .
,
.
" " . " , .
,
, " [ ' "
7052/03 ' , "
( .) 2006 ( 350 , 202 ) 2 : " 9098/01 ' ,
" ( ( ) 2004 ( 268-267 , 241 ) 4 : ) ;

( ) 1994 ( 736 : , ) ] . ,
" "
[ " 2605/05 ,

111

' , " ( ; ) 2009 ( 638 , 545 ) 2 , , '

.] 737
. 42

. ,

, ,
.
,
. . ,
. " ,
, . ,
, , ,
" [ ' " 1127/93 ' , " ( , 485 ) 3
.) 1994 ( 501 : " 73/85 "" ' -- ,
" ( ; ) 1985 ( 152 , 141 ) 3 58-
( ) 1993 ( 57 : , ) .
" " ( , , ) . ,
" , " - , " , " ,
- - ,
. ,
.
" " ].

,
.
, " " ,
[ , : " 5771/12 '
( ) ,"-

, 2::7 5 ' ( ; ) 18.9.2014 " 2311/11

' , 5 ' ( ; ) 17.9.2014 "

112
7204/06 ' " , 40 '

( ; ) 22.8.2012 " 5113/12 ' , 5

' ( .] ) 7.8.2012

.
.
"
" [( ( ) ' " 693/91" '

, " ( , ]) 1993 ( 763 , 749 ) 1 "

" [ ' " 6659/06 ' , "
( ( ) 2008 ( 351 , 329 ) 4 : ) ].
. 43

, " "
. ,

[ , : " " 32-30 , 25
( ; ) 1983 , ' ; 278 " 4562/92" ' , "
( ; ) 1996 ( 808 , 793 ) 2 " 4790/14 - -

' , 26 ' ( ; ) 19.10.2014

" 3809/08 ' , 15
' ( ; ) 28.05.2012 , , ' .] 737
:

" , ' '

. -
.
. -
.. .

113

,
,
,
" [ , ' .] 811
' :
"
?
' ' ,
' ' ' ' ,


- ( ' ' )
( ' ' )
( ' ' ) ?

" [ , ' .] 277

. 44

. 1 , ,

. " "

. 1 .
. ,
, .
. .
, , , ,

.
. 45

" "

1 . " "
. ,
" "
, " ".

114

1 :

" ' , '

,
, ,
,
, " .
, " "
, .
" " 1

. ,
" " .
, " " . ,
" " " " .
.
" " .
,
. , ""
.
.

, . ,
, . ,
, ,
. , ,
.
( " "
) [ : ] . , -
, -

115

.
. , "
" . , ,
. .
, , ,
, " , " .
, ,
. ,
,
.
, , , "
' " .
" ' " .
. 46

, " " " "

" " .
.
,
. ,
,
" " " " ,
. , "" ""
. ,
.

. ,
.
, ,
,

116

. "
,
" 3 .
. " "
.
" , " , " " [ :
, , ' .] 589-587 , 118-117
. ,
" " 1 .
,
.
.

. , ,
, .
. ,
, .
.
.
. ,
.
. . ,
, .
,
.
" . "
" "

117

.

,

.

.

. 47

, ,

. , ,
,
[ : , ; 202-201 , " 8622/07 ' "
" , 49 '

( ; ) 14.5.2012 " 10771/07 ' , 59-56

( .]) 1.2.2010 ,
, ,
[ :
' 342 , , 27- ; 5-4 , 18 -
; ) 15.2.2011 ( 25 ' 416 , ,
; ) 27.6.2011 ( 61 ; 49 , 18 - ' 259 -
.]) 11.7.2011 ( 167 , 18 ,
. '

:
" ,
...

" " ; ;

118

... -
-
" [ , , ' . 372
. .].
, . ,

, ' :
" ""
"" .

. " "
...
,

.
-
[ , ' . 384-383 ; 380

. .].
,
, .
,

. , " " , " "
[ , 26 ' ; " 246/81
' , " ( .] ) 1981 ( 17 , 1 ) 4 ,
, ,
" " ,
. , "
-
. , "
[ ( ) ' " 428/86" ' , "

119

( .]) 1986 ( 593 , 505 ) 3

,
"
" . ( ) ' " 142/89

" - ' - , " ( :]) 1990 ( 529 ) 3

"

.
, ,

. ,

,
,
. :

.


[ "... , ' .] 544
,
, , ,
.
. 48

, ,

. 49

( 2 ) .
" " ,
( 59 ) . ,
[ , : " 3429/11

120

' , 33-26
( ) ' ( ( ) 5.1.2012 : ) ; " 7190/05
' , ( ) '

( ; ) 18.1.2006 ' ' " : " 3429/11

' " 3803/11
' " .] ) 2012 ( 419

, , "
" . ,
, " "
, .
, , "
" [ ,
15 ' ] .
,
, .
. ,
. , ,
,
, , ,
. ' :
"
' ' ...


, .
,
, ,
.

. ,
[ "... , 16
' ].

121

. 50

Citizens United v. -

) . Federal Election Commission, 558 U.S. 310 (2010

.
,
.
Citizens

United " " ( .) as applied . ,

, .
.
,
.
,
. : Kennedy

"[S]ubstantial time would be required to bring

clarity to the application of the statutory provision
on these points in order to avoid any chilling
effect caused by some improper interpretation...
Here, Citizens United decided to litigate its case
to the end. Today, Citizens United finally learns,
two years after the fact, whether it could have
spoken during the 2008 Presidential primary--long
after the opportunity to persuade primary voters
has passed" [Ibid, p. 333-334].

. ,
.
.

. ,
" "

122

.
,
. , ,
. ,
, , , " "
" ".
. 51

, ,
. ,
. , ,Export Administration Act, 50 USCS -

) Appx (1977 ( ) EAA :

,
. . , EAA -
, .-
EAA " " , ,
, , , ,
. , EAA -

. "
" , .
, , .
,
" ,
.
. 52

123

. ,
.
,
[ United States v. :
Alvarez, 132 S. Ct. 2537, 2543-2544 (2012); United States v. Stevens, 130 S.
Ct. 1577, 1584 (2010); Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association, 131

) ; S. Ct. 2729, 2733 (2011 , ' ; 193-192 "

" ( 391-388 , 385 , " ) ] .
, . ,
.
,
. , ,

. (
) .
,
.
, , ,
. " ".
.
.

. 53

.
. . ,
, .
, , ,
.
. . " ,

124

.
,
" [ " 8080/12

' , 12 ( .]) 6.7.2014

' " 390/79 ' ,
" ( :) 1979 ( 1 ) 1
" ,
,
. -

, -
-
. ,
- -
, ,

-
,
.
" [ , ' .] 4
. 54

47-45

-
.

' ;

.1

. ,
.
.
, , , .

125

:
,
.
.2

, .
, , ( " 73/53
" ' , " ( . ) 1953 ( 878 , 871 ) 1 : ).
- :
.
,
.
, .
, ,
. . ,
:
"
.
' ' , '
' ( " 73/53
" ' , " ( 878 , 871 ) 1
( .)) 1953
' ' , " .
( " 2121/12 ' , 3
( ; ) 18.9.2014 , .) 6
, ' , :
" ,
, ,
.
,
,
[ .]...
,
;

126

" ( " 751/10 '

( .)) 8.2.2012
, :
.
,
.
:
"
.
, ,
.
,
,

. ,
-
,
[ .]... -
' ' - ' '
.
,

,
' '
" ( ' . ) 876
:
- .
.
, " .
,
,
" ( " 399/85
' , " ( , ) 27.07.1987 ( 310 , 255 ) 3 '

) . ,
.

127

.
,
.
.
, .
, ,
.

.
. .
. 51%
. " " ,
.
, ,
.

.
.
,
. .
,
( .)) 2008 ( 148-124 ,
,
, . .
" " ' " :
' ... : , "
( , , ) . , ,
. .

128

, . " " ,
.
,
.

.
, .
.
.3

, "

.
, ,
" ( " .)) 2.3.2011 ( 373
. ,
, .
, "
" ( , :

) . '
, ( 32 ).
, .
. , -
. , . :
- ,
. .
, : .
. ,
( .) 1 ,
. :
( , ) 2 ( , ) 3 ( .) 4
, .

129

.4

1 :
" ' , '
,
, ,
,
, ".

: ,
; , ;

, .
, , " " .
, .
. 4-2 ,
, -
. 3-4
. .
,
, .
.
,
. .

, , .
, , , , .
. " " ,
( ' ,
, 6 Theresa J. Lee ' ) .
, . ,
. , " "

130

, ,
. , .
, , .

.
, ,
8 - :
, . ,

. ( ) Rational Basis Test
;
( ; ) Intermediate Scrutiny
( Strict

( ) Scrutiny : " 466/07 ' , 4

( .)) 11.1.2012
. ' '

, " ; " .
,
.
, .
.
.
. ,
.
) , Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444 (1969
.
: ( , ) direct incitement -
( .) likelihood of imminent lawless action
- .

131

,
, " , 1965 - 12 [ ] 122
[ ] , " . 1969 -
. ,
. , ,
. , ,
, .
, , ,
. , ,
, . ,
, .
- 3

.5

, " " , :
"( )
,

,
,
[ ] .
( ) ( 62 ) [
]

.
( )
,
(
) ; ,
, ,
, ".

, 2 :
( ) ;
( ) ; ( ) .
2
.

132

: , .

. , 2
: .
- ,
.
.6

, . , 2
.
, .
. .
" " .

( 131 [ ] , " -
, 1972 . " 774/80 '
, " ( ; ) 1981 ( 584 ) 3 " 4740/02 '

( .) ) 23.06.2005 ,
( , ) malice (
( ) 2012 ( 1162-1160 : ) ;
" " ( 150 , 130 ,
.)) 1976 , ,
,
. , ,
. -
. , ,
.
,
( 2 )
( 2 ) .
" ,
" . ,

133

, , .
,
. .
.
. . , -
.
, , ,
. : ( 2 )
, ( 2 )
. ,
,
. ,
. , ( 2 )
) ( . ,
.
, "[ ]
, " .
, . "
...
" . , .
( 2 ) , , ( 2 )
,
.
. , ,
( 2 ) . ,
, .
( 3 )

.7

, . ,

134

. , (
, .) 889-887 ,
. , ,
.
. , . ,
( .) ex post
. ,
( . ) ex ante
. - " ".
.
, , .
" " .
, . ,
. .
" " ( 2 ) . "
" , .
" " .
, . ,
( 2 ) ,
, .
. ,
( 2 ) ,
. , , ,
. ,
.
. :
" ,

[ ]

" .

135

, .
.8

, ,

( 2 ) 3 . 4 - ,
, . .
.
.
. , .
.
,
. .
: ,
. ,
.
, .
, .

.

. , ,
.
. ,
. ,
. ,
. ( )
, . " ,
.
( "... 29 ).
, ( ' )

" 2311/11 ' , 16 ( .) 17.9.2014

, 2
3 . 4 - ,

136

. ,
. , ,
, .
.
.
4
:
"
[ ]...
.

".
.
.
,
. .
?
. ,
. " "
. , "
" ( " 8345/08 '

, 8 ' ( .) ) 27.07.2011
.
,
.
. , " "
( ; ,

.) 2005 ( 250 : ).
. " " .
; .

137

; . " "
, " " .
.
. ,
. (
, .) 249-248 . ,
, .
. . " " ( 14
) . ,
.
. , ,
, .
. , ,
. Export Administration Act -

( of 1979 ) EAA : . ,
, .
,
, , .
. EAA - -

Ribicoff ( Tax Reform Act of 1976 - .) TRA :

,
.
. , TRA -

( USC 908

.) 26 ,

) 11(c . EAA -
.

( :

. ) http://www.knesset.gov.il/mmm/data/pdf/m02861.pdf

, .
, .
, ,
. 2

138

. . .
,
. , Claiborne

. ,
.
. Speech does not lose its protected character, however, " ,
because it may embarrass others or coerce them into action

." simply

.
,
. . .
. , , . .
,
. 2
. , ,
8 - : . , ,
, ,
.
. .
.9

, . , ,

. 2 ,

. ,
( ( 2 )) , , ( ( 2 )).

. ,
, ,
, .
, ,
.

139

. , ,
.
.
.
. 2
. ,
.
" " ( ) Void for vagueness
. , . ,
,
, ,
. , .
.
, ,
. 2 .
.
. 2 :
" ,


[ ]
,
.. .
,
,
" .
,
, , , . .
, , ?
( " 2533/10 ' ,
.) ) 26.12.2011 ( 5-7 , 12
. , ,

140

. , , - .
.
,
. " " ,
. , .
. , ,
. , .
, ,
. .
.
. 10

, , ,

( 2 ) ,
.
.
. ( 2 ) ,
, 4-3 .
. .
( 3 )

. 11

( 2 ) , ,

.
? ,
.
62 [ ].
:
"
,
,

".

141

. , .
.
: ,
. ,
( , , 1168 " .) 53
" " .
. ,
, ( "
406/59 ' , " ( ; ) 1960 ( 2427 , 2422 ) 3

Crofter Hand Woven

Harris Tweed Co Ltd v Veitch [1942] AC 435 at 495-496, [1942] 1 All ER

.) 142 at 175, HL, per Lord Porter "

" " " (
" " ( 207 , ) 1986 ,
: ) .
. 12

. ( 2 )
. .
.
. .
" , ( 62 ) [ ]

" . , ,
,
.

, .
, .
. ,
( , .) 219 " "
, ( , .) 218-212

142
. ( " 3668/98

" ' " , " ( ; ) 1999 ( 190-189 , 180 ) 3

, .) 235-233
. " 643/88 ' , " ( 561- , 554 ) 3
, ) 1991 ( 560 ,
. ,
. 62
, " ".
,
( - " "

.)) 1989 ( 170-169 , 149

?
, , Tortious
, Interference with contractual relations 766 Restatement of

) ( Torts (second : .) Restatement - ,

, . Improperly , ,
(" " Justification 767 .) Restatement -
,
. Environmental Planning ,

( ( 1984 ) & Information Council v. Superior Court, 36 Cal. 3d 188 :

, ) EPIC :
"Most of the cases in which claims of tortious
interference have been considered have involved
either pure commercial relationships or unionmanagement relationships. There is a paucity of
authority in the application of common law principles
to a situation such as this, in which a group organized
for political purposes allegedly undertakes a consumer
boycott to achieve its ends. What authority does exist
in this arena strongly suggests, even apart from
constitutional doctrine, that such action will not give
). rise to liability" ( 194

,
. , ,
. , ,

143

. Claiborne ,
, , Stevens
:
"While States have broad power to regulate economic
activity, we do not find a comparable right to prohibit
peaceful political activity such as that found in the
boycott in this case. This Court has recognized that
expression on public issues 'has always rested on the
highest rung of the hierarchy of First Ame ndment
values.' Carey v. Brown, 447 U.S. 455, 467. '[Speech]
concerning public affairs is more than self-expression;
it is the essence of self-government.' Garrison v.
Louisiana, 379 U.S. 64, 74-75. 'There is a profound
national commitment' to the principle that 'debate on
public issues should be uninhibited, robust, and wide open.' New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254,
270 ( 913 ) .

, .
, New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 270
, ' 323/98 ( " .
.) ) 2002 ( 266 , 245 ) 3 ( ''
EPIC .
, . ,
"activities constitute a 'politically motivated boycott

, " designed to force governmental and economic change,'

"precluded by the First Amendment itself from gauging the degree of
constitutional protection by the content or subject matter of the speech:

, .) 197 , [' " ( There] is an 'equality of status' in the field of ideas

, ,
. .
, " " , , ,
, .
. , ,
,
, .
Cincinnati Arts Association v. Jones et al., 120 Ohio Misc. 2d 26; 2002 -Ohio-

144

. 5428 .
.
,
.
. 13

( 2 )
( 2 ) . ,
,
.
,
. 8 - :
, . ,
.
,
( 2 ) ,
. , " "
.
. ,
. , ,
. , ,
. .
,
.
. , ,
.
.
.
" " . ,
. . ,
( 62 ) " " " " .
. ,

145

.
, .
.
? ?
, ? (
" 123/50 . . ' , " ' ; ) 1951 ( 1573 , 1559 ,
.) 236-233

(" ") (" ") ,
.
. " " " , " " "
. ,
. .
, EPIC

( , EPIC .) 194
, .
. ( 2 ) ,
.
.
, . ,
8 - : .
. ,
. .
, .

. 2 .
.
. , .

. 2

146

, :
.
: , ,
2 . ,
. , ,
. 2 ,
. ,
. .
, ,
. ,
, ,
. ,
" " , .
.
- . ,
,
. .
2 .
4

. 14

3 4 - . 3

. 4 ,
. ( 2 ) ( 2 - ) ,
3 . 4 - . 3 , "
" , :
" ,
,


,

,
; ,

147

" " ,
" ." 1992 -
, ,
. , 2
. ;
,
.
,
. , .

.
. 15

, : , 2

, 3 .
, 2 : ,
. , .
, .
,
, .
. .

.
,
, . ,
, .
, ,
, .
. ,
,

148

, 3 , 2
.
, 3 4 -
.
- , . 9New-York, -
) STF (State Finance " has
participated or is participating or shall participate in an international

, " boycott .
( .) void , ,
. , ,
.
. 16

, 3 ;

( .) Due Process -
. .
. ,
, , .

. . ,

. , .
.
, - 3 .
. ) 1 ( 5
, " . 2000 -
. , 5
. , ,
,
.

. . :

149

. , ,
3 .
. : , ,
?
. ,
?
,
. ,
. ,
. ,
:
. .
,
. ,
. . ,
.
.

. , " " .
.
,
. 3 " ... ."...
. , " " ,
" " " " . ,
. .
, .
. " "
, , .
,
. . ,
3
. , 4

150

.
. , ,
.
. ,
' .
. 17

. , .
. 3
. ,
. ,
. . , -
. .
, . 3

, . , , 2

. 3 , 2
.
,
. 3
5

. 18

" ":
" ( ) , ,



( ) 1 46
;
( ) 2
9
, " ; 1967 -

151

;
( ) 3
3 , " , 1985 -
;

, ( ) 2
" " ;
( ) 4
, " ; 1958 -
( ) 5
, " , 1959 -
, " ; 1984 -

.
( ) ( ) ,


; ,
( ).
: ;
; ;
; .
, 3
" "
. .
,
. 4 3 . 2
. 4 ,
4 , ,
. 3
. ,
, . ,
, .
. , ,

152

.
,
. . 3 4 -
. :
. ,
4
. , ,
.
3 ,
, .
, ?
, 3 :
.
. ,
4 , 3
" " .
, .
,
. , .
, .
" " .
4 3 ,
.
. 19

. .

. .
, ( 4 )
. ( 4 )
. ,
, 3 .
.
. ( 4 )
.

153

,
.
, ,
, .
4 . ,
,
(

( 210-209 ; ) 2010 , " 28/94 ' ,

" , ( .) ) 1995 ( 825 , 815 , 804 ) 3
. ,
.

. 3 ,
. .
, 4
. , " . "
. ,
. .
,
. .

. ,
.
?
, .
, 4 " " ,
. 3 ,
. , ,
. ,
.
3 .

154

.
( "
4540/00 ' , .) ) 14.05.2006 ( 6-5
4
, . ,
- . ,
,
. ,
. ,
, .
, ;
. .
.
. , ,
, .
. 19

, 3 . 4 - ,

3 4 . . ,
,
, .
, .
3 4 - .

. 20

, .
, " " ,
. ,
.
, . ,
,

155

. , ,
.
( , " , 2010
. 5.7.2010

.) knesset.gov.il/privatelaw/data/18/2505.rtf

" "

,
. . .
" ,
" ( ) .
. ,

.
,
) EAA ( Export Administration Act of 1979 - Ribicoff -Tax -

.) TRA ( Reform Act of 1976 .

( ) ,
, ( 8 ) .
EAA - ,
, . TRA - .
. - .
, 9 New-York, STF - ,
.
. , 16649California Government Code -

. , ,

. , ,
. ( Florida, Statues, Title XXXIII

.) 542
.
.
, ,
.

156

. 21

. .

( ) 8(a)(1)(A"Refusing to : EAA -
do business with any other person, pursuant to a request from the

.)" boycotting country .

,
3 . 4 -
, . ,
.
. 3 4 -
, .
, .
" " ,
. ,
. ,
) 999(a)(3)(A 26 U.S. Code - :

" For purposes of this section, a person

participates in or cooperates with an international boycott if he agrees as a

condition of doing business with a company to refrain from doing
business with companies of that country [which is the object of the

] ." boycott , ,
, . ,
.

"has participated or is

, " participating or shall participate in an international boycott 9New- -

. York, STF .
.
" " ,
.
. .
, ,
" " . , EAA -

157

" " refusing " ( " requiring another person to refuse .) 8

, , . 16649Cal -
Gov. Code " Compliance with the Arab League's

." economic boycott of Israel .

,
. , , ) 8(a)(1)(D-E EAA -
, .
"It is an unlawful trust and an unlawful restraint of :
trade for any person to furnish information with regard to a persons
national origin in order to comply with, further, or support a foreign

.) Florida, Statues, Title XXXIII 542.34 ( " boycott

.
" " " " . ,
" " .
. ,
. ,
, . ,
, .
3 4 - .
. , 2 3 4 -
. , ,
. .
2 , 3 4 - .
. ,
( 18 , 15 ) . , ,
, .
. 2
. ,
, . , ,
.

158

,
( , 8 ,
.) 13-12
, . ,
.
3 , 4 -
. 2 ,
.
, , .
3 4 - , . 4
' " :

" ( 28 .) 15.02.2011
.
, ,
3 . 4 - .
, 3 . 4 .
.
,
. 4 ,
, , , , .
, 2 . ,
. .
.
. 22

. Claiborne

. ,
. , ,
Holder
. Longshoremen's
. , .

159

Holder v. Humanitarian Law Project, 561 U.S. 1

) (2010 . ,
. ,
. ,
. , , ,
" " . , .
, Claiborne .
. " "
. , .
International Longshoremen's Association, AFL-CIO, v. Allied International,

) Inc., 456 U.S. 212 (1982

, .
( .) National Labor Relations Act
, , ,
. , ,
. ,
labor union - . ,
,
.
, .
, , . Claiborne
, , Orloff ,
( Gordon M. Orloff, The Political Boycott: An Unprivileged Form of

) .) Expression, 1983 D UKE L. J. 1076 (1983

, . Claiborne
.
.
.
. .
, , .

160

, Claiborne .
, Missouri v. Natl Org. for Women, Inc.,

) . 620 F.2d 1301 (8th Cir. 1980 , , Claiborne

.
. , .
Claiborne . Searle v. Johnson,

) 709 P.2d 328 (Utah 1985 .

.
. Claiborne
Claiborne ,
(

Hotel Saint George Assocs. v.

)A Fisherman's Best v. Rec. ; Morgenstern, 819 F. Supp. 310 (S.D.N.Y. 1993

).) Fishing Alliance, 310 F.3d 183 (2002

. 23

, ( Willem v. France (application

.) ) no. 10883/05), 10.12.2009 ,

, . .
, .
, .
, 2 .
, . ,
.
32 , "
" ( ) . 37 "
, . , ...
, " . 36
" :
, ,
. ,
" . ,
.
, ,

161

. ,

.
. 24

. .

, . 2
3 4 - , ,
.
. ,
.
, .

. : ,
, ,
. , . "
" ,
. ,
.
.
, .
.
, . ,
.
2 . , ,
, .

162

' ;

" " ,

" " , :
" ,
... , ,
, , , , "( "...

... ,
, , , , ,
.)"...
, .
, .
.

'

. . ;
.
.
, .
( " 1661/05 ' , " ( ) 2
, ) 481 , ;
,

, ; - ( ' , ) 596-575
" ,
- .

163

: .
,
, .
" . ,

( BDS

NGO

, ) MONITOR
, ,
,
, " ( "... ' , ' ) , .
,
" ( ) ( " 390/79

27-' ' , '' ( ; )) 1979 ( ) 1 ,

.
,
,
, , . ,
, ,
. ,
; ,
, - .

( .) 23

, ,
( 1946 -
) , , 1951
.
,

164

. ,
" , .
, , , 27.7.67 -
( ) ( , ) 71
" , 1967 - ( " ) 2 " (
1 ) ; ' ' ' ' ,

( . 140 , ) 1993
19.9.78 - 26.3.79 -
"
" ( , ) 3 ( 3
) .
, () 2 ( 7 ) , "
, ,
- " .
, ; '
(
, ; ) 31.12.14 , ' "

( .) 1995

, ,

,
. ,
, , , "
, ;
.
,

165

. " ,
" ,
.
' - , , ,

( ) 2006 ' ; 53-40 (

, ; 1990 , 61 ,

( 930 , , ) ( " , )) 2002 -

.
.

. , ,
" " - ,
, ,
.
, .
.

, . ,

,
,
, , (
) ;
, ,
, . ,
,
, .
:

"The coercive power of a political boycott should

not be underestimated. Merchants depend on sales
for their livelihood; an effective boycott of their
stores deprives them of their source of income.

166
Although attempts to persuade individuals to act
are usually protected by the first amendment,
attempts to coerce individuals to act are not so
immunized" (Gordon M. Orloff, "The Political"
Boycott an Unprivileged Form of Expression,
D.Law.Jour. 1076, 1092 (1983)) (Orloff ( .

, " ,
, . ,

, , ,
(
Note, "Political Boycott and the First Amendment" 91 Harv. L. Rev.
659, 661 (1977-1978); Isaiah Madison "Mississippi's Secondary Boycott
Statutes: Unconstitutional Deprivations of the Right to Engage in Peaceful

. Picketing and Boycotting" 18 Howard L.J. 583, 593-594 (1973-1975) )

,

C laiborn e

, "
,
. -
: ,

"Petitioners sought to vindicate rights of equality

and of freedom that lie at the heart of the
Fourteenth Amendment itself. The right of the
States to regulate economic activity could not
justify a complete prohibition against a
nonviolent, politically motivated boycott designed
to force governmental and economic change and
to effectuate rights guaranteed by the Constitution
itself" (NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co., 458
U.S. 886, 914, Justice Stevens (1982)).

a ( ,

, , , ) secondary boycott

167

( ) .) Labor Management Relations Act of 1947, s. 8(b)(4)(B Allied

, - ,
,
;
.
" ,
, :

"It would seem even clearer that conduct (a

political boycott E.R) designed not to
communicate but to coerce merits still less
consideration under the First Amendment There
are many ways in which a union and its individual
members may express their opposition to Russian
foreign policy without infringing upon the rights
of others " ( Int'l Longshoremen's Ass'n v. Allied
Int'l, 456 U.S. 212, 226-227, Justice Powell
(1982)).

,
, . ,
,
.

, ,
,
. , , ,

168

, ,
, ,
, " "
1 " " ,
.
,
,
, .
, , 15.2.11 " ,
, :
" " : , ,
, '
' , ' ' .
: .
" : ,
" ( ' 27 ).
.

, ,

; ,

,
, ,
. ,
,
. , ( 2 ) ( 2 )
, ,
:
,
" ...
" ( " ) . , ,
,

169

, ; ,
,
.
.

. ,
,
; ,
, ,
;
.
. ,
-
,
, ;
, , ,
,
(" ") ;
" " , .
' ' ( ' , '
' , ) 2015 ( 29-
' .) 71-66
.

, Allied

: " "
. , ,
, , ,
" " . , Allied

170

,
; ,

,

.

, ,
.
,
:

"In prohibiting or providing recovery for damages

caused by secondary political boycotts the government
is not seeking to ban certain ideas. It is attempting only
to outlaw a mode of expression which by its nature
injures third parties regardless of the ideas it happens to
communicate" (Orloff, at p. 1084).

,
- " "
?
.

, -

, .
. , ,
, ,
" ( 2000 - ) .
.
, ,
, ,
; ,

171

. , . ,
, , , ( 3 )
( ' " "
" ( " )) .
,
;

,
, ' -;

"
' ' ' '

, ,
.

,

.
,


" ( ' - "

' ( 28 , 15 " ) ; :
' "
" ' 46-44 , 37
( " ) ) .

, ;
, ,
, , .

,
. ,

172

,
. , ,
,
,
, .
4 5-

, 3 ,

,
; 4 -
,
.
.
, ,
; , ,
( " 7111/95 ' ,
" ( ; ) 1996 ( 496 , 485 ) 3 " 3434/96" ' -
,' , " ( ; ) 1996 ( 67 , 57 ) 3 " 8425/13

' , 23 ( . )) 2014
, , ,

,
. , , " " , ,
, ,
, , ( "
2311/11 ' , 23-11 ( ) 2014
( ) ; " 8276/05 ' , 31
( ; ) 2006 ' ' ' "

173

" 3429/11 ' "

3803/11 ' " 419
( " ) ( '' ) ) . ,
, (
( 4 ) , ) ;
, .
, ,
, ( ,
; 16'' , ' ; 446 Notes, The Chilling Effect in Constitutional Law, 69

) .)COLUM. L. REV. 808 (1969 ,

( 2 ) . ,
4-3 ;
, , , ;

, . ,
, "
" ( 32
) ;
( 4 ) , ,
. :
" " . " " ;
; " "
; ,
. " ".
, , ( 4 )
( 4 ) .

174

, . ,
, 4
. , 3 .
.

, 3 4

. " 10104/04 ' ' ,

, " ( ( ) 2006 ( 93 ) 2

) , ,
, ( ' :) 201
"( ) 1
,
(') ,

;
( ) 2 , (')
,
,

,

.
, ,

, , ".
( ' :) 186
" ...


.
".
,
,

175
. .

,
, ,
,
, "
" ( " 11020/05 ' ,
10 ( ; )) 2006 " 1438/98
' , " ( ; ) 1999 ( 385 , 337 ) 5 "
343/09 ' , .)) 2010 ( 34
: ,
,
,
; ,
. ,
" , " " 2/84
' , " ( ; ) 1985 ( 311 , 225 ) 2
,
, ,
, ,
, ; (
' - ' " " ( ; )) 18.7.2011
, " " ( . ) 46 ,

,
,
,

. ,

176

, , 3 4
,
, ;

, .
(3)

, ( 2 ) ?

.
, , ;
( ' ,' '
( 574-571 ' , ,
" ) ; ' , ' ( 79-78 " ) 2002 -
( ) . ,
.
,
, , , ,
( 140/00
, ; ) 2004 ( 79-73 " 9656/03 '

, " ( ; ) 2005 " 89/04 ' , ; ) 2008 ( 45 ,

; 44-43 ' " :
" ( 908-907 , 899 " )) . ,

( ( 6 ) ,
; ) 1998 - , ,
( ( 5 ) ) ;
, , ( 7 ( )
7 ( ) , .) 1965 -
,

177

,
(
( ( ) 8 ) ,; 2013 -
( ( ) 8
) , " ; ) 1998 -
42-41 .
.

( 2 ) . ,

, .
(
' " " 105-102 , 97
( ' , ' ' ; " . ) 2013 -
( 2 ) ( 2 ) ,
, ,
. ( 2 ) ;
- ,
,
.
,

( 2 ) .

, ,

, ;
, (

" ( ) , " ) : '

" " - : 179-177 ,

178

"


.
' ,
" :
'
,
' .
:
,
, .
".

, ,

, ( 2 )
, .
( ) .
. :
.
" ,
" .
.
.

, ' '

( , ) Summers "
, .
" "

"(" Academic freedom and antisemitism

) , ISGAP Policy Paper Series No. 1, March 2015

:
"In the broader context of rising antisemitism on
college campuses, the response of universities to
proponents of Israeli boycotts, divestiture, and

179
sanctions must unite the preservation of academic
freedom with a clear and forceful condemnation of
the vilification of Israel. During his tenure as
president of Harvard, the author delivered a set of
widely noticed remarks in which he described the
calls for divestiture and boycott as antisemitic in
their effect if not their intent. Refusing to frame
his critique in more generic terms, the author
instead drew attention to the way in which
divestment advocates focused solely on Israeli
universities and scholars. The more recent
intensification
of
pressure
for
boycotts,
divestment, and sanctions against Israel, as
evident in the American Studies Association
boycott, likewise calls for a morally clear
rejection of the demonization of Israel. Rather
than resorting to overly broad language that
criticizes boycotts in general, universities should
specifically reject the singling out of Israel for
persecution, and should take steps to dissociate
themselves from any organizations or movements
that do so. A zealous minority that utilizes the
resources and prestige of the academy to pursue
antisemitic objectives poses a genuine threat to
academic freedom. Protecting academic freedom
demands that this threat be addressed directly".

:) 10 ' (
"If zealous minorities, no matter how well
intentioned, are able to hijack the prestige and
resources of the academy in pursuit of objectives
that are parochial and bigoted, why should the
broader society refrain from seeking to set the
academys agenda. The right to say, advocate, or
propose anything must always be protected. But it
must come with the right or even obligation of
others to call out words and deeds that threaten
the community and the values of moral concern
and rational inquiry for which it stands".

, " :
,

, ." ( )
.

180

' ;

.1

, , ,

, .
: D - - -
) Delegitimization

( Demonization -Dehumanization-

Divestment, Sanctions ( BDS -

) Boycott,

( : BDS -
Dishonest and Shameful

Bigoted,

Gabriel Noah & Asaf Romirowsky, Anti-

Semitic in Intent if not in Effect: Questions of Bigotry, Dishonesty and Shame , in

T HE C ASE A GAINST A CADEMIC B OYCOTTS OF I SRAEL 75, 80 (Cary Nelson & Gabriel

). Noah Brahm eds.,2015

" , , , " 2011 -
( : ) , ,
- - .
" " ?
.2

, ' ,' ' ,

, " ( 2 ) .
,
. , ,
, ,

181

.
,
, ,
" ( 2 ) .
,
, . .
,
,
,
,
" " , 3-4
.

.3

" " . .

- - . ,

, " " (

-

( 59 29- .)) 2015 ,

, "

" .
- .
. , "
( 5392/11 ) ,
. ,
, ' ,
" "

182

" " . , ,
,
, .

. ,
. ,
,
,
.

.4

.
, -
, . ,
" , , ,
' ' " (

( ) 1994 ( 236 : , )) . " ,

- - ,

" ( ' "
7052/03 ' , "
( .)) 2006 ( 419 , 202 ) 2 ,
, ,
. ,
, .
-
, :
"Congress shall make no law respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free
exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech,

183
or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to
assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress
"of grievances.

, , .
- ,
, ( ,
)F REEDOM OF S PEECH , 48 (2 nd edn., 2005

; B ARENDT ,

)A MERICAN C ONSTITUTIONAL L AW , 804 (2 nd edn., 1988

E RIC

L AURENCE H. T RIBE ,

( .) ) T RIBE :

,
- .
- .
,
: , -
. "
, ; ,
? !" ( " 4463/94
' , " ( .)) 1996 ( 153 , 136 ) 4
,
( , ) 2014 ( 730 : ,

)) " , , ,
' ' " ( ( ) "
" 10203/03 " " ' , " ( 763 , 715 ) 4
( .) ) 2008
,
, , ,-
, ( , ,
' .) 236
, , ,
, .

184

-
, ,
" " (
" 5771/93 ' , " ( .)) 1994 ( 676 , 661 ) 1
, ,
" .
" ( , , ' .) 195
, .
,
, " "
. " ,
( " ,
" ( ) 2010 ( 756 , 729 : , )).
, ,
,
. " "
, .

.5

. - : , -
" " ( " 73/53

" " " ' - , " ( () 1953 ( 878 , 871 ) 1 : ) ) .

- : , -
:
"
,
.
,

.
-

. '
' ' , ' ...

185

'
' ( "... " 751/10 ' "
, ( ) 8.2.2012 ( 4 :
)).

.6

: ,
, ;

;
" " ,
( , ,
17 ).

: < <

( : , ' ; 878-876 , , ' 719-712

) .
- , -
. : .
" " .
" "
.
. , ,
.
, ,
.
.

.7

"

" ( 2 ) ,
( 4-3 ) . ,

186

, , " [ ]...
[ ]...
" / [ ( "]... 10
" .) 5549/11 ,
"
[ ... ]
" ( 18 " .) 5239/11
. , ,
. .
.8

. ,

,
, ,
.
, .
, , ,
.
. ,

,

. ,
, ,
. .
,
,
( 144 144 - ( ) 2
, " , 1997 - : )) .
. ,
,
, , , ,
.

187

.
, ,
, ?
.9

, ;

, ,
( , , ' .)) 751-750 ,
, .
:
.
.
, " "
,
. ,
" " ,
,

. , - ,
, , .
- .
.
, (
< - .)) 2014 ( 120
, ,
, .
. 10

( ) ,
, , . ,
" " , ,
.

" debate on public issues should be uninhibited, robust, and wide-

( " open

)New York Times v. Sullivan 245, 270 (1964

188

( : .) Sullivan - ,
, " ".
. 11

.
,
. ,
" " , ,
, .
.

" .
'' '' ' ' " (
, ' ( 877 " )) .
, , ,
.

( : , , ' .) 716 " ,
" ( " 399/85 '

, " ( .)) 1987 ( 276 , 255 ) 3 ,

. , .
. 12

. ,

, .
,
, .
, , ,
( 7 ):

189
"While a successful boycott may appear to drown out
another position, the remedy is not to silence the
boycott but instead for those on the other side to
endeavor to make themselves 'louder'" (Theresa J. Lee,
Democratizing the Economic Sphere: A Case for the
Political Boycott, 115 W. V A . L. R EV . 531, 550
(2012)).

,
. ,
, .

.
, , , .
,
,
. -
, , -
. -
, , " " (
" " BDS -

( ) 2014

& T HE C ASE A GAINST A CADEMIC B OYCOTTS OF I SRAEL (Cary Nelson

) .) Gabriel Noah Brahm eds., 2015 ,

.
,
- . -
,
, ,
(

Martha Nussbaum, Against

Academic Boycotts, in T HE C ASE A GAINST A CADEMIC B OYCOTTS OF I SRAEL 39

).) (Cary Nelson & Gabriel Noah Brahm eds.,2015

, .
- . ,
,

190

, ,
- . ,-
.
. 13

, ,

. ,
. , "
525/84 ' , , " ( ( ) 1986 ( 673 ) 1 :
) -
:
"

:


-
.
, ,
- ,
,
,
, " ( ,
' .) 703
, -
- .
,
" " ,
. , :
.

. 14

" " .
. -
- .

191

-
"
" ( " 6304/09" '

, 113 - ' ' ( .) ) 2.9.2010

' ' , -
- ( "
1715/97 ' , " ( .) ) 1997 ( 389 , 367 ) 4
.
,
. ,
- . ,
, ,
. ,
,
" .
, . , , .
" ( " 6821/93 " ' , ( ) 4
; ) 1995 ( 438 , 221 " 8425/13

' ' , 1 - ( .)) 22.9.2014

. 15

, , ,

,
, .
-
, .

. 16

( )

.
,
, ( :
; .)) 2010 ( 445-438

192

. 17

. , .
, ,
, - ( , , ' . ) 440
" "
,
, .
. 18

, ,
.
, , ,
, ( 4
" , ").
,
.
,
" " .
, .
.
. 19

,
( ' " 10843/04 ' , " ( ) 3
.) ) 2007 ( 147 , 117 , ,
, ,
" " ( ,
: , , ' .) 453 , 254 , 64
-
.
.

193

. ,
- - -
( ) .
,
.
,
.

.

. 20

,
( - , - ,
,
,
" " , 223
( ) 1996 ( 231 : , )).
-
)Hardware Co., 458 U.S. 886 (1982

NAACP v. Claiborne

( : , ) Claiborne

"Secondary boycotts and picketing by labor unions may be prohibited, as :

part of 'Congress' striking of the delicate balance between union freedom of

expression and the ability of neutral employers, employees, and consumers to
"'remain free from coerced participation in industrial strife

( , ' . ) 912

International Longshoremen's Association v. Allied

)International, Inc., 456 U.S. 212, 222-223 (1982

( : , ) Longshoremen

- . ,
, .
, -

194

, Longshoremen

Claiborne

, : , -
( ,
, Longshoremen , )


-

Longshoremen

Claiborne

, .

, ) common-law

8(b)(4)

tort (

: , ) NLRB - (

"8(b) Unfair labor practices by labor organization

It shall be an unfair labor practice for a labor
organization or its agents:

(4)

(ii) to threaten, coerce, or restrain any person engaged

in commerce or in an industry affecting commerce,
where in either case an object thereof is

(B)forcing or requiring any person to cease using,

selling, handling, transporting, or otherwise dealing in
the products of any other producer, processor, or
manufacturer, or to cease doing business with any
other person, or forcing or requiring any other
employer to recognize or bargain with a labor
organization as the representative of his employees
[]"

,
. -
"Application of 8(b)(4) to the

: ) Powell ( , Longshoremen

ILA's activity in this case will not infringe upon the First Amendment rights of the
ILA and its members. We have consistently rejected the claim that secondary
picketing by labor unions in violation of 8(b)(4) is protected activity under the First
Amendment. [] It would seem even clearer that conduct designed not to
communicate but to coerce merits still less consideration under the First

, . ) 226 ' , (

Amendment"

, , ,
, Longshoremen

Claiborne

195

, Claiborne

Gordon M. Orloff, The Political Boycott: An

).) Unprivileged Form of Expression, D UKE L. J. 1076, 1089 (1983

Claiborne

, . ,
" " -
, .
-
( : ;
" 1074/93 ' , "
( ; ) 1995 ( 485 ) 2 " 1181/03 - '

( ( ) 28.4.2011 : - ) ) . ,
(
: - " :
, " ; ) 2007 ( 111
" " ; ) 1999 ( 185
" "

.) 1994 ( 159 , :
" , " 763
( .)) 2000 :

"The gravamen of a secondary

boycott is that its sanctions bear, not upon the employer who alone is a party to the
"dispute, but upon some third party who has no concern in it

International Bhd. of

).) Elec. Workers v. NLRB, 181F.2d 34, 37 (2d Cir. 1950

. 21

.
- , ' . ,
,
.

,
, - ,
.

196

. 22

2 ; 3 ;
4 . , .
3 -

. 23

.
, " " . 2
, ,
,
.
. 24

( . 2 )
,

, ,
[ ]
.
( ) ( 62 ) [
]

.
( )
,
(
) ; ,
, , ,
.

.
,

197

. ,
,
( 58 ) . ,
, ,
, ,
.
. 25

, ,

, ,
" . , ,
.
, ,
( -

( ) 2013 ( 230-223 : ) .
, , -
( ) 2012 ( 806 : ,

)) . , ,
, - , , (
) (
" ( ) ( ):
,
" ; ) 2008 ( 95 "
" .) 1995 ( 126
;

( .)) 2002
. 26

: ,

,
" . , "...
[ ] " , , -
- .

198

, 31 , " , 1981 -
" ... " (
31 " - " , 11
, " ( 1999 - : ) " .. .
.)"...
( 2 ) ,
- , , .

, , ,
.
, ,
, .
. 27

.
,

( , ' 230 " .) 443
, ,
, . , ,

, " " . ,
, , ,
,
( 144 ( 2 )
,
" ,

.)"...
,
,
( " 5712/01 '

199

" , " ( ( ) 2003 ( 385 ) 6 : )) . ,

, ,
( 144 ( ) ,
" .)"...
, ,
. .
, ,
,
( ) . :
.
, ,
.
,
, ,
, , (
, ).

. ,
,
. , ,
" " ,
( ,

; ; " ,
:
" .)) 2013 ( 395
. 28

: .

,
. , ,
( 23 26 - ) , .
. ,
( 35 ) " ... " ;

200

( 29-
31 ) " ...
/ ".
,
, .
,
( , , , )
, .

. ,
.
( 2 )
, " ( ) . ,
,
. ,
, . " ( )
,
. ,
,
( " "
( ) 2006 ( 811 , 761 : , ) ,
" ,
" .
. , ,

, 221 " "

).
. 29

" (3) " (3)? " ( )

" "

, " ( ) .

201

" " ?
. " " ,
" " . ,
" " . , , 23
, , " :
, , "
" "
, " " , 388
" ( 2011 - : ):
" ,
, ,
".

( 62 ) ,
"
" , " " (

( 145-143 " , " ) .

,
, ).
, 7 ( )
"
" . , " "
, / / /
.
" " " ( ) ,
" " ( ) " " " ( ) ?
58
" " , 60 "
, " .
( )
2 ,
( , ' ' 1168 " .) 53

202

" " ,
( ,

, ' , ) 810 " "

" " ( , ' .) 1161-1160 ,
" " , ,
" " " " ,
.
. ,
, " " " " .
" ( ) , ,
" " . , ,
, " ( ) , " "
" ( ) . ,
, " " " "
" " " " .
, , .
. 30

, ,

. ' ' ,
( " 243/83 ' , " ( ) 113 ) 1
( .)) 1985 " ( )
, " " " ( ) .
?
?
.
. 31

: ? ,

68 " " 65
:

203

. 65 ,
,

.

,
,
. , " ( 2 )
( 62 ) , , ,
. , , ,
,
, " .
. 32

: ( 72 ).

, 2 ,
, " "
. , , ,

.
: ,
" 214/89 ' , " ( ( ) 1989 ( 840 ) 3
( ) " 10771/04 ( )2::3" '

, " ( 319 , 308 ) 3 - ( .)) 2004

. 33

: ,

, " ( ) "
."...
, ?
, ,
, , 11
" ( 1961 - : ) " ...
,
".

204

. 34

: 4 :

. 4
, ,
.

.

, . ,
.
" " ,
, "
" . ,
4 .

, : 4
" " "
;
" "
" " " "
; " "
, ;
,
" " (
' - ' " 8345/08 - '

( .)) 27.7.2011
,
.
, ,
,
.

205

" " 3 "

, , ,
" . ,
( , ' .) 231 ,

, , .
4 , 2
, .
. 35

: ,

.
.
,
, ,
.
,
. ,
, " ( 2 ) , .

(3)

. 36

( 2 ) -

" ( )" .
:
( ) , ,
(= ).

:
( " 3559/02 " '

, " ( ( ) 2005 ( 903 , 873 ) 1 : ) ) .

206

, , : 7
, " ; 1965 - ( 10 ) , " -
; 1988 ' ( 6 ) , " ; 1998 - ( 13 )
, " ; 1999 - ( 56 ) , " .) 2007 -
" " .
,
, -
, .
" " ,
" " , .
461 "
" " ,
" ( . :
33 ( )( ) 1 , " ; 1957 - 26 ( )( ) 1
, " ; 1958 - 31 , " ; 1981 - 30 ( )( ) 1
( ) , " ; 1982 - ( 3 )( ) 1
( ) , " ; 1997 -
( 5 )( ) 2 (
) , " ; 2002 - ( 4 )( ) 1 , " ; 2007 -
( 11 ) ( ) ,
" .) 2012 - ) .
, , (,

, ) 224
. :
( ( ) " 140/00 " '

" , " ( , 486 ) 4

( ) 2004 ( 564 : ) ) .
" "
( , , " 2570/07 '

, 5 ( ; ) 29.1.2009 " 9670/07 ' ,

" - "
( .)) 6.7.2009 -
, , ,

207

( "
4576/08 ' , .)) 7.7.2011 ( 45
, ,
.
:
/ ;
;
( "
" ( 644-640 , 583-582 , 571 " ) ( : ).
. ) 2006 ( 413
, :
)55 A M . J. J URIS . 105, 140 (2010

Avihay

?. ) ) Dorfman, What is the Point of the Tort Remedy

-
( :

A. Burrows, Damages, in C LERK & L INDSELL ON T ORTS , 1965 (20 th

edn., Michael A Jones ed.2010); W.V.H R OGERS , W INFIELD & J OLOWICZ ON T ORT ,
)(12 th edn. 2006

. 948

Law Commission -

Law Commission, Aggravated, Exemplary and Restitutionary

)Law Com. ([247] (1997

.) Damages,

).
. 37

, ,

, ( 2 )
, . ,
" ( ) .
- . -
. -
- .
" ( ) ,
(
) , " " .

208

. 38

, ( , ) Sullivan
( ,
) ; (1948

T RIBE ,

Winters v. New York 333 U.S. 507

' . ) 863 ,

.

,
. ,

.

" (

Law Students Research Council v. Wadmond, 401 U.S. 154

; ) (1971

); Thompson v. Shapiro, 270 F. Supp. 331, 336 (D. Conn. 1967

)Colautti v. ,; Bankers Life & Casualty Co. v. Crenshaw, 486 U.S. 71(1988

); Berger v. New York 388 U.S. 41 (1967) ; Franklin, 439 U.S. 379 (1979
)v. Gelston, 364 F.2d 197 (4th Cir. 1966

, ) Lankford

"A chilling effect occurs

when individuals seeking to engage in activity protected by the first amendment are
deterred from doing so by governmental regulation not specifically directed at that
"Fredrick Schauer, Fear, Risk, and the First Amendment: ( protected activity
)the Chilling Effect, 58 B.U.L. R EV . 685, 693 (1978

( ) Unraveling .) Schauer :

, - , ,
,
- ( " ").
:
,
.

. ( , ) vague
.

209

, ( ) overbroad
( , Schauer ,
' , T RIBE ; 698 ' . ) 1030
,

)v. City of Birmingham 388 U.S. 307, 342 (1967

, Walker

, .
:
"We have molded both substantive rights and
procedural remedies in the face of varied conflicting
interests to conform to our overriding duty to insulate
all individuals from the 'chilling effect' upon exercise
of First Amendment freedoms generated by vagueness,
overbreadth and unbridled discretion to limit their
"exercise.

,
- ( , Schauer ' , ) 700
. - ,
, , - ( ,
, T RIBE ' . ) 1024

"Overbreadth [] must not only be real, but substantial as well,

"Broadrick v. Oklahoma ( judged in relation to the statutes' plainly legitimate sweep

).) 413 U.S. 601, 615 (1973

. 39

, " ( ) " " -

" " .
, -
" ( ) .
" " .
" ( ) ,
.
,
, - . ,
,
. " "
, -
, , - ,
" "

( ,

John C. Coffee, Jr., Paradigms Lost: The

210
Blurring of the Criminal and Civil Law Models. And What Can Be Done About It ,

).) 101 Y ALE L.J. 1875, 1882 (1992

.
, , ,
- . ,
" ( 2 ) ,

.
. 40

( 2 )
;

;

; ;
,
- , " ( 2 )
.
" ( 2 ) .
4 5- ,

. 41

3 4 - ,

.
, , ,
-
-
.
, ,
. ,

211

, ,
13 , " 1977 - -
:

( . 13 ) -

,
()4
;
( ) -

,
()1
, , , ,
;

( : " " " ,

( 354 , 347 " )).

. 42

, ,

, ,
. ,
" " 46 ,
, .
, ,
,
" . ' '
, .
' ' " "
, " ( " 637/89 ' ,
" ( ; ) 1992 ( 200 , 191 ) 1 " 10893/08 '

. )) 23.8.2012 ( 29 , ,
. .
,
, ,
. ,

212

, 4
.
" " , , ,
.
, 1970 ( ) IRS -
.
, " " ( ) Charitable Organization
, .
' , , ,
, ,
IRS -

.
)U.S. 574, 591 (1983

, 461

Bob Jones University v. United States,

"The institution's purpose must not be

so at odds with the common community conscience as to undermine any public

that might otherwise be conferred".

. benefit , ,

.
. 43

3 4 - (
" "
) . ,
,
.
2 ( 24 ) ,

, .
. 44

3 4 - ,

. , 3
, "

" ; ( 4 )
" " ,
(

213

4 ( ; ) 2 ( ( 4 )( ; ) 3
( ( 4 )( .)) 5
( 4 ) ,
( 4 ) "

" (
( 4 ) ,
( 4 )).
. 45

, 3 4 -

,
, . , 34 -
,
, .
" 3429/11
' ( ( ) 5.1.2012 :

) , .
.
( )
, .
. 46

( ' , ) 40 " . 2011 -

, ,

. 3 4 - ,
(
, ,
,
).
,
, ( ) :

214

" ,
.
,
. ,

.


,
( : , ,
; 6 : " 3248/09 ' ,
; ) 17.4.2009 ( 3 " 6972/07 '
, ( ) 22.3.2009 ( 26 : )).
,
,
( , .) 29

,
3 , 4 -
,
.
" ,
...
,
. ,
" ( , 32
) . , .
. 47

: 3 4 - 2

. 3 4 -

( ) , 2
,
, .
( 2 ) ,
, ( -

215
, " 2311/11 ' , 17-16

( ; ) 17.9.2014 ,
, , ,
8-3 3 ).
, ,
3 4 - ,

.
" " -

. 48

" " ,

" " ,
.
, :
" "
, ,
,
, ,
.

,

. , ,
, , , " "
, ,
,
. ,
,
.
" ,
" .
.

216

, ,
.
, . ,
" " , ,
" "...
, ( , ,
" " , " , 1975 - "
" ,
) . .
, , .
,
,
.
.
,

, ,
" ".

. 49

, " " (

collateral

) damage ,
.
, , ,
, , :
() -

, ,
.

217

() -

, , .
() -

.
() -

.
() -

2 ,

, , " ( ) .
() -

, :

. , ,
,
-
, .

' ;

,
( 2 ) ,
" " 1 (
' ) ; , ,

" , "
. .

218

.1

, " 2011 -

( : ) , ,
, :
" " (
2 ) ; "

" ( 3 ) ;
"
" ( 4 ) .
.
' ( 49 ) ,
.
.2

, (

" 4804/94 " ' , " ( , 661 ) 5

; ) 1997 ( 673 " 316/03 ' , " ( , 249 ) 1
; ) 2003 ( 260 " 9462/04 ' " , " ( 26 , 13 ) 4
( , )) 2005
,
( " 869/92 ' "

, " ( ; ) 1992 ( 703 , 692 ) 2 " 6226/01

' - , " ( ; ) 2003 ( 164 , 157 ) 2 " 10203/03
" " " ' , " ( . ) ) 2008 ( 761 , 715 ) 4

( : ) .
. , ' ,

. ,
" " ,

219

,
" , -
,
" ( 283-282
( .)) 2001 ,
.3

( " 1661/05 ' , "

( .)) 2005 ( 543 , 481 ) 2 .
.
: ,
. " " ,
. ? ,
' , "
, " ,
" " ( 29 ( 29 )
; . '

' ) . . , .
. .

. " " ?
( " ") .
. , ' ,
( 7 ) .
.
,
( " 6126/94 ' , " ( .)) 1999 ( 839-838 , 817 ) 3
" : , ,
,

220

. - , , ,
" ( " 10520/03 ' , 33
( ; ) 12.11.2006 " 4534/02 " ' ' , " ( , 558 ) 3
.)) 2004 ( 573 ( "
3782/12 - ' ,
10 ( .)) 24.3.2013
.4

,
. ,
.
, ;

.
.
,
. :
" ' '
,
?

,
,
" ( " 2454/08
' , 10
( .)) 17.4.2008
.5

, ) .

. .

221

.
(
, :
" - :
" .)) 2002 ( 404-403 , 401

.6

.
.

:
. " "
; ,
. :
" [ ]...
]...[ :
.
;
, [ ' ' ]

,
" ( '
( 22 - ,
; ) 2006 , " 399/85 '
, " ( 273 , 255 ) 3
( .)) 1987
.7

, ,

, ,
. ' "
.
" ( 4 ) . ; ,

222

. .
,
( ) ;
. .
.
, .
,
( " 8425/13 '

, .)) 22.9.2014 ( 121

.8

, '

,
. .
" ' ' ' '

. ,
" ( 46 ) . , ,
]...[" .
, , , " ( "
7111/95 ' , " ( .)) 1996 ( 496 , 485 ) 3 ,
, "
" ,
( " 9098/01 ' ,
" ( .)) 2004 ( 268-267 , 241 ) 4
.9

.
?

223

. 10

( ) .
, . , ' ,
" " ( ( 32 ) ) .
.
. : ,
. , ,
, .
? .
" " " " ,
( , ) .
" " ( " 2671/98

' , " ( ; ) 1998 ( 659-658 , 630 ) 3 "

343/09 ' , " ( , 1 ) 2
.)) 2010 ( 42-41 (
1 ( ) , " ; 1951 - ( 2 )
, " ; 1988 - ( 3 )
, , " -
; 2000 688-685
( .)) 2014 , .
, .
. 11

, :
. . 1 , " "
( , ) , :

. 1 " , "
,
,
[ , ]

224

,
, .
. 12

( ) ( , )
: .
" " " :
, ,
[ , ] , ,
" . " " ? " ,
" . " " ,
; " "
, ; .
" "
" " : ,
, .
. 13

. " "

( )
, ( " " )

( ) . . " :
- .
" . ?
. ,
.
.
( ) - , , ,
, " "
, .
. ,

225

,
,
, ,
, , .
, ' ,
" "
( 46 ; ' ' ) .
. "
, " ,

.
. 14

: ' '

" " . ,
. "
" : ' "
" (
; ' ) ; ' "
,
" ( 48 ) .
,
. , ,
" " .
. 15

" "

, 1 ,
,
( 2 ) (
4-3 ) , ( 46 , 37-36

226

' ,
" ") .
'
2 ; ,
( 2 ) .
: ( 2 ) "
" ,

" ,
"
.

' ;

.1

' .

, .

.2

. ,
" " .
" " ,
" " .
.

227

.3

, ,

. ' ,
" .
( , , ) .
.
. ,
" ( 38 ).
, ,
, . ,
,

.
.4

, .

, ,
. ,
, .

.

.
.
.

.
.
.
. , , ,
, ,

228

. , ,
, ,
. ,
.
. ,

" " , .
,
. ,
.

,
,
.
'
( " 1661/05 ' , "
( )) 2005 ( 481 ) 2 .
, . .
, , ;
;
;
.
, ,

,
.
.

229

.5

34 -

,
, , . ( 2 ) ,
, .
2 '

, . ,
'
, .
.6

' .

( ' ) ' ;

.1

, " ( 2011 - ) .
' , . ,
.
.2

, ( 2 )

, . " , " (

230

.)) 2014 ( 118 " "

( 1 )
. , ,
, , ,
.
. ,
:
. ,
.
( 2 ) ( 2 - ) , ,
, .
.3

, ,

( 2 ) ,
, ,
, . ,

.

.4

, ' .

( ' )

' ' ;

231

.1

, ,

" ( 2011 - : ) , .
,
;
; .
2 ,
3 4 - . , :
( ' ) ' ; ' , ' ; ' ;
' ( 2 )
,
3 4 - ; '
2 , 3
4 - ; ' ( 2 )

. ,
' ' ,
" " ,
" " 1 . , ( 2 )
3 4 - . ,
' '
, .

.2

, ( 2 ) . ,

' ' ,

,
. , '
" " . ,
" " 1

232

.
. ,
.
(
47-45 ' ) . '

, , " "
, .

3 4 - , ,

.3

,
.
.4

, , ( 2 ) 1

'
.

( 2 )
, " , 2011 -
3 4 - . ( ' ) '
, ' , ' ' -'

( 2 ) ( 2 - ) ,
' -' ' , '

' .
, " " ( .) 15.4.2015

233

( ' )

_________________________
11052390_K21.doc . +
,' ; 700-3072222 www.court.gov.il ,