Mostrecentupdate:April6,2015

Manyreferencesaboutbuckling,vibrationand
optimizationofpanelsandshells.
Introduction:
Thefollowinglistofspecialjournalissues,booksandpapers,etc.wasconstructedinanotentirelybut
somewhathelterskeltermanner.Imadespecialattemptstofindcitationsofworkbymyfriendsandcolleagues
intheshellbucklingfield,orcitationsofpapersthatreferencedtheworkofmyfriendsandcolleagueswho
havespentmuchoftheircareerspushingbackthefrontiersinthatfield.Imadesomeattempttogrouppapers
bythesamefirstorsecondauthortogether,butnotalways.Imadeaminorattempttogrouppapersonthesame
subjecttogether,butthiswasaverysporadicattemptandoftenatoddswiththesameauthorstrategy.The
onlysmallattempttoarrangepapersmoreorlesschronologicallyisinthesectiononearlyworksonbuckling.
Insomecasesthecitationofapaperisfollowedbyalistofreferences(almostalwaysin10pointfont)givenat
theendofthatpaper.ThisIdidonlywhenIhadfreeaccesstoapdffileofthepaper,andonlywhenIcould
cutandpastethereferenceslistedattheendofthatpaper.
IusedGoogleScholartodothesearch,withmanysubsearcheswiththeuseofsearchstringssuchas
Koitershellbuckling,Hutchinsonshellbuckling,Budianskyshellbuckling,Steinshellbuckling,
Singershellbuckling,Almrothshellbuckling,Simmondsshellbuckling,Arboczshellbuckling,Riks
shellbuckling,Rankinshellbuckling,Babcockshellbuckling,Hoffshellbuckling,Knightshell
buckling,Noorshellbuckling,Wellershellbuckling,Hilburgershellbuckling,Belytschkoshell
buckling,Chamisshellbuckling,Stricklinshellbuckling,Cohenshellbuckling,andsoon.These
GOOGLEsearchesbroughtupnotonlypapersonshellbucklingauthoredbythesewellknownresearchersbut
alsopapersinwhichworksbythesewellknownresearchersarecitedbyotherauthors,inotherwords,lotsof
papers.
TherearesomanypapersandevenbooksintheshellbucklingfieldthatIapologizeinadvanceformissing
many,manyofyourcontributions.Atthetimethisfilewasinitiallycreated(MarchAugust,2011)therewere
about800000hitswhenthesearchstring,shellbucklingwasenteredintoGOOGLEScholar/advanced
GOOGLEsearch.HereIhavejustscratchedthesurface.Thevastuniverseofpapersonthebucklingand
vibrationofshellsislikeafractal:nomatterhowmuchInarrowthesearchwithinthatuniverse(forexamples,
postbucklingcompositeshellsorbucklingsandwichshellsorthermalbucklingshells,orHutchinson
bucklingshells,therestillexistsavastsubuniversewithessentiallythesamecreatorsandcharacteristicsas
theentireshellbucklinguniverse.Icannotpossiblyexploretheseuniversesandsubuniversescompletely.
Theshellbucklinguniverseanditssubuniversesareprobablyexpandingfasterthanthecosmositself.

Thesearchstring,shellbucklingalsopullsuppapersaboutlinearandnonlinearplateandshellvibrationand
dynamicresponse,bucklingandvibrationofcolumnsandplates,stiffenedplates,columnsmadeofthinwalled
segments,crushingofenergyabsorbingstructuressuchastubesandsandwichwalls,wrinkling,crashworthiness
papers,papersaboutnonlineardeformationsofplatesandshellswithcracks,papersaboutnewfiniteelements
usedfornonlinearanalysis,andpapersregardingbucklingofcarbonnanotubes,thinfilms,dropletsandother
softstructures.Therefore,manypapersonthesetopicsarecitedhereinadditiontopapersfromthemore
traditionalfieldofshellbuckling.
Aftervoyagingseeminglyendlesslyintheshellbucklingspaceandinmanyofitssubspaces,Istoppedafter
afewmonths,ratherarbitrarilyitseemsbutprobablybecauseIbecamesomewhatexhaustedandoverwhelmed.
Therefore,mysearch,exhaustingbutfarfromexhaustive,hasstoppedfornow.PerhapsinthefutureIwill
periodicallyaddcitationsofpapersyettoappearintheliterature.
Hereisanideawhichmayhelptocompensateformylackofcompleteness.Anyofyoumayemailtome
(emailaddress:bush@sonic.net)yourcurriculumvitae(CV).Pleaseincludeacloseup(head

andshoulders)photographofyourselfandofcoursealistofyourpublicationsconcerned

withbuckling.Withyourpermission,IwillthenincludeyourCVonthiswebsiteinthesectioncalled
bucklingpeople.Aportraitphotographofyourselfwillbeaveryimportantpartofthefuture
assemblageofbucklingpeopleonthiswebsite.Therefore,makesuretoincludeitwithyourbuckling
CV.Webucklingpeopleshouldgettoknowoneanotherbetter,andIfeelthatacloseupphotograph
ofyourselfisasignificantpartofthat.IalsoencourageyoutoincludewithyourbucklingCVoneor
morepicturesofbuckledshells,eitheractualshellsthatbuckledunexpectedlyintherealworldor
buckledshellsfromlaboratoryexperimentsorbuckledshellsfromtheapplicationoftheoriesdescribed
inoneormoreofyourpapers.Contributionsofthistypewillgreatlyimprovethiswebsitebecausealmostall
thepicturesIhavecontributedtothewebsitearefromlecturesandpapersinwhichIparticipated,arather
narrowviewoftheshellbucklinguniverse.DuringmysearchIencounteredmanysuchpicturesthatIwould
liketohavesnatchedforinclusiononthiswebsite.However,mostofthemarecopyrighted.Therefore,they
shouldbesuppliedbyyouauthorsofthearticlesinwhichtheyappear.
Thecitationslistedinthisfilearesomewhatunusualinthatmostofthemincludetheaffiliationsoftheauthors
andtheauthorsabstracts.MostofthematerialpresentedherewasobtainedfromthewebsitesofElsevier
(SciVerse),Springer(SpringerLink),Wiley(Onlinelibraty),DTIC(Online),ASME(DigitalLibrary,and
ASCE.

Organizationofthisfile:
Thisverylongfilelistsshellbucklingcitationsinthefollowingsections:
Section1.Especiallyusefulpapersinmyopinion
Section2.AlistofmainlybooksonplatesandshellscompiledbyHansObrechtin2001
Section3.SomeofthereviewarticlesinAppliedMechanicsReviewsorelsewhere

Section4.Articlesthatarepartlyreviewarticlesandthatpartlycontributenewmaterial
Section5.Specialissuesofjournalswithagiventheme
Section6.Booksonshellbucklingoronsubjectsrelatedinsomewaytoshellbuckling
Section7.Someearlyworkonbucklingofplatesandshells
Section8.Therefollowmany,manycitationsonbucklingandvibrationofcolumns,platesandshells
Section8isbyfarthelongestsectioninthisfile.

*******************IMPORTANTNOTEABOUTDOI**********************
Whatisadoi?
Adigitalobjectidentifier(ordoi)isastandardforpersistentlyidentifyingelectronicdocumentsonadigital
network.AtypicaluseofaDOIistogiveascientificpaperorarticleauniqueidentifyingnumberthatcanbe
usedbyanyonetolocatedetailsofthepaper,andpossiblyanelectroniccopy.UnliketheURLsystemusedon
theInternetforwebpages,theDOIdoesnotchangeovertime,evenifthearticleisrelocated.Thismeansthat
youcanalwaysfindadocumentyouhavereferencedeveniftheorginialpublisherchangesitsURL.
TheDOIconsistsofauniquealphanumericcharacterstringdividedintwoparts:aprefixandasuffix.
Forexample,acompleteDOIis:
10.1000/182
where:
10.1000istheprefix,or''publisherID'',composedbyapartidentifyingthestringasaDOI(10)andapart
identifyingtheorganization/publisherofthedocument(1000);
182isthesuffix,or''itemID'',identifyingthesingleobject.(Typicalsufficesarelongerthanthisexample.)
Thesuffixisassignedbythepublisherandmustbeuniquewithinaprefix.
TheInternationalDOIFoundation(IDF),anonprofitorganisationcreatedin1998,isthegovernancebodyof
theDOISystem,whichsafeguardsallintellectualpropertyrightsrelatingtotheDOISystem.IDFsupportsthe
developmentandpromotionoftheDigitalObjectIdentifiersystemasacommoninfrastructureforcontent
management,andworkstoensurethatanyimprovementsmadetotheDOIsystem(includingcreation,
maintenance,registration,resolutionandpolicymakingofDOIs)areavailabletoanyDOIregistrant,andthatno
thirdpartylicensesmightreasonablyberequiredtopracticetheDOIstandard.
CreatingaDOIlink
Adigitalobjectidentifier(DOI)canbeusedtociteandlinktoelectronicdocuments.ADOIisguaranteed
nevertochange,soyoucanuseittolinkpermanentlytoelectronicdocuments.

TofindadocumentusingaDOI
1.CopytheDOIofthedocumentyouwanttoopen.
ThecorrectformatforcitingaDOIisasfollows:doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2003.10.071
2.OpenthefollowingDOIsiteinyourbrowser:
http://dx.doi.org
3.EntertheentireDOIcitationinthetextboxprovided,andthenclickGo.
******************ENDOFIMPORTANTNOTEABOUTDOI******************

Section1:SomeEspeciallyUsefulPapersinmyopinion:
Bucklingofthinwalledcircularcylinders,NASASpaceVehicleDesignCriteria(Structures),NASA
TechnicalReportSP8007,1968,also:NASA/SP8007,Seide,P.Weingarten,V.I.andPeterson,J.P.,Buckling
ofthinwalledcircularcylinders,NASASPACEVEHICLEDESIGNCRITERIA(Structures),NASA
(Washington,DC,UnitedStates),September,1965

ForanimportantreviewofNASAdesignrecommendationsrelatingtoshellstability,seethe
file,1998nasa.pdf,byMichaelP.NemethandJamesH.Starnes,Jr.:
MichaelP.NemethandJamesH.Starnes,Jr.(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,USA),
TheNASAMonographsonShellStabilityDesignRecommendations,Areviewandsuggested
improvements,NASA/TP1998206290,January,1998
ABSTRACT:AsummaryoftheexistingNASAdesigncriteriamonographsforthedesignofbucklingresistant
thinshellstructuresispresented.Subsequentimprovementsintheanalysisfornonlinearshellresponseare
reviewed,andcurrentissuesinshellstabilityanalysisarediscussed.Examplesofnonlinearshellresponsesthat
arenotincludedintheexistingshelldesignmonographsarepresented,andanapproachforincluding
reliabilitybasedanalysisproceduresintheshelldesignprocessisdiscussed.Suggestionsforconductingfuture
shellexperimentsarepresented,andproposedimprovementstotheNASAshelldesigncriteriamonographsare
discussed.
Referenceslistedattheendofthereport:
1.Anon.:BucklingofThinWalledCircularCylinders.NASASpaceVehicleDesignCriteria,NASASP8007,1965.
2.Anon.:BucklingofThinWalledTruncatedCones.NASASpaceVehicleDesignCriteria,NASASP8019,1968.
3.Anon.:BucklingofThinWalledDoublyCurvedShells.NASASpaceVehicleDesignCriteria/Structures.NASASP8032,1969.
4.Gerard,George;andBecker,Herbert:HandbookofStructuralStability:PartIIIBucklingofCurvedPlatesandShells.NACA
TN3783,1957.
5.Becker,Herbert:HandbookofStructuralStability:PartVIStrengthofStiffenedCurvedPlatesandShells.NACATN3786,
1958.
6.Gerard,George:HandbookofStructuralStability:SupplementtoPartIIIBucklingofCurvedPlatesandShells.NASATND
163,1959.
7.VonKrmn,Theodore;andTsien,HsueShen:TheBucklingofThinCylindricalShellsUnderAxialCompression.J.Aeronaut.
Sci.,vol.8,no.8,June1941,pp.303312.
8.Donnell,L.H.;andWan,C.C.:EffectofImperfectionsonBucklingofThinCylindersandColumnsUnderAxialCompression.J.
Appl.Mech.,vol.17,no.1,Mar.1950,pp.7383.
9.Koiter,WarnerTjardus:ATranslationofTheStabilityofElasticEquilibrium.AFFDLTR7025,U.S.AirForce,WrightPatterson

AirForceBase,Feb.1970.
10.Seide,P.;Weingarten,V.I.;andMorgan,E.J.:TheDevelopmentofDesignCriteriaforElasticStabilityofThinShellStructures.
STL/TR60000019425,U.S.AirForce,Dec.1960.
11.Vinson,JackR.:TheBehaviorofShellsComposedofIsotropicandCompositeMaterials.KluwerAcademicPubl.,1993.
12.Stein,Manuel:TheEffectontheBucklingofPerfectCylindersofPrebucklingDeformationsandStressesInducedbyEdge
Support.CollectedPapersonInstabilityofShellStructures1962,NASATND1510,1962,pp.217227.
13.Stein,Manuel.:TheInfluenceofPrebucklingDeformationsandStressesontheBucklingofPerfectCylinders.NASATRR190,
1964.
14.rbocz,J.:ComparisonofLevel1andLevel2BucklingandPostbucklingSolutions.FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,Report
LR700,DelftUniversityofTechnology,Delft,TheNetherlands,Nov.1992.
15.Sridharan,Srinivasan;andAlberts,Jessica:NumericalModelingofBucklingofRingStiffenedCylinders.AIAAJ.,vol.35,no.1,
Jan.1997,pp.187195.
16.Nemeth,MichaelP.;Britt,VickiO.;Collins,TimothyJ.;andStarnes,JamesH.,Jr.:NonlinearAnalysisoftheSpaceShuttle
SuperlightweightExternalFuelTank.NASATP3616,1996.
17.Brogan,F.A.;Rankin,C.C.;andCabiness,H.D.:STAGSUserManual.LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratoryReport,LMSC
P032594,1994.
18.Thurston,G.A.;Brogan,F.A.;andStehlin,P.:PostbucklingAnalysisUsingaGeneralPurposeCode.AIAAJ.,vol.24,no.6,
June1986,pp.10131020.
19.Blosser,MaxL.:BoundaryConditionsforAerospaceThermalStructuralTests.AerospaceThermalStructuresandMaterialsfora
NewEra:Volume168ProgressinAstronauticsandAeronautics,EarlA.Thornton,ed.,AIAA,1994,pp.119144.
20.Bushnell,D.:Stress,Stability,andVibrationofComplexBranchedShellsofRevolutionAnalysisandUsersManualfor
BOSOR4.NASACR2116,1972.
21.rbocz,J.;andHol,J.M.A.M.:KoitersStabilityTheoryinaComputerAidedEngineering(CAE)Environment.Int.J.Solids&
Struct.,vol.26,no.910,1990,pp.945973.
22.Nemeth,M.P.:NondimensionalParametersandEquationsforBucklingofAnisotropicShallowShells.J.Appl.Mech.,vol.61,
Sept.1994,pp.664669.

ArthurW.Leissa(TheOhioStateUniversityResearchFoundation,1314KinnearRoad,Columbus,Ohio
43212),Bucklingoflaminatedcompositeplatesandshellpanels,AFWALTR853069,AirForceWright
AeronauticalLaboratories,WrightPattersonAFB,Ohio45433,June,1985,392references
http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA162723
ABSTRACT:Thisworksummarizesthetechnicalliteraturedealingwithbucklingandpostbucklingbehavior
oflaminatedcompositeplatesandshellpanels.Emphasisisgiventomodernmaterialsusedintheaerospace
industryhavingfibermatrixconstituents(e.g.,glassepoxy,boronepoxy,graphiteepoxy,boronaluminum),
butotherapplicationsarealsoconsidered(e.g.,plywood,paperboard).Geometricconfigurationstakenupare
eitherflat(plates)orcylindricallycurved(shells),andhaverectangularplanform.Allpossibletypesofloading
conditionsandedgeconstraintconditionsareconsidered.Bothsymmetricallyandunsymmetricallylaminated
configurationsareincluded,withsymmetricallaminatesrepresentedbyorthotropicoranisotropicplateorshell
theory.Complicatingeffectsdealtwithinclude:internalholes,sheardeformation,sandwichplateswithsoft
cores,localinstability,inelasticmaterials,hygrothermaleffectsandstiffeners.Approximately400references
areused.Extensionnumericalresultsarepresentedingraphicalandtabularform.Boththeoreticaland
experimentalresultsaresummarized.Keywords:Vibrations;Unsymmetriclaminates.
JinGuangTeng(DepartmentofCivilandStructuralEngineering,HongKongPolytechnicUniversity,Hung
Hom,Kowloon,HongKong)Bucklingofthinshells:Recentadvancesandtrends,AppliedMech.
Reviews,Vol.49,No.4,pp.263274,April1996,DOI:10.1115/1.3101927

ABSTRACT:Thispaperprovidesareviewofrecentresearchadvancesandtrendsintheareaofthinshell
buckling.Onlythemoreimportantandinterestingaspectsofrecentresearch,judgedfromapersonalview
point,arediscussed.Inparticular,thefollowingtopicsaregivenemphasis:(a)imperfectionsinrealstructures
andtheirinfluence;(b)bucklingofshellsunderlocal/nonuniformloadsandlocalizedcompressivestresses;
and(c)theuseofcomputerbucklinganalysisinthestabilitydesignofcomplexthinshellstructures.
Riks,E.,SomeComputationalAspectsoftheStabilityAnalysisofNonlinearStructures,Computational
MethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.47,1984,pp.219259,
doi:10.1016/00457825(84)900781
ABSTRACT:Theperturbationmethodandthecontinuationmethodarethetwomostpopulartechniquesforthe
solutionoffiniteelementequationsthatdescribeinstabilityphenomena.Thispaperpresentsasummaryofthe
principlesinvolvedanddescribessometrendsinthedevelopmentofthesetechniques.
EduardRiks(FacultyofAerospaceEngineeringDelftUniversityofTechnologyDelft.TheNetherlands),
BucklingAnalysisofElasticStructures:AComputationalApproach,AdvancesinAppliedMechanics,
Vol.34,1997,Pages176,doi:10.1016/S00652156(08)703193Noabstractisgiven.Notethatthisisalong,
veryinformativepaperonthebasicsofstabilitytheorybyaverywellknownandhighlyrespectedresearcherin
thefieldofshellbucklingandpostbuckling.Itshouldbereadbyallresearchersinthefieldofshellbuckling!
A.Libai(1)andJ.G.Simmonds(2)
(1)DepartmentofAeronauticalEngineering,Technion,IsraelInstituteofTechnologyHaifa,Israel
(2)DepartmentofAppliedMathematicsandComputerScience,UniversityofVirginia,Charlottesville,
Virginia
NonlinearElasticShellTheory,AdvancesinAppliedMechanics,Vol.23,1983,pp.271371,
doi:10.1016/S00652156(08)70245X
PARTIALOUTLINE:
I.Introduction.........................................272
II.CylindricalMotionofInfiniteCylindricalShells(Beamshells)............ 274
A.GeometryoftheUndeformedShellandPlanarMotion..............
274
B.IntegralEquationsofCylindricalMotion......................276
C.DifferentialEquationsofCylindricalMotion....................
278
D.VirtualWork(WeakFormoftheEquationsofMotion)............. 279
E.TheMechanicalWorkIdentity............................ 280
F.StrainMeasures.....................................
280
G.AlternateStressesandStrains.............................282
H.TheBasicAssumptionofBeamshellTheory....................
283
I.TheMechanicalTheoryofElasticBeamshells...................
283
J.ConstitutiveLawsforElasticBeamshells...................... 284
K.Elastostatics....................................... 287
L.Elastodynamics.....................................
292
M.Thermodynamics.................................... 296
III.TheEquationsofGeneralNonlinearShellTheory...................302
A.GeometryoftheUndeformedShell........................
303

B.IntegralEquationsofMotion............................. 305
C.DifferentialEquationsofMotion...........................
307
D.VirtualWork(WeakFormoftheEquationsofMotion)..............307
E.TheMechanicalWorkIdentity............................ 308
F.StrainMeasures.....................................
308
G.TheFiniteRotationVector.............................. 311
H.AlternateStrainMeasures.RationalintheDisplacements............ 312
I.ConstitutiveRelationsandBoundaryConditions................. 318
J.FormulationsoftheFieldEquations.........................
323
etc.(notavailablewithoutpurchase)
IsaacElishakoff(DepartmentofOceanandMechanicalEngineering,FloridaAtlanticUniversity,BocaRaton,
FL334310991,USA),Probabilisticresolutionofthetwentiethcenturyconundruminelasticstability,
ThinWalledStructures,Vol.59,2012,pp.3557
ABSTRACT:Thispaperoverviewstheeffortsthatledtoresolutionofthe20thcenturyconundruminelastic
stabilityofshells.Inparticular,thedramaticdisagreementbetweentheoreticalandexperimentalresultsandthe
subsequentintroductionoftheempiricalknockdownfactor,isdiscussedindetail.Themismatchbetweentheory
andexperimentwasqualitativelyexplainedbyWarnerTjardusKoiterinhisnowfamousthesis,aswellasin
thepaperbyLloydH.DonnellandC.C.Wan.However,thesestudiesdidnotoffermeansforrigorous,
theoreticalderivationoftheknockdownfactorfortheshellswithgenericimperfectionpatternsencounteredin
practice.Numerousattemptstoresolvetheconundrumviadeterministictheoretical,experimentaland
probabilisticanalysesremainedunsuccessful.Theconundrumconsistsintwofacts.Ononehand,itconsistsof
theimpossibilityofusingofhundredsandperhapsthousandsofdeterministicstudiesinpredictingtherigorous
knockdownfactors.Ontheotherhand,itliesinthefactthatWynstoneBarrieFraserandBernardBudiansky
(1969)[157]andnumerousotherinvestigators,althoughrecognizingtheneedtoutilizeprobabilisticapproach
toresolvetheaboveconundrum,assertedthatthebucklingloadofstochasticstructureswasadeterministic
quantity.Someinvestigatorssuggestedusingthatresultasthedesignload.In1979,thisauthorluckedouton
reliabilitybasedtheoreticalmeansforderivationoftheknockdownfactoranditsjudiciousallocation.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
[3]AlmrothBO.Influenceofimperfectionsandedgeconstraintonthebucklingofaxiallycompressedcylinders.NASACR432;
1966.
[5]AlmrothB.O.,BroganF.A.,MillerE.,ZeleF.andPetersonH.T.,Collapseanalysisforshellsofgeneralshape.II:Usersmanual
fortheSTAGSacomputercode.AFFDLTR718.WrightPattersonAFB:AirForceFlightDynamicsLaboratory;1973.
[7]AlmrothBO,HolmesAMC,BrushDO.Anexperimentalstudyofthebucklingofcylindersunderaxialcompression.
ExperimentalMechanics1964;4:26370.
[10]AmazigoJC.Bucklingunderaxialcompressionoflongcylindricalshellswithrandomaxisymmetricimperfections.Quarterlyof
AppliedMathematics1969;26:53766.
[11]AmazigoJC.Asymptoticanalysisofthebucklingofimperfectcolumnsonnonlinearelasticfoundations.InternationalJournalof
SolidsandStructures1970;6:134156.
[12]AmazigoJC.Bucklingofstochasticallyimperfectcolumnsonnonlinearelasticfoundations.QuarterlyofAppliedMathematics
1971;28:4039.
[13]AmazigoJC.Asymptoticanalysisofthebucklingofexternallypressurizedcylinderswithrandomimperfections.Quarterlyof
AppliedMathematics1974;31:42942.
[14]AmazigoJC.Dynamicbucklingofstructureswithrandomimperfections.In:LeipholzHHE,editor.Stochasticproblemsin
mechanics.Waterloo,Canada:UniversityofWaterlooPress;1974.p.23454.
[15]AmazigoJC.Bucklingofstochasticallyimperfectstructures.In:BudianskyB,editor.Bucklingofstructures.Berlin:Springer;

1976.p.17282.
[16]AmazigoJC,BudianskyB.Asymptoticformulasforthebucklingstressesofaxiallycompressedcylinderswithlocalizedor
randomaxisymmetricimperfections.JournalofAppliedMechanics1972;39:17984.
[17]AmazigoJC,BudianskyB.DiscussiononBucklingoflong,axiallycompressed,thincylindricalshellwithrandominitial
imperfectionsbyR.A.VanSlootenandT.T.Soong.JournalofAppliedMechanics1973;40:6345.
[18]AmazigoJC,BudianskyB,CarrierGF.Asymptoticanalysisofthebucklingofimperfectcolumnsonnonlinearelastic
foundations.InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures1970;6:134156.
[19]AmazigoJC,FrankD.Dynamicbucklingofexternallypressurizedimperfectcylindricalshells.JournalofAppliedMechanics
1975;42:31620.
[21]Anonymous.Spaceengineering/bucklingofstructures.ECSSEHB3224A.Noordwijk,TheNetherlands:Europeancooperation
ECSSforspacestandardization,ESAESTEC;2010.
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1981;5(6):33548.
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theoryandpractice.Cambridge,UK:CambridgeUniversityPress;1983.p.4374.
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structures,onland,inthesea,andintheair.London:ElsevierAppliedScience;1991.p.2706.
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4.Pasadena,CA:CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology;June1974.
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editor.Bucklingofstructures.Berlin:SpringerVerlag;1976.p.291311.
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AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCstructures,structuraldynamics,andmaterialsconferenceandexhibit,PaperAIAA20001236;2001.
[48]ArboczJ,WilliamsJG.Imperfectionsurveysona10ftdiametershellstructure.AIAAJournal1977;15:94956.
[52]BabcockCD.Shellstability.JournalofAppliedMechanics1983;50(4):93540.
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AngewandteMathematikundMechanik2000;80(1112):109732.
[62]BenHaimY,ElishakoffI.Convexmodelsofuncertaintyinappliedmechanics.Amsterdam:Elsevier;1990.
[67]BolotinVV.Statisticalmethodsinthenonlineartheoryofelasticshells.IzvestiyaAkademiiNaukSSSR,Otdelenie
TekhnicheskykhNauk1958;3:3341[inRussian;EnglishTranslation:NASATTF851962;116].
[68]BolotinVV.Nonconservativeproblemsofthetheoryofelasticstability.NewYork:PergamonPress;1963.
[71]BolotinVV.Applicationofthemethodsofthetheoryofprobabilityandthetheoryofreliabilitytoanalysisofstructures,Section
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1015][SecondEdition1981][inRussian,Englishtranslation:FDTMT2477173.Ohio:ForeignTechnologyDivision,Wright
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Structures2011;33(5):1796806.
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September1981
PARTIALINTRODUCTION:Inordertoproduceefficient,reliabledesigns&toavoidunexpectedcatastrophic
failureofstructuresofwhichthinshellsareimportantcomponents,theengineermustunderstandthephysicsof
shellbuckling.Theobjectiveofthissurveyistoconveytothereaderafeelforshellbuckling,whetheritbe
duetononlinearcollapse,bifurcationbuckling,oracombinationofthesemodes.
(listofreferencesisgivenbelow,attheendofthesection,Earlyworks.
E.Ramm(1)andW.A.Wall(2)
(1)InstituteofStructuralMechanics,UniversityofStuttgart,Germany,email:eramm@statik.unistuttgart.de
(2)ChairofComputationalMechanics,TechnicalUniversityofMunich,Germany
Shellstructuresasensitiveinterrelationbetweenphysicsandnumerics,InternationalJournalfor
NumericalMethodsinEngineering,SpecialIssue:TheFifthWorldCongressonComputationalMechanics,
Vol.60,No.1,pp.381427,May2004,doi:10.1002/nme.967
ABSTRACT:Itisapparentthatphysicsandnumericsarestronglylinkedineveryseriousundertakingin
computationalmechanics.Thisisinparticularpronouncedwhenthematterofstudyexcelsthroughavery
sophisticated,evensometimestrickyphysicalbehaviour.Suchadelicatecharacteristicisthetrademarkofshell
structures,whicharethemostoftenusedstructuralcomponentsinnatureandtechnology.Thisoutstanding
positioninthehierarchyofallstructuresisduetotheircurvatureallowingtocarrytransverseloadinginan
optimalwaybyinplanemembraneactions,despiteanoftenextremeslenderness.Astypicalforoptimized
systemstheirperformancemightbeontheonehandexcellent,butcanalsobeextremelysensitivetocertain
parameterchangesontheotherhand.Thisprimadonnalikemechanicalbehaviourwithallitssensitivitiesisof
coursecarriedovertoanynumericalscheme.Inotherwordsitisafundamentalpreconditiontounderstandthe
principlefeaturesoftheloadcarryingmechanismsofshellsbeforedesigningandapplyinganynumerical
formulation.Thepresentstudyaddressesthispeculiarinterrelationbetweenphysicsandnumerics.Atfirst
typicalcharacteristicsofshellstructuresaredescribed;thisincludetheirbenefitsbutalsotheirextreme
sensitivities.Inthesecondparttheseaspectsarereflectedonrelatedcomputationalmodelsandnumerical
procedures.Thisdiscussioniscarriedthroughanumberofselectedproblemsandexamples.Itneedtobesaid
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Oate,E.N.Dvorkin(eds.),CIMNE:Barcelona,1998.

Bischoff,M.(1),Bletzinger,K.U.(1),Wall,W.A.(2)andRamm,E.(3)
(1)LehrstuhlfrStatik,TUMnchen,Mnchen,Germany
(2)LehrstuhlfrNumerischeMechanik,TUMnchen,Garching,Germany
(3)InstitutfrBaustatik,UniversittStuttgart,Stuttgart,Germany
ModelsandFiniteElementsforThinWalledStructures.Chapter3inEncyclopediaofComputational
MechanicsPublishedOnline:15November2004,doi:10.1002/0470091355.ecm026
INTRODUCTION:
1.1HistoricalRemarks

Thinwalledstructureslikeplatesandshellsarethemostcommonconstructionelementsinnatureand
technology.Thisisindependentofthespecificscale;theymightbesmalllikecellmembranesandtinymachine
partsorverylargelikefuselagesandcoolingtowers.Thispreferencetoapplywallsasthinaspossibleisa
naturaloptimizationstrategytoreducedeadloadandtominimizeconstructionmaterial.Inadditiontothe
slenderness,theadvantageouseffectofcurvatureisutilizedinshellstructuresallowingtocarrytransverse
loadinginanoptimalway,adesignprinciplealreadyknowntotheancientmasterbuilders.Theirconsiderable
heuristicknowledgeallowedthemtocreateremarkablebuildings,liketheRomanPantheon(115126)andthe
HaghiaSophia(532537)inConstantinople,stillexistingtoday.ItwasnotbeforetheRenaissancethat
scientistsbegantomathematicallyidealizethestructuralresponse,aprocessthatwedenotenowadaysas
modelingandsimulation.
Already,LeonardodaVinci(14521519)stated(CodexMadridI)aprinciplethatlateronemergedtoabeam
model.Thesubsequentprocess,associatedwithnameslikeGalileo(15641642),Mariotte(16201684),
Leibniz(16461716),JakobIBernoulli(16541705),Euler(17071783),Coulomb(17361806),andNavier
(17851836),ledtowhatwecalltodayEulerBernoullibeamtheory(Timoshenko,1953;Szabo,1979).This
developmentwasdrivenbytheingeniousideastocondensethecomplexthreedimensionalsituationtothe
essentialingredientsofstructuralresponselikestretching,bending,torsion,andsoon,andtocastthisintoa
manageablemathematicalformat.Theinclusionoftransversesheardeformationisattributed(1859)toBresse
(18221883)andextended(1921)todynamicsbyTimoshenko(18781972),whosenamehasestablisheditself
asacommondenominationforthismodel.Extensionstofurthereffectslikeuniformandwarpingtorsion,
stabilityproblems,crosssectionaldistortion,andfurtherrefinements,forexample,includinghigherorder
kinematics,followsinthenineteenthandtwentiethcentury.
Thedevelopmentofthetheoryofmasonryarchesandvaultshaditsownhistory,alsostartingwithLeonardoda
Vinci(foradetailedelaborationonthissubjectconferBenvenuto(1991)).Theprimaryaspectinthiscontext
wasthedescriptionoffailuremechanisms,aprobleminvestigateduptothepresenttime(seee.g.thevaluable
workofHeyman).Also,RobertHooke's(16351703)RiddleoftheArchhastobereferredto,phrasedina
LatinanagramUtpendetcontinuumflexile,sicstabitcontiguminversumrigidum(literallytranslated:Asthe
flexiblecablehangs,theinvertedarchstands).Itconstitutesaformfindingprincipleforarchesandshells
(Mainstone,1975),whichbecameknownastheinvertedchainandmembraneprinciple,oftenappliedinthe
sequel.ChristopherWren'sconstructionofSt.PaulCathedralinLondon,Poleni'sexperimentforthe
rehabilitationofthecupolaofSt.PeterinRome,Rondelet'sFrenchPantheon,Gaudi'sworkinCataloniaupto
modernshelldesignsbyOttoandIslerarebasedonthisprinciple(RammandReitinger,1992).
Thehistoryofthedevelopmentoftwodimensionalplatetheorieshasitsownpeculiarities(Timoshenko,1953;
Szabo,1979).InspiredbyChladni's(17561827)experimentswithvibratingplates,JakobIIBernoulli(1759
1789)formulatedagridmodelofoverlappingbeams,neglectingthetwistingmode.Thiswascorrectedby
otherslateron.TherelatedcompetitionproposedbytheFrenchAcademyandSophieGermain's(17761831)
varioustrialstowintheprizeandtheinvolvementofLagrange(17361813)becamefamous.Theyandothers
likePoisson(17811840)andNavierderivedtheproperdifferentialequation;however,theystillhadsome
shortcomingsintheirresult,inparticular,withrespecttotheinvolvedelasticconstants.Kirchhoff(18241887)
finallyremovedalldoubtsin1850(Kirchhoff,1850)andiscreditedasthefounderofmodernplatetheory.It
tookalmostacenturybeforeE.Reissner(19131996)(Reissner,1944;Reissner,1945)andMindlin(1906
1987)(Mindlin,1951)extendedthemodelincludingtheroleoftransversesheardeformations.Innumerable

modificationsandextensions,likeanisotropy,largedeformation(v.Krmnplatetheory),higherorder
theories,andsoon,havebeenderivedovertheyears.
Itisinterestingthattheinitialderivationofashellformulationwasalsomotivatedprimarilybyvibration
problems.Eulerdevelopedin1764amodeltosimulatethetonesofbells,cuttingtheaxisymmetricstructure
intorings,applyingcurvedbeammodelsandleavingoutthemeridionaleffects.Also,hereittookovera
centurybeforeaconsistenttheoryofthinshellshadbeenderivedbyLove(1888)(AugustE.H.Love,1863
1940).ItisbasedonKirchhoff'smethodandthusbecameknownastheKirchhoffLovemodel.Fora
descriptionofthesubsequentemergenceofthisshellmodelandtherelatedcontroversiesamongLoveandhis
contemporariesontheroleoftheboundaryconditionsofboththemembraneandthebendingpart(inparticular
LordRayleigh(18421919)andLamb(18491934)),werefertothearticlebyCalladine(1988),whichisworth
reading.Theneedfordetailedsolutionshasdrivenresearchinthefirsthalfofthetwentiethcentury.Nameslike
H.Reissner,Meissner,Geckeler,Flgge,Vlassov,Novozhilovhavetobementioned,tonamejustafew;later
onfurtherrefinementshavebeenintroducedbyE.Reissner,Gol'denveizer,Koiter,Naghdi,andmanyothers.
TheinclusionoftransversesheardeformationssometimeslinkedtothenameofNaghditodaymostlyisreferred
toasaReissnerMindlinformulation,inrecognitionoftheirextendedplatetheories.
Theseriesofnamesinconnectionwithshellformulationscouldbecontinuedforever;thereareveryfewtopics
instructuralmechanicswheresomanyinvestigationshavebeenpublished.Evenforexperts,itishardly
possibletohaveanoverallviewonthenumberofspecialfiniteelementmodelsdevelopedsofar.Thisisa
strongindicationforthecomplexityoftheinvolvedmechanicsontheonehandandtheirpracticalrelevanceon
theotherhand.
Itisobviousthattheearlydevelopmentsoftheoriesforthinwalledstructuresweregovernedprimarilybythe
mainapplicationsinthosetimes,namely,buildingsinarchitecture.Sincetheindustrialrevolution,thepicture
changedcompletely:nowotherapplications,forexample,inmechanicalengineering,invehicleandaerospace
industry,inbiomechanics,andsoon,becamedominantandthedrivingforceforfurtherdevelopments.
Largedisplacements,rotationsandstrains,buckling,composites,materialnonlinearities,coupledproblems,
multiscaleandmultiphysics,solutionmethods,andhigherorderformulationsareafewkeywordsforproblems
thathavebeenextensivelyinvestigatedinthelastfewyears.Thefiniteelementmethodasadiscretization
conceptisabsolutelypredominant.Aninterestingexampleastohowthefiniteelementdevelopmentshave
influencedtheselectionofspecificstructuralmodelsistheearlyshiftfromKirchhoffLoveformulationsto
thosewithReissnerMindlinkinematicsforplateandshellelements.Itismotivatedmainlybythereduced
compatibilityrequirements,althoughfromthepracticalpointofapplication,theKirchhoffLovemodelisoften
sufficient.
Intimeswherecomputercapacityhasbecomesopowerfulandthesimulationtoolshavereachedsuchahigh
levelofsophistication,weshouldnotforgetthemaindrivingforceofourancestors:concentrationonthe
essentialsandreductiontotheprincipalmechanicalbehaviorofthinwalledstructures(RammandWall,2004).
1.2.Overview
Thispaperconcentratesonthemathematicalmodelingofnonlinearmechanicsofthinwalledstructuresinview

ofassociatedfiniteelementformulations.Thismeansthatwewillprimarilyfocusonformulationsforstructural
modelsasprerequisiteforderivationoffiniteelements,ratherthanspecificelementology.Themainemphasis
isputonshells,includingthespecialcaseofflatplates,turningintoshellsanywayinthenonlinearregime.The
derivationsarekeptasgeneralaspossible,includingthickandlayeredshells(laminatedorsandwich
structures),aswellasanisotropicandinhomogeneousmaterialsfromtheoutset.ThroughoutSection4.4,we
willspecifythecorrespondingrestrictionsandassumptionstoobtaintheclassical5parametershellformulation
predominantlyusedforstandardshellproblemsinthecontextoffiniteelementanalysis.
Inmostpartofthetext,werestrictourselvestostaticproblemswithintheframeworkofgeometricallynonlinear
elasticity,neglectingtimedependenceandinertiaeffects.Theextensionintothemateriallynonlinearareaisa
straightforwardprocedure.Itisbelievedthatthisdoesnotmeanatoostrongrestrictioninviewofthe
underlyingmotivation.
Itisawellcultivatedtraditiontoletreviewarticlesstartwiththeremarkthatacompleteoverviewofexisting
methodsandappropriateliteratureisutterlyimpossible.Themultitudeofexistingconcepts,methods,and
implementations,aswellasscientificpapers,textbooks,andyetotherreviewarticleswouldeffectivelyprohibit
anexhaustiveoverview.J.E.MarsdenandT.J.R.Hughesremarkinwhattheycallthedisclaimeroftheir
famousbookonMathematicalFoundationsofElasticity(MarsdenandHughes,1983)that
Thisbookisneithercompletenorunbiased.Furthermore,wehavenotmentionedmanydeepandhighly
eruditeworks,norhaveweelucidatedalternativeapproachestothesubject.Anyhistoricalcommentswemake
onsubjectspriorto1960areprobablywrong,andcreditstosometheoremsmaybeincorrectlyassigned.
AlthoughthepresentpaperisneitherabooknorcoverssuchabroadfieldlikethetextbookbyMarsdenand
Hughes(1983),itclearlysharesthequotedproperty.Wethereforedirectlyheadtowardtheideasand
inspirationsdrivingtheauthorsduringthecompilationofthepaperathand.
Motivationsforconcerningoneselfwiththepresentsubjectaremany.Theymightbeofpurelyscientificnature
ordrivenbytheneedtofindthenecessarylevelforthemechanicalcontentofamodelortohaveareliable
elementasatoolforcertainapplicationsonemighthaveinmind.Interestinthemathematicalformulationand
resultingnumericalpropertiesoffiniteelementsforthinwalledstructuresmayalsoarisewhensimplyapplying
certainfiniteelementformulationsavailableinscientificorcommercialcodes.Whiletryingtoprovideuseful
informationforpractitionersandusersofcommercialfiniteelementcodes,thistreatiseclearlyaddressesa
readershipwithascientificbackground,boththingsnotbeingmutuallyexclusiveanyway.
Whendevelopingandapplyingafiniteelementformulationforthinwalledstructures,onecomesacrossa
coupleofquestions.Whichmechanicaleffectsshouldbeincludedandwhichcanbeneglected?Isitbetterto
startfromashelltheoryordevelopcontinuumbasedelementsalongthelinesofthedegeneratedsolid
approach?Andwhataboutgeometricallyexactmodels?Whichsimplificationsareusefulandadmissible?
Whichconsequencesdoestheformulationhaveforthefiniteelementmodel?Whichparameterizationof
degreesoffreedomaresensiblefortheapplicationsonehasinmind?Shoulddrillingdegreesoffreedombe
includedinashellformulationornot?Therearemany,manymorequestions.
Itisinthisspiritthatwetrytogiveanoverviewofthevariousdecisionsthatoneimplicitlymakeswhen

choosingaspecifictheoryorfiniteelementformulation,respectively.Althoughsuchanoverviewisnecessarily
incomplete,itshouldnotcoveronlyamereregisterofumpteendifferentplateandshellfiniteelementsalong
withtheirallegedpros,cons,andlimitations;tobeevenmorespecific,thisaspectwillbeverylimitedinthe
presentcontribution.
Bydoingthis,wecarefullyseparatemodeldecisionsandthefiniteelementformulation.Theformeraddresses
thoseapproximationsthataremadewhileformulatingthecontinuoustheory.Thelatterisconcernedwith
additionalapproximationerrors,comingintoplayalongwithdiscretizationandfiniteelementformulation.
Whilethesenumericalerrorseventuallyvanishwithmeshrefinement,themodelerrors,inherenttothetheory,
persist.Distinguishingthisiscrucialforasophisticateddeterminationoffeasiblemethodsandacompetent
interpretationofnumericalresults.
References:Thelistofreferencesisverylongandwouldrequirealotofeditingtoconformtotheformatofthis
bibliography.
endofthetheBischoffetalentry

C.D.Babcock,Jr.ShellStability,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.50,No.4B,1983,pp.935940
Budiansky,B.,"TheoryofBucklingandPostbucklingBehaviorofElasticStructures,"Advancesin
AppliedMechanics,Vol.14,1974,AcademicPress,NewYork,pp.165.
BernardBudiansky(DivisionofEngineeringandAppliedSciences,HarvardUniversity,PierceHall313,
Cambridge,MA02138,USA),Ontheminimumweightsofcompressionstructures,InternationalJournal
ofSolidsandStructures,Vol.36,No.24,August1999,pp.36773708,doi:10.1016/S00207683(98)001693
ABSTRACT:Theweightsofoptimalcompressionstructuresofseveraltypesareestimated.Minimumweights
ofcolumnshavingsolidsquareorcircularcrosssectionsarecomparedwiththoseofsimilarmetalfoamfilled
tubes,hollowtubesandtubeswhosewallsarefoamcoresandwiches.Similarly,theminimum(ofnear
minimum)weightsofwidesandwichcompressionpanelsarestudiedalongwiththoseofhatstiffened,solid
skinpanelsandpanelsinwhichtheskinsandstiffenersarethemselvesmetalfoamcoresandwiches.Inthese
studies,weightcomparisonsaremadeonthebasisofappropriatestructuralindicesandcompressivestrengthis
theonlyfailurecriterion.Thesestudiesprovidebaselinecomparisonsthatignoreotherpossibledesign
constraints,suchaslongitudinalstiffness,minimumgageandcost.
Hutchinson,J.W.(DivisionofEngineeringandAppliedPhysics,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,
Massachusetts),PlasticBuckling,AdvancesinAppliedMechanics,Vol.14,1974,editedbyC.S.Yih,
AcademicPress,NewYork,pp.67144.
M..J.Sewell,Asurveyofplasticbuckling,inSTABILITY,editedbyH.Leipholz,UniversityofWaterloo
Press,Ontario,Canada,pp.85197(1972)

D.Bushnell,Plasticbuckling,PressureVesselsandPiping:DesignTechnologyADecadeofProgress.
S.Y.ZamrikandD.Dietrich,ASMEBookNo.G00213,47117,1982
R.C.Tennyson,"ANoteontheClassicalBucklingLoadofCircularCylindricalShellsUnderAxial
Compression,"AIAAJ.,Vol.1,No.2,1963
HutchinsonJ.W.andSuoZ.,Mixedmodecrackinginlayeredmaterials,AdvancesinAppliedMechanics,
AcademicPress,Vol.29,1992,pp.63191.
B.Budiansky(1)andN.A.Fleck(2)
(1)DivisionofAppliedSciences,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,MA02138,U.S.A.
(2)CambridgeUniversityEngineeringDepartment,TrumpingtonStreet,Cambridge,CB21PZ,U.K
Compressivefailureoffibrecomposites,JournaloftheMechanicsandPhysicsofSolids,Vol.41,No.1,
January1993,pp.183211,doi:10.1016/00225096(93)90068Q
ABSTRACT:Areviewofexperimentaldataandelementarytheoreticalformulasforcompressivefailureof
polymermatrixfibrecompositesindicatesthatthedominantfailuremodeisbyplastickinking.Initiallocal
fibremisalignmentplaysacentralroleintheplastickinkingprocess.Theoreticalanalysesandnumericalresults
forcompressivekinkingarepresented,encompassingeffectsofstrainhardening,kinkinclination,andapplied
shearstress.Theassumptionofrigidfibresisassessedcritically,andthelegitimacyofitsuseforpolymer
matrixcompositesisestablished.
Fleck,N.A.(CambridgeUniversityEngineeringDepartment,Cambridge,England),Compressivefailureof
fibercomposites,AdvancesinAppliedMechanlcsVol.33,1997,pp.43117,doi:10.1016/S0065
2156(08)703855
TABLEOFCONTENTS:
I.Introduction....................................... 43
I1.CompetingFailureMechanismsinComposites................. 44
A.ElasticMicrobuckling............................... 46
B.PlasticMicrobuckling............................... 48
C.FiberCrushing................................... 53
D.Splitting
.......................................
54
E.BuckleDelamination
...............................
56
F.ShearBandFormation.............................. 57
G.FailureMaps.................................... 58
III.CompressiveStrengthofUnidirectionalCompositesDuetoMicrobuckling.................................
A.KinkingTheory...................................
66
B.TheRoleofFiberBending:InfiniteBandAnalysis............ 77
C.InitiationStrengthforaFiniteImperfection ................ 85
IV.PropagationofaMicrobuckleinaUnidirectionalComposite........ 94
A.ExperimentalObservations...........................
94

62

B.TheoreticalPredictions.............................. 97
V.TheNotchedStrengthofMultiAxialComposites............... 103
A.LargeScaleCrackBridgingModel ......................
105
VI.DirectionsforFutureResearch...........................110
Acknowledgments...................................
113
References........................................ 113
S.W.TsaiandE.Wu,Ageneraltheoryofstrengthforanisotropicmaterials,JournalofComposite
Materials,vol.5,pp.5872,1971.
IsaacM.DanielandEmmanuelE.Gdoutos,FailureModesofCompositeSandwichBeams,inMajor
AccomplishmentsinCompositeMaterialsandSandwichStructures,2010,III,197227,
doi:10.1007/9789048131419_9
PARTIALABSTRACT:Theoverallperformanceofsandwichstructuresdependsingeneralontheproperties
ofthefacesheets,thecore,theadhesivebondingthecoretotheskins,aswellasgeometricaldimensions.
Sandwichbeamsundergeneralbending,shearandinplaneloadingdisplayvariousfailuremodes.Their
initiation,propagationandinteractiondependontheconstituentmaterialproperties,geometry,andtypeof
loading.Failuremodesandtheirinitiationcanbepredictedbyconductingathoroughstressanalysisand
applyingappropriatefailurecriteriainthecriticalregionsofthebeam.Thisanalysisisdifficultbecauseofthe
nonlinearandinelasticbehavioroftheconstituentmaterialsandthecomplexinteractionsoffailuremodes.
Possiblefailuremodesincludetensileorcompressivefailureofthefacesheets,debondingatthecore/facesheet
interface,indentationfailureunderlocalizedloading,corefailure,wrinklingofthecompressionfacesheet,and
globalbuckling.
SteliosKyriakides(EngineeringMechanicsResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofAerospaceEngineeringand
EngineeringMechanics,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,Texas),PropagatingInstabilitiesin
Structures,AdvancesinAppliedMechanics,Vol.30,1994,pp.67189,
doi:10.1016/S00652156(08)701741
TABLEOFCONTENTS:
1.Introduction
II.InitiationandPropagationofBulgesinInflatedElasticTubes
A.TheProblem
B.Experiments:InitiationandPropagationofaBulge
C.Analyses
D.DiscussionandConclusions
III.InitiationandPropagationofBucklesinLongTubesandPipesunderExternalPressure
A.TheProblem
B.PropagatingBuckleExperiments
C.Analyses

D.EffectofTensionontheBucklePropagationPressure
E.DiscussionandConclusions
IV.PropagatingBucklesinLong,ConfinedCylindricalShells
A.TheProblem
B.ConfinedPropagatingBuckleExperiments
C.Analyses
D.DiscussionandConclusions
V.BucklePropagationinLong,ShallowPanels
A.BucklingofShallowArches
B.PropagatingBucklesinLong,ShallowPanels
C.DiscussionandConclusions
VI.SummaryandDiscussion
Acknowledgments
References

EsbenByskov(DepartmentofBuildingTechnologyandStructuralEngineering,AalborgUniversity,
Sohngaardsholmsvej57,DK9000Aalborg,Denmark),Modeinteractioninstructuresanoverview,
ComputationalMechanics,WCCMVIinconjunctionwithAPCOM'04,Sept.510,2004,Beijing,China,
publishedbyTsinghuaUniversityPress&SpringerVerlag
ABSTRACT:Koiter[1]wasthefirsttoformulateanasymptoticexpansiontoinvestigatepostbucklingbehavior
andimperfectionsensitivityofelasticstructures.Sincethen,alargenumberofanalysesofparticularstructures
haveappearedaswellassomenewexpansionsaimedatspecificproblems,suchasinteractionbetween
bucklingmodesassociatedwithsimultaneousornearlysimultaneousbucklingmodes.Inthiscontribution,
variousmethodsofthiskindarediscussedandcomparedasregardsapplicabilityandeaseofuse.Focuswill
beonKoiter'sslowlyvaryinglocalmodeamplitude[2]and[3],onByskov&Hutchinson'sexpansion[4]
andonPeek&Kheyrkhahan'smethod[5],whichenlargedthescopeofthepreviousexpansionsinthatit
coversnonlinearprebucklingstates,also.Otherimportantcontributionsanumberofwhicharebasedon
thesemethodsarealsodiscussed.Ontheotherhand,manyimportantworks,e.g.thecomprehensivepaper
byHunt[6]willnotbementionedinanydetail.Theaccuracyofthemethodsaswellastheirmathematical
complexityandeaseofusearecompared.Finally,inviewoftoday'sinexpensiveandpowerfulcomputers,
anobviousquestionisconcernedwithwhetherfullanalysesmustalwaysbepreferredbecauseasymptotic
expansionsareobsolete.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
[1]W.T.Koiter.OntheStabilityofElasticEquilibrium.H.J.Paris,Amsterdam,1945.InDutch,alsoNASATTF10,833,(1967);
alsoAirForceFlightDynamicsLaboratory,AFFDLTR7025,(1970).
[2]W.T.KoiterandG.D.C.Kuiken.Theinteractionbetweenlocalbucklingandoverallbucklingonthebehaviourofbuiltup
columns.TechnicalReportRept.WTHD23,DelftUniversityofTechnology,
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theorytovariousfieldsofengineeringandappliedscienceispointedoutandthehistoryofthedisciplineis
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CONTENTS:
1.
Introduction ..........................................................................................................................................
..5
1.1 Buckling strength of
shells........................................................................................................................5
1.2 Working Stress
Design .............................................................................................................................5
1.3 Design applying numerical
methods.........................................................................................................6
1.4 Symbols and
Definitions...........................................................................................................................6
1.5 Buckling
modes ........................................................................................................................................8
2.
Stresses in Closed
Cylinders ...............................................................................................................10
2.1
General ...................................................................................................................................................
10
2.2
Stresses....................................................................................................................................................
10
3.
Buckling Resistance of Cylindrical
Shells...........................................................................................13
3.1 Stability
requirement................................................................................................................................13
3.2 Characteristic buckling strength of
shells ...............................................................................................13
3.3 Elastic buckling strength of unstiffened curved
panels ..........................................................................14

3.4 Elastic buckling strength of unstiffened circular

cylinders.....................................................................14
3.5 Ring stiffened
shells.................................................................................................................................15
3.6 Longitudinally stiffened
shells.................................................................................................................19
3.7 Orthogonally stiffened
shells ..................................................................................................................21
3.8 Column
buckling......................................................................................................................................21
3.9 Torsional
buckling ..................................................................................................................................23
3.10 Local buckling of longitudinal stiffeners and ring
stiffeners..................................................................24
4.
Unstiffened Conical
Shells....................................................................................................................26
4.1
Introduction..........................................................................................................................................26
4.2
Stresses
in conical
shells ......................................................................................................................26
4.3
Shell
buckling .......................................................................................................................................27

Endofthissection.

Section2:ListofmainlybooksonplatesandshellscompiledbyHans
Obrechtin2001:

hnciiezsrveurtaretLi
[1]AasJakobsen,A.:DieBerechnungderZylinderschalen[AnalysisofCylindricalShells],SpringerVerlag,
Berlin1958
[2]Ackermann,K.:TragwerkeinderkonstruktivenArchitektur,Stuttgart1988
[3]Alberti,L.B.:ZehnBcherberdieBaukunst,Darmstadt1988
[4]Alker,H.R.:MichelangeloundseineKuppelnvonSt.PeterinRom,Karlsruhe1968
[5]Angerer,F.:BauenmitTragendenFlchen[ConstructingwithSupportingSurfaces],Callwey,Mnchen
1960;EnglishtranslationbyW.Redlich,Reinhold,NY,1961
[6]Armenakas,A.E.;Gazis,D.C.;Herrmann,G.:FreeVibrationsofCircularCylindricalShells,Pergamon
Press,Oxford1969
[7]ASCE:ManualsofEng.Practice,No.31:DesignofCylindricalConcreteShellRoofs,ASCE,NewYork
1952

[8]Ashwell,D.G./Gallagher,R.H.(Herausgeber):FiniteElementsforThinShellsandCurvedMembers,J.
Wiley&Sons,NewYork1976
[9]Axelrad,E.L.:Schalentheorie[ShellTheory],B.G.Teubner,Stuttgart1983
[10]Axelrad,E.L.:TheoryofFlexibleShells,NorthHolland1987
[11]Baker,E.H.;Kovalevsky,L.;Rish,F.L.:StructuralAnalysisofShells,R.E.KriegerPubCo.,Huntington,
NY1981(reprintwithcorrectionsoftheeditionpublishedbyMcGrawHill,NY)
[12]Basar,Y.;Krtzig,W.B.:MechanikderFlchentragwerke(MachanicsofSurfaceStructures),F.Vieweg
Verlag,Braunschweig1985
[13]Bathe,K.J./Wilson,E.L.:NumericalMethodsinFiniteElementAnalysis,PrenticeHallInc.,Englewood
Cliffs1976
[14]Baumann,H.G.:SystematischesProjektierenundKonstruieren,SpringerVerlag,Berlin,Heidelberg,New
York1982
[15]Becker,E./Brger,W.:Kontinuumsmechanik,TeubnerStudienbcherMechanik(LAMM),B.G.Teubner,
Stuttgart1975
[16]Beles,A.A./Soare,V.M.:BerechnungvonSchalentragwerken,BauverlagGmbH,Wiesbaden/Berlin1972
[17]Beles,A.A./Soare,V.M.:DaselliptischeundhyperbolischeParaboloidimBauwesen,VEBVerlagfr
Bauwesen,Berlin1971
[18]Benvenuto,E.:AnIntroductionoftheHistoryofStructuralMechanics.PartII,NewYork1991
[19]Bernadou,M.;Boisserie,J.M.:TheFiniteElementMethodinThinShellTheory;ApplicationtoArch
DamSimulations,Birkhauser,Boston1982
[20]Beyer:StatikimStahlbetonbau,Berlin1933
[21]Bieger,K.W.:CircularCylindricalShellsSubjectedtoConcentratedRadialLoads:ComputationMethods
andChartsofInfluenceSurfaces,SpringerVerlag,Berlin1976
[22]Bieger,K.W.:KreiszylinderschalenunterradialenEinzellasten,SpringerVerlag,Berlin1976
[23]Biezeno,C.B.u.Grammel,R.:TechnischeDynamik,Berlin1953
[24]Billington,D.P.:ThinShellConcreteStructures,secondedition,McGrawHill,NY1982
[25]Billington,D.P.:ThinShellConcreteStructures,McGrawHill,NewYork1965
[26]Bleich,F.:BucklingStrengthofMetalStructures,McGrawHill,NewYork1952
[27]Bongard,W.:ZurTheorieundBerechnungvonSchalentagwerkeninFormgleichseitigerhyperbolischer
Paraboloide,BautechnikArchiv,H.15,W.Ernstu.Sohn,Berlin1959
[28]Born:PraktischeSchalenstatik,Berlin1960
[29]Born,J.:PraktischeSchalenstatik,Bd.IDieRotationsschalen[PracticalStructuralAnalysisofShells,
Vol.IIShellsofRevolution],WilhelmErnst&Sohn,Berlin1968
[30]Born,J.:Schalen,Faltwerke,RippenkuppelnundHngedcherinStahlbetonundSpannbeton[Shells,
FoldedPlates,StiffenedDomesandSuspensionRoofsinReinforcedConcreteandPrestressedConcrete],3
Bnde,Werner,Dsseldorf19621964
[31]Britvec,S.J.:TheStabilityofElasticSystems,PergamonPress,NewYork1973
[32]Brush,D.O.;Almroth,B.O.:BucklingofBars,PlatesandShells,McGrawHill,NewYork1975
[33]Buchert,K.P.:BucklingofShellandShellLikeStructures;forEngineers,Architects,Fabricators,
BuildersandDesigners,K.P.Buchert&Assoc.,Columbia,MO1973
[34]Bushnell,D.:ComputerizedBucklingAnalysisofShells,MartinusNijhoffPublishers,Dordrecht,The
Netherlands1985
[35]Calladine,C.R.:TheoryofShellStructures,763pp.,CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,UK1983
[36]Chatterjee,B.K.:TheoryandDesignofConcreteShells,EdwardArnold,London1971

[37]Chavan,V.K.:PracticalDesignofCylindricalShellRoofs,PopularPrakashan,Bombay1967
[38]Chronowicz,A.:TheDesignofShellsAPracticalApproach,202pp.,CrosbyLockwoodandSon,Ltd,
London1960
[39]Collatz,L.:TheNumericalTreatmentofDifferentialEquations,SpringerVerlag,Berlin/Heidelberg/New
York1966
[40]Cosserat,E.andF.:Theoriedecorpsdeformable,Hermann&Cie,Paris1909
[41]Courant,R./Hilbert,D.:MethodendermathematischenPhysik,BandII,SpringerVerlag,
Berlin/Heidelberg/NewYork1968
[42]Cowan,H.J.:TheMasterBuilders,NewYork,London,Sydney,Toronto1978
[43]Cox,H.L.:TheBucklingofPlatesandShells,PergamonPress,NY1963
[44]Cox,H.L.:Thedesignofstructuresofleastweight,PergamonVerlag,Oxford,London1965
[45]Csonka,P.:Hejszerkezetek,AkademiaiKiado,Budapest1981;Englishtranslation,TheoryandPracticeof
MembraneSells,AkademiaiKiado,Budapest1987
[46]Csonka,P.:Membranschalen[MembraneShells],BauingenieurPraxis,Heft16,W.Ernst&Sohn,
Berlin/Mnchen1966
[47]Cullen,M.S.:DerReichstag:DieGeschichteeinesMonuments,Stuttgart1990
[48]Czerwenka,G.;Schnell,W.:EinfhrungindieRechenmethodendesLeichtbaus.Bd.1(Nr.124/124a)und
Bd.2(Nr.125/125a),BIHochschultaschenbcher,Mannheim1967
[49]Desai,C.S./Abel,J.F.:IntroductiontotheFiniteElementMethod,VanNostrandReinholdCompany,New
York1972
[50]Dikmen,M.:TheoryofThinElasticShells,PitmanAdvancedPubProgram,Boston1982
[51]Dischinger,F.:HandbuchfrEisenbetonbau,Bd.6,Kap.2:SchalenundRippenkuppeln.4.Auflage,
VerlagW.ErnstundSohn,Berlin1928
[52]Dishinger,F.:SchalenundRippenkuppeln,inVol.12ofHandbuchfrEisenbeton(ShellsandStiffened
Domes,inVol.12ofHandbookofReinforcedConcrete),VerlagWilhelm&Sohn,Berlin1928
[53]Donnell,L.H.:Beams,PlatesandShells,453pp.,McGrawHillBookCompany,NewYork1976
[54]Dowell,E.H.:AeroelasticityofPlatesandShells,139pp.,NoordhoffInternationalPubl,Leyden,The
Netherlands1974
[55]Dreyer,H.J.:Leichtbaustatik,TeubnerVerlag,Stuttgart1982
[56]Duddeck,H.undNiemann,H.:KreiszylindrischeBehlter[CylindricalContainers],VerlagW.Ernst&
Sohn,Berlin1976
[57]Dundrov,V.;Kovarik,V.;_`lapk,P.:BiegungstheoriederSandwichPlatten,SpringerVerlag,Berlin,
Heidelberg,NewYork1970
[58]Duschek,A.;Hochrainer,A.:GrundzgederTensorrechnunginanalytischerDarstellung,3Bnde,
SpringerVerlag,Wien1955
[59]Dym,C.L.:IntoductiontotheTheoryofShells,159pp.,PergamonPress,Oxford1974
[60]Eckstrm:StudienberdnneSchalenvonrotationssymmetrischerFormundBelastungmitkonstanter
odervernderlicherWandstrke,Stockholm1933
[61]Egli,E.:Sinan,derBaumeisterOsmanischerGlanzzeit,Stuttgart,Erlenbach1954
[62]Eschenauer,H.;Schnell,W.:Elastizittstheorie,Bibl.Inst.,Mannheim,Wien,Zrich1984
[63]Esslinger,M.:StatischeBerechnungvonKesselbden[StaticAnalysisofHeadsforPressureVessels],
SpringerVerlag,Berlin1952
[64]Faber,C.:Candela,TheShellBuilder,Reinhold,NY1963
[65]Falk,S.:TechnischeMechanik.Bd.3,SpringerVerlag,BerlinHeidelberg1968

[66]Fink,J.:DieKuppelberdemViereck,Freiburg,Mnchen1958
[67]Fischer,L.:TheorieundPraxisderSchalenkonstuktionen,W.Ernst,Berlin1967;Englishtranslation,
TheoryandPracticeofShellStructures,Ernst&Sohn,Berlin1968
[68]Flgge,W.:DiestrengeBerechnungvonKreisplattenunterEinzellasten,Berlin1928
[69]Flgge,W.:StatikundDynamikderSchalen,Berlin1934,1957
[70]Flgge,W.:StatikundDynamikderSchalen,SpringerVerlag,Berlin,Heidelberg,NewYork1981
[71]Flgge,W.:StatikundDynamikderSchalen.3.,neubearbeiteteAuflage,SpringerVerlag,Berlin1962
[72]Flgge,W.:StressesinShells,SpringerVerlag,1962
[73]Flgge,W.:TensorAnalysisandContinuumMechanics,SpringerVerlag,Berlin1972
[74]Flgge,W.A.:StressesinShells,secondedition,525pp.,SpringerVerlag,Berlin1973
[75]Fppl,A.u.Fppl,L.:DrangundZwang,Mnchen,Berlin1941
[76]Forchheimer,G.:EbeneundgekrmmteBehlterbden,Berlin1931
[77]Frishman,M.;Khan,H.U.:DieMoscheenderWelt,Frankfurt,NewYork1995
[78]Fung,Y.C.:FoundationsofSolidMechanics,PrenticeHallInc.,EnglewoodCliff/NewJersey1965
[79]Gallagher,R.H.:FiniteElementAnalysis,Fundamentals,PrenticeHallInc.,EnglewoodCliffs1975
[80]Gallagher,R.H.:FiniteElementAnalysis,Grundlagen.AusdemEnglischenbertragenvonK.Hutter,
SpringerVerlag,Berlin1976
[81]Geckeler,J.:HandbuchderPhysik,Bd.6,Kap.3:Elastostatik,SpringerVerlag,Berlin1928
[82]Gibson,J.E.:LinearElasticTheoryofThinShells,182pp.,PergamonPress,NY1965
[83]Gibson,J.E.:TheDesignofShellRoofs,thirdedition,Spon,London1968
[84]Gibson,J.E.:ThinShells:ComputingandTheory,PergamonPress,Oxford1980
[85]Gill,S.S.(ed):TheStressAnalysisofPressureVesselsandPressureVesselComponents,(International
SeriesofMonographsinMechanicalEngineering,Vol.3),PergamonPress,Oxford1970
[86]Girkmann,K.:Flchentragwerke,SpringerVerlag,Berlin,Heidelberg,NewYork1974
[87]Girkmann,K.:Flchentragwerke[SurfaceStructures],sixthedition,Springer,Wien1986
[88]Girkmann,K.:Flchentragwerke.6.Auflage,SpingerVerlag,Wien1963
[89]Girkmann,K.:StatikderFlchentragwerke,Wien1954
[90]Gould,P.L.:AnalysisofShellsandPlates,SpringerVerlag,NewYork1988
[91]Gould,P.L.:FiniteElementAnalysisofShellsofRevolution,Pitman,Marshfield,MA1985
[92]Gould,P.L.:StaticAnalysisofShells:AUnifiedDevelopmentofSurfaceStructures,401pp.,Lexington
Books,DCHealthandCo,Lexington,MA1977
[93]Grfe,R.(Hrsg.):ZurGeschichtedesKonstruierens,Stuttgart1989
[94]Gravina,P.B.J.:TheorieundBerechnungderRotationsschalen[TheoryandAnalysisofShellsof
Revolution],SpringerVerlag,Berlin/Gttingen/Heidelberg1961
[95]Green,A.E.u.Zerna,W.:TheoreticalElasticity,Oxford1954
[96]Green,A.E./Zerna,W.:TheoreticalElasticity.2ndEdition,AttheClarendonPress,Oxford1968
[97]Haas,A.M.:DesignofThinConcreteShells.Bd.1,PositiveCurvatureIndex1962;Bd.2,Negative
CurvatureIndex1967,JohnWiley&Sons,NewYork/London
[98]Hahn,L.:VoilesmincesReglesVoilesCylindriques,Coniques,ConoidesetConoidaux,192pp.,Eyrolles,
Paris1966
[99]Hampe,E.:Flssigkeitsbehlter[LiquidStorageTanks],VerlagWilhelmErnst&Sohn,BerlinVol.1,
1980;Vol.2,1982
[100]Hampe,E.:Khltrme[CoolingTowers],VEBVerlagfrdasBauwesen,Berlin1975
[101]Hampe,E.:RotationssymmetrischeFlchentragwerke[SurfaceStructuresofRevolution],WilhelmErnst

&Sohn,Berlin1981
[102]Hampe,E.:StatikRotationssymmetrischerFlchentragwerke[StaticsofSurfaceStructuresof
Revolution],Vols15,VEBVerlagfrdasBauwesen,Berlin19631973
[103]Hampe,E.;Bttner,O.:BauwerkTragwerkTragstruktur,Band2,Berlin1985
[104]Hart,F.:KunstundTechnikderWlburg,Mnchen1965
[105]Hemp,W.S.:Optimumstructures,Clarendon,Oxford1973
[106]Hertel,H.:ErmdungsfestigkeitderKonstruktion,SpringerVerlag,Berlin,Heidelberg,NewYork1969
[107]Hertel,H.:Leichtbau,SpringerVerlag,Berlin,Gttingen,Heidelberg1960(Reprint1980)
[108]Heyman,J.:Coulomb'sMemoirsonStatics,Cambridge1972
[109]Heyman,J.:EquilibriumofShellStructures,ClarendonPress,Oxford1977
[110]Hinton,E.(ed):NumericalMethodsandSoftwareforDynamicAnalysisofPlatesandShells,Pineridge
Press,Swansea,UK1987
[111]Hinton,E.andOwen,D.R.J.(eds):FiniteElementSoftwareforPlatesandShells,PineridgePress,
Swansea,UK1984
[112]Hodge,P.G.:LimitAnalysisofRotationallySymmetricPlatesandShells,147pp.,PrenticeHall,
EnglewoodCliffs,NJ1963
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Lancaster,PA1986
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ElementTechnology;Vol.2:FormulationsandAlgorithms,PineridgePress,Swansea,UK1986
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Struct.,Madrid1979
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London1947
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Inc,Stroudsburg,PA1976
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Technik,Berlin1956
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SpaceFrames,(editedbyK.Heki),Amsterdam,Oxford,NewYork,Tokyo1986
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[133]Koepf,H.:StrukturundForm,Stuttgart1979
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ShellArchesandBeams],AkademiaiKiado,Budapest1973;GermanTranslationpublishedbyVerlagWilhelm
Ernst&Sohn,Berlin
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EnglishtranslationbyErvinGalantay,secondeditionF.W.DodgeCorp,NY,1961
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Rotter.J.M.,2007Recentadvancesinthephilosophyofthepracticaldesignofshellstructures,implementedin
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Section3:SomeoftheReviewArticlesinAppliedMechanicsReviews
orElsewhere
Schleicher,F.,Stabilityproblemsofplatestructures.SurveyandOutlook,Bauing.,Vol.15,1934,S.205
(Containssmalltabulaofoptimumstiffnessforstiffeners.)
N.J.Hoff,Asurveyofthetheoriesofcreepbuckling,AFOSRTN60382;SUDAER80,June1,1958
ABSTRACT:Asurveyispresentedofthetheoriesofbucklingofstructuralelementswhosematerialissubject
tocreepdeformations.Twofundamentallydifferentapproachestothesolutionofthebucklingproblemare
discussed.Inone,thestructuralelementisassumedtobeperfectandperfectlycenteredundertheloadeand
bucklingisinitiatedbyadisturbanceintheconfiguration.Inthesecond,thecreepdeformationsbeginin
consequenceofthedeviationoftheunloadedcenterlineormedianplaneofthestructuralelemefromthelineof
loadapplication.Inbothcasestheelemehasafinitelifetime.Acriticaltimeofcreepbucklingisdefined
beyondwhichtheelementcannotbeusedtocarrytheprescribedloads.
W.A.Nash,RecentAdvancesintheBucklingofThinShells,AppliedMechanicsReviewsVol.13,No.3,
March1960,pp.161164
Lee,G.C.,Asurveyofliteratureonthelateralinstabilityofbeams,WeldingResearchCouncilBulletin
No.63,August1960
Lu,LeWu,Asurveyofliteratureonthestabilityofframes,WeldingResearchCouncilBulletinNo.81,
September1962
Z.Hashin,Theoryofmechanicalbehaviorofheterogeneousmedia,AppliedMechanicsReviews,Vol.17,
1964,pp.19
Z.Hashin(DepartmentofSolidMechanics,MaterialsandStructures,TelAvivUniversity,TelAviv,Israel),
Analysisofcompositematerialsasurvey,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.50,September1983,pp.
481505(177references)
ABSTRACT: The purpose of the present survey is to review the analysis of composite
materials from the applied mechanics and engineering science point of view. The
subjects under consideration will be analysis of the following properties of various kinds
of composite materials: elasticity, thermal expansion, moisture swelling, viscoelasticity,
conductivity (which includes, by mathematical analogy, dielectrics, magnetics, and
diffusion), static strength, and fatigue failure.
Budiansky, B. and Hutchinson, J.W., A survey of some buckling problems, AIAA J.,
Vol. 4, pp. 1505-1510, 1966.

R.E. Jones and D.R. Strome, A survey of the analysis of shells by the
displacement method, Proceeding of Conference on Matrix Methods in Structural
Mechanics, AFFDL-TR-66-80, Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboraatory, Wright-Patterson Air
Force Base, Ohio, 1966
Stein,M.(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,U.S.A.),Somerecentadvancesinthe
investigationofshellbuckling,AIAAJournal,vol.6,No.12,December1968,pp.23392345,doi:
10.2514/3.4992
ABSTRACT:Asurveyispresentedwhichincludesthebucklingofshellsunderloadsforwhichtheshellis
sensitivetoinitialimperfections.Resultsforsuchcasesshowthatimprovementsinexperimentandtheoryhave
producedpreviouslyunobtainableagreement.Thenecessityofthecorrect(andconsistent)theoretical
specificationofboundarycondtionsisthendemonstrated.Recentstiffenedcylinderresultsaresurveyedto
exposethelargeeffectsonthebucklingstrengthofinternalorexternalstiffening,axialloadappliedeccentricto
thewallneutralsurface,andtheadditionofsmallmeridionalcurvature.
ManuelStein(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,U.S.A.),Designproblemsofshell
structuresandtheimpactofthecomputeronshellanalysis,Computers&Structures,Vol.2,Nos.12,
February1972,pp.3145,doi:10.1016/00457949(72)900211
ABSTRACT:Abriefdescriptionoftheessentialnatureofshelltheoryandtheshellequationsisfollowedbya
survey,withexamples,ofthetypesofshellproblemsthatareofimportantconcerntothestructuraldesigner
and,therefore,ofinteresttotheshellanalyst.Theprincipalapproachestotheshellproblemsolutionare
outlinedandsomeoftheimportanteffectsthatthecomputerhashadonshellanalysisandtheanalystare
discussed.Deficienciesinshelltechnology,requiringadditionalresearch,areindicated.
GeraldA.Wempner,J.TinsleyOdenandDennisA.Kross,Finiteelementanalysisofthinshells,ASCEJ.
Eng.Mech.Div.,Vol.94,No.EM6,December1968,pp.12731294
G.A.Wempner,Finiteelements,finiterotationsandsmallstrainsofflexibleshells,Int.JournalofSolids
andStructures,Vol5,1969,pp.117153
ABSTRACT:Theconceptoffiniteelementsfortheanalysisofshellsisdevelopedherewithseveralimportant
advances.Firstly,theKirchhofftheoryofshellsisrefinedtoincludeatransversesheardeformation.Therefined
theoryadmitssimplerapproximatingfunctionswhilepreservingcontinuityattheintersectionsofelements.
Secondly,themotionoftheelementisdecomposedintoarigidbodymotionfollowedbyadeformation.The
decompositionservestoextendexistingformulationsforlinearlyelasticelementstoproblemsinvolvingfinite
rotationsandbuckling.Thirdly,theLagrangeequationsareintroducedtoderivetheequationsofthediscrete
system.Themethodyieldstheconsistentinertialtermsforanymannerofmotion,oscillatoryortransient.
Finally,thesimplestapproximatingpolynomialsareintroducedinthecontextofthesheardeformationtheory.
FurthersimplificationisachievedbytheintroductionofconstraintsanalogoustotheKirchhoffhypothesisof
thecontinuumtheory.Theconstraintsprovidearationalbasisforneglectingthecontributionoftransverseshear
inthestrainenergy.TheresultingapproximationconvergesrapidlytotheKirchhofftheoryforexamplescited.

Wempner,Gerald.MechanicsandFiniteElementsofShells,AppliedMechanicsReviews,42:No.5,
pp.129142,(May1989).
GeraldA.Wempner(SchoolofCivilEngineering,GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology,Atlanta,GA30332,USA),
Shells:Mechanicsandapproximationlinearandnonlinearaspects,inComputationalmechanicsin
structuralengineering:recentdevelopmentsandfuturetrends,editedbyFranklinY.ChengandFuZizhi,1992,
ElsevierSciencePublishersLtd,ISBN1851668675
ABSTRACT:Thefollowingpaperfocusesonthespecialattributesofshells,variousmechanicalpeculiarities
andrelatedproblems.Thepresentationaddressestheoriesandapproximationswhichareapplicabletothinand
thickshells,geometricalnonlinearitiesandinelasticdeformations.Attentionisgiventotheoriginsofparticular
phenomena,toviewpointsandmethodswhichappealtobasicconceptsofmechanics.
J.W.HutchinsonandW.T.Koiter,PostbucklingTheory,AppliedMechanicsReviews,1970,pp.1353
1366(215references)
CarlosA.Felippa(1)andRayW.Clough(2)
(1)TheBoeingCo.,Renton,Washington
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,California,USA
Thefiniteelementmethodinsolidmechanics,inNumericalsolutionoffieldproblemsincontinuum
physics,SIAMAMSProceedings,Vol.II,1970,SocietyforIndustrialandAppliedMathematica,
ISBN0821813218
INTRODUCTION:Thefiniteelementmethod(FEM)isanumericaldiscrtizationprocedurewhichpermitsthe
analysisofcomplexboundaryvalueproblemsbyanextensionofthetechniquesoriginallyusedinthestructural
analysisofordinaryframedsystems.Themethodhasbeenextensivelyusedinthefieldofstructuralmechanics,
especiallybytheaircraftindustry,butithasrecentlybeenappliedtoawiderangeofnonstructuralproblems.
TheinitialdevelopmentoftheFEMinthefieldofstructuralmechanicscanbetracedbacktoefforts,inthe
early1950s,toformulateasatisfactorynumericalprocedureforthestressanalysisofairplanewingpanels[1].
Thenameofthemethodwasintroducedin[2],whichwasconcernedwithmoregeneralcivilengineering
applications.Twoparalleldevelopmentswereresponsibleforthewidespreadacceptanceofthemethod:
(a)Theformulationofthematrixtransformationtheoryofstructures[3,4],whichprovidedaveryefficientand
elegantmeansforsimplifyingthenotationandorganizeingthecomputations.
(b)Theintroductionofhighspeeddigitalcomputers.
ThepurposeofthispaperistodescribethemathematicalfoundationsoftheFEMandtopresentabrief
summaryoftechniquesforitspracticalapplication.Inaddition,resultsofafewspecificFEManalysesare
presentedwhichdemonstrateitsversatilityandaccuracy,andalsothebasicstepsinaFEMcomputerprogram
arelistedanddiscussed.Aratherextensivelisteofreferencesisincludedattheendofthepaperinorderto
makeavailablethewideandvariedbodyofliteraturewhichalreadyhasbeenpublishedonthisrathernew
analyticaltechnique.

RichardF.Hartung(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,PaloAlto,California,USA),Anassessmentof
currentcapabilityforcomputeranalysisofshellstructures,Computers&Structures,Vol.1,Nos.12,
August1971,pp.332,doi:10.1016/00457949(71)900034
ABSTRACT:Thispapercontainsanassessmentofcurrentshellanalysiscapability.Theassessmentisbasedon
workconductedattheLockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratoryundercontracttotheAirForceFlight
DynamicsLaboratory.Inadditiontosurveyingtheopenliterature,informationforthestudywasgathered
duringaseriesofvisitsmadetoorganisationsthroughouttheUnitedStatesatwhichthereisanactiveshell
analysisresearcheffort.Morethan40industrialconcerns,governmentagenciesanduniversitieshavebeen
visitedtodate.Duringeachvisit,technicalpersonnelworkingintheareaofshellanalysiswereinterviewedto
determinethescopeoftheirpresentanalysiscapability,tolearnofcurrentresearchactivitiesandtodiscuss
computermethodsofshellanalysisingeneral.
SewellM.J.,Asurveyofplasticbucklinginstability,(edH.Leipholz)Univ.ofWaterlooPress.pp.85
197,(1972).
Masur,E.F.,BucklingofShellsGeneralIntroductionandReview,Paper2000presentedatASCE
NationalStructuralEngineeringMeeting,SanFrancisco,April913,1973
RichardH.Gallagher(StructuralEngineeringDepartment,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NewYork14850,
U.S.A.),Thefiniteelementmethodinshellstabilityanalysis,Computers&Structures,Vol.3,No.3,May
1973,pp.543557,doi:10.1016/00457949(73)900965
ABSTRACT:Adevelopmentofthefiniteelementmethodforthinshellinstabilityanalysisispresented,
coveringthreeprincipalaspects:
1.representationofshellgeometry
2.representationofelementbehavior
3.algorithmictoolsforsolutionofthelargeordersystemsofnonlinearalgebraicequationswhichcharacterize
variousphasesofshellinstability.
Twoshellelementsaredescribed,anarbitraryquadrilateralandatriangle,andnumericalresultsarepresented
fortwowidelyemployedcomparisonproblemsforlinear(stable)analysis.Twoshellproblemswhichinclude
instabilityeffectsarealsosolved.
R.J.Melosh(VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,Blacksburg,Virginia24061,USA),Astatus
reportoncomputationaltechniquesforfiniteelementanalyses,NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.27,
No.2,May1974,pp.274285,SpecialIssue:PapersPresentedattheConference,
doi:10.1016/00295493(74)901150
ABSTRACT:Fifteenyearsofresearch,development,andapplicationofthefiniteelementconcept,primarilyto
structuralanalysis,hasyieldedahostoftechniquesforcomputerimplementation.Theimportanceofusing
thesetechniquesisshownbyanestimatedreductionintotalcomputercostsbyafactorof20overnotusing
them.Thispaperdescribesthetechniqueswhichplayanimportantroleincurrentlyavailablecomputer
software.Itindicatesresearchworkintheengineeringliteraturewhichcanbeexpectedtostimulate
developmentofnewtechniquesinthenextdecade.Itconcludesthatthethrustforbettertechniqueswillbe

providedbytheexpandingneedforsoftwareinnewerapplicationssuchasnuclearfusion,fracturemechanics,
bioengineeringsimulations,andvehiclecrashes.Newtechniqueswillyieldcomputersoftwarewhichmore
highlyautomatesfiniteelementuse,willmoreefficientlysolvelargesetsofequations,andwhichwillbe
engineeringdisciplinetransportable.
DavidBushnell(LockheedMissilesandSpaceCompany,PaloAlto,CaliforniaUSA),Thinshells.In
Programs,Surveys,Assessments,andAvailability,editedbyWalterPilkeyandNicholasPerrone,Universityof
VirginiaPress,1974
R.C.Tennyson(UniversityofTorontoInstituteforAerospaceStudies,Toronto,Canada),Bucklingof
laminatedcompositecylinders:areview,Composites,Vol.6,No.1,January1975,pp.1724,
doi:10.1016/00104361(75)903742
ABSTRACT:Abriefreviewoftheavailablestaticbucklingtheoryforbothgeometricallyperfectand
imperfectanisotropiccompositecircularcylindersispresentedforvariousloadingconfigurations.For
comparisonpurposes,relevantexperimentaldataarediscussed,includingrecentcombinedloadingtestresults
andrecommendationsaremadeconcerningthedesignofcompositecylinders.
Schmidt,R.andD.A.DaDeppo.ASurveyofLiteratureonLargeDeflectionsofNonShallowArches,
JournalofIndustrialMath.Soc,Vol.42,1975
E.L.Jeter(AirForceRocketPropulsionLab,EdwardsAFB,California,USA),StructuralComputerCode
Evaluation.VolumeI,FinalReport,July1975August1976,AFRPLTR7668,November1976
DTICAccessionNo.ADA034186,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA034186
ABSTRACT:Thisreportsummarizesthefirstphaseofastudyofnonlinearstructuralanalysiscomputercodes
forrocketnozzlestressanalysis.Abriefsummaryofnonlinearstructuralmechanicsisgiven,alongwitha
discussionoffeaturesdesiredforrocketnozzlethermomechanicalstressanalysis.Severalcomputercodesare
evaluated,andfourcodesareselectedforfurtherstudyinasubsequentphaseofthiswork.Twooftheselected
codesemployedlinearelasticmaterialbehavior,whiletheremainingcodesemployedfullynonlinearbehavior.
ThecodesselectedforthisstudywereSAASIII,TEXGAP,NONSAP,andNEPSAP.Itshouldbenotedthat
noneofthecodesselectedforthisstudycontainedallofthefeaturesdesiredforstructuralanalysisofmodern
rocketnozzles;however,itisanticipatedthatfutureversionsofthesecodeswillcontainthedesiredfeatures.
V.Svalbonas(EngineeringDepartment,TheFranklinInstituteResearchLaboratories,Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania19103,USA),Transientdynamicandinelasticanalysisofshellsofrevolutionasurveyof
programs,NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.37,No.1,April1976,pp.7393,
doi:10.1016/00295493(76)900546
ABSTRACT:Advancesinthelimitsofstructuraluseintheareospaceandnuclearpowerindustriesoverthe
pastyearshaveincreasedtherequirementsupontheapplicableanalyticalcomputerprogramstoinclude
accuratecapabilitiesforinelasticandtransientdynamicanalyses.Inmanyminds,however,thisadvanced
capabilityisunequivocallylinkedwiththelargescale,generalpurpose,finiteelementprograms.Thisideais
alsocombinedwiththeviewthatsuchanalysesarethereforeprohibitivelyexpensiveandshouldberelegatedto
thelastresortclassification.Whilethis,inthegeneralsense,mayindeedbethecase,iftheuserneedsonlyto
analyzestructuresfallingintolimitedcategories,however,hemayfindthatavarietyofsmallerspecialpurpose

programsareavailablewhichdonotputanunduestrainuponhisresources.Onesuchstructuralcategoryis
shellsofrevolution.Thissurveyofprogramswillconcentrateupontheanalyticaltoolswhichhavebeen
developedpredominantlyforshellsofrevolution.Thesurveywillbesubdividedintothreeparts:(a)
considerationofprogramsfortransientdynamicanalysis;(b)considerationofprogramsforinelasticanalysis
andfinally;(c)considerationofprogramscapableofdynamicplasticityanalysis.Ineachpart,programsbased
uponfinitedifference,finiteelement,andnumericalintegrationmethodswillbeconsidered.Theprogramswill
becomparedonthebasisofanalyticalcapabilities,andeaseofidealizationanduse.Ineachpartofthesurvey
sampleproblemswillbeutilizedtoexemplifythestateoftheart.
TedBelytschko(UniversityofIllinoisatChicagoDepartmentofMaterialsEngineeringChicago,Illinois60680,
USA),Asurveyofnumericalmethodsandcomputerprogramsfordynamicstructuralanalysis,
NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.37,No.1,April1976,pp.2334,doi:10.1016/00295493(76)900509
ABSTRACT:Thesafetyanalysisofnuclearreactorsofteninvolvesthesolutionofnonlinear,transient
structurecontinuumproblems.Manygeneralpurposeandspecialpurposeprogramsareavailableforthisclass
ofproblems.Themethodsofintegrationfoundintheseprogramsaredescribed,particularlyfromtheviewpoint
ofcomputationalefficiencyforthevariousclassesofproblemsthatarefoundinreactorsafetyanalysis.The
methodsoftimeintegration,intheusualmanner,aresubdividedintotwocategories:explicitandimplicit.
Thesemethodsaresummarizedalongwiththeiradvantagesanddisadvantagesandsomerecentresultsontheir
stabilityandaccuracy.Customarypracticeintheuseofthesemethodsisoutlined.Theprogramsusedinreactor
structuralsafetyanalysisaresurveyedandtheirsalientfeaturestabulated.
TedBelytschko(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,TheTechnologicalInstitute,NorthwesternUniversity,
Evanston,IL60201,U.S.A.),Fluidstructureinteraction,Computers&Structures,Vol.12,No.4,October
1980,pp.459469,doi:10.1016/00457949(80)901212
ABSTRACT:Computationalmethodsforfluidstructureanalysisaresurveyed.Emphasisisplacedonsemi
discretizationmethods,suchasfiniteelementandfinitedifferencemethods.Appropriatemeshdescriptionsand
timeintegrationproceduresforvariousclassesofproblemsarediscussed.Theneedformeshpartitions,where
thefluidandstructureareintegratedbydifferentmethods,isindicated,andthreetypesofmeshpartitionsare
discussed:explicitimplicit(EI),implicitimplicit(II),andexplicitwithdifferenttimesteps(EmE).Some
examplesarepresentedtoillustratetheapplicabilityofvariousmethods.
JamesA.StricklinandWalterE.Haisler(AerospaceEngineeringDepartment,TexasA&MUniversity,College
Station,TX77843,U.S.A.),Formulationsandsolutionproceduresfornonlinearstructuralanalysis,
Computers&Structures,Vol.7,No.1,February1977,pp.125136,doi:10.1016/00457949(77)900670
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsasurveyoftheformulationsandsolutionproceduresfornonlinearstaticand
dynamicstructuralanalysis.Theformulationscoveredincludethepseudoforcemethod,thetotalLagrangian
method,theupdatedLagrangianmethod,andtheconvectedcoordinatemethod.Therelationshipofeach
principletothebasicprincipleofvirtualworkispresented.Forstaticanalysis,thesolutionbydirect
minimizationofthetotalpotential,NewtonRaphsonandmodifiedNewtonRaphson,andthefirstandsecond
orderselfcorrectingmethodarereviewedandputinproperperspective.Itisconcludedthatthemostefficient
methodsforstaticproblemsarethemodifiedNewtonRaphsonandthefirstorderselfcorrectingmethods.For

dynamicnonlinearanalysis,anewmethodbasedonmodalanalysisusingthepseudoforcemethodispresented.
Numericalresultsforthehighlynonlineardynamicresponseofashallowcap(lambda=6)underasteploadat
theapexshowsthemethodtobe5timesfasterthantheHouboltsolutionprocedure.Othermethodssurveyed
includetheNewmarkbetamethod,theWilsonmethod,centraldifferences,andthestifflystablesolution
procedureofPark.
P.G.Bergan,G.Horrigmoe,B.BrkelandandT.H.Sreide(TheNorwegianInstituteofTechnology,The
UniversityofTrondheim,Norway),Solutiontechniquesfornonlinearfiniteelementproblems,
InternationalJournalforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.12,No.11,1978,pp.16771696,
doi:10.1002/nme.1620121106
ABSTRACT:Thepaperpresentsaclassificationofmathematicalcommonlyencounteredinconnectionwith
solutionofnonlinearfiniteelementproblems.Theprincipalmethodsfornumericalsolutionofthenonlinear
equationsaresurveyedanddiscussed.Specialemphasisisplaceduponthedescriptionofanautomaticload
incrementationprocedurewithequilibriumiterations.Itisshownhowthisalgorithmcanbeadaptedforsolving
problemsinvolvinginstabilities,snapthroughandsnapback.Asimplescalarquantitydenotedthecurrent
stiffnessparameterissuggested;thisparameterisusedtocharacterizetheoverallbehaviourofnonlinear
problems.Itcanalsobeusedasasteeringparameterinthesolutionprocess.Theuseofthepresenttechniqueis
illustratedbyseveralexamples.
H.Armen(ResearchDepartment,GurmmanAerospaceCorporation,Bethpage,NY11714,U.S.A),
Assumptions,models,andcomputationalmethodsforplasticity,Computers&Structures,Vol.10,Nos.
12,April1979,pp.161174,doi:10.1016/00457949(79)900841
ABSTRACT:Onthebasisofasurveyconductedin1974[1]ontheavailabilityandcapabilityofgeneral
purposeprogramsforplasticanalysis,itissafetoassumethattherearenowavastbodyofusersofsuch
programs.Theobjectiveofthispaperistofamiliarizetheseuserswiththeassumptionsandmodelsgenerally
employedindescribingnonlinearmaterialbehavior.Thetreatmentofplasticitywithinstaticanddynamic
structuralanalysisisbrieflyreviewedwiththediscussionfocusedonsomerecenttheoreticalandcomputational
advances.Somepropheticcommentsaregiventhatareconcernedwiththefuturedirectionofexisting
capabilitiesandproblemareasthatwillbenefitfromtheirextensions.
Newman,J.C.,Jr.,AReviewandAssessmentoftheStressIntensityFactorsforSurfaceCracks,Part
ThroughCrackFatigueLifePrediction,ASTMSTP687,J.B.Chang,ed.,AmericanSocietyforTestingand
Materials,Philadelphia,PA,1979,pp.1642.
Parisch,H.,ACriticalSurveyofthe9NodeDegeneratedShellElementwithSpecialEmphasisonThin
ShellApplicationandReducedIntegration,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,
Vol.20,1979,pp.323350
Leissa,A.W.,PlateVibrationResearch,19761980:ClassicalTheory,TheShockandVibrationDigest,
vol.13,No.9,pp.1122(Sept.,1981).
Leissa,A.W.,PlateVibrationResearch,19761980:ComplicatingEffects,TheShockandVibration

Digest,vol.13,No.10,pp.1936(Oct.,1981).
Leissa,A.W.,AdvancesandTrendsinPlateBucklingResearch,presentedattheSymposiumfor
AdvancesandTrendsinSolidandStructuralMechanics,Washington,DC,October,1982,publishedin
"ResearchinStructuralandSolidMechanics1982,"NASACP2245,editedbyJ.M.HousnerandA.K.Noor,
441pp.(1982).
Leissa,A.W.,AnInterpretiveStudyofPlateandShellBuckling,OhioStateUniversityResearch
Foundation,Columbus,10June1983,AccessionNumber:ADA140487,Handle/proxyUrl:
http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA140487
ABSTRACT:Theobjectiveoftheproposedresearchwastosearchtheliteratureandlocateallinformation
relevanttoplateandshellbuckling;tocollecttherelevantjournalarticles,books,reports,theses,conference
proceedingpapers;todigest,summarize,organizeandintegratetheusefulknowledgefoundandtomake
interpretativeassessments;todetermineproblemswherefurtherresearchisneeded;toproduceatyped
manuscriptandinkdrawingssuitableforpublishingasetofmonographs;toclarifyandunifythefieldsofplate
andshellbuckling.
Leissa,A.W.,Areviewoflaminatescompositeplatebuckling.Appl.Mech.Rev.,Vol.40,1987,pp.
575591.
D.Bushnell,BucklingofShellsPitfallforDesigners,AIAAJournal,Vol.19,No.9,pp.11831226,
September1981
PARTIALINTRODUCTION:Inordertoproduceefficient,reliabledesigns&toavoidunexpectedcatastrophic
failureofstructuresofwhichthinshellsareimportantcomponents,theengineermustunderstandthephysicsof
shellbuckling.Theobjectiveofthissurveyistoconveytothereaderafeelforshellbuckling,whetheritbe
duetononlinearcollapse,bifurcationbuckling,oracombinationofthesemodes.
(listofreferencesisgivenbelow,attheendofthesection,Earlyworks.
DavidBushnell(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,3251HanoverSt.,PaloAlto,CA94304,U.S.A.),
Plasticbucklingofvariousshells,J.PressureVesselTechnol.,Vol.104,No.2,May1982,p51(22pages)
doi:10.1115/1.3264190
ABSTRACT:Thephenomenonofplasticbucklingisfirstillustratedbythebehaviorofafairlythickcylindrical
shell,whichunderaxialcompressiondeformsatfirstaxisymmetricallyandlaternonaxisymmetrically.Plastic
bucklingencompassestwomodesofbehavior,nonlinearcollapseatthemaximumpointinaloadversus
deflectioncurveandbifurcationbuckling.Accuratepredictionofcriticalloadscorrespondingtoeithermodein
theplasticrangerequiresasimultaneousaccountingformoderatelylargedeflectionsandnonlinear,irreversible,
pathdependentmaterialbehavior.Athumbnailsurveyisgivenofplasticbucklingwhichspansthreeareas:
asymptoticanalysisofpostbifurcationbehaviorofperfectandimperfectsimplestructures,generalnonlinear
analysisofarbitrarystructures,andnonlinearanalysisforcollapseandbifurcationbucklingofshellsandbodies
ofrevolution.Comparisonsbetweentestandtheoryarepresentedforelasticplasticbucklingofaxially
compressedunstiffenedandringstiffenedcylindricalshells,internallypressurizedtorisphericalandellipsoidal
pressurevesselheads,andpipesundercombinedexternalpressureandbending.Theeffectonbucklingof
fabricationprocessessuchascoldformingandweldingisdiscussedforthecaseofringstiffenedcylindrical
shells.Twoexamplesaregivenofrathercomplexshellstructuresinwhichconsiderationsofplasticbuckling

affectthedesign.
D.BushnellandE.Meller(LockheedAppliedMechanicsLaboratory,PaloAlto,Calif.94304),ElasticPlastic
CollapseofAxiallyCompressedCylindricalShells:ABriefSurveyWithParticularApplicationtoRing
StiffenedCylindricalShellsWithReinforcedOpenings(SurveyPaper),J.PressureVesselTechnology,
Vol.106,No.1,February1984,pp.216,doi:10.1115/1.3264305
ABSTRACT:Abriefsurveyofplasticbucklingofaxiallycompressedcylindricalshellsisgiven.Resultsof
nonlinearfiniteelementanalysesofseveralaxiallycompressed,ringstiffened,steel,cylindricalshellsare
presented,includingcomparisonswithtestsconductedatChicagoBridgeandIronCo.andattheLosAlamos
NationalLaboratory(LANL).SomeoftheLANLspecimenswithradiustothicknessratioofabout450have
reinforcedcircularopeningsthatcutacrossvariousnumbersofringstiffeners.Thesecylindricalshellsare
loadedbyenforcedaxialdisplacementappliedtothickaluminumendplateshalfwaybetweentheaxisof
revolutionandtheshellwall.Measuredimperfectionsareincludedintheanalysisofoneringstiffened
specimenwithoutanycutout.Inclusionoftheimperfectionfieldreducesthepredictedcollapseloadbyonly
eightpercent.Reinforcedopeningsthatcutoneortwoorthreeringsreducethecollapseloadby14,21and22
percent,respectively.AgreementbetweentestandtheoryforthenonuniformlycompressedLANLspecimensis
within14percent,evenwithinitialimperfectionsneglectedintheanalysis.
DavidBushnell(AppliedMechanicsLaboratory,LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,PaloAlto,CA
94304,U.S.A.),Staticcollapse:Asurveyofmethodsandmodesofbehavior,FiniteElementsinAnalysis
andDesign,Vol.1,No.2,August1985,pp.165205,doi:10.1016/0168874X(85)900265
ABSTRACT:Thephenomenonofstaticcollapse,henceforthcalledbuckling,isfirstillustratedbythe
behaviorofafairlythickcylindricalshell,whichunderaxialcompressiondeformsatfirstaxisymmetricallyand
laternonaxisymmetrically.Thus,staticbucklingencompassestwomodesofbehavior,nonlinearcollapseatthe
maximumpointinaloadversusdeflectioncurveandbifurcationbuckling.Accuratepredictionofcriticalloads
correspondingtoeithermodeintheplasticrangeofmaterialbehaviorrequiresasimultaneousaccountingfor
moderatelylargedeflectionsandnonlinear,irreversible,pathdependentmaterial.Asurveyisgivenofplastic
buckling,whichspansthreeareas:asymptoticanalysisofpostbifurcationbehaviorofperfectandimperfect
simplestructures,generalnonlinearanalysisofarbitrarystructures,andnonlinearanalysisforcollapseata
maximumloadandbifurcationbucklingofshellsofrevolution.Inthesurveyofgeneralnonlinearstructural
analysis,someemphasisisgiventostrategiesforsolvingthegoverningnonlinearequationsincrementally.
Numerousexamples,generatedprimarilywiththeSTAGScomputerprogram,whichwasdevelopedby
Almrothandhiscolleagues,revealmanycomplexmodesofbucklingbehavior.
I.N.Preobrazhenskii(Moscow,USSR),Stabilityofthinwalledshellswithholes(survey).Part1,
StrengthofMaterials,Vol.14,No.1,1982,pp.2335,doi:10.1007/BF00769180
(Abstractnotgiven)
Starnes,J.H.,Jr.,Dickson,J.N.,andRouse,M.,PostbucklingBehaviorofGraphiteEpoxyPanels,ACEE
CompositeStructuresTechnology:ReviewofSelectedNASAResearchonCompositeMaterialsandStructures,
NASACP2321,1984,pp.137159.
Starnes,J.H.Jr.,andCamarda,C.J.,AnalysisandDesignTechnologyforHighSpeedAircraft

Structures,inComputationalStructuresTechnologyforAirframesandPropulsionSystems,NASACP3142,
1992,pp.137172.
M.S.Gadala(1)andG.AE.Oravas(2)
(1)OntarioHydroResearchDivision,Toronto,Ontario,CanadaM8Z5S4
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineeringandEngineeringMechanics,McMasterUniversity,Hamilton,Ontario,
CanadaLS84L7
NumericalsolutionsofnonlinearproblemsofcontinuaI:Surveyofformulationmethodsandsolution
techniques,Computers&Structures,Vol.19,Nos.56,1984,pp.865877,
doi:10.1016/00457949(84)901871
ABSTRACT:Acomprehensivesurveyisprovidedfortheformulationandsolutiontechniquesoffiniteelement
applicationsinnonlinearcontinuummechanicsproblems.ThesurveydiscussestheLagrangian,theupdated
Lagrangian,andtheEulerianformulations.Itisshownthatmanyanalystsdescriberelativeorupdated
LagrangianformulationunderthenameofEulerianformulation.Hence,littleefforthasbeendevotedtothe
developmentofaconsistentEulerianformulation.Theapplications,limitationsandsuitabilityofeach
formulationtobothmaterialandgeometricalnonlinearproblemsarediscussed.Inthesolutionmethods,exact
equilibrium,approximateequilibriumandselfcorrectingtechniquesarediscussed.Anemphasisisgiventothe
applicabilityofthesemethodstoparticularnonlinearproblemsandtorecentdevelopmentsandmodificationsof
eachmethodtosuitaparticularnonlinearfield.
Tsai,S.W.,ASurveyofMacroscopicFailureCriteriaforCompositeMaterials,JournalofReinforced
PlasticsandComposites,Vol.3,January1984,pp.4062.
ReissnerE.,Reflectiononthetheoryofelasticplates,ApplMechRev.,Vol.38,1985,pp.14531464.
Awerbuch,J.andMadhukar,M.S.,Notchedstrengthofcompositelaminates:predictionsandexperiments
areview,JReinfPlasticsComposites,1985,4,(1),pp3159.
G.W.Hunt,Hidden(a)symmetriesofelasticandplasticbifurcation,Appl.Mech.Rev.Vol.39,No.8,
1986,pp.11651186
Nahas,M.N,SurveyofFailureandPostFailureTheoriesofLaminatedFiberreinforcedComposites,
JournalofCompositesTechnology&Research,Vol.8,No.4,December1986,pp.138153.
Poon,C.,LiteratureReviewontheDesignofCompositeMechanicallyFastenedJoints,NAEAN37,
NationalResearchCouncilCanada,Ottawa,February1986.
Bazant,Z.P.,Mechanicsofdistributedcracking.Appl.Mech.Reviews,Vol.39,1986,pp.675705.
Bazant,Z.P.,Chen,E.P.,1997.Scalingofstructuralfailure,AppliedMechanicsReviews,Vol.50,No.10,
1997,pp.593627.

ZdenekP.Bazant(WalterP.MurphyProfessorofCivilEngineeringandMaterialsScience,Northwestern
University,2145SheridanRoad,Evanston,IL602083109,USA,email:zbazant@nwu.edu),Structural
stability,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures37(2000)5567
ABSTRACT:Thepaperattemptsabroadoverviewofthevastfieldofstabilityofstructures,includingelastic
andanelasticstructures,staticanddynamicresponse,linearandnonlinearbehavior,energyapproach,
thermodynamicaspects,creepstabilityandfractureordamageinducedinstability.Theimportanceofstability
theorytovariousfieldsofengineeringandappliedscienceispointedoutandthehistoryofthedisciplineis
brieflysketched.Theprincipalaccomplishmentsaresuccinctlyreviewed,andfruitfulrecenttrends,particularly
thestabilityanalysisofdamagelocalizationandfracture,areemphasized.
(ReferencelistedattheendofthspaperareincludedintheBazantcitationneartheendofSection1)
Bazant,Z.P.,Stabilityofelastic,anelastic,anddisintegratingstructures:Aconspectusofmainresults,
ZAMMZ.Angew.Math.Mech.Vol.80,Nos.11and12,2000,pp.709732
ABSTRACT:Thisarticleattemptstoreviewthemainresultsinthevastfieldofstabilityofstructures.The
classicalfieldofelasticstabilityiscoveredsuccinctly.Thecoverageemphasizesthemodernproblemsof
anelasticstructuresexhibitingplasticityandcreep,andespeciallystructuresdisintegratingduetolocalized
fractureanddistributeddamage.Thetreatmentencompassesthinorslenderstructures,i.e.thecolumns,frames,
arches,thinwalledbeams,plates,andshells,aswellasmassivebutsoftbodiesbucklingthreedimensionally,
andincludesthestaticaswellasdynamicconceptsofstability,dynamicinstabilityofnonconservativesystems,
energymethodsfordiscretandcontinuousstructures,thermodynamicsofstructures,postcriticalbehavior,and
imperfectionsensitivity.ThelegacyofLudwigPrandtl,whoiscommeroratedbythepresentSpecialIssue,is
brieflyhighlighted.Themathematicsiskepttothebareminimum,andthederivationsaswellasthedifferential
equationsareomitted.Manattentionispaidtothephysicalcauses,mechanisms,andresults.Onlythemain
literaturesourcesinthisvastfieldarecited.
(cannotcutandpastereferences.)
Z.P.Bazant(McCormickSchoolProfessorandWalterP.MurphyProfessorofCivilEngineeringandMaterials
Science,NorthwesternUniversity,Evanston,IL602083109),ShearBucklingofSandwich,Fiber
CompositeandLatticeColumns,Bearings,andHelicalSprings:ParadoxResolved,JournalofApplied
Mechanics,Vol.70,No.1,pp7583,January2003,DOI:10.1115/1.1509486(noabstractgiven)
Haftka,R.T.Structuraloptimizationwithaeroelasticconstraints:asurveyofUSapplications.Int.J.of
VehicleDesign.Vol.7,nos34,1986.
GeorgeJ.Simitses,Bucklingandpostbucklingofimperfectcylindricalshells:areview,Applied
MechanicsReviews,Vol.39,No.10,October1986
ABSTRACT:Thinwalledcylindersofvariousconstructionsarewidelyusedinsimpleorcomplexstructural
configurations.Theroundcylinderiscommonlyfoundintubingandpiping,andinoffshoreplatforms.
Dependingontheiruse,thesecylindersaresubjected(inservice)toindividualandcombinedapplicationof
externalloads.Inresistingtheseloadsthesystemissubjecttobuckling,afailuremodewhichisclosely
associatedwiththeestablishmentofitsloadcarryingcapacity.Therefore,thesystembucklingandpostbuckling
behaviorhavebeenthesubjectofmanyresearchersandinvestigatorsbothanalyticalandexperimental.The

paperisastateoftheartsurveyofthegeneralareaofbucklingandpostbucklingofthinwalled,geometrically
imperfect,cylindersofvariousconstructions,whensubjectedtodestabilizingloads.Thesurveyincludes
discussionofimperfectionsensitivityandoftheeffectofvariousdefectsonthecriticalconditions.
Simitses,G.J.,InstabilityofDynamicallyLoadedStructures,AppliedMechanicsReviews,Vol.40,No.
10,1987,pp.14031408.
G.J.Simitses,Bucklingofmoderatelythickcylindricalshells:Areview,Composites,PartB,Vol.27,
1996,pp.581587
Ibrahim,R.A.,StructuralDynamicswithParameterUncertainty.AppliedMechanicsReviews,Vol.40,
No.3,1987,pp.309328
F.Y.M.Wan(1)andH.J.Weinitschke(2)
(1)CollegeofartsandSciences,GN15,UniversityofWashington,Seattle,WA98195,USA
(2)InstitutfrAngewandteMathematik,UniversittErlangenNrnberg,D08520Erlangen,FederalRepublic
ofGermany
OnshellsofrevolutionwiththeLoveKirchhoffhypotheses,JournalofEngineeringMathematics,Vol.
22,No.4,1988,pp.285334,KluwerAcademicpublishers,
doi:10.1007/BF00058512
ABSTRACT:Ontheoccasionofthe100thanniversaryofA.E.H.Love'sfundamentalpaperonthinelasticshell
theory,thepresentarticlesummarizesalineofdevelopmentsonshellsofrevolutionrelatedtotheLove
KirchhoffhypotheseswhichformthebasisofLove'stheory.ThesummarybeginswiththeGntherReissner
formulationofthelineartheorywhichisshowntocontaintheclassicalfirstapproximationshelltheoryasa
specialcase.Thestaticgeometricdualityisdeducedasanaturalandimmediateconsequenceofthemore
generaltheory.Therepeatedapplicationsofthisdualitygreatlysimplifythesolutionprocessforboundary
valueproblemsinshelltheory,includingtheclassicalreductionoftheaxisymmetricbendingproblemand
relatedrecentreductionsofshellequationsformoregeneralloadingstotwosimultaneousequationsforastress
functionandadisplacementvariable.Inthenonlinearrange,thearticleconfinesitselftoReissner's
geometricallynonlineartheoryofaxisymmetricdeformationofshellsofrevolutionandMarguerre'sshallow
shelltheorywithspecialemphasisonrecentresultsforelasticmembranes,bucklingofshellsofrevolutionand
applicationsofasymptoticmethods.Withfondnessandappreciation,theauthorsdedicatethisarticletotheir
teacher,collaboratorandfriend,ProfessorEricReissner,intheyearofhisseventyfifthanniversary.
Z.Waszczyszyn(InstituteofStructuralMechanics,CracowTechnologicalUniversity,Poland),Multiple
subvolumemodelsfortheanalysisofinelasticbehaviourofmetals,DelftUniversityofTechnology,The
NetherlandsMemorandumM594,June1988
ABSTRACT:AreviewofpapersdevotedtoformulationandapplicationsofMultipleSubvolume(MS)models
isgiven.Specialattenetionispaidtotheidentificationprocedureofmodelparameters.ThesimplestMSmodel
(MSPM),composedofelastic,perfectplasticcomponentsisconsideredindetail.Simpleandrefined
identificationsofmodelparametersarediscussedwithspecialattentionturnedoutontheprocedureusedinthe
STAGSAcomputercode.Morecomplicated,strainhardeningandtimedependentMSmardelsareshortly

discussed.
Ha,K.H.,FiniteElementAnalysisofSandwichConstruction:ACriticalReview,inSandwich
Construction1,KarlAxelOlssonandRonnalP.Reichard(editors),ProceedingsoftheFirstInternational
ConferenceonSandwichConstructions,Stockholm,Sweden,June1921,1989,pp.6985.
J.M.T.Thompson,ChaoticdynamicandtheNewtonianlegacy,Appl.Mech.Rev.,Vol.42,No.1,1989,
pp.1525
Kamm,R.D.andPedley,T.J.,Flowincollapsibletubes:abriefreview,ASMEJournalofBiomechanical
EngineeringVol.111,1989,pp.177179
A.K.Dhalla(WestinghouseElectricCorporation,POBox158,Madison,PA15663,USA),Nonlinear
structuralanalysismethodsandtheirapplicationtoelevatedtemperaturedesign:AUSperspective,
NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.114,No.3,June1989,pp.415436,doi:10.1016/00295493(89)901192
ABSTRACT:Technologicaladvancesoverthelasttwodecadeshavebeenassimilatedintotheroutinedesign
ofLiquidMetalReactor(LMR)structuralcomponentsoperatingatelevatedtemperatures.Thematureelevated
temperaturedesigntechnologyisbasedupon:(a)anextensivematerialdatabase,(b)recentadvancesin
nonlinearcomputationalmethods,and(c)conservativedesigncriteriabaseduponpastsuccessfulandreliable
operatingexperienceswithpetrochemicalandnonnuclearpowerplants.ThissurveypaperprovidesaUS
perspectiveontheroleofnonlinearanalysismethodsusedinthedesignofLMRplants.Thesimplifiedand
detailednonlinearanalysismethodsandthelevelofcomputationaleffortrequiredtoqualifystructural
componentsforsafeandreliablelongtermoperationarediscussed.Thepaperalsoillustrateshowadetailed
nonlinearanalysiscanbeusedtoresolvetechnicallicensingissues,tounderstandcomplexnonlinearstructural
behavior,toidentifypredominantfailuremodes,andtoguidefutureexperimentalprograms.

D.Moulin,A.CombescureandD.Acker(Commissariatl'EnergieAtomique,IRDIDEMT,CENSaclay
91191GifsurYvette,France),Areviewofthermalbucklinganalysismethods,NuclearEngineeringand
Design,Vol.116,No.3,September1989,pp.255263,doi:10.1016/00295493(89)900861
ABSTRACT:Thispaperhighlightsthemainitemsemergingfromalargebibliographicalsurveycarriedouton
straininducedbucklinganalysismethodsapplicableintheconstructionoffastneutronreactorstructures,
conductedwithintheframeworkofastudybytheCodesandStandardsWorkingGroupoftheEEC.Thework
iscentredonthepracticalanalysismethodsusedinconstructioncodestoaccountforthestrainbucklingofthin
andslenderstructures.Methodsproposedintheliteratureconcerningpastandpresentstudiesaresummarized.
Experimental,theoreticalandnumericalmethodsareconsidered.Methodsapplicabletodesignandtheirdegree
ofvalidationareindicated.
J.Arbocz(TechnicalUniversityofDelft),Shellbucklingresearchattheaerospaceengineeringfacultyof
DelftUniversityofTechnology,TechnicalUniversityofDelftMemorandumM596,1989

R.K.Kapania(Virginiapolytech.inst.stateuniv.,dep.aerospaceoceaneng.,BlacksburgVA24061,USA),A
reviewontheanalysisoflaminatedshells,JournalofPressureVesselTechnology,Vol.111,No.2,1989,
pp.8896
NoorA.K.,BurtonW.S.,Refinementofhigherorderlaminatedplatetheories,ApplMechRev.,Vol.42,
1989,pp.113.
A.K.Noor,BibliographyonMonographsandSurveysonShells,Appl.Mech.Rev.,vol.43,1990,pp.
223234
A.K.NoorandW.S.Burton,Assessmentofcomputationalmodelsformultilayeredcompositeshells,
Appl.Mech.Rev.Vol.43(2)(1990),pp.6797.
Noor,A.K.andBurton,W.S.,ComputationalModelsforHighTemperatureMultilayeredComposite
PlatesandShells,AppliedMechanicsReviews,Vol.45,No.10,1992,pp.419445.
Noor,A.K.,RecentAdvancesandApplicationsofReductionMethods.AppliedMechanicsReviewsVol.
47,No.5,1994,pp.125145.
Noor,A.K.,Burton,W.S.,andBert,C.W.,ComputationalModelsforSandwichPanelsandShells,
AppliedMechanicsReviews,Vol.49,No.3,March1996,pp.155199.
H.T.Y.Yang(1),S.Saigal(2)andD.G.Liaw(1)
(1)SchoolofAeronauticsandAstronautics,PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,IN47907,U.S.A.
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,CarnegieMellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,PA15213,U.S.A
AdvancesofthinshellfiniteelementsandsomeapplicationsversionI,Computers&Structures,Vol.
35,No.4,1990,pp.481504,SpecialIssue:FrontiersinComputationalMechanics,
doi:10.1016/00457949(90)900719
ABSTRACT:Afirstattemptismadetoreviewtheadvancesoftheformulationsforthinshellfiniteelementsin
theformofflatplates,axisymmetricalshellsandcurvedshells.TheDiscreteKirchhoffTheoryshellelements
andthedegeneratedshellelementsarediscussed.Experiencesinshearandmembranelockingsareelaborated.
Thesurveyisfurtherillustratedwithsomeextensionsandapplicationstocasessuchasstaticanddynamic
responses,staticanddynamicbucklings,laminatedcomposites,randomloadingsandrandomstructuraland
materialproperties.Inallcases,studiesoftheeffectsofgeometricandmaterialnonlinearitiesarediscussed.
Thornton,E.A.,ThermalStructures:FourDecadesofProgress,Proceedingsofthe31st
AIAA/ASME/ASCH/AHSStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,LongBeach,CA,1990,
pp.794814.
Thornton,E.A.,ThermalBucklingofPlatesandShells,AppliedMechanicsReviews,Vol46,No.10,

1993,pp.485506.
F.G.RammerstorferandK.Sharf,StorageTanksunderEarthquakeLoading,Appl.Mech.Rev.,Vol.43,
1990,pp.261281
ReddyJ.N.,Areviewofrefinedtheoriesoflaminatedcompositeplates,ShockandVibrationDigest,Vol.
22,1990,pp.317.
J.N.ReddyandD.H.RobbinsJr.,Theoriesandcomputationalmodelsforcompositelaminates,Appl.
Mech.Rev.Vol.47,No.6,1994,pp.147169
Librescu,L.andO.Song,BehaviorofThinWalledBeamsMadeofAdvancedCompositeMaterialsand
IncorporatingNonClassicalEffects,AppliedMechanicsReviews,Vol.44,No.11,1991,pp.174180
Cantwell,W.J.andMorton,J.,Theimpactresistanceofcompositematerials:areview,Composites,1991,
22,(15),pp347362.
Tauchert,T.R.,ThermallyInducedFlexure,BucklingandVibrationofPlates,AppliedMechanics
Reviews,Vol.44,No.8,1991,pp.347360.
Anonymous,TheSocietyofNonTraditionalTechnology,SurveyforapplicationofFGM,(EdsbyFGM
Forum),Tokyo,1991
WojciechGilewski(1)andMariaRadwanskab(2)
(1)ComputerMethodsCenter,TechnicalUniversityofWarsaw,Poland
(2)InstituteofStructuralMechanics,TechnicalUniversityofCracow,Poland
Asurveyoffiniteelementmodelsfortheanalysisofmoderatelythickshells,FiniteElementsinAnalysis
andDesign,Vol.9,No.1,April1991,pp.121,doi:10.1016/0168874X(91)90016R
ABSTRACT:Thispapersurveysabout350publicationsrelatedtothefiniteelementmodelsofmoderately
thickshells,concentratingonthoserelatedtoconsistentdisplacementandstress/mixed/hybridmodels.A
geographicchronologicalcriterionhasbeenusedinordertoreviewthemainideasandtheirdevelopmentin
time.Thesurveyiscompleteenoughtoshowthetrends.Theideasofsuchalististohelpthosereaderswhoare
interestedinspecialproblemsoftheapplicationsofthefiniteelementmethodintheanalysisofmoderately
thickshells.
Abrate,S.,Impactonlaminatedcompositematerials,Appl.Mech.Rev,1991,44,(4),pp155190.
Abrate,S.,Impactonlaminatedcomposites:recentadvances,Appl.Mech.Rev,1994,47,(11),pp517
554.
Abrate,S.,Localisedimpactonsandwichstructureswithlaminatedfacings,ApplMech.Rev,1997,50,
(2),pp6982.
Arbocz,J.,TheEffectofInitialImperfectionsonShellStabilityAnupdatedReview,ReportLR695,
DelftUniversityofTechnology,FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,TheNetherlands,September1992.

MallikarjunaandT.Kant(1993).ACriticalReviewandSomeResultsofRecentlyDevelopedRefined
TheoriesofFiberReinforcedLaminatedCompositeSandwiches.CompositeStructures,Vol.23,1993,pp.
293312
Abouti,D.andAitKadi.AstateoftheartreviewofFMEA/FMECA,InternationalJournalofReliability,
QualityandSafetyEngineering.Vol1,No.4(1994),pp.515543
Felippa,C.A.,Asurveyofparametrizedvariationalprinciplesandapplicationstocomputational
mechanics,Comput.MethodsAppl.Mech.Engrg.,Vol.113,1994,pp.109139
FelippaC.A.,CrivelliL.A.,HaugenB.,Asurveyofthecorecongruentialformulationfornonlinearfinite
element,Arch.ofComput.Meth.inEnging.,Vol.1,1994
L.Taber,(titlenotgiven),Appl.Mech.Rev.Vol.48,1995,p.487
G.D.Gavrilenko,Stabilityofsmoothandribbedshellsofrevolutioninanonuniformstressstrainstate
(survey),InternationalAppliedMechanics,Vol.31,No.7,1995,pp.501520,doi:10.1007/BF00846784
(noabstractisgiven,about200references?)
W.SzemplinskaStupnicka,Theanalyticalpredictivecriteriaforchaosandescapeinnonlinear
oscillators:asurveyz,NonlinearDynamics,vol.7,no.2,1995,pp.129147
Bert,C.W.,andMalik,M.,Differentialquadraturemethodincomputationalmechanics:Areview.
Appl.Mech.Rev.,Vol.49,1996,pp.127.
JinGuangTeng,DepartmentofCivilandStructuralEngineering,HongKongPolytechnicUniversity,Hung
Hom,Kowloon,HongKong,Bucklingofthinshells:Recentadvancesandtrends,AppliedMech.
Reviews,Vol.49,No.4,April1996
JonesN.,Recentstudiesonthedynamicplasticbehaviorofstructuresanupdate,AppliedMechanics
Reviews,Vol.49,No.10,pp1127,1996.
EchaabiJ.F.andTrochuF.,Reviewoffailurecriteriaoffibrouscompositematerials,Polymer
Composites,Vol.17,1996,pp.786798
M.ShinozukaandG.Deodatis,SimulationofmultidimensionalGaussianstochasticfieldsbyspectral
representation,Appl.Mech.Rev.,Vol.49,1996,pp.2953
Richardson,M.O.W.andWisheart,M.J.,Reviewoflowvelocityimpactpropertiesofcomposite
materials,CompositespartA,1996,27,pp112331.

Sierakowski,R.L.,Strainrateeffectsincomposites,Appl.Mech.Reviews,1997,Vol.50,No.11,part1,
pp741761.
D.Y.Gao,Dualextremumprinciplesinfinitedeformationtheorywithapplicationstopostbuckling
analysisofextendednonlinearbeammodel,Appl.Mech.Rev.Vol.50,No.11,(Part2),1997,pp.6471
Liew,K.M.,VibrationofShallowShells:AReviewwithBibliography,AppliedMechanicsReviews,
Vol.50,No.8,1997,pp.431444.
Stumpf,H.andHoppe,U.(LehrstuhlfrAllgemeineMechanik,RuhrUniversittBochum,D44780Bochum,
Germany),TheApplicationofTensorAlgebraonManifoldstoNonlinearContinuumMechanics
InvitedSurveyArticle.ZAMMJournalofAppliedMathematicsandMechanics/ZeitschriftfrAngewandte
MathematikundMechanik,Vol.77,No.5,1997,pp.327339.doi:10.1002/zamm.19970770504
ABSTRACT:Somepropertiesofthetensoralgebraonmanifoldsarediscussedwithrespecttotheclassical
tensoralgebraofcontinuummechanics.Basicdefinitionsandrelationsoflinearmapsarebrieflyrecalledand
appliedtotensorspaces,wherespecialattentionisfocusedtothedefinitionofdualandtransposedmaps.As
applicationtononlinearcontinuummechanics,algebraicpullbackandpushforwardmaps,andLieliketime
derivativesassociatedwithlinearmapsaredefinedandusedtobuildupcommutativeschemesfordeformation
measures,objectivedeformationrates,stresses,andframeinvariantformsofthestresspower.Thetransitionto
theclassicalformulationoftensoralgebrabyidentifyingvectorspacesandtheirdualsisexamined.Itisshown
howthisconceptenablesastraightforwardderivationoftheDoyleEricksenformulaanditspossiblevariants.
J.SobieszczanskiSobieski(1)andR.T.Haftka(2)
(1)NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,USA
(2)UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,Florida,USA,email:haftka@ufl.edu
Multidisciplinaryaerospacedesignoptimization:surveyofrecentdevelopments,Structuraland
MultidisciplinaryOptimization,Vol.14,No.1,1997,pp.123,doi:10.1007/BF01197554
ABSTRACT:Theincreasingcomplexityofengineeringsystemshassparkedrisinginterestinmultidisciplinary
optimization(MDO).Thispapersurveysrecentpublicationsinthefieldofaerospace,inwhichtheinterestin
MDOhasbeenparticularlyintense.TheprimarychallengesinMDOarecomputationalexpenseand
organizationalcomplexity.Accordingly,thissurveyfocusesonvariousmethodsusedbydifferentresearchersto
addressthesechallenges.ThesurveyisorganizedbyabreakdownofMDOintoitsconceptualcomponents,
reflectedinsectionsonmathematicalmodelling,approximationconcepts,optimizationprocedures,system
sensitivity,andhumaninterface.Becausetheauthors'primaryareaofexpertiseisinthestructuresdiscipline,
themajorityofthereferencesfocusontheinteractionofthisdisciplinewithothers.Inparticular,twosectionsat
theendofthisreviewfocusontwointeractionsthathaverecentlybeenpursuedwithvigour:thesimultaneous
optimizationofstructuresandaerodynamicsandthesimultaneousoptimizationofstructureswithactivecontrol.
Mamalis,A.G.,etal.,Crashworthycapabilityofcompositematerialstructures:Areview,Composite
Structures,(1997).37(2):p.109134.

Murray,D.W.(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,CanadaT6C2G7),Local
buckling,strainlocalization,wrinklingandpostbucklingresponseoflinepipe,EngineeringStructures,
Vol.19,No.5,pp.3670371?,doi:10.1016/S01410296(96)00096X
ABSTRACT:Thispaperaddressesthepredictionofthebehaviourofburiedpipelineswhentheyareconsidered
tobeshellstructuresandsubjectedtocurvaturesthatexceedtheirlimitpoints.Itsurveysworkcarriedoutatthe
UniversityofAlbertaoveraperiodofapproximatelysixyears.Theworkconsidersthedevelopmentoflocal
buckling,andthesoftening,strainlocalizationandwrinklingthatcharacterizethebehaviourofpipeline
structures,andtherelationbetweenthesephenomena.Itoffersaphenomenologicalexplanationofthe
mechanismbywhichwrinklingdevelopsinthepostbucklingbuhaviourofstructures.Itthendemonstratesthat
theexperimentalandanalyticalresultsofstudiesofpipebehaviourareconsistentwiththismechanism.The
resultsoffiniteelementanalysesarecomparedwithtwoseriesoftestsonfullsizedindustrialpipe.Thetests
provideadatabaseforthebehaviourofthepipeagainstwhichthevalidityoftheanalysescanbeestablished.
Comparisonsaremadewithrespecttomomentcurvaturecurvesandpostbucklingconfigurations.Itis
concludedthatmodernfiniteelementanalysiswhenproperlydoneiscapableofcloselypredictingthe
behaviourofthepipewhenitissubjectedtolargedeformationsthatcarryitdeeplyintothepostbucklingrange.
Carruthers,J.J.,A.P.Kettle,andA.M.Robinson,EnergyAbsorptioncapabilityandcrashworthinessof
compositematerialstructures:Areview,AppliedMechanicsReviews,Vol.51,No.10,1998,pp.635649.
SingerJ.,Ontheimportanceofshellbucklingexperiments,AppliedMechanicsReviews,Vol.52,No.6,
1999,pp.1725.
RayW.CloughandEdwardL.Wilson(DepartmentofStructuralEngineering,UniversityofCalifornia,
Berkeley,California,USA),EarlyfiniteelementresearchatBerkeley,FifthU.S.NationalConferenceon
ComputationalMechanics,Aug.46,1999
ABSTRACT;SignificantfiniteelementresearchwasconductedattheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley
duringtheperiod1957to1970.Theinitialresearchwasadirectextensionofclassicalmethodsofstructural
analysiswhichpreviouslyhadbeenrestrictedtoonedimensionalelements.Themajorityoftheresearch
conductedwasmotivatedbytheneedtosolvepracticalproblemsinAerospace,MechanicalandCivil
Engineering.Duringthisshortperiodthefiniteelementmethodwasextendedtothesolutionoflinearand
nonlinearproblemsassociatedwithcreep,incrementalconstructionorexcavation,crackclosing,heattransfer,
flowofwaterinporousmedia,soilconsolidation,dynamicresponseanalysisandcomputerassistedlearningof
structuralanalysis.Duringthelastsixyearsofthisperiodthefieldsofstructuralanalysisandcontinuum
mechanicswereunified.ThecomputerprogramsdevelopedduringthisearlyperiodatBerkeleywerefreely
distributedworldwideallowingpracticingengineerstosolvemanynewproblemsinstructuralmechanics.
Hence,theresearchwasrapidlytransferredtotheengineeringprofession.Inmanycasestheresearchwasused
professionallypriortothepublicationofaformalpaper.
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68/07,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,1968.
50.
Abel,J.,StaticandDynamicAnalysisofSandwichShellswithViscoelasticDamping,UCB/SESMReportNo.68/09,
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Wilson,E.L.,TheDeterminationofTemperatureswithinMassConcreteStructures,UCB/SESMReportNo.68/17a,
UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,December1968.
53.
Yaghmai,S,IncrementalAnalysisofLargeDeformationsinMechanicsofSolidswithApplicationtoAxisymmetricShellsof
Revolution,UCB/SESMReportNo.68/17b,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,1968.
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FiniteElements,UCB/SESMReportNo.69/03,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,1969.
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VenkataramanSandHaftkaRT.,Optimizationofcompositepanelsareview,In:Proceedingsofthe14th
annualtechnicalconferenceoftheAmericansocietyofcomposites,DaytonOH;1999.pp.479488
RenWenmin(1),LiuWenguo(1),ZhangWei(1),H.G.Reimerdes(2)andH.Oery(2)
(1)DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing100084,China)
(2)InstituteofLichtstructure,RWTHAachen,D52062,Aachen,Germany
Asurveyofworksonthetheoryoftoroidalshellsandcurvedtubes,ActaMechanicaSinica,Vol.15,No.
3,1999,pp.225234,doi:10.1007/BF02486150
ABSTRACT:Thispapergivesasurveyofworksonthetheoryoftoroidalshellswhichweredonebyourtwo
universitiesinrecentyears.(49references)
S.M.Huybrechts,S.E.Hahn,andT.E.Meink,Gridstiffenedstructures:surveyoffabrication,analysis
anddesignmethods,inT.MassardandA.Vautrin,editors,ProceedingofICCM/12:12thInt.Conf.on
CompositeMaterialsCDROM,Paris,France,59July1999.WoodheadPublishingLimited,Cambridge,UK.

ISBN13:9781855734760
KostasP.Soldatos(DepartmentofTheoreticalMechanics,UniversityofNottingham,Nottingham,UK),
Reviewofthreedimensionalanalysesofcircularcylindersandcylindricalshells,Appl.Mech.Rev.,Vol.
47,No.10,1994,pp.501516,doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3111064
ABSTRACT:Thereisanincreasingusefulnessofexactthreedimensionalanalysesofelasticcylindersand
cylindricalshellsincompositematerialsapplications.Suchanalysesareconsideredasbenchmarksfortherange
ofapplicabilityofcorrespondingstudiesbasedontwodimensionaland/orfiniteelementmodeling.Moreover,
theyprovidevaluable,accurateinformationincasesthatcorrespondingpredictionsbasedonthatlaterkindof
approximatemodelingisnotsatisfactory.Duetothecomplicatedformofthegoverningequationsofelasticity,
suchthreedimensionalanalysesarecomparativelyrareintheliterature.Thereisthereforeaneedforfurther
developmentsinthatarea.Asurveyoftheliteraturedealingwiththreedimensionaldynamicanalysesof
cylindersandopencylindricalpanelswillservetowardssuchdevelopments.Thispaperpresentssuchasurvey
withintheframeworkoflinearelasticity.
SoldatosKP.,Mechanicsofcylindricalshellswithnoncircularcrosssection:asurvey,Appl.Mech.
Rev.,Vol.52,No.8,1999,pp.237274
ABSTRACT:Thisarticlepresentsareviewoftheresearchworkrelatedtothemechanicalbehaviorofnon
circularcylindricalshellsandshellsegments.Tothisend,afterabriefreferencetothebasicnomenclaturethat
ismainlyused,itinitiallyprovidesquiteageneralframeworkformostoftherelevantgoverningequations
employedintherelevantliterature.Itproceedswithareviewofthecorrespondingdynamicanalyses,whichare
primarilygroupedaccordingtothegeometricalconfigurationofthenoncircularshellconsideredand
secondarilyaccordingtothetypeofthemathematicalmodelemployed.Thesedealwiththedynamicsofclosed
cylindricalshellsandopencylindricalpanelsbasedonclassical(CST)ortransversesheardeformableshell
theories(SDST).Thestaticanalysesreviewednextaredividedaccordingtothenatureofthephysicalproblem
consideredanddealwithsmallaswellaswithlargedeflectionsofstaticallyloadednoncircularcylindrical
shells.Theseincludebothlinearizedandgeometricallynonlinearelasticstabilityanalysesaswellasthevery
fewrelevantstudiesthatassumedanelasticplasticresponseoftheshellmaterialconstitution.Thisreview
articlecontains196references.
Olsson,R.,AreviewofimpactexperimentsatFFAduring1986to1998,FFATN199908,1999,The
AeronResInstofSweden,Bromma,Sweden.
Yang,H.T.Y.,Saigal,S.,Masud,A.andKapania,R.K.,ASurveyofRecentShellFiniteElements,
InternationalJournalforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.47,2000,pp.101127
LiviuLibrescuandTerryHause(VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,Departmentof
EngineeringScienceandMechanics,Blacksburg,VA240601,USA),Recentdevelopmentsinthemodeling
andbehaviorofadvancedsandwichconstructions:asurvey,CompositeStructures,Vol.48,Nos.13,
JanuaryMarch2000,Pages117,doi:10.1016/S02638223(99)000689
ABSTRACT:Ageneraloverviewofsomerecentdevelopmentsrelatedwiththemodelingandstabilityof
sandwichstructuresispresentedinthispaper.Thesurveycoversanumberofissuesrelatedwiththe
geometricallylinearandnonlinearformulationsofcurvedandflatsandwichconstructionsfeaturinglaminated
anisotropicfacesheets,andassociatedstabilityproblems.Issuesrelatedwiththeenhancementoftheload

carryingcapacityofsandwichpanelsresultingintheincreaseofthebucklingstrength,thereductionofthe
intensityofasnapthroughbucklingandevenofitsremovalarealsoaddressed.Theprovidedlistofreferences
isnotexhaustive,inthesensethatitismainlyconnectedwithtopicsofsandwichconstructionsinwhichthe
firstauthorofthispaperhasbeeninvolvedduringagoodpartofhisresearchactivity.Moreover,thedisplayed
resultsillustratingsomebasictrendsconcernnotonlytheonespreviouslyobtainedbytheauthorsofthis
surveypaper,butalsoseveralothers,presentedhereforthefirsttime.
Kant,T.andSwaminathan,K.,EstimationofTransverse/InterlaminarStressesinLaminatedComposites
ASelectiveReviewandSurveyofCurrentDevelopments,CompositeStructures,Vol.49,2000,pp.6575.
Salama,M.,Lou,M.,andFang,H.,Deploymentofinflatablespacestructures:Areviewofrecent
developments,AIAA20001730,AIAA,NewYork,(2000).
C.C.Chao(1)andYeongChyuanChern(2)
(1)DepartmentofPowerMechanicalEngineering,NationalTsingHuaUniversity,Hsinchu,Taiwan,300,
R.O.C.
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,NationalChinYiInstituteofTechnology,Taichung,Taiwan,411,
R.O.C.
ComparisonofNaturalFrequenciesofLaminatesBy3DTheory,PartI:RectangularPlates,Journalof
SoundandVibration,Vol.230,No.5,March2000,pp.9851007,
doi:10.1006/jsvi.1999.2453
ABSTRACT:ThethreedimensionaltheoryoflaminatedplatesandshellshasbeendevelopedbyChaoetal.
[1013,62,63]withmanyapplicationstoimpactandshockmodalanalyses.Inthisresearch,acompletesurvey
oftheliteratureismadeonthefreevibrationnaturalfrequenciesofsimplysupportedrectangularplates.
Variousboundaryconditionsarecomposedoffixedpin,hingeroller,andslidingpinsupportededges.The
lowestfrequenciesareobtainedinthepresentstudyincomparisonwiththoseinearlierstudiesasaresultofthe
closenaturalstatereachedinkeepingwiththethreedimensionalboundaryandinterlaminarcontinuity
conditionsviaa3Daugmentedenergyvariationalapproach.
C.A.Felippa(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineeringSciencesandCenterforAerospaceStructures,University
ofColorado,Boulder,CO803090429,USA),Ahistoricaloutlineofmatrixstructuralanalysis:aplayin
threeacts,Computers&Structures,Vol.79,No.14,June2001,pp.13131324,
doi:10.1016/S00457949(01)000256
ABSTRACT:Theevolutionofmatrixstructuralanalysis(MSA)from1930through1970isoutlined.
HighlightedaremajorcontributionsbyCollarandDuncan,Argyris,andTurner,whichshapedthisevolution.
Toenliventhenarrativetheoutlineisconfiguredasathreeactplay.ActIdescribesthepreWWIIformative
period.ActIIspansaperiodofconfusionduringwhichmatrixmethodsassumedbewilderingcomplexityin
responsetoconflictingdemandsandrestrictions.ActIIIoutlinesthecleanupandconsolidationdrivenbythe
appearanceofthedirectstiffnessmethod,throughwhichMSAcompletedmorphingintothepresent
implementationofthefiniteelementmethod(FEM).Noattemptismadeatchroniclingthemorecomplex
historyofFEMitself.

Vasiliev,V.V.,Barynin,V.A.,Rasin,A.F.,Anisogridlatticestructuressurveyofdevelopmentand
applications,CompositeStructures,Vol.54,2001,pp.361370.
FrithiofI.Niordson(Professoremeritus,DepartmentofSolidMechanics,TechnicalUniversityofDenmark),
Earlynumericalcomputationsinengineering,AppliedMech.Rev.,Vol.54,No.6,November2001,R17,
(3pages)doi:10.1115/1.1390522
Vinson,J.R.,SandwichStructures,AppliedMechanicsReviews,Vol.54,No.3,pp.201214,2001
V.V.Bolotin,MechanicsofDelaminationsinLaminateCompositeStructures,MechanicsofComposite
Materials,Vol.37,Nos.56,2001,pp.367380,doi:10.1023/A:1014210527476
ABSTRACT:Asurveyoftheliteratureandstateoftheartofthemechanicalaspectsofdelaminationsin
laminatecompositestructuresispresented.Surfaceandinternaldelaminationsofvariousorigin,shape,and
locationarediscussed.Theorigination,stability,andpostcriticalbehaviorofdelaminationsunderquasistatic,
cyclic,anddynamicloadsareanalyzed.Someproblemsforfurtherinvestigationsarediscussed.
I.V.AndrianovandJ.Awrejcewicz,Newtrendsinasymptoticapproaches:summationandinterpolation
methods,AppliedMechanicsReviews,vol.54,no.1,pp.6992,January2001
A.E.BogdanovichandR.L.Sierakowski,"CompositeMaterialsandStructures:Science,Technologyand
Applications.ACompendiumofBooks,ReviewPapers,andOtherSourcesofInformation",Applied
MechanicsReviews,1999,Vol.52,No.12,Pt.1,pp.351366.
ABSTRACT:Afastgrowingvolumeofliteratureinvariousfieldsofcompositematerialsandstructureshas
inspiredtheauthorstoattempttoassembleallmajorbooksandreviewpapersinaconcisecompendium
presentedhere.Thiscouldgiveresearchers,engineers,designers,andgraduatestudentsarapidaccesstothe
vastvolumeofreferencesonanyspecifictopicinthefieldofcompositesandtherebysatisfytheirresearch
requirements.Thecompendiumincludesencyclopedias,handbooks,designguides,textbooks,referencebooks,
reviewpapersandalsoafewcollectionsofpapers.Thetopicsspantheory,modelingandanalysisofcomposite
materials,processingandmanufacturing,propertiesandcharacterization,theoryandanalysisofcomposite
structures,jointsandconnections,designingwithcomposites,andcompositesapplications.Thecompendium
includesover400references,whicharearrangedinalphabeticalorderwithineachtopicunderconsideration.
Additionally,thereadercanfind,inthiscompendium,thelistsofmajorconferences,journals,andASTMSTP
publicationsoncomposites.Themajorobjectiveofthisworkisnotcriticallyreviewingordiscussingspecific
researchapproachesandresults.Theauthorshaveratherintendedtoprovideextensivebibliographic
informationthatmayhelpthereadertogetfamiliarwiththeprimaryliteratureand,innecessary,undertake
furtherliteraturesearchonanyparticularproblemofinterest.
MiraveteA.andJimenezM.A.,Applicationofthefiniteelementmethodtopredictionofonsetof
delaminationgrowth,AppliedMechanicsReviews,Vol.55,No.2,2001,pp.89106
CarreraE.,Developments,ideas,andevaluationsbaseduponReissnersMixedVariationalTheoremin

themodelingofmultilayeredplatesandshells,Appl.Mech.Rev.,2001,Vol.54,301329.
CarreraE.,HistoricalreviewofZigZagtheoriesformultilayeredplatesandshells,Appl.Mech.Rev.,
2003,Vol.56,287308.
E.CarreraandS.Brischetto,Asurveywithnumericalassessmentofclassicalandrefinedtheoriesforthe
analysisofsandwichplates,Appl.Mech.Rev.62(010803)(2009),pp.117.
J.Arbocz(1)andJ.H.StarnesJr(2)
(1)DelftUniversityofTechnology,FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,KoiterInstitute,Postbus5058,2600
Delft,TheNetherlands
(2)NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VAUSA
Futuredirectionsandchallengesinshellstabilityanalysis,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.40,No.9,
September2002,pp.729754,DOI:10.1016/S02638231(02)000241
ABSTRACT:Recentadvancesinstructuralanalysisanddesigntechnologyforbucklingcriticalshellstructures
arediscussed.Theseadvancesincludeahierarchicalanalysisstrategythatincludesanalysesthatrangefrom
classicalanalysismethodstohighfidelitynonlinearfiniteelementanalysismethods,reliabilitybaseddesign
methods,thedevelopmentofimperfectiondatabases,andtheidentificationoftraditionalandnontraditional
initialimperfectionsforcompositeshellstructures.Whenusedjudiciously,theseadvancesprovidethebasisfor
aviablealternativetothetraditionalandconservativelowerbounddesignphilosophyofthe1960s.These
advancesalsohelpanswerthequestionofwhy,aftersomanyyearsofconcentratedresearcheffortto
understandthebehaviorofbucklingcriticalthinwalledshells,onehasnotbeenabletoimproveonthis
conservativelowerbounddesignphilosophyinthepast.
Qatu,M.S.,ReviewofShallowShellsVibrationResearch,ShockandVibrationDigest,24(9):315.
MohamadSQatu(FordMotorCompany,20000RotundaDr,Bldg2,MD1247,Dearborn,MI48124;
mqatu@ford.com),Recentresearchadvancesinthedynamicbehaviorofshells:19892000,Part1:
Laminatedcompositeshells,Appl.Mech.Reviews,Vol.55,No.4,July2002,325350,
doi:10.1115/1.1483079
ABSTRACT:Laminatedcompositeshellsareincreasinglybeingusedinvariousengineeringapplications
includingaerospace,mechanical,marine,andautomotiveengineering.Withtheincreasingawarenessofand
sensitivitytostructuralnoiseandvibration,researchcoveringthedynamicbehaviorofcompositeshellshas
receivedconsiderableattention.Thepurposeofthisarticleistoreviewmostoftherecentresearchdoneinthis
field.ReviewoftheliteratureonthedynamicbehaviorofhomogeneousshellsiscoveredinPart2ofthisarticle
tobepublishedintheSeptember2002issueofAMR.Researchonshelldynamicsisfoundtobemainlyfree
vibrationanalyses.Thereviewisconductedwithemphasisgiventothetheorybeingapplied(thin,thick,3D,
nonlinear,...),theanalysismethod(exact,Ritz,finiteelements,...),complicatingeffects(initialstress,
imperfection,addedmassesandsprings,elasticsupports,rotatingshells,andothers),andthevariousshell
geometriesthatweresubjecttovibrationresearch(cylindrical,conical,spherical,andothers).Thereare374
referencescitedinthisreviewarticle.

MohamadSQatu(FordMotorCompany,20000RotundaDr,Bldg2,MD1247,Dearborn,MI48124;
mqatu@ford.com),Recentresearchadvancesinthedynamicbehaviorofshells:19892000,Part2:
Homogeneousshells,Appl.Mech.Reviews,Vol.55,No.5,September2002,415434,
doi:10.1115/1.1483078
ABSTRACT:Shelllikestructuresareusedinvariousengineeringapplicationsincludingcivil,aerospace,
mechanical,marine,andautomotiveengineering.Thisarticlereviewsmostoftherecentresearchdoneinthe
fieldofdynamicresponseofhomogeneousshellswithspecialattentiontofreevibrations.Literatureon
dynamicsoflaminatedcompositeshellswasreviewedinPart1publishedintheJuly2002issueofAMR.
Emphasisisgiventothetheorybeingapplied(thin,thick,3D,nonlinear,...),theshellgeometriesthatwere
subjecttodynamicsresearch(cylindrical,conical,spherical,...),theanalysismethod(exact,Ritz,finite
elements,...),andthevariouscomplicatingeffects(initialstress,imperfection,addedmassesandsprings,elastic
supports,rotatingshells,interactionwithfluids,andothers).Thisreviewarticlecontains606references.
S.A.Ambartsumian(orAmbartsumyan),Nontraditionaltheoriesofshellsandplates,Appl.Mech.Rev.
55,R35R44(2002);doi:10.1115/1.1495002
ABSTRACT:Inthisreview,IshalldiscusssomeoftheaspectsoftheMechanicsofSolidDeformableMedia,
whichhavebeenformorethanhalfacenturyamongmymainresearchpriorities.Itissomewhatdifficultto
writeaboutresearchtowhichonehasdevotedhislife.Firstofall,becauseyouhavetowriteaboutyourself,
describingpersonalfeelingssuccessesandfailures,triumphsanddefeats.Itishardlygoingtobeofmajor
interestforthereaders.Thus,Iamjustgoingtonotedown,withcorrespondingcommentssomeresults,
obtainedbymycolleagues,followersandmyself.Ithinkthiscanberatherinterestingforjuniorresearchers,
whohavenottastedyetthejoyofsuccessandthebitternessofthefailure.Thismightbeinterestingaswellfor
thematurescholarswithrelativelyhighselfesteem,willingtopresenteachandeveryobtainedresultasa
discoveryclassicaltheorytobefollowed.Theweightofascientificresultisevaluatedbytime.Timeand
cominggenerationsofresearcherswillshowtheplaceinscienceofallresults,eventhosewhicharewidely
advertised.
F.Moussaoui(1)andR.Benamar(2)
(1)FacultdesSciencesetTechniques,LaboratoiredeMcaniqueetCalculScientifique,509,Boutalamine,
Errachidia,Morocco
(2)EcoleMohammadiad'IngnieursDpartementdesE.G.T.Laboratoired'EtudeetdeRechercheen
SimulationInstrumentationetMesures,765,Agdal,Rabat,Morocco
NonLinearVibrationsOfShellTypeStructures:AReviewWithBibliography,JournalofSoundand
Vibration,Vol.255,No.1,August2002,pp.161184,,doi:10.1006/jsvi.2001.4146
ABSTRACT:Theaimofthispaperistoprovideacontemporarilyrelevantsurveyofstudiesonnonlinear
vibrationsofshelltypestructures.Theeffectsofgeometricalnonlinearity,andspecificdifficultiesencountered
innonlineardynamicanalysisofshelltypestructuresarepresentedanddiscussed.Studiesonnonlinear
vibrationsofshellsarecategorizedbydifferentshellconfigurations(shapes)inachronologicalorder.Also,the
mostcommonlyusedmethodsofmodellingandsolutionarereviewedandcommented.Publishedreviewson
nonlinearvibrationsofshelltypestructuresincludingcomplicatingeffectsofanisotropy,initialstress,added
mass,elasticfoundation,stiffeners,opengeometry(singlyanddoublycurved),transversesheardeformations,

torsion,andinteractionwithfluidarealsosurveyed.Commentsonthepreviousnonlinearworksarepresented
andsomeorientationsforfutureresearcharesuggested.Anotherpurposeofthispaperistoprovideengineers,
scientistsandresearcherswithalistof175references,whichshouldbeveryusefulforlocatingrelevant
existingliteraturequickly.
S.N.Krivoshapko(Peoples'FriendshipUniversityofRussia,6,MiklukhoMaklayaStr,Moscow,117198,
Russia;nkrivoshapko@mail.ru),Static,vibration,andbucklinganalysesandapplicationstoonesheet
hyperboloidalshellsofrevolution,Appl.Mech.Reviews,Vol.55,No.3,May2002,pp.241270,
doi:10.1115/1.1470479
ABSTRACT:principalachievementsofscienceandengineeringinthesphereofdesign,construction,and
static,vibrational,andbucklinganalysisofthinwalledconstructionsandbuildingsintheshapeofhyperbolic
surfacesofrevolutionaresummarizedinthisreviewarticle.Theseshellsareusefulashyperboliccooling
towers,TVtowers,reinforcedconcretewatertanks,andarchdams.Theyarealsousedassupportsforelectric
powertransmissionlinesandashighchimneys.Severalpublicandindustrialbuildingshavingthehyperbolic
formaredescribedinthereview.Thebasicresultsoftheoreticalandexperimentalinvestigationsofstressstrain
state,buckling,andvibrationaresummarized.Theinfluenceoftemperatureandmoistureonthestressstrain
stateoftheshellsinquestionisalsoanalyzed.Thisreviewarticlecontains261references.
IgorV.Andrianov(1),JanAwrejcewicz(2)andRemG.Barantsev(3)
(1)InstitutfrAllegmeineMechanik,RWTHAachen,Templergraben64,D52056Aachen,Germany;
email:igor_andrianov@hotmail.com
(2)TechnicalUniversityofLodz,DepartmentofAutomaticsandBiomechanics,1/15StefanowskiegoSt.,90
924Lodz,Poland;awrejcew@cksg.p.lodz.pl
(3)St.PetersburgStateUniversity,Box159,195256,St.Petersburg,Russia;brem@mail.ru
Asymptoticapproachesinmechanics:Newparametersandprocedures,Appl.Mech.Rev.,Vol.56,
No.1,January2003,pp.87110,doi:10.1115/1.1521436
ABSTRACT:Thissurveyisdevotedtorecentachievementsinthefieldofasymptoticapproaches.Herewe
considertheasymptoticsinrelationtocompletelynewandsometimesunexpectedparameters.Someprocedures
leadingtoimprovementandisolationoftheessentialanalyticalstructureoftheperturbationseriesare
presented.Itisalsoshownthatmanyproblemsofperturbationtheory,whichseemtoberelativelysimpleata
firstglance,arestillfarfromcompletelysolved.Differentasymptotictechniquestosolvethesameproblemand
theirinfluenceontheresultsarebrieflyillustratedanddiscussed.Thisreviewpapercontains310references.
MarcoAmabili(1)andMichaelP.Padoussis(2)
(1)DipartimentodiIngegneriaIndustriale,UniversitdiParma,ParcoAreadelleScienze181/A,43100Parma,
Italy;marco@me.unipr.it
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,McGillUniversity,817SherbrookeStreetW.,Montreal,Qubec,
H3A2K6Canada
Reviewofstudiesongeometricallynonlinearvibrationsanddynamicsofcircularcylindricalshellsand
panels,withandwithoutfluidstructureinteraction,Appl.Mech.Rev.,Vol.56,No.4,July2003,pp.349
381,doi:10.1115/1.1565084,356references.

ABSTRACT:Thisliteraturereviewfocusesmainlyongeometricallynonlinear(finiteamplitude)freeand
forcedvibrationsofcircularcylindricalshellsandpanels,withandwithoutfluidstructureinteraction.Workon
shellsandcurvedpanelsofdifferentgeometriesisbutbrieflydiscussed.Inaddition,studiesdealingwith
particulardynamicalproblemsinvolvingfinitedeformations,eg,dynamicbuckling,stability,andflutterof
shellscoupledtoflowingfluids,arealsodiscussed.Thisreviewisstructuredasfollows:afterashort
introductiononsomeofthefundamentalsofgeometricallynonlineartheoryofshells,vibrationsofshellsand
panelsinvacuoarediscussed.Freeandforcedvibrationsunderradialharmonicexcitation(Section2.2),
parametricexcitation(axialtensionorcompressionandpressureinducedexcitations)(Section2.3),and
responsetoradialtransientloads(Section2.4)arereviewedseparately.Studiesonshellsandpanelsincontact
withdensefluids(liquids)follow;someofthesestudiespresentveryinterestingresultsusingmethodsalso
suitableforshellsandpanelsinvacuo.Then,inSection4,shellsandpanelsincontactwithlightfluids(gases)
aretreated,includingtheproblemofstability(divergenceandflutter)ofcircularcylindricalpanelsandshells
coupledtoflowingfluid.Forshellscoupledtoflowingfluid,onlythecaseofaxialflowisreviewedinthis
paper.Finally,papersdealingwithexperimentsarereviewedinSection5.Thereare356referencescitedinthis
article.
TayT.E.,Characterizationandanalysisofdelaminationfractureincompositesanoverviewof
developmentsfrom1990to2001,AppliedMechanicsReviews,Vol.56,No.1,2003,pp.132
ElderD.J.,ThomsonR.S.,NguyenM.Q.andScottM.L.,Reviewofdelaminationpredictivemethodsfor
lowspeedimpactofcompositelaminatedcomposites,CompositeStructures,Vol.66,2004,pp.677683
KruegerR.,Virtualcrackclosuretechnique:history,approach,andapplication,AppliedMechanics
Reviews,Vol.57,No.2,2004,pp.109143
Resnyansky,A.D.,TheImpactResponseofCompositeMaterialsInvolvedinHelicopterVulnerability
Assessment:LiteratureReviewPart2,DSTOTR1842Part2,DefenseScienceandTechnology
Organization,Australia,2006
J.C.Helton,J.D.Johnson,C.J.Sallaberry,C.B.Storlie,Surveyofsamplingbasedmethodsfor
uncertaintyandsensitivityanalysis,ReliabilityEngineering&SystemSafety,Vol.91,2006,pp.11751209
IcardiU.,LocattoS.andLongoA.,Assessmentofrecenttheoriesforpredictingfailureofcomposite
laminatedcomposites,AppliedMechanicsReviews,Vol.60,No.3,2007,pp.7686
ZhuFandLuG.,Areviewofblastandimpactofmetallicandsandwichstructures,ElectronicJournalof
StructuralEngineering.SpecialIssue:LoadingonStructures;2007:92101
C.Thill,J.Etches,I.Bond,K.Potter,andP.Weaver.MorphingskinsAreview,TheAeronauticalJournal
112:1129(2008),117138
JiangF.C.andVecchioK.S.,Hopkinsonbarloadedfractureexperimentaltechnique:acriticalreviewof

dynamicfracturetoughnesstests,AppliedMechanicsReviews,Vol.62,No.6,2009,pp.060802060839
GarnichM.R.andAkulaM.K.,Reviewofdegradationmodelsforprogressivefailureanalysisoffiber
reinforcedpolymercomposites,AppliedMechanicsReviews,Vol.62,2009,p.010801.
GeorgeJ.Simitses(SchoolofEngineeringScienceandMechanics,GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology,Atlanta
GA30332),BucklingandPostbucklingofImperfectCylindricalShells:AReview,Appl.Mech.Rev.
39(10),15171524(Oct01,1986)(8pages)doi:10.1115/1.3149506
ABSTRACT:Thinwalledcylindersofvariousconstructionsarewidelyusedinsimpleorcomplexstructural
configurations.Theroundcylinderiscommonlyfoundintubingandpiping,andinoffshoreplatforms.
Dependingontheiruse,thesecylindersaresubjected(inservice)toindividualandcombinedapplicationof
externalloads.Inresistingtheseloadsthesystemissubjecttobuckling,afailuremodewhichisclosely
associatedwiththeestablishmentofitsloadcarryingcapacity.Therefore,thesystembucklingandpostbuckling
behaviorhavebeenthesubjectofmanyresearchersandinvestigatorsbothanalyticalandexperimental.The
paperisastateoftheartsurveyofthegeneralareaofbucklingandpostbucklingofthinwalled,geometrically
imperfect,cylindersofvariousconstructions,whensubjectedtodestabilizingloads.Thesurveyincludes
discussionofimperfectionsensitivityandoftheeffectofvariousdefectsonthecriticalconditions.
Wang,C.Y.,Zhang,Y.Y.,Wang,C.M.andTan,V.B.C.,BucklingofCarbonNanotubes:ALiterature
Survey,JournalofNanoscienceandNanotechnology,Vol.7,No.12,December2007,pp.42214247,
doi:10.1166/jnn.2007.924
ABSTRACT:Thissurveypapercomprises5sections.InSection1,thereaderisintroducedtotheworldof
carbonnanotubeswheretheirstructuralformandpropertiesarehighlighted.Section2presentsthevarious
bucklingbehaviorsexhibitedbycarbonnanotubesthatarediscoveredbycarbonnanotuberesearchers.The
mainfactors,suchasdimensions,boundaryconditions,temperature,strainrateandchirality,influencingthe
bucklingbehaviorsarediscussedinSection3.Section4presentsthecontinuummodels,atomisticsimulations
andexperimentaltechniquesinstudyingthebucklingphenomenaofcarbonnanotubes.Asummaryaswellas
recommendationsforfutureresearcharegiveninSection5.Finallyalargebodyofpapers,over200,isgivenin
thereferencesection.Itishopedthatthissurveypaperwillprovidethefoundationknowledgeoncarbon
nanotubebucklingandinspireresearcherstoadvancethemodeling,simulationanddesignofcarbonnanotubes
forpracticalapplications.

Hiroyuki Shima, Division of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University,

,Japan, BucklingofCarbonNanotubes:AStateoftheArtReview,Materials 2012, 5, 47-84;
doi:10.3390/ma5010047
ABSTRACT: Thenonlinearmechanicalresponseofcarbonnanotubes,referredtoastheirbucklingbehavior,
isamajortopicinthenanotuberesearchcommunity.Bucklingmeansadeformationprocessinwhichalarge
strainbeyondathresholdcausesanabruptchangeinthestrainenergyvs.deformationprofile.Thusfar,much
efforthasbeendevotedtoanalysisofthebucklingofnanotubesundervariousloadingconditions:compression,
bending,torsion,andtheircertaincombinations.Suchextensivestudieshavebeenmotivatedby(i)the

structuralresilienceofnanotubesagainstbucklingand(ii)thesubstantialinfluenceofbucklingontheirphysical
properties.Inthiscontribution,Ireviewthedramaticprogressinnanotubebucklingresearchduringthepast
fewyears.
212referencescited.
StuartS.AntmanandJianGuoLiu,BasicThemesandPrettyProblemsofNonlinearSolidMechanics,
MilanJournalofMathematics,Vol.75,No.1,2007,pp.135176,doi:10.1007/s0003200700686
ABSTRACT:Thefirstpartofthispaperdescribessomeimportantunderlyingthemesinthemathematical
theoryofcontinuummechanicsthataredistinctfromformulatingandanalyzinggoverningequations.Themain
partofthispaperisdevotedtoasurveyofsomeconcrete,conceptuallysimple,prettyproblemsthathelp
illuminatetheunderlyingthemes.Thepaperconcludeswithadiscussionofthecrucialroleofinvariant
constitutiveequationsincomputation.
ChristosC.Chamis(NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationGlennResearchCenter,Cleveland,OH
44135,USA,Christos.C.Chamis@grc.nasa.gov),PolymerCompositeMechanicsReview1965to2006,
JournalofReinforcedPlasticsandComposites,July2007,vol.26,no.10,pp.9871019,
doi:10.1177/0731684407079419
ABSTRACT:Theresearchanddevelopmentincompositemechanicsarereviewedfrom1965to2006.The
reviewcoversmicromechanics,macromechanicsfailuretheories,impactresistance,structuralanalysis,plate
andpanelbuckling,shellbuckling,progressivefracture,containment,andprobabilisticcompositesimulation.A
fewremarksareincludedaboutaerodynamicloadsandanewallcompositeengineconcept.Mostofthesample
casesarefromtheauthor'sownresearchsincethisresearchcoversallaspectsofcompositesandsincethis
avoidsthepermissionsrequiredbyotherauthorswhentheirresultsareincluded.Referencesarecitedas
appropriatesothatthereadercanfurtherlookinanyspecificarea.

S.K.Sahu(1)andP.K.Datta(2)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,NIT,Rourkela769008,India,sksahu@nitrkl.ac.in
(2)DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,IIT,Kharagpur721302,India
ResearchAdvancesintheDynamicStabilityBehaviorofPlatesandShells:19872005PartI:
ConservativeSystems,AppliedMechanicsReviews,Vol.60,No.2,pp.6575,March2007,DOI:
10.1115/1.2515580
ABSTRACT:Thispaperreviewsmostoftherecentresearchdoneinthefieldofdynamicstability/dynamic
instability/parametricexcitation/parametricresonancecharacteristicsofstructureswithspecialattentionto
parametricexcitationofplateandshellstructures.Thesolutionofdynamicstabilityproblemsinvolves
derivationoftheequationofmotion,discretization,anddeterminationofdynamicinstabilityregionsofthe
structures.Thepurposeofthisstudyistoreviewmostoftherecentresearchondynamicstabilityintermsofthe
geometry(plates,cylindrical,spherical,andconicalshells),typeofloading(uniaxialuniform,patch,point
loading),boundaryconditions(SSSS,SCSC,CCCC),methodofanalysis(exact,finitestrip,finite
difference,finiteelement,differentialquadrature,andexperimental),methodofdeterminationofdynamic

instabilityregions(Lyapunovian,perturbation,andFloquetsmethods),orderoftheorybeingapplied(thin,
thick,threedimensional,nonlinear),shelltheoryused(Sanders,LovesandDonnells),materialsof
structures(homogeneous,bimodulus,composite,FGM),andthevariouscomplicatingeffectssuchas
geometricaldiscontinuity,elasticsupport,addedmass,fluidstructureinteractions,nonconservativeloadingand
twisting,etc.Theimportanteffectsondynamicstabilityofstructuresunderperiodicloadinghavebeen
identifiedandinfluencesofvariousimportantparametersarediscussed.Areviewofthesubjectfor
nonconservativesystemsindetailwillbepresentedinPart2.Thisreviewpapercites156references.
S.N.Krivoshapko(PeoplesFriendshipUniversityofRussia,6MiklukhoMaklayaStreet,Moscow117198,
Russia),ResearchonGeneralandAxisymmetricEllipsoidalShellsUsedasDomes,PressureVessels,and
Tanks,AppliedMechanicsReviews,Vol.60,No.6,pp.336355,November2007,DOI:10.1115/1.2806278
ABSTRACT:Theprincipaladvancesinthedesignandconstruction,aswellasthestatic,vibrational,and
bucklinganalysisofthinwalledstructuresandbuildingsintheshapeofgeneralandaxisymmetricellipsoidal
shellsaresummarizedinthisreview.Theseshellsareparticularlyusefulasinternallypressurizedvesselsoras
headsandbottomsofcylindricaltanksandvessels.Reinforcedconcreteandstructuralsteeldomesofbuildings,
airsupportedrubberfabricshells,andunderwaterpressurevesselsarealsomadeintheformofellipsoidal,
shells.Knowingthegeometryofellipsoids,onecansolvevariousproblemsinphysics,optics,andsoon.Basic
resultsoftheoreticalandexperimentalinvestigationsofthestressstrainstate,buckling,andnaturalandforced
vibrationscontainedin209referencesarepresentedinthereview.Theinfluenceoftemperatureonthestress
strainstateoftheshellsinquestionisalsodiscussed.Somepartsofthereviewarealsodevotedtoananalysisof
theliteratureonthestressstrainstateofellipsoidalandtorisphericalheadsofpressurevesselswithopenings.
VictorBirmanandLarryW.Byrd,Modelingandanalysisoffunctionallygradedmaterialsand
structures,AppliedMechanicsReviews,Vol.60,No.5,pp195216,September2007,doi:10.1115/1.2777164
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsareviewoftheprincipaldevelopmentsinfunctionallygradedmaterials
(FGMs)withanemphasisontherecentworkpublishedsince2000.Diverseareasrelevanttovariousaspectsof
theoryandapplicationsofFGMarereflectedinthispaper.TheyincludehomogenizationofparticulateFGM,
heattransferissues,stress,stabilityanddynamicanalyses,testing,manufacturinganddesign,applications,and
fracture.ThecriticalareaswherefurtherresearchisneededforasuccessfulimplementationofFGMindesign
areoutlinedintheconclusions.
S.ChungYuenandG.N.Nurick(BlastImpactandSurvivabilityResearchUnit(BISRU),Departmentof
MechanicalEngineering,UniversityofCapeTown,PrivateBag,Rondebosch7701,SouthAfrica),The
EnergyAbsorbingCharacteristicsofTubularStructuresWithGeometricandMaterialModifications:
AnOverview,AppliedMechanicsReviews,Vol.61,No.2,020802(15pages),March2008,
DOI:10.1115/1.2885138
ABSTRACT:Forbettercrashworthinessperformance,vehiclesmustprotectitsoccupantsbymaintaining
structuralintegrityandconvertingthelargeamountofkineticenergyintootherformsofenergyina
controllableandpredictablemannerinacrashsituation.Indoingso,lowercrushingforcewouldprovidebetter
safetyforthevehicleoccupants.Thispaperreviewstheaxialresponseofmodifiedtubularsectionswith
imperfectionsandfillerssubjectedtoaxialimpactloadsrelevanttothefieldofstructuralcrashworthiness.The

useofimperfectionssetsthemodeandinitiationofcollapseofatubeataspecificlocationandreducesthe
maximumcrushforce,henceimprovingtheenergyabsorbingcharacteristicsoftubularstructures.Thetypesof
imperfectionsdiscussedincludeprebuckle,parallelanddishedindentations,cutouts,stiffeners,fillers,and
wrapping.
D.Karagiozova(1)andMarcilioAlves(2)
(1)InstituteofMechanics,BulgarianAcademyofSciences,Acad.GeorgiBonchevStreet,Block4,Sofia1113,
Bulgaria
(2)GroupofSolidMechanicsandStructuralImpact,DepartmentofMechatronicsandMechanicalSystems
Engineering,UniversityofSoPaulo,AvenidaProfessorMelloMoraes2231,05508030SoPaulo,Brazil
DynamicElasticPlasticBucklingofStructuralElements:AReview,Appl.Mech.Rev.,Vol.61,No.4,
July2008,040803(26pages),doi:10.1115/1.2939481
ABSTRACT:Structuralelements,whichdeforminelastically,areoftenusedinenergyabsorbingdevicesdue
totheirsimpledesignandthehighefficiencyachievedbyseveralbucklingdeformationmechanisms.The
applicationoflightductilematerialsintransportationsystemsandincreasedloadingintensityrequiresstudies
ontheinfluenceoftherateofloadingandmaterialcharacteristicsondynamicbucklingbehavior.Thepresent
reviewarticleisfocusedonsummarizingthestateoftheartrelatedtotheinelasticdynamicstabilityand
postbucklingbehaviorofvariousbasicstructuralmembers.Inparticular,studiesonthedynamicresponseof
axiallyloadedidealizedelasticplasticmodels,rods,shellswithcircularandsquarecrosssections,andlong
tubesarediscussedwithconsiderationgiventotheinfluenceofthegeometricandmaterialcharacteristicsas
wellastheloadingconditionsonthebucklingphenomenaobservedinthesestructuralelements.Thefindings
fromthetheoreticalandexperimentalinvestigationsonthephenomenonofdynamicinelasticbucklingreported
inthisreviewarticlearebasedon118references.
J.Blachut(1)andK.Magnucki(2)
(1)TheUniversityofLiverpool,MechanicalEngineering,Liverpool,U.K
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Strength,Stability,andOptimizationofPressureVessels:ReviewofSelectedProblems,Appl.Mech.
Rev.,Vol.61,No.6,November2008,060801(33pages),doi:10.1115/1.2978080
ABSTRACT:Recentresearcheffortintosomeaspectsofstrength,staticstability,andstructuraloptimizationof
horizontalpressurevesselsisreviewedinthispaper.Stressconcentrationsatthejunctionofcylinderellipsoidal
endclosuresarecoveredindetail.Thisinturnestablishesefficientchoicesforwallthicknessesinthevessel.
Detailedaccountofstressesforflexiblesupportsofahorizontalcylindricalshellisprovided.Dimensionsof
supportcomponents,whichassuretheminimumstressconcentrationsbetweenahorizontalshellandits
support,arecalculated.Inparticular,thewallthicknessisfoundforvesselsbeingloadedbytheweightofits
contentandplacedontwosupports.Stabilityissuesarealsoreviewedinthispaper.Inparticular,attentionis
paidtothestabilityofcylinderunderexternalpressureandtothestabilityofendclosures.Thelatterareloaded
byinternalorexternalpressure.Apartfrombucklingandplasticloads,theultimateloadcarryingcapacity,i.e.,
burstpressure,forinternallypressurizedheadsisalsoexamined.Onapracticalside,abovegroundand
undergroundcasesarediscussed.Inthelattercaseofundergroundvesselsthereinforcementbyinternalringsis
assessed.Theoptimizationpartofthispaperdealswiththeeffectivechoiceoftheendclosuredepthandthe

shapeofitsmeridian.Theoverridingaimhereistoexaminethestressconcentrationsandthewaysinwhich
theycanbemitigated.Theoptimalshapeofclosuresisalsosearchedfor,withrespecttothemaximumbuckling
pressureforagivenmassofthehead.Inthecaseofinternalpressurethemaximumofplasticloadissought
withinaspecifiedclassofmeridionalprofiles.Finally,optimalsizingofwholevesselsisdiscussedforslender
andcompactgeometries.Extensivereferencesaremadetorelativelyrecentandongoingworkrelatedtothe
abovetopics.Thispaperhas287referencesand50figures.
J.Blachut(InstituteofPhysics,CracowUniversityofTechnology,Poland),Experimentalperspectiveonthe
bucklingofpressurevesselcomponents,AppliedMechanicsReviews,Vol.66,011003.pp.123,January
2014,DOI:10.1115/1/.4026067
ABSTRACT:ThisreviewaimstocomplementamilestonemonographbySingeretal.(2002,Buckling
ExperimentsExperimentalMethodsinBucklingofThinWalledStructures,Wiley,NewYork).Practical
aspectsofloadbearingcapacityarediscussedunderthegeneralumbrellaofbuckling.Plasticloadsandburst
pressuresareincludedinadditiontobifurcationandsnapthrough/collapse.Thereviewconcentratesonsingle
andcombinedstaticstabilityofconicalshells,cylinders,andtheirbowedoutcounterpart(axialcompression
and/orexternalpressure).Closedtoroidalshellsanddomedendsontopressurevesselssubjectedtointernal
and/orexternalpressuresarealsodiscussed.Domedendsinclude:torispheres,toricones,sphericalcaps,
hemispheres,andellipsoids.Mostexperimentshavebeencarriedinmetals(mildsteel,stainlesssteel,
aluminum);however,detailsabouthybrids(coppersteelcopper)andshellsmanufacturedfromcarbon/glass
fibersareincludedinthereview.Theexistingconcernsaboutgeometricimperfections,unevenwallthickness,
andinfluenceofboundaryconditionsfeatureinreviewedresearch.Theyaresupplementedbytopicslike
imperfectionsinaxiallengthofcylinders,imperfectloadapplication,orerosionofthewallthickness.Thelatter
topictendstobemoreandmorerelevantduetoageingofvessels.Whilemostexperimentationhastakenplace
onlaboratorymodels,asmallnumberoftestsonfullscalemodelsarealsoreferenced.

OsamaBedair(AMECAmericasLtd.,116MountAberdeenManorSE,Calgary,AB,T2Z3N8,Canada),
AnalysisandLimitStateDesignofStiffenedPlatesandShells:AWorldView,Appl.Mech.Rev.,Vol.
62,No.2,March,2009,020801(16pages),doi:10.1115/1.3077137
ABSTRACT:Stiffenedplatesandshellsareencounteredinmanyengineeringapplications.Severalanalytical
andnumericalproceduresweredevelopedoverthepastdecadesforanalysisofthesestructures.Empiricaland
simplifiedanalyticalmodelswerealsodevelopedtoestimatetheirultimatestrengthforvariouslimitstates.The
paperreviewsandpiecestogetherengineeringworkdevelopedforalltheapplications.Thefirstpartreviewsthe
analytical,numerical,andorthotropicplateproceduresthatweredevelopedforanalysisofstiffenedplatesand
shells.Thestructuralidealization,thetheoreticalbasis,andthemeritsofeachmethodarealsodiscussed.The
secondpartofthepaperreviewsthedesignphilosophiesthatweredevelopedtopredicttheultimatestrengthof
thesestructures.Theinfluenceofvariousparametersaffectingthestructuralperformance,suchasgeometric
andmaterialimperfections,stiffenerprofile,etc.,isdiscussed.Theoptimizationprocedurestominimizethe
weightofthestructurearealsoreviewed.Thepaperoffersacomprehensiveanduniquereferencemanualfor
alltypesofstiffenedplateapplications.(409references)
C.M.Wang(1),Y.Y.Zhang(2),Y.Xiang(3),J.N.Reddy(4)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineeringandEngineeringScienceProgramme,NationalUniversityofSingapore,
Singapore117576,Singapore

(2)SchoolofMechanicalEngineeringandAutomation,FuzhouUniversity,350108,P.R.China;Schoolof
Engineering,UniversityofWesternSydney,PenrithSouthDC,NSW1797,Australia
(3)SchoolofEngineering,UniversityofWesternSydney,PenrithSouthDC,NSW1797,Australia
(4)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,TexasA&MUniversity,CollegeStation,TX7778433123
RecentStudiesonBucklingofCarbonNanotubes,Appl.Mech.Rev.,Vol.63,No.3,May2010,030804
(18pages),doi:10.1115/1.4001936
ABSTRACT:Thispaperreviewsrecentresearchstudiesonthebucklingofcarbonnanotubes.Thestructureand
propertiesofcarbonnanotubesareintroducedtothereaders.Thevariousbucklingbehaviorsexhibitedby
carbonnanotubesarealsopresentedherein.Themainfactors,suchasdimensions,boundaryconditions,
temperature,strainrate,andchirality,influencingthebucklingbehaviorsarealsodiscussed,aswellasabrief
introductionofthetwomostusedmethodsforanalyzingcarbonnanotubes,i.e.,continuummodelsand
atomisticsimulations.Summaryandrecommendationsforfutureresearcharealsogiven.Finally,alargebody
ofpapersisgiveninthereferencesection.Itishopedthatthispaperprovidescurrentknowledgeonthe
bucklingofcarbonnanotubes,reviewsthecomputationalmethodsfordeterminingthebucklingloads,and
inspiresresearcherstofurtherinvestigatethebucklingpropertiesofcarbonnanotubesforpracticalapplications.
X.M.Qiu(1)andT.X.Yu(2)
(1)DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing100084,P.R.C.;StateKey
LaboratoryofExplosionScienceandTechnology,BeijingInstituteofTechnology,Beijing100081,P.R.C.
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,HongKongUniversityofScienceandTechnology,ClearWater
Bay,Kowloon,HongKong,P.R.C.;SchoolofEngineering,NingboUniversity,Ningbo315000,P.R.C.,
SomeTopicsinRecentAdvancesandApplicationsofStructuralImpactDynamics,AppliedMechanics
Reviews,Vol.64,No.3,034001(12pages),April2012,DOI:10.1115/1.4005571
ABSTRACT:Thispaperreviewssometopicsrelatedtotheadvancesandapplicationsofstructuralimpact
dynamicsinrecentyears.Dynamicbehaviorofstructuralmembersincludingtubes,beamsandplatesunder
axialortransverseloading,andcellularmaterialsandsandwichstructuresunderimpactorblastloadingare
summarizedhere.Theresearchmethodologyinvolvesexperimentalstudies,theoreticalmodeling,aswellas
numericalsimulations.However,aswemainlyfocusonthelongertimedynamicresponsesofstructuresand
cellularmaterials,studiesofstresswavepropagationandthematerialsstrainratesensitivityarenotincluded.
ZhanjieLi(1),JeanC.BatistaAbreu(1),JiazhenLeng(1),Sndordny(2),BenjaminW.Schafer(1)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,JohnsHopkinsUniversity,Baltimore,Maryland,USA
(2)DepartmentofStructuralMechanics,BudapestUniversityofTechnologyandEconomics,Budapest,
Hungary
Review:Constrainedfinitestripmethoddevelopmentsandapplicationsincoldformedsteeldesign,
ThinWalledStructures,inpress(2013)
ABSTRACT:Thestabilityofthinwalledmembersisdecidedlycomplex.Therecentlydevelopedconstrained
FiniteStripMethod(cFSM)providesameanstosimplifythinwalledmemberstabilitysolutionsthroughits
abilitytoidentifyanddecomposemechanicallymeaningfulstabilitybehavior,notablytheformalseparationof
local,distortional,andglobaldeformationmodes.Theobjectiveofthispaperistoprovideareviewofthemost
recentdevelopmentsincFSM.Thisreviewincludes:fundamentaladvancesinthedevelopmentofcFSM;
applicationsofcFSMindesignandoptimization;identifyingbucklingmodesandcollapsemechanismsinshell

finiteelementmodels;and,additionalstabilityresearchinitiatedbythecFSMmethodology.Abriefsummary
ofthecFSMmethod,initsentirety,isprovidedtoexplainthemethodandhighlightareaswhereresearch
remainsactiveinthefundamentaldevelopment.TheapplicationofcFSMtocoldformedsteelmemberdesign
andoptimizationishighlightedasthemethodhasthepotentialtoautomategeneralizedstrengthpredictionof
thinwalledcoldformedsteelmembers.ExtensionsofcFSMtoshellfiniteelementmodelsisalsohighlighted,
asthisprovidesonepathtobringtheusefulidentificationfeaturesofcFSMtogeneralpurposefiniteelement
models.Anumberofalternativemethods,includinginitialworksonaconstrainedfiniteelementmethod,
initiatedbycFSMmethods,arealsodetailedastheyprovideinsightsonpotentialfutureworkinthisarea.
ResearchcontinuesonfundamentalssuchasmethodsforgeneralizingcFSMtoarbitrarycrosssections,
improveddesignandoptimizationmethods,andnewideasinthecontextofshellfiniteelementmethod
applications.
AlanT.Zehnder(1)andMarkJ.Viz(2)
(1)DepartmentofTheoreticalandAppliedMechanics,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY148531502
(2)ExponentFailureAnalysisAssociates,Chicago,IL60606,FractureMechanicsofThinPlatesand
ShellsUnderCombinedMembrane,Bending,andTwistingLoads,Appl.Mech.Rev.,Vol.58,No.1,
2005
ABSTRACT:Thefracturemechanicsofplatesandshellsundermembrane,bending,twisting,andshearing
loadsarereviewed,startingwiththecracktipfieldsforplanestress,Kirchhoff,andReissnertheories.The
energyreleaserateforeachofthesetheoriesiscalculatedandisusedtodeterminetherelationbetweenthe
KirchhoffandReissnertheoriesforthinplates.Forthickerplates,thisrelationshipisexploredusingthree
dimensionalfiniteelementanalysis.Thevalidityoftheapplicationoftwodimensional(platetheory)solutions
toactualthreedimensionalobjectsisanalyzedanddiscussed.Cracktipfieldsinplatesundergoinglarge
deflectionareanalyzedusingvonKrmntheory.Solutionsforcrackedshellsarediscussedaswell.Anumber
ofcomputationalmethodsfordeterminingstressintensityfactorsinplatesandshellsarediscussed.
Applicationsofthesecomputationalapproachestoaircraftstructuresareexamined.Therelativelyfew
experimentalstudiesoffractureinplatesunderbendingandtwistingloadsarealsoreviewed.Thereare101
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MaohongYu(SchoolofCivilEngineering&Mechanics,Xi'anJiaotongUniversity,Xi'an,710049,China;
mhyu@xjtu.edu.cn;isstad@xjtu.edu.cn),Advancesinstrengththeoriesformaterialsundercomplex
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considerableamountoftheoreticalandexperimentalresearchonstrengththeoryofmaterialsundercomplex
stressstatewasdoneinthe20thCentury.Thisreviewarticlepresentsasurveyoftheadvancesinstrength
theory(yieldcriteria,failurecriterion,etc)ofmaterials(includingmetallicmaterials,rock,soil,concrete,ice,
iron,polymers,energeticmaterial,etc)undercomplexstress,discussestherelationshipamongvariouscriteria,
andgivesamethodofchoosingareasonablefailurecriterionforapplicationsinresearchandengineering.
Threeseriesofstrengththeories,theunifiedyieldcriterion,theunifiedstrengththeory,andothersare
summarized.Thisreviewarticlecontains1163referencesregardingthestrengththeories.Thisreviewalso
includesabriefdiscussionofthecomputationalimplementationofthestrengththeoriesandmultiaxialfatigue.
MahmoodAnsar,WangXinweiandZhouChouwei(MOEKeyLabofStructureMechanicsandControlfor
Aircraft,InstituteofStructures&Strength,NanjingUniversityofAeronauticsandAstronautics,Nanjing
210016,PRChina),Modelingstrategiesof3Dwovencomposites:Areview,CompositeStructures,Vol.
93,No.8,July2011,pp.19471963,doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2011.03.010
ABSTRACT:Duetoadvancementsmadein3Dweavingprocess,3Dwovencompositeshaveevolvedasan
attractivestructuralmaterialformultidirectionalloadbearingandimpactapplications,duetotheirunique
transversepropertiessuchasstiffness,strength,fracturetoughnessanddamageresistance.Substantialprogress
hasbeenmadeinrecentyearsforthedevelopmentofnewmodelingtechniquesindesignandanalysisto
understandtheuniquemechanicalbehaviorof3Dwovencomposites.Thispapersystematicallyreviewsthe
modelingtechniquesalongwiththeircapabilitiesandlimitationsforcharacterizationofthemicrogeometry,
mechanical/thermomechanicalbehaviorandimpactbehaviorof3Dwovencomposites.Advantages,
disadvantagesandapplicationsof3Dwovencompositeshavealsobeendelineated.Inaddition,thisreference
listprovidesagooddatabaseforfutureresearchon3Dwovencomposites.

J.A.Bailie,R.P.LeyandA.Pasricha(MilitaryAircraftSystemsDivision,NorthropGrummanCorporation,
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forunidirectionaltape,laminatedaerospacecompositepanels.Guidelinesforbondedandboltedjoints,cutouts,
anddurabilityanddamagetolerancearealsopresented,astheystronglyinfluencedesignsforproduction
aircraft.Theseguidelinesareaccompaniedbyexplanationsofwhyeachonewasgeneratedandtheinfluence
eachonehasonthestructuralperformanceofvariousaircraftcomponents.Mostoftheseguidelineswere
developedduringactualconstructionofrelativelysimpleaircraftcomponentsinthelate1960sandearly1970s.
Unfortunately,generallyavailableliteraturedetailingthederivationoftheseguidelinesisscarce;hence,itwas
madenecessarytoobtaininformationdirectlyfromvariousaerospaceengineeringorganizationsandnotes
presentedinlectures.Thescarcityofformaldocumentationmayalsobedue,inpart,tothefactthatmany
lessonswerelearnedwhenunpredictedfailuresoccurredduringearlydevelopmentprogramsthatareonlynow
beingdeclassified.
Thepresentreviewisfocusedoncompositelaminatesmadeofgraphitefibersembeddedinapolymermatrix
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dataarepresentedtoillustratethebasisformanyoftheguidelines.
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Manyoftheseguidelineshaveservedtheaerospaceindustryforclosetothreedecadesastheyweredeveloped
forfighter/attackaircraftstructuralcomponentsbeingdesignedinthelate1960s.Attentionwasdirected
towardsproductionaircraftthatweretobecertifiedforoperatinglivesontheorderof6,000flighthours.
Bygatheringtogethertheseguidelinesandcriticallyevaluatingtheirderivation,itisfeasibletoassesssituations
underwhichtheycanbesafelyrelaxedorevenignored.Suchanassessmentisperformedforasparcap
composedentirelyofunidirectionalpliesproposedforunmannedairvehiclesunderdevelopmentforNASAs
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EdwinL.FasanellaandKarenE.Jackson(U.S.ArmyResearchLaboratoryVehicleTechnologyDirectorate
LangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia),BestPracticesforCrashModelingandSimulation,
NASA/TM2002211944,ARLTR2849,October2002
ABSTRACT:Aviationsafetycanbegreatlyenhancedthroughapplicationofcomputersimulationsofcrash
impact.Unlikeautomotiveimpacttesting,whichisnowaroutinepartofthedevelopmentprocess,crashtesting
ofevensmallaircraftisinfrequentlyperformedduetothehighcostoftheaircraftandthemyriadofimpact
conditionsthatmustbeconsidered.Crashsimulationsarecurrentlyusedasanaidindesigning,testing,and
certifyingaircraftcomponentssuchasseatstodynamicimpactcriteria.Ultimately,thegoalistoutilizefull
scalecrashsimulationsoftheentireaircraftfordesignevaluationandcertification.Theobjectiveofthis
publicationistodescribebestpracticesformodelingaircraftimpactusingexplicitnonlineardynamicfinite
elementcodessuchasLSDYNA,DYNA3D,andMSC.Dytran.Althoughbestpracticesissomewhatrelative,
theauthorsintentistohelpotherstoavoidsomeofthecommonpitfallsinimpactmodelingthatarenot
generallydocumented.Inaddition,adiscussionofexperimentaldataanalysis,digitalfiltering,andtestanalysis
correlationisprovided.Finally,someexamplesofaircraftcrashsimulationsaredescribedinfourappendices
followingthemainreport.
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S.D.Daxini(1)andJ.M.Prajapati(2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,BabariaInstituteofTechnology,Vadodara,Gujarat391240,India
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,M.S.University,Vadodara,Gujarat390020,India
AReviewonRecentContributionofMeshfreeMethodstoStructureandFractureMechanics
Applications,
TheScientificWorldJournal,Vol.2014(2014),ArticleID247172,13pages,2014
DOI:10.1155/2014/247172
ABSTRACT:Meshfreemethodsareviewedasnextgenerationcomputationaltechniques.Withevident
limitationsofconventionalgridbasedmethods,likeFEM,indealingwithproblemsoffracturemechanics,large
deformation,andsimulationofmanufacturingprocesses,meshfreemethodshavegainedmuchattentionby
researchers.Anumberofmeshfreemethodshavebeenproposedtillnowforanalyzingcomplexproblemsin
variousfieldsofengineering.Presentworkattemptstoreviewrecentdevelopmentsandsomeearlier
applicationsofwellknownmeshfreemethodslikeEFGandMLPGtovarioustypesofstructuremechanicsand
fracturemechanicsapplicationslikebending,buckling,freevibrationanalysis,sensitivityanalysisandtopology
optimization,singleandmixedmodecrackproblems,fatiguecrackgrowth,anddynamiccrackanalysisand
sometypicalapplicationslikevibrationofcrackedstructures,thermoelasticcrackproblems,andfailure
transitioninimpactproblems.Duetocomplexnatureofmeshfreeshapefunctionsandevaluationofintegralsin
domain,meshlessmethodsarecomputationallyexpensiveascomparedtoconventionalmeshbasedmethods.
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O.Ifayefunmi(FacultyofMechanicalEngineering,UniversitiTeknikalMalaysiaMelaka,HangTuahJaya,
76100DurianTunggal,Melaka,MALAYSIA),Asurveyofbucklingofconicalshellssubjectedtoaxial
compressionandexternalpressure,JournalofEngineeringScienceandTechnologyReview,Vol.7,No.2,
pp182189,2014
Abstract:Thepaperreviewsliteratureonbucklingofconicalshellssubjectedtothreeloadingconditions:(i)
axialcompressiononly,(ii)externalpressureonlyand(iii)combinedloading.Thereviewisfromthe
theoreticalaswellasexperimentalpointsofview.Thisreviewcoversknownexperimentsonconesfrom(1958
2012).Theliteraturereviewissplitthematicallyintothefollowingcategories:theoreticalpredictionofaxially
compressedcones,theoreticalpredictionofexternallypressurizedcones,theoreticalpredictionofconesunder
combinedloading,bucklingexperimentsonaxiallycompressedcones,bucklingexperimentsonexternally
pressurizedcones,bucklingexperimentsonconessubjectedtocombinedloading,bucklingexperimentson
compositeconicalshells,equivalentcylinderapproach,effectofinitialgeometricimperfectiononthebuckling
behaviourofconesandeffectofimperfectboundaryconditionsonthebucklingbehaviourofcones.

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[118]C.D.Babcock,"Experimentsinshellbuckling",inThinShellStructures,Theory,Experiment,andDesign,Y.C.FungandE.
E.Sechler,(eds),NJ,PrenticeHall,EaglewoodCliffs,1974,pp.345369.
[119]J.Singer,"BucklingexperimentsonshellAreviewofrecentdevelopment",TAEReportNo.403,1980,pp.181.
[120]J.W.Hutchinson,W.T.Koiter,"Postbucklingtheory",AppliedMechanicsReview,23,1970,13531366.
[121]J.Arbocz,"Shellstabilityanalysis:theoryandpractice",inCollapse:TheBucklingofStructuresinTheoryandPractice,J.M.
T.Thompson,G.W.Hunt,(eds),CambridgeUniversityPress,1983,pp.4374.
[122]J.Arbocz,"Past,presentandfutureofshellstabilityanalysis",Z.fuerFlugwissenschaftenundWeltraumforschung,5(6),1981,
335348.
[123]D.Bushnell,"ComputerizedBucklingAnalysisofShells",MartinusNihjoffPublishers,Dordrecht,1985.
[124]J.Zielnica,"Imperfectionsensitivityandstabilityofanelasticplasticconicalshell
underaxisymmetricalload",ArchiveofAppliedMechanics,72(67),2002,395417.
[125]J.Singer,H.Abramovich,"Thedevelopmentofshellimperfectionmeasurementtechniques",ThinWalledStructures,23(14),
1995,379398.
[126]Y.Goldfeld,I.Sheinman,M.Baruch,"Imperfectionsensitivityofconicalshells",AIAAJournal,41(3),2003,517524.
[127]G.Q.Zhang,J.Arbocz,"Initialpostbucklinganalysisofanisotropic conical
shells",inProceedingsof34th
AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,USA,1922April,1993,pp.326335.
[128]G.Q.Zhang,"Stabilityanalysisofanisotropicconicalshells",PhDDissertation,DelftUniversityofTechnology,1993.
[129]M.K.Chryssanthopoulos,C.Poggi,A.Spagnoli,"Bucklingdesignofconicalshellsbasedonvalidatednumericalmodels",
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[130]M.Jabareen,I.Sheinman,"Postbucklinganalysisofgeometricallyimperfectconicalshells",ASCEJournalofEngineering
Mechanics,132(12),2006,13261334.
[131]M.Jabareen,I.Sheinman,"Stabilityofimperfectstiffenedconicalshells",InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,46(10),
2009,21112125.
[132]P.A.Cooper,C.B.Dexter,Bucklingofaconicalshellwithlocalimperfections,NASATMX2991,1974,pp.121.
[133]O.Ifayefunmi,J.Blachut,"TheEffectofShape,BoundaryandThicknessImperfectionsonPlasticBucklingofCones",
ProceedingsoftheInternationalConferenceonOcean,OffshoreandArcticEngineering(OMAE2011),Vol.2,OMAE201149055,
2011,pp.2333,ASME,NY,USA(ISBN:9780791844342).
[134]J.Singer,"Theeffectofaxialconstraintontheinstabilityofthinconicalshellsunderexternalpressure",JournalofApplied
Mechanics,TransactionsoftheASME,29(1),1962,212214.
[135]M.Baruch,O.Harari,J.Singer,"Effectofinplaneboundaryconditionsonthestabilityofconicalshellsunderhydrostatic
pressure",inProceedingofthe9thIsraelAnnualConferenceonAviationandAstronautics,IsraelJournalofTechnology,5(1),1967,
1224.
[136]G.A.Thurston,"Effectofboundaryconditionsonthebucklingofconicalshellsunderhydrostaticpressure",JournalofApplied
Mechanics,TransactionsoftheASME,32(1),1965,208209.
[137]J.Singer,"Bucklingofclampedconicalshellsunderexternalpressure",AIAAJournal,4(2),1966,328337.[138]N.
Pariatmono,M.K.Chryssanthopoulos,"Asymmetricelasticbucklingofaxiallycompressedconicalshellswithvariousend
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[139]A.Spagnoli,"Koitercirclesinthebucklingofaxiallycompressedconicalshells",InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,
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compression",ThinWalledStructures,27(2),1997,147163.

SomeSurveysbyJaroslavMackerle:
JaroslavMackerle(LinkpingInstituteofTechnology,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,S58183,
Linkping,Sweden),Aguidetotheliteratureonfiniteandboundaryelementtechniquesandsoftware,
EngineeringAnalysiswithBoundaryElements,Vol.6,No.2,June1989,pp.8496,
doi:10.1016/09557997(89)900040
ABSTRACT:Thispaperisofferedasapracticalguidetosourcesofinformationonthefiniteelement(FE)and
boundaryelement(BE)techniquesandsoftware.Itisintendedforusebypracticalengineers,researchersand
potentialbuyersofsoftwareasahelptofindtheirwaythroughthevaryingformsofliterature.Reviewedare
books,periodicals,bibliographies,abstractingjournals,anddatabases.
JaroslavMackerle(LinkpingInstituteofTechnology,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,S58183,
Linkping,Sweden),Finiteelementsintheanalysisofpressurevesselsandpipingabibliography
(19761996),InternationalJournalofPressureVesselsandPiping,Vol.69,No.3,December1996,pp.279
339,doi:10.1016/03080161(96)000117
ABSTRACT:Thepapergivesabibliographicalreviewofthefiniteelementmethods(FEMs)appliedforthe
analysisofpressurevesselstructures/componentsandpipingfromthetheoreticalaswellaspracticalpointsof
view.TherangeofapplicationsofFEMsinthisareaiswideandcannotbepresentedinasinglepaper;
thereforetheaimofthisreviewistogivethereaderanencyclopaedicviewofthedifferntpossibilitiesthatexist
todayforthefiniteelementanalysisinthefieldsofpressurevesselsandpiping.Thebibliographyattheendof
thepapercontainsapproximately1900referencestopapers,conferenceproceedingsandtheses/dissertationson
thesubjectthatwerepublishedin19761996.Theseareclassifiedinthefollowingcategories:linearandnon
linear,staticanddynamic,stressanddeflectionanalysis;stabilityproblems;thermalproblems;fracture
mechanicsproblems;contactproblems;fluidstructureinteractionproblems;manufacturingofpipesandtubes;
weldedpipesandpressurevesselcomponents;developmentofspecialfiniteelementsforpressurevesselsand
pipes;finiteelementsoftware;andothertopics.Alsofiniteelementsoftware,generalpurposeandspecial
purposecodes,usedfortheanalysisofpressurevesselsandpipesarebrieflydiscussedandpresented.
JaroslavMackerle(LinkpingInstituteofTechnology,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,Linkping,
Sweden),Finiteelementanalysisandsimulationofpolymers:abibliography(19761996),Modelling
Simul.Mater.Sci.Eng.Vol.5,1997,p.615doi:10.1088/09650393/5/6/006
ABSTRACT:Thispapergivesabibliographicalreviewofthefiniteelementmethodsappliedtotheanalysis
andsimulationofpolymers.Thebibliographyattheendofthepapercontainsreferencestopapers,conference
proceedingsandtheses/dissertationsonthesubjectthatwerepublishedbetween19761996.Thefollowing
topicsareincluded:polymerflowandmixingsimulation;polymerprocessing;thermalanalysisofpolymers;
fracturemechanicsofpolymers;modellingpolymerbehavioursandtheirmechanicalproperties;practical
polymerapplicationsinengineering;othertopics.
JaroslavMackerle(LinkpingInstituteofTechnology,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,S58183,
Linkping,Sweden),Stabilityproblemsanalysedbyfiniteelementandboundaryelementtechniques

Abibliography(19941996),FiniteElementsinAnalysisandDesign,Vol.26,No.4,August1997,pp.337
353,doi:10.1016/S0168874X(96)000893
ABSTRACT:Thisbibliographycontainsreferencestopapers,conferenceproceedingsandtheses/dissertations
dealingwithstabilityproblemsandfiniteelementandboundaryelementanalysesthatwerepublishedin1994
1996
JaroslavMackerle(LinkpingInstituteofTechnology,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,Linkping,
Sweden),Fluidstructureinteractionproblems,finiteelementandboundaryelementapproachesA
bibliography(19951998),FiniteElementsinAnalysisandDesign,Vol.31,No.3,January1999,pp.231
240,
doi:10.1016/S0168874X(98)000651
ABSTRACT:Thisbibliographycontainsreferencestopapers,conferenceproceedingsandtheses/dissertations
dealingwithfiniteelementandboundaryelementanalysesoffluidstructureinteractionproblemsthatwere
publishedin19951998.
JaroslavMackerle(LinkpingInstituteofTechnology,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,Linkping,
Sweden),Finiteelementlinearandnonlinear,staticanddynamicanalysisofstructuralelementsan
addendumAbibliography(19961999),EngineeringComputations,Vol.17No.3,2000,pp.274351,
doi:10.1108/02644400010324893
ABSTRACT:Abibliographicalreviewofthefiniteelementmethods(FEMs)appliedforthelinearand
nonlinear,staticanddynamicanalysesofbasicstructuralelementsfromthetheoreticalaswellaspractical
pointsofviewisgiven.Thebibliographyattheendofthepapercontains1,726referencestopapers,conference
proceedingsandtheses/dissertationsdealingwiththeanalysisofbeams,columns,rods,bars,cables,discs,
blades,shafts,membranes,platesandshellsthatwerepublishedin19961999.
JaroslavMackerle,(LinkpingInstituteofTechnology,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,Linkping,
Sweden),Finiteelementlinearandnonlinear,staticanddynamicanalysisofstructuralelements,an
addendum:Abibliography(19992002),EngineeringComputations,Vol.19,No.5,2002,pp.520594,
doi:10.1108/02644400210435843
ABSTRACT:Thispapergivesabibliographicalreviewofthefiniteelementmethods(FEMs)appliedforthe
linearandnonlinear,staticanddynamicanalysesofbasicstructuralelementsfromthetheoreticalaswellas
practicalpointsofview.Thebibliographyattheendofthepapercontainsmorethan1330referencestopapers,
conferenceproceedingsandtheses/dissertationsdealingwiththeanalysisofbeams,columns,rods,bars,cables,
discs,blades,shafts,membranes,platesandshellsthatwerepublishedin19992002.
JaroslavMackerle(LinkpingInstituteofTechnology,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,S58183
Linkping,Sweden),Finiteandboundaryelementlinearandnonlinearanalysesofshellsandshelllike
structures:Abibliography(19992001),FiniteElementsinAnalysisandDesign,Vol.38,No.8,June2002,
Pages765782,doi:10.1016/S0168874X(01)001032
ABSTRACT:Thisbibliographycontainsreferencestopapers,conferenceproceedingsandtheses/dissertations
dealingwiththelinearandnonlinearfiniteelementandboundaryelementanalysesofshellsthatwerepublished

in19992001.
JaroslavMackerle(LinkpingInstituteofTechnology,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,S58183
Linkping,Sweden),Finiteelementanalysesofsandwichstructures:abibliography(19802001),
EngineeringComputations,Vol.19,No.2,2002,pp.206245,doi:10.1108/02644400210419067
ABSTRACT:Givesabibliographicalreviewofthefiniteelementanalysesofsandwichstructuresfromthe
theoreticalaswellaspracticalpointsofview.Bothisotropicandcompositematerialsareconsidered.Topics
include:materialandmechanicalpropertiesofsandwichstructures;vibration,dynamicresponseandimpact
problems;heattransferandthermomechanicalresponses;contactproblems;fracturemechanics,fatigueand
damage;stabilityproblems;specialfiniteelementsdevelopedfortheanalysisofsandwichstructures;analysis
ofsandwichbeams,plates,panelsandshells;specificapplicationsinvariousfieldsofengineering;othertopics.
Theanalysisofcellularsolidsisalsoincluded.Thebibliographyattheendofthispapercontains655references
topapers,conferenceproceedingsandtheses/dissertationsdealingwithpresentedsubjectsthatwerepublished
between1980and2001.
SECTION8ofthepaper:
8.Stabilityproblems
Animportantfactorforthesandwichstructuralintegrityisthedesignagainstbuckling.Theinteractionbetween
thestifffacesandflexiblecorehasastronginfluenceontheinitialbucklingloadandthesubsequentpost
bucklingwhichcanbeunstableonthecontraryfromisotropicmaterials.
Thissectiondealswithelasticinstabilityandbuckling.Anotherlocalbucklingthatcanoccuristheface
wrinkling.Papersarelistedthatinvestigatetheeffectofcouplingbetweenfacesandthecoreonthestabilityof
sandwichstructures.
Themaintopicsinclude:linearandnonlinearstabilityanalysis;staticanddynamicbucklingofsandwich
structures;thermalbuckling;prebucklinganalysis;postbucklinganalysis;nonlinearpostbucklinganalysis;
postbucklinganalysisofdebondedsandwichstructures;strainratedependentbuckling;localbuckling
behavior;effectofboundaryconditions;parametricstudies.
Typeofstructure:sandwichbeams,plates,shellsandpanels;compositesandwichstructures;softcoreand
hardcoresandwichplates;stiffenedsandwichpanels;prestressedsandwicharches;curvedsandwichpanels;
honeycombs.
Referenceslistedforthecategory,6A.6Stabilityproblems:

6A.6Stabilityproblems
Babu,C.S.andKant,T.(1999),Twosheardeformablefiniteelementmodelsforbucklingofskewfibrereinforcedcompositeand
sandwichpanels,Compos.Struct.,Vol.46No.2,pp.115124.
Babu,C.S.andKant,T.(2000),Refinedhigherorderfiniteelementmodelsforthermalbucklingoflaminatedcompositeand
sandwichplates,J.Therm.Stress.,Vol.23No.2,pp.111130.
Boyle,M.P.etal.(2001),Experimental,numerical,andanalyticalresultsforbucklingandpostbucklingoforthotropicrectangular
sandwichpanels,Compos.Struct.,Vol.52No.3/4,pp.375380.
Ding,Y.andHou,J.(1995),Generalbucklinganalysisofsandwichconstructions,Comp.Struct.,Vol.55No.3,pp.485493.
Hao,B.etal.(1999),Nonlinearpostbucklingbehaviorofclampedcompositesandwichplates,1999Str.Str.Dyn.Mater.Conf.
Exhib.,StLouis,AIAA,pp.17581766.
Hao,B.etal.(2000),Bucklingandpostbucklingofsoftcoresandwichplateswithcompositefacesheets,Comput.Mech.,Vol.25
No.5,pp.421429.
Heder,M.(1991),Bucklingofsandwichpanelswithdifferentboundaryconditions:acomparisonbetweenFEanalysisandanalytical
solutions,Compos.Struct.,Vol.19No.4,pp.313332.
Heder,M.(1993),Simplemethodtoestimatethebucklingstressofstiffenedsandwichpanels,Compos.Struct.,Vol.26No.1/2,pp.
95107.

Hvatum,M.M.andRoylance,D.K.(1982),CompressiontestingandfiniteelementmodelingofstrainratedependentbucklingofAl
honeycomb,J.Metal,Vol.34No.8,pp.32.
Jeusette,J.P.andLaschet,G.(1990),Prebucklingandpostbucklingfiniteelementanalysisofcurvedcompositeandsandwich
panels,AIAAJ.,Vol.28No.7,pp.12331239.
Kant,T.andBabu,C.S.(2000),Thermalbucklinganalysisofskewfibrereinforcedcompositeandsandwich:platesusingshear
deformablefiniteelementmodels,Compos.Struct.,Vol.49No.1,pp.7785.
Lan,T.etal.(1993),Thermalbucklingofbimodularsandwichbeams,Compos.Struct.,Vol.25
Mirmiran,A.(1991),Nonlinearstabilityanalysisofprestressedsandwicharchesusingthefiniteelementmethod,PhDThesis,Univ.
ofMaryland,CollegePark.
Mirmiran,A.andMade,A.M.(1993),Inelasticbucklingofprestressedsandwichorhomogeneousarches,J.Struct.Eng.,ASCE,
Vol.119No.9,pp.27332743.
Mirmiran,A.andMade,A.M.(1993),Classofstabilityproblems:sequentialfabricationofexpandablestructures,SpaceStruct.,
Vol.8No.3,pp.181187.
Mirmiran,A.andWoldeTinsae,A.M.(1993),Bucklingandpostbucklingofprestressedsandwicharches,J.Struct.Eng.,ASCE,
Vol.119No.1,pp.262278.
Mirmiran,A.andWoldeTinsae,A.M.(1993),Stabilityofpostbuckledsandwichelasticaarches:parametricstudy,J.Eng.Mech.,
ASCE,Vol.119No.4,pp.767785.
Muc,A.andZuchara,P.(2000),BucklingandfailureanalysisofFRPfacedsandwichplates,Compos.Struct.,Vol.48No.1,pp.
145150.
Murakami,T.etal.(1987),Bucklingstrengthofellipticalheadswithcoresupportstructureunderverticalandhorizontalloads,9th
Int.Conf.Str.Mech.ReactorTech.,Balkema,pp.E17984.
Nordstrand,T.M.(1995),Parametricstudyofthepostbucklingstrengthofstructuralcoresandwichpanels,Compos.Struct.,Vol.
30No.4,pp.441451.
Paimushin,V.N.etal.(2000),Methodsoffiniteelementanalysisofarbitrarybucklingformsofsandwichplatesandshells,Mech.
Compos.Mater.,Vol.36No.4,pp.277286.
Pomazi,L.andUj,J.(2000),Stabilityofasymmetricallybuiltandloadedmultilayeredrectangularsandwichtypeplates(FEM
solutions),Period.Polytech.Mech.Eng.,Vol.44No.1,pp.127138.
Sciuva,M.D.andCarrera,E.(1990),Staticbucklingofmoderatelythick,anisotropic,laminatedandsandwichcylindricalshell
panels,AIAAJ.,Vol.28No.10,pp.17821793.
Shamsian,A.etal.(1993),Finiteelementbucklinganalysisofsandwichshells,Comp.Struct.,Vol.49No.1,pp.127131.
Sharma,A.K.etal.(2001),Postbucklinganalysisofdebondedsandwichbeams,42ndStr.Str.Dyn.Mater.Conf.,Seattle,pp.90
103.
Wallace,B.T.etal.(2000),EffectofZpinningonbucklingofdelaminatedsandwichbeams,41stStr.Str.Dyn.Mater.Conf.
Exhib.,Atlanta,AIAA,pp.539544.
Watanabe,N.andKimura,S.(1998),ThermalbucklingbehaviorofverythinCFRPfaceinAlhoneycombsandwichplatesfor
variouslamination,39thStr.Str.Dyn.Mater.Conf.Exh.,LongBeach,Vol.3,pp.241322.
Watanabe,N.andTeranishi,K.(1994),StiffnessandbucklinganalysisforsandwichplateswiththermalbucklingCFRPfacesheets:
qualitativeapproach,35thStr.Str.Dyn.Mater.Conf.,AIAA,pp.20192027.
Watanabe,N.etal.(1997),ThermalbucklingbehaviorinAlhoneycombsandwichplateswithverythinCFRPfaces,38thStr.Str.
Dyn.Mater.Conf.,Kissimmee,pp.24922501.
Zhou,H.etal.(1998),Dynamicbucklingstrengthofhoneycombcoreofaluminumalloy,J.Soc.Mater.Sci.Jpn.,Vol.47No.11,
pp.11191124.
Zhu,J.(1995),Thepostbucklingperformanceofsandwichandcompositeshellswithinplaneshearnonlinearityandunsymmetric
layers,Comp.Meth.Appl.Mech.Eng.,Vol.128No.1/2,pp.2547.

JaroslavMackerle(LinkpingInstituteofTechnology,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,S58183
Linkping,Sweden),Finiteelementanalysisandsimulationofweldinganaddendum:abibliography
(19962001),ModellingSimul.Mater.Sci.Eng.Vol.10,2002,p.295doi:10.1088/09650393/10/3/304
ABSTRACT:Thispapergivesabibliographicalreviewofthefiniteelementmethodsappliedtotheanalysis
andsimulationofweldingprocesses.Thebibliographyisanaddendumtothefiniteelementanalysisand

simulationofwelding:abibliography(197696)publishedinModellingSimul.Mater.Sci.Eng.(1996)4501
33.Theaddedbibliographyattheendofthispapercontainsapproximately550referencestopapersand
conferenceproceedingsonthesubjectthatwerepublishedin19962001.Theseareclassifiedinthefollowing
categories:modellingofweldingprocessesingeneral;modellingofspecificweldingprocesses;influenceof
geometricalparameters;heattransferandfluidflowinwelds;residualstressesanddeformationsinwelds;
fracturemechanicsandwelding;fatigueofweldedstructures;destructiveandnondestructiveevaluationof
weldmentsandcracks;weldedtubularjoints,pipesandpressurevessels/components;weldsinplatesandother
structures/components.
EndofsurveysbyJaroslavMackerle
EncyclopediaentrythatdefinesfunctionallyGradedMaterials(FGM):
A.Neubrand(TechnischeUniversittDarmstadt,Germany),FunctionallyGradedMaterials(FGM),
EncyclopediaofMaterials:ScienceandTechnology,(nodatenorpublishergiven;2008?),pp.34073413
doi:10.1016/B0080431526/006082
BEGINNINGOFARTICLE:Afunctionallygradedmaterial(FGM,orsometimesalsogradientmaterial)is
characterizedbyagradualchangeofmaterialpropertieswithposition.Thepropertygradientinthematerialis
causedbyapositiondependentchemicalcomposition,microstructure,oratomicorder.Thespatialextension
ofthegradientmaydiffer:inabulkFGMthepropertyvariationextendsoveralargepartofthematerial,
whereasinagradedcoatingorjointitisrestrictedtothesurfaceofthematerialorasmallinterfacialregion.
AlthoughFGMsattractedscientificinterestonlytowardstheendofthetwentiethcentury,thesematerialsare
notnew.Infact,spatialvariationsinthemicrostructureofmaterialshavebeenexploitedformillionsofyears
bylivingorganisms.Inmanystructuresfoundinplants,microstructuralgradientsareformedinorderto
produceoptimumstructuralandfunctionalperformancewithminimummaterialuse.Anexampleistheculmof
bamboo,whichconsistsofhighstrengthnaturalfibersembeddedinamatrixofordinarycells(Fig.1(a)).The
fibercontentisnothomogeneousovertheentirecrosssectionoftheculmbutdecreasesfromoutsidetoinside
(Fig.1(b)).Thisgradationinfibercontentisanaturaladaptationoftheplanttoflexuralloadsthefibercontent
ishighonlyinthosesectionswherethehigheststressesoccur.
Therearealsosomeexamplesofearlysyntheticmaterialstakingadvantageofpropertygradientssuchascase
hardenedsteelsinwhichahardsurfaceiscombinedwithatoughinterior.Nevertheless,itwasonlyin1987that
JapanesescientistsconceivedgradedmaterialsasanewconceptanddefinedanFGMasaninhomogeneous
composite,inwhichthematerialsmechanical,physical,andchemicalpropertieschangecontinuously,and
whichhavenodiscontinuitieswithinthematerial(Hiraietal.1987).Meanwhileithasbecomecommon
practicetousethetermFGMnotonlyforcomposites,butalsoforallmaterialswithamacroscopicproperty
gradient(seedefinitionatthebeginningofthearticle).Thus,materialscontainingonlyonephasesuchas
gradedglassesorgradedsinglecrystalsarealsoFGMs.Insuchmaterialsthespatialpropertyvariationiscaused
byagradientinchemicalcomposition.Nevertheless,thevastmajorityofFGMsarecompositematerialswitha
macroscopicmicrostructuralgradient.Forexample,thecompositemaycontainaspatiallyvaryingvolume
fractionofoneofthephases(Fig.2(a)).Inthiscase,thegradientmaterialcanbeconvenientlydescribedbythe
useofatransitionfunctionf(x,y,z),wherefisthevolumefractionofoneofthephasesasafunctionofposition.
Inmanypracticalcasesthecompositionalvariationwillberestrictedtoonecoordinate,z,andthedifferent
gradientscanthenbedescribedbyasocalledtransitionfunctionofthetype:f(z)=(z/d)^p,wherefdenotesthe

volumefractionofoneofthephases,disthethicknessofthegradedregion,andpisthesocalledgradation
exponent.However,acompositiongradientisnotinherenttoallFGMs.Microstructuralgradientsmayalsobe
obtainedincompositesbychangingtheshape(Fig.2(b)),orientation(Fig.2(c)),orsize(Fig.2(d))ofthe
dispersedphase.
Properlydesignedpropertygradientsinmaterialsleadtoaperformancethatcannotbeachievedwitha
homogeneousmaterialorbythejoiningoftwodifferentmaterials.Thegradientcanthusberegardedasan
additionalmaterialdesignparameterwhichmaybeadaptedandoptimizedtomeettherequirementsofa
particularapplication.Thisleadstotheunusualsituationthattheperformanceofthematerialisstrongly
influencedbygeometricfactorssuchastheshapeofthematerial,andtheextensionandprofileoftheproperty
gradient.Thus,agradientmaterialcannotbefullycharacterizedbymaterialsconstantsonly,andalready
comprisescertainaspectsofthedesignofacomponent.
MostofthetheoreticalresearchonFGMshasbeendevotedtotheirmacroscopicmechanicalandthermal
behaviorandtherehasbeenconsiderableprogressinunderstandingtheeffectsofgradientsonthestress
distributionwithinsuchmaterials(reviewedbySureshandMortensen1998).Agradationoftheelasticmodulus
and\orofthethermalexpansioncoefficient

EndofsomeoftheReviewArticlesinAppliedMechanicsReviewsandElsewhere

Section4:Thefollowingarticlesarepartlyreviewarticlesandpartly
contributenewmaterialtotheliterature.Mostofthemarecited
againinSection8withabstractsincludedandoccasionallyalso
referencesincluded.
J.H.AmickandJ.H.Nourse,Areviewofthetechnicalliteraturefortheelasticanalysisoffilamentwound
pressurevessels,Report1,HerculesPowderCo.,July1964
K.Forsberg,Areviewofanalyticalmethodsusedtodeterminethemodalcharacteristicsofcylindricalshells,
NASACR613,1965
D.J.Johns(DepartmentofTransportTechnology,UniversityofTechnology,Loughborough,UK),Shear
bucklingofisotropicandorthotropicplatesareview,MinistryofDefence,AeronauticalResearchCouncil
ReportsandMemoranda,R.&M.No.3677,London,HerMajestysStationeryOffice,1971
C.D.Babcock,Jr.,Experimentsinshellbuckling(reviewofmethodsandtechniques),Thinshellstructures:
Theory,experiment,anddesign;ProceedingsoftheSymposium,Pasadena,Calif;UnitedStates;2930June
1972.pp.345369.1974,editedbyY.C.FungandE.E.Sechler,PrenticeHall,EnglewoodCliffs,N.J.
Yu.A.AshmarinandA.N.Guz(MechanicsInstitute,AcademyofSciencesoftheUkrainianSSR,USSR),
Stabilityofashellweakenedbyholes(review),InternationalAppliedMechanics,Vol.9,No.4,1973,
pp.349358,doi:10.1007/BF00882643

M.P.PadoussisandN.T.Issid(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,McGillUniversity,Montreal,Qubec,
Canada),Dynamicstabilityofpipesconveyingfluid,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.33,No.3,April
1974,pp.267294,doi:10.1016/S0022460X(74)800027
Bo.O.AlmrothandJamesH.Starnes,Jr.,Thecomputerinshellstabilityanalysis,ASCEJournalofthe
EngineeringMechanicsDivision,Vol.101,No.6,November/December1975,pp.873888
B.O.Almroth(LockheedMissilesandSpaceCo.,Inc.PaloAlto,California,USA),DesignofComposite
MaterialStructuresforBucklingAnEvaluationoftheStateoftheArt,Finalreport,June1976October
1980,AFWALTR813102,,March1981,
AccessionNumber:ADA112218,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA112218
(Referencesgivenlaterinthisdocument)
Booton,M.,BucklingofImperfectAnisotropicCylindersUnderCombinedLoading,InstituteforAerospace
Studies,U.ofToronto,UTIASRept.No.203,August1976
S.Dharmarajan(1)andL.E.Penzes(2)
(1)DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,SanDiegoStateUniversity,SanDiego,California,USA
(2)GeneralAtomicCompany,SanDiego,California,USA
Dynamicanalysisofcompositestructures,Composites,Vol.8,No.1,January1977,pp.2732,
doi:10.1016/00104361(77)900258
J.T.BoyleandJ.Spence(DepartmentofMechanicsofMaterials,UniversityofStrathclyde,GlasgowG11XJ,
Scotland,UK),Inelasticanalysismethodsforpipingsystems,NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.57,
No.2,May1980,pp.369390,doi:10.1016/00295493(80)901120
OlavFurnesandysteinLset(DetNorskeVeritas,POBox300,N1322,Hvik,Oslo,Norway),Shell
structuresinoffshoreplatforms:designandapplication,EngineeringStructures,Vol.3,No.3,July1981,
pp.140152,doi:10.1016/01410296(81)900237
CliveL.Dym(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofMassachusetts,Amherst,MA01003,U.S.A.),
Analysisandmodelinginmechanics:Aninformalview,Computers&Structures,Vol.16,Nos.14,1983,
pp.101107,doi:10.1016/00457949(83)901517
JosephPadovan(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofAkron,302E.BuchtelAvenue,Akron,
OH44325,U.S.A.),Solvingpostbucklingcollapseofstructures,FiniteElementsinAnalysisandDesign,
Vol.1,No.4,December1985,pp.363385,doi:10.1016/0168874X(85)900320
J.R.Vinson(SpencerLaboratories,UniversityofDelaware,Newark,Delaware,19716,USA),Recent
advancesintechnologyforcompositematerialsintheUSA,Materials&Design,Vol.7,No.1,January
February1986,pp.613,doi:10.1016/02613069(86)900300
MichaelF.CardandJamesH.Starnes,Jr.(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,USA),
CurrentresearchincompositestructuresatNASAsLangleyResearchCenter,Sadhana,Vol.11,Nos.34,
1987,pp.277298,doi:10.1007/BF02811358

J.Bhm(InstitutfrMaschinenelementeundMaschinengestaltung,RWTHAachen,F.R.G.),Acomparisonof
differentcontactalgorithmswithapplications,Computers&Structures,Vol.26,Nos.12,1987,pp.207221,
doi:10.1016/00457949(87)902513
ViggoTvergaard,Effectofplasticityonpostbucklingbehaviour,BucklingandPostBuckling:LectureNotes
inPhysics,1987,Vol.288/1987,1987,pp.143183,doi:10.1007/BFb0009199
MSathyamoorthy(DepartmentofMechanicalandIndustrialEngineering,ClarksonUniversity,Potsdam,New
York13676,USA),Effectsoftransverseshearandrotatoryinertiaonlargeamplitudevibrationofcomposite
platesandshells,Sadhana,Vol.11,Nos.34,1987,pp.367377,doi:10.1007/BF02811363
J.N.Reddy,Onkinematicandconstitutivemodelsoflaminatedcompositeplates,inConstitutivemodelsof
deformation,editedbyJ.Chandra,RamP.Srivastav,UnitedStates.ArmyResearchOffice,1987,SIAM
(SocietyforIndustralandAppliedMathematics),ISBN0898712173
Reddy,J.N.(DepartmentofEngineeringScienceandMechanics,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandState
University,Blacksburg,Virginia,U.S.A),Onrefinedcomputationalmodelsofcompositelaminates.
InternationalJournalforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.27,1989,pp.361382,
doi:10.1002/nme.1620270210
J.N.ReddyandR.A.Arciniega(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,CollegeStation,Texas,USA),
ShearDeformationPlateandShellTheories:FromStavskytoPresent,MechanicsofAdvancedMaterialsand
Structures,Vol.11,No.6,2004,pp.535582,doi:10.1080/15376490490452777
D.Moulin,A.CombescureandD.Acker(Commissariatl'EnergieAtomique,IRDIDEMT,CENSaclay
91191GifsurYvette,France),Areviewofthermalbucklinganalysismethods,NuclearEngineeringand
Design,Vol.116,No.3,September1989,pp.255263,doi:10.1016/00295493(89)900861
SrinivasanSridharanandMaoHuaPeng(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,WashingtonUniversity,Campus
Box1130,OneBrookingsDrive,St.Louis,MO63130,U.S.A.),Performanceofaxiallycompressedstiffened
panels,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.25,No.8,1989,pp.879899,
doi:10.1016/00207683(89)90036X
Noor,A.K.andPeters,J.M.(GeorgeWashingtonUniversity,MS269,NASALangleyResearchCenter,
Hampton,VA236655225,U.S.A.),Bucklingandpostbucklinganalysesoflaminatedanisotropicstructures,
InternationalJournalforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.27,No.2,September1989,pp.383401.
doi:10.1002/nme.1620270211
AhmedK.Noor,W.ScottBurtonandJeanneM.Peters(CenterforComputationalStructuresTechnology,
UniversityofVirginia,NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA23681,USA),Hierarchicaladaptive
modelingofstructuralsandwichesandmultilayeredcompositepanels,AppliedNumericalMathematics,
Vol.14,Nos.13,April1994,pp.6990,doi:10.1016/01689274(94)900191

C.Poon(NationalAeronauticalEstablishment,Ottawa,Ontario,Canada),AReviewofCrashworthinessof
CompositeAircraftStructures,AeronauticalNoteNAEAN63,NRCNo.31276,February1990
DTICAccessionNumber:ADA221555,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA221555
H.T.Y.Yang(1),S.Saigal(2)andD.G.Liaw(1)
(1)SchoolofAeronauticsandAstronautics,PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,IN47907,U.S.A.
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,CarnegieMellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,PA15213,U.S.A
AdvancesofthinshellfiniteelementsandsomeapplicationsversionI,Computers&Structures,Vol.35,
No.4,1990,pp.481504,SpecialIssue:FrontiersinComputationalMechanics,
doi:10.1016/00457949(90)900719
WengZhiyuanandLuWenda(InstituteofEngineeringMechanics,TongjiUniversity,1239SipingRoad,
Shanghai200092,China),Statics,DynamicsandStabilityofShellStructures,inComputationalmechanicsin
structuralengineering:recentdevelopmentsandfuturetrends,editedbyFranklinY.ChengandFuZizhi,
ElsevierSciencePublishers,1992
Ya.M.GrigorenkoandV.I.Gulyaev,Nonlinearproblemsofshelltheoryandtheirsolutionmethods
(review),InternationalAppliedMechanics,Vol.27,No.10,1992,pp.929947,doi:10.1007/BF00887499
A.V.PogorelovandV.I.Babenko(InstituteofLowTemperaturePhysicsandTechnology,Ukrainian
AcademyofSciences,Kharkov),Geometricmethodsinthetheoryofstabilityofthinshells(review),
InternationalAppliedMechanics,Vol.28,No.1,January,1992,pp.117,doi:10.1007/BF00847324
F.W.Williams(UniversityofWalesCollegeofCardiff,CardiffCF21YF,U.K.),Reviewofexactbuckling
andfrequencycalculationswithoptionalmultilevelsubstructuring,Computers&Structures,Vol.48,No.3,
August1993,pp.547552,doi:10.1016/00457949(93)90334A
BruceR.Ellingwood(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,JohnsHopkinsUniversity,Baltimore,MD21218,
USA),Probabilitybasedcodifieddesign:pastaccomplishmentsandfuturechallenges,StructuralSafety,
Vol.13,No.3,March1994,pp.159176,doi:10.1016/01674730(94)900248
RakeshK.KapaniaandTomJamesG.Stoumbos(DepartmentofAerospaceandOceanEngineering,Virginia
PolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,Blacksburg,VA24061,U.S.A),Geometricallynonlinearimpact
responseofthinlaminatedimperfectcylindricalpanels,CompositesEngineering,Vol.4,No.4,1994,pp.397
416,doi:10.1016/S09619526(09)800142
A.C.Morandi,P.K.DasandD.Faulkner(U.ofGlasgow),RingFrameDesigninOrthogonallyStiffened
CylindricalStructures,OffshoreTechnologyConference,1May4May1995,Houston,Texas,PaperNo.
7801MS,doi:10.4043/7801MS
M.R.Piggott(DepartmentofChemicalEngineering&AppliedChemistry,UniversityofToronto,Toronto,
Ontario,Canada,M5S1A4),Theeffectoffibrewavinessonthemechanicalpropertiesofunidirectionalfibre
composites:Areview,CompositesScienceandTechnology,Vol.53,No.2,1995,pp.201205,SpecialIssue:
MesostructuresandMesomechanicsinFibreComposites,doi:10.1016/02663538(95)000194

C.Norwood(DefenceScienceandTechnologyOrganizationCanberra,Australia),TheFreeVibration
BehaviourofRingStiffenedCylindersACriticalReviewoftheUnclassifiedLiterature,Technicalreport,
October1995,AccessionNumber:ADA307170,
Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA307170
CarlR.Schultheisz(1)andAnthonyM.Waas(2)
(1)PolymersDivision,NIST,Gaithersburg,MD20899,U.S.A.
(2)AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,UniversityofMichigan,FXBBldg,AnnArbor,
MI481092118,U.S.A.
Compressivefailureofcomposites,partI:Testingandmicromechanicaltheories,ProgressinAerospace
Sciences,Vol.32,No.1,1996,pp.142,doi:10.1016/03760421(94)000023
AnthonyM.Waas(1)andCarlR.Schultheisz(2)
(1)AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,UniversityofMichigan,FXBBldg,AnnArbor,
MI481092118,U.S.A.
(2)PolymersDivision,NIST,Gaithersburg,MD20899,U.S.A
Compressivefailureofcomposites,partII:Experimentalstudies,ProgressinAerospaceSciences,Vol.32,
No.1,1996,pp.4378,doi:10.1016/03760421(94)000034
J.Shi(DepartmentofAeronauticalEngineering,Queen'sUniversityofBelfast,DavidKeirBuilding,
StranmillisRoad,BelfastBT95AG,U.K.),Computingcriticalpointsandsecondarypathsinnonlinear
structuralstabilityanalysisbythefiniteelementmethod,Computers&Structures,Vol.58,No.1,January
1996,pp.203220,doi:10.1016/00457949(95)00114V
GeorgeJ.Simitses(UniversityofCincinnati,Cincinnati,OH45221.,USA),Bucklingofmoderatelythick
laminatedcylindricalshells:areview,CompositesPartB:Engineering,Vol.27,No.6,1996,pp.581587,
SpecialIssueonThickComposites,doi:10.1016/13598368(95)000135
GeorgeJ.Simitses,BucklingofPressureLoaded,Delaminated,CylindricalShellsandPanels,Key
EngineeringMaterials,Vols.120121,1996,pp.407426,doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.120121.407
G.A.Kardomateas(SchoolofAerospaceEngineering,GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology,Atlanta,GA30332
0150,USA),Benchmarkthreedimensionalelasticitysolutionsforthebucklingofthickorthotropiccylindrical
shells,CompositesPartB:Engineering,Vol.27,No.6,1996,pp.569580,SpecialIssue:ThickComposites,
doi:10.1016/13598368(95)000119
NicholasF.Morris(ManhattanCollege,Riverdale,NY10471,USA),Shellstability:thelongroadfromtheory
topractice,EngineeringStructures,Vol.18,No.10,October1996,pp.801806,SpecialIssue:SSRC:Link
BetweenResearchandPractice,doi:10.1016/01410296(96)000090
J.SobieszczanskiSobieski(1)andR.T.Haftka(2)
(1)NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,USA
(2)UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,Florida,USA,email:haftka@ufl.edu

Multidisciplinaryaerospacedesignoptimization:surveyofrecentdevelopments,Structuraland
MultidisciplinaryOptimization,Vol.14,No.1,1997,pp.123,doi:10.1007/BF01197554
R. P. Reed (1) and M. Golda (2)
(1) Cryogenic Materials Inc., 2625 Iliff, Boulder, CO 80303, USA
(2) Electrical Machinery Technology Branch, Machinery Research and Development
Directorate, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, Annapolis, MD 21402,
USA
Cryogeniccompositesupports:areviewofstrapandstrutproperties,Cryogenics,Vol.37,No.5,May1997,
pp.233250,doi:10.1016/S00112275(97)000040
AhmadA.Shabana(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,IllinoisUniversityatChicagoCircle),Flexible
MultibodyDynamics:ReviewofPastandRecentDevelopments,MultibodySystemDynamics,Vol.1,No.2,
1997,pp.189222,doi:10.1023/A:1009773505418
ClintonY.K.Chee,LiyongTong,andGrantP.Steven(DepartmentofAeronauticalEngineering,Universityof
Sydney,Sydney,NewSouthWales,Australia),AReviewontheModellingofPiezoelectricSensorsand
ActuatorsIncorporatedinIntelligentStructures,JournalofIntelligentMaterialSystemsandStructures,
January1998,vol.9,no.1,pp.319,doi:10.1177/1045389X9800900101
MichaelP.NemethandJamesH.Starnes,Jr.(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia),The
NASAMonographsonShellStabilityDesignRecommendationsAReviewandSuggestedImprovements,
NASA/TP1998206290,January,1998
OsamaK.Bedair(Structures,MaterialsandPropulsionLaboratory,BldgM14,InstituteforAerospace
Research,NationalResearchCouncilofCanada,1500MontrealRoad,Ottawa,CanadaK1A0R6),A
Contributiontothestabilityofstiffenedplatesunderuniformcompression,Computers&Structures,Vol.66,
No.5,March1998,pp.535570,doi:10.1016/S00457949(97)001028
ry,H.,Reimerdes,H.G.andGarca,J.G.(DepartmentofAerospaceStructures:LightweightConstruction,
InstitutfrLeichtbau,RWTHAachen,Wllnerstrae7,52062Aachen,Germany),Thedesignofshellsand
tanksintheaerospaceindustry:somepracticalaspects,ProgressinStructuralEngineeringandMaterials,
Vol.1,No.4,July1998,pp.404414.doi:10.1002/pse.2260010409
Yang,H.T.Y.,Saigal,S.,Masud,A.,andKapania,R.K.,Asurveyofrecentshellfiniteelements,Int.J.
Numer.MethodsinEngrg.,inpressin1999.
J.Tomblin,T.Lacy,B.Smith,S.HooperandA.Vizzini(WhichitaStateUniversity,Kansas,USA),Reviewof
DamageToleranceforCompositeSandwichAirframeStructures,FinalReport,DOT/FAA/AR99/49,August
1999,AccessionNumberADA367976,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA367976
RobinOlsson,LeifE.Asp,SrenNilssonandAndersSjgren,Areviewofsomekeydevelopmentsinthe
analysisoftheeffectsofimpactuponcompositestructures,CompositeStructures:TheoryandPractice,ASTM
STP1383,P.GrantandC.Q.Rousseau,editors,AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials,West

Conshohocken,Pennsylvania,2000,pp.1228
GeorgeJ.Dvorak(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,AeronauticalEngineeringandMechanics,andthe
CenterforCompositeMaterialsandStructures,RensselaerPolytechnicInstitute,5003JonssonEngineering
Center,Troy,NY121803590,USA),Compositematerials:Inelasticbehavior,damage,fatigueandfracture,
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.37,Nos.12,January2000,pp.155170,
doi:10.1016/S00207683(99)000852
J.Rondal(InstituteofCivilEngineering,UniversityofLiege,QuaiBanning6,B4000Liege,Belgium),Cold
formedsteelmembersandstructures:GeneralReport,JournalofConstructionalSteelResearch,Vol.55,
Nos.13,July2000,pp.155158,doi:10.1016/S0143974X(99)000838
K.He,S.V.HoaandR.Ganesan(ConcordiaCenterforComposites,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,
ConcordiaUniversity,1455deMaisonneuveBoulevardWest,Montreal,PQ,CanadaH3G1M8),Thestudyof
taperedlaminatedcompositestructures:areview,CompositesScienceandTechnology,Vol.60,No.14,
November2000,pp.26432657,doi:10.1016/S02663538(00)00138X
IsaacElishakoff(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FloridaAtlanticUniversity,777GladesRoad,Boca
Raton,FL334310991,USA),Uncertainbuckling:itspast,presentandfuture,InternationalJournalofSolids
andStructures,Vol.37,No.4647,November2000,pp.68696889,doi:10.1016/S00207683(99)003182
I.ElishakoffandD.Pentaras(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FloridaAtlanticUniversity,777Glades
Road,BocaRaton,FL,USA),Somemodernproblemsinstructuralengineeringdynamics,Shockand
Vibration,Vol.17,Nos.45,2010,pp.331348,doi:10.3233/SAV20100530
LuisA.GodoyandGenockPortela(UniversityofPuertoRico,MayaguezCampus,DepartmentofCivil
Engineering),Areviewofwindtunnelresultsofpressuresontankmodels,(publisheranddatenotgivenin
thepdffile;latestreferenceis2001)
SongChangyong(Dept.ofCivilEngineering,ZhejiangUniversity,Hangzhou310027,China),Bucklingof
unstiffenedcylindricalshellundernonuniformaxialcompressivestress,JournalofZhejiangUniversity
ScienceA,Vol.3,No.5,2002,pp.520531,doi:10.1631/jzus.2002.0520
J.C.Newman,Jr.(1),M.A.James(2)andU.Zerbst(3)
(1)DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,MississippiStateUniversity,314CWalkerEngineeringLaboratory,
HardyStreet,MississippiState,MS39762,USA
(2)ICASE,NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA23681,USA
(3)GKSSResearchCenter,Geeshtacht,Germany
AreviewoftheCTOA/CTODfracturecriterion,EngineeringFractureMechanics,Vol.70,Nos.34,
FebruaryMarch2003,pp.371385,doi:10.1016/S00137944(02)00125X
J.C.Newman,Jr.(MechanicsandDurabilityBranch,NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,
USA23681),AdvancesinFatigueandFractureMechanicsAnalysesforAircraftStructures,Proc.ICAF,
2003(publishernotgiven)

J.Hohe(1)andL.Librescu(2)
(1)FraunhoferInstitutfrWerkstoffmechanik,Freiburg,Germany
(2)DepartmentofEngineeringScienceandMechanics,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,
Blacksburg,CAUSA
OntheeffectoftransversecorecompressibilityonthebucklingofsandwichshellsinTheoriesofplatesand
shells,CriticalReviewandNewApplications,editedbyReinholdKienzler,HolmAltenbach,andIngridOtt,
Vol,16,Lecturenotesinappliedandcomputationalmechanics,SpringerVerlag,2004
H.Altenbach(1)andP.A.Zhilin(2)
(1)MartinLutherUniversity,HalleWittenberg,DepartmentofEngineeringSciences,Hall(Saale),Germany
(2)DepartmentofDynamicsofMechanicalSystems,InstituteforProblemsinMechnaicalEngineeringof
RussianAcademyofSciences,St.Petersburg,Russa
Thetheoryofsimpleelasticshells,inTheoriesofplatesandshells:criticalreviewandnewapplications,
editedbyReinholdKienzler,HolmAltenbachandIngridOtt,2004,Springer,ISBN3540209972
M.Ohsaki(DepartmentofArchitectureandArchitecturalEngineering,KyotodaigakuKatsura,Nishikyo,Kyoto
6158540,Japan),Designsensitivityanalysisandoptimizationfornonlinearbucklingoffinitedimensional
elasticconservativestructures,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.194,Nos.30
33,August2005,pp.33313358,SpecialIssue:StructuralandDesignOptimization,
doi:10.1016/j.cma.2004.12.021
ErezGal(BenGurionUniversity,Israel)andRobertLevy(Technion,Israel),Geometricallynonlinear
analysisofshellstructuresusingaflattriangularshellfiniteelement,ArchivesofComputationalMethodsin
Engineering,Vol.13,No.3,2006,pp.331388,doi:10.1007/BF02736397
RendeBorst(1and2),JorisJ.C.Remmers(1)andAlanNeedleman(3)
(1)FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,DelftUniversityofTechnology,P.O.Box5058,NL2600GBDelft,The
Netherlands
(2)LaMCoS,CNRSUMR5514,INSAdeLyon,69621Villeurbanne,France
(3)DivisionofEngineering,BrownUniversityProvidence,RhodeIsland02912,USA
Meshindependentdiscretenumericalrepresentationsofcohesivezonemodels(areview),Engineering
FractureMechanics,Vol.73,No.2,January2006,pp.160177,SpecialIssue:AdvancedFractureMechanincs
forLifeSafetyAssessments,doi:10.1016/j.engfracmech.2005.05.007
W.J.Bottega(DepartmentofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineering,RutgersUniversity,Piscataway,NJ
088548058,USA),Slingshotbucklingofcompositestructuresunderthermomechanicalloading,
InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.48,No.5,May2006,pp.568578,
doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2005.12.001
BoL.O.Edlund(ChalmersUniversityofTechnology,Gteborg,Sweden.bo.edlund@chalmers.se),Buckling
ofmetallicshells:Bucklingandpostbucklingbehaviourofisotropicshells,especiallycylinders(areview
paper),StructuralControlandHealthMonitoring,Vol.14,No.4,pp.693713,June2007,
doi:10.1002/stc.202

I.V.Andrianov(1)andJ.Awrejcewicz(2)
(1)InstituteofGeneralMechanic,RWTHAachen,Templergraben64,52056Aachen,GermanyEmailaddress:
igorandrianov@inbox.ru
(2)DepartmentofAutomaticsandBiomechanics,TechnicalUniversityofLodz,1/15StefanowskiStreet,90
924Lodz,PolandEmailaddress:awrejcew@p.lodz.pl
AsymptoticSolutionoftheTheoryofShellsBoundaryValueProblem,MathematicalProblemsin
EngineeringVolume2007,ArticleID82348,25pagesdoi:10.1155/2007/82348
MichalBruyneel(SAMTECHs.a.,LigeSciencePark,RuedesChasseursardennais8,4031Angleur,
Belgium),OptimizationofLaminatedcompositestructures:Problems,solutionproceduresandapplications,
Chapter2inCompositeMaterialsResearchProgress,editedbyLucasP.Durand,2008,ISBN:1600219942,
pp.51107,NovaSciencePublishers,Inc.
T.E.Tay,G.Liu,V.B.C.Tan,X.S.SunandD.C.Pham(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,National
UniversityofSingapore,mpetayte@nus.edu.sg),ProgressiveFailureAnalysisofComposites,Journalof
CompositeMaterials,September2008,vol.42,no.18,pp.19211966,doi:10.1177/0021998308093912
I.V.Andrianov(InstitutfurAllgemaineMechanik,RWTH,Aachen,Germany),Asymptoticconstructionof
nonlinearnormalmodesforcontinuoussystems,NonlinearDynamics,Vol.51,Nos.12,2008,pp.99109,
doi:10.1007/s1107100691959
B.W.Schafer(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,JohnsHopkinsUniversity,Baltimore,MD,21218,United
States),Review:TheDirectStrengthMethodofcoldformedsteelmemberdesign,JournalofConstructional
SteelResearch,Vol.64,Nos.78,JulyAugust2008,pp.766778,SpecialIssue:InternationalColloquiumon
StabilityandDuctilityofSteelStructures2006,doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2008.01.022
Y.X.Zhang(1)andC.H.Yang(2)
(1)SchoolofAerospace,CivilandMechanicalEngineering,TheUniversityofNewSouthWales,Australian
DefenceForceAcademy,NorthcottDrive,Canberra,ACT2600,Australia
(2)SchoolofEngineeringandInformationTechnology,DeakinUniversity,WaurnPonds,VIC3217,Australia
Recentdevelopmentsinfiniteelementanalysisforlaminatedcompositeplates,CompositeStructures,Vol.88,
No.1,March2009,pp.147157,doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2008.02.014
XiChenandJieYin,Bucklingpatternsofthinfilmsoncurvedcompliantsubstrateswithapplicationsto
morphogenesisandthreedimensionalmicrofabrication(Reviewarticle,partofthecollection:ThePhysics
ofBuckling),SoftMatter,2010,Vol.6,pp.56675680,doi:10.1039/C0SM00401D
TroyR.Hendricks,WeiWangandHsoonLee,Bucklinginnanomechanicalfilms,SoftMatter,Vol.6,p.
3701,2010,DOI:10.1039/b925943k
ABSTRACT:Thinfilmbucklinghasbecomeaninterestingresearchtopicwithafocusontheunderlying
physicsanditscontrol.Herewehighlightthepreventionofbucklinginnanomechanicalfilms.

BinbinPanandWeichengCui(ChinaShipScientificResearchCenter,P.O.Box116,No.222EastShanshui
Road,Wuxi,Jiangsu214082,China),Anoverviewofbucklingandultimatestrengthofsphericalpressurehull
underexternalpressure,MarineStructures,Vol.23,No.3,July2010,pp.227240,
doi:10.1016/j.marstruc.2010.07.005
ABSTRACT:Theloadcarryingcapabilityofsphericalshellsunderexternalpressurehasbeenthesubjectofa
longhistoryandmanytheoreticalandexperimentalstudieshavebeencarriedout.However,fromacomparative
studyonthedesignrulesfortheminimumthicknessofthedeepmannedsphericalshellsfromvarious
classificationsocieties,significantdifferenceshavebeenfound.Thisindicatesthatthesedesignrulesneedtobe
updatedandunifiedlikeCommonStructuralRulesfortankersandbulkcarriers.Inordertolayafoundationfor
thistarget,asystematicstudyiscarriedouttodevelopaconsistentcalculationmethodforpredictingthe
ultimatestrengthofsphericalpressurehullunderexternalpressure.Thisisthefirstpaperofaseriesofthreefor
reportingthisstudyandinthispaper,acriticalreviewonthebucklingandultimatestrengthofspherical
pressurehullsiscarriedoutandfurtherproblemstobestudiedareidentified.Thiscouldlayasolidfoundation
forthefurtherstudy.
IsaacM.Daniel,ImpactResponseandDamageToleranceofCompositeSandwichStructures,inDynamic
FailureofMaterialsandStructures,Pages191233,2010
X.L.Fan(1),Q.Sun(2)andM.Kikuchi(3)
(1)StateKeyLaboratoryforMechanicalStructuralStrengthandVibration,SchoolofAerospace,XianJiao
TongUniversity,No.28,XianningWestRoad,Xi'an,Shaanxi,710049,P.R.China
(2)SchoolofAeronautics,NorthwesternPolytechnicalUniversity,No.127,YouyiWestRoad,Xian,Shaanxi,
710072,P.R.China
(3)FacultyofScienceandEngineering,TokyoUniversityofScience,2641Yamazaki,Nodashi,Chiba278
8510,Japan
ReviewofDamageTolerantAnalysisofLaminatedComposites,JournalofSolidMechanicsVol.2,No.3
(2010)pp.275289
JohannesAltenbach,HolmAltenbachandVictorA.Eremeyev,OngeneralizedCosserattypetheoriesof
platesandshells:ashortreviewandbibliography,ArchiveofAppliedMechanics,Vol.80,No.1,2010,pp.
7392,SpecialIssueinCommemorationofProf.Dr.rer.nat.Dr.mont.h.c.HorstLippmann,
doi:10.1007/s0041900903653
J.R.MacKayandF.vanKeulen,AReviewofExternalPressureTestingTechniquesforShellsincludinga
NovelVolumeControlMethod,ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.50,No.6,2010,pp.753772,
doi:10.1007/s1134000992723
MohamadS.Qatu(1),RaniWarsiSullivan(2)andWenchaoWang(1)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,MississippiStateUniversity,MississippiState,MS39762,USA
(2)DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,MississippiStateUniversity,MississippiState,MS39762,USA
Recentresearchadvancesonthedynamicanalysisofcompositeshells:20002009,CompositeStructures,Vol.
93,No.1,December2010,pp.1431,doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2010.05.014

Birman,V.(MissouriUniversityofScienceandTechnology,EngineeringEducationCenter,St.Louis,MO,
USA),2010.PlatesandShells.EncyclopediaofAerospaceEngineering,doi:10.1002/9780470686652.eae141,
JWiley
ProsunKumarDattaandSauvikBiswas(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,IndianInstituteof
Technology,Kharagpur,721302,India,email:prosundatta@gmail.com),Researchadvancesontension
bucklingbehaviourofaerospacestructures:areview,Int.J.ofAeronautical&SpaceSciences,Vol.12,No.1,
2011,pp.115,doi:10.5139/IJASS.2011.12.1.1
JohnR.MacKay(1and2),FredvanKeulen(2)andMalcolmJ.Smith(1)
(1)DefenceR&DCanadaAtlantic,9GroveStreet,Dartmouth,NovaScotia,CanadaB2Y3Z7
(2)FacultyofMechanical,MaritimeandMaterialsEngineering,DelftUniversityofTechnology,Mekelweg2,
2628CDDelft,TheNetherlands
Review:Quantifyingtheaccuracyofnumericalcollapsepredictionsforthedesignofsubmarinepressure
hulls,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.49,No.1,January2011,pp.145156,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2010.08.015
JohnR.MacKay(1and2)andFredvanKeulen(2)
(1)DefenceR&DCanadaAtlantic,9GroveStreet,Dartmouth,NovaScotia,CanadaB2Y3Z7
(2)FacultyofMechanical,MaritimeandMaterialsEngineering,DelftUniversityofTechnology,Mekelweg2,
2628CDDelft,TheNetherlands
TheSensitivityofOverallCollapseofDamagedSubmarinePressureHullstoMaterialStrength,Journalof
OffshoreMechanicsandArcticEngineering,Vol.135,No.2,021403,February2013,doi:10.1115/1.4007051
ABSTRACT:Budgetandschedulerestrictionssometimesrequirenavalsubmarinestobeoperatedwith
unrepairedcorrosiondamagetothepressurehull.Itisimportanttounderstandtheeffectsofcorrosionwastage
onthestructuralcapacityofthehull,sothatappropriatedivingdepthrestrictionscanbeimposedifnecessary.
Thecurrentpaperpresentsanexperimentalstudyoftheinteractionofmaterialbehaviorwithcorrosiondefects,
especiallywithrespecttotheireffectonoverallelastoplasticcollapseofpressurehulls.Twentyringstiffened
cylinders,representativeofsubmarinepressurehullsfailingbyoverallcollapse,weremachinedfromhighand
lowgradealuminumalloytubes.Artificialgeneralcorrosiondamagewasintroducedinselectedspecimensby
machiningawaymaterialfromtheoutsideofthecylindershellinrectangularpatchesofuniformdepth.The
cylindersweremonotonicallyloadedtocollapseunderexternalhydrostaticpressure.Onecorrodedcylinderwas
repeatedlyloadedpasttheyieldlimitbeforethecollapsetestinordertostudytheeffectofcyclicplasticloading
onitsultimatecollapsestrength.Overallcollapsepressuresforcorrodedcylinderswithavarietyofpatchsizes
anddepthsandmaterialstrengthswerereducedby,onaverage,0.85timesthedepthofthinningdividedbythe
originalshellthickness.Thecollapsestrengthofcorrodedcylinderswasfoundtobemoresensitivetotheshape
ofthestressstraincurvethanforintactspecimens.Higherlevelsofstrainhardeningandductilitywerefoundto
improvetheperformanceofdamagedcylinders.Permanentdeformationsinthecyclicallyloadedcylinder,as
measuredwithstraingauges,grewwitheachconstantamplitudeloadcycle;however,theadditional
deformationstendedtowardszerowithincreasingnumberofcycles,andasubsequentcollapsetestindicated
thatthecyclicloadingdidnotaffectthecollapsepressure.Thesensitivityofoverallcollapsetomaterial
strengthisrelatedtonotonlytheyieldstress,butalsotheplasticreserveofthematerial;higherlevelsofstrain
hardeningandductilityincreaseoverallcollapsestrengthofhulls,especiallythosewithgeneralcorrosion

damage.Theeffectofagivenlevelofcorrosionthinningislesssevereforcylinderswithrelativelygreater
levelsofstrainhardening.Itisunlikelythatcyclicplasticloadingofcorrodedhullswillleadtopremature
collapseataloadlevelbelowthemonotoniccollapsepressure.
ZiadK.Awad(1),ThiruAravinthan(1),YanZhuge(1)andFelipeGonzalez(2)
(1)CentreofExcellenceinEngineeredFibreComposites(CEEFC),FacultyofEngineeringandSurveying,
UniversityofSouthernQueensland,Toowoomba,Queensland4350,Australia
(2)FacultyofBuiltEnvironment&Engineering,QueenslandUniversityofTechnology(QUT),Brisbane,
Australia
Areviewofoptimizationtechniquesusedinthedesignoffibrecompositestructuresforcivilengineering
applications,Materials&Design,ArticleinPress,CorrectedProof,July2011,
doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2011.04.061

Endofsurveyarticlesandarticlesthathaveasignificantsurveycomponentinthem.

Section5:SpecialIssuesofJournalsonaGivenTheme
SpecialissueonAdvancesinStabilityofStructures
ThinWalledStructures,Vol.49,No.5,May2011,SpecialIssue:RecentResearchAdvancesinStabilityof
Structures
SpecialissueonStabilityofStructures
ThinWalledStructures,Vol.45,Nos.1011,OctoberNovember2007,SpecialIssue:StabilityofStructures
SpecialissueonBucklingandPostbucklingBehaviorofCompositeLaminatedShells
CompositeStructures,Vol.73,No.2,May2006,SpecialIssue:InternationalConferenceonBucklingand
PostbucklingBehaviorofCompositeLaminatedShellStructures
Specialissue
Computers&Structures,Vol.84,Nos.1920,July2006,SpecialIssue:ComputationalModelsfor
MultilayeredStructuresandCompositeStructures
Specialissueonbucklingstrengthofimperfectionsensitiveshells:
ThinWalledStructures,Vol.23,Nos.14,1995,SpecialIssue:BucklingStrengthofImperfectionsensitive
Shells
Specialissueonstabilityandvibrationofthinwalledstructures:

InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,Vol.37,Nos45,June2002,SpecialIssue:
Stability&VibrationinThinWalledStructures
SpecialIssue
JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.263,No.5,June2003,SpecialIssue:ArthurW.Leissa70thBirthday
Issue
SpecialIssue
CompositesPartA:AppliedScienceandManufacturing,Vol.36,No.10,October2005,SpecialIssue
HonouringJackVinsononhis75thBirthday
Specialissueoncomputationalmethodsforshells:
ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.194,Nos.2124,June2005,SpecialIssue:
ComputationalMethodsforShells
Specialissueonmarinecompositesandsandwichstructures:
CompositesPartB:Engineering,Vol.39,No.1,January2008,specialissue:
MarineCompositesandSandwichStructures
Specialissueonthickcomposites:
CompositesPartB:Engineering,Vol.27,No.6,1996,SpecialIssueonThickComposites
Specialissueonstabilityofcompositestructures
CompositeStructures,Vol.35,No.1,May1996,StabilityofCompositeStructures
SpecialissueonDomainDecompositionMethods
ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.196,No.8,January2007,SpecialIssue:
DomainDecompositionMethods:recentadvancesandnewchallengesinengineering
Specialissueonsteelstructures
JournalofConstructionalSteelResearch,Vol.64,Nos.78,JulyAugust2008,SpecialIssue:International
ColloquiumonStabilityandDuctilityofSteelStructures2006
Specialissueoncoupledinstabilitiesinmetalstructures
ThinWalledStructures,Vol.48,Nos.1011,OctoberNovember2010,SpecialIssue:CoupledInstabilitiesin
MetalStructuresCIMS2008
Specialissueonnonlineardynamics
Computers&Structures,Vol.82,Nos.3132,December2004,SpecialIssue:NonlinearDynamicsof
ContinuousSystems

EndofSpecialIssuesofJournalsonaGivenTheme

Section6:Booksonshellbucklingoronsubjectsrelatedinsomeway
toshellbuckling.Thesearelistedinnoparticularorder,justasI
encounteredtheminmyshellbucklingGOOGLEsearch.
(SeetheBookCoverGalleryontheBibliographypageoftheshellbuckling.comwebsiteforimagesof
thebookcoversandforsummariesofmanyofthesebooks.)
Book
TheoryofelasticstabilitybyS.Timoshenko,McGrawHill,1970,567pages
Book
TheoryofElasticStabilitybyStephenP.TimoshenkoandJamesM.Gere,DoverPublications,2009,560
pages
ABSTRACT:Thebestavailableguidetotheelasticstabilityoflargestructures,thisvolumewascoauthored
byworldrenownedauthoritiesonengineeringmechanics.Itrangesfromtheoreticalexplanationsof2and3D
stressandstraintopracticalapplicationssuchastorsion,bending,thermalstress,andwavepropagationthrough
solids.Equallyvaluableastextorreference.1961edition.
Book
OnthestabilityofelasticequilibriumbyWarnerTjardusKoiter,NationalAeronauticsandSpace
Administration,1967,202pages
Book
W.T.Koiter'selasticstabilityofsolids&structures,byHeijdenArnoldvander,HutchinsonJohn,
AchenbachJan,October2008,(publishernotgiven),LavoisierLibrarie,216pages
ABSTRACT:Thisbookdealswiththeelasticstabilityofsolidsandstructures,onwhichWarnerKoiterwasthe
world'sleadingexpert.Itbeginswithfundamentalaspectsofstability,relatingthebasicnotionsofdynamic
stabilitytomoretraditionalquasistaticapproaches.Thebookisconcernednotonlywithbuckling,orlinear
instability,butmostimportantlywithnonlinearpostbucklingbehaviorandimperfectionsensitivity.After
layingoutthegeneraltheory,Koiterappliesthetheorytoanumberofapplications,withachapterdevotedto
each.Theseincludeavarietyofbeam,plate,andshellstructuralproblemsandsomebasiccontinuumelasticity
problems.Koiter'sclassicresultsonthenonlinearbucklingandimperfectionsensitivityofcylindricaland
sphericalshellsareincluded.Thetreatmentsofboththefundamentalaspectsandtheapplicationsare
completelyselfcontained.ThisbookwasrecordedasadetailedsetofnotesbyArnoldvanderHeijdenfrom
W.T.Koiter'slastsetoflecturesonstabilitytheory,atTUDelft.OnlybookpublishedbasedonKoiter's
lectures.Itdealswiththeelasticstabilityofsolidsandstructures,thesubjectforwhichKoiterwastheworld's
leadingexpert.Hecreatedmuchoffieldcoveredinthisbook.Includescoverageofnonlinearpostbuckling
behaviorandimperfectionsensitivity,forwhichKoiterismostfamous.Theoryisappliedtonumerous
applications.

Book
HorstLeipholz,StabilityTheory,1970,AcademicPress,NewYork
Book
References,inNonlinearOscillations,AliH.NayfehandD.T.Mook(DepartmentofEngineeringScienceand
MechanicsVirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversityBlacksburg,Virginia),2007,WileyVCHVerlag
GmbH,Weinheim,Germany.ISBN(print):9780471121428.doi:10.1002/9783527617586.refs
(citedin3938papers!)
Book
Nayfeh,A.H.andMook,D.T.,NonlinearOscillations,1979,WileyInterscience,NewYork
Book
Nayfeh,A.H.,IntroductiontoPerturbationTechniques,1981,WileyInterscience,NewYork
Book
Nayfeh,A.H.andBalachandran,B.,AppliedNonlinearDynamics,1995,WileyInterscience,NewYork
Book
Meirovitch,L.,PrinciplesandTechniquesofVibrations,1996,PrenticeHall,NewYork
Book
RaymondJ.Roark,Formulasforstressandstrain,McGrawHill,1954,1965
Book
H.G.AllenandP.S.Bulson,BackgroundtoBuckling,McGrawHill,London,1980
Book
Marsden,J.E.,Hughes,T.J.,MathematicalFoundationsofElasticity,1983,PrenticeHall,EnglewoodCliffs,
Book
Anonymous,TestMethodsforCompressionMembers,AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials,1967,
LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber:6717471,1967
Selectedreferenceslistedundersomeofthepapersinthebook:

Hoff,N.J.,BucklingandStability,JournaloftheRoyalAeronauticalSociety,London,AeronauticalReprintNo.123,January1954
Lee,G.C.,Asurveyofliteratureonthelateralinstabilityofbeams,WeldingResearchCouncilBulletinNo.63,August1960
Lu,LeWu,Asurveyofliteratureonthestabilityofframes,WeldingResearchCouncilBulletinNo.81,September1962
Salmon,E.H.,Columns,H.Frowde,London,1921(376references)
Timoshenko,S.,Historyofstrengthofmaterials,McGrawHill,NewYork,1953
Westergaard,H.M.,Onehundredfiftyyearsadvanceinstructuralanalysis,Transactions,AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers,Vol.
94,1930,p.226
Bijlaard,P.P.,Theoryandtestsontheplasticstabilityofplatesandshells,JournalAeronauticalSciences,Vol.16,No.9,September
1949

Hu,P.C.,Lundquist,E.E.andBatdorf,S.B.,Effectofsmalldeviationsfromflatnessofeffectivewidthandbucklingofplatesin
compression,NACATN1124,1946
Stowell,E.Z.,Aunifiedtheoryofplasticbucklingofcolumnsandplates,NACAReport898,1948
Drucker,D.C.,Adiscussionofthetheoriesofplasticity,J.AeronauticalSciences,Vol.16,No.9,September1949
Gerard,G.andBecker,H.,Handbookofstructuralstability,PartI,NACATN3781,1957
Mnch,E.,PhotoelasticInvestigationofshellsbymeansofamodelinwhosemiddlesurfaceasemitransparentmirrorlayeris
embedded,IXCongresInternationaldeMcaniqueApplique,Bruxelles,TomeVIII,1957,pp.384394
Tennyson,R.C.,Anoteontheclassicalbucklingloadofcircularcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,AIAAJ,Vol.1No.2,
1963
Gorman,D.andEvanIwanowski,R.M.,Photoelasticanalysisofprebucklingdeformationsofcylindricalshells,AIAAJ.,Vol.3,
No.10,1965
Almroth,B.O.,Holmes,A.M.C.andBrush,D.O.,Anexperimentalstudyofthebucklingofcylindersunderaxialcompression,
ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.4,No.9,1964
Coppa,A.P.,Measurementofinitialgeometricalimperfectionsofcylindricalshells,AIAAJ.Vol.4,No.11966
Babcock,C.D.andSechler,E.E.,Theeffectofinitialimperfectionsonthebucklingstressofcylindricalshells,NASATND2005,
1963
Leonard,R.W.,Commentsonanoteontheclassicalbucklingloadofcircularcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,AIAAJ.,
Vol.1,No.9,1963
Card,M.F.,Preliminaryresultsofcompressiontestsoncylinderswitheccentriclongitudinalstiffeners,NASATMX1004,1964
Peterson,J.P.andWhitley,R.O.,Localbucklingoflongitudinallystiffenedcurvedplates,NASATND750,1961
Peterson,J.P.andDow,M.B.,Structuralbehaviorofpressurized,ringstiffened,thinwallcylinderssubjectedtoaxialcompression,
NASATND506,1960
Peterson,J.P.andAnderson,J.K.,Testofatrusscoresandwichcylinderloadedtofailureinbending,NASATND3157,1965
Peterson,J.P.andAnderson,J.K.,Bendingtestsoflargediameterringstiffenedcorrugatedcylinders,NASATND3336,1966
Berke,L.andVergamini,P.L.,Designoptimizationproceduresandexperimentalprogramforboxbeamstructures,VolII,WADD
TechnicalReport60149,U.S.AirForce,June1960

Book
TheoreticalElasticity,byA.E.GreenandW.Zerna,CourierDoverPublications,2002
SUMMARY:Thishighlyregardedhardcoverengineeringmanualismainlyconcernedwiththreeimportant
aspectsofelasticitytheory:finiteelasticdeformations,complexvariablemethodsfortwodimensional
problemsforbothisotropicandaeolotropicbodies,andshelltheory.Alsodiscussedarethreedimensional
problemsforisotropicandtransverselyisotropicbodies.Chapter1,devotedtomathematicalpreliminaries,
includesasummaryoftensorsforworkersunfamiliarwiththosenotations.Subsequentchaptersdealwiththe
generaltheoryofelasticityforfinitedeformations,solutionsofanumberofspecialproblems,mostlyfor
incompressibleisotropicbodies,atheoryofsmalldeformationssuperposedonfinitedeformations,classical
infinitesimaltheoryofelasticity,thetheoryofplanestrain,platetheory,planeproblemsforisotropicbodies,
andforaeolotropicbodies.Thelastchapters,1016,aredevotedtothetheoryofshells.Forthissecondedition,
theauthorsaddedmaterialonthermodynamics,aswellasanewchapterdealingwithmethodsofderiving
membranetheory,inextensionaltheory,andbendingtheory,byasymptoticexpansionsofthethreedimensional
linearelasticequations.UnabridgedDoverrepublicationofthesecondeditionpublishedbyOxfordUniversity
Press,1968.
Book
Atreatiseonthemathematicaltheoryofelasticity,A.E.H.Love,DoverPublications,1944

Book
Bucklingofbars,plates,andshells,byDonOrrBrush,BoO.Almroth,McGrawHill,1975,379pages
Book
AgeneraltheoryofelasticstabilitybyJ.M.T.ThompsonandG.W.Hunt,J.Wiley,1973,322pages
Book
Bucklingofshellsinoffshorestructures,byJ.E.Harding,PatrickJosephDowlingandN.Agelidis,Granada,
1982,581pages
Book
NarayananR1985ShellStructuresStabilityandStrength,1985,London,ElsevierAppliedScience
Publishers
Book
Thompson,J.M.TandStewart,H.B.,NonlinearDynamicsandChaos,Chichester,U.K.:Wiley,1986
Book
FrancisC.Moon,Chaoticvibrations:anintroductionforappliedscientistsandengineers,1987,John
Wiley&Sons,NewYork
Book
NeilS.Rasband,Chaoticdynamicsofnonlinearsystems,1990,JohnWileyandSons,NewYork
Book
M.S.Naschie,Stress,stabilityandchaosinstructuralengineering:anenergyapproach,1990,McGraw
HillBookCo.,NewYork
Book
D.D.Siljak,NonlinearSystems,1969,JohnWiley,NewYork
Book
B.AudolyandY.Pomeau,ElasticityandGeometry,fromHairCurlstotheNonLinearResponseof
Shells,OxfordUniversityPress,2010
Description:
Weexperienceelasticityeverywhereindailylife:inthestraighteningorcurlingofhairs,theirreversible
deformationsofcarbodiesafteracrash,orthebouncingofelasticballsinpingpongorsoccer.Thetheoryof
elasticityisessentialtotherecentdevelopmentsofappliedandfundamentalscience,suchasthebiomechanics
ofDNAfilamentsandothermacromolecules,andtheanimationofvirtualcharactersincomputergraphicsand
materialsscience.Inthisbook,theemphasisisontheelasticityofthinbodies(plates,shells,rods)inconnection
withgeometry.Itcoverssuchtopicsasthemechanicsofhairs(curledandstraight),thebucklinginstabilitiesof
stressedplates,includingfoldsandconicalpointsappearingatlargerstresses,thegeometricrigidityofelastic
shells,andthedelaminationofthincompressedfilms.Itappliesgeneralmethodsofclassicalanalysis,including

advancednonlinearaspects(bifurcationtheory,boundarylayeranalysis),toderivedetailed,fullyexplicit
solutionstospecificproblems.Thesetheoreticalconceptsarediscussedinconnectionwithexperiments.The
bookisselfcontained.Mathematicalprerequisitesarevectoranalysisanddifferentialequations.Thebookcan
serveasaconcreteintroductiontononlinearmethodsinanalysis.
Book
Nonlinearanalysisofstructures,byMuthukrishnanSathyamoorthy,CRCPress,1998,ISBN0849396252
Book
Modernproblemsofstructuralstability,editedbyAlexanderP.SeyranianandIsaacElishakoff,ISBN3
211836977,2002.SpringerVerlag(CISMCoursesandLecturesNo.436,InternationalCentreforMechanical
Sciences)
Book
ProbabilisticTheoryofStructures,SecondEdition,byIsaacElishakoff,1983,1999,Wiley,
ISBN0486406911
Book
CarbonNanotubesandNanosensors
Vibrations,Buckling,andBallisticImpact
IsaacElishakoff,FloridaAtlanticUniversity,USADemetrisPentaras,TheCyprusUniversityofTechnology,
CyprusKevinDujatandSimonBucas,IFMAFrenchInstituteforAdvancedMechanics,FranceClaudia
VersaciandGiuseppeMuscolino,UniversityofMessina,ItalyJoelStorch,TouroCollege,USANol
Challamel,INSAdeRennes,FranceToshiakiNatsuki,ShinsuUniversity,JapanYingyanZhang,University
ofWesternSydney,AustraliaChienMingWang,NationalUniversityofSingapore,SingaporeGuillaume
Ghyselinck,EcoledesMinesdAls,France
ISBN:9781848213456,December2011,Hardback,448pp.
Description
Themainpropertiesthatmakecarbonnanotubes(CNTs)apromisingtechnologyformanyfutureapplications
are:extremelyhighstrength,lowmassdensity,linearelasticbehavior,almostperfectgeometricalstructure,and
nanometerscalestructure.Also,CNTscanconductelectricitybetterthancopperandtransmitheatbetterthan
diamonds.Therefore,theyareboundtofindawide,andpossiblyrevolutionaryuseinallfieldsofengineering.
The interest in CNTs and their potential use in a wide range of commercial applications; such as
nanoelectronics,quantumwireinterconnects,fieldemissiondevices,composites,chemicalsensors,biosensors,
detectors,etc.;haverapidlyincreasedinthelasttwodecades.However,theperformanceofanyCNTbased
nanostructureisdependentonthemechanicalpropertiesofconstituentCNTs.Therefore,itiscrucialtoknow
the mechanical behavior of individual CNTs such as their vibration frequencies, buckling loads, and
deformationsunderdifferentloadings.Thistitleisdedicatedtothevibration,bucklingandimpactbehaviorof
CNTs,alongwiththeoryforcarbonnanosensors,liketheBubnovGalerkinandthePetrovGalerkinmethods,
theBresseTimoshenkoandtheDonnellshelltheory.
Contents
1.Introduction.2.FundamentalNaturalFrequenciesofDoubleWalledCarbonNanotubes.3.FreeVibrationsof
theTripleWalledCarbonNanotubes.4.ExactSolutionforNaturalFrequenciesofClampedClampedDouble

Walled Carbon Nanotubes.5. Natural Frequencies of CarbonNanotubes Based ona Consistent Version of
BresseTimoshenkoTheory.6.NaturalFrequenciesofDoubleWalledCarbonNanotubesBasedonDonnell
ShellTheory.7.BucklingofaDoubleWalledCarbonNanotube.8.BallisticImpactonaSingleWalledCarbon
Nanotube.9. ClampedFree DoubleWalled Carbon NanotubeBased Mass Sensor.10. Some Fundamental
Aspects ofNonlocal Beam Mechanics forNanostructures Applications.11.Surface Effects onthe Natural
FrequenciesofDoubleWalledCarbonNanotubes.12.SummaryandDirectionsforFutureResearch.
AbouttheAuthors
Prof. Isaac Elishakoff, Florida Atlantic University, USA.Dr. Demetris Pentaras, Cyprus University of
Technology, Cyprus.Ing. Kevin Dujat and Ing. Simon Bucas, IFMA French Institute for Advanced
Mechanics,FranceDr.ClaudiaVersaciandProf.GiuseppeMuscolino,UniversityofMessina,ItalyDr.Joel
Storch,TouroCollege,USAProf.NolChallamel,INSA deRennes,FranceProf.ToshiakiNatsuki,Shinsu
University, JapanDr. Yingyan Zhang, University of Western Sydney, AustraliaProf. Chien Ming Wang,
NationalUniversityofSingapore,SingaporeIng.GuillaumeGhyselinck,EcoledesMinesdAls,France
Book
Selectedworksinappliedmechanicsandmathematics,byEricReissner,1996,JonesandBartlett
Publishers,ISBN?
Book
Asymptoticmethodsinmechanics,editedbyRmiVaillancourt,AndreL.Smirnov,Vol.3,CRM
Proceedings&LectureNotes,CentredeReserchesMathmatiques,UniversitdeMontral,1993,American
MathematicalSociety,ISBN0821869930
Book
Thealgebraiceigenvalueproblem,J.H.Wilkinson,OxfordUniversityPress,1988
Book
Numericalmethodsforlargeeigenvalueproblems,byY.Saad,AlgorithmsandArchitecturesforAdvanced
ScientificComputing,ManchesterUniversityPress,UK,1992,ISBN0470218207
Book
ARPACKusers'guide:solutionoflargescaleeigenvalueproblemswithimplicitlyrestartedArnoldi
Methods,byRichardB.Lehoucq,DannyC.Sorensen,ChaoYang,SIAM,1998,ISBN0898714079
Book
Templatesforthesolutionofalgebraiceigenvalueproblems,APracticalGuide,editedbyZhaojunBai,
JamesDemmel,JackDongarra,AxelRuheandHenkvanderVorst,SIAM,2000,ISBN0898714710
Book
MatrixAlgorithms:VolumeII:Eigensystems,byGilbertW.Stewart,SIAM,2001,ISBN0898715032
Book
LanczosAlgorithmsforLargeSymmetricEigenvalueComputations:Vol.1:Theory,ByJaneK.Cullum,
RalphA.Willoughby,ClassicsinAppliedMathematics,SIAM,2002,ISBN0898715237

Book
ThefiniteelementmethodusingMATLAB,SecondEdition,byYoungW.KwonandHyochoongBang,
2000,CRCPress,ISBN0849300967
Book
Hughes,TJR,1987,TheFiniteElementMethod,PrenticeHall,EnglewoodCliffs,NewJersey.
Book
Lekhniskii,S.G.,AnisotropicPlates,1968,GordonandBreachSciencePublishers,NewYork
Book
Donnell,L.H.Beams,PlatesandShells,NewYork:McGrawHill,1976
Book
I.Senjanovic,Theoryofshellsofrevolution,BrodarskiInstitut,Zagreb,Yugoslavia
Book
Singer,J.,Arbocz,J.,andWeller,T.,BucklingExperiments:Basicconcepts,columns,beams,andplates,
Vol.1,JohnWiley&SonInc.,1998
Book
Singer,J.,Arbocz,J.,andWeller,T.,BucklingExperimentsExperimentalMethodsinBucklingofThin
WalledStructures,Vol.2,Shells,BuiltupStructures,CompositesandAdditionalTopics,JohnWiley&
SonsInc.,2002,ISBN0471974501
Book
Developmentsinthinwalledstructures,Volume3,editedbyJ.RhodesandA.C.Walker,Taylor&Francis,
(yearnotgiven,1987?,transferredtodigitalprintingin2005,ISBN1851660763
Book
Sandwichconstruction:thebendingandbucklingofsandwichbeams,plates,andshells,FrederikJohan
Plantema,Wiley,1966
Book
Analysisanddesignofstructuralsandwichpanels,HowardG.Allen,PergamonPress,1969
Book
Thehandbookofsandwichconstruction,DanZenkert,EngineeringMaterialsAdvisoryServices,1997
Book
Thebehaviorofsandwichstructuresofisotropicandcompositematerials,JackR.Vinson,1999,
TechnomicPublishingCompany,Inc,Inc.,ISBN1566766990

Book
Lightweightsandwichconstruction,J.M.Davies,WileyBlackwell,2001
Book
Thebehaviorofthinwalledstructures:beams,plates,andshells,JackR.Vinson,1989,KluwerAcademic
Publishers,Dordrecht,TheNetherlands
Book
Thebehaviorofshellscomposedofisotropicandcompositematerials,JackR.Vinson,1993,Kluwer
AcademicPublishers,Dordrecht,TheNetherlands
Book
Asymptotictheoriesforplatesandshells,editedbyRobertP.Gilbert,KlausHackl,PitmanResearchNotesin
MathematicsSeries319,1995,LongmanGroupLimited,ISBN0582248752
Book
ThinWalledStructures:AdvancesinResearch,DesignandManufacturingTechnologyeditedbyJ.
Loughlan(FourthInternationalConferenceonThinWalledStructures),2004,IOPPublishingLtd.,
ISBN0750310065
Book
Thinwalledstructures:AdvancesandDevelopments,ProceedingsoftheThirdInternationalConference
(ICTWWS2001),editedbyJanZaras,KatarzynaKowalMichalska,J.Rhodes,ElsevierScience,2001,
ISBN0080439551
Book
Thebehaviorofstructurescomposedofcompositematerials,JackR.VinsonandR.L.Sierakowski,
Springer,Dordrecht,TheNetherlands,Firstprint2002,Reprinted2008
Book
Impactbehaviouroffibrereinforcedcompositematerialsandstructures,editedbyS.R.ReidandGang
Zhou,WoodheadPublishing,Ltd(ISBN1855734230),andCRCPress(ISBN084930847X),2000
Book
Agarwal,B.D.,Broutman,L.J.andChandrashekhara,K.,Analysisandperformanceoffibercomposites,
3rdedition,2006,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,NewJersey.
Book
J.Ashton,J.Halpin,andP.Petit,Primeroncompositematerials:analysis,TechnomicPublishingCo.,Inc.,
1969.
Book

Daniel,I.M.andIshai,O.,Engineeringmechanicsofcompositematerials,2ndedition,2006,Oxford
UniversityPress.
Book
StructuralComposites.AHandbook,editedbyV.V.VasilievandYuM.Tarnopolskii,Moscow
Mashinostroyenie,1990
Book
Datoo,M.H.,Mechanicsoffibrouscomposites,1991,ElsevierAppliedScience,LondonandNewYork.
Book
ConciseEncyclopediaofCompositeMaterials,AnthonyKelly,CBE,FRS(editor),MITPress,Cambridge,
Massachusetts,1989
Book
Kaw,A.K.,MechanicsofCompositeMaterials,1997,CRCPress,BocaRaton,London,NewYork,
Washington.
Book
BucklingandPostbucklingStructures:Experimental,AnalyticalandNumericalStudies(Computational
andExperimentalMethodsinStructures):EditedbyB.G.FalzonandM.H.Aliabadi,ImperialCollege
Press,ISBN:1860947948|20080523|PDF(OCR)|528pages|41.94Mb
Thisbookprovidesanindepthtreatmentofthestudyofthestabilityofengineeringstructures.Contributions
frominternationallyrecognizedleadersinthefieldensureawidecoverageofengineeringdisciplinesinwhich
structuralstabilityisofimportance,inparticulartheanalyticalandnumericalmodellingofstructuralstability
appliedtoaeronautical,civil,marineandoffshorestructures.Theresultsfromanumberofcomprehensive
experimentaltestprogramsarealsopresented,thusenhancingourunderstandingofstabilityphenomenaaswell
asvalidatingtheanalyticalandcomputationalsolutionschemespresented.Avarietyofstructuralmaterialsare
investigatedwithspecialemphasisoncarbonfibrecomposites,whicharebeingincreasinglyutilizedinweight
criticalstructures.Instabilitiesatthemesoandmicroscalesarealsodiscussed.Thisbookwillbeparticularly
relevanttoprofessionalengineers,graduatestudentsandresearchersinterestedinstructuralstability.
CONTENTS:ExperimentalStudiesofStiffenedCompositePanelsunderAxialCompression,Torsionand
CombinedLoading(HAbramovich);BucklingandPostbucklingTestsonStiffenedCompositePanelsand
Shells(CBisagni);ModeJumpinginPostbucklingStiffenedCompositePanels(BGFalzon);The
DevelopmentofShellBucklingDesignCriteriaBasedonInitialImperfectionSignatures(MWHilburger);
StabilityDesignofStiffenedCompositePanelsSimulationandExperimentalValidation(AKling);Anisotropic
ElasticTailoringinLaminatedCompositePlatesandShells(PMWeaver);OptimizationofStiffenedPanels
usingFiniteStripModels(RButler&amp;WLiu);StabilityofTubesandPipelines(HARasheed&amp;SA
Karamanos);ImperfectionSensitiveBucklingandPostbucklingofSphericalShellCaps(SYamada&amp;M
Uchiyama);NonlinearBucklinginSandwichStruts:ModeInteractionandLocalization(MAWadee);The
BoundaryElementMethodforBucklingandPostbucklingAnalysisofPlatesandShells(MHAliabadi&amp;
PMBaiz);ProgressiveFailureinCompressivelyLoadedCompositeLaminatedPanels:Analytical,
ExperimentalandNumericalStudies(SBasuetal.);MicroandMesoInstabilitiesinStructuredMaterialsand
SandwichStructures(TDaxneretal.).

Book
Plateandpanelstructuresofisotropic,compositeandpiezoelectricmaterials,includingsandwich
construction,JackR.Vinson,2005,Springer,Dordrecht,TheNetherlands,ISBN1402031106
Book
SandwichStructures7:Advancingwithsandwichstructuresandmaterials,editedbyOleThyboThomsen,
E.Bozhevolnaya,ALyckegaard,Proceedingsofthe7thinternationalconferenceonsandwichstructures,
AalborgUniversity,Denmark,August2005,Springer,Dordrecht,TheNetherlands,ISBN10140203444X
Book
Honeycombtechnology:materials,design,manufacturing,applicationsandtesting,TomBlitzer,Springer,
1997
Book
Sandwichpanelconstruction:constructionwithfactoryengineeredsandwichpanelsconsistingof
metallicfacingsandafoamedpolyurethanecore,RolfKoschade,Institutefursandwichtechnik,2006
Book
Bucklingofstructures:theoryandexperiment:theJosefSingeranniversaryvolume,editedbyIsaac
Elishakoff,J.Arbocz,A.Libai,Elsevier,1988,449pages
Book
Bucklingstrengthofmetalstructures,byFriedrichBleich,McGrawHill,1952,508pages
Book
Thinelasticshells:anintroductiontothetheoreticalfoundationsandtheanalysisoftheirstaticand
dynamicbehavior,HarryKraus,Wiley,1967
Book
G.Birkhoff,Hydrodynamics,2ndedition,PrincetonUniversityPress,Princeton,NewJersey
Book
Smallelasticdeformationsofthinshells,PaulSeide,NoordhoffInternationalPub.,1975
Book
Finiteelementsforthinshellsandcurvedmembers,DerekGeorgeAshwellandRichardH.Gallagher,
Wiley,1976
Book
Finiteelementanalysisofshellsofrevolution,PhillipL.Gould,PitmanAdvancedPub.Program,1985
Book

Bathe,K.J.andWilson,E.L.,Numericalmethodsinfiniteelementanalysis,1976.PrenticeHallEnglewood
Cliffs,NewJersey.
Book
Zienkiewicz,O.C.,TheFiniteElementMethod,3rdEdition,McGrawHill,London,1977
Book
RobertD.Cook,etal,ConceptsandApplicationsofFiniteElementAnalysis,1989,JohnWiley&Sons,
NewYork
Book
Crisfield,M.A.,Nonlinearfiniteelementanalysisofsolidsandstructures.Volume1,1994,JohnWiley
andSons.
Book
Whateveryengineershouldknowaboutfiniteelementanalysis,SecondEdition,RevisedandExpanded,
editedbyJohnR.Brauer,1993,MarcelDekker,Inc.,ISBN0824789547
Book
CellularMaterialsinNatureandMedicine,editedbyLornaJ.Gibson,MichaelF.AshbyandBrendanA.
Harley,2010,CambridgeUniversityPress,ISBN9780521195447
Book
StructuralStabilityinEngineeringPractice,editedbyLajosKollr,1999,E&FNSpon,London,
ISBN0419237909
Book
Bucklingandpostbuckling:fourlecturesinexperimental,numerical,andtheoreticalsolidmechanicsbased
ontalksgivenattheCISMmeeting,heldinUdine,Italy,September29October3,1985byJohannArbocz,M.
PotierFerry,J.SingerandV.Tvergaard,inLectureNotesinPhysicsSeries,SpringerVerlag,1987Science
246pages
Book
MechanicsofcompositematerialsbyRobertMillardJones,Taylor&Francis,1999,519pages
ABSTRACT:Thisbookbalancesintroductiontothebasicconceptsofthemechanicalbehaviorofcomposite
materialsandlaminatedcompositestructures.Itcoverstopicsfrommicromechanicsandmacromechanicsto
laminationtheoryandplatebending,buckling,andvibration,clarifyingthephysicalsignificanceofcomposite
materials.Inadditiontothematerialscoveredinthefirstedition,thisbookincludesmoretheoryexperiment
comparisonsandupdatedinformationonthedesignofcompositematerials.
Book
StressAnalysisofFiberReinforcedCompositeMaterials,M.W.Hyer,McGrawHill,NewYork,1998.
Book

MechanicsofcompositestructuresbyLszlPterKollrandGeorgeS.Springer,CambridgeUniversity
Press,2003,480pages
ABSTRACT:Agreateruseofcompositematerialsinmanyareasofengineeringhasledtoagreaterdemandfor
engineersversedinthedesignofstructuresmadefromsuchmaterials.Thistextoffersstudentsandengineers
toolsfordesigningpracticalcompositestructures.Amongthetopicsofinteresttothedesignerarestressstrain
relationshipsforawiderangeofanisotropicmaterials;bending,buckling,andvibrationofplates;bending,
torsion,buckling,andvibrationofsolidaswellasthinwalledbeams;shells;hygrothermalstressesandstrains;
finiteelementformulation;andfailurecriteria.Morethan300illustrations,50fullyworkedproblems,and
materialpropertiesdatasetsareincluded.
Book
Mechanicsofcompositestructures,byValeryV.Vasiliev;Englisheditor:RobertMillardJones,CRCPress,
1993,506pages
ABSTRACT:Thisbookcompilestechniquesusedtoanalyzecompositestructuralelementsrangingfrom
beamsthroughplatestostiffenedshells.Thecontentissuitableforgraduatelevelstudentswithabasic
backgroundinmechanicsofcompositematerials.Moreover,thisbookwillbeplacedinanactivespotonthe
bookshelvesofcompositestructuresdesignersaswellasresearchers.
Book
Impactoncompositestructures,bySergeAbrate,CambridgeUniversityPress,1998,ISBN0521473896
PARTIALPREFACE:Ascompositematerialsareusedmoreextensively,aconstantsourceofconcernisthe
effectofforeignobjectsimpacts.Suchimpactscanreasonablybeexpectedduringthelifeofthestructureand
canresultininternaldamagethatisoftendifficulttodetectandcancauseseverereductionsinthestrengthand
stabilityofthestructure.Thisconcernprovidedthemotivationforintenseresearchresultinginhundredsof
journalandconferencearticles.Importantadvanceshavebeenmade,andmanyaspectsoftheproblemhave
beeninvestigated.Onewouldneedtostudyavoluminousliteratureinordertogetanapprciationforthisnew
researcharea.Afterwritingthreecomprehensiveliteraturereviewsonthetopicofimpactoncomposite
materials,Ifeltthattherewasaneedtopresentthismaterialinbookform.Thestudyofimpactoncomposite
structuresinvolvesmanydifferenttopics,includingcontactmechanics,structuraldynamicsstrength,stability,
fatigue,damagemechanicsandmicromechanics.
Book
Pressurevesseldesign:conceptsandprinciples,editedbyJohnSpenceandA.S.Tooth,SponPress,1994,
ISBN0419190805
Book
Hill,R.,TheMathematicaltheoryofplasticity,1950,OxfordUniversityPress,London.
Book
BucklingofBars,Plates,andShells.ByRobertM.Jones,BullRidgePublishing,Box10698,Blacksburg,
Virginia240620698,www.BullridgePublishing.com,2006,ISBN0978722302

DESCRIPTION:Bucklingofstructuralelementshasintriguedstudentsfornearlythreecenturies.First,Euler
studiedbarbucklinginthemid18thcentury.Then,Bryantreatedplatebucklinginthelate19thcentury.
Finally,shellbucklingwasa20thcenturypursuitofTimoshenko,Donnell,Flgge,andvonKrmn,among
manyothernotables.Thisgraduatetextandreferenceworkisaimedatthoseinvolvedinmechanical,civil,
aerospace,andoceanengineering,aswellasengineeringmechanics.Fundamentalbucklingbehaviorisstudied
forthreebasicstructuralelements:onedimensionalbars,twodimensionalplates,andthreedimensionalshells.
TheapproachfeaturesaconsistentenergybasedformulationafterLanghaar.Thefinaltopicineachofthe
chaptersonbars,plates,andshellsisanintroductiontotheessenceofdesignforeachstructuralelement.
AuthorRobertM.Jones,anASMEFellow,isProfessorEmeritusofEngineeringScienceandMechanics
Similarbooks:
http://books.google.com/books?id=CXn7w0C8Te4C&dq=shell+buckling&source=gbs_similarbooks_s&cad=1
Book
HuiShenShen,FunctionallyGradedMaterials:NonlinearAnalysisofPlatesandShells,CRCPress,Jan
15,2009,280pages
DESCRIPTION:Initiallydesignedasthermalbarriermaterialsforaerospaceapplicationsandfusionreactors,
functionallygradedmaterials(FGMs)arenowwidelyemployedasstructuralcomponentsinextremelyhigh
temperatureenvironments.However,littleinformationiscommonlyavailablethatwouldallowengineersto
predicttheresponseofFGMplatesandshellssubjectedtothermalandmechanicalloads.
FunctionallyGradedMaterials:NonlinearAnalysisofPlatesandShellsisthefirstbookdevotedtothe
geometricallynonlinearresponseofinhomogeneousisotropicandfunctionallygradedplatesandshells.
Concernedthatthehighloadscommontomanystructuresmayresultinnonlinearloaddeflectionrelationships
duetolargedeformations,authorHuiShenShenhasbeenconductinginvestigationssince2001,paying
particularattentiontothenonlinearresponseoftheseplatesandshellstononlinearbending,postbucklingand
nonlinearvibration.Nearlyallthesolutionspresentedaretheresultsofinvestigationsconductedbytheauthor
andhiscollaborators.Therigoroftheseinvestigativeproceduresallowstheresultspresentedwithinthesepages
tostandasabenchmarkagainstwhichthevalidityandaccuracyofothernumericalsolutionsmaybemeasured
Book
DeformationTheoryofPlasticity,byRobertM.Jones,BullRidgePublishing,Box10698,Blacksburg,
Virginia240620698,www.BullridgePublishing.com,2009,640pages,ISBN:9780978722319
Book
G.Wempner,MechanicsofSolids.1973,McGrawHill,NewYork
Book
G.Wempner,MechanicsofSolidswithApplicationstoThinBodies,1982,Springer(656pages)
Book
GeraldWempnerandDemosthenesTalaslidis,MechanicsofSolidsandShells:Theoriesand
Approximations,2002,CRCPress,Taylor&FrancisGroup
Description:Asthetheoriesandmethodshaveevolvedovertheyears,themechanicsofsolidbodieshas
becomeundulyfragmented.Mostbooksfocusonspecificaspects,suchasthetheoriesofelasticityorplasticity,

thetheoriesofshells,orthemechanicsofmaterials.Whileanarrowfocusservesimmediatepurposes,muchis
achievedbyestablishingthecommonfoundationsandprovidingaunifiedperspectiveofthedisciplineasa
whole.MechanicsofSolidsandShellsaccomplishestheseobjectives.Byemphasizingtheunderlying
assumptionsandtheapproximationsthatleadtothemathematicalformulations,itoffersapractical,unified
presentationofthefoundationsofthemechanicsofsolids,thebehaviorofdeformablebodiesandthinshells,
andthepropertiesoffiniteelements.Theinitialchapterspresentthefundamentalkinematics,dynamics,
energetics,andbehaviorofmaterialsthatbuildthefoundationforallofthesubsequentdevelopments.Theseare
presentedinfullgeneralitywithouttheusualrestrictionsonthedeformation.Thegeneralprinciplesofworkand
energyformthebasisfortheconsistenttheoriesofshellsandtheapproximationsbyfiniteelements.Thefinal
chapterviewsthelatterasameansofapproximationandbuildsabridgebetweenthemechanicsofthe
continuumandthediscreteassembly.Expresslywrittenforengineers,MechanicsofSolidsandShellsformsa
reliablesourceforthetoolsofanalysisandapproximation.Itsconstructivepresentationclearlyrevealsthe
origins,assumptions,andlimitationsofthemethodsdescribedandprovidesafirm,practicalbasisfortheuseof
thosemethods.
Book
Antman,S.S.,1995.NonlinearProblemsofElasticity.SpringerVerlag,NewYork,2ndEdition,2005
PartialPrefacetotheSecondEdition:
Duringthenineyearssincethepublicationofthefirsteditionofthisbook,therehasbeensubstantialprogress
onthetreatmentofwellsetproblemsofnonlinearsolidmechanics.Themainpurposesofthissecondedition
aretoupdatethefirsteditionbygivingacoherentaccountofsomeofthenewdevelopments,tocorrecterrors,
andtorefinetheexposition.Muchofthetexthasbeenrewritten,reorganized,andextended.
Thephilosophyunderlyingmyapproachisexactlythatgiveninthefollowing(slightlymodified)Prefacetothe
FirstEdition.Inparticular,Icontinuetoadheretomypolicyofeschewingdiscussionsrelyingontechnical
aspectsoftheoriesofnonlinearpartialdifferentialequations(althoughIgiveextensivereferencestopertinent
workemployingsuchmethods).ThusIintendthatthisedition,likethefirst,beaccessibletoawidecircleof
readershavingthetraditionalprerequisitesgiveninSec.1.2.
Iwelcomecorrectionsandcomments,whichcanbesenttomyelectronicmailaddress:ssa@math.umd.edu.In
duetime,correctionswillbeplacedonmywebpage:http://www.ipst.umd.edu/Faculty/antman.htm.
PartialPrefacetotheFirstEdition:
Thescientistsoftheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturies,ledbyJas.BernoulliandEuler,createdacoherent
theoryofthemechanicsofstringsandrodsundergoingplanardeformations.Theyintroducedthebasicconcepts
ofstrain,bothextensionalandflexural,ofcontactforcewithitscomponentsoftensionandshearforce,andof
contactcouple.TheyextendedNewtonsLawofMotionforamasspointtoalawvalidforanydeformable
body.Eulerformulateditsindependentandmuchsubtlercomplement,theAngularMomentumPrinciple.(Euler
alsogaveeffectivevariationalcharacterizationsofthegoverningequations.)Thesescientistsbreathedlifeinto
thetheorybyproposing,formulating,andsolvingtheproblemsofthesuspensionbridge,thecatenary,the
velaria,theelastica,andthesmalltransversevibrationsofanelasticstring.(Thelevelofdifficultyofsomeof
theseproblemsissuchthateventodaytheirdescriptionsareseldomvouchsafedtoundergraduates.The
realizationthatsuchprofoundandbeautifulresultscouldbededucedbymathematicalreasoningfrom
fundamentalphysicalprinciplesfurnishedasignificantcontributiontotheintellectualclimateoftheAgeof
Reason.)Atfirst,thosewhosolvedtheseproblemsdidnotdistinguishbetweenlinearandnonlinearequations,
andsowerenotintimidatedbythelatter.

Book
Biot,M.A.,MechanicsofIncrementalDeformations,JohnWileyandSons,NewYork,1965.
Book
Fung,Y.C.,FoundationsofSolidMechanics,PrenticeHall,EnglewoodCliffs,N.J.,1965.
Book
AnintroductiontotheelasticstabilityofstructuresbyGeorgeJ.Simitses,PrenticeHall,1976,253pages
Book
GeorgeJ.Simitses,Dynamicstabilityofsuddenlyloadedstructures,1990,SpringerVerlag,NewYork
Book
FundamentalsofstructuralstabilitybyGeorgeJ.Simitses,DeweyH.Hodges,ButterworthHeinemann,
2006,389pages
ABSTRACT:Theabilityofastructuralassemblytocarryloadsandforcesdetermineshowstableitwillbeover
time.Viewingstructuralassemblagesascomprisingcolumns,beams,arches,rings,andplates,thisbookwill
introducethestudenttobothaclassicalandadvancedunderstandingofthemechanicalbehaviorofsuch
structuralsystemsunderloadandhowmodelingtheresultingstrainscanpredicttheoverallfutureperformance
thestabilityofthatstructure.Whilecoveringtraditionalbeamtheory,thebookismorefocusedonelastictheory
inkeepingwithmodernapproaches.Thistextwillbeanexpandedandupdatedversionasimilar,previously
publishedbook,butwithpedagogicalimprovementsandupdatedanalyticalmethods.
Thisengineeringtextbookwillprovideafocusedtreatmentonthestudyofhowstructuresbehaveandperform
whenunderstressloading,includingplasticdeformationandbuckling.Alladvancedengineeringstudents
studyingengineeringmechanics,structuralanalysisanddesign,fatigueandfailure,andotherrelatedsubjects
needtohavethisknowledge,andthisbookwillprovideitinathoroughandcoherentfashion.Writtenbytwoof
theworld'sleadingengineeringprofessorsinthissubjectarea,thepedagogyhasbeenclassroomtestedover
manyyearsandshouldfindareceptivereadershipamongbothstudentsandinstructors.Anunderstandable
introductiontothetheoryofstructuralstability,usefulforawidevarietyofengineeringdisciplines,including
mechanical,civilandaerospaceengineeringCoversbothstaticanddynamicloads,forbothconservativeand
nonconservativesystems.Emphasizeselasticbehaviorunderloads,includingverticalbuckling,torsional
bucklingandnonlinearaffectsofstructuralsystembucklingandstabilityCaseexamplestoillustraterealworld
applicationsofStabilityTheory.
Book
Theoryofelasticstability:analysisandsensitivitybyLuisAugustoGodoy,Taylor&Francis,2000,434
pages
ABSTRACT:Thisbookgivesaunifiedpresentationofthefieldofstability.Bucklingandpostbucklingstates
arestudiedonthebasisoftotalpotentialenergyofstructuralsystems.Emphasisisplacedthroughoutthetexton
postbucklinganalysisandbehaviour.Thesensitivityofbucklingandpostbucklingstatestochangesindesign
parametersisalsodiscussedaswellaschangesduetoimperfectionsanddamage.

Book
Thinwalledstructureswithstructuralimperfections:analysisandbehavior,byLuisAugustoGodoy,
1996,Pergamon(indicatedoncover)orElsevierScienceLtd(indicatedinside),ISBN0080422667
Book
Stabilityofstructures:elastic,inelastic,fracture,anddamagetheories,editedbyZdenek,P.Bazantand
LuigiCedolin,CourierDoverPublications,2003,1011pages
ABSTRACT:Explorationofprinciplesandapplicationsofstabilityanalysisemphasizesnonelasticstability.
Topicsincludemodernstabilityproblemsoffractureanddamage,thermodynamicprinciplesofstabilityin
irreversiblesystems,viscoelasticandviscoplasticbuckling,otherkeyareas.Numerousexamples;700exercise
problems.1991edition.

Book
StabilityTheoryandItsApplicationstoStructuralMechanicsbyCliveL.Dym,CourierDover
Publications,2002,208pages
ABSTRACT:SelfcontainedtextfocusesonKoiterpostbucklinganalyses,withmathematicalnotionsof
stabilityofmotion.Basingminimumenergyprinciplesforstaticstabilityupondynamicconceptsofstabilityof
motion,itdevelopsasymptoticbucklingandpostbucklinganalysesfrompotentialenergyconsiderations,with
applicationstocolumns,plates,andarches.1974edition.
Book
Shames,I.H.;andDym,C.L.,EnergyandFiniteElementMethodsinStructuralMechanics,Hemisphere
PublishingCorporation,1985,NewYork
Book
StabilityanalysisanddesignofstructuresbyMurariLalGambhir,Springer,2004,535pages
ABSTRACT:Rapidadvancesinanalyticalmethodsandcomputingenableengineerstoapplystability/stiffness
methodstoincreasinglycomplexreallifecases.Thisadvancedandgraduateleveltextandselftutorialteaches
readerstounderstandandtoapplyanalyticaldesignprinciplesacrossthebreadthoftheengineeringsciences.
Emphasizingfundamentals,thebookaddressesthestabilityofkeyengineeringelementssuchasrigidbody
assemblage,beamcolumns,rigidframes,thinplates,arches,rings,orshells.Eachchaptercontainsnumerous
workedoutproblemsthatclarifypracticalapplicationandaidcomprehensionofthebasicsofstabilitytheory,
plusendofchapterreviewexercises.Otherskeyfeaturesarethecitingandcomparisonofdifferentnational
buildingstandards,useofnondimensionalparameters,andmanytableswithmuchpracticaldataandsimplified
formula,thatenablereaderstousetheminthedesignofstructuralcomponents.
Book
StabilityofelasticstructureseditedbyNikolaiAnatolevichAlfutov,Springer,2000,337pages
ABSTRACT:Thesubjectdiscussedinthisbookisthestabilityofthinwalledelasticsystemsunderstaticloads.
Thepresentationoftheseproblemsisbasedonmodernapproachestoelasticstabilitytheory.Specialattention
ispaidtotheformulationofelasticstabilitycriteria,tothestatementofcolumn,plateandshellstability

problems,tothederivationofbasicrelationships,andtoadiscussionoftheboundariesoftheapplicationof
analyticrelationships.Theauthorhastriedtoavoidarcane,nonstandardproblemsandelaborateandunexpected
solutions,whichbringrealpleasuretoconnoisseurs,butconfusestudentsandcausebewildermenttosome
practicalengineers.Theauthorhasanapprehensionthatproblemswhich,thoughinteresting,arelimitedin
applicationcandivertthereader'sattentionfromthemoreprosaicbutnolesssophisticatedgeneralproblemsof
stabilitytheory.
Book
Guidetostabilitydesigncriteriaformetalstructures,5thedition,editedbyTheodoreV.Galambos,John
WileyandSons,1998,911pages
ABSTRACT:Theuptodateeditionoftheclassicguidefromleadingexpertsinstructuralstabilitytheoryand
research.Firstpublishedin1960,theGuidetoStabilityDesignCriteriaforMetalStructuresisthereferenceof
choiceforcivilandstructuralengineersseekingreliable,indepthcoverageofstabilityproblemsandresearch.
ThisextensivelyrevisedFifthEditionbridgestheoryandpracticetooffersimplifiedandrefinedprocedures
bothfordesignandfortheassessmentofdesignlimitations,aswellasdetailedguidanceondesign
specifications,codes,andstandardsconcerningthestabilityofmetalstructures.Writtenbymembersof
StructuralStabilityResearchCounciltaskgroupsandotherspecialists,allmaterialhasbeenupdatedtoreflect
recentdevelopmentsineachsubjectarea.TheFifthEditionfeatureseightnewchapterscoveringthelatest
proceduresinhorizontalcurvedsteelIgirders,compositecolumnsandstructuralsystems,stabilityofangle
members,bracing,framestability,doublycurvedshellsandshelllikestructures,stabilityunderseismic
loading,andstabilityanalysisbythefiniteelementmethod.Completewithover100newillustrations,plus
references,technicalmemoranda,andnameandsubjectindexes,theGuidetoStabilityDesignCriteriafor
MetalStructures,FifthEditionisreadytogotoworkforanewgenerationofstructuralandcivilengineersin
theirdailypractice.
Book
GuidetoStabilityDesignCriteriaforMetalStructures,SixthEdition,byRonaldD.Ziemian,2010,John
Wiley&Sons,Inc,Hoboken,NewJersey,ISBN9780470085257,
Book
Mechanicsofoffshorepipelines:Bucklingandcollapse,Volume1:BucklingandCollapseByStelios
Kyriakides,EdmundoCorona,2007,ElsevierBV,ISBN:9780080467320
Book
TheoryofstabilityofcontinuouselasticstructuresbyMarioComoandAntonioGrimaldi,CRCPress,1995,
247pages
ABSTRACT:TheoryofStabilityofContinuousElasticStructurespresentsanappliedmathematicaltreatment
ofthestabilityofcivilengineeringstructures.Thebook'smodernandrigorousapproachmakesitespecially
usefulasatextinadvancedengineeringcoursesandaninvaluablereferenceforengineers.
Book
StructuralstabilityinengineeringpracticebyLajosKollr,Taylor&Francis,1999,454pages

ABSTRACT:Stabilityisanessentialrequisiteinthedesignandmanufactureofallstructures,andengineers
needagoodunderstandingofcriticalloadingfactorsinstructuredesign.Thisbookillustratesthevarious
problemsassociatedwithattainingstability,andprovidestheresultsforpracticalusebythedesignengineer.
Book
ElementsofstructuralstabilitybyJ.G.A.CrollandA.C.Walker,Wiley,1972,223pages
Book
ThestabilityofflatplatesbyP.S.Bulson,AmericanElsevierPub.Co.,1969,470pages
Book
TroiskyMS.StiffenedPlates,Bending,StabilityandVibrations.Elsevier,1976
Book
BackgroundtobucklingbyHowardG.AllenandP.S.Bulson,McGrawHillBookCo.,1980,582pages
Book
Structuralstability:theoryandimplementationbyWaiFahChen,E.M.Lui,Elsevier,1987,490pages,also
publishedbyPTRPrenticeHall,1987
Book
Thinplatesandshells:theory,analysis,andapplicationsbyEduardVentsel,TheodorKrauthammer,CRC
Press,2001,666pages
ABSTRACT:Presentingrecentprinciplesofthinplateandshelltheories,thisbookemphasizesnovelanalytical
andnumericalmethodsforsolvinglinearandnonlinearplateandshelldilemmas,newtheoriesforthedesign
andanalysisofthinplateshellstructures,andrealworldnumericalsolutions,mechanics,andplateandshell
modelsforengineeringapplications.Itincludescomputerprocessesforfinitedifference,finiteelement,
boundaryelement,andboundarycollocationmethodsaswellasothervariationalandnumericalmethods.It
alsocontainsendofchapterexamplesandproblem/solutionsets,acatalogofsolutionsforcylindricaland
sphericalshells,andtablesofthemostcommonlyusedplatesandshells.
LongPaper
BucklingandpostbucklingofcompositestructuresbyAhmedKhairyNoor,presentedat1994International
MechanicalEngineeringCongressandExposition,Chicago,Illinois,November611,1994,PressureVessesls
andPipingDivision,AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers,1994,133pages
Book
ShellStabilityHandbook
Author:LarsA.Samuelson,SiggeEggwertz
Date:1992,ISBN:185166954X,Pages:303,Language:English,Publisher:ElsevierAppliedScience
SUMMARY:TheShellStabilityHandbookisahandbookforcalculationofthecarryingcapacityofshell
structureswithrespecttobuckling.Theaimhasbeentodevelopabranchindependenthandbookwhichgives
conservativeestimatesofthecarryingcapacity.Thesafetyfactorswhichshouldbeusedinacertaincasemust
betakenfromtheapplicablecodefortheconsideredstructure,e.g.pressurevesselcodes,steelstructurecodes

etc.InitiatorbehindthehandbookisProfessorLarsA.Samuelsonwhoalreadyintheseventiesduringhistimeat
theAeronauticalResearchInstituteofSwedenfeltastrongneedforsuchahandbook.Thedevelopmentofthe
handbook,whichalsoincludedsubstantialresearchinthefieldofshellstability,startedin1982.Thefirst
Swedisheditionwaspublishedin1990.
Book
VibrationofLaminatedShellsandPlates,byMohamadS.Qatu,2004,Elsevier,ISBN:0080442714
Book
VibrationofContinuousSystems,byArthurW.LeissaandMohamadS.Qatu,2011,TheMcGrawHill
Companies,ISBN:9780071457286
Book
HandbookofthinplatebucklingandpostbucklingbyFrederickBloomandDouglasCoffin,Chapman&
Hall/CRCPress,2001,786pages,ISBN1584882220
ABSTRACT:Stopsearchingthroughtheendlessamountofliteraturetofindthemostrecentinformationon
platebuckling.TheauthorsofHandbookofThinPlateBucklingandPostBucklinghavealreadydonethework
foryou.Detailedandclearlywritten,thebookcontainsacomprehensive,uptodatetreatmentofthebuckling
andpostbucklingbehaviorofperfectandimperfectthinplates.Theauthorsstudy,indetailandwithspecific
solvedexamples,theessentialfactorsthatinfluencecriticalbucklingloads,initialmodeshapes,and
postbucklingbehaviorforthinplates.Throughtheiranalysisofrectangular,circular,andannularplates,they
presentvaluableinformation,someofwhichhasneverbeforebeenpublishedinbookform.Suchtopicsinclude
hygrothermalbuckling,viscoelasticandplasticbuckling,andbucklingofvariousthicknessplates.Withthis
importantcollection,theHandbookofThinPlateBucklingandPostBucklingprovidesyouwithaonestop
sourceofcurrentresearchfindings.
Book
BucklingandpostbucklingofcompositeplateseditedbyG.J.TurveyandI.H.Marshall,Springer,1995,
396pages,also,Chapman&Hall,1995,ISBN0412591200
ABSTRACT:Contributedbyleadingauthoritiesinthefieldfromaroundtheworld,thistextprovidesa
comprehensiveinsightintobucklingandpostbuckling.Basictheory,methodsofbucklinganalysisandtheir
application,theeffectofexternalvariablessuchastemperatureandhumidityonthebucklingresponseand
bucklingtestsareallcovered.
Book
MechanicsofCompositeMaterials:Introduction,byStephenW.Tsai,AirForceMaterialsLaboratory,
ResearchandTechnologyDivision,AirForceSystemsCommand,1966
Book
Introductiontocompositematerials,byStephenW.TsaiandH.ThomasHahn,CRCPress,1980,457pages,
COMMENTS:Awidelyusedbasictextbytworecognizedauthorities.Aunifiedanddisciplinedapproach;
advancedconceptsreducedtoeasytousecharts,formulasandnumericalexamples.
Book

CompositesDesign,byStephenW.Tsai,ThinkComposites,1987,512pages
Book
Theoryofcompositesdesign,byStephenW.Tsai,ThinkComposites,1992,225pages
Book
Hull,D.,AnIntroductiontoCompositeMaterials,CambridgeUniversityPress(yearnotgiven)
Book
McCullough,R.L.,ConceptofFiberResinComposites,MarcelDekker,Inc.,NY,1971
Book
Jones,R.M.,Mechanicsofcompositematerials,HemispherePublishingCorporation,NewYork,NY,1975
Book
StructuralanalysisoflaminatedanisotropicplatesbyJamesMartinWhitneyandJ.E.Ashton,CRCPress,
1987,342pages
ABSTRACT:Amajorbasictextonthetheoryandstructuralapplicationsoflaminatedanisotropicplates.
Detailedcoverageofproblemsofbendingundertransverseload,stability,andfreevibrations,aswellas
laminatedbeams,expansionalstraineffects,curvedplates,andfreeedgeeffects.
Alsosee:
Whitney,J.M.,StructuralAnalysisofLaminatedAnisotropicPlates,TechnomicPublishingCo.,Inc.,
Lancaster,Pennsylvania,1987.
Alsosee:
Ashton,J.E.andWhitney,J.M.,TheoryofLaminatedPlates,TechnomicPublishingCo.,Stamford,
Connecticut,1970
Book
DelawareCompositesDesignEncyclopedia:DesignStudies,byKeithT.Kedward,LeifA.Carlsson,James
M.Whitney,JohnW.Gillespie,(vol.5publishedin1990byTechnomicpublication,ISBN877627037)
FOREWORD:providesuserswithbasicknowledgeaboutthedesignandanalysisofcompositematerialsand
structures.Thesixvolumeindexedsetisanongoingseriestowhichnewvolumeswillbeaddedasnewneeds
ariseandnewknowledgeisgainedaboutthisrapidlygrowingfieldofcomposites
Volume1Mechanicalbehaviorandpropertiesofcompositematerials
Volume2Micromechanicalmaterialsmodeling
Volume3Processingandfabricationtechnology
Volume4Failureanalysisofcompositematerials
Volume5Designstudies
Volume6Testmethods
IndextoVolumes16
Book
Finiteelementanalysisofcompositelaminates,byOzdenO.OchoaandJunuthulaNarasimhaReddy,Kluwer
AcademicPublishers,1992

Book
PracticalanalysisofcompositelaminatesbyJunuthulaNarasimhaReddy,AntonioMiravete,CRCPress,
1995,317pages
ABSTRACT:Compositematerialsareincreasinglyusedinaerospace,underwater,andautomotivestructures.
Theyprovideuniqueadvantagesovertheirmetalliccounterparts,butalsocreatecomplexchallengestoanalysts
anddesigners.PracticalAnalysisofCompositeLaminatespresentsasummaryoftheequationsgoverning
compositelaminatesandprovidespracticalmethodsforanalyzingmostcommontypesofcompositestructural
elements.Experimentalresultsforseveraltypesofstructuresareincluded,andtheoreticalandexperimental
correlationsarediscussed.ThelastchapterisdevotedtopracticalanalysisusingDesigningAdvanced
Composites(DAC),aPCbasedsoftwareonthesubject.Thiscomprehensivetextcanbeusedforagraduate
courseinmechanicalengineering,andasavaluablereferenceforprofessionalsinthefield.
Book
Energyprinciplesandvariationalmethodsinappliedmechanics,byJunuthulaNarasimhaReddy,John
WileyandSons,2002,592pages
SUMMARY:Asystematicpresentationofenergyprinciplesandvariationalmethods.Theincreasinguseof
numericalandcomputationalmethodsinengineeringandappliedscienceshasshednewlightontheimportance
ofenergyprinciplesandvariationalmethods.EnergyPrinciplesandVariationalMethodsinAppliedMechanics
providesasystematicandpracticalintroductiontotheuseofenergyprinciples,traditionalvariationalmethods,
andthefiniteelementmethodtothesolutionofengineeringproblemsinvolvingbars,beams,torsion,plane
elasticity,andplates.Beginningwithareviewofthebasicequationsofmechanicsandtheconceptsofwork,
energy,andtopicsfromvariationalcalculus,thisbookpresentsthevirtualworkandenergyprinciples,energy
methodsofsolidandstructuralmechanics,Hamilton'sprinciplefordynamicalsystems,andclassicalvariational
methodsofapproximation.Aunifiedapproach,moregeneralthanthatfoundinmostsolidmechanicsbooks,is
usedtointroducethefiniteelementmethod.Alsodiscussedareapplicationstobeamsandplates.Completewith
morethan200illustrationsandtables,EnergyPrinciplesandVariationalMethodsinAppliedMechanics,
SecondEditionisavaluablebookforstudentsofaerospace,civil,mechanical,andappliedmechanics;and
engineersindesignandanalysisgroupsintheaircraft,automobile,andcivilengineeringstructures,aswellas
shipbuildingindustries.
Book
MechanicsofCompositeMaterials:SelectedworksofNicholasJ.Pagano,editedbyJ.N.Reddy,Kluwer
AcademicPublishers,1994
Book
Crashworthinessofcompositethinwalledstructuralcomponents,byAthanasiosG.Mamalis,D.E.
Manolakos,G.A.DemosthenousandM.B.Ioannidis,CRCPress,1998,ISBN1566766354
Book
Laminatedcompositeplatesandshells,3DModelling,byJianqiaoYe(SchoolofCivilEngineering,
UniversityofLeeds,LS29JT,UK),SpringerVerlag,London,2003,ISBN1852334541
Book

Compressivebehaviorofcomposites,byC.Soutis,Report94,RapraReviewReports(Expertoverviews
coveringthescienceandtechnologyofrubberandplastics),Vol.8,No.10,1997,RAPRATechnology,
Shawbury,Shrewsbury,ShropshireSY44NR,UK,ISSN:08893144
Book
Designandoptimizationoflaminatedcompositematerials,byZaferGrdal,RaphaelT.Haftka,Prabhat
Hajela,WileyInterscience,1999,337pages
SUMMARY:Offeringathoroughtreatmentofbothcontemporarydesignoptimizationtechniquesandthe
mechanicsofcompositelaminates,DesignandOptimizationofLaminatedCompositeMaterialsbroadens
engineers'designhorizonsbyprovidingthemwiththeinformationtheyneedtotakefulladvantageofthis
importantclassofcompositematerials.Intendedtoserveasanundergraduatetograduatelevelcoursetextora
professionalreferenceforpracticingengineers,itfeaturesarational,integratedpresentation,supplementedwith
caseexamples,practiceexercises,andvaluableprogrammingtips.Importantfeaturesinclude:
*Anintegratedapproachtotheanalysisanddesignoflaminatedcomposites
*Selectedoptimizationmethodsthataresuitedtothedesignoflaminateswithdiscretethicknessand
orientationangles
*Guidelinesongettingthemostoutofnumericalandgraphicalsoftwareapplicationsforlaminateoptimization
problems
*AcompanionWebsitecontainingvaluableMathematica(TM)basedprogramsandhelpfultutorials:
www.compositedesign.vt.edu
Book
Optimaldesign:theoryandapplicationstomaterialsandstructures,editedbyValeryV.Vasilievand
ZaferGrdal,1999,TechnomicPublishingCo.,ISBN1566766869
Book
Mechanicsofcompositematerialsandstructures,byCarlosA.MotaSoares,CristvoM.MotaSoares,
ManuelJ.M.Freitas,Springer,1999
SUMMARY:Acompactpresentationofthefoundations,currentstateoftheart,recentdevelopmentsand
researchdirectionsofallessentialtechniquesrelatedtothemechanicsofcompositematerialsandstructures.
Specialemphasisisplacedonclassicandrecentlydevelopedtheoriesofcompositelaminatedbeams,platesand
shells,micromechanics,impactanddamageanalysis,mechanicsoftextilestructuralcomposites,highstrainrate
testingandnondestructivetestingofcompositematerialsandstructures.Topicsofgrowingimportanceare
addressed,suchas:numericalmethodsandoptimisation,identificationanddamagemonitoring.Thelatest
resultsarepresentedontheartofmodellingsmartcomposites,optimaldesignwithadvancedmaterials,and
industrialapplications.Eachsectionofthebookiswrittenbyinternationallyrecognisedexpertswhohave
dedicatedmostoftheirresearchworktoaparticularfield.Readership:Postgraduatestudents,researchersand
engineersinthefieldofcomposites.Undergraduatestudentswillbenefitfromthetreatmentofthefoundations
ofthemechanicsofcompositematerialsandstructures.
Book
Compositematerials:designandapplications,byDanielGay,CRCPress,2003,531pages
COMMENTS:CompositeMaterials:DesignandApplicationsisanupdatedtranslationoftheFrenchbook
MateriauxComposites.Itisacomprehensive,wellillustratedreferenceandtextoncompositematerialsand

structures.Theillustrationsareuniquelyclearandstandardizedthroughout.Thispracticalbookaddresses
difficultdesignissuessuchassandwichplates,bondedjoints,andotherdetailsofdesign.Itisawelcome
referencefordesignengineersandandoutstandingtextbookforundergraduateandgraduatelevelstudentsin
mechanical,aerospace,civilandmaterialsengineeringdepartments.
Book
Mechanicsoflaminatedcompositeplatesandshells:theoryandanalysis,SecondEditionbyJunuthula
NarasimhaReddy,CRCPress,2004,831pages
ABSTRACT:Theuseofcompositematerialsinengineeringstructurescontinuestoincreasedramatically,and
inthesevenyearssincethefirsteditionofthisbookappeared,advancesinmaterialsmodelingingeneraland
compositematerialsandstructuresinparticularhavebeenjustassignificant.Toreflectthesedevelopments,
renownedauthor,educator,andresearcherJ.N.Reddyhasthoroughlyrevised,updated,andenhancedhis
standardsettingMechanicsofLaminatedCompositePlatesandShells:TheoryandAnalysis.Newinthe
SecondEdition:Anewchapterdedicatedtothetheoryandanalysisoflaminatedshells.Newdiscussions
addressingsmartstructuresandfunctionallygradedmaterials.Thoroughupdatestoallchaptersanda
reorganizationofchaptersthatimprovestheclarityofthepresentation.Additionalexercisesandexamples.No
otherbookisasuptodate.Nootherbookapproachesthesubjectprimarilyfromthefiniteelementmethod.And
nootherbookprovidessuchfull,selfcontainedcoverageofthetheories,analyticalsolutions,andlinearand
nonlinearfiniteelementmodelsofplateandshelllaminatedcompositestructures.
Book
Y.Miyamoto,W.A.Kaysser,B.H.Rabin,A.KawasakiandR.G.Ford,FunctionallyGradedMaterials:
Design,ProcessingandApplications,Chapman&Hall(1999).
Book
Theoryandanalysisofelasticplatesandshells,Secondedition,byJ.N.Reddy,CRCPress,2007,547pages
Book
Mechanicsoflaminatedcompositeplatesandshells,J.N.Reddy,2004(pdffromtamu.edu)
Book
ThermalStructuresforAerospaceApplications,EarlA.Thornton,AIAAEducationSeries,J..S.
Przemieniecki,SeriesEditorinChief,1996,AIAA,ISBN1563471906
Book
ExactsolutionsforbucklingofstructuralmembersbyC.M.Wang,ChangYiWangandJunuthula
NarasimhaReddy,CRCPress,2004Science207pages
ABSTRACT:hecalculationofbucklingloadsiskeyindesigningstructuralelementsandoftenhingeson
numericalmethods.However,analyticalsolutionscanserveascriticalcrossreferencesthathelpassessthe
reliabilityandaccuracyofnumericalsolutions.Thequestforaccesstoclosedformanalyticalsolutionsthat
elucidatetheintrinsicfundamentalandunexpectedfeatuesofnumericalsolutionsdrovethecreationofExact
SolutionsforBucklingofStructuralMembers.Inresearchingthisbook,theauthorsgatheredasmanyexact
bucklingsolutionsaspossible,andhavepresentedtheminaconcisetreatment.Thisbookcondensesclosed
formbucklingsolutionsofcolumns,beams,arches,rings,platesandshellsfromthevastliteratureintoasingle

volume.Itbeginswithanintroductiontoelasticbucklingandtheimportanceofelasticbucklingload.The
followingchapterspresentcoverageofflexuralbucklingsolutionsforcolumnsundervariousloads,restraints,
andboundaryconditions;theexactflexuraltorsionalbucklingsolutionsofbeams;andthebucklingsolutionsof
circulararchesandrings.Alsoincludedinthesechaptersarediscussionsoftheeffectoftransverseshear
deformationonthebucklingloadofcolumnsandtheflexuraltorsionalbucklingofcolumnsforthinwalled
memberswithopenprofiles.Thefinalchaptersdiscusstheelasticbucklingofplatesunderinplaneloadsand
bucklingsolutionsforcylindricalandsphericalshells.Withcoverageofawiderangeofbucklingloadproblems,
thisinnovativereferenceprovidesengineersandresearchersbenchmarksforassessingthevalidity,
convergence,andaccuracyofsolutionsobtainedbynumericalmethods.
Book
FlexuraltorsionalbucklingofstructuresbyN.S.Trahair,CRCPress,1993,360pages
ABSTRACT:FlexuralTorsionalBucklingofStructuresprovidesanuptodate,comprehensivetreatmentof
flexuraltorsionalbucklinganddemonstrateshowtodesignagainstthismodeoffailure.Theauthorfirst
explainsthefundamentalsofthistypeofbucklingbehaviorandthensummarizesresultsthatwillbeofuseto
designersandresearchersineitherequationorgraphicalform.Thisapproachmakesthebookanideal
text/referenceforstudentsinstructuralengineeringaswellasforpracticingcivilengineers,structuralengineers,
andconstructionalsteelresearchersanddesigners.Thebookbeginsbyintroducingthemoderndevelopmentof
thetheoryofflexuraltorsionalbucklingthroughdiscussionsonthegeneralconceptsofequilibrium,total
potential,virtualwork,andbuckling.Itthencontinueswithindepthcoverageofhandmethodsforsolving
bucklingproblems,theanalysisofflexuraltorsionalbucklingusingthefiniteelementmethod,andthebuckling
ofdifferenttypesofstructuralelementsandframescomposedofvariouselasticmaterials.Othertopics
addressedincludethedesignandinelasticbucklingofsteelmembers.Thebook'sfinalchapterconsidersa
collectionofspecialtopics.
Book
Advancesinappliedmechanics,Volume32,editedbyJohnW.HutchinsonandTheodoreY.Wu,Academic
Press,1996,360pages
ABSTRACT:Thisseriesprovidessurveyarticlesonthepresentstateandfuturedirectionofresearchin
importantbranchesofappliedmechanics.
Book
BucklingofStructures:SymposiumCambridge,USA,June1721,1974,editedbyBernardBudiansky,
Springer,1976,398pages
Book
RammE.BucklingofShells.SpringerVerlag,Berlin1982
Book
Computerizedbucklinganalysisofshells,DavidBushnell,KluwerAcademicPublishers,Dordrecht,The
Netherlands,1985,ISBN9024730996
Book
Bathe,K.J.:FiniteElementProceduresinEngineeringAnalysis.PrenticeHallInc.,NewJersey(1984).

Book
TheFiniteElementAnalysisofShellsFundamentals,DominiqueChapelleandKlausJrgenBathe,second
edition,Springer,(20101212),ISBN3642164072,538pages,pdf,10MB.
ABSTRACT:Shellstructuresarefoundabundantlyinengineeringdesignsandareroutinelyanalysedwith
finiteelementmethods.Theobjectiveofthisbookistopresent,inaunifiedmanner,modernfiniteelement
proceduresforgeneralshellanalysis.Thefirstchaptersintroducethebasicconceptsfortheanalysisofshells,
explainthemathematicalpreliminaries,anddiscussthemathematicalmodelsofplatesandshellsincludingtheir
asymptoticproperties.Thefollowingchaptersdealwithfiniteelementdiscretizationmethodsforplatesand
shells.Attheendofthebook,applicationsofthesemethodsinmodernengineeringpracticearedescribedand
anoverviewofnonlinearshellanalysisisgiven.
Book
Bathe,K.,1996,FiniteElementProcedures,PrenticeHall,Englewood,NewJersey
Bookhttp://www.amazon.com/NonlinearTheoryElasticShells/dp/0521472369
TheNonlinearTheoryofElasticShells[SecondEdition]AvinoamLibaiandJamesG.Simmonds,University
ofCambridgePress,1998,ISBN0521472369(hardcover),(FirsteditionpublishedbyAcademicPressin
1988)
ABSTRACT:Elasticshellsarepervasiveineverydaylife.Examplesofthesethinwalledstructuresrangefrom
automobilehoodstobasketballs,veinsandarteries,andsoftdrinkcans.Thisbookexplainsshelltheory,with
numerousexamplesandapplications.Thissecondeditionnotonlybringsallthematerialofthefirstedition
entirelyuptodate;italsoaddstwoentirelynewchaptersongeneralshelltheoryandgeneralmembranetheory.
Aerospace,mechanical,andcivilengineers,aswellasappliedmathematicians,willfindthisbookaclearly
writtenandthoroughinformationsourceonshelltheory.
Book
Finiteelementanalysisofthinwalledstructures,editedbyJohnW.Bull,Taylor&Francis,1988,
ISBN1851661360
Book
Newapproachestostructuralmechanics,shells,andbiologicalstructures,editedbyHoraceR.Drewand
SergioPellegrino,KluwerAcademicPublishers,Dordrecht,TheNetherlands,2002.Specialvolumeproduced
fortheretirementofProfessorChrisCalladine,2002
Bookhttp://ebooks.cambridge.org/chapter.jsf?
bid=CBO9780511624278&cid=CBO9780511624278A141
TheoryofShellStructures,ByC.R.CalladinePrintPublicationYear:1983OnlinePublicationDate:
February2010
OnlineISBN:9780511624278,HardbackISBN:9780521238359,PaperbackISBN:9780521369459
Introduction:Inmostofthechaptersofthisbookwehaveassumedthatthematerialfromwhichashellis
constructedbehavesunderstressinalinearelasticmanner.Thematerialswhichareusedinstructural
engineeringgenerallyhavealinearelasticrange,butbehaveinelasticallywhenacertainlevelofstressis
exceeded.Moreoveratsufficientlyhightemperaturesirreversiblecreepmaybethemostsignificant

phenomenon.Itisobviousthattherearesomecircumstancesinwhichitisnecessaryforthedesignerto
understandthebehaviourofshellsintheinelasticrange.Thissubjectisalargeone,andinthischapterweshall
giveanintroductiontopartofit.Theaimofthepresentchapteristogiveaglimpse,mainlythroughafew
specificexamples,ofthewaysinwhichthestructuralanalystmaytackleproblemsconnectedwithinelastic
behaviourofshells.Ingeneralourplanwillbetosetupthesimplestproblemswhichillustratevarious
importantpoints.Butfirstitisnecessarytodiscusssomegeneralquestionsinconnectionwiththescopeof
plastictheory,andthecircumstancesinwhichitisvalid.
Book
Theoryofshells:proceedingsofthethirdIUTAMSymposiumonShellTheory,Tbilisi,U.S.S.R.,August
2228,1978:dedicatedtothememoryofacademicianI.N.Vekua,NorthHollandPub.Co.,1980
Book
Theoryofthinelasticshells,byM.Dikmen,PitmanAdvancedPub.Program,1982
Book
Principlesofstructuralstabilitytheory,byAlexanderChajes,PrenticeHall,1974,336pages
Book
ShellStructures,TheoryandApplications:Proceedingsofthe8thInternationalConferenceonShell
Structures(SSTA2005),1214October2005,Jurata,Gdansk,Poland,2006,Taylor&FrancisGroup,London,
ISBN0415383900
Editor(s):WojciechPietraszkiewicz;CzeslawSzymczak(642pages),ISBN10:0415383900
SUMMARY:Shellsarebasicstructuralelementsofmoderntechnology.Examplesofshellstructuresinclude
automobilebodies,domes,waterandoiltanks,pipelines,shiphulls,aircraftfuselages,turbineblades,
laudspeakercones,butalsoballoons,parachutes,biologicalmembranes,ahumanskin,abottleofwineora
beercan.Thisvolumecontainsfulltextsofover100paperspresentedbyspecialistsfromover20countriesat
the8thConference"ShellStructures:TheoryandApplications",1214October,2005inJurata(Poland).The
aimofthemeetingwastobringtogetherscientists,designers,engineersandotherspecialistsinshellstructures
inordertodiscussimportantresultsandnewideasinthisfield.Thegoalistopursuemoreaccuratetheoretical
models,todevelopmorepowerfulandversatilemethodsofanalysis,andtodisseminateexpertiseindesignand
maintenanceofshellstructures.Amongtheauthorstherearemanydistinguishedspecialistsofshellstructures,
includingtheauthorsofgenerallectures:I.V.Andrianov(Ukraine),V.A.Eremeyev(Russia),A.
Ibrahimbegovic(France),P.Klosowski(Poland),B.H.Krplin(Germany),E.Ramm(Germany),J.M.Rotter
(UK)andD.Steigmann(USA).Thesubjectareaofthepaperscoversvarioustheoreticalmodelsandnumerical
analysesofstrength,dynamics,stability,optimizationetc.ofdifferenttypesofshellstructures,theirdesignand
maintenance,aswellasmodellingofsomesurfacerelatedmechanicalphenomena.
Book
Theoriesofplatesandshells:criticalreviewandnewapplications,editedbyReinholdKienzler,Holm
AltenbachandIngridOtt,2004,Springer,ISBN3540209972
Book

ShellStructures:TheoryandApplications:Proceedingsofthe9thSSTAConference,GdanskJurata,Poland,
1416October2009,editedbyWojciechPietraszkiewicz
SUMMARY:Shellsarebasicstructuralelementsofmoderntechnologyandeverydaylife.Examplesofshell
structuresintechnologyincludeautomobilebodies,domes,waterandoiltanks,pipelines,silos,shiphulls,
aircraftfuselages,turbinebladesandnanotubes.Loudspeakercones,balloons,parachutes,biological
membranes,ahumanskin,abottleofwine,andabeercanareexamplesofshellsineverydaylife.Shell
Structures.TheoryandApplications,Volume2contains77contributionsfromover17countries,reflectinga
widespectrumofscientificandengineeringproblemsofshellstructures.Thepapersaredividedintosixbroad
groups:1.Generallectures2.Theoreticalmodeling3.Stability4.Dynamics5.Numericalanalysis6.Engineering
designShellStructures.TheoryandApplications,Volume2willbeofinteresttoacademics,researchers,
designersandengineersdealingwiththeoreticalmodelling,computerizedanalysesandengineeringdesignof
thinwalledstructuresandshellstructuralelements.
Book
LazarMarkovichKachanov,Delaminationbucklingofcompositematerials,KluwerAcademicPublishers,
Dordrecht,TheNetherlands,1988
Book
http://www.waterstones.com/waterstonesweb/products/william+a
+little/reliability+of+shell+buckling+predictions/4694235/
ReliabilityofShellBucklingPredictionsResearchMonograph,byWilliamA.Litle,1964
Book
ThinPlatesandShells,Theory:Analysis,andApplications
EduardVentselandTheodorKrauthammer
CRCPress2001,PrintISBN:9780824705756,eBookISBN:9780203908723
http://www.crcnetbase.com/doi/book/10.1201/9780203908723
Book
AdvancesintheMechanicsofPlatesandShells:TheAvinoamLibaiVolume
EditedbyD.Durban,J.G.Simmonds,DanGivoli,KluwerAcademicPublishers,Dordrecht,2000.
Book
Shellstructuresincivilandmechanicalengineering:theoryandclosedformanalyticalsolutions,by
AlphoseZingoni,ThomasTelford,1997Technology&Engineering349pages
Contents:IntroductionMembranetheoryofshellsandrevolutionClosedformmembranesolutionresults
forvarioussurfaceofrevolutionshellstructuresunderaxisymmetricloadingMembranesolutionsfornon
axisymmetricallyloadedshellsofrevolutionAxisymmetricbendingofcircularcylindersTheoryofthe
axisymmetricbendingofgeneralshellsofrevolutionFlexibilityanalysisofaxisymmetricshellsofcompound
geometryStudiesofedgeeffectsinvariousnonshallowsphericalshellstructuresMembranetheoryof
generalcylindersMembranetheoryandsolutionsforshellsofarbitraryshapeTheoryofmembraneaffine
shellsanditsapplicationtoliquidfilledelevatedreservoirsofelliptichorizontalsection
Book

P.E.Tovstik,Stabilityofthinshells,Nauka,Moscow,1995,320p.
Book
PetrE.TovstikandAndreiL.Smirnov(DepartmentofTheoreticalandAppliedMechanicsoftheFacultyof
MathematicsandMechanics,St.PetersburgStateUniversity,Russia),AsymptoticMethodsintheBuckling
TheoryofElasticShells(360pages,2011ebook),inSeriesonStabilityVibrationandControlofSystems,
SeriesAVol.4
ABSTRACT:Thisbookcontainssolutionstothemosttypicalproblemsofthinelasticshellsbucklingunder
conservativeloads.Thelinearproblemsofbifurcationofshellequilibriumareconsideredusingatwo
dimensionaltheoryoftheKirchhoffLovetype.Theexplicitapproximateformulasobtainedbymeansofthe
asymptoticmethodpermitonetoestimatethecriticalloadsandfindthebucklingmodes.Thesolutionstosome
ofthebucklingproblemsareobtainedforthefirsttimeintheformofexplicitformulas.Specialattentionis
devotedtothestudyoftheshellsofnegativeGaussiancurvature,thebucklingofwhichhassomespecific
features.Thebucklingmodeslocalizedneartheweakestlinesorpointsontheneutralsurfaceareconstructed,
includingthebucklingmodeslocalizedneartheweaklysupportedshelledge.Therelationsbetweenthe
bucklingmodesandbendingoftheneutralsurfaceareanalyzed.Someoftheappliedasymptoticmethodsare
standard;theothersarenewandareusedforthefirsttimeinthisbooktostudythinshellbuckling.The
solutionsobtainedintheformofsimpleapproximateformulascomplementthenumericalresults,andpermit
onetoclarifythephysicsofbuckling.
TABLEOFCONTENTS:
EquationsofThinElasticShellTheory
BasicEquationsofShellBuckling
SimpleBucklingProblems
BucklingModesLocalizednearParallels
NonhomogeneousAxialCompressionofCylindricalShells
BucklingModesLocalizedataPoint
SemimomentlessBucklingModes
EffectofBoundaryConditionsonSemimomentlessModes
TorsionandBendingofCylindricalandConicShells
NearlyCylindricalandConicShells
ShellsofRevolutionofNegativeGaussianCurvature
SurfaceBendingandShellBuckling
BucklingModesLocalizedatanEdge
ShellsofRevolutionunderGeneralStressState
Book
BucklingofShellStructures,onLand,intheSeaandintheAir,J.F.Jullien,ed.,ElsevierAppliedScience
PublishingCo.,Inc.,NewYork,1991,526pages,PaperspresentedattheInternationalColloquiumonBuckling
ofShellStructures,onLand,intheSea,andintheAir,Lyon,France,1719September1991.
Book
Tubularstructures9EditedbyR.PuthliandS.Herion,2001,Swets&Zeitlinger,TheNetherlands

http://books.google.com/books?
q=related:ISBN9058091910&id=MT5hvpVxGHUC&source=gbs_similarbooks_s&cad=1
Book
AnalysisandDesignofMarineStructures,editedbyC.GuedesSoaresandP.K.Das,CRCPress,aTaylor&
FrancisGroup,London,UK2009
Book
Bucklingofthinmetalshells,EditedbyJ.G.Teng,J.MichaelRotter,SponPress,11NewFetterLane,
LondonEC4P4EE,2004(520pages)
DESCRIPTION:Thinwalledmetalshellstructuresarehighlyefficientintheiruseofmaterial,buttheyare
particularlysensitivetofailurebybuckiling.Manydifferentformsofbucklingcanoccurfordifferent
geometriesanddifferentloadingconditions.Becausethisfieldofknowledgeisbothcomplexandindustrially
important,itisofgreatinterestandconcerninawiderangeofindustries.Thisbookpresentsacompilationand
synthesisofawealthofresearch,experienceandknowledgeofthesubject.Informationthatwaspreviously
widelyscatteredthroughouttheliteratureisassembledinaconciseandconvenientformthatiseasyto
understand,andstateoftheartresearchfindingsarethoroughlyexamined.Thisbookisusefulforthose
involvedinthestructuraldesignofsilos,tanks,pipelines,biodigestors,chimneys,towers,offshoreplatforms,
aircraftandspacecraft.
Book
BucklingofThinMetalShellsbyJMRotterKindleBook,5StarReview,20100513
Arbocz,J.,DelftUniversityofTechnology,ShellbucklingresearchatDelft(19761996)(1996)
http://repository.tudelft.nl/file/889580/377794
Book
NonlinearanalysisofshellstructuresbyAnthonyN.PalazottoandScottT.Dennis,AIAAEducationSeries,
1992,ISBN1563470330
ABSTRACT:Theincreasinguseofcompositematerialsrequiresabetterunderstandingofthebehaviorof
laminatedplatesandshells.Largedisplacementsandrotations,aswellassheardeformations,mustbeincluded
intheanalysis.Sincelineartheoriesofshellsandplatesarenolongeradequatefortheanalysisanddesignof
compositestructures,morerefinedtheoriesarenowusedforsuchstructures.Thistextdevelops,inasystematic
manner,theoverallconceptsofthenonlinearanalysisofshellstructures.Theauthorsstartwithasurveyof
theoriesfortheanalysisofplatesandshellswithsmalldeflectionsandthenleadtothetheoryofshells
undergoinglargedeflectionsandrotationsapplicabletoelasticlaminatedanisotropicmaterials.Subsequent
chaptersaredevotedtothefiniteelementsolutionsandincludetestcasecomparisons.Thebookisintendedfor
graduateengineeringstudentsandstressanalystsinaerospace,civil,ormechanicalengineering.
Book
Dynamicpulsebuckling,EditedbyH.H.E.Leipholz,KluwerAcademicPublishers,Dordrecht,The
Netherlands,1987,ISBN9024735661;TheoryandExperimentbyHerbertE.LindbergandAlexanderL.
Florence

PARTIALABSTRACT:ThisbookoriginallyappearedasatextpreparedfortheDefenseNuclearAgencyto
summarizeresearchondynamicpulsebucklingbytheauthorsandtheircolleaguesatSRIInternationalduring
theperiodfrom1960to1980.Theobjectiveofthebookwastogatherintoacohesivewholematerialthathad
beenpublishedinreportsandtheopenliteratureduringthetwodecadeperiod.Intheprocessofknittingthis
materialtogether,asubstantialamountofnewworkwasdone.Thebookthereforecontainsmanynewresults
neverpublishedintheopenliterature.
Book
Elasticstabilityofcircularcylindricalshells,byNoboruYamaki,NorthHolland,1984,558pages,
ISBN0444868577,9780444868572
Book
Shellstructuresincivilandmechanicalengineering:theoryandclosedformanalyticalsolutions,by
AlphoseZingoni,ThomasTelford,1997
Book
Finiteelementsoftwareforplatesandshells,byErnestHinton,D.R.J.Owen,PineridgePress,1984
Book
AppliedPlasticity,SecondEditionByJagabandhuChakrabarty(email:jchak9@hotmail.com),Mechanical
EngineeringSeries,2010,Springer,ISBN9780387776743
ABSTRACTOFCHAPTER7,PLASTICBUCKLING,byJagabandhuChakrabarty(pp.479559)
InatypicalboundaryvalueprobleminvolvingprescribednominaltractionratesonapartSFoftheboundary
surface,andprescribedvelocitiesontheremainderSv,morethanonemodeofdeformationmaybepossible
whentheappliedloadreachesacriticalvalue.Thelackofuniquenessofthedeformationmodeundergiven
boundaryconditionsiscommonlyreferredtoasbifurcation,thecurrentshapeandmechanicalstateofthebody
beingsupposedtobegivenorpreviouslydetermined.Foralinearsolid,inwhichthestrainrateisaunique
linearfunctionofthestressrateduringbothloadingandunloading,abifurcationmodecorrespondstoan
eigensolutionofthefieldequationsandrepresentsamodequasistaticallypossibleunderconstantloadsonSF
andrigidconstraintsonSv.Indealingwiththeconventionalelastic/plasticsolid,whichisbilinearinthesense
thatthestrainrateisrelatedtothestressratebyseparatelinearfunctionsforloadingandunloading,itis
convenienttointroducealinearcomparisonsolidwithidenticalboundaryconditions(Section1.5).While
bifurcationinthelinearizedsolidcanoccurunderanygiventractionratesonSFandvelocitiesonSvwhenthe
loadbecomescritical,bifurcationintheactualelastic/plasticsolidwouldoccuronlyunderthosetractionrates
forwhichthereisnoinstantaneousunloadingofthematerialthatiscurrentlyplastic.Theincrementaltheoryof
plasticitywillbealmostexclusivelyusedinthischapterfortheestimationofthecriticalload.
Book
Analysisandoptimizationofprismaticandaxisymmetricshellstructures:theory,practice,andsoftware,
byErnestHinton,JohannSienz,Mustafazaka
ABSTRACT:Shelltypestructurescanbefoundalmosteverywhere.Theyappearinnaturalformsbutalsoas
manmade,loadbearingcomponentsindiverseengineeringsystems.Mankindhasstruggledtoreplicate
nature'soptimizationofsuchstructuresbutusingmoderncomputationaltoolsitisnowpossibletoanalyse,
designandoptimisethemsystematically.AnalysisandOptimizationofPrismaticandAxisymmetricShell

Structuresfeatures:comprehensivecoverageofthebackgroundtheoryofshellstructures;developmentand
implementationofreliable,creativeandefficientcomputationaltoolsforstaticandfreevibrationanalysisand
structuraloptimizationofvariablethicknessshellsandfoldedplatestructures;integratedcomputeraidedcurve
andsurfacemodellingtoolsandautomaticmeshgeneration,structuralanalysissensitivityanalysisand
mathematicalprogrammingmethods;CDROMcontainingwelldocumentedFortransoftwareforthese
techniquesusingfiniteelementandfinitestripsimulationswhichcanbereadilyadaptedbythereaderforthe
solutionofpracticalproblemsorforusewithinateachingorresearchenvironment.Writtenbyleadingexperts
infiniteelementandfinitestripmethods,AnalysisandOptimizationofPrismaticandAxisymmetricShell
Structureswillbeofgreatinteresttoresearchersinstructuralmechanicsandinautomotive,aerospaceandcivil
engineeringaswellastodesignersfromallfieldsusingshellstructuresfortheirstrengthperunitmass
advantages.
KeywordsOptimizationaxisymmetricshellsfiniteelementanalysisfinitestripanalysisprismaticshells
Tableofcontents
PartIIntroductionIntroductionStructuralShapeDefinitionandAutomaticMeshGenerationStructural
OptimizationMethodsandAlgorithmsPartIIStaticAnalysisandOptimizationBasicFiniteElement
FormulationforShellsofRevolutionBasicFiniteStripFormulationforPrismaticShellsStructural
OptimizationofShellsofRevolutionandPrismaticShellsPartIIIFreeVibrationAnalysisandOptimization
BasicFiniteElementFormulationforVibratingAxisymmetricShellsBasicFiniteStripFormulationfor
VibratingPrismaticShellsStructuralShapeOptimizationofVibratingAxisymmetricandPrismaticShellsPart
IVDynamicandBucklingAnalysisandOptimizationBucklingAnalysisandOptimizationofPlatesandShells
BasicDynamicAnalysisofPlates,SolidsofRevolutionandFinitePrismTypeStructuresAppendicesThe
EvaluationofCertainStrainTermsEvaluationoftheRadiusofCurvature
Book
Staticanddynamicanalysesofplatesandshells:theory,softwareandapplications,byHouChengHuang,
SpringerVerlag,1989
ABSTRACT:Thisbookillustratestheelementtechnologyofplatesandshellsandcomparesandcontraststhe
behaviourofcurrentplateandshellelementsforthickandthinshelltheoriesaswellasforstaticandtransient
dynamicanalyses.Italsohighlightsthelockingphenomenonexperiencedbymostofthecurrentlyavailable
elementsandintroducesastrategyforavoidingthisphenomenon.Inaddition,thebookprovidesthenecessary
benchmarktestsforplateandshellelements.Thebookwillbeusefulforundergraduatessinceallfundamental
theoriesareincluded.Itshouldalsobeusefulforstructuralengineersinordertounderstandshellstress
analyses.Theywouldbeparticularlyinterestedintheshearforcesinplateandshellstructureswheremost
elementsareseentoproducepoorresults.Forpostgraduatesandresearchersinthisfield,thebookwillbemost
helpful.Manyresearchworkershavebeenstudyingshellelementtechnologyfortwodecades.Consequently,
plateandshellelementdesignisstillanactivearea.Twoassociatedprogrammesareprovidedwiththebook.
Oneisforstaticanalysisandtheotherfordynamicanalysis.Theprogrammescanbecompiledandrunon
eitheraminioramainframecomputerviaaterminal.
Book
TheoryAndDesignOfPlateAndShellStructuresbyMaanH.Jawad
KluwerAcademicPublishers(Aug1994)orChapman&Hall,1994
BookSummaryofTheoryAndDesignOfPlateAndShellStructures

Thisisthefirstbooktointegratethetheory,design,andstabilityanalysisofplatesandshellsinone
comprehensivevolume.Withauthoritativeaccountsofdiverseaspectsofplatesandshells,thisvolume
facilitatesthestudyanddesignofstructuresthatincorporatebothplateandshellcomponents.Drawingonhis
extensiveexperienceinplateandshelltheoryanddesign,theauthor:introducestheprinciplesand
applicationsofbendingofplates;membranetheoryandbendingofshells;andstabilityofplatesandshells;
explainsthecrucialelementsofroofstructureanalysisandfiniteelementformulations;explorestopicsof
currentinterest,suchasplasticdesignofplatesandapproximatesolutionofmembranestressinshellsof
revolutionandinbucklingofshells;describeshowtoselectdesignapproachesaccordingtothefunctionaland
safetyrequirementsofspecificstructures.Eachchapterdemonstratestheprinciples,practicalapplications,and
designofaplateorshellcomponentusingreallifeexamples,providingthereaderwithanindepth,unified
understandingofthetheoryandfunctionofthecomponent.Chaptersarewrittentobeasindependentofeach
otheraspossibletoallowforselectivereadingoneitherplatesorshells.Inaddition,thetextisconveniently
supplementedbyappendicesofFourierSeriesandBesselFunctions.Integratingthefundamentalandapplied
aspectsofplateandshelltheory,thisvolumeservesasanessentialtextforgraduatestudentsandasaneasyto
usereferenceforengineersinmechanical,civil,andaeronauticalengineering.MannH.JawadisChief
EngineerattheNooterCorporationinSt.Louis,Missouri
Book
DesignofPlateandShellStructures,byMaanH.Jawad,JohnWiley&Sons,January2004(476pages,
ISBN10:1860583326
DESCRIPTION:Thisexcitingtextiswrittenprimarilyforprofessionalengineersinterestedindesigningplate
andshellstructures.Itcoversbasicaspectsoftheoriesandgivesexamplesforthedesignofcomponentsdueto
internalandexternalloadsaswellasotherloadssuchaswindanddeadloads.Variousderivationsarekept
relativelysimpleandtheresultantequationsaresimplifiedtoalevelwheretheengineermayapplythem
directlytodesignproblems.Moreelaboratederivationsandmoregeneralequationsmaybefoundinthe
literatureforthoseinterestedinamoreindepthknowledgeofthetheoriesofplatesandshells.
COMPLETECONTENTS
*Bendingofsimplysupportedrectangularplates
*Bendingofvariousrectangularplates
*Bendingofcircularplates
*Platesofvariousshapesandproperties
*Approximateanalysisofplates
*Bucklingofplates
*Vibrationofplates
*Membranetheoryofshellsofrevolution
*Variousapplicationsofthemembranetheory
*Bendingofthincylindricalshellsduetoaxisymmetricloads,Various
structures
*Bucklingofcylindricalshells
*Bucklingofshellsofrevolution
*Vibrationofshells
*Basicfiniteelementequations.

Book
ZdenekP.BazantandLuigiCedolin,StabilityofStructuresDoverPublications,February14,2003,ISBN:
0486425681(1056pages)(noabstractgiven)
Book
AnIntroductiontoModellingBucklingandCollapsebyB.G.Falzon&M.H.Hitchings
FirstPublishedSeptember2006,Softback,136Pages
DESCRIPTION:
Thetermcollapseisoftenusedtorefertothesuddenlossofstructuralintegrityanddoesnotdistinguish
betweenthetwomajorcategoriesleadingtostructuralfailure:(a)materialfailureor(b)structuralinstability
duetolossofstructuralstiffnesswithintheelasticlimitofthematerial.Thetermbucklingisoftenreserved
specificallyforthelattercategory.Atanelementarylevel,predictingmaterialfailuremaybeaccomplished
usinglinearfiniteelementanalysis.Thestrainsandcorrespondingstressesobtainedfromthisanalysismaybe
comparedtodesignstress(orstrain)allowablesanywherewithinthestructure.Ifthefiniteelementsolution
indicatesregionswheretheseallowablesareexceeded,itisassumedthatmaterialfailurehasoccurred.Design
allowablesarebasedonexperimentallyderivedmaterialstrengthsandusuallyincludeasafetymargin.This
typeofanalysiswillgiveanadequatepredictionforstaticallydeterminatemetallicstructuresundergoingsmall
deformations.
Ifthestructureisstaticallyindeterminate,asindeedthemajorityofpracticalstructuresare,theanalystmay
wanttoassesstheevolutionofmaterialfailure.Theloadatwhichmaterialfailureinitiatesmaybesignificantly
lowerthanthatwhichleadstoeventualcollapse.Theanalystmayalsowanttoknowthenatureofthisfailure
progression,thatis,isitgradualordoesitoccurrapidly?Materialfailuremaybetheresultofplasticityin
metallicstructuresorfracture,whichisamoreprevalentformoffailureinbrittlematerialssuchasceramicsor
carbonfibrereinforcedplastics.
Thestructuremayalsoundergolargedeformationsbeforeorduringmaterialfailureanditisthereforeapparent
thatthepresenceofgeometricandmaterialnonlinearitiesrequiresmoresophisticatedfiniteelementsolution
schemes.
Bucklingreferstothelossofstabilityofastructureandinitssimplestform,isindependentofmaterialstrength
whereitisassumedthatthislossofstabilityoccurswithintheelasticrangeofthematerial.Itisprimarily
characterisedbyalossofstructuralstiffnessandcannotbemodelledusingbasiclinearfiniteelementanalysis.
Slenderorthinwalledstructuresundercompressiveloadingaresusceptibletobuckling.Bucklingmayalsobe
stableorunstableanddifferentgeometriesleadtodifferentformsofbucklingstability.Adistinctionisalso
madebetweenclassicalbucklingandotherformsofstructuralinstability.Withoutresortingtoformal
definitionsanddistinctionsatthisstage,onephysicalmanifestationofthesedifferencesisthatclassical
bucklingresultsinthestructuredeformingprimarilyinadirectionorthogonaltothatoftheappliedloading
causingthisinstability.
Anotherformofstructuralinstability,termedsnapbuckling,iswherethedeformationisprimarilyinthe
directionoftheappliedloading.
Materialfailureandbucklingmaybothoccurinsequenceleadingtostructuralcollapse.Athinwalledor
slenderstructuremayinitiallybuckleelasticallybuttheresultinghighdeformationsmaycauselocalised
materialfailure.Athickerwalledorlessslenderstructureunderhighcompressiveloadingmayexhibitlocalised
inelasticbehaviour,suchasplasticity,whichlowersthestiffnessleadingtobuckling.
Scope

Thisbookprovidesanintroductiontothevariousmechanismswhichmayleadtostructuralbucklingorcollapse
andthestrategiesemployedinmodellingthisbehaviourusingfiniteelementanalysis.Whiletheuseofsome
jargonisunavoidable,everyefforthasbeenmadetoensurethatdefinitionsaregivenwhenrequired,either
withinthetextorasanentryintheGlossaryattheendofthisbook.Itisalsotheauthorsviewthatthe
introductionofmathematicalequationsiscentraltogivingtheanalystfurtherinsightintothesuitabilityofthe
variousnumericalstrategiesavailableinmostfiniteelementsystems.Ifthereaderisparticularlyaversetothe
mathematicaltreatmentgivenherein,heorshemayskipovertheseandstillobtainusefulandpractical
informationonmodellingbucklingandcollapsingstructures.
Thedevelopmentofnewfiniteelementmethodologiesandformulations,tomodelhighlynonlinearbehaviour
suchasbucklingandcollapse,continuestoadvanceatarapidpace.Themajorityofthemethodologiesand
modellingstrategiespresentedinthisbookmaybefoundincurrentcommercialfiniteelementpackages.To
givethisbookrelevancebeyondtheimmediatetime,recentdevelopmentswhicharestillattheresearchstage
arealsodiscussed.Whilethesemaynotbeavailablecommerciallyatthetimeofwriting,thereisenough
informationgivenfortheinterestedreadertoimplementtheseschemesinnoncommercial(research)codesor,
ifpossible,asusersubroutinesincommercialfiniteelementpackages.
Contents
1.Introduction
1.1.Scope
1.2.Readership
1.3.Layout
2.ABriefOverviewofElasticStability
2.1.Introduction
2.2.StiffeningBehaviour
2.3.SnapThroughBehaviour
2.4.ClassicalBuckling
2.5.StableSymmetricBuckling
2.6.UnstableSymmetricBuckling
2.7.AsymmetricBuckling
3.LinearBucklingAnalysis
3.1.Introduction
3.2.LinearBucklingAnalysis
3.3.StepsforaFiniteElementEigenvalueAnalysis
3.4.MethodsforFindingEigenvaluesandEigenvectors
3.5.Example3ALinearisedPlateBuckling
3.6.BucklingAnalysisforPreLoadedStructures
3.7.Symmetry
3.8.Example3BUsingSymmetryforIsotropicPlateBuckling
4.GeometricNonLinearAnalysis
4.1.Introduction
4.2.NonLinearAnalysisFormulation
4.3.NewtonRaphsonMethods
4.4.LimitationofNewtonRaphsonSchemes
4.5.DirectLoadIncrementationScheme
4.6.Energydissipationscheme

4.7.ArcLengthMethods
4.8.FollowerForceLoading
4.9.Example4AClampedCurvedBeamwithCentralPointLoad
4.10.Example4BPostbucklingStiffenedCarbonFibreCompositePanels
5.DynamicAnalysisforSolvingNonLinearProblems
5.1.Introduction
5.2.DynamicSolutionMethodsforNonLinearProblems
5.3.ImplicitSolution
5.4.ExplicitSolution
5.5.OtherFormsofExplicit/ImplicitSolutionMethods
5.6.ChoiceofSolutionMethod
5.7.MassScaling
5.8.LoadRate
5.9.ExtendedExplicitSolutionMethod
5.10.CombinedQuasiStatic/PseudoTransientMethod
5.11.Example5AClampedCurvedBeamwithCentralPointLoadUsingExplicitDynamicAnalysis
5.12.Example5BPostbucklingResponseofaCantileverBeamUsingExplicitDynamicAnalysis
5.13.Example5CClampedCurvedBeamwithCentralPointLoadUsingaCombinedQuasiStatic/Pseudo
TransientMethod
5.14.Example5DPostbucklingofaBladeStiffenedPanelUsingExplicitAnalysis
5.15.Example5EPostbucklingofanIStiffenedPanelUsing
CombinedQuasiStatic/PseudoTransientMethod
5.16.Remarks
6.ModellingCollapseThroughMaterialPlasticity
6.1.Introduction
6.2.BasicPlasticity
6.3.LimitLoadAnalysis(PlasticCollapse)
6.4.ApplicationtoStructuralCollapseLimitLoadAnalysis
6.4.1.TheFirstTheoremofLimitAnalysis(StaticPrinciple)
6.4.2.TheSecondTheoremofLimitAnalysis(KinematicPrinciple)
6.5.GeneralElasticPlasticAnalysis
6.6.FiniteElementModellingforaPlasticCollapseAnalysis
6.7.MeshandElementConsiderations
6.8.OtherConsiderations
6.9.Example6AFiniteElementPlasticCollapseSolution
7.CollapseduetoFracture
7.1.Introduction
7.2.FractureMechanicsBasics
7.3.Example7AStressIntensityFactorCalculation
7.4.QuarterPointIsoparametricElements
7.5.VirtualCrackClosureTechnique
7.6.InterfaceElements
7.7.Example7BVCCTAppliedtoSkinStiffenerDebondingProblem
7.8.Example7CMixedModeMultipleDelaminationUsingInterfaceElements

8.PracticalGuidetoSelectingaSolutionScheme
9.ConcludingRemarks
BookErasmo CarreraandF.A.Fazzolari,ThermalStressAnalysisofBeams,PlatesandShells,
Elsevier,November2014,544pages
ThermalStressAnalysisofBeams,PlatesandShellspresentsclassicandadvancedthermalstresstopicsina
cuttingedgereviewofthiscriticalarea.Tacklingsubjectswithlittlecoverageinexistingresources,thebook
considerscomplexproblems,suchasmultilayeredcases,usingmodernadvancedcomputationaland
vibrationalmethods.
AuthorsCarreraandFazzolaribeginwithareviewofthefundamentalsofthermoelasticityandthermalstress
analysisrelatingtoadvancedstructuresandthebasicmechanicsofbeams,platesandshells,makingthebooka
selfcontainedreference.Theymoveontoconsidermorechallengingtopics,including:
Multilayered,anisotropicthermalstressstructures
Staticanddynamicresponsesofcoupledanduncoupledthermoelasticproblems
Thermalbucklingandpostbucklingbehaviorofthermallyloadedstructures
Thermaleffectsonpanelflutterphenomena
Staticanddynamicthermalstressanalysisoffunctionallygradedmaterial(FGM)structures
Withpracticaladviceonadvancedcomputationalmethods,andsampleproblemsthroughoutthatcoverboth
metallicandcompositestructuresandaccountformeshandmeshlessmethods,ThermalStressAnalysisof
Beams,PlatesandShellsisavaluableresourceforthoseworkingonthermalstressproblemswithin
mechanical,civilandaerospaceengineeringsettings.
Contents:
1.Introduction
2.Solutionofsampleproblemsinclassicalthermoelasticity
3.Thermoelasticity,coupledanduncoupledvariationalformulations
4.Fundamentalofmechanicsofbeams,platesandshells
5.Multilayered,anisotropicthermalstressstructures
6.Advancedtheoriesformultilayeredbeams,platesandshells
7.Throughthethicknessthermalfieldsinonelayerandmultilayeredstructures
8.Computationalmethodsforthermalstressanalysis
9.Staticresponseofuncoupledthermoelasticproblems
10.Dynamicresponseofuncoupledthermoelasticproblems
11.Staticanddynamicresponsesofcoupledthermoelasticproblems
12.Thermalbuckling
13.Postbucklingbehaviorofthermallyloadedstructures
14.Thermaleffectonflutterofpanels
15.Thermalstressesinfunctionallygradedmaterials

Book(foundonthewebsite:http://ebooks.cambridge.org(CambridgeBooksOnline):
NonClassicalProblemsintheTheoryofElasticStability,ByIsaacElishakoffandYiweiLi,(Florida
AtlanticUniversity),andJamesH.Starnes,Jr.(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia),2001,
ISBN:9780521782104
Book
Fluidstructureinteractions:slenderstructuresandaxialflow,Volume2,byMichaelP.Padoussis,2004,
Elsevier,ISBN0125443617
BooksinEnglishbyJanAwrejcewicz,etal(SeetheBookCoverGalleryontheBibliographypageof
theshellbuckling.comwebsiteforimagesofthebookcoversandforsummariesofthesebooksinEnglish.)
AsymptoticApproachinNonlinearDynamics:NewTrendsandApplications,byJanAwrejcewicz,I.V.
AndrianovandL.I.Manevitch,SpringerVerlag,1998
NonclassicalThermoelastsicProblemsinNonlinearDynamicsofShells,byJanAwrejcewiczandVadimA.
Krysko,SpringerVerlag,2003
AsymptoticalMechanicsofThinWalledStructures,byI.Andrianov,J.AwrejcewiczandL.I.Manevitch,
SpringerVerlag,2004,ISBN3540408762
NonlinearDynamicsofContinuousElasticSystems,byJ.Awrejcewicz,V.KryskoandA.F.Vakakis,
SpringerVerlag,2004,ISBN3540205152
ThermoDynamicsofPlatesandShells,byJ.Awrejcewicz,V.A.KryskoandA.V.Krysko,SpringerVerlag,
2007,ISBN:3540342613
ChaosinStructuralMechanics,byJ.AwrejcewiczandV.A.Krysko,SpringerVerlag,2008,ISBN:9783
540776758
Books(monographs)inPolishbyJanAwrejcewicz,etal
TechniquesandMethodsofPlatesandShellsAnalysis,byJ.AwrejcewiczandV.A.Krysko,TULPress,
Lodz,1996,140pages(inPolish)
SUMMARY:Inthismonographboththeoreticalandexperimentalapproachesdevotedtoplatesandshells
analysisaredescribed.Aspecialemphasisisputonthetheoreticalexperimentalmethodappliedtoanalysisof
multicomponentnonhomogeneouitiesandthemethodsusinglasertechnique.Ithasbeenshown,howtouse
theregressiontechniqueduringestimationofthefunctioncharacterizingnonhomogenuities.Inaddition,a
hologramtechniqueusedtodefinethefrequenciesandcorrespondingmodesispresented.Thefollowingnon
homogenuityfactorsareused:holesandthicknessvariations,shellswithvariousgeometry(circularand
rectangular)andthevariousboundaryconditions.InthefirstcasetheArgyriselementwith12degreesof
freedomisusedtoanalyseplateswithoneandtwononhomogenuityfactors.Inthesecondcasedifferent
thicknessplatesandshellsareanalysedusingsixthorderapproximations.Analysisofplatesandshells
vibrationswithonecomponentnonhomogenuityiscarriedoutinChapter3.Amongothers,thefirst6
frequenciesandcorrespondingmodesareestimated.Thefrequencyspectradependenceonthenon
homogenuitycomponentsisoutlined.InSection3.2theexperimentalrigsaredescribed,whereasinSection3.3
themethodsdevotedtoexperimentalinvestigationsareoutlined.Amongothers,theinfluenceofnon
homogeneousboundaryconditionsandvariousholesisinvestigated.Chapter4isdevotedtoanalysisofthe
influenceofholes(situatedontheplatesandshellsedges)onthevibrations.Manyexperimentalresultsare

reportedintablesandfigures.Chapter5presentscomputationalresultsoftheplateswithholesusingFEM.The
numericalresultsarecomparedwithexperimentalones.InChapter6platesandshellswithdifferentthickness
distributionareanalysedusingtheBubnovGalerkinmethodwithvariousapproximations.Chapter7isdevoted
toexperimentalinvestigationsofsmalldiametersplatesandshellsusedinelectronictechniques.The
eigenfrequenciesandcorrespondingmodesarefound.Theobtainedresultsarecomparedusingtheoretical
experimentalandexperimentalmethods.
NumericalAnalysisofShellsOscillationswithThermalLoad,byJ.AwrejcewiczandV.A.Krysko,WNT,
Warsaw,1998,128pages(inPolish)
SUMMARY:Thismonographisdevotedtoanalysisofdynamicalbehaviourofshellswiththermalexcitations
andconsistsoffourparts.AstateofartofthesubjectisreviewedinIntroduction,whereaspecialattentionis
paidtoEastEuropeanresearch.Manyimportantresultswhicharenotwidelyknownareoutlined.Ithasbeen
shownamongothers,thattheproblemsofdynamicalstabilityofshellssubjectedtothermalloadsactionand
accountingnonlineartemperaturedistributionalongtheirthicknessarerarelydiscussedintheexistingliterature.
InChapter1thefundamentaldependenciesandcomputationalalgorithmsareformulated.Thegeneral
considerationsyieldfurtherconsidereddifferentialequations,initialandboundaryconditionsofthe
thermoelasticity.Inthenextstepthefinitedifferencemethodisappliedtosolvetheobtainedpartialand
nonlineardifferentialequationsincludingthermalandmechanicalloads.Then,usingbothanalyticaland
numerical(BubnovGalerkinapproach)methods,theappliedfinitedifferenceapproachisverified.The
relaxationtechniqueisfurtherusedandbothstaticanddynamicloadsareanalyzedandmanypracticallyuseful
conclusionsaregiven.InChapter2stabilityofthinshellssubjectedtoanactionoftransversalmechanicaland
thermalloadsisanalysed.Firstofall,theinfluenceofheatstreammagnitudeonshellsstabilitysimultaneously
thermallyandtransversallyloadedisstudied.Than,theanalysisisextendedintothecaseofsinusoidal
transversalloadaction.Finally,theinfluenceofthermalandmechanicalmaterialcharacteristicsdependingon
thetemperatureonstabilityofthinshallowshellsisreported.Chapter3isorientedonstabilityinvestigationof
thinshellssubjectedtolongitudinalmechanicalandheatstreamactions.First,theinfluenceofboundary
conditionsandsurroundingmediumonthecriticalcompressingloadisinvestigated.Thenthestabilityofashell
underanactionofaconstantcompressingloadandaheatstreamisanalysed.InChapter4dynamicalstability
ofthinshellsunderconvectionalheattransferisstudied.Firstly,theproblemismathematicallyformulatedand
thentheinfluenceofboundaryconditionsandthermalloadingonthestressstrainshellsstatesareinvestigated,
amongothers.
DynamicsandStabilityofShellswithThermalExcitations,byJ.AwrejcewiczandV.A.Krysko,WNT,
Warsaw,1999,156pages(inPolish)
SUMMARY:Inthismonographdynamicalproblemsofthermoelasticityofthincylindricalshellsthermally
excitedareanalysedandthecomputationalalgorithmsareproposedandillustrated.Thebookisorientedon
studentsofmechanicalandcivilengineering,Ph.D.students,researchersandengineersworkinginthefieldof
dynamicsofplatesandshellsthermallyexcited.Astateoftheartoftheconsideredsubjectisreviewedinthe
Introduction,whereaspecialemphasisisputontheCentralandEasternEuropeanCountries'achievements.
Theliteratureoverviewledtothefollowingconclusions:(i)theinfluenceofgeometricparametersandthe
boundaryconditionsonthecylindricalshellswithnonhomogeneousthermoelasticloadisnotfully
investigated;(ii)abucklingofthincylindricalshellinconditionsofbothstaticandthermalloadsisnot
satisfactorilyanalysed;(iii)thereisalackofsatisfactorytheoreticalmodelwithinmechanicalandthermalloads
conditions.InChapter1dynamicalproblemofthermoelasticityofthincylindricalshellsisaddressed.Firstof

all,fundamentalrelations,variationalcoupledthermoelasticequationsandhybridvariationalequations
governingdynamicsofcompositeorthotropicandthermosensitiveshallowshellsarederived.Thenarigorous
mathematicaldiscussiononexistenceofasolutiontotheformulatedproblemiscarriedout.Thecomputational
algorithmsarereportedinChapter2.First,thedifferenceequationsareformulated,andthenasolutiontothe
biharmonicequationwithrespecttothestressfunctionFisgiven.Then,adiscussiononthereliabilityofthe
obtainedresultsfollows.Itincludesacomparisonofresultswithotherresearchersaswellaswiththe
experimentalresults.Theapplicationoftherelaxationmethodinthestaticalanddynamicalproblemsis
addressedinSection2.4.InChapter3dynamicalstabilityofthinshellswithnonuniformexcitationis
discussedandillustrated.First,dynamicalstabilitycriterionsareoverviewed,andthenastabilitylossofshells
undernonuniformloadactionisinvestigated.Manycomputationalresultswiththeassociatedfiguresaregiven.
Dynamicalstabilitylossandbehaviourofthermosensitiveshellsinconditionofnonuniformthermalloadis
studiedinChapter4.Insection4.1thesingularitiesassociatedwiththermalfieldcomputationsareillustrated,
whereasinsection4.2aninfluenceofgeometricalparametersandloadsdurationonathermosensitiveshell
dynamicsisreported.Thesection4.3isdevotedtoanalysisofdynamicalstabilitylossofshellswith
imperfectionsunderactionofcombinedthermalandmechanicalloads.
AsymptoticalMethodsandTheirApplicationsinTheoryofShells,byJanAwrejcewiczandIgorV.
Andrianov,WNT,Warsaw,2000,184pages(inPolish)
SUMMARY:Thismonographisdevotedtothenewchallengingaplicationsofasymptoticapproacheswitha
specialemphasisontheshellstheory.Inmanycasesasymptoticanalysisdoesnotonlygivethequalitativeand
quantitativeresultsbutsometimesalsoyieldstherelationsbetweenvariousphysicaltheories.Forexample,
manynewresultsinthefieldsofstaticsanddynamicsofthinelasticcylindricalshellsareobtained.InChapter1
abriefhistoryandanoverviewoftheexistingasymptoticalapproachesaregiven.Theupdatedstateoftheart
andtheperspectivesoftheasymptoticapproachesareoutlined.Theasymptoticseriesconvergence,Pad
approximations,advantagesanddisadvantagesoftheasymptotictechniquesareillustratedanddiscussed.One
ofthemostimportantproblemsoccurringduringtheasymptoticanalysisisrelatedtothedefinitionof"small"
(perturbation)parameter.Onewouldexpecttohaveapossiblythelargestvalueofthe"small"parameter.An
estimationofreliabilityoftheobtainedresultsdoesnotbelongtoeasytasks,sincethemajorantinequalities
shouldbeused.Hence,veryoftentheresultsobtainedareverifiednumerically.Nowadays,theasymptotic
methodspossesslargeapplications,alsoinmechanicsofcontinuoussystemslikebeams,plates,shells,etc.The
analysisofthinwalledstructuresiscarriedoutinChapter2.First,inSection2.1theintroductiontothe
consideredproblemisgiven.Analysisoftheboundaryvalueproblemsintheoryofsmoothcylindricalshellsis
carriedoutinSection2.2.Thefundamentalrelationsareformulatedandasymptoticboundaryvalueproblems
areoutlined.Thenthefundamentalboundaryvalueproblemsofthestaticsareformulatedandthelimiting
relationsofhigherorderapproximationsarederived.TheGreenfunctionapproachisintroduced.Acomparison
oftheobtainedresultswithothermethodsiscarriedout.Finally,thedynamicalboundaryconditionsare
analysed.Section2.3isdevotedtotheanalysisofboundaryvalueproblemsoftheoryoforthotropically
designedcylindricalshells.Thissectionisorganizedinasimilarwayofthepreviousone.
PlatesandShellsinNature,MechanicsandBiomechanics,byJanAwrejcewiczandIgorV.Andrianov,
WNT,Warsaw,2000,184pages(inPolish)
SUMMARY:Thismonographcanbetreatedasanattempttooriginalanalysisoftheplatesandshellsrolein
ournature,mechanicsandbiomechanics.IntheIntroductionthefundamentalbackgroundofelasticityof
deformablebodies,stressstrainstates,Hooke'slaw,Young'smodulusandPoisson'scoefficientsaregiven.In

Chapter2theoccurrenceofshellsandplatesastheelementsofourEarthsurface,buildingsorinternalhuman
organsarediscussedandillustrated.Alotofinterestinginformationnotknowntoareadersofarisreported.In
Chapter3ahistoricalbackgroundoftheplatesandshellstheoryisgiven.Chapter4isdevotedtotheoverview
ofthehistoricaldevelopmentofplatesandshellswiththeemphasisonasymptoticandnumericalmethods
developmentandtheirimpactontheshelltheory.Afterabriefintroduction,ageneraldescriptionofan
averagingapproachintheshellstheoryisgiven.Itisshownthatsometimeswhatseemstobebadcanbe
usefullyapplied.Thissentenceissupplementedbytheappropriateexamples.Thentoday'sasymptotologyand
thecomputerorientedmethodsarecomparedanddiscussed.InChapter5theplatesandshellstheoryprecursors
aredescribedwiththeirshortbiographies.Itincludes,amongothers,thebiographiesofJohannIBernoulli,
JacobIBernoulli,DanielIBernoulli,EnricoBetti,AugustinLouisCauchy,ErnstFlorensChladni,Jean
D'Alembert,AdhemarJeandeSaintVenant,LeonardEuler,MarieSophieGermain,RobertHooke,EdwardHu
Law,GustavRobertKirchhoff,WernerTjardusKoiter,JosephLouiseLagrange,GabrielLam,PierreSimon
Laplace,_AurieAnatolijIsakowicz,ClaudeNavier,WitoldNowacki,WalentinWalentynowiczNowo_|i_Bow,
DenisSimonPoisson,LordRayleigh,EricReissner,StepanProkofiewiczTimoszenko,W_BasowWasilij
Zacharowicz.Chapter6includestoday'sstateoftheartandperspectivesoftheoryandpracticedevelopmentin
thefieldofplatesandshellsdynamics.InChapter7someinterestingexamplesofnonlineardynamicsofplates
andshellsareoutlined.Amongothers,chaoticdynamicsandsolitonsarediscussedandreported.Chapter8
consistsofhistoricalaswellasnewdevelopmentdirectionsofplatesandshellstheory,theirphysicalbehaviour
andmathematicalmodelsanditincludesthemethodsofanalysisofplatesandshells.TheChapter9writtenby
ProfessorM.Kote_BkoandJ.Rhodesisdevotedtothinwalledprofilematerials,plasticmechanismsoftheir
damageandthenumericalmethodsusedfortheiranalysis.
DynamicsandStabilityofFlexibleSectorialShellsThermodynamicallyLoaded,byJanAwrejcewiczand
VadimA.Krysko,WNT,Warsaw,2002,140pages(inPolish)
SUMMARY:Acharacteristicfeatureofthismonographisfocusedontheemphasisputontheachievementsof
Russianscientistsinthefieldofplatesandshellsdynamics.Thelatterresultsarenotwidelydistributedamong
thestudentsandresearchersinterestedinthisbranchofmechanics.IntheIntroductionabriefbibliographical
reviewdevotedtoplatesandshellswithcomplicatedshapesandnonhomogeneoussurfacesisgiven.Itis
pointedout,amongothers,thatonlyasmallamountofpapersisfocusedonstaticalanddynamicalanalysisof
sectorialshellswithinthegeometricallynonlinearbackground.InChapter1atheoryofshallowsectorialshells
isintroduced.Firstofall,thefundamentalrelations,differentialequations,initialandboundaryconditionsare
outlined.TheninSection1.2thealgorithmforsolutionofnonlinearproblemsofshallowsectorialshellsina
thermalfieldisproposed.Infact,themodifiedversionofthefinitedifferencemethodisused,includingGauss
andrelaxationapproaches.Averificationoftheproposedalgorithmsiscarriedoutviacomparisonwith
availableanalyticalorobtainedbyotherauthorsnumericalresults.Thecomparisoniscarriedouteitherviathe
dataincludedinthetablesordrawingsofdeflections,stressesorbendingmomentsoftheselectedpointsofthe
investigatedshells.InChapter2astabilityofsectorialshellswithfinitedeflectionsisdescribed.Firstly,the
influenceofthesectorialshellangleonthedynamicalstabilityisgiven,whichisillustratedviasolutionoffive
differentproblems(Section2.1).InSection2.2anapplicationofthe"setup"approachisappliedtodeterminate
thecriticalloads.Theapproachisillustratedviafivedifferentexamples.InSection2.3ashellstability
subjectedtoheatimpactactionisanalysed,whereasinSection2.4theinfluenceonstabilityofalocalsurface
loadisinvestigated.Manyusefulconclusionsarederivedallowingforadirectapplicationforengineers
workinginthefieldofshellsdynamics.ThemonographisorientedonstudentsandPh.D.studentsof
mechanicalandcivilengineeringfacultiesaswellasthestudentsofappliedmathematics.

ThreeDimensionalProblemsofPlatesTheoryinaTemperatureField,byJ.Awrejcewicz,V.A.Krysko
andM.P.Misnik,WNT,Warsaw,2003,190pages(inPolish)
SUMMARY:ThismonographbelongstotheseriesyieldedasaresultofcooperationbetweentheTechnical
UniversityofLodz(Poland)andTheNationalUniversityofSaratov(Russia)anddevotedtotheanalysisof
platesandshells.ThemajorityofthebooksfromthisserieshasbeenpublishedbyWydawnictwoNaukowo
TechniczneFundacja"Ksi___|kaNaukowoTechniczna".InChapter1ofthismonograph,ageneralthree
dimensionalproblemofthermoelasticityofaparallelepipedisformulated.Amongothers,arigorous
mathematicalapproachtoanerrorestimationanalysisandstabilityoftheuseddifferenceschemesisaddressed.
Chapter2isdevotedtodescriptionofvariousmethodsusedtosolveelliptic,parabolicandhyperbolic
equations.Inaddition,areliabilityoftheobtainedresultsisillustratedanddiscussedandalsosomenumerical
examplesaregiven.Chapter3includesnumericalanalysisofsomechosenlinearproblemsofthreedimensional
theoryofplates.Thefollowingproblemsareconsidered:staticanddynamic,nonstationaryheatproblemswith
sourcessituatedinsideaplate,solutionstotheproblemsdescribingnonisotermicprocessesinstaticsofplates,
influenceofinternalheatsourcesonastressstrainstateofaplateandinfluenceofcouplingbetween
deformationandtemperatureonaplatebehaviour.Chapter4isfocusedontemperatureanddeformationfields
analysisincludingphysicaltypenonlinearities.Afterderivationofdifferentialequationsanddifference
approximationwithintheoryofsmallelasticplasticdeformations,influenceofcouplingbetweentemperature
anddeformationonthestressstrainstateiscarriedout.Themonographismeantforstudents,researchers
withinthefieldsofmechanics,physicsandappliedmathematicsdealingbothwiththeoryofplatesandanalysis
ofpartialdifferentialanddifferenceequations.
ChaoticDynamicsofBeams,PlatesandShells,byJ.AwrejcewiczandV.A.Krysko,WNT,Warsaw(datenot
given),342pages,ISBN8320431131(inPolish)
SUMMARY:Thismonographgivestheoreticalbackground,modelingandnumericaltechniquesdevotedto
analysisofregularandchaoticdynamicsofcontinuousmechanicalsystemsrepresentedbybeams,platesand
shells.Theauthorspresentnovelapproachestoanalysisandcontrolofthementionedcontinuousobjectsfrom
thefieldofnonlinearmechanics.Thebookisorientedonstudents,engineersandscientificstaffintheareaof
dynamicsandstatic'sofcontinuoussystems,bifurcationsandchaosaswellasmodelingandvariousnumerical
methods.

Endofthefirstsectionthatlistsbooks(Section6)

**********************************************
Section7:Someearlyworkonbucklingofplatesandshells:
Book
TheodorevonKrmn,Theengineergrappleswithnonlinearproblems,1940
Alistofthereferencesrelatingto1.LargeDeflectionTheoryand2TheoryofElasticitywithFinite
Deformations:
1.LargeDeflectionTheory:
1.Th.vonKrmn,ArticleinEncyklopdiedermathematischenWissenschaften,vol.IV4(1910),p.349.
2.,UntersuchungenberKnickfestigkeit,Forschungsarbeiten,no.81,1910.

3.R.Grammei,DasUmstlpenundUmkippenvonelastischenRingen,ZeitschriftfrangewandteMathematik
undMechanik,vol.3(1923),pp.429441.
4.Th.vonKrmn,E.E.SechlerandL.H.Donnell,Thestrengthofthinplatesincompression,Transactionsof
theAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers,vol.54(1932),pp.5357.
5.H.L.Cox,TheBucklingofThinPlatesinCompression,BritishAeronauticalResearchCommittee,Reports
andMemoranda,no.1554,1933.
6.S.Way,Bendingofcircularplateswithlargedeflection,TransactionsoftheAmericanSocietyofMechanical
Engineers,vol.56(1934),pp.627633.
7.C.B.Biezeno,berdieBestimmungderDurchschlagkrafteinerschwachgekrmmtenkreisfrmigenPlatte,
ZeitschriftfrangewandteMathematikundMechanik,vol.15(1935),pp.1330.
8.K.MarguerreandE.Trefftz,berdieTragfahigkeiteinesPlattenstreifensnachberschreitenderBeullast,
ZeitschriftfrangewandteMathematikundMechanik,vol.17(1937),pp.85100.
9.M.YamamotoandK.Kondo,BucklingandFailureofThinRectangularPlatesinCompression,Reportsof
theAeronauticalResearchInstituteoftheTokyoUniversity,no.119,1937.
10.C.B.Biezeno,bereineStabilitatsfragebeimgelenkiggelagertenschwachgekriimmtenStab,Zeitschrift
frangewandteMathematikundMechanik,vol.18(1938),pp.2130.
II.R.Grammel,DasDurchschlagenvonKreisringen,IngenieurArchiv,vol.9(1938),pp.126137.
12.A.KrommandK.Marguerre,VerhalteneinesvonSchubundDruckkrftenbeanspruchtenPlattenstreifens
oberhalbderBeulgrenze,JahrbuchDeutschenVersuchanstaltfrLuftfahrt,1938,pp.263275.
13K.Marguerre,berdieBehandlungvonStabilittsproblemenmitHilfederenergetischenMethode,
ZeitschriftfiirangewandteMathematikundMechanik,vol.18(1938),pp.5773.
14.,DieDurchschlagskrafteinesschwachgekriimmtenBalkens,SitzungsberichtederBerliner
mathematischenGesellschaft,vol.37(1938),pp.2240.
15.S.Way,"ALaterallyLoadedClampedSquarePlatewithLargeDeflection/'ContributionstotheMechanics
ofSolids,S.Timoshenko60thAnniversaryVolume,McGrawHill,1938,pp.240256.
16.K.O.FriedrichsandJ.J.Stoker,Thenonlinearboundaryvalueproblemofthebuckledplate,Proceedings
oftheNationalAcademyofSciences,vol.25(1939),pp.535540.
17.Th.vonKrmnandHsueshenTsien,Thebucklingofsphericalshellsbyexternalpressure,Journalofthe
AeronauticalSciences,vol.7(1939),pp.4350.
2.TheoryOfElasticityWithFiniteDeformations:
1.G.Kirchhoff,berdieGleichungendesGleichgewichteseineselastischenKorpersbeinichtunendlich
kleinenVerschiebungenseinerTheile,SitzungsberichtedermathematischnaturwissenschaftlichenKlasseder
AkademiederWissenschaften,Vienna,vol.9(1852),pp.762773.
2.J.Boussinesq,Thoriedesondesliquidespriodiques,MmoiresPrsentesl'AcadmiedesSciences
deBruxelles,SciencesMathmatiquesetPhysiques,vol.20(1872),pp.509615.
3.M.Brillouin,Dformationshomognesfinies',nergied'uncorpsisotrope,ComptesRendusdel'Acadmie
desSciences,Paris,vol.112(1891),pp.15001502.
4.E.CosseratandF.Cosserat,SurlathoriedeVlasticit,AnnalesdelaFacultdesSciencesdel'Universit
deToulouse,vol.10(1896).
5.E.Trefftz,ZurTheoriederStabilittdeselastischenGleichgewichts,ZeitschriftfurangewandteMathematik
undMechanik,vol.13(1933),pp.160165.
6.F.D.Murnaghan,Finitedeformationsofanelasticsolid,AmericanJournalofMathematics,vol.59(1937),
pp.235260.

7.M.Biot,Theoryofelasticitywithlargedisplacementsandrotations,ProceedingsoftheFifthInternational
CongressofAppliedMechanics,1938,pp.117122.Nonlineartheoryofelasticityandthelinearizedcasefora
bodyunderinitialstress,PhilosophicalMagazine,(7),vol.27(1939),pp.468489.
8.R.Kappus,ZurElastizittstheorieendlicherVerschiebungen,ZeitschriftfiirangewandteMathematikund
Mechanik,vol.19(1939),pp.271285,344361.

EarlyBooksrelatingtobucklingofplatesandshells:
Book
A.E.H.Love,ATreatiseontheMathematicalTheoryofElasticity,firstedition,1893(Dover,1944)
Book
T.KrmnandM.A.Biot,MathematicalMethodsinEngineering,McGrawHillBookCompany,Inc.,1940
Book
Timoshenko,S.,Theoryofelasticstability,NewYork1936
Book
Vlasov,V.Z.,GeneralTheoryforShellsanditsApplicationinEngineering,1949,GostekhizdatPubl.
Moscow.
Book
V.S.Vlasov,Basicdifferentialequationsingeneraltheoryofelasticshells,EnglishTranslation,NACA
TechnicalMemorandum1241,1958,38p.
Book
S.P.TimoshenkoandJ.M.Gere,TheoryofElasticStability,1961,McGrawHill,NewYork
Book
AlbertG.H.Dietz,editor,EngineeringLaminates,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,1949
Book
Prager,W.andHodge,Ph.G.,Jr.,TheoryofPerfectlyPlasticSolids,J.WileyandSons,Inc.,NeweYork,
1951
Book
FoundationsoftheNonlinearTheoryofElasticity,byV.V.Novozhilov,CourierDoverPublications,1999
COMMENT(bypublisher?):Thisisanessentialbookforstudentsandacademiciansalike.Inadditionto
discussingtheory,topicsincludetheconnectionbetweenstressesandstrainsinanisotropicelasticbody,the
geometryofstrainandmuchmore.Deductionsareexplainedinthesimplest,mostintuitivemannerforwide
accessibility.1953edition.

Book
AnIntroductiontotheTheoryofAeroelasticity,byY.C.Fung,1955,1983Y.C.Fung;1969,1993Dover
Publications,Inc,ISBN0486495051
Book
P.Kuhn,Stressesinaircraftandshellstructures,McGrawHill,1956
Book
V.V.Bolotin,Thedynamicstabilityofelasticsystems,StateTechnicalandTheoreticalPress,Moscow,1956,
573p.
Book
R.L.Bisplinghoff,H.AshleyandR.L.Halfman,Aeroelasticity,AddisonWesleyPublishingCo.,1957
Book
W.Flgge,StressesinShells,Springer,1960
Book
Largeelasticdeformationsandnonlinearcontinuummechanics,byAlbertEdwardGreen,J.E.Adkins,
ClarendonPress,1960
Book
Y.C.FungandE.E.Sechler,editors,Instabilityofthinelasticshells,Structuralmechanics,1960(nopublisher
given,SymposiumPublicationsDivision)
Book
Theoryofelasticthinshells,byA.L.Goldenveizer,ASME,PergamonPress,1961
Book
ThecollectionofpapersinInstabilityofShellStructures,NASATND1510,1962
Book
Langhaar,H.L.,EnergyMethodsinAppliedMechanics,NewYork,JohnWileyandSons,1962
Book
Mettler,E.,DynamicBuckling,1962,McGrawHill,NewYork
Book
P.G.Hodge,Limitanalysisofrotationallysymmetricplatesandshells,PrenticeHall,Inc.1963
Book
L.S.D.Morley,SkewPlatesandStructures,MacmillanCo,1963

Book
W.Hahn,ThetheoryandapplicationofLiapunovsdirectmethod,PrenticeHall,NewJersey,1963
Book
S.A.Ambartsumyan,TheoryofAnisotropicShells,NASATTF118,1964
Book
S.A.Ambartsumyan,TheoryofAnisotropicPlates,TechnomicPublishingCo.,1970
Book
W.A.Litle,Reliabilityofshellbucklingpredictions,Novermber,1964,188pages(outofprint,nopublisher
given)
Book
Thinshelltheory,byValentinValentinovichNovozhilov,P.Noordhoff,1964
Book
Introductiontoplateandshelltheory,byCedricEdwardTurner,AmericanElsevierPub.Co.,1965
Book
A.Ralston,Afirstcourseinnumericalanalysis,McGrawHillBookCo.,1965
Book
H.Martin,Introductiontomatrixmethodsofstructuralanalysis,McGrawHillBookCo.,NewYork,1966
Book
J.S.Przemieniecki,TheoryofMatrixStructuralAnalysis,McGrawHillBookCompany,NewYork,1968
Book
Fischer,L.:TheorieundPraxisderSchalenkonstuktionen,W.Ernst,Berlin1967;Englishtranslation,Theory
andPracticeofShellStructures,Ernst&Sohn,Berlin1968
Book
Malvern,L.E.,IntroductiontotheMechanicsofaContinuousMedium,1969,PrenticeHall,Englewood
Cliffs,NJ.
Book
Analysisanddesignofstructuralsandwichpanels,HowardG.Allen,PergamonPress,1969
Book
Largeelasticdeformations,byAlbertEdwardGreen,J.E.Adkins,ClarendonPress,1970

Book
PerturbationMethods,byAliH.Nayfeh,Wiley,NewYork,1973,426p.
Book
Theoryanddesignofshellsonthebasisofasymptoticanalysis:aunifyingapproachtothevarietyofthick
andthinelasticshelltheoriesandproblems,byHarryS.Rutten,Rutten&Kruisman,ConsultingEngineers,
Holland,1973
Book
R.W.Hamming,NumericalMethodsforScientistsandEngineers,1973,McGrawHill,NewYouk
Book
M.EsslingerandB.Geier,Postbucklingbehaviorofstructures,Berlin,SpringerVerlag,1975

Endofearlybooks(seeSection6aboveformoreearlybooks)
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:PostbucklingTheorybyJ.W.Hutchinsonand
W.T.Koiter,AppliedMechanicsReviews,Vol.23,No.12,pp.13531366,1970(Fora
copyofthispaper,seetheappropriatelinkunderthelistofClassicPapersonthe
Bibliographypageoftheshellbuckling.comwebsite.):
[1]Grigol'uk,E.I.,andKabanov,V.V.,"StabilityofCylindricalShells,"(inRussian),SeriesMechanics8,
Nauki,Moscow,1969.
[2]Wagner,H.,Ebeneblechwandtragermitsehrdunnemstegblech,"Zeitschr.f.Flugtechn.u.
Motorluftschiffahrt20,200,227,256,279,306,1929.
[3]Cox,H.L.,"Bucklingofthinplatesincompression,"Aeron.Res.Comm.,R.andM.1554,1934.
[4]Marguerre,K.,andTrefftz,E.,"Uberdietragfahigkeiteineslangsbelastetenplattensteifensnach.
Uberschreitenderbeullast,"Zeitschr.furAngew.Mathu,Mech.,17.85100,1937.
[5]Marguerre,K.,"Diemittragendcbreitedergedrucktenplatte,"Luftfahrtforschung14,121128,1937.
[6]Kromnt,A.,andMarguerre,K.,"Verhalteneinesvonschubunddruckkraftenbeanspruchtenplattensteifens
oberhalbderbeulgrenzc,"Luftfahrtforschung,14,627639,1937.
[7]Friedrichs,K.O.,andStoker,J.J.,"Thenonlinearboundaryvalueproblemofthebuckledplate,"American
J.ofMath.63,839888,1941.
[8]Friedrichs,K.O.,andStoker,J.J.,"Bucklingofthecircularplatebeyondthecriticalthrust,"J.Appl,Mech.
9,A7A14,1942.
[9]Bodner,S.R.,"Thepostbucklingbehaviorofaclampedcircularplate,"Quart.Appl.Math.12,397401,
1955;AMR8(1955),Rev.2677.
[10]Kuhn,P.,"Investigationsontheincompletelydevelopedplanediagonaltensionfield,"NACAReport697,
1940.
[11]Kuhn,P.andPeterson,J.P.,"Strengthanalysisofstiffenedbeamwebs,"NACATech.Notc1364,1947;
AMR1(1948),Rev.634.
[12]Levy,S.,"Largedeflectiontheoryforrectangularplates,"Proc.FirstSymp.Appl.Math.,Am.Math.Soc.,

197210,1949;AMR3(1950),Rev.1067.
[13]Levy,S.,"Bendingofrectangularplateswithlargedeflections,"NACAReport737,1942.
[14]Levy,S.,Fienup,K.L.andWoolley,R.M.,"Analysisofsquareshearwebabovebucklingload,"NACA
Tech,Note962,1945.
[15]Levy,S.,Woolley,R.M.,andCorrick,J.N.,"Analysisofdeeprectangularshearwebabovebuckling
load,"NACATech.Note1009,1946.
[16]Cox,H.L.,"Thebucklingofaflatrectangularplateunderaxialcompressionanditsbehaviorafter
buckling,"Aeron.Res.Council,R.andM.2041,1945.
[17]Hemp,W.S.,"Theoryofflatpanelsbuckledincompression,"Aeron.Res.Council,R.andM,2178,1945.
[18]Leggett,D.M.A.,"Thestressesinaflatpanelundershearwhenthebucklingloadhasbeenexceeded,"
Aeron.Res.Council,R.andM.2430,1950;AMR4(1951),Rev.2455.
[19]Benthem,J.P.,"Thereductioninstiffnessofcombinationsofrectangularplatesincompressionafter
exceedingthebuckling1oad,"NLLReportS539,ReportsandTransactions,NationaalLuchtvaartlaboratorium
23,1959:AMR15(1962),Rev.6976.
[20]Botman,M.,andBesselingJ.F.,"Theeffectivewidthintheplasticrangeofflatplatesunder
compression,"NLLReportS445,ReportsandTransactions,NationaalLuchtvaartlaboratorium19,S27S60,
1954;AMR9(1956),Rev.2174.
[21]Botman,M.,"Theeffectivewidthintheplasticrangeofflatplatesundercompression(part3),"NLL
ReportS465,1955;AMR10(1957),Rev.680.
[22]F1oor,W.K.G.,andBurgerhout,T.J.,"Evaluationofthetheoryonthepostbucklingbehaviorof
stiffened,flat,rectangularplatessubjectedtoshearandnormal1oads,"NLLReportS370,Reportsand
Transactions,NationaalLuchtvaartlaboratorium16,S9S23,1951;AMR6(1953),Rev.3375.
[23]Floor,W.K.G.,"Investigationofthepostbucklingeffectivestraindistributioninstiffened,flat,
rectangularplatessubjectedtoshearandnormalloads,"NLLReportS427,ReportsandTransactions,
NationaalLuchtvaartlaboratorium19,S1S26,1953;AMR9(1956),Rev.716.
[24]Floor,W.K.G.,andPlantema,F.J.,"Demeedragendebreedtevanvlakkeplaten;verbeteringvande
theorievanMarguerre"("Theeffectivewidthofflatplates;improvementofMarguerre'stheory"),NLLReport
S262,1942.
[25]Koiter,W.T.,"Demeedragendebreedtebijgroteoverschrijdingderknikspanningvoorverschillende
inklemmingderplaatranden"("Theeffectivewidthatloadsfarinexcessofthecriticalloadforvarious
boundaryconditions"),NLLReportS287,1943.
[26]Koiter,W.T.,"Hetschuifplooiveldbijgroteoverschrijdingenvandeknikspanning"("Theincomplete
tensionfieldatstressesfarinexcessofthecriticalshearstress"),NLLReportS295,1944.
[27]Neut,A.vander,"Experimentalinvestigationofthepostbucklingbehaviorofflatplatesloadedinshear
andcompression,"Proc.7thInt.Congr.App1.Mech.,London1,174186,1948;AMR2(1949),Rev.995and3
(1950),Rev.1671.
[28]Kuijpers,W.J.J.,"Postbucklingbehaviorofaplatestripwithclampededgesunderlongitudinal
compression"(inDutch),Report231,LaboratoryofAppl.Mech.,Delft,1962.
[291Koiter,W.T.,"Introductiontothepostbucklingbehaviorofflatplates"in"Comportementpostcritiquedes
plaquesutiliseesenconstructionmetallique,"MemoiresdelaSocieteRoyaledesSciencesdeLiege,5meserie,
tomeVIII,fascicule5,1963.
[30]Karman,Th.von,andTsien,H.S.,"Thebucklingofsphericalshellsbyexternalpressure,"J.Aero.Sci.7,
4350,1939.
[31]Karman,Th.von,Dunn,L.G.,andTsicn,H.S.,"Theinfluenceofcurvatureonthebucklingcharacteristics

ofstructures,"J.Aero.Sci.7,276,1940.
[32]Karman,Th.von,andTsien,H.S.,"Thebucklingofthincylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,"J.
Aero.Sci.8,303,1941.
[33]Tsien,H.S.,"Atheoryforthebucklingofthinshells,"J.Aero.Sci.9,373,1942.
[34]Koiter,W.T.,"Overdestabiliteitvanhetelastischevenwicht"("Onthestabilityofelasticequilibrium"),
Thesis,Delft,H.J.Paris,Amsterdam,1945.EnglishtranslationissuedasNASATTF10,833,1967.
[35]Fung,Y.C.andSechler,E.E.,"Instabilityofthinelasticshells,"StructuralMechanics,Proc.FirstSymp.
NavalStruct.Mech.,editedbyJ.N.GoodierandN.J.Hoff,PergamonPress,115,1960;AMR14{1961)Rev.
2486.
[36]Volmir,A.S.,"StabilityofDeformableSystems,"(inRussian),Nauka,Moscow,1967.
[37]Herrmann,G.,"Stabilityofequilibriumofelasticsystemssubjectedtononconservativeforces,"AMR20.
103108,1967.
[38]NematNasser,S.,"Thermoelasticstabilityundergeneralloads,"AMR23,615625,1970.
[39]Thompson,J.M.T.,"Ageneraltheoryfortheequilibriumandstabilityofdiscreteconservativesystems,"
Zeit.furMath.undPhys.20,797846,1969.
[40]Stein,M.,"Thephenomenonofchangeinbucklepatterninelasticstructures,"NASATRR39,1959;
AMR13(1960),Rev.6268.
[41]Skaloud,M.,"Criteredel'etatlimitedesplaquesetdessystemesdeplaques"in"Comportement
postcritiquedesplaquesutiliseesenconstructionmetallique,"MemoiresdelaSocieteRoyaledesSciencesde
Liege,5meserie,tomeVIII,fascicule5,1963.
[42]Masur,E.F.,"Buckling,postbucklingandlimitanalysisofcompletelysymmetricelasticstructures,"Int.J.
SolidsStruct.6,587604,I970.
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Leipzig,1877)
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M.L.Lecornu,Surlquilibredessurfacesflexiblesetinextensibles,J.delEcolePolytech.,Vol.29,1880,
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A179,1888,pp.491546
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Carman,A.P.,andCarr,M.L.,ResistanceofTubestoCollapse,UniversityofIllinoisEngineering
ExperimentalStation,Bui.No.5,June1906.
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RudolfLorenz1908AchsensymmetrischeVerzerrungenindnnwandigenHohlzylindern,Zeitschriftdes
VereinesDeutscherIngenieure,Vol.52,1907
A.Mallock,Noteontheinstabilityoftubessubjectedtoendpressure,andonthefoldsinaflexiblematerial,
ProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietyA,1908,Vol.81,DOI:10.1098/rspa.1908.0095,publishedDecember,1908
Articlecitedin:http://rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/81/549/388.citation#relatedurls
Articledownloadedfrom:rspa.royalsocietypublishing.org
E.CosseratandF.Cossserat,ThoriesdesCorpsDformables,Hermann,Paris,1909
vonKrmn,Th.,UntersuchungenberKnickfestigkeit,MitteilungenvberForshungsarbeiten,Ver.Deut.
Ing.Forchungsh.,81,1910.
RudolfLorenz,DienichtachsensymmetrischeKnickungdnnwandigerHohlzylinder,Physikalische
Zeitschrift,Vol.12,241,1911
H.Reissner,SpannungeninKugelschalen(Kuppeln),MullerBreslauFestschrift,1912,pp.181193
E.Meissner,DasElastizittsproblemfrdnneSchalenvonRingflachen,KugelundKegelform,Phys.Z.
Vol.14,1913,pp.343349.
Southwell,R.V.,Onthecollapseoftubesbyexternalpressures,Phil.Mag.,Vol.25,1913,pp.687698

Southwell,R.V.,Onthegeneraltheoryofelasticstability,Phil.Trans.Roy.Soc.London,SeriesA,No.213,
1914
Skan,S.W.andSouthwell,R.V.,Onthestabilityundershearingforcesofaflatelasticstrip,Proc.Roy.Soc.,
SeriesA,Vol.105,London,1924,p.582
vonMises,R.,DerKritischeAusendruckzylindrischerRohre,Z.Ver.Deutsch.Ing.,Vol.58,1914,pp.750
755
VonMises,R.,TheCriticalExternalPressureofCylindricalTubesUnderUniformRadialandAxialLoad,
Stodola'sFestschriff,Zurich,Switzerland,1929,p.418
Cook,G.,TheCollapseofShortThinTubesbyExternalPressure,Phil.Mag.,July1914,pp.5156.
H.Hencky,berdenSpannungszustandinkreisrundenPlatten,Z.Math.Phys.,Vol.63,1915,pp.311317
R.Zoelly,bereinKnickproblemanderKugelschale,Thesis,Zrich,1915
E.Schwerin,berSpannungeninsymmetrischundunsymmetrischbelastetenKugelschalen(Kuppeln)
insbesonderebeiBelastungdurchWinddruck,ArmierterBeton,Vol.12,1919,pp.2537,5463
Schwerin,E.,DieTorsionsStabilittdesdnnwandigenRohres,Z.Angew.Math.Mech.,Vol.5,1925,pp.
235243
E.Schwerin,berSpannungenundFormnderungenkreisringfrmigerMembranen,Z.Tech.Phys.,Vol.12,
1929,pp.651659
Dean,W.R.Onthetheoryofelasticstability.Proc.R.Soc.,1925,A107,734.
Dean,W.R.Theelasticstabilityofacorrugatedplate.Proc.R.Soc.,1926,A111,144.
J.W.Geckeler,Forschungsarb,No.276,Berlin,1926
Brazier,L.G.,Ontheflexureofthincylindricalshellsandotherthinsections,,Proc.RoyalSociety,
London,SeriesA,Vol.116,1927,pp.104114
A.Robertson,TheStrengthofTubularStruts,ProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietyA:Mathematical,Physical
andEngineeringSciences,vol.121,no.788,pp.558585,Dec.1928.
E.Seydel,Beitragzurfragedesausbeulensversteiftenplatternbeischubbeanspruchung,195:DVLBerecht.
LuftfahrtForchung,Bd.8,Heft3:71(DVLJb:235,1930,Translated:Wrinklingofreinforcedplatessubjected
toshearstresses,NACATM602

E.Seydel,berdasausbeulenvonrechteckigen,isotropenoderorthogonalanisotropenplattenbei
shubbeanspruchung,Ing.Archiv.,Bd.4,Heft.2:169,1933
LloydHamiltonDonnell,Someexamplesofmechanicalwavetransmission,Ph.D.Dissertation,1930,The
UniversityofMichigan,http://worldcat.org/oclc/68300870
L.H.Donnell,Longitudinalwavetransmissionanedimpact,UniversityofMichigan,1930
L.H.Donnell,Stabilityofthinwalledtubesundertorsion,NACARep.No.479,1933
L.H.Donnell,Anewtheoryforthebucklingofthincylindersunderaxialcompressionandbending,Trans.
ASME,Vol.56,1934,pp.795806
L.H.Donnell(ChanceVoughtCorp,DallasTexas),TheStabilityofIsotropicorOrthotropicCylindersorFlat
orCurvedPanels,betweenandAcrossStiffeners,withanyEdgeConditionsbetweenHingedandFixed,under
anyCombinationofCompressionandShear,ReportNo.B353508,December1943
KatsutadaSezawaandKeiKubo,Thebucklingofacylindricalshellundertorsion,(Thepdffileisprovided
byJAXA,nopublishergiven),ReportNo.766,December1931,pp.251314
ABSTRACT:Theobjectofthisinvestigationwastostudy,bothmathematicallyandexperimentally,the
problemofthebucklingofacylindricalshell,thatisclampedorsupportedatitstwoendsandsubjectedtoa
uniformshearingforce.
A.vanderNeut,Deelastischestabiliteitvandedunwandigenbol,Thesis,Delft,1932
Flgge,W.,DieStabilittderKreiszylindershale,Ingen.Arch.,Vol.3,1932,pp.463506,
doi:10.1007/BF02079822
EugeneE.Lundquist,Strengthtestsonthinwalledduralumincylindersintorsion,NACATNNo.427,1932
Lundquist,E.E.,Strengthtestsofthinwalledduralumincylindersinpurebending,NACATN479,1933
Lundquist,E.E.,Strengthtestsofthinwalledduralumincylindersincombinedtransverseshearandbending,
NACATN523,1935
Lundquist,E.E.,Comparisonofthreemethodsforcalculatingthecompressivestrengthofflatandslightly
curvedsheetsandstiffenercombination,NACATN455(nodategiven,probablyabout1937)
EugeneE.Lundquist(NACA),Generalizedanalysisofexperimentalobservationsinproblemsofelastic
stability,NACATechnicalNoteno.658,July1938
Lundquist,E.E.,Localinstabilityofsymmetricalrectangulartubesunderaxialcompression,NACATN686,
Feb.1939

E.E.LundquistandE.H.Schuette,Strengthtestsofthinwalltruncatedconesofcircularsections,1942.
Lundquist,E.E.,andStowell,E.Z.,"CriticalCompressiveStressforFlatRectangularPlatesSupportedAlong
allEdgesandElasticallyRestrainedAgainstRotationAlongtheUnloadedEdges",NACATR733,1942
Lundquist,E.E.andStowell,E.Z.,Criticalcompressivestressforoutstandingflanges,NACATN734,1942
Lundquist,E.E.andStowell,E.Z.,Restraintprovidedaflatrectangularplatebysturdystiffeneralongthe
edgesoftheplate,NACATN735,1942
Lundquist,E.E.,Stowell,E.Z.andSchuette,E.H.,Principlesofmomentdistributionappliedtostabilityof
structurescomposedofbarsorplates:,NACAWRL326,1943
Hu,P.C.,Lundquist,E.E.andBatdorf,S.B.,Effectofsmalldeviationsfromflatnessontheeffectivewidthand
bucklingofplatesincompression,NACATN1124,1946
SouthwellR.V,1932Ontheanalysisofexperimentalobservationsinproblemsofelasticstability.Proc.R.Soc.
A.135,601_616.doi:10.1098/rspa.1932.0055.
DwightF.WindenburgandCharlesTrilling,CollapsebyInstabilityofThinCylindricalShellsUnderExternal
Pressure,TWBReportNo.385,July1934,also,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.56,1934,pp.819824
F.J.Bridget,C.C.JeromeandA.B.Vosseller,Somenewexperimentsonbucklingofthinwallconstruction,
Trans.ASME,APM566,Vol.56,No.8,August1934,p.569578
S.Way,Bendingofcircularplateswithlargedeflection,Trans.ASME,Vol.56,1934,pp.627636
C.Schmieden,Dasausknickeneinesplattensteiftensunterschubunddruckkraften,Z.angew.Math.Bd.15,
1935
O.S.HeckandH.Ebner,Formulaeandmethodsofcalculationofthestrengthofplateandshellstructuresin
aeroplaneconstruction,TranslationfromLuftfahrtForchungNo.8,NACATM786,1935
A.Havers,AsymptotischeBiegetheoriederunbelastetenKugelschale,Ing.Arch.,Vol.5,1935,pp.282312
C.B.Biezeno,berdieBestimmungderDurchschlagskrafteinerschwachgekrmmtenkreisfrmigenPlatte,
ZAMM,Vol.15,1935,pp.1022
H.Wagner,Tensionfieldsinoriginallycurved,thinsheetsduringshearingstresses,NACA,1935
O.S.Heck,Thestabilityoforthotropicellipticalcylndersinpurebending,TechnicalReportTM834,NACA,
1937
W.J.Duncan,TheprinciplesoftheGalerkinMethod,R.&M.No.1848,BritishA.R.C.,1938

K.Marguerre,ZurTheoriedergekrmmtenPlattegrosserFormnderung,Proc.5thInternationalCongress
AppliedMechanics,1938,pp.93101.
H.Reissner,Elasticinstabilityoftubularandpanelshapedcylindricalshells,EIOFTUBULAR,
Proceedingsofthefifth,J.Wiley&Sons,Inc.,1939
R.L.MooreandD.A.Paul,Torsionalstabilityofaluminumalloyseamlesstubing,NACATNNo.696,1939
A.C.Kurzweil,Thebendingandbucklingofshellswithspecialreferencetotruncatedcones,Leland
StanfordJuniorUniversity,1939
PaulKuhn,Someelementaryprinciplesofshellstressanalysiswithnotesontheuseoftheshearcenter,
NACATechnicalNoteNo.691,45pages,March1939
A.I.Lurje,Generaltheoryofthinelasticshells,Prik.Mat.Mek.(PMM),Vol.4,1940,pp.734.
Th.vonKrmnandH.S.Tsien,Thebucklingofsphericalshellsbyexternalpressure,J.Aero.Sci,Vol.7,
1939,pp.4350
Th.vonKrmn,L.G.DunnandH.S.Tsien,Theinfluenceofcurvatureonthebucklingcharacteristicof
structures,J.Aero.Sci.,Vol.7,No.7,1940
Th.vonKrmnandH.S.Tsien,Thebucklingofthincylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,J.Aero.Sci,
Vol.8,1941,pp.303312,Seealso:TheodorevonKarmanandHsueshenTsien,JournalofSpacecraftand
Rockets.Vol.40,no.6,pp.898907.Nov.2003
ABSTRACT:Intwopreviouspapers(vonKarmanandHsueShen,1939;vonKarmanetal.,1940)theauthors
discussedindetailtheinadequacyoftheclassicaltheoryofthinshellsinexplainingthebucklingphenomenon
ofcylindricalandsphericalshells.Itwasshownthatnotonlythecalculatedbucklingloadis3to5timeshigher
thanthatfoundbyexperiments,buttheobservedwavepatternofthebuckledshellisalsodifferentfromthat
predicted.Furthermore,itwaspointedoutthatthedifferentexplanationsforthisdiscrepancyadvancedby
Donnell(1934)andFluegge(1932)areuntenablewhencertainconclusionsdrawnfromtheseexplanationsare
comparedwiththeexperimentalfacts.Byatheoreticalinvestigationonsphericalshells1theauthorswereledto
thebeliefthatingeneralthebucklingphenomenonofcurvedshellscanonlybeexplainedbymeansofa
nonlinearlargedeflectiontheory.Thispointofviewwassubstantiatedbymodelexperimentsonslender
columnswithnonlinearelasticsupport(vonKarmanetal.,1940).Thenonlinearcharacteristicsofsuch
structurescausetheloadnecessarytokeeptheshellinequilibriumtodropveryrapidlywithincreaseinwave
amplitudeoncethestructurestartedtobuckle.Thus,firstofall,apartoftheelasticenergystoredintheshellis
releasedoncethebucklinghasstarted;thisexplainstheobservedrapidityofthebucklingprocess.Furthermore,
asitwasshowninoneofthepreviouspapers(vonKarmanetal.,1940)thebucklingloaditselfcanbe
materiallyreducedbyslightimperfectionsinthetestspecimenandvibrationsduringthetestingprocess.Inthis
paper,thesameideasareappliedtothecaseofathinuniformcylindricalshellunderaxialcompression.Firstit
isshownbyanapproximatecalculationthatagaintheloadsustainedbytheshelldropswithincreasing

deflection.Thentheresultsofthiscalculationareusedforamoredetaileddiscussionofthebucklingprocessas
observedinanactualtestingmachine.
A.L.Goldenveizer,Theequationsofthetheoryofthinshells,Prik.Mat.Mek.(PMM),Vol.4,1940,pp.32
42
A.L.Goldenveizer,Equationsofthetheoryofshellsindisplacementandstressfunctions,Prik.Mat.Mek.
(PMM),Vol.21,1957,pp.801814
Kono,T.:TheoreticalInvestigationonElasticInstabilityofThinCurvedShellsCompressedAxially.Journ.Soc.
Aero.Sci.Japan,8,1941,p.178.
Hrennikoff,A.(1941),Solutionofproblemsinelasticitybytheframeworkmethod,JournalofApplied
Mechanics,A8,p.169175.
MarshallHold(AluminumCompanyofAmerica),Testsonstiffenedcircularcylinders,NACATN800,
1941, http://naca.larc.nasa.gov/reports/1941/nacatn800/
ABSTRACT:Compressivetestsweremadeoftwoseriesofstiffenedcircularcylindricalshellsunderaxial
load.Alltheshellswere16inchesindiameterby24inchesinlengthandweremadeofaluminumalloysheet
curvedtotheproperradiusandweldedwithonelongitudinalweld.Theratiosofdiametertothicknessofshell
wallinthetwoseriesofspecimenswere258and572.StrainsweremeasuredwithHuggenbergertensometersat
anumberofgagelinesonthestiffenersandshell.Theresultsofthesetestsindicatethataspacingof
circumferentialstiffenersequalto0.67timestheradiusistoogreattostrengthentheshellwallappreciably.The
resultsarenotinclusiveenoughtoshowtheoptimuminstiffeners.Plaincylinderswithoutstiffenersdeveloped
ultimatestrengthsapproximatelyhalfasgreatasthebucklingstrengthscomputedbytheequationresulting
fromtheclassicaltheoryandslightlygreaterthanthosecomputedbyDonnell'slargedeflectiontheory.
K.O.Friedrichs,Ontheminimumbucklingloadforsphericalshells,TheodorevonKrmnAnniversary
Volume,CIT,,1941
K.O.FriedrichsandJ.J.Stoker,Thenonlinearboundaryvalueproblemofthebuckledplate,Am.J.Math.,
Vol.63,1941,pp.839888
K.O.FriedrichsandR.F.Dressler,Aboundarylayertheoryforelasticbendingofplates,Comm.PureAppl.
Math.,Vol.14,1961,pp.133
Wilson,W.M.andOlson,E.D.,Testsofcylindricalshells,UniversityofIllinoisEngineeringExperimental
StationBulletinSeries,No.331,1941
Tsien,HsueShen,Atheoryforthebucklingofthinshells,Jour.Aero.Sci.,Vol.9,No.10,August1942,pp.
373384
S.Levy,Bucklingofrectangularplateswithbuiltinedges,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.IX,1942,pp.A717A174,
1942

A.McPherson,W.RambergandS.Levy,Normalpressuretestsofcircularplateswithclampededges,NACA
Report744,1942
W.Ramberg,A.McPhersonandS.Levy,Normalpressuretestsofrectangularplates,NACATech.Note849,
1942
D.M.A.Leggett,Thebehaviorofacylindricalshellunderaxialcompressionwhenthebucklingloadhasbeen
exceeded,HMStationeryOffice,1942
D.M.A.Leggett,Thebucklingofalongcurvedpanelunderaxialcompression,HMStationeryOffice,1942
D.M.A.Leggett,Theinitialbucklingofslightlycurvedpanelsundercombinedshearandcompression,R.&
M.No.1972,BritishA.R.C.,1943
V.Morkovin,Onthedeflectionofanisotropicthinplates,QuarterlyofAppliedMathematics,Vol.1,1943,pp.
116129
Courant,R.(1943),Variationalmethodsforthesolutionofproblemsofequilibriumandvibrations,Bulletin
oftheAmericanMathematicalSociety,49,p.123.
McHenry,D.(1943),Alatticeanalogyforthesolutionofplanestressproblems,JournaloftheInstitutionof
CivilEngineers,21,p.5982.
N.J.Hoff,Generalinstabilityofmonocoquecylinders,J.oftheAeronauticalSciences,1943
N.J.Hoff,Astrainenergyderivationofthetorsionalflexuralbucklingloadsofstraightcolumnsofthinwalled
opensections,QuarterlyofAppliedMathematics,1944
R.L.MooreandC.Wescoat,Torsiontestsofstiffenedcircularcylinders,NACAARRNo.4E31,1944
R.Byrne,Jr.,Theoryofsmalldeformationsofthinelasticshells,Univ.Calif.Publ.InMath.,NewSeries,
Vol.2,1944,pp.103152
Schuette,E.H.,Chartsfortheminimumweightdesignof245TAluminumAlloyflatcompressionpanelswith
longitudinalZsectionstiffeners,NACAReportNo.827,1945
RivlinR.S,SaundersD.W,1951Largeelasticdeformationsofisotropicmaterials.VII.Experimentsonthe
deformationofrubber.Phil.Trans.R.Soc.A.243,251_288.doi:10.1098/rsta.1951.0004.
Koiter,W.T.,editor,Proceedingsofthesymposiumonthetheoryofthinelasticshells,Delft,2428August,
1959),1960,NorthHollandPub.Co.

Koiter,W.T.,"OntheStabilityofElasticEquilibrium,"(inDutch),H.J.Paris,Amsterdam,Holland,1945;
translationavailableasAFFDLTR7025,February1970,WrightPattersonAirForceBase.
DTICAccessionNumber:AD0704124,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD704124
andasNASATTF10,833(1967)
Abstract:Ageneraltheoryofelasticstabilityispresented.Incontrasttopreviousworksinthefield,thepresent
analysisisaugmentedbyaninvestigationofthebehaviorofthebuckledstructureintheimmediate
neighborhoodofthebifurcationpoint.Thisinvestigationexplainswhysomestructures,e.g.,aflatplate
supportedalongitsedgesandsubjectedtothrustinitsplane,arecapableofcarryingloadsconsiderablyabove
thebucklingload,whileotherstructures,e.g.,anaxiallyloadedcylindricalshell,collapseatloadsfarbelowthe
theoreticalcriticalload.
Koiter,W.T.,Aconsistentfirstapproximationinthegeneraltheoryofthinelasticshells,inTheoryofThin
ElasticShells(Proc.FirstIUTAMSymposiumonShells,Delft,1959,editedbyW.T.Koiter,Publishedby
NorthHollandin1960),pp,.1233
Koiter,W.T.,Theeffectofaxisymmetricimperfectionsonthebucklingofcylindricalshellsunderaxial
compression,Koninkl.Nederl.AkademievanWetenschappen,Amsterdam,Ser.B,Vol.66,No.5,1963
Koiter,W.T.,Elasticstabilityandpostbucklingbehavior,inNonLinearProblems,editedbyR.E.Langer,
UniversityofWisconsinPress,1963,pp.257275
W.T.Koiter,Asphericalshellunderpointloadsatitspoles,ProgressinAppliedMechanics(ThePrager
AnniversaryVolume),editedbyD.Drucker,TheMacmillanCo.,1963,pp.155169
Koiter,W.T.andSkaloud,M.,commentsin:Colloquesurlecomportementpostcriticquedesplaquesutilises
enconstructionmtallique,Mem.Soc.Roy.d.ScincesdeLige,5,VIII,pp.6468,103,104(1963)
Koiter,W.T.,Theenergycriterionofstabilityforcontinuouselasticbodies,I,II,Proc.Kon.Ned.AK.Wet.
SeriesB,68,178202(1965)
W.T.Koiter,Onthenonlineartheoryofthinelasticshells,Proc.Kon.Nederl.Akad.Wetensch.,Vol.B69,
1966,pp.154
Koiter.W.T.,Asufficientconditionforthestabilityofshallowshells,Proc.Kon.Ned.Ak.Wet.,SeriesB,
70,367375(1967).
Koiter,W.T.,Thenonlinearbucklingproblemofacompletesphericalshellunderuniformexternalpressure,
Proc.Koninkl.Nederl.AkademievanWetenschappen,Amsterdam,Vol.B72,1969,pp.40123
Koiter,W.T.andKuiken,G.D.C.,Theinteractionbetweenlocalbucklingandoverallbucklingonthebehavior
ofbuiltupcolumns,DelftUniversityofTechnology,ReportWTHD23(1971).
W.T.KoiterandJ.G.Simmonds,Foundationsofshelltheory,Proc.13thInt.Cong.Theor.Appl.Mech.,
Moscow,1972,editedbyE.BeckerandG.K.Mikhailov,SpringerVerlag,1973,pp.150176

Koiter,W.T.,Currenttrendsinthetheoryofbuckling,Proc.IUTAMSymposiumonBucklingofStructures,
1974,editedbyB.Budiansky,SpringerVerlag,pp.116(1976).
Koiter,W.T.,Abasicopenprobleminthetheoryofelasticstability,Proc.IUTAM/IMUSymposiumon
ApplicationofMethodsofFunctionalAnalysistoProblemsofMechanics,Marseilles(1975).
Koiter,W.T.andPignataro,M.,Analternativeapproachtotheinteractionbetweenlocalandoverallbuckling
instiffenedpanels,Proc.IUTAMSymposiumonBucklingofStructures,1974,editedbyB.Buciansky,
SpringerVerlag,pp.133148(1976).
Koiter,W.T.andPignataro,M.,Ageneraltheoryfortheinteractionbetweenlocalandoverallbucklingof
stiffenedpanels,DelfUniversityofTechnologyRep.WTHD83(1976).
Koiter,W.T.,Generaltheoryofmodeinteractioninstiffenedplateandshellstructures,DelftUniversityof
Technology,ReportWTHD91(1976)
ABSTRACT:Modeinteractionisanimportantandoftendangerousphenomenoninthebucklingofstiffened
plateandshellstructurewithnearlyequalcriticalloadsforthelongwaveoverallmodeandtheshortwavelocal
orpanelmode.Anapproximategeneraltheoryisderivedonthebasisofamplitudemodulationoftheshort
wavemodeduetoitsinteractionwiththelongwavemode.Themethodofanalysisisageneralizationof
previousworkonmodeinteractioninstiffenedflatplatesandbuiltupcolumns.Theinteractionisshownto
havealwaysadetrimentaleffectontheloadcarryingcapacityofthestructure,inparticularinthepresenceof
unavoidableimperfections.Afewnumericalexamplesillustratethetheory,andsomerecommendationsare
formulatedforasystematicnumericalevaluation.
Koiter,W.T.andvanderNeut,A.,Interactionbetweenlocalandoverallbucklingofstiffenedcompression
panels,paperpresentedatInternationalConferenceonThinWalledStructures,UniversityofStrathclyde,April
36(1979)
W.T.Koiter,Theintrinsicequationsofshelltheorywithsomeapplication,MechanicsToday,Vol.5(E.
ReissnerAnniversaryVolumeedtiedbyS.NematNasser),PergamonPress,1980,pp.139154
Koiter,W.T.,Amplitudemodulationofshortwavebucklingmodes,Behaviourofthinwalledstructures;
ProceedingsoftheRetiralConferenceforProfessorJamesM.Harvey,Glasgow,Scotland;UnitedKingdom;
2930Mar.1983.pp.3545.1984
ABSTRACT:Amplitudemodulationofshortwavelocalbucklingmodeshasprovedtobeausefultoolinthe
approximateanalysisofanumberofbucklingproblemsforplatesandshells.Thisconceptseemstohavebeen
appliedfirstinamodificationofHutchinson'sanalysisofacompletesphericalshellunderexternalpressure.
Moreorlesslocalizedimperfectionsandtheassociatedbucklinganalysishaveimprovedtheunderstandingof
theeffectofalocaldent.Finally,thenonlinearinteractionbetweenlocalsheetbucklingandoverallbucklingof
stiffenedplateandshellstructuresmaybedescribedeffectivelyasamodulationoftheamplitudeofthelocal
shortwavemodeduetothelongwaveoverallmode.
N.J.HoffandS.E.Mautner,Thebucklingofsandwichpanels,JournalAeeornautSci,1945

N.J.HoffandS.E.Mautner,Bendingandbucklingofsandwichtypebeams,paperpresentedatsixth
International,Congr.AppliedMech.,September1946
N.J.Hoff,B.A.Boley(PolytechnicInstituteofBrooklyn),Stressesinandgeneralinstabilityofmonocoque
cylinderswithcutouts1:Experimentalinvestigationofcylinderswithasymmetriccutoutsubjectedtopure
bending,NACATN1013,1946,http://naca.larc.nasa.gov/reports/1946/nacatn1013/
ABSTRACT:Ten24STalcladcylindersof20inchdiameter,45or58inchlength,and0.012inchwall
thickness,reinforcedwith24STaluminumalloystringersandringsweretestedinpurebending.Inthemiddle
ofthecompressionsideofthecylinderstherewasacutoutextendingover19inchesinthelongitudinal
direction,andoveranangleof45degrees,90degrees,or135degreesinthecircumferentialdirection.The
straininthestringersandinthesheetcoveringwasmeasuredwithmetalelectricstraingages.Thestress
distributioninthecylindersdeviateconsiderablyfromthelinearlawvalidforcylinderswithoutacutout.The
maximumstrainmeasuredwasaboutfourthirdsofthevaluecalculatedfromtheMc/IformulawhenIwas
takenasthemomentofinertiaofthecrosssectionoftheportionofthecylinderwherethecutoutwassituated.
Adiagramispresentedcontainingthestrainfactorsdefinedastheratiosofmeasuredstraintostraincalculated
withtheMc/Iformula.Allthe10cylinderstestedfailedingeneralinstability.Twosymmetricandone
antisymmetricpatternofbucklingwereobservedandthebucklingloadappearedtobeindependentofthe
methodofmanufactureandthelengthofthecylinder.Thebucklingloadofthecylindershavingcutouts
extendingover45degrees,90degrees,and135degreeswas66,47,and31percent,respectively,ofthe
bucklingloadofthecylinderwithoutacutout.
N.J.HoffandBrunoA.Boley(PolytechnicInstituteofBrooklyn),TheShearingRigidityofCurvedPanels
UnderCompression,Technicalnote,August1946,proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADB225589
ABSTRACT:Determinationsweremadeundercomparison,particularlyinthatregionofloadingwherethe
panelsareinabuckledstate.Cylinderswerebuiltandreinforcedwithanumberofstringersandrings.Tests
weremadebymeasuringthetwistangleofthecylindercausedbyknownamountoftorquewhilethecylinder
wassubjecttouniformaxialcompression.Shearingrigidityofapaneldecreaseswhenincreasingamountsof
compressiveloadsareappliedtothepanelintheaxialdirection.
E.BrombergandJ.J.Stoker,Nonlineartheoryofcurvedelasticsheets,Quart.Appl.Math.,Vol.3,1945,pp.
246265
E.Bromberg,Nonlinearbendingofacircularplateundernormalpressure,Comm.PureAppl.Math.,Vol.
94,1956,pp.633659
E.Reissner,Theeffectoftransversesheardeformationonthebendingofelasticplates.ASMEJApplMech
1945,Vol.12,No.2,pp.6977.
E.Reissner,Stressesandsmalldisplacementsofshallowsphericalshells,J.Math.Phys.,1946
E.Reissner,Onvibrationsofshallowsphericalshells,J.Appl.Phys.,Vol.17,1946,pp.10381042

E.Reissner,Onthetheoryofthinelasticshells,ContributionstoAppl.Mech.(H.ReissnerAnniversary
Volume),J.W.Edwards,AnnArbor,MI,1949,pp.231247
E.Reissner,(1950),OnaVariationalTheoreminElasticity,JournalofMathematicsandPhysics,29,p.90
97.
E.Reissner,Theedgeeffectinsymmetricbendingofshallowshellsofrevolution,Comm.PureAppl.Math.,
Vol.12,1959,pp.385398
E.Reissner,Ontorsionofthincylindricalshells,J.Mech.Phys.Solids,Vol.7,1959,pp.157162
E.Reissner,Variationalconsiderationsforelasticbeamsandshells,Proc.ASCE(EM),Vol.8,1962,pp.23
57
E.Reissner,Ontheequationsforfinitesymmetricaldeflectionsofthinshellsofrevolution,Progressin
Mechanics(PragerAnniversaryVolume,editedbyD.C.Drucker),Macmillan,NewYork,1963,pp.171178
E.Reissner,Onstressesanddeformationsintoroidalshellsofcircularcrosssectionwhichareacteduponby
uniformnormalpressure,QuarterlyofAppliedMathematics,Vol.21,No.3,1963,pp.177188
E.ReissnerandF.Y.M.Wan,Rotatingshallowelasticshellsofrevolution,J.Soc.Ind.Appl.Math.,Vol.13,
1965,pp.333352
E.ReissnerandF.Y.M.Wan,Anoteonthestressstrainrelationsofthelineartheoryofshells,ZAMP,Vol.
17,1966,pp.676681
E.ReissnerandF.Y.M.Wan,Onstressstrainrelationsandstraindisplacementrelationsofthelineartheoryof
shells,RecentProgressinAppliedMechanics(TheFolkOdqvistVolume),Almqvist&Wiksell,Stockholm,
1967,pp.487500
E.ReissnerandF.Y.M.Wan,Rotationallysymmetricstressandstraininshellsofrevolution,StudiesinAppl.
Math.,Vol.48,1969,pp.117
E.Reissner,Onthefoundationsofgeneralizedlinearshelltheory,Proc.2ndIUTAMSymp.OnThinShells,
editedbyF.Niordson,1967,SpringerVerlag,1969,pp.1530
E.Reissner,Onthederivationoftwodimensionalshellequationsfromthreedimensionalelasticitytheory,
StudiesinAppl.Math.,Vol.49,1970,pp.205224
E.Reissner,Onconsistentfirstapproximationsinthegenerallineartheoryofthinelasticshells,Ing.Arch.,
Vol.40,1971,pp.402419
E.Reissner,Linearandnonlineartheoriesofthinelasticshells,inThinShellStructures(TheE.Sechler
VolumeeditedbyY.C.Fung),PrenticeHall,1974,pp.2944

Plantema,F.J.,Collapsingstressesofcircularcylindersandroundtubes,Nat.LuchtvaartlaboratoriumReport
S.280,Amsterdam,1946
B.BudianskyandP.C.Hu,TheLagrangianmultipliermethodoffindingupperandlowerlimitstothecritical
stressesofclampedplates,NACATR848,1946
B.BudianskyandR.W.Connor,Bucklingstressesofclampedrectangularflatplatesinshear,NACATN
1599,1948
B.Budiansky,R.W.ConnorandM.Stein,Bucklinginshearofcontinuousflatplates,NACATN1565,1948
Budiansky,B.andSeide,P.,Compressivebucklingofsimplysupportedplateswithtransversestiffeners,
NACATN1557,1948
G.Gerard,Secantmodulusmethodfordeterminingplateinstabilityabovetheproportionallimit,Jour.Aero.
Sci.,1946
Gerard,G.,MinimumweightanalysisofcompressionstructuresNewYorkUniversityPress,NewYork,
1956
T.K.Wang,Generalinstabilityofsemimonocoquestructuresunderbending,J.Aero.Sci.,1946
Hickman,W.A.andDow,N.F.,Compressivestrengthof245Taluminumalloyflatcompressionpanelswith
longitudinalformedhatsectionstiffenershavingaratioofstiffenerthicknesstoskinthicknessequalto1.00,
NACATechnicalNote1439,1947
Prager,W.andSynge,J.L.(1947),Approximationinelasticitybasedontheconceptoffunctionspace,
QuarterlyJournalofAppliedMathematics,5,p.241269.
Shanley,F.R.,Inelasticcolumntheory,J.Aero.Sci.,14,261267(1947)
Shanley,F.R.,Simplifiedanalysisofgeneralinstabilityofstiffenedshellsinpurebending,J.Aero.Sci.,Vol.
16,No.10,October1949,pp.590592
F.R.Shanley,Weightstrengthanalysisofaircraftstructures,McGrawHillBookCo.,Inc.,1952,pp.6571
Batdorf,S.B.,Stein,M.andLibove,C.,CriticalCombinationsofLongitudinalandTransverseDirectStress
foranInfinitelyLongFlatPlateWithEdgesElasticallyRestrainedAgainstRotation,NACAWRL49,1946
S.B.Batdorf,Asimplifiedmethodofelasticstabilityanalysisforthincylindricalshells.IDonnells
Equation,NACATNNo.1341,1947

S.B.Batdorf,Asimplifiedmethodofelasticstabilityanalysisforthincylindricalshells.IIModified
equilibriumequation,NACATNNo.1342,1947,seealsoNACAReport874,1947
S.B.BatdorfandM.Stein,Criticalcombinationsofshearanddirectstressforsimplysupportedrectangular
flatplates,NACATN1223,1947
S.B.Batdorf,ManuelStein,andMurrySchildcrout,Criticalstressofthinwalledcylindersintorsion,NACA
LangleyMemorialAeronauticalLaboratory,TechnicalNoteNo.1344,June1947,
proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA801285
S.B.Batdorf,M.SchildcroutandM.Stein,Criticalstressoflongplateswithtransversecurvature,NACA
TN1346,1947
S.B.Batdorf,M.Stein,andM.Schildcrout,Criticalstressofcurvedrectangularpanels,NACATN1348,
1947
S.B.BatdorfandMurrySchildcrout,Criticalaxialcompressivestressofacurvedrectangularpanelwitha
centralchordwisestiffener,NACATN1661,1948
Batdorf,S.B.,Theoriesofplasticbuckling,J.Aero.Sci.,Vol.16,pp.405408,1949
S.B.BatdorfandB.Budiansky,Amathematicaltheoryofplasticitybasedontheconceptofslip,NACATN
1871,1949
W.Z.Chien,Asymptoticbehaviorofathinclampedcircularplateunderuniformnormalpressureatverylarge
deflection,NationalTsingHuaUniversitySci.Repts.,Vol.5,1948,pp.7194
A.VanderNeut,Thegeneralinstabilityofstiffenedcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,Rept.S.314,
Natl.Aeron.Res.Inst.,Amsterdam,Vol.XIII,1947,pp.S57S84
A.vanderNeut,Generalinstabilityoforthogonallystiffenedcylindricalshells,CollectedPaperson
InstabilityofShellStructures1962,NASATND1510,1962,pp.309321
N.J.Hoff,BrunoA.Boley,andBertramKlein(PolytechnicInstituteofBrooklyn),StressesinandGeneral
InstabilityofMonocoqueCylinderwithCutouts.3CalculationoftheBucklingLoadofCylinderswith
SymmetricCutoutSubjectedtoPureBending,NACATechnicalNote,May1947,AccessionNumber:
ADA801227
N.J.Hoff,B.Klein,andB.A.Boley,StressesinandGeneralInstabilityofMonocoqueCylinderswithCutouts.
VICalculationoftheBucklingLoadofCylinderswithSideCutoutSubjectedtoPureBending,NACA
TechnicalNote,ReportNumberB681508,March1948
H.W.MarchandC.B.Smith,Bucklingloadsofflatsandwichpanelsincompression,ForestProducts
LaboratoryReportNo.1525,1945,Madison,Wisconsin

H.W.March,Bucklingofflatplywoodplatesincompression,shearorcombinedcompressionandshear,
ForestProductsLabReport1316,1956
EdwardW.KuenziandCharlesB.Norris,Torsionalbucklingoflongitudinallystiffened,thinwalled,plywood
cylinders,ForestProductsLaboratory,1948,ReportNo.1563
ABSTRACT:TheresultsoftorsiontestsperformedbytheForestProductsLaboratoryuponstiffenedthin
walledplywoodcylindersshowedthatthebucklingstressoftheportiontheshellbetweenthestiffenersisabout
85percentofthebucklingstressofanunstiffenedcylinderofthesamecurvatureandthicknessThecylinders
testedwereabout0.04inchthickandwerecurvedwitha9inchradiusandhadfrom11to28longitudinal
stiffenersfrom1/32to1/2inchthickgluedtotheinnersurfaceThetheoreticalbucklingtorqueofan
unstiffenedcylinderofthesameweightandcurvatureasastiffenedcylinderwasfoundtobegreaterthanthat
forthestiffenedcylinder.AtthetimethisworkwasbeguninJuly1943itwasthoughtthatmoreinformationon
thebehavioroflongitudinallystiffenedshellswasneededforthedesignofaircraftstructures.Previousworkof
theForestProductsLaboratoryonunstiffenedshellsshowedthatplywoodisparticularlyusefulforthe
experimentaldeterminationofthebucklingstressofshellstructures,
N.J.Hoff,B.A.Boley,S.V.Nardo,etal,TheinwardbulgetypebucklingofmonocoquecylindersIV:
Experimetnalinvestigationofcylinderssubjectedtopurebending,1948
PARTIALABSTRACT:Eighteen24STalcladcylindersof20inchdiameter,withskinthicknessvarying
between0.012inchand0.025inchandlengthvaryingbetween40.5inchesand64inches,weretestedinpure
bending.Theywerereinforcedwitheither16or28stringersandeither5or6rings.One...
N.J.Hoff,B.A.Boley,J.MCoan,Thedevelopmentofatechniquefortestingstiffpanelsinedgewise
compression,proceedingsoftheSocietyforExperimentalStressAnlysis,1948
R.Hill,Atheoryoftheyieldingandplasticflowofanisotropicmaterials,Proceedingsoftheroyalsociety,
London,SeriesA,Vol.193,1948,pp.281290
R.Peters,Bucklingtestsofflatrectangularplatesundercombinedshearandlongitudinalcompression,
NACATN1750,1948
H.CrateandH.Lo,Effectoflongitudinalstiffenersonthebucklingloadoflongflatplatesundershear,
NACATN1589,1948
E.Reissner,Onfinitedeflectionsofcircularplates,Proc.Symp.Appl.Math.,1949
Bijlaard,P.P.,Theoryandtestsontheplasticstabilityofplatesandshells,J.Aero.Sci.,Vol.16,1949,pp.
529541
M.SteinandR.W.Fralich,Criticalshearstressesofinfinitelylongsimplysupportedplateswithtransverse
stiffeners,NACATN1851,1949

F.B.Hildebrand,E.ReissnerandG.B.Thomas,Notesonthefoundationsofthetheoryofsmalldisplacements
oforthotropicshells,NACATNNo.1833,March1949
F.B.Hildebrand,Asymptoticintegrationinshelltheory,Proc.Symp.Appl.Math.,Vol.III,McGrawHill,
1950,pp.5366
N.J.Hoff(PolytechnicInstituteofBrooklyn),Dynamiccriteriaofbuckling,1949
N.J.Hoff,BrunoA.Boley,MervenW.Mandel,Stressesinandgeneralinstabilityofmonocoquecylinders
withcutoutsVIII:calculationofthebucklingloadofcylinderswithlongsymmetriccutoutsubjectedtopure
bending,NACATN1963,1949
N.J.Hoff,Bendingandbucklingofrectangularsandwichplates,NACATN2225,1950,
http://naca.larc.nasa.gov/reports/1950/nacatn2225/
ABSTRACT:Differentialequationsandboundaryconditionsarederivedforthebendingandbucklingof
sandwichplates.Thebucklingloadiscalculatedforasimplysupportedplatesubjectedtoedgewise
compression.
N.J.Hoff,S.V.Nardo,etal(PolytechnicInstituteofBrooklyn),Themaximumloadsupportedbyanelastic
columninarapidcompressiontest,1950
Yoshimura,Y.:TheoryofThinShellswithFiniteDeformation.Rep.Inst.Sci.andTech.,TokyoUniv.,2,
1948,p.167;3,1949,p.19.
Yoshimura,Y.:LocalBucklingofCircularCylindricalShellsandScaleEffects.Proc.ofthe1stJapan
NationalCongressforAppl.Mech.,1951.
Y.Yoshimura,OnTheMechanismOfBucklingOfACircularCylindricalShellUnderAxialCompression,
NACATM1390,July1955
ABSTRACT:Thepresentpaperdealswiththebucklingofacircularcylindricalshellunderaxialcompression
fromtheviewpointofenergyandthecharacteristicsofdeformation.Itisshownfirst,boththeoreticallyand
experimentally,thatthereasonwhythebucklingofacylindricalshellisquitedifferentfromthatofaflatplate
isattributabletotheexistenceofanearlydevelopablesurfacefarapartfromtheoriginalcylindricalsurface.
Baseduponthisresult,theexperimentalfactthatthebucklingisreallynotgeneralbutlocal,thatis,thatthe
buckledregionislimitedaxiallytoarangeof1.5timesthewavelengthofthelobe,isexplainedbythe
theoreticalresultthattheminimumbucklingloadissmallerinthelocalbucklingthaninthegeneralbuckling
case.Theoccurrenceoflocalbucklingisaffirmedalsofromtheviewpointoftheenergybarriertobejumped
overduringbuckling,andfromacomparisonofthetheoreticalpostbucklingstatewiththeexperimental
results.Finally,thelocalbucklingwiththeloadappliedbyaspringisanalyzed,anditisprovedthatthe
minimumbucklingloadincreasedwithanincreaseofrigidityofthespring.
YoshimaruYoshimura(1)amdJunetsuNiisawa(2)
(1)ProfessorofAppliedMechanics,InstituteofScienceandTechnology,TokyoUniversity
(2)Lecturer,FacultyofTechnology,NihonUniversity

Lowerbucklingstressofcircularcylindricalshellssubjectedtotorsion,JournaloftheAeronauticalSciences,
Vol.24,No.3(1957),pp.211216.
ABSTRACT:Thecriticalstressfortorsionalbucklingofcircularcylindricalshellsobtainedfromthelinear
theorywithsmalldeformationisconsiderablygreaterthanfortheexperimentalstress.Thepresentpaper
clarifiesthecauseofthisdiscrepancybetweentheoryandexperimentsontheassumptionthatthetorsional
buckling,aswellasthecompressivebuckling,isaDurchschlagphenomenon.Basedontheexperimentalfact
thatthebuckledsurfaceisapproximatelydevelopable(themeansurfacebeingdrumshapped),theequilibrium
stateafterbucklingwascalculatedbymeansoftheminimumprincipleofpotentialenergy,and,forthecaseof
bucklingunderconstantload,thelowerbucklingstresswasobtained,whichisconsiderablysmallerthanthe
upperbucklingstressandwhichexplainstheexperimentalresultsapproximately.Inthecaseofbucklingunder
constantangleoftorsionthereexistsnolowerstress.
R.A.Clark,Onthetheoryofthinelastictoroidalshells,J.Math.&Phys.,Vol.24,1950,pp.146178
R.A.ClarkandO.S.Narayanaswamy,Nonlinearmembraneproblemsforelasticshellsofrevolution,Proc.
Sympos.TheoryofShells(L.H.DonnellAnniversaryVolumeeditedbyD.Muster),UniversityofHouston
Press,Houston,1967,pp.80110
J.C.Houbolt,Arecurrencematrixsolutionforthedynamicresponseofelasticaircraft,Presentedat18th
AnnualMtg.,InstituteoftheAerospaceSciences,NewYork,January1950
DonnellLHandWanCC.Theeffectofimperfectionsonbucklingofthincylindersandcolumnsunder
axialcompression.JournalofAppliedMechanics1950;17:7383.
Donnell,L.H.,EffectofImperfectionsonBucklingofThinCylindersUnderExternalPressure,Journalof
AppliedMechanics,TransactionsoftheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers,Vol.23,December1956,
pp.569575.
G.N.White,Jr.,Applicationofthetheoryofperfectlyplasticsolidstostressanalysisofstrainhardening
solids,GraduateDivisionofAppliedMathematics,BrownUniversity,Providence,RI,August1950
H.AshleyandG.Haviland,Bendingvibrationsofapipelinecontainingaflowingfluid,JournalofApplied
Mechanics,Vol.17,1950,pp.229232
I.S.Sokolnikoff,Approximatemethodsofsolutionoftwodimensionalproblemsinanisotropicelasticity,
ProceedingsofthethirdSymposiuminAppliedMathematics,McGrawHill,NewYork,1950,pp.112
E.Reissner,Onaxisymmetricaldeformationsofthinshellsofrevolution,Proceedingsofthethird
SymposiuminAppliedMathematics,McGrawHill,NewYork,1950,pp.2752
F.B.Hildebrand,Onasymptoticintegrationinshelltheory.,ProceedingsofthethirdSymposiumin
AppliedMathematics,McGrawHill,NewYork,1950,pp.5366

B.R.Seth,Somerecentapplicationsofthetheoryoffiniteelasticdeformation,Proceedingsofthethird
SymposiuminAppliedMathematics,McGrawHill,NewYork,1950,pp.6784
H.W.March,Elasticstabilityofthefacingsofsandwichcolumns,ProceedingsofthethirdSymposiumin
AppliedMathematics,McGrawHill,NewYork,1950,pp.85106
W.Thielemann,Contributiontotheproblemofbucklingoforthotropicplateswithspecialreferenceto
plywood,NACATM1263,1950
K.O.Friedrichs,Kirchoffsboundaryconditionsandtheedgeeffectforelasticplates,Proceedingsofthe
thirdSymposiuminAppliedMathematics,McGrawHill,NewYork,1950,pp.107124
J.J.Stoker,Prestressingaplanecircularplatetostiffenitagainstbuckling,Proceedingsofthethird
SymposiuminAppliedMathematics,McGrawHill,NewYork,1950,pp.129130
V.L.SalernoandBernardLevine(AeorpaceEngineeringandAppliedMechanics,PolytechnicInst.of
Brooklyn),Bucklingofcircularcylindricalshellswithevenlyspaced,equalstrengthcircularringframes,Part
I,PIBALReportNo.167,April1950
V.L.SalernoandBernardLevine,Bucklingofcircularcylindricalshellswithevenlyspaced,equalstrength
circularringframes,PartII,PIBALReportNo.???,April1950,DTICAccessionNumber:AD0622902
ABSTRACT:Astrainenergysolutionofthebucklingofacircularcylindricalshellreinforcedbyevenly
spacedcircularringframesofequalstrengthunderhydrostaticpressurewasobtainedinPartI.Thebuckled
shapewasassumedtobesinusoidalwithinflectionpointsatthelocationoftheringframes.Forseveral
geometricalconfigurationsthecriticalpressurewasfoundtobefromtwotothreetimesthatgivenbythevon
Misessolution.TheassumedbuckledshapeusedinReportIwasmodifiedtopermittheinflectionpointsofthe
deformedshapetooccurbetweenringframes.ForthegeometricalconfigurationscalculatedinReportI,the
criticalpressurewasfoundtobeaboutoneandonethirdtimesthatgivenbythevonMisessolution.This
representsamarkedimprovementoverthesolutionobtainedinReportI.
PaulSeideandElbridgeZ.Stowell,ElasticandPlasticBucklingofSimplySupportedSolidCoreSandwich
PlatesinCompression,1950,proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA298717
ABSTRACT:Asolutionispresentedfortheproblemofthecompressivebucklingofsimplysupported,flat,
rectangular,solidcoresandwichplatesstressedeitherintheelasticrangeorintheplasticrange.Chartsforthe
analysisoflongsandwichplatesarepresentedforplateshavingfacematerialsof24STSaluminumalloy,75S
T6Alcladaluminumalloy,andstainlesssteel.Acomparisonofcomputedandexperimentalbucklingstressesof
squaresolidcoresandwichplatesindicatesfairagreementbetweentheoryandexperiment.
ManuelStein,J.LyellSanders,Jr.andHaroldCrate,Criticalstressofringstiffenedcylindersintorsion,
NACAReport989,1950(SupersedesNACATN1981)
M.SteinandJ.Mayers,Asmalldeflectiontheoryforcurvedsandwichplates,NACAReport1008,1951
(SupersedesNACATN2017),LangleyAeronauticalLaboratory,LangleyField,Virginia

SUMMARY:Asmalldeflectiontheorythattakesintoaccountdeformationsduetotransverseshearis
presentedfortheelasticbehavioranalysisoforthotropicplatesofconstantcylindricalcurvaturewith
considerationsofbucklingincluded.Thetheoryisapplicableprimarilytosandwichconstruction.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

1.Leggett,D.M.A.andHopkins,H.G.,Sandwichpanelsandcylindersundercompressiveendloads,R.&M.No.2262,British
A.R.C.,1942
2.Bijlaard,P.P.,Ontheelasticstabilityofsandwichplates,III,KoninklijkeNederlandscheAkad.Wetenschappen,vol.L,Nos.1
and2,1947,pp.7987,186193
3.Libov,Charles,andBatdorf,S.B.,Ageneralsmalldeflectiontheoryforflatsandwichplates,NACARep.899,1948
4.Reissner,Eric,Finitedeflectionsofsandwichplates,Jour.Aero.Sci.,vol.15,no.7,July1948,pp.435440
5.Reissner,Eric,Smallbendingandstretchingofsandwichtypeshells,NACATN1832,1949
6.Donnell,L.H.,Stabilityofthinwalledtubesundertorsion,NACARep.479,1933
7.Batdorf,S.B.,Asimplifiedmethodofelasticstabiiltyanalysisforthincylindricalshells,NACARep.874,1947

M.SteinandJ.Mayers,Compressivebucklingofsimplysupportedcurvedplatesandcylindersofsandwich
construction,NACATN2601,January1952
R.D.Mindlin,Influenceofrotatoryinertiaandshearonflexuralmotionsofisotropicelasticplates,ASMEJ
Appl.Mech.Vol.18,1951,pp.3138.
F.Edelman(1)andD.C.Drucker(2)
(1)RCAVictorDivision,RadioCorporationofAmerica,RecordDepartment,Indianapolis,Ind.,U.S.A.
(2)ProfessorofEngineering,BrownUniversity,Providence,R.I.,U.S.A.
Someextensionsofelementaryplasticitytheory,JournaloftheFranklinInstitute,Vol.251,No.6,June1951,
pp.581605,doi:10.1016/00160032(51)904061
ABSTRACT:Adetailedinvestigationispresentedofyieldorloadingcriteria,forworkhardeningmaterials,
whichleadtoconstantstrainratiosunderincreasingstresswhenstressratiosaremaintainedconstant.The
experimenterisgivenachoiceofincrementalstressstraintheorieswithwhichresultsofsimpleorcomplicated
combinedloadingtestsmaybecorrelated.Thesetheoriesaredealtwithinorderofincreasingcomplexityand,
atthesametime,increasingcapacitytorepresentexperimentallyestablishedphenomena.Theobjectiveisthe
useofthemathematicallysimplesttheorywhichwillprovidethedesiredflexibilityintheanalysisof
experimentaldata.Loadingfunctionsofisotropicaswellasanisotropictypesareexamined,amongthemthose
dependingexplicitlyonstressaloneandthosedependingonbothstressandplasticstrain.Inthelattercases
onlythosefunctionsareinvestigatedinwhichplasticstrainappearstothefirstorder.Thepredictedresultsof
somebasictestsareexaminedforseveralloadingcriteria.
BrunoA.Boley,JosephKempnerandJ.Mayers(PolytechnicInst.ofBrooklyn),Anumericalapproachtothe
instabilityproblemofmonocoquecylinders,NACATechnicalnote,April1951,
proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA382028
ABSTRACT:Twocloselyrelatednumericalmethodswhichemployoperationstableshavebeendevelopedand
usedinthecalculationofthebucklingloadofamonocoquecylindersubjectedtopurebending.Theyarebased
ontheassumptionofasimplifiedstructurewhichincludesonlythemosthighlycompressedportionofthe
cylinder.Thefirstmethodmakesuseofa10rowdeterminant,whereasthesecondmethodrequiresthesolution
ofasingle10rowdeterminant.Thebucklingloadsofthreecylinderswithwidelydifferentcharacteristicswere
calculatedbythesemethods.Reasonableagreementwithexperimentwasobtained.Aproceduresimilartothe

firstmethodwasdevelopedforthecalculationofthebucklingloadofacylinderwithacutout.Alimited
experimentalcheckwasobtained.
N.J.Hoff,Bucklingofthincylindricalshellunderhoopstressesvaryinginaxialdirection,1951(nopublisher
given)
N.J.Hoff,Dynamicanalysisofthebucklingoflaterallyloadedflatarches,PolytechnicInstituteofBrooklyn,
,1951
N.J.Hoff,Thedynamicsofthebucklingofelasticcolumns,J.Appl.Mech.,1951
EricReissnerandManuelStein,Torsionandtransversebendingofcantileverplates,NACATN2369,1951
C.LiboveandR.Hubka,Elasticconstantsforcorrugatedcoresandwichplates,NACATN2289,1951
A.E.JohnsonandK.P.Buchert,Criticalcombinationsofbending,shearandtransversecompressivestresses
forbucklingofinfinitelylongflatplates,NACATN2536,1951
A.Kuhelj(Ljubljana),Energycriterionofelasticstabilityforthinshells,
SUMMARY:Inthefirstsixparagraphstheenergeticcriterionofelasticstabilityisdiscussedandthe
differentialequationforthecriticalvectorofdisplacementinorthogonalcurvilinearcoordinatesisderived.
Togetherwiththisequation,theboundaryconditiononthosepartsoftheboundaryisgiven,wherethe
displacementsarefree.Inthelasttwoparagraphsthecorrespondingbasicexpressionsforthinshellsare
determined,undertheassumptionthatplanesectionsremainplaneandthatsurfaceforcesbehaveashydrostatic
pressure,whenthebodyispassingoverfromitscriticalpositionofequilibriumtoaneighbouringone.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1.Biezeno,C.B.andGrammel,R.,TechnischeDynamik,Berlin1939
2.Flgge,W.,StatikundDynamikderSchalen,Berlin1934
3.Fppl,A.andFppl,L.,DrangundZwang,vol.2,Thirdedition,MnchenandBerlin1944
4.Girkmann,K.,Flchentragwerke,Vienna1946
5.Reissner,H.,EnergiekriteriumderKnicksicherheit,ZAMM,V,no6,1925,pp.475478
6.Timoshenko,S.,Theoryofelasticstability,NewYork1936
7.Trefftz,E.,AbleitungderSchalenbiegungsgleichungenmitdemCastiglianoschenPrinzip,,ZAMM,XV,nos,.12,1935,pp.,101
108
8.Trefftz,E.,ZurtheoriederstabilittdeselastischenGleichgewichts,ZAMMXIII,No.2,1933,pp.160165

Y.C.FungandA.Kaplan(CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology),Bucklingoflowarchesorcurvedbeams,
NACATechnicalNote2840,November1952
PARTIALSUMMARY:Whenalowarch(athincurvedbeamofsmallcurvature)issubjectedtoalateral
loadingactingtowardthecenterofcurvature,theaxialthrustinducedbythebendingofthearchmaycausethe
archtobucklesothatthecurvaturebecomessuddenlyreversed.Thecriticallateralloadingdependsonthe
dimensionsandrigidityofthearch,theelasticityoftheendfixation,thetypeofloaddistribution,andtheinitial
curvatureofthearch.Ageneralsolutionoftheproblemisgiveninthispaper,usingtheclassicalbuckling
criterionwhichisbasedonthesabilitywithrespecttoinfinitesimaldisplacementsabouttheequilibrium
positions.

Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

1.Timoshenko,S.,TheoryofElasticStability,Firsted.,McGrawHillBookCo.,Inc.,1936
2.Biezeno,C.B.,DasDurchschlageneinesschwachgetrmmtenStabes,ZAMM,Bd.18,Heft1,Feb.1938,pp.2130
3.Marguerre,K.,DieDurchschlagskrafteinesschwachgekrmmtenBalkens,Sitzungsber,Berlinermath.Gesell.,Bd.37,June
1938,pp.2240
4.Marguerre,Karl,berdieanwendungderenergetischenMethodeaufStabilittsprobleme,Jahrb.1938,DVL,pp.252262
(AvailableintranslationasNACATM1138)
5.Friedrichs,K.O.,LecturesonNonLinearElasticity,Mimeo.NotesbyS.Schaaf,NewYorkUniv.,1945
6.Hoff,N.J.andBruce,V.G.,Dynamicanalysisofthebucklingoflaterallyloadedflatarches,PIBALRep.191,PolytechnicInst.
ofBrooklyn,Oct.1951
7.Tsien,HsueShen,Atheoryforthebucklingofthinshells,Jour.Aero.Sci.,Vol.9,No.10,August1942,pp.373384

Fung,Y.C.,andSechler,E.E.,"BucklingofThinwalledCircularCylindersunderAxialCompressionand
InternalPressure,"J.Aero.Sci.,24,No.5,(1957),351
Fung,Y.C.,andSechler,E.E.,"InstabilityofThinElasticShells,"ProceedingsoftheFirstSymposiumon
NavalStructuralMechanics,StanfordUniversity,(August,1958),115168
H.H.BleichandM.L.Baron,Freeandforcedvibrationsofaninifinitelylongcylindricalshellinaninfinite
acousticmedium,ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork,December1952,
DTICAccessionNumber:AD0002661,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD002661
ABSTRACT:Amethodispresentedwhichpermitsthedeterminationofthefrequenciesofvibrationsof
infinitelylongthincylindricalshellsinanacousticmedium.Expressionsareobtainedforthedisplacementsof
theshellandforthepressuresinthemediuminthecaseofforcedvibrationsduetosinusoidallydistributed
radialforces.Theresultsindicatethatthereisalowfrequencyrange,wherenoradiationtakesplace,anda
highfrequencyrangewheretheexternalforceprovidesenergywhichisradiated.Resonanceoccursinthelow
frequencyrangeonly;inthehighfrequencyrangeitispreventedbythedampingduetoradiation.Freeand
forcedvibrationsofsteelshellssubmergedinwaterarediscussed;withlimitations,thetheorymaybeapplied
approximatelytostiffenedshells.Themethodrequiresonlyaminormodificationtoaccountfortheeffectof
staticpressureinthesurroundingmedium.Thetreatmentoftransientproblemsisalsoconsidered.Ifhigh
frequencytermsoccurintheforce,orshockeffectsarewantedwithinashorttimeaftertheapplicationofthe
force,atreatmentusingsolelymodesofvibrationofthesubmergedstructurewouldbeincomplete,as
additionaltermsoccurinthesolution.Asanalternativeapproach,themodesoffreevibrationofthestructure
maybeusedasgeneralizedcoordinateswhichfullydescribetheresponseofthestructurebutleavethemedium
tobetreated,bymeansofthedifferentialequationsforthepotentialorinanyotherwaydesired.
F.S.Shaw,S.BodnerandW.Berks(Dept.ofAeronauticalEngineeringandAppliedMechanics,Polytechnic
Inst.ofBrooklyn,NY),Bucklingofacircularcylinderunderuniformpressure,PIBALReportNo.202,July
1952
W.H.Wittrick,Correlationbetweensomestabililtyproblemsfororthotropicandisotropicplatesunderbiaxial
anduniaxialdirectstress,Aero.Quart.,Vol.4,pp.8392,1952
Gossard,M.L.,Seide,P.,Roberts,W.M.,ThermalBucklingofPlates,NACATN2771,1952

M.Uemura,Thebucklingofsphericalshellsbyexternalpressure,Proc.2ndJapaneseNationalCongressof
AppliedMechanics,1952
G.W.Housner,Bendingvibrationofapipelinecontainingflowingfluid,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.
19,1952,pp.205208
P.Naghdi,Bendingofelastoplasticcircularplateswithlargedeflection,J.Appl.Mech.,September1952,pp.
293300
F.I.N.Niordson,Vibrationofacylindricaltubecontainingflowingfluid,TransactionsoftheRoyalInstituteof
Technology,Stockholm,Vol73,1953
Onat,E.T.andDrucker,D.C.,Inelasticinstabilityandincrementaltheoriesofplasticity,J.Aero.Sci.,20,
181186(1953)
Kendrick,S.,Thebucklingunderexternalpressureofcircularchlindricalshellswithevenlyspacedequal
strengthcircularringframesPartI,ReportN.C.R.E./R.211,1953,Dunfermline,Scotland:NavalConstruction
ResearchEstablishment
M.Uemura,Thebucklingofsphericalshellsbyexternalpressure.3rdreport:bucklingmechanismofspherical
shellsegments,Proc.ofthe3rdJapanNationalCongressforAppliedMechanics,1953
T.K.SteeleandC.T.Wang,Theeffectofthetorsionalrigidityofasinglestiffeneronthebuckling
characteristicsofapanelsubjectedtoaxialcompressionwithlargedeflections,JournaloftheInstituteofthe
AeorspaceSciences,1953
DowNF,LiboveC,HubkaRE,FormulasforElasticConstantsofPlateswithIntegralWafflelikeStiffening,
NACARML53L13a,August1953
Levy,S.(1953),Structuralanalysisandinfluencecoefficientsfordeltawings,Journal
ofAeronauticalSciences,20,p.449454.
B.Altshuler,Nonlinearbucklingofasphericalshell,GraduateSchoolofArtsandScience,1953
D.M.A.Leggett(KingsCollege,London),Thebucklingofthincylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,
PublicationsdeLInstitutmathmatique,1953.AlsoseethepaperwiththesametitlepresentedattheSixth
InternationalCongressofAppliedMechanicsheldinParisinSeptember1946.
SUMMARY:Thevalueofthecompressivestressatwhichathincircularcylindricalshellbecomesunstable
wasworkedouttheoreticallybySouthwell.Subsequentexperimentalresults,however,indicatedthatthisresult
wasappreciablytoohigh,andvonKarmanandTsienhaveshownthatathincylindricalshellcanbemaintained
inabuckledstatebyacompressiveloadconsiderablysmallerthanthatpreviouslypredictedbytheory.The
presentpaperisanextensionoftheworkofvonKarmanandTsien,andshowsthatthesmallestloadwhichwill
keepathincircularcylindricalshellinabuckledconditionisaboutonethirdofthatgivenbySouthwell.

R.N.ArnoldandG.B.Warburton,Proc.Roy.Soc.,SerA.197,238(1949);Proc.Inst.Mech.Engng.,167,62
(1953).
Wu,T.S.,etal,EffectsofSmallInitialIrregularitiesontheStressesinCylindricalShells,Structural
ResearchSeriesNo.50,UniversityofIllinois,April1953.
D.C.DruckerandE.T.Onat(DivisionofAppliedMathematics,BrownUniversity,Providence,RhodeIsland),
Ontheconceptofstabilityofinelasticsystems,August1953,
proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD016274
ABSTRACT:Thevariousmethodsofstructuralanalysisarereviewed,andthebasicelasticbucklingproblem
oftheEulerstrutisdiscussed.Simplemodelsareusedtoshowtheimportantdifferencesbetweenbucklingin
theplasticrangeandclassicalelasticinstability.Nonlinearbehaviorisshownoftentobethekeytoaphysically
validsolution.Thenonconservativenatureofplasticdeformationaloneorincombinationwithnonlinearity
requiresconceptsnottobefoundinclassicalapproaches.However,theclassicallinearizedconditionofneutral
equilibriumisnotrelevantininelasticbuckling.Analysesofthemodelssuggestthatthesameinformationis
obtainedfromessentiallystaticsystemsbyassuminginitialgeometricalimperfectionsasbyassumingdynamic
disturbances.Bothapproachesarehelpfulinunderstandingthephysicalphenomena.
RobertC.SlankardandWilliamA.Nash,TestsOfTheElasticStabilityOfARingStiffenedCylindricalShell,
ModelBr5(Lambda=1.705),SubjectedToHydrostaticPressure,DavidTaylorModelBasin,Washington
DC,ReportdatedMay1953,proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD015517
ABSTRACT:Descriptionsaregivenofthetestmodel,apparatus,andprocedure.Astudyofthecircularityplot
ateachstationindicated(1)afairlyuniforminwardradialdisplacementaroundtheperipheryofthemodelat
eachring,and(2)radialdisplacementswhichwereexaggerationsoftheinitialnoloadcontoursforthose
stationslocatedmidwaybetweenringsinthe4equalbaysofthemodel.Thelobesinadjacentbayswere
staggered;virtuallynorotationofthegeneratoroccurredatthe2framesboundingalobe.Thismodeof
deformationdifferedfromthevonMisesassumptionofnorotationalrestraintattheedgeofafinitecylinderbut
wasinagreementwith1oftheanalysesofSalernoandLevine(PIBALreport182,1951).ThevonMises
theoryyieldedaminimumvalueof123psiforabuckledconfigurationof16lobes;theexperimentally
determinedbucklingpressureformodelBR5was80psiwithabuckledconfigurationof14lobes.Permanent
setwasevidentintheregionsofthefirst3lobesinthemodelafterremovalofthe80psipressure.The
deviationoftheexperimentalfromthetheoreticalresultswasattributedtoinitialoutofroundnessandresidual
weldingstresses.
ChiTehWangandDanielF.DeSanto(CollegeofEngineeringResearchDivision,NewYorkUniversity,
UniversityHeights,NewYork53,N.Y.),Bucklingofsandwichcylindersunderaxialcompression,torsion,
bending,andcombinedloads,August1953,sponsoredbyOfficeofNavalResearch,ContractNo.N6.nnr
27Q,TaskOrderV
ABSTRACT:Duringthepastseveralyears,investigationhasbeencarriedoutattheDanielGuggenheim
SchoolofAeronautics,NewYorkUniversity,tostudythebucklingbehaviorofsandwichstructures.Themain

efforthasbeendirectedtowardsthedeterminationofthebucklingloadsofcircularsandwichcylindersunder
differentloadingconditions.Itwasfoundthatforcylinderswithweakcores,lineartheorypredictsbuckling
loadswhichagreewithexperimentalresults.Thisiscontrarytothecaseofhomogeneouscylinders,where
lineartheorypredictsbucklingloadsmuchhigherthanthoseobservedIronexperiments.Thereasonforthis
hasbeenexplainedinReference11.Inthisreport,thetheoryofbucklingofsandwichcylindersunderaxial
compression,torsion,andbending,andcombinedloadsisdevelopedinaunifiedmanner;andtheprincipal
experimentalresultsarepresented.Theinterrelationshipobtainedbetweenthecriticalloadsisplottedinthe
formofnondimensionalinteractioncurves.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

1.Reissner,E.,SmallBendingandStretchingofSandwichTypeShells,N.A.C.A,T.N.No,1832,Mar.,1949.
2.Reissner,E.,FiniteDeflectionsofSandwichPlates,J.ofAero,Sciences,vol.15No.7,pp.435440,July,1948,
3.Reissner,E.,ErrataFiniteDeflectionsofSandwichPlates,J.ofAero.Sciences,vol.17No.22,p.125,Feb.,1950
4.Wang,C.T.,PrincipleandApplicationofComplementaryEnergyMethodforThinHomogeneousandSandwichPlatesandShells
withFiniteDeflections,N.A.C.A.T.N.No.2620,Feb.,1952
5.Donnell,L.H.,StabilityofThinWalledTubesUnderTorsion,N.A.C.A.Rep.No.479,1933.
6.Stein,M.,andMayers,J.,ASmallDeflectionTheoryforCurvedSandwichPlates,N.A.C.A.T.N.No.2017,Feb.,1950
7.Wang,C.T.,andSullivanD.P.,BucklingofSandwichCylindersUnderBendingandCombinedBendingandAxialCompression,
J.ofAero.Sciences,vol,19No,7,pp.468471,July1952
9.Teichmann,F.K.,Wang,C.T.andGerard,G.,BucklingofSandwichCylindersUnderAxialCompression,J.ofAero.Sciences,vol.
18No.6,pp.398406,June,1951
10.Leggett,D.M.A.,andHopkins,H.G.,SandwichPanelsandCylindersUnderCompressiveEndLoads,R.andM.No.2262,British
A.R.C.,1942
11.Wang,C.T.,andRao,G.V.R.,AStudyofanAnalogousModelGivingtheNonlinearCharacteristicsintheBucklingTheoryof
SandwichCylinders,J.ofAero.Sciences,vol.19No.2,pp.93100,Feb.,1952
12..Hoff,N.J.,andMautner,S.E.,BendingandBucklingofSandwichBeams
(cannotreadtherestofthiscitation)
13.Nadai,A.,TheoryofFlowandFractureofSolids,vol.I,2ndEd.,McGrawHill,NewYork,1950,p.387
14.Batdorf.S.B.,Schildcrout,M.,andStein,M.,CriticalStressofThinwalledCylindersinAxialCompression,N.A.C.A.Rep.No.
887,1947
15.Uerard,u.,urixicaiShearStressofPlatesAbovetheProportionalLimit,J.ofApp.Mech.,vol.15No.1,pp.712,Mar.,1948

M.L.Baron,..shelltoatransverseshockwave,ColumbiaUniversityTechnicalReportNo.10,December
1953
Grigolyuk,E.I.(1953).OntheStrengthandStabilityofCylindricalBimetallicShells.EngineeringCollect,
116:119148.
Grigolyuk,E.I.,"SmallVibrationsofThinElasticConicalShells",IzvestiaAN,USSROtdelnyeTekhnicheski
Nauk,No.6,pp.3544,1956.
Grigolyuk,E.I.andChulkov,P.P.(1964).ATheoryofViscoElasticMultilayerShellsContainingaSolid
CoreatFiniteDeflection.Appl.Mech.Tech.Phys,150(5):10121015.
E.I.GrigolyukandYu.V.Lipovtsev(1965).StabilityofShellsinCreep,JournalofAppliedMechanicsand
TechnicalPhysics,Vol.6,No.4,pp.7174,doi:10.1007/BF01565826
ABSTRACT:Weconsiderathinhomogeneousshellsubjectedtoanarbitraryloadcausinglossofstability.We
assumethattheshellhassomeinitialirregularitiesinitsmiddlesurfacewhichcanbedescribedintermsof
certaininitialdisplacements.Whentheloadisapplied,theseinitialirregularitiesbegintodevelopduetocreep
andcausearedistributionofstressesoverboththethicknessandtheentireareaoftheshell.Thisprocessof

stressredistributionmaybesoconsiderablethatatacertainmomenttheequilibriumstateoftheshellmay
becomeunstableinEuler'ssense,i.e.,atacertainmomentseveralmodesofequilibriummaybepossible,
transitiontoanyoneofthesebeinginstantaneous.Weshallcallthismomentthecriticalmomentoflossof
stabilityoftheshell.Thedeviationofthesubcriticalstressandstrainstateofanactualshellfromthebasicstate
correspondingtoaperfectlysmoothshellcanbedescribedbyasystemofequationsinthestressanddeflection
functions,assumingthatthequantitiescharacterizingthesedeviationssatisfylinearlizedcreeprelations
analogoustotherelationsforviscoelasticbodies.Thissystemofequationsmustbecombinedwithasystemof
stabilityequationswhichtakesintoaccountthestressesandstrainsdefinedbythesystemofequationsofthe
subcriticalstate.
Grigolyuk,E.I.andKabanov,V.V.(1967).StabilityofCircularCylindricalShells.ScientificTotals.Moscow.
Grigolyuk,E.I.andKabanov,V.V.(1978).StabilityofShells.NaukaPubl.Moscow.
Grigolyuk,E.I.andMamai,V.I.(1974).AboutOneVariantofEquationsinaTheoryofFiniteDisplacements
ofShallowShells.JournalofAppliedMechanics,10(2):313.
JosephKempner(PolytechnicInstituteofBrooklyn),Creepbendingandbucklingofnonlinearlyviscoelastic
columns,NACATN3137,January1954
J.Kempner(PolytechnicInstituteofBrooklyn),RemarksonDonnellsEquations,JournalofApplied
Mechanics,Vol.22,No.1,1955,PP.117118
N.J.Hoff,Approximateanalysisofstructuresinthepresenceofmoderatelylargecreepdeformations,Quart.
Appl.Math.,1954
N.J.Hoff(PolytechnicInstituteofBrooklyn),Bucklingandstability,the41stWilburWrightMemorial
Lecture,JournaloftheRoyalAeronauticalSociety,1954
N.J.Hoff,TheaccuracyofDonnellsequationsJournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.22,1955,pp.329334
E.Wenk,R.C.Slankard,etal,Experimentalanalysisofthebucklingofcylindricalshellssubjectedtoexternal
hydrostaticpressure,Proc.Soc.Exp.StressAnalysis,1954
T.T.Loo,EffectsofLargeDeflectionsandImperfectionsontheElasticBucklingofCylindersunderTorsion
andAxialCompression,ProceedingsoftheSecondU.S.CongressofAppliedMechanics,1954,TheAmerical
SocietyofMechanicalEnginners,NewYork,p.345.
R.CooperandG.Shifrin,Experimentoncircularplatesintheplasticrange,SecondU.S.NationalCongress
ofAppliedMechanics,1954,pp.527534
R.Haythornthwaite,Deflectionofplatesintheelasticplasticrange,SecondU.S.NationalCongressof
AppliedMechaics,1954,pp.521526
R.HaythornthwaiteandE.Onat,Theloadcarryingcapacityofinitiallyflatcircularsteelplatesunderreversed
loading,J.Aeronaut.Sci.,Vol.22,No.12,December1955,pp.867869

E.OnatandR.Haythornthwaite,Loadcarryingcapacityofcircularplatesatlargedeflection,J.Appl.Mech.,
Vol.23March1956,pp.4955
TuChingHua(TsingHuaUniversity),Generalequationsofsandwichplatesundertransverseloadsand
edgewiseshearsandcompressions,ActaPhysicaSinica,195404,doi:cnki:ISSN:10003290.0.195404006
ABSTRACT:Nonlineardifferentialequationshavebeendevelopedforthecalculationofthedeflectionsand
bucklingloadsofSandwichplatessubjectedtotransverseloadsandedgewiseshearsandcompressions.The
Sandwichplateconsistsoftwothinmetalfacesheetsbondedtoalightslabthecore.Thecoreistakentohave
zeromoduliasdeformationsinitsownplane.Thisappearstogiveanadequaterepresentationofbehaviorof
manycorematerials.Someprevioustheoriesareshowntobespecialcasesofthismoregeneraltheory.The
essenceofnonlinearityareshownthroughthedicussianofcorepropertiesandactionofinterfaceandcore
forces.Therestrictionofsomespecialformsofdisplacementsofpracticalinteresthasbeenstudiedandthe
existenceofnonlinearelementinthebendingproblemisclarified.Therelativemeritofusinglargebending
deflectiontheoryinsteadofthesmallbendingdeflectiontheoryinthefacesisgiven.
Y.C.FungandW.H.Wittrick,Aboundarylayerphenomemoninthelargedeflexionofthinplates,The
QuarterlyJournalofMechanicsandAppliedMathematics,1955,OxfordUniversityPress,
doi:10.1093/qjmam/8.2.191
ABSTRACT:Inthelargedeflexionofthinplateswithfreeedges,boundarylayersdevelopalongthoseedges
undercertainconditions.Thenonlineareffectsofmembranestressareconfinedtotheboundarylayersand
elsewheretheequationsarelinear.Boundarylayerequationsarederivedandintegrated,andarethenappliedto
somespecificproblems.
S.Yusuff,Theoryofwrinklinginsandwichconstruction,JournaloftheRoyalAeronauticalSociety,1955
J.G.Berry,Onthinhemisphericalshellssubjectedtoconcentratededgemomentsandforces,Proc.2nd
Midwest.Conf.OnSolidMech.,1955,pp.2544
R.H.Long,Jr.,Experimentalandtheoreticalstudyoftransversevibrationofatubecontainingflowingfluid,
JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.22,1955,pp.6568
J.FoulkesandE.Onat,Testsofbehaviorofcircularplatesundertransverseload,BrownUniversityDivision
ofEngineeeringReport00R3172/3,May1955
W.OlszakandA.Sawczuk,Experimentalverificationoflimitanalysisofplates,PartI,Bull.LAcad.
PolonaisedesSciences,C1,IV,Vol.III,No.4,1955,pp.195200(inEnglish)
GalletlyG.D.andReynolds,T.E.,"ASimpleExtensionofSouthwell'sMethodforDeterminingtheElastic
GeneralInstabilityPressureforRingStiffenedCylindersSubjecttoExternalHydrostaticPressure",
ProceedingsoftheSocietyforExperimentalStressAnalysis,Vol.13,No.2,141152,1956.
Galletly,G.D.,andBart,R.,EffectsofBoundaryConditionsandInitialOutofRoundnessontheStrengthof

ThinWalledCylindersSubjecttoExternalHydrostaticPressure,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Transactions
oftheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers,Vol.23,September1956,pp.351358.
Galletly,G.D.,"TorisphericalShellsACautiontoDesigners,"ASMEJournalforEngineeringinIndustry,
Vol.81,Feb.1959,pp.5166.
Bisplinghoff,R.L.,andPian,T.H.H.,"OntheVibrationsofThermallyBuckledBarsandPlates",Proceedings
ofthe9thInternationalCongressofAppliedMechanics,Brussels,Belgium,Vol.VII,September1956,pp.307
318.
N.J.Hoff,Thermalbucklingofsupersonicwingpanels,J.Aeronaut.Sci.,1956
N..J.Hoff,B.Erickson,S.A.Patel,F.W.French,etal(BrooklynPolytechnic),Creepbendingandbucklingof
thincircularcylindricalshells,1956
P.Csonka,Thebucklingofaspheroidalshellcurvedintwodirections,Akad.Kiado,1956
A.Ralston,Ontheproblemofbucklingofahyperbolicparaboloidalshellloadedbyitsownweight,Journal
ofMathematicsandPhysics,1956,PublishedforMassachusetts.
Turner,M.J.,Clough,R.W.,Martin,H.C.andTopp,L.C.(1956),Stiffnessanddeflectionanalysisof
complexstructures,JournalofAeronauticalSciences,23(9),p.805824.
H.L.LanghaarandA.P.Boresi(Dept.ofTheoreticalandAppliedMechanics,IllinoisUniversityatUrbana),
Bucklingandpostbucklingbehaviorofacylindricalshellsubjectedtoexternalpressure,,April1956,DTIC
AccessionNumber:AD0094524,http://hdl.handle.net/2142/18754
ABSTRACT:Inanearlierreport(TAMReportNo.80),theauthorsconsideredthebucklingandpostbuckling
behaviorofanidealelasticcylindricalshellloadedbyuniformexternalpressureonitslateralsurface,andbyan
axialcompressiveforce.Assumptionswereintroducedwhichreducedtheshelltoasystemwithonedegreeof
freedom.Thepresentinvestigationisageneralizationandarefinementofthistheory.Theshellistreatedasa
systemwith21degreesoffreedom.Bytheimpositionofconstraintsonthe21generalizedcoordinates,various
endconditionscanberealized;forexample,simplysupportedendswithflexibleendplates(noaxial
constraint),simplysupportedendswithrigidendplates,andclampedends.Also,effectsofreinforcingrings
havebeenincorporatedinamoregeneralwaythaninTAMReportNo.80.Therestrictiveassumptionthatthe
centroidalaxisofaringcoincideswiththemiddlesurfaceoftheshellhasbeeneliminated.Apressure
deflectioncurveforanidealcylindricalshellthatisloadedbyexternalpressurehasthegeneralformshownin
Figure1.Thefallingpartofthecurve(dottedinthefigure)representsunstableequilibriumconfigurations.
Also,thecontinuationoflineOE(dotted)representsunstableunbuckledconfigurations.Actually,theshell
snapsfromsomeconfigurationAtoanotherconfigurationB,asindicatedbythedashedlineinFigure1.
Theoretically,pointAcoincideswiththemaximumpointEonlhecurve,butinitialimperfectionsand
accidentaldisturbancespreventtheshellfromreachingthispoint.PointEisthebucklingpressureofthe
classicalinfinitesimaltheory(calledthe"Eulercrticalpressure",sinceEulerappliedtheinfinitesimaltheoryto
columns).Tosomeextent,pointAisindeterminate,butitispresumablyhigherthantheminimumpointC
unlesstheshellhasexcessiveinitialdentsorlopsidedness.InTAMReportNo.80.ahypothesisofTsienwas

usedtolocatepointA.Inthepresentinvestigation,pointAisnotconsidered.Rather,attentionisfocusedonthe
developmentofatheorythatwilldeterminetheentireloaddeflectioncurve.Forshortthickshells,suchasthe
interringbaysofasubmarinehull,theEulercriticalpressures,determinedbyTAMReportNo.80,aretoo
high,presumablybecausetheassumptionthattheshellbuckleswithoutincrementalhoopstrainisinadmissible
inthisrange.Thepresentreportcorrectsthiserror.NumericaldataontheEulercriticalpressuresofshellswith
simplysupportedendsandflexibleendplateshavebeenobtainedwiththeaidoflheIlliac,anelectronicdigital
computer.Thedataaretabulatedattheendofthisreport.Forshortshellswithoutrings,thebucklingpressures
areappreciablylowerthanthosedeterminedbyvonMises'theory.ThenumericaldatafortheEulerbuckling
pressuresofshellswithuniformlyspacedreinforcingringsaresufficientlyextensivetopermitinterpolationto
estimateeffectsofvariousringsizes.Someexploratorynumericalinvestigationsofpostbucklingbehaviorhave
beenconductedwiththeIlliac.ltisnotfeasible,atthepresenttime,tohandlenonlinearequilibriumproblems
forsystemswith18degreesoffreedom.Consequently,forthenumericalwork,somehigherharmonicswere
discardedsothatthesystemwasreduaedto7degreesoffreedom.Eventhen,thenumericalproblemis
formidable.ThecalculationswereconfinedprincipallytothedeterminationoftheminimumpointConthe
postbucklingcurve(Figure1).ThepressureatpointCistheminimumpressureatwhichabuckledformcan
exist.ItisfoundthattheordinateofpointC,determinedbyTAMreportNo.80,issomewhattoohigh.Thetwo
theoriesarecomparedbyatableanqcurvesattheendofthisreport.
HenryL.LanghaarandArthurP.Boresi,Snapthroughandpostbucklingbehaviorofcylindricalshellsunder
theactionofexternalpressure,UniversityofIllinoisBulletinincooperationwiththeOfficeofNaval
Research,EngineeringExperimentStationBulletinNo.443,1957,
PARTIALABSTRACT:This report treats the buckling and post-buckling behavior of a
cylindrical shell that is subjected to uniform external pressure p on its lateral surface, and
an axial compressive force F.
Referenceslistedattheendofthereport:

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W.H.Hoppmann,FlexuralVibrationsoforthogonallystiffenedcylindricalshells,Tech.Report.No.11,
ContractNONR248(12),Dept.Mech.Eng.,TheJohnsHopkinsUniv.,July1956
C.E.Pearson,Generaltheoryofelasticstability,Quart.Appl.Math.,1956
M.Yanowitch,Nonlinearbucklingofcircularclampedplates,Comm.PureAppl.Math.,Vol.9,1956,pp.
661672
ChienWeiZang(TsingHuaUniversityandInstituteofMathematics,AcademiaSinica)andYehKaiYuan
(PekingUniversity),OntheLargeDeflectionofCircularPlate,ActaPhysicaSinica,195403,
doi:cnki:ISSN:10003290.0.195403002
ABSTRACT:EquationsforthelargedeflectionofthinplateestablishedbyTh.vonKarmanhasbeenwell
knownformanyyears.Butsofartherehavebeenonlyafewiproblemsstudiedwithnumericalcertainty.S.
Waywasthefirsttoapplytheseequationstosolvetheproblemofaclampedplateunderuniformpressureby
themethodofpowerseries.Afterthis,S.Levyfoundthesolutionofthesimplysupportedrectangularplate
underuniformloadbythemethodofdoubletrigonometricseries.Bothmethodsaretoolabourioustobe
applicabletoothermoreimportantcases.Lately,ChienWeizangtreatedWay'sproblemagainbymeansofthe
perturbationmethodandobtainedexcellentresults.BythemethodasgivenbyChienWeizang,YehKaiyuan
workedouttheproblemofcircularplatewithacentralholeundercentralconcentratedload.Inthispaper,more
resultsaregivenforvariouscircularplatesundervariousedgeconditions.Theseincludeuniformlyloaded
circularplateundervariousedgeconditions(section2)andcentralconcentratedloadedcircularplateunder
variousedgeconditions(section3).Suchedgeconditionsare:(1)simplysupported,(2)simplyhinged,(3)
rigidlyclamped,(4)clampedbutfreetoslip,(5)edgeclampedbutwithpossibleslippinginhorizontal
direction,(6)edgesimplysupportedbutelasticallyfastened,and(7)edgeclampedinelasticwall.Allthese
resultsarepresentedinsuchaformthatdirectapplicationindesignproblemispossible.Inparticularcases,
underedgeconditions(1)to(4),as_=0.3,designformulaeandcurvesforcentraldeflection,radialtensile
stressandradialbendingstressarepresented.
W.Z.ChienandH.C.Hu,Onthesnappingofathinsphericalcap,Proceedingsofthe9thInternational
CongressofAppliedMechanics,Brussels,Belgium,1956,pp.309320
R.M.Simons,Apowerseriessolutionofthenonlinearequationsforaxisymmetricalbendingofshallow
sphericalshells,J.Math.&Phys.,Vol.35,1956,pp.164176

FredWerrenandCharlesB.Norris,Effectofaxialstiffenersonthebucklingpropertiesofthincurved
plywoodplatesinaxialcompression,ForestProductsLaboratory,USA,March1956,
http://hdl.handle.net/1957/1661
ABSTRACT:ThisreportisoneofaseriesissuedincooperationwiththeArmyNavyCivilCommitteeon
aircraftdesigncriteriaunderthesupervisionoftheAeronauticalBoard.ReviewedandreaffirmedMarch1956.
OriginalreportissuedMarch1948.
N.J.Hoff,Approximateanalysisofthereductionintorsionalrigidityandofthetorsionalbucklingofsolid
wingsunderthermalstresses,JournaloftheAeronauticalSciences,1956
N.J.Hoff,Bucklingathightemperature,JournaloftheRoyalAeronauticalSociety,1957
.S.A.Patel,F.S.French,S.Lederman,N.J.Hoff,Experimentalinvestigationofcreepbendingandbuckling
ofthincircularcylindricalshells,NACATechnicalMemorandum,RM57E17,1957
C.E.Taylor,Elasticstabilityofconicalshellsloadedbyuniformexternalpressure,Proceedingsofthe
MidwesternConferenceonSolid,1957
E.Sundstrom,Creepbuckling,ActaPolytechnicaScandinavia,1957
E.Sundstrom,Creepbucklingofcylindricalshells,TekniskaHgskolanshandlingar:Transactionsofthe,
1957
G.N.RabotnovandS.A.Shesterikov(MoscowUniversity,USSR),Creepstabilityofcolumnsandplates,
JournaloftheMechanicsandPhysicsofSolids,Vol.6,No.1,1957,pp.l2734,
doi:10.1016/00225096(57)900443
ABSTRACT:Aproblemofcreepstabilityofcolumnsandplatesisconsidered.Inananalysisuseismadeof
twoformsofthecreeptheorybasedonthestrainhardeninghypothesis.Forauniformlycompressedplatea
comparisonismadebetweentheresultsaccordingtotheflowtheoryandstraintheory.
W.Nowacki,Somestabilityproblemsofcylindricalshells,Proc.2ndSymposiumonConcreteShellRoof
Construction,1957
P.M.Naghdi,Theeffectoftransversesheardeformationonthebendingofelasticshellsofrevolution,Quart.
Appl.Math.,Vol.15,1957,pp.4152
P.M.Naghdi,Foundationsofelasticshelltheory,inProgressinSolidMechanics,Vol.4,editedbyI.
SneddonandR.Hill,pp.190,1963,NorthHolland,Amsterdam
P.M.NaghdiandR.P.Nordgren,OnthenonlineartheoryofelasticshellsundertheKirchhoffhypothesis,
Quart.Appl.Math.,Vol.21,1963,pp.4959
P.M.Naghdi,Thetheoryofshellsandplates,HandbuchderPhysik,Vol.VIa2,pp.425640,1972,
SpringerVerlag,Berlin

GeorgeGerardandHerbertBecker,Handbookofstructuralstability,Part3,Bucklingofcurvedplatesand
shells,NASA,August1957,AccessionNumber:ADA302018,
proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA302018
ABSTRACT:Availabletheoriesandtestdataonbucklingofcurvedplatesandshellsarereviewed.Thetest
datafortorsionandexternalpressureloadingsarecorrelatedintermsoflinearbucklingtheoriesforboththe
elasticandinelasticranges.Thecaseswhichexhibitamarkeddisagreementbetweenlineartheoryandtestdata
havebeenanalyzedbyaunifiedsemiempiricalapproachwhichissatisfactoryforanalysisanddesignpurposes.
Becker,H.,Gerard,G.andWinter,R.,Experimentsonaxialcompressivegeneralinstabilityofmonolithic
ringstiffenedcylinders,AIAAJ.,Vol.1,No.7,July1963
H.W.MarchandE.W.Kuenzi,Bucklingofcylindersofsandwichconstructioninaxialcompression,Forest
ProductsLab,Madison,Wisconsin,December1957,proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD217226
ABSTRACT:Thisreportpresentsatheoreticalanalysisispresentedforthebehavioroflong,circular,
cylindricalshellsofsandwichconstructionunderaxialcompressiveloads.Theanalysisisdesignedtoevaluate
theeffectsoftherelativelylowshearingmoduliofsandwichcoresonbucklingstresses.Familiesofcurvesare
presentedforuseindesigningshellsofsandwichconstructionhavingisotopicfacingsandorthotropicor
isotropiccores.Theresultsofthetheoreticalanalysiswerecomparedwiththoseobtainedfromtestsonaseries
ofcurvedpanels.Itwasfoundthatthetheoryappliedreasonablewelltocurvedplatesofsizessufficientto
includeatleastoneidealbuckles.Applicationofthetheorythusisnotlimitedtolong,completecylinders.
N.J.Hoff,Hightemperatureeffectsinaircraftstructures,Publishedforandonbehalfof,PergamonPress,
NewYork,1958
NicholasJ.Hoff,ChiChangChaoandWayneA.Madsen(Dept.ofAeronauticsandAstronautics,Stanford
University,Stanford,California),BucklingofaThinWalledCircularCylindricalShellHeatedAlonganAxial
Strip,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.31,No.2,pp.253258,June1964,DOI:10.1115/1.3629594
ABSTRACT:Theelasticstabilityofathinwalledcircularcylindricalshellisinvestigatedbymeansofthe
smalldeflectiontheorywhentheshellissubjectedtosuchnonuniformheatingascausesauniformaxial
compressivestresstoariseinabandofwidth2bwhiletherestoftheshellisfreeofstress.Thecriticalvalueof
thecompressiveaxialstressisfoundtobeequaltothecriticalstressofthesamecircularcylindricalshellwhen
subjectedtouniformaxialcompressionprovidedthebandisnotextremelynarrow.Inthelattercasethecritical
stressofthebandishigherthanthatoftheuniformlycompressedshell.
R.R.Archer,Stabilitylimitsforaclampedsphericalshellsegmentunderuniformpressure,Quarterlyof
AppliedMathematics,1958
J.Moe,Stabilityofribreinforcedcylindricalshellsunderlateralpressure,PublicationsInter.Ass.Bridge
Struct.Eng.,Vol.18,pp.113136,1958
M.W.JohnsonandE.Reissner,Onthefoundationsofthetheoryofthinelasticshells,J.Math.&Phys.,Vol.
37,1958,pp.375392

M.W.Johnson,Aboundarylayertheoryofunsymmetricdeformationsofcircularcylindricalelasticshells,J.
Math.&Phys.,Vol.42,1963,pp.167187
J.F.Besseling,Atheoryofelastic,plasticandcreepdeformationofaninitiallyisotropicmaterialshowing
anisotropicstrainhardening,creepandrecovery,andsecondarycreep,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.24,1958,pp.529
536
J.F.Besseling(1),L.J.Ernst(1),K.VanDerWerff(1),A.U.DeKoning(2)andE.Riks(1)
(1)LaboratoryforEngineeringMechanics,DelftUniversityofTechnologyP.O.Box5033,2600GADelft,The
Netherlands
(2)NationalAerospaceLaboratory,Postbus153,8300ADEmmeloord,TheNetherlands
GeometricalandphysicalnonlinearitiessomedevelopmentsinTheNetherlands,ComputerMethodsin
AppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vols.1718,Part1,January1979,pp.131157,
doi:10.1016/00457825(79)900859
ABSTRACT:Byfiniteelementelasticplasticanalysisithasbeenpossibletoobtaindetailedinformationonthe
deformationprocessinthevicinityofagrowingcrackinsheetmetal.Itisfoundthatthecrackgrowswhenthe
valueofthecracktipopeningangleexceedssomecriticalvalue.Particularattentionisgiventotheclosure
behaviouriftheloadingforcesarereduced.Theresultsobtainedarecomparedwithexperimentaldata.Aflat
triangularelementwithinitialcurvaturecanbelookeduponasadoublycurvedshellelement.Thusashell
elementisdevelopedwithnodaldisplacementsinthethreecornerpointsandinthethreemidsidepointsand
withtwoparametersforrotationsabouteachside.Elementpropertiescanbederivedfromquadratic
displacementfunctions,linearlyvaryingbendingmomentsandlinearlyvaryingmembranedeformations,the
latterasaninterpolationbetweenthevaluesinthecorners.Thesecornervaluesaredeterminedbythe
appropriatenonlinearexpressionsinthedisplacements.Onthebasisofshelltheoryandtheprincipleof
minimumpotentialenergythemeritsofthisparticularfiniteelementwerethoroughlyinvestigated.Inviewof
itsaccuracyinlinearproblems,andsincerigidbodymotionsarefullyrepresented,theelementwillalsobevery
suitableforgeometricallynonlinearproblems.Thoughforthederivationofthefeaturesandpropertiesofthe
finiteelementsthecontinuumtheorywillbeused,intheanalysisofastructurefiniteelementsmaybelooked
uponasmodelsofmechanicalbehaviourintheirownright.Thisapproachprovedtobeparticularlyusefulin
thekinematicanddynamicanalysisofmechanisms.Exampleswillbegivenofthekinematicdescriptionof
somespecialelements,suchasgears.Alsoforstabilityanalysisthediscreteapproachwasfoundtobefruitfulof
results.Withproperlychosendeformationparametersasgeneralizedstrainsthebucklingandpostbuckling
behaviour,aswellasthenonlinearbehaviouringeneralwithsmallbutfiniterotations,canbeanalysedfor
struts,platesandshells,whilstthephysicallinearityonthelevelofthefiniteelementsisretained.Aneffective
elasticanalysisofnonlinearproblemsisobtainedintermsofperturbationequationsfortheparticipationfactors
ofeigenvectors.Theseequations,limitedinnumber,canbesolvedbyaspecialmethodthatwasdevisedforthe
computationofcriticalequilibriumstatesofnonlinearelasticsystems.Inthismethoddifficultiesduetomatrix
singularityintheincrementalequationsareovercomebytheintroductionofthepathlengthasindependent
variable.

E.I.Grigoljuk(InstituteofMechanics,AcademyofSciencesofU.S.S.R.U.S.S.R),Bucklingofsandwich
constructionsbeyondtheelasticlimit,JournaloftheMechanicsandPhysicsofSolids,Vol.6,No.4,July
1958,pp.253266,doi:10.1016/00225096(58)900012
ABSTRACT:Thestabilityofelasticplasticsandwichshellsofanarbitraryshapeisinvestigatedonthe
assumptionthat,atthemomentofbuckling,theloadcarryingfacesareinafullyplasticstateandthecore
remainselastic.Theequationsareobtainedonthebasisofboththedeformationtheoryandtheplasticflow
theory.Theflexuralstiffnessofthefacesistakenintoaccount.Theequationsobtainedpermitthepredictionof
thecriticalloadsofcolumns,plates,andshellsofarbitraryform.
K.M.Mushtari,A.V.Sachenkof,etal,Stabilityofcylindricalandconicalshellsofcircularcrosssection,with
simultaneousactionofaxialcompressionandexternalnormalpressure,1958(aerade.cranfield.ac.uk;
translationfromPrikladnaiaMatematikaMekhanika,Vol.18,No.6,NovemberDecember1954)
ABSTRACT:Weconsiderinthisreportthedeterminationoftheupperlimitofcriticalloadsinthecaseof
simultaneousactionofacompressiveforce,uniformlydistributedoverplanecrosssections,andofisotropic
externalnormalpressureoncylindricalorconicalshellsofcircularcrosssection.Asastartingpointweusethe
differentialequationsforneutralequilibriumofconicalshellswhichhavebeenusedforthesolutionofthe
problemofstabilityofconicalshellsundertorsionandunderaxialcompression.Uponsolutionoftheproblem
itispossibletosatisfyallboundaryconditions,incontrasttothereport(ref.3)wherenoattentionispaidtothe
fulfillmentoftheboundarycontionsandtothereport(ref.4)whereonlypartoftheboundarycondtionsare
satisfiedbysolutionoftheproblemaccordingtoGalerkinssmethod.Approximateformulasareusedforthe
determinationofthecriticalexternalnormalpressurewithsimultaneousactionoflongitudinalcompression.Let
usnotethattheformulassuggestedinreference5arenotwellfoundedandmaylead,inanumberofcases,toa
substantialmistakeinthemagnitudeofthecriticalload.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1.Mushtari,Kh.M.,Hekotoryeobobshcheniiateoriitonkikhobolocheksprilozheniiamikzadacheustoichivostiuprogovo
ravnoveciia,IzvestiiaKazanskovofiz.mat.obva,1938,t.XI;PMM,t.II,vyp.4,1939
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secheniia.PMM,t.VII,1943
3.Pflger,A.,StabilittdnnerKegelschalen,,IngenieurArchiv,Bd.VIII,1937
4.Trapezin,I.I.,ObustoichivostitonkostennoiKonicheskoiobolochkikrugovovosecheniiaprinagruzhakh,simmetrichnykh
otnositelnoeeosi,TrudyMoskovskovoordenaLeninaaviatsionnovointaim.S.Ordzhonikidze,No.17,1952
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21,H.9,1952,pp.153159
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Klosner,J.M.andForray,M.J.,BucklingofsimplySupportedPlatesunderArbitrarySymmetrical
TemperatureDistributions,JournalofAeronauticalSciences,March1958,pp.181184
J.M.KlosnerandF.V.Pohle.Naturalfrequenciesofanininitelylongnoncircularcylindricalshell.PIBAL
ReportNo476,1958.
Oravas,G.A.(Hamilton,Canada)(1958),OntheTheoryofNearlySphericalThinShells.ZAMMJournalof
AppliedMathematicsandMechanics/ZeitschriftfrAngewandteMathematikundMechanik,vol.38:pp.379
386.doi:10.1002/zamm.19580380908

ABSTRACT:Anovelapproximatetheoreticalsolutionispresentedinthispaperfortheboundarydisturbance
ofthinelasticshellsofrevolutionwithanearlysphericalmiddlesurfaceandconstantthickness.Theindicated
solutionisaprocedureofsuccessivecorrections,whichwasoriginallyusedbyS.D.Poissoninhandlingnon
lineardifferentialequationsandintroducedintothinshellanalysisbyE.F.Burmistrov.
D.Abir,etal,Experimentsonthermalbucklingofcurcularcylindricalshells,WrightAirDevelopment
Center,1958
W.P.Vafakos,Studyofthermalstressesandbucklingcriteriaofthinwalledcircularconicalshells,Wright
AirDevelopmentCenter,1958
S.Radhakrishnan,Plasticbucklingoflong,thincylindersunderlateralpressure,Proc.IndianSocietyof
Theoreticaland,1958
W.H.HoppmannII,Somecharacteristicsoftheflexuralvibrationsoforthogonallystiffenedcylindrical
shells,TheJournaloftheAcousticalSocietyofAmerica,Vol.30,No.1,1958,pp.7782
H.C.Nelson,B.ZapotowskiandM.Bernstein,Vibrationanalysisoforthogonallystiffenedcircularfuselage
andcomparisonwithexperiment,inProceedingsoftheNationalSpecialistsMeetingonDynamicsand
Aeroelasticity,FortWorth,Texas,1958,pp.7787,TheInstituteofAeronauticalScience,NewYork
H.B.KellerandE.L.Reiss,Iterativesolutionsforthenonlinearbendingofcircularplates,Comm.PureAppl.
Math.,Vol.11,1958,pp.272292
H.B.Keller,J.B.KellerandE.L.Reiss,Buckledstatesofcircularplates,Quart.Appl.Math.,Vol.20,1962,
pp.5565
A.J.CallegariandE.L.Reiss,Nonlinearboundaryvalueproblemsforthecircularmembrane,Arch.Rat.
Mech.Anal.,Vol.31,1968,pp.390400
A.J.Callegari,H.B.KellerandE.L.Reiss,Membranebuckling:astudyofsolutionmultiplicity,Comm.Pure
Appl.Math.,Vol.24,1971,pp.499521
L.S.CheoandE.L.Reiss,Unsymmetricwrinklingofcircularplates,Quart.Appl.Math.,Vol.31,1973,pp.
7591
HubertusJ.Weinitschke,Onthenonlineartheoryofshallowsphericalshells,JournaloftheSocietyfor
IndustrialandAppliedMath.,Vol.6,No.3,September1958
H.J.Weinitschke,Onthestabilityproblemforshallowsphericalshells,J.Math.Phys.,1960
J.LyellSanders,Jr.1959AnImprovedFirstApproximationTheoryforThinShells,NationalAeronautics
andSpaceAdministrationTechnicalReportR24,Washington,D.C.

J.L.Sanders,Jr.,Nonlineartheoriesforthinshells,Quart.Appl.Math.,Vol.21,1963,pp.2136
J.C.Chapman,BurtonEricksonandN.J.Hoff(BrooklynPolytechnic),Atheoreticalandexperimental
investigationofcreepbuckling,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.1,Nos.23,April1960,
pp.145174,doi:10.1016/00207403(60)900370
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdescribesapractical,graphicalandnumericalprocedureforthedeterminationofthe
collapsetimeofpinendedaluminumalloycolumnssubjecttocreep.Acriticaldeflectionisfoundatwhich
thebendingrigidityofthecolumnisreducedtosuchanextentthatthecolumnbecomesunstableunderthe
constantloadappliedtoit.Toeliminatesomeoftheunessentialcomplexitiesoftheproblem,theanalysisis
carriedoutontheassumptionthattheactualcolumncanbereplacedbyanidealizedtwoflangecolumnwhich
deflectssinusoidallyuptofailure.Theflexuralstiffnessistakenasconstantalongthelengthofthecolumnand
equaltothemidpointstiffness,whichisdeterminedfromthestressstraincurveofthematerial.The
correspondingcriticaltimeisthencalculatedbyusingthecreepstrainvs.timecurvesofthematerial.The
methodgivesgoodagreementwithexperimentalresultsobtainedatthePolytechnicInstituteofBrooklynandat
theBattelleMemorialInstitute.
D.O.Brush,Bucklingofacylindricalshellunderacircumferentialbandload,J.AerospaceSci.,1959
D.Abir,etal,Thermalbucklingofcircularcylindricalshellsundercircumferentialtemperaturegradients,J.
AerospaceSci,1959
D.W.Hill(Dept.ofEngineeringMechanics),Bucklingofathincircularcylindricalshellheatedalonganaxial
strip,1959,osti.gov
E.J.Morgan,P.SeideandV.I.Weingarten,Developmentofdesigncriteriaforelasticstabilityofthinshell
structures,TRWSpaceTechnologyLabs,LosAngeles,California,31December1959,
DTICAccessionNumber:AD0248199,FinalReport,31December,1960
ABSTRACT:Theresultsofanextensiveexperimentalprogramonthestabilityofcylindricalandconicalshells
undervariousloadingconditionsarepresentedanddiscussed.Loadingconditionsforbothcylindersandcones
includeaxialcompression,axialcompressionwithinternalorexternalpressure,bendingwithandwithout
internalpressure,axialcompressioncombinedwithbothbendingandinternalpressure,andalimitedamountof
dataontorsionofconicalshells.Wherefeasible,valuessuitablefordesignarerecommendedandareasneeding
additionaltheoreticalandexperimentalstudyareindicated.
P.Seide,Onthebucklingoftruncatedconicalshellsunderuniformhydrostaticpressure,Proc.IUTAM
SymposiumontheTheoryofThinElastic,1959
PaulSeideandVictorI.Weingarten(UniversityofSouthernCalifornia,LosAngeles,California),The
bucklingunderuniformexternalpressureofcircularringsandlongcylindersenclosinganelasticmaterial,
1961(nojournalorpublisherorabstractgiven)
Seide,P.andWeingarten,V.I.,Onthebucklingofcircularcylindricalshellsandotherthinsections,J.Appl.
Mech.,Vol.28,No.1,1961

PaulSeideandVictorI.Weingarten,Onthestabilityofinternallypressurizedconicalshellsunder
compression,1961
ABSTRACT:Theresultsofaninvestigationtodeterminetheinfluenceofsmalldeflectionsonthestabilityof
internallypressurizedconicalshellsunderaxialcompressionispresented.Thecriticalaxialloadisfoundto
dependonageometryparameterforthesmallendofthecone,theinternalpressure,and,unlikeresultsfor
cylindricalshells,theendfixityoftheshell.Experimentallyobtaineddataareinqualitativeagreementwith
theorybutdifferquantitatively,probablybecauseofyieldingofthelowmeltingtemperaturealloyusedto
clamptheendsoftheshellsandyieldingoftheshellmaterial.
B.Thrlimann,Newaspectsconcerninginelasticinstabilityofsteelstructures,digital.lib.Lehigh.edu,1959
W.A.Nash,Furtherconsiderationsofthegeneralinstabilityofringstiffenedcylindricalshellssubjectto
hytrostatic,ProceedingsoftheInternationalCongressof,1954(EPNoordhoff)
W.A.Nash,Anexperimentalanalysisofthebucklingofthininitiallyimperfectcylindricalshellssubjectto
torsion,Proc.Soc.ExperimentalStressAnalysis,1959
W.A.Nash,Certainapproximateanalysisofthenonlinearbehaviorofplatesandshallowshells,Proc.ofthe
SymposiumontheTheoryofThin.,1959
W.A.Nash,Nonaxiallysymmetricelasticbucklingofathinshallowcylindricalpanel,Proc.ofthe
InternationalCongressofTheoreticalandappliedmechanics,1960,Springer
Singer,J.,andHoff,N.J.,"EffectoftheChangeinThermalStressesduetoLargeDeflectionsontheTorsional
RigidityofWings",JAS24,4,Reader'sForum,1957.
N.J.HoffandJ.Singer,Bucklingofcircularconicalshellsunderexternalpressure,Proc.oftheIUTAM
SymposiumontheTheoryof.,1959
J.Singer(IsraelInst.ofTech.,Haifa)andN.J.Hoff(StanfordUnif.,California),BuckingOfConicalShells
UnderExternalPressureAndThermalStresses,AFOSRTR59203,Dec11959,OSTIID:4183539
ABSTRACT:Simplifieddifferentialequationsgoverningthedeformationsofthincircularconicalshells
subjectedtoarbitraryloadsandarbitrarytemperaturedistributionsarederivedbytheprincipleoftheminimum
totalenergy.TheequationsreducetoDonnell'sexpressionswhentheconeangleapproacheszero.Thesame
methodofsolutionwithslightlyrelaxedboundaryconditionsforthenondimensionaldisplacementalonga
generator,andthenondimensionalcircumferentialdisplacement,isthenappliedtothethermalbuckling
problemoftruncatedconicalshellssubjectedtoaxisymmetricaltemperaturedistributions.Atypicalexampleis
analyzed.Theequationsarealsoextendedtoincludeproblemsofelasticstability
F.W.French,etal,Creepbucklingofcylindricalshellssubjectedtouniformaxialcompression,1959,
osti.gov

J.H.Haywood,Postbucklinganalysisofacircularelasticringoralongcylindricalshell,Proc.IUTAM
Symp.TheoryofThinElasticShells,1959
M.Kuranishi,Thebehaviorofsandwichstructuresinvolvingstress,temperatureandtimedependentfactors,
inNonhomogeeityinelasticityandplasticity,PergamonPress,1959
A.S.VolmirandV.E.Mineev,Anexperimentalinvestigationofthebucklingofashellunderdynamicload,
SovietPhysicsDoklady,Vol.4,p.464,1959
A.S.Volmir,Stabilityandpostbucklingbehaviorofshellsunderdynamicloading,Proc.Theoeticaland
appliedmechanics,1960,Springer
A.S.VolmirandK.Z.Khairnasov,Stabilityoftoroidalcompositeshells,MechanicsofCompositeMaterials,
Vol.18,No.3,1982,pp.312316,doi:10.1007/BF00604311
PARTIALINTRODUCTION:Duringthenextdecadesmoreandmoreshelltypestructuresinvariousareasof
technologywillbemadeoutofcompositematerials.Thisrefersalsototoroidalshellsencounteredin
spacecraft,insubmarinestructures,aswellasinotherareasoftechnology.Inthisconnectionitisimportantto
investigatethestabilityoftoroidalshellsmadeoutofcompositematerialshavingdifferentelasticcharacteristics
invariousdirections.Tosolvethisproblemweshallmakeuseofthefiniteelemethmethodasthemostsuitable
forcomputerimplementation
Argyris,J.H.(1960),Energytheoremsandstructuralanalysis,In:CollectionofpaperspublishedinAircraft
Engineeringin1954and1955.Butterworths,London.
Clough,R.W.(1960),Thefiniteelementmethodinplanestressanalysis,ProceedingsofAmericanSociety
ofCivilEngineers,2ndConferenceonElectronicComputations,23,p.345378.
M.J.Turner,E.H.Dill,H.C.MartinandR.J.Melosh,Largedeflectionofstructuressubjectedtoheatingand
externalloads,J.AerospaceSci.,Vol.27,1960,pp.97106
C.Chao,Newdevelopmentsinthenonlineartheoriesofthebucklingofthincylindricalshells,Durand
CentennialConference,editedbyN.J.HoffandW.Vincenti,1960
H.Schaefer,DieAnalogiezwischendenVerschiebungenunddenSpannungsfunctioneninderBiegetheorie
derKreiszylinderschale,Ing.Arch.,Vol.29,1960,pp.125133
D.S.HoughtonandA.S.L.Chan(CollegeofAeronautics,Cranfield,UK),DesignofaPressurizedMissile
Body:DeterminationoftheSkinThicknessofaCylindricalShellUnderAxialCompression,Aircraft
EngineeringandAerospaceTechnology,Vol.29,No.11,1960,doi:10.1108/eb033324
ABSTRACT:Thestructuraldesignofalongrangeballisticmissileoraspacerocketvehicleisanintriguing
problem.Itishardlynecessarytostresstheimportanceofachievingaslightastructureaspossible,sinceany
unnecessaryincreaseofstructuralweightcanseverelyaffectitsperformanceorresultinaprofoundincreaseof
itstotalweight.Thereisadearthofpublishedinformationonthissubject,presumablybecauseofsecurity
restrictions.Amongthepapersavailable,onlySechlerdwellsonthestructuraldesignconsiderationinany

detail.Wehavethereforeveryfewspecificfactstoguideus,andcanonlyrelatetheproblemtoouraircraft
designexperiencewithcommonsense.
H.J.Weinitschke,Onthestabilityproblemforshallowsphericalshells,J.Math.&Phys,Vol.38,1960,pp.
209231
H.J.Weinitschke,Onasymmetricbucklingofshallowsphericalshells,J.Math.&Phys,Vol.44,1965,pp.
141163
H.J.Weinitschke,ZurmathematischenTheoriederendlichenVerbiegungelastischerPlatten,
Habilitationsschrift,UniversittHamburg,1965
H.J.Weinitschke,ExistenzundEindeutigkeitsstzefrdieGleichungenderkreisformigenMembran,Meth.
undVerf.d.Math.Physik,Vol.3,1970,pp.117139
H.J.Weinitschke,Onaxisymmetricdeformationsofnonlinearelasticmembranes,MechanicsToday,Vol.5
(E.ReissnerAnniversaryVolumeeditedbyS.NematNasser),PergamonPress,1980,pp.523542
H.J.Weinitschke,Onthecalculationoflimitandbifurcationpointsofstabilityproblemsinelasticshells,Int.
J.Solids&Structures,Vol.21,1985,pp.7995
H.J.Weinitschke,Onfinitedisplacementsofcircularelasticmembranes,Math.Meth.Appl.Sci.,Vol.9,No.
1,1987,pp.7698,doi:10.1002/mma.1670090108
H.J.WeinitschkeandC.G.Lange,Asymptoticsolutionsforfinitedeformationofthinshellsofrevolutionwith
asmallcircularhole,Quart.Appl.Math.,Vol.45,1987,pp.401417
H.J.Weinitschke,Onuniquenessofaxisymmetricdeformationsofelasticplatesandshells,SIAMJ.Math.
Anal.,Vol.18,1988,pp.680692
H.J.Weinitschke,Stableandunstablemembranesolutionsforshellsofrevolution,Proc.PanAmer.Congr.
ApplMech.(PACAM,RiodeJaneiro,editedbyA.Leissa),1989
H.J.WeinitschkeandH.Grabmller(InstitutfrAngewandteMathematik,UniversittErlangenNrnberg,D
8520,Erlangen,Germany),Recentmathematicalresuitsinthenonlineartheoryofflatandcurvedelastic
membranesofrevolution,JournalofEngineeringMathematics,Vol.26,No.1,1992,pp.159194,
doi:10.1007/BF00043234
ABSTRACT:Thepresentarticlereviewssomerecentdevelopmentsinnonlinearelasticmembranetheorywith
specialemphasisonaxisymmetricdeformationofflatcircularandannularmembranessubjectedtoavertical
surfaceloadandwithprescribedradialstressesorradialdisplacementsattheedges.ThenonlinearFppl
membranetheoryofsmallfinitedeflectionsaswellasasimplifiedversionofReissner'sfiniterotationtheoryis
employed,assuminglinearstressstrainrelations.Themainanalyticaltechniquesarereportedwhichhavebeen
appliedrecentlyinordertodeterminetherangesofthoseboundaryparametersforwhichsolutionsofthe

relevantnonlinearboundaryvalueproblemsexist,andrangesofparametersforwhichtheprincipalstressesare
nonnegativeeverywhere.Concerningplanemembranes,itisshownhowthemathematicaltheoryofexistence
anduniquenesswasnearlycompletedinrecentworksincontrasttocurvedmembraneswherereferencescanbe
giventoratherfewresults.
W.F.Thielemann1960NewDevelopmentsintheNonLinearTheoriesoftheBucklingofThinCylindrical
Shells,AeronauticsandAstronautics,ProceedingsoftheDurandCentennialConferenceheldatStanford
University,August1959,editedbyN.J.HoffandW.G.Vincenti,PergamonPress,p.76.
W.F.Thielemann1962OnthePostsbucklingBehaviorofThinCylindricalShells,CollectedPaperson
InstabilityofShellStructures1962,NationalAeronautics&SpaceAdministrationTechnicalNoteD1510,
December1962,p.203
W.ThielemannandM.Esslinger1964EinflussderRandbedingungenaufdieBeullastvonKreiszylindrschalen,
DerStahlbau,Vol.33,December1964
KonradBasler,BungTsengYen,JohnA.MuellerandBrunoThurlimann(LehighUniversityInstituteof
Research),Webbucklingonweldedplategirders,WeldedPlateGirdersReportNo.25111,1960,
digital.lib.lehigh.edus
ABSTRACT:Theobjectiveofthisinvestigationwastodeterminethepolstbucklingstrengthofthinwebplate
girders.Thedesignoftransverselystiffenedplategirderspresentlyislimitedtogirderswhosewebdepthtoweb
thicknessratiosdonotexceedthevalueof170.Thislimitwasderivedfromthewebbucklingtheory.Butin
discussingtheapplicationofthetheoreticalbucklingformulae,Ref.253,p.415,Timoshenkosuggestsusinga
factorofsafetyofonly1.5.
Mostofthereferenceslistedattheendofthereport.(MostoftheseearlypapersareinGerman.Iincludedthe
Germantitlesonlyinthefirstfewofthe272references.InthemanyotherreferencesIgivethetitlesinEnglish
only,eventhoughthepaperbyBasler,etal.givesthetitlesfirstinGermanandtheninEnglish.Ihadtotypeall
thesereferencesbecauseIcouldnotcutandpaste.Therefore,pleaseexcusetypos.Iskippedafewreferences
eitherbecausetheydidnotapplytobucklingorbecausetheyweresimilartoapreviousreference.Itypedetc.
onalinebyitselfindicatingaskippedreferenceorskippedreferences.)
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(Deriveslocationofmostefficientlongitudinalstiffener.)
etc.
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Vol.25,1939,p.535
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etc.
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etc.
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etc.
77.Greenman,S.andLevy,S.,Bendingwithlargedeflectionofclampedrectangularplatewithlengthwidthratioof1.5under
normalpressure,NACATN853,1942
78.Hampl,M.,Acontributiontothestabilityoflongitudinallystiffenedwebplates,Stahlbau,Vol.10,1937,S.1621
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79.Hartmann,F.,Columnbucklinglateralandplatebuckling(Book),LeipzigundWien,1937,VIIIAbsatz.
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81.Heck,O.S.andEbner,H.,Methodsandformulasforcalculatingthestrengthofplateandshellstructuresasusedinaircraft
design,NACATM785,1936
etc.
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etc.
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128.Leggett,D.M.A.,Ontheelasticstabilityofarectangularplatewhensubjectedtovariableedgethrust,Proceedingsofthe
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129.Leggett,D.M.A.,Thebucklingofasquarepanelundershearwhenonepairofoppositeedgesisclamped,R.&M.No.1991,
1941
130.Levin,L.R.andSandlin,C.W.,Jr.,Strengthanalysisofstiffenedthickbeamwebs,NACATN1820,1949
131.Levy,S.,Bendingofrectangularplateswithlargedeflections,NACATN846,1942
132.Levy,S.,Squareplatewithclampededgesundernormalpressureproducinglargedeflections,NACATN847,1942
133.Levy,S.,Bucklingofrectangularplateswithbuiltinedges,ASMETrans.,Vol.64,1942,p.A171
134.Levy,S.,Largedeflectiontheoryofcurvedsheets,NACATN895,1943
135.Levy,S.,Fienup,K.L.andWoolley,R.M.,Analysisofsquareshearwebabovebucklingload,NACATN962,1945
etc.
138.Lundquist,E.E.,Comparisonofthreemethodsforcalculatingthecompressivestrengthofflatandslightlycurvedsheetsand
stiffenercombination,NACATN455(nodategiven,probablyabout1937)
139.Lundquist,E.E.,Localinstabilityofsymmetricalrectangulartubesunderaxialcompression,NACATN686,Feb.1939
etc.
142.Lundquist,E.E.andStowell,E.Z.,Criticalcompressivestressforoutstandingflanges,NACATN734,1942
143.Lundquist,E.E.andStowell,E.Z.,Restraintprovidedaflatrectangularplatebysturdystiffeneralongtheedgesoftheplate,
NACATN735,1942
144.Lundquiste,E.E.,Stowell,E.Z.andSchuette,E.H.,Principlesofmomentdistributionappliedtostabilityofstructurescomposed
ofbarsorplates:,NACAWRL326,1943
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149.Mayers,J.andBudiansky,B.,Analysisofbehaviorofsimplysupportedflatplatescompressedbeyondthebucklingloadinto
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1948

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stabilitycases.)
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1947
213.Schunk,T.E.,Thesquareplateundershearbeyondbuckling,Ing.Archiv,Vol.17,1949,S.117
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216.Sechler,E.E.,Theultimatestrengthofthinflatsheetsincompression,GuggenheimAeron.Lab.,Calif.Inst.ofTechn.,Publ,
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etc.
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147
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compressionafterbuckling,NACATN2671,1952
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267.Winter,G.,Postbucklingstrengthofplatesinsteeldesign,I.A.B.S.E.,F.Rep.,1952,p.268
268.Young,J.M.andLandau,R.E.,Arationalapproachtothedesignofdeepplategirders,Instn.Civ.Engrs.,Proc.,Pt.1,Vol.4,
1955,p.299
etc.
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FritzLaboratoryReportNo.2481,LehighUniversity,May1958

YechialShulman,Somedynamicandaeroelasticproblemsofplateandshellstructures,Sc.D.Thesis,M.I.T.,
June1959,http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/43279
Thetheoryofthinshellsisexaminedandsomesimplifiedgeneralexpressionsarepresented.Thesereduceto
Donnell'sexpressionsinthecaseofcircularcylindricalshells.Anappropriatevariationalprincipleis
formulatedandthesimilaritytoshallowshelltheoryisshown.TheseresultsandthoseofthemoreexactFlugge
shelltheoryareappliedtotheproblemoffreevibrationofconicalshells.Approximatesolutionsareobtainedby
variationalmethodsusingthevarioustheoriesandvariousdisplacementandstressfunctions.Comparisonofthe
resultsindicatesthatthemethodwhichutilizesalogarithmictransformationoftheaxialcoordinatein
conjunctionwithappropriatedisplacementexpansionmodessatisfyingthegeometricalboundaryconditions
yieldsresultsvalidforboththemembraneandbendingcasesandiscapableofbeingusedtoobtainhigher
approximations.Theresultsrevealthattheinfluenceoftaperonmembraneandbendingfrequenciesofcircular
cylindersisoppositein.nature,theformerbeingincreased,thelatterdecreasedbythetaper.Thegeneral

problemofpanelandshellflutterisreviewedandaphysicalexplanationofthephenomenonisoffered.A
generalformulationisgiven,followedbyamethodofsolutionwhichisnamedhereafterMovchanand
Houbolt,whoapparentlydevelopeditindependently.TheGalerkinmethodisexaminedanditscharacteristics
forthisproblemarediscussed.Thismethodisthenappliedinthesolutionoftheflutterproblemofcylindrical
andconicalshells.Extensivecalculationsindicatethatbytakingaccountofthepreviouslyneglectedaxial
bendingstiffnessoftheshell,thenatureofthefluttermodeisrevealedandminimumflutterspeedsare
obtained,whicharemuchlowerthanthoseobtainedpreviouslyusing'mediumshell'theory.Theeffectoflarge
thermalstressesonthefrequenciesofplatesundergeneralizedsupportconditionsisinvestigated.Itisshown
thatwhereasbeforebucklingoccurstheeffectofarisingtemperatureistodecreasethefrequencies,the
oppositeeffectistrueafterbucklinghastakenplace.
Theroleofthesupportconditionsisstressed.
Referenceslistedattheendofthethesis:

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17.Mushtari,Kh.,andSachenkov,A.V.,"StabilityofCylindricalandConicalShellsofCircularCrossSection,withSimultaneous
ActionofAxialCompressionandExternalNormalPressure",NACATM1433,1958.
18.Ramakrishna,B.S.,"TransientResponseofSpeakersandVibrationsofConicalShells",Ph.D.Thesis,Ill.Inst.ofTech.1949.
19.Partridge,G.R.,"ModesofVibrationsofaLoudspeakerCone",Ph.D.Thesis,Yale,1950.
20.Jahnke,E.,andEmde,F.,"TablesofFunctions",DoverPublications,N.Y.,1945.
21Bisplinghoff,R.L.,Ashley,H.,andHalfman,R.L.,"Aeroelasticity",AddisonWesley,Cambridge,1955.
22Sylvester,M.A.,andBaker,J.E.,"SomeExperimentalStudiesofPanelFlutteratMachNumber1.3",NACATN3914,1957.
23Eisley,J.G.,"TheFlutterofaTwoDimensionalBuckledPlatewithClampedEdgesinaSupersonicFlow",AFOSRTN56296,
1956.
24Mitchell,D.H.,"FlutterofaBuckledPlate",S.M.Thesis,M.I.T.,1957.
25MartinCo.DynamicsResearchStaff,"FlutterofThinPanelsatSubsonicandSupersonicSpeeds",AFOSRTR5765,1957.
26Jordan,P.F.,ThePhysicalNatureofPanelFlutter",AeroDigest,pp.3438,February1956.
27Miles,J.W.,"DynamicChordwiseStabilityatSupersonicSpeeds",NorthAmericanAviationRep.AL1140,1950.

28Shen,S.F.,"FlutterofaTwoDimensionalSimplySupportedUniformPanelinaSupersonicStream",MITASRLRep.No.25.10,
1952.
29Nelson,H.C.,andCunningham,H.J.,"TheoreticalInvestigationofFlutterofTwoDimensionalFlatPanelswithOneSurface
ExposedtoSupersonicPotentialFlow",NACARep.1280,1956.
30.Goland,M.,andLuke,Y.L.,'AnExactSolutionforTwoDimensionalLinearPanelFlutteratSupersonicSpeeds",JAS,21,4,pp.
275276,1954.
31.Hedgepeth,J.M.,"FlutterofRectangularSimplySupportedPanelsatHighSupersonicSpeeds",JAS,24,8,pp.563573,1957.
32.Eisley,J.G.,"TheFlutterofSimplySupportedRectangularPlatesinSupersonicFlow",AFOSRTN55236,1955.
33.Luke,Y.L.,andSt.John,A.,"SupersonicPanelFlutter",WADCTR57252,1957.
34.Movchan,A.A.,"Obustoichivostipaneli,dvizhushcheisiavgaze",(OntheStabilityofaPanelMovinginaGas),Prikladnaia
MatematikaiMekhanika,21,2,1957.(RecentlytranslatedandissuedasNASARE112158W).
35.Houbolt,J.C.,StudyofSeveralAerothermoelasticProblemsofAircraftStructures",DoctoralThesis,E.T.H.,Zurich,1958.
36.Ashley,H.,andZartarian,G.,PistonTheoryANewAerodynamicToolfortheAeroelastician"JAS,23,12,pp.11091118,
1956.
37.Pines,S.,"AnElementaryExplanationoftheFlutterMechanism",ProceedingsoftheNationalSpecialists'MeetingonDynamics
andAeroelasticity,LAS,pp.5258,November1958.
38.Stepanov,R.D.,"OntheFlutterofCylindricalShellsandPanelsMovinginaFlowofGas",NACATM1438,1958.
39.Movchan,A.A.,"0kolebaniiakhplactinkidvizhushcheisiavgaze",(OnVibrationsofaPlateMovinginaGas),Prikladnaia
MatematikaiMekhanika,20,2,1956.(RecentlytranslatedandissuedasNASAREll2258w).
40.Fung,Y.C.,"OnPanelFlutter",JAS,25,3,pp.145160,1958.
41.Miles,J.W.,"OntheAerodynamicStabilityofThinPanels",JAS,23,8,pp.771780,1956.
42.Miles,J.W.,"Supe,rsonicPanelFlutterofaCylindricalShell",JAS24,2,pp.107118,1957.Also,"SupersonicFlutterofa
CylindricalShellII",JAS,25,5,pp.312316,1958.
43Leonard,R.W.,andHedgepeth,J.M.,"OnPanelFlutterandDivergenceofInfinitelyLongUnstiffenedandRingStiffenedThin
WalledCircularCylinders",NACARep.1302,1957.
44Kopzon,G.I.,"VibrationofThinWalledElasticBodiesinaGasFlow",DokladyANUSSR,107,2,pp.217220,1956.Also
"VibrationsofaShallowWingShellina
GasFlow",Doklady,ANUSSR,107,3,pp.377380,1956.
45Holt,M.,"AerodynamicForcesonaCylindricalShellinPanelFlutter",AFOSRTN58974,1958.
46Murnaghan,F.D.,"IntroductiontoAppliedMathematics",JohnWileyandSons,N.Y.,1948.
47Flax,A.H.,"AeroelasticProblemsatSupersonicSpeeds",Proceedingsofthe2ndInternationalAeronauticalConference,N.Y.,pp.
322359,1949.
48Wielandt,H.,"TheMethodofIterationforNonSe1fAdjointLinearEigenvalueProblems",AerodynamischeVersuchsansta1t
Goettingen,1943.TranslationpublishedbytheMinistryofAircraftProduction,GreatBritain,asMAPVG155.
49Nielsen,J.M.,"QuasiCylindricalTheoryofWingBody~nterferenceatSupersonicSpeedsandComparisonwithExperiment",
NACARep.1252,1955.
50Hayes,W.O.,"ABuckledPlateinaSupersonicStream",NorthAmericanAviationReportAL1029,1950.
51Love,A.E.H.,"ATreatiseontheMathematicalTheoryofElasticity",FourthEdition,DoverPublications,N.Y.,1944.
52V1asov,V.S.,"BasicDifferentialEquationsinGeneralTheoryofElasticShells",NACATM1241,1951.
53Timoshenko,S.,"TheoryofPlatesandShells",McGrawHill,N.Y.,1940.
54.Go1denveiser,A.L.,"Teoriauprugikhtonkikhobolochek",(TheoryofElasticThinShells),Gosizdattekhnikoteoretich.literatury,
Moscow,1953.
55.Leonard,R.W.,andHedgepeth,J.M.,"OntheFlutterofInfinitelyLongPanelsonManySupports",JAS,24,5,pp.381383,1957.
56.Bisplinghoff,R.L.,andPian,T.H.H.,"OntheVibrationsofThermallyBuckledBarsandPlates",Proceedingsofthe9th
InternationalCongressofAppliedMechanics,Brussels,Belgium,Vol.VII,September1956,pp.307318.
57.Gale,A.P.,"AFurtherStudyoftheVibrationsofaThermallyBuckledPlate",S.M.Thesis,M.I.T.,Feb.1957.
58.Massonnet,Ch.,"LesRelationsentrelesModesNormauxdeVibrationetlaStabilitedesSysteinesElastiques",BulletindesCours
etdesLaboratoiresd'EssaisdesConstructionsduGenieCivil,UniversitedeLiege,Vol.1,1940.
59.Lurie,H.,"LateralVibrationsasRelatedtoStructuralStability",JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.19,No.2,June1952,pp.195
204.
60.Bleich,F.,"BucklingStrengthofMetalStructures",McGrawHill,N.Y.,1952.
61.Lundquist,E.E.,andStowell,E.Z.,"CriticalCompressiveStressforFlatRectangularPlatesSupportedAlongallEdgesand
ElasticallyRestrainedAgainstRotationAlongtheUnloadedEdges",NACATR733,1942.

62.Hearmon,R.F.S.,"TheFrequencyofVibrationofRectangularIsotropicPlates",JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.19,No.3,
September1952,pp.402403.
63.Iguchi,S.,"DieEigenwerteProblemefurdieElastischeRechteckigePlatte",MemoirsoftheFacultyofEngineering,Hokkaido
ImperialUniversity,Vol.4,1938,p.305.

B.Budiansky,Bucklingofclampedshallowsphericalshells,inTheTheoryofThinElasticShells(Proc.
IUZTAMShellSymp.,Delft,1959,editedbyW.T.Koiter),NorthHolland,Amsterdam,1960,pp.6494
B.BudianskyandJ.L.Sanders,Jr.,Onthebestfirstorderlinearshelltheory,ProgressinAppliedMechanics
(ThePragerAnniversaryVolume,editedbyD.Drucker),Macmillan,1963,pp.129140
B.Budiansky,Notesonnonlinearshelltheory,ASMEJ.ofAppl.Mech.,Vol.99,1968,pp.393401
K.N.Tong,Creepbucklingofhemisphericalcoppershells,AnnualReport,1959,osti.gov
B.M.Broude,Principlesofthestabilitycalculationsofthinshells,NASATechnicalTranslation,1959
N.A.Alfutov,Onthedependenceoftheuppercriticalpressureofacylindricalshellontheboundary
conditionsforthe,NASAtechnicaltranslation,1959
C.E.Turner(ImperialCollegeofScienceandTechnology,LondonS.W.7.),Stressanddeflectionstudiesof
flatplateandtoroidalexpansionbellows,subjectedtoaxial,eccentricorinternalpressureloading,ARCHIVE:
JournalofMechanicalEngineeringScience19591982(vols123),Vol.1,no.1,1959,pp.130143
R.T.ShieldAndD.C.Drucker(BrownUnivProvidenceRhodeIsland),DesignOfThinWalledTorispherical
AndToriconicalPressureVesselHeads,Report0497242,ContractNONR56210,July1960,
proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD242794
E.F.Masur,etal,Onthetheoryofelasticinstability,andappliedmechanics:proceedingsofthe,1960,
Springer
PaulSeide,TheStabilityUnderAxialCompressionAndLateralPressureOfACircularCylindricalShell
WithAnElasticCore,TRWSpaceTechnologyLabs,LosAngeles,California,1March1960
ABSTRACT:Thestabilityunderaxialcompressionoionandlateralprpressureofafiniteciircularcylindrical
shellwithanelasticcoreistreatedbymeansofDonnell'sequations.Forlateralpressureitisfoundthata
previoussolutiontreatingthecylinderasaringoralongcylinderisadequateforawiderangeofcombinations
oflengthradiusratio,radiusthicknessratio,andratioofmoduliofcoreandcylinder.Resultsforaxial
compressionareincludedforcompletenessandtocorrectapreviousanalysisofthesameproblem.
B.O.Almroth,etal,Bucklingofacylindricalshellofarbitrarylengthunderacircumferentialbandof
pressure,1960,osti.gov
D.O.BrushandB.O.Almroth(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLab),Onthemidsurfacestraindisplacement
relationsinthinshellbucklingandlargedeflectionanalysis,April1961,
DTICAccessionNumber:AD0256268

D.O.BrushandB.O.Almroth(LockheedMissilesandSpaceCo.,PaloAlto,California,USA),Bucklingof
corestabilizedcylindersunderaxiallysymmetricalexternalloads,(publisherorreportnumbernotgiven),
January1962,DTICAccessionNumber:AD0610266
ABSTRACT:Anequationisderivedfortheelasticstabilityofacircularcylindricalshellwhichisfilledwitha
softelasticcoreandissubjectedtogeneralaxiallysymmetricallateralpressurecombinedwithacentralaxial
force.Numericalresultsaregivenforthreelateralpressuredistributionsofinterestinrocketmotorcase
analysis:Uniformpressure,linearlyvaryingpressure,andacircumferentialbandofpressurelocatedatan
arbitrarydistancefromoneendofthecylinder.Comparisonismadewithresultsofprevioustheoreticaland
experimentalinvestigations,whereavailable.
Almroth,B.O.(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,PaloAlto,California,USA)Bucklingofa
cylindricalshellsubjectedtononuniformexternalpressure,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.29,No.4,pp.
675682,December1962,DOI:10.1115/1.3640653
ABSTRACT:Abucklinganalysisispresentedforacircularcylindricalshellsubjectedtononuniformexternal
pressure.Thegeneralapproachisnotrestrictedwithrespecttothedistributionofthelateralpressure.However,
thefinalformulationisspecializedforthecaseinwhichthepressuredistributionisoftheformp=p0+p1
cos(phi)withinacentrallylocatedcircumferentialband.Inthebucklinganalysisthestabilitycriterionisbased
ontheprincipleofminimumpotentialenergy,andtheRayleighRitzprocedureisusedtoexpandthe
displacementcomponentsintrigonometricseries.Bucklingpressuresarecomputedintermsofnondimensional
parametersandarepresentedingraphicalform.
Almroth,B.O.(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,PaloAlto,California,USA)Postbucklingbehavior
ofaxiallycompressedcircularcylinders,AIAAJ.Vol.1,1963,pp.630633
Almroth,B.O.andBrush,D.O.,Postbucklingbehaviorofpressureorcorestabilizedcylindersunderaxial
compression,AIAAJ.,Vol.1,No.10,1963,pp.23382341
B.O.Almroth(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLab),OntheBucklingofCircularCylindersSubjectedtoAxial
Compression,DTICAccessionNumber:AD0742472
ABSTRACT:Thepostbucklingbehaviorofacircularcylindricalshellsubjectedtoaxialcompressionis
considered.Becauseofnumericaldifficulties,previousanalysesofthisproblemhavebeenseverelyrestricted
anddonotyieldquantitativelysatisfactoryresults.Themostaccuratesuchanalysisgivesaminimum
postbucklingloadthatisapproximatelythreetimeshigherthancorrespondingtestvalues.Inthepresent
analysis,thenumberoffreeconstantsinthedisplacementfunctionhasbeenconsiderablyincreased,andthe
computedminimumpostbucklingloadisincloseagreementwithavailabletestresults.Additionaltestsare
suggestedtosupporttheestablishmentofabucklingcriterionwhich,togetherwiththepresentlycomputed
postbucklingcurve,couldserveasasoundbasisforthedesignofcylindersunderaxialcompression.
E.V.Pittner,Astatisticalanalysisofaxiallyloadedcylinderbuckling,Generalresearchinflightsciences,
January1959,1960(osti.gov)

D.G.Ashwell,Onthelargedeflectionofasphericalshellwithaninwardpointload,Proceedingsofthe
IUTAMSymposiumontheTheoryofThinElasticShells,W.T.Koiter,editor,NorthHolland,Amsterdam,
1960,pp.4363
T.H.H.Pian,Dynamicresponseofthinshellstructures,Proc.2ndSymp.OnNavalStructuralMech.,
Pergamon,1960
W.F.Thielemann,Newdevelopmentsinthenonlineartheoriesofthebucklingofthincylindricalshells,
AeronauticsandAstronautics,1960
V.V.Bolotin,StatisticalMethodsInTheNonLinearTheoryOfElasticShells,GeneralDynamics,
Astronautics,SandDiego,California,September1960,DTICAccessionNumber:AD0677083,seealso:
NASATTF85(TranslationofapaperpresentedataseminarintheInstituteofMechanicsoftheAcademyof
SciencesoftheUSSR,1957),1962
ABSTRACT:Thecorrectsolutionoftheproblemofhazardousloadsmaybeobtainedonlybymeansof
statisticalmethods.Theconsiderablediscrepancybetweentheexperimentalvaluesofthecriticalloadsis
explainedbythefactthatthevalueofthelatterisverysensitivetoinitialdeformations,defectsinthe
preparationandattachment,andtononuniformitiesofloading,etc.Inturn,thefactorsmentionedhavean
accidentalcharacterandaresubjecttosomestatisticallaws.Knowingthelawsofthedistributionofthese
accidentalfactors,onecanestablishlawsofthedistributionoftheparameterscharacteristicofthedeformed
stateoftheshell.Theproblemoftheengineeringcalculationoftheshellisthenreducedtothedeterminationof
theloadvaluesatwhichtheprobabilityof'buckling'(orofthehazardousstatedeterminedinanyarbitrary
sense)doesnotexceedsomepreviouslyestablishedvalueforagivenconstruction.Thestatisticalapproach
servesalsoasabasisforthecorrectinterpretationoftheexperimentalresultsandofthetabulationoftheresults
ofdifferentauthors.
H.Langhaar,Bucklingofacylindricalshellsubjectedtoexternalpressure,OsterreichishesIngenieurArchiv,
1960
H.Langhaar(1),A.Boresi(1),L.Marcus(2)andG.Love(2)
(1)DepartmentofTheoreticalandAppliedMechanics,UniversityofIllinois,Urbana,Ill.
(2)AllisonDivisionofGeneralMotors,Indianapolis,Ind.
BucklingofaLongFiberWoundCylindricalShellDuetoStressesCausedbyWindings,JournalofApplied
Mechanics,Vol.32,No.1,pp.8186,March1965,DOI:10.1115/1.3625789
ABSTRACT:Thecollapseofacylindricalshellduetotightfiberwindingsisinvestigatedtheoreticallyand
experimentally.BucklingintheinfinitesimalsenseofEulerappearstobepossible,ifthefibersarenotbonded
welltotheshell.PerhapsmoresignificantthantheEulercriticalloadisadangeroussnapthroughconditionthat
maydevelop.
A.P.Coppa(MissileandSpaceDivision,GeneralElectricCo,Philadelphia,PA),Onthemechanismof
bucklingofacircularcylindricalshellunderlongitudinalimpact,TenthInternationalCongressofApplied
Mechanics,1960,DTICAccessionNumber:AD0438856

CONTENTS:StressesDueToImpact;ImpactByanInfiniteMabs:Initiationofinstability,Criticallengthfor
inextensionalbuckling,Postbucklingbehavior,Secondarybuckling,Effectofinternalpressure;ImpactBya
FiniteMass:Instability,Postbucklingbehavoir,Secondarybuckling;andExperimentalbucklingbehavior:
Bucklingattheimpactedend,Inextensionalnatureofbuckling,andChangeofbucklepatternduring
postbuckling.
AnthonyP.CoppaandW.A.Nash(GeneralElectricCo.MissilesandSpaceDivision,Philadelphia,PA),
Dynamicbucklingofshellstructuressubjecttolongitudinalimpact,
DTICAccessionNumber:AD0610514,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD610514
ABSTRACT:Experimentalandtheoreticalstudiesofthebucklingandcollapseofcircularcylindricaland
conicalshellsunderlongitudinalimpactaredescribed.Variousconditionsofloadingwereinvestigatedsuchas
impactwithrigid,fluid,andgranularmedia,andsucheffectsasinitialgeometricalimperfections,edgesupport,
andloadingasymmetrywereincluded.Inaddition,theeffectofaxialimpactatvelocitiesupto391ft/seconthe
bucklingofthincylindricalshellswasstudiedexperimentally.Finally,threeproblems,relatingtothe
experimentswerestudiedtheoretically:(1)thedynamicbucklingofacircularcylindricalshellsubjecttoan
exialloadingwhichvarieslinearlywithtime,usingthenonlineartheory,(2)dynamicbucklingofacircular
cylindricalshellsubjecttoaconstantvelocityenddisplacement,includingtheeffectsofplasticityand
incorporatingextremelylargedeflections,and(3)theinextensionalshorteningandcollapsemodesofconical
shellsforthecompleterangeofendshortening.
A.P.Coppa, Measurementofinitialgeometricalimperfectionsofcylindricalshells(Imperfectionmapsof
cylindricalshellsurfacemeasuredwithapparatusconsistingofreferencesurface,rotatingmountingplate,
oscillograph,lowpressuredisplacementtransducer,etc),AIAAJournal,Vol.4,January1966,pp.172175
A.P.Coppa,Effectofendconditionsonbucklingofcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompressionimpact,Test
MethodsforCompressionMembers,ASTMSTP419,Am.Soc.TestingMats.,1967,p.115
PARTIALABSTRACT:Experimentallyobservedeffectsofedgeconditionsonthebucklingbehaviorof
cylindricalshellsunderaxialcompressionimpactarepresented.Threeeffectsarediscussed,namely,thosedue
to(1)inwardradialdisplacementrestraintoftheshellwall,(2)asymmetryoftheappliedloadingresultingfrom
obliquitybetweentheimpactplateandtheendcrosssectionplaneoftheshell,and(3)impactvelocity
J.M.T.Thompson(DepartmentofEngineering,UniversityofCambridge),Makingofthinmetalshellsfor
modelstressanalysis,JournalMechanicalEngineeringScience,Vol.2,No.2,1960,pp.105108,
doi:10.1243/JMES_JOUR_1960_002_019_02
JosephKempner,Unifiedthinshelltheory,PolytechnicInstituteofBrooklyn,NY,March1960,
DTICAccessionNumber:AD0689144
ABSTRACT:Structuralcomponentswhichhaveonedimensionverymuchsmallerthantheothercharacteristic
dimensionsarewidelyusedinmanyfieldsofengineering.Suchplateandshellstructureshavereceivedwide
attentionintheliterature.Quiteoftenacomplexreinforcedshellcanberepresentedbyanequivalent
unreinforcedanisotropicshellwhichunderappropriateconditionscanbeconsideredtobeofanorthotropic
material.Withveryfewexceptions,problemsinvolvingsmalldeformations,largedeformations,andbuckling
aretreatedseparatelywiththeinterrelationofthesethreeareasoftheorynotclearlyrevealed.Itisthepurpose
ofthesenotestopresentinaconcisemanneratheoryofthinshellswhich,whilerevealingtheessentialunityof

thewholeofshelltheory,stillretainsmuchofthesimplicityaffordedbytheacceptanceoftheusual
assumptions.ThegeneralmathematicalapproachdescribedbyNovozhilovforproblemsofnonlinearelasticity
isappliedinthepresentdevelopment.
JosephKempner,Someresultsonbucklingandpostbucklingofcylindricalshells,inCollectedPaperson
InstabilityofShellStructures,NASATNDF1510,December1962,pp.173186
JosephKempner(PolytechnicInstituteofBrooklyn,NewYork,USA),Investigationofplatesandshellsunder
externalloadingandelevatedtemperatures,FinalReport,PIBALReportNo.664,April1963
DTICAccessionNumber:AD0407886,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD407886
ABSTRACT:Thestudiesbrieflydescribedstemfromcontinuinginvestigationsofplatesandshellsunder
externalloadingandelevatedtemperatures,andincludeproblemsofspecialinteresttodesignersofmissilesand
aircraft.Chapter1presentstheresultsofinvestigationsoftheeffectsofcreepinstructures,withparticular
emphasisonthebendingofcircularplates.Chapter2outlinestheworkperformedonheatconductionproblems
usingBiot'svariationalmethod.Chapter3discussestheproblemofthebuckling(smalldeflectiontheory)and
postbuckling(largedeflectiontheory)ofnoncircular(oval)cylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression.Chapter
4describesworkontheanalysisoftheeffectsofconcentratedloadsappliedtoreinforcingframesoffiniteand
infinitelylongcircularcylindricalshells.Chapter5discussestheresultsobtainedfromtheanalysisofthe
dynamicresponseofplasticsphericalshells.
Reynolds,ThomasE.,InelasticLobarBucklingofCylindricalShellsunderExternalHydrostaticPressure,
DavidW.TaylorModelBasin,Report1392,Aug1960.
T.E.Reynolds,Elasticlobarbucklingofringsupportedcylindricalshellsunderhydrostaticpressure,David
TaylorModelBasinReport1614,September1962
J.P.Peterson,Correlationofthebucklingstrengthofpressurizedcylindersincompressionorbendingwith
structuralparameters,NASA,1960
M.E.Lunchick,PlasticityresearchonsubmarinepressurehullsconductedattheDavidTaylorModelBasin,
,RhodeIsland,April57,1960(SymposiumPublicationsDivision)
J.M.Alexander,AnApproximateAnalysisOfTheCollapseOfThinCylindricalShellsUnderAxial
Loading,QuarterlyJ.MechanicsandAppliedMath,Vol.13,No.1,1960,pp.1015,
doi:10.1093/qjmam/13.1.10
ABSTRACT:Anapproximatetheoryfortheprocessisderived,leadingtoasolutionofthetypeP=Ct1.5D,
wherePisthecollapseload,ttheshellthickness,Dtheshelldiameter,andCaconstantforanygivenmaterial.
Goodagreementisexhibitedbetweenthisrelationshipandexperimentalresults.
Anonymous,RecentAdvancesInTheBucklingOfThinShells.JournaloftheAmericanSocietyforNaval
Engineers,Vol.72,No.3,August1960,pp.527532.doi:10.1111/j.15593584.1960.tb02397.x

M.Kuranishi,Anapproachtotherealbucklingstressofthincylindricalshellsunderaxialcompressiveload,
Proc.ofthesymposiumonthetheory,1960,NorthHollandPub.Co.
NicholasJ.Hoff,BucklingofThinShells,ProceedingsofanAerospaceScientificSymposiumof
DistinguishedLecturersinhonorofTheodorevonKrmnonhis80thAnniversary,InstituteoftheAerospace
Sciences,NewYork,p.1,May11,1961
ABSTRACT:Ahistoricreviewofthedevelopmentofourideasonbucklingispresented.Itcontinueswitha
reportofworkonthestabilityofthinshellsnowunderwayatStanfordUniversity.Theresultsobtainedsofar
inthisinvestigationcanbepresentedunderthreeheadings:First,anewsolutionisfoundtotheclassicalsmall
deflectionequationsoftestabilityofthinwalledcircularcylindricalshells.Thesecondpartdealswiththe
largedisplacementsdevelopingwhenthethincircularcylindricalshellsuddenlysnapsthroughintoapolyhedral
buckledshapeoftendesignatedasthediamondshape.Inthefinalpartthetransmissionoftheaxialloadthrough
thefullybuckledcircularcylindricalshellisstudied.
H.D.Conway(CornellUniversity,Ithaca,N.Y.),TheBending,Buckling,andFlexuralVibrationofSimply
SupportedPolygonalPlatesbyPointMatching,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.28,No.2,pp.288291,
June1961,DOI:10.1115/1.3641670
ABSTRACT:Thebendingbyuniformlateralloading,bucklingbytwodimensionalhydrostaticpressure,and
theflexuralvibrationsofsimplysupportedpolygonalplatesareinvestigated.Themethodofmeetingthe
boundaryconditionsatdiscretepoints,togetherwiththeMarcusmembraneanalog[1],isfoundtobevery
advantageous.Numericalexamplesincludethecalculationofthedeflectionsandmoments,andbucklingloads
oftriangularsquare,andhexagonalplates.Aspecialtechniqueisthengiven,wherebytheboundaryconditions
areexactlysatisfiedalongoneedge,andanexampleofthebucklingofanisosceles,rightangledtriangleplate
isanalyzed.Finally,thefrequencyequationfortheflexuralvibrationsofsimplysupportedpolygonalplatesis
showntobethesameasthatforbucklingunderhydrostaticpressure,andnumericalresultscanbewrittenby
analogy.Allnumericalresultsagreewellwiththeexactsolutions,wherethelatterareknown.
R.W.Leonard,Nonlinearfirstapproximationthinshellandmembranetheory,NASATech.Report,NASA
Langley,1961
Seide,P.andWeingarten,V.I.,Onthebucklingofcircularcylindricalshellsunderpurebending,
TransactionsoftheASME,SeriesE,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.28,No.1,March1961,pp.112116,
DOI:10.1115/1.3640420
ABSTRACT:Thestabilityofcircularcylindricalshellsunderpurebendingisinvestigatedbymeansof
Batdorf'smodifiedDonnell'sequationandtheGalerkinmethod.Theresultshaveshownthatcontrarytothe
commonlyacceptedvalue,themaximumcriticalbendingstressisforallpracticalpurposesequaltothecritical
compressivestress.
Seide,P.,Thestabilityunderaxialcompressionandlateralpressureofcircularcyloindricalshellswithasoft
elasticcore,J.Aero.Sci.,Vol.29,No.7,1962,pp.851862
Weingarten,V.I.,Morgan,E.J.andSeide,P.,Elasticstabilityofthinwalledcylindricalandconicalshells
underaxialcompression,AIAAJ.,Vol.3,No.3,March1965

Weingarten,V.I.,Freevibrationofringstiffenedconicalshells,AIAAJournal,Vol.3,No,8,1965,pp.1475
1481
Hill,R.,Bifurcationanduniquenessinnonlineaermechanicsofcontinua,inMuskhelishviliVolume,Soc.Int.
Appl.Math.,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania,pp.95102(1961)
T.B.Benjamin,Dynamicsofasystemofarticulatedpipesconveyingfluid,PartIandPartII,Proceedingsof
theRoyalSocietyofLondon,Vol.261,1961,pp.457499
M.HoltandS.L.Strack,Supersonicpanelflutterofacylindricalshelloffinitelength,Journalofthe
AerospaceSciences,Vol.28,1961,pp.197208
R.K.Penny(CentralElectricityResearchLaboratories,Leatherhead,Surrey,UK),Symmetricbendingofthe
generalshellofrevolutionbyfinitedifferencemethods,ARCHIVE:JournalofMechanicalEngineering
Science19591982(vols123),Vol.3,1961,pp.369377,doi:10.1243/JMES_JOUR_1961_003_049_02
(Abstractsecuredtosubscribers)
HiroichiOhira1961LocalBucklingTheoryofAxiallyCompressedCylinders,ProceedingsofTheEleventh
JapanNationalCongressforAppliedMechanics,p.37.
HiroichiOhira1962BoundaryValueProblemsofAxiallyCompressedCircularCylinders,Symposiumfor
StructuresandStrength,JapanSocietyforAeronautical&SpaceSciences,February1962.
HiroichiOhira1963LinearLocalBucklingTheoryofAxsiallyCompressedCylindersandVarious
Eigenvalues,ProceedingsoftheFifthInternationalSymposiumonSpaceTechnology&Science,Tokyo,p.
511.
HiroichiOhira1964LocalBucklingTheoryforanAxiallyCompressedCircularCylinderofFiniteLength,
ProceedingsoftheFourteenthJapanNationalCongressforAppliedMechanics,(inshortenedJapanesepreprint
formonly;completeEnglishtranslationoffinalpublicationsenttotheauthorinmanuscriptforminOctober
1965).
HiroichiOhira1965LocalBucklingofCircularCylindersofFiniteLengthduetoAxialCompressionandthe
EffectsofEdgeConstraint,presentedattheFifteenthJapanNationalCongressforAppliedMechanics,Sept.8,
1965,andtobepublishedintheProceedings.(ConsiseJapanesesummaryandasetofthefiguressenttothe
authorinOctober1965.)
BengtDahlberg(SwedishInstituteforTextileResearch,Gothenburg,Sweden),PartII,Buckling,Textile
ResearchJournal,Vol.31,No.2,February1961,9499,doi:10.1177/004051756103100202
ABSTRACT:Inthispart,amethodformeasuringplateandshellbucklingoffabricsisdescribed.Thesame
instrumentcanalsobeusedtomeasureextensioncompressionintheplaneofthefabric.Theinstrument
consistsofanattachmenttotheInstronTensileTester,andcompleteloaddeformationcurvesareobtained.

Johns,D.J.,Houghton,D.S.andebber,J.P.H.,Bucklingduetothermalstressofcylindricalshellssubjectedto
axialtemperaturedistributions,COAReport147,May1961,CranfieldUniversityCERESSchoolof
Engineering,CollegeofAeronauticsReports,http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8847
ABSTRACT:Thermalstressdistributionsinuniformcircularcylindricalshellsduetoaxialtemperature
distributionsareinvestigated.Thediscontinuityeffectduetothepresenceofacoolerstiffeningbulkheadis
considered,andthepossibilityofthermalbucklingoftheshellduetothecircumferentialdiscontinuitystressis
examined.ThebucklinganalysisisbasedonDonnell'sshellequation,andparticularattentionisgiventoshells
havingclampededges.Anexperimentalinvestigationofthisbucklingproblemisdiscussed,andtheresults
obtainedareseentoagreereasonablywellwiththeory.
JoelLindberg,BengtBehre,andBengtDahlberg(SwedishInstituteforTextileResearch,Gothenburg,
Sweden),PartIII:ShearingandBucklingofVariousCommercialFabrics,TextileResearchJournal,Vol.31,
No.2,February1961,pp.99122,doi:10.1177/004051756103100203
ABSTRACT:LoaddeformationcurvesobtainedbythemethodsforshearingandbucklingdescribedinPartI
andIIareanalyzedanddiscussed.Parametersobtainedfromthesecurvesaregivenfor66commercialfabrics
coveringanextremerange.Differentfabricsshowwidelydifferentvaluesfortheparametersobtainedfrom
bothshearingandbucklingcurves.Itisfurthershownthatthereexistcloserelationshipsbetweensimple
deformationslikeshearingandplanebucklingandcomplexdeformationslikebucklingofcorrugatedfabric
shells.Theformabilityofafabricisdefinedasthemaximumcompressionafabriccantakeupbeforeit
buckles,givenacertaingeometricarrangement.Theformabilityparitydeterminesthetailorabilityandthe
creasepatternoffabrics.Theformabilityisdependentonfabricdirection,anditisshownthattheintegrated
formabilityshouldberelatedtotheproductofbucklingloadandshearangle.Atheoreticalanalysisof
formabilityisgiven,anditisshownthatitcanbeexpressedastheproductofananisotropyratioandthesquare
ofthefabricthickness.Itisfurthershownthattheshellbucklingloaddependsonboththeplanebucklingload
andtheshearangle,insuchawaythatincreasingshearangleleadstodecreasingshellbucklingload.Itis
shownthatcombinationofhighformabilityandlowshellbucklingloadgenerallyisattainedbycombining
relativelyhighthicknesswithlowbendingmodulus.Itisalsoshownthatwoolfabricsgenerallyhavethis
combinationofproperties.Afabricmapisgivenforallthecommercialfabrics.Eachfabrichasacertain
positiononthemapdependentonbendingstiffness(whichiscloselyrelatedtobucklingload)andshearangle.
Attentionisgiventotherelationbetweencreasingbehavioroffabricsandfabricproperties.Thereisacertain
relationbetweencreaserecoveryangleandformabilityandagoodrelationbetweenthisangleandthe
noncyclicalenergylossinshellbuckling.Thehypothesisthatrecoverypropertiesdependmainlyonthe
interactionwithinthefabricbetweenfrictionalforcesandelasticforcesofthefibersisputforward.Theenergy
lossfollowinganyfabricdeformationdependsmainlyonfriction.Thepermanentdeformationisprobablydue
tothefactthattheelasticforcesofthefiberscannotovercomethefriction.Bymeansofarheologicalmodelit
isshownhowfrictionandfiberstiffnessmayinteractinafabric.Itisshownthatthestiffnessvalueshouldbe
thatobtainedatinfinitelyslowloadingofthefiber.
Babcock,CharlesD.(1962)Thebucklingofcylindricalshellswithaninitialimperfectionunderaxial
compressionloading,Dissertation(Ph.D.),CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.
http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd02242004151013
ABSTRACT:Anexperimentalandtheoreticalinvestigationoftheeffectofaspecifictypeofinitial
imperfectiononthebucklingloadofacircularcylindricalshellunderaxialcompressionloadingwascarried

out.Theimperfectionstudiedwasaxiallysymmetricinshapeandhadtheformofahalfsinewaveinthelength
direction.Bothinwardandoutwardbowingimperfectionswereconsidered.Theexperimentswerecarriedout
withshellsfabricatedbyacopperelectroformingprocess.Theshellshadnolongitudinalseamsandhad
unintendedimperfectionsoftheorderofthewallthickness.Thebucklingstressfortheintendedimperfection
studiedwasonlyslightlyinfluencedoveraconsiderablerangeofimperfectionamplitudes.Thetheoretical
solutionlocatedthebifurcationpointsoftheprebuckledaxiallysymmetricstate.Thesolutionshowedthat
outwardbowingshellsshouldhavethesamebucklingstressasaperfectcylindricalshellandinwardbowing
shellsshouldhavealowerbucklingstressthantheperfectcylinder.
C.D.BabcockandE.E.Sechler,Effectofinitialimperfectionsonthebucklingstressofcylindricalshells,
1962,pp.135142(publishernotgivenintheProQuestCSAfile)
W.NachbarandN.J.Hoff,Ontheedgebucklingofaxiallycompressedcircularcylindricalshells,Quarterly
Appl.Math.,Vol.XX,No.3,October1962,p.267
Humphreys,J.andS.Bodner,Dynamicbucklingofshallowshellsunderimpulsiveloads,J.Eng.Mech.Div.
Proc.ASCE,Vol.88,No.EM2,April1962
Lee,L.H.N.,"InelasticBucklingofInitiallyImperfectCylindricalShellsSubjecttoAxialCompression,"
JournalofAerospaceSciences,Vol.29,1962,pp.8795.
L.H.N.Lee,Effectsofmodesofinitialimperfectionsonstabilityofcylindricalshellsunderaxial
compression,1962,pp.143161(publishernotgivenintheProQuestCSAfile)
J.C.Yao,Bucklingofaxiallycompressedlongcylindricalshellwithelasticcore,J.Appl.Mech.29(1962),pp.
329334,DOI:10.1115/1.3640550
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsatheoreticalsolutiontotheproblemofdeterminingthebuckling
characteristicsofanaxiallycompressed,long,cylindricalshellwhichcontainsasolidorelasticcorewitha
moduluslowerthanthatoftheshell.Thebucklingmodeisassumedtobesinusoidalinboththeaxialand
circumferentialdirections,withthebellowsmodetakenasaspecialcase.Numericalresultsareobtainedforthe
bucklingcharacteristicsofcylinderswithsolidcores.TheseresultsarefoundsimilartothoseofP.Seide,who
consideredthebellowsbucklingmode.
J.C.Yao(AerospaceCorporation,LosAngeles,Calif.),LargeDeflectionAnalysisofBucklingofaCylinder
UnderBending,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.29,No.4,pp.708714,December1962
DOI:10.1115/1.3640658
ABSTRACT:Atheoreticalstudyismadeonthelocalovalingofarelativelythicktubeoflowmoduluscaused
bybending.UseismadeofmodifiedDonnellslargedeflectiontheory[3]andtheprincipleofminimum
potentialenergyinthesolution.Itisfoundthattubeswithsmallradiusthicknessratiotendtobucklebylocal
ovalingratherthanbythesmallwavepatternsincetheformeryieldslowerbucklingmomentthanthelatter.
JohnC.Yao,Dynamicstabilityofcylindricalshellsunderstaticandperiodicaxialandradialloads,AIAA
Journal,Vol.1,No.6,1963,pp.13911396

J.C.Yao,Bucklingofatruncatedhemisphericalunderaxialtension.AIAAJ.1,2316(1963).
YaoJ.C.,NonlinearElasticBucklingandParametricExcitationofaCylinderunderAxialLoads.J.Appl.
Mech.,32,109115(1965).
YaoJ.C.,JenkinsW.C.,1970,Bucklingofellipticcylindersundernormalpressure,AIAAJ.,8,1,2227
DavidBeaty(CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofMichigan),Atheoreticalandexperimentalstudyofthe
stabilityofthinelasticsphericalshells(PhDdissertation,technicalreportUMR0287,1962,
http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/3505
ABSTRACT:Theinvestigationofthebehaviorofauniformlythick,thinsphericalshellsubjectedtouniform
externalpressureinthebucklingandpostbucklingregionsisundertakenbothfromatheoreticalandfroman
experimentalpointofview.AperturbationschemesimilartoonedevelopedbyKoiterisappliedtothe
nonlinearbucklingproblemofacompletesphericalshell.Thenonhomogeneouslineardifferentialequations
whichresultaresolved,withtheaidofthehighspeeddigitalcomputer,inafiniteseriesofLegendre
polynomials.Intheneighborhoodofthelinearbucklingload,theshellisshowntobeunstablebothforthecase
ofthelinearbucklingmode'sbeinganoddfunctionabouttheequatorandforitsbeinganevenfunction.Four
hemisphericalshellsmadeofmaterialswithlowYoung'smoduli(lessthan1000psi)wereobservedinthe
laboratoryinseveralprebucklingandpostbucklingstates.Useofphotographicmethodsforthemeasurement
oftheradialandtangentialdisplacementsofpointsmarkedalongthemeridiansoftheshellsshowsaregionof
smallbutverydefiniteoutwardradialdisplacementsadjacenttothemainbucklingdimple.Furthermore,the
displacementsobservedweresymmetricaboutthepolaraxis.Theexperimentalbucklingpressuresobservedfor
thefourshellstendtoindicatethatthecriticalpressurecalculatedaccordingtothelineartheorymaybethe
correctone,i.e.,thebucklingpressuresvariedfromabouthalftooverthreequartersofthelinearbucklingload.
L.S.SrubshchikandV.I.Iudovich(RostovonDon,U.S.S.R.),Theasymptoticintegrationofthesystemof
equationsforthelargedeflectionofsymmetricallyloadedshellsofrevolution,JournalofApplied
MathematicsandMechanics,Vol.26,No.5,1962,pp.13781392,doi:10.1016/00218928(62)900138
ABSTRACT:(nonegiven)
L.S.Srubshchik(RostovonDon,U.S.S.R.),Onsolvabilityofnonlinearequationsofreissnerfornonshallow
symmetricallyloadedshellsofrevolution,JournalofAppliedMathematicsandMechanics,Vol.32,No.2,
1968,pp.322326,doi:10.1016/00218928(68)901366
ABSTRACT:(nonegiven)
H.J.Plass,Jr.,J.H.GainesandC.D.Newsom,ApplicationofReissnersvariationalprincipletocantilever
platedeflectionandvibrationproblems,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.29,March1962,pp.127135
ManuelStein(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,U.S.A.),TheEffectontheBucklingof
PerfectCylindersofPrebucklingDeformationsandStressesInducedbyEdgeSupport,CollectedPaperson
InstabilityofShellStructures1962,NationalAeronautics&SpaceAdministrationTechnicalNoteD1510,
Washington,D.C.,December1962,p.217.

ManuelStein(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,U.S.A.),TheInfluenceofPrebuckling
DeformationsandStressesontheBucklingofPerfectCylinders,NationalAeronautics&Space
AdministrationTechnicalReportR190,February1964
Williams, J. G. and Stein, M., Buckling Behavior and Structural Efficiency of Open-Section
Stiffened Composite Compression Panels, AIAA Journal, Vol. 14, No. 11, 1976, pp. 1618
1626.
F.A.PenningandG.A.Thurston,Thestabilityofshallowsphericalshellsunderconcentratedload,NASA
Report265,1965,90pages
F.A.Penning(TheMartinCompany,Denver,Colorado),Experimentalbucklingmodesofclampedshallow
shellsunderconcentratedload,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.33,No.2,pp.297304,June1966
DOI:10.1115/1.3625041
ABSTRACT:Elasticstabilityofclampedshallowsphericalshellssubjectedtoasmallfinitearealoadatthe
apexisstudiedexperimentally.Upperandlowercriticalbucklingloadsandprebuckledandpostbuckled
deflectionsarefoundforlambdabetween10and17.Bucklingmodeshavebeenobservedanddefined.
Nonaxisymmetricdeformationsarenoted.Shellsforlambdalessthan81/2exhibitplasticbehavioranddonot
buckle.
G.A.ThurstonandF.A.Penning,Effectiveofaxisymmetricimperfectionsonthebucklingofsphericalcaps
underuniformpressure,AIAAJ.,Vol.4,No.2,pp.319327,1966
G.A.ThurstonandA.A.Holston,Jr.,Bucklingofcylindricalshellendclosuresbyinternalpressure,NASA
Report540,1966,25pages.
G.A.Thurston,Anewmethodforcomputingaxisymmetriclbucklingofsphericalcaps,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.
E38,No.1,pp.185193,1971
GaylenA.Thurston(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia),Modalinteractioninpostbuckled
plates:theory,NASATechnicalPaper2943,1989
GaylenA.Thurston,Numericalintegrationofasymptoticsolutionsofordinarydifferentialequations,
http://purl.access.gpo.gov/GPO/LPS105798,NASATechnicalMemorandum100650,1989
Thurston,GaylenA.andSistia,Rajaram(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia),Elimination
ofGibbs'phenomenafromerroranalysisoffiniteelementresults,AIAAPaper900932,AIAAStructures,
StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsMeeting,April24,1990
Sistia,RajaramandThurston,GaylenA.(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia),Animproved
erroranalysisoffiniteelementsolutionsforpostbuckledplates,AIAAPaper911003,AIAAStructures,
StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsMeeting,April810,1991
ABSTRACT:TheaccuratecalculationofstressesatboundariesandinterfaceswhereFEManalysismaybe
unreliableispresentlyundertakenbyanerroranalysisthatderivesacontinuousapproximationtodiscrete
finiteelementdata,whichcanbedifferentiatedtocomputecontinuousstressesforcomponentfailure

predictions.AnevaluationisconductedofthisapproximationinthecontextofthenonlinearPDEs.Anovel
interpolationformulawhichisasimplemodificationofthedoubleFouriersineseriesisusedtoreduce
truncationerrorsneartherectangularplateboundarybymeansofan'extendedgrid'.Resultsarepresentedfrom
aFEMsolution,aconventionaldoubleFourierseries'continuousapproximation,andasolutionapplying
interpolationontheextendedgrid,whichyieldssuperiorconvergencepropertiesneartheplateboundaries.
J.Singer(DepartmentofAeronauticalEngineeringTechnion,IsraelInstituteofTechnology,Haifa,Israel),
Theeffectofaxialconstraintontheinstabilityofthincircularcylindricalshellsunderuniformaxial
compression,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.4,No.3,MayJune1962,pp.253258,
doi:10.1016/S00207403(62)800071
ABSTRACT:Theeffectofaxialelasticrestraintontheinstabilityofacircularcylindricalshellunderuniform
axialcompressionisanalysedbyaRayleighRitzapproachwithintheboundsoflineartheory.Theeffectis
calculatedforawiderangeofparameters,anddesigncurvesarepresentedforthepercentageincreaseincritical
load.
M.BaruchandJ.Singer,Effectofeccentricityofstiffenersonthegeneralinstabilityofstiffenedcylindrical
shellsunderhydrostaticpressure,J.Mech.Eng.Sci.,Vol.5,No.1,1963,pp.2327
M.BaruchandJ.Singer,Generalinstabilityofstiffenedcircularconicalshellsunderhydrostaticpressure,
TheAeronauticalQuarterly,Vol.26,Part2,pp.187204,May1965
Baruch,M.Singer,J.andHarari,O.,Generalinstabilityofconicalshellswithnonuniformlyspacedstiffeners
underhydrostaticpressure,Proceedingsofthe7thIsraelAnnualConferenceonAviationandAstronautics,
February1965,p.62.AlsoTAEReport37,TechnionResearchandDevelopmentFoundation,HaifaIsrael,
December1964
JosefSinger,MenahemBaruchandOvadiaHarari(Dept.ofAeronauticalEngineering,TechnionIsrael
InstituteofTechnology,Haifa,Israel),Furtherremarksontheeffectofeccentricityofstiffenersonthegeneral
instabilityofstiffenedcylindricalshells,TAEReportNo.42,August1965
DTICAccessionNumber:AD0630543,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD630543
ABSTRACT:Theanalysisofthegeneralinstabilityofstiffenedcylindricalshellsunderhydrostaticpressure
carriedoutearlieriscontinuedinordertostudytheinversionoftheeccentricityeffect.250typicalshellsof
varyinggeometriesareconsidered.Theresultsshowthattheinversionoftheeccentricityeffectispractically
independentofthegeometryoftheringsbutdependsverystronglyontheshellgeometryparameterZ.Arange
ofinversionisfound.Adetailedphysicalexplanationofthecausesoftheeccentricityeffectanditsinversionis
proposed.
Selectedreferenceslistedattheendofthereport:
2.Baruch,M.andSinger,J.,Generalinstabilityofstiffenedcircularconicalshellsunderhydrostaticpressure,TheAeronautical
Quarterly,Vol.26,Part2,p.187,May1965.AlsoTAEReport28,TechnionResearchandDevelopmentFoundation,Haifa,Israel,
July1963
3.Baruch,M.Singer,J.andHarari,O.,Generalinstabilityofconicalshellswithnonuniformlyspacedstiffenersunderhydrostatic
pressure,Proceedingsofthe7thIsraelAnnualConferenceonAviationandAstronautics,February1965,p.62.AlsoTAEReport37,
TechnionResearchandDevelopmentFoundation,HaifaIsrael,December1964
4.McElman,J.A.,Mikulas,M.M.andStein,M.,Staticanddynamiceffectsofeccentricstiffeneingofplatesandcylindricalshells,
Presentedatthe2ndAIAAAnnualMeetingandTechnicalDisplay,SanFrancisco,July2629,1965

5.Geier,B.andSeggelke,P.,DasBeulverhaltenversteifterZylinderschalen,Teil2.,BeullastenbeiaxialsymmetrischerBelastung(to
bepublishedinZeitschriftfurFlugwissenschaften)
6.Houghton,D.S.andChan,A.S.L.,Designofapressurizedmissilebody,,AircraftEngineering,Vol.32,No.381,November
1960,p.320.
7.Card,M.F.,PreliminaryresultsofcompressiontestsoncylinderswitheccentriclongitudinalstiffenersNASATMX1004,
September1964
8.DeLuzio,A.J.,Stuhlman,C.E.andAlmroth,B.O.,Influenceofstiffenereccentricityandendmomentonthestabilityofcylinders
incompression,PresentedattheAIAA6thStructuresandMaterialsConference,PalmSprings,April57,1965
11.Crawford,R.F.,Effectsofasymmetricstiffeningofbucklingofshells,Presentedatthe2 ndAIAAAnnualMeetingandTechnical
Display,SanFrancisco,July2629,1965

Singer,J.,Onthebucklingofunstiffened,orthotropicandstiffenedconicalshells,Presentedatthe7th
CongressInternationalAeronautique,Paris,June1965
J.Singer,Bucklingofcircularconicalshellsunderuniformaxialcompression,AIAAJournal,Vol.3,No.5
(1965),pp.985987.doi:10.2514/3.3042
J.Singer,M.BaruchandO.Harari(DepartmentofAeronauticalEngineeringTechnionIsraelInstituteof
Technology,Haifa,Israel),Inversionoftheeccentricityeffectinstiffenedcylindricalshellsbucklingunder
externalpressure,ARCHIVE:JournalofMechanicalEngineeringScience19591982(vols123),Vol.8,
1966,pp.363373,doi:10.1243/JMES_JOUR_1966_008_048_02
(abstractisnotavailable)
J.Singer,M.BaruchandO.Harari(DepartmentofAeronauticalEngineeringTechnionIsraelInstituteof
Technology,Haifa,Israel),Onthestabilityofeccentricallystiffenedcylindricalshellsunderaxial
compression,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.3,No.4,July1967,pp.445470,
doi:10.1016/00207683(67)900017
ABSTRACT:Theeffectofstiffenereccentricityonthecriticalloadisstudiedforcylindricalshellsunderaxial
compression.Classicalsimplesupportandclassicalclampedendconditionsareconsidered.Adetailedphysical
explanationofthecausesoftheeccentricityeffectisproposedandverifiedbycomputationsfor350typical
shells.Asinthecaseofbucklingunderhydrostaticpressureandtorsion,thebehavioroftheeccentricityeffect
inthecaseofaxialcompressionalsodependsverystronglyonthegeometryoftheshell,representedbythe
Batdorfparameter.Ontheotherhandthegeometryofthestiffenersinfluencesonlyitsmagnitude.Atverylow
Z,inversionoftheeccentricityeffectoccurs,butforpracticaldimensionsoutsidestringersalwaysstiffenthe
shellmorethaninsideones.TheeccentricityeffecthasapronouncedmaximumatpracticalvaluesofZ.The
behavioroftheeccentricityeffectisverysimilarforclampedandforsimplysupportedshells.Theeffectsof
eccentricityofringstiffenersarealsoconsidered.
JosefSinger(TechnionResearchandDevelopmentFoundation,Haifa,Israel),Thebucklingofstiffenedand
unstiffenedconicalandcylindricalshells,FinalreportMarch1966September1969,October1969,TAE
ReportNo.102,
DTICAccessionNumber:AD0701447,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD701447
ABSTRACT:Theoreticalandexperimentalresearchonthebucklingofstiffenedandunstiffenedconicaland
cylindricalshells,carriedoutoveraperiodof3years,issummarized.Thetopicsofearlierworkareoutlined

andthemorerecenttopicsaresummarized.Theseinclude:discretenesseffectinstringerstiffenedshellsandthe
effectofelasticrestraintonpanelsandsubshells;theinfluenceofinplaneboundaryconditionsforring
stiffenedcylindricalshells;extensivetestsonstringerstiffenedcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompressionand
ringstiffenedconicalshellsundertorsion;andalsothermalbucklingofcylindricalshells.
Harari,O.,Singer,J.andBaruch,M.(Dept.ofAeronauticalEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteof
Technology,Haifa,Israel),GeneralInstabilityofCylindricalShellswithNonUniformStiffeners,
Proceedingsof9thIsraelAnnualConferenceonAviationandAstronautics,IsraelJournalofTechnology,Vol.
5,No.1,114128,February1967.
DTICAccessionNumber:AD0649867,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD649867
ABSTRACT:Theworkisafurthersteptowardsoptimizationofstiffenedcylindricalshells.Ringsandstringers
ofnonuniformcrosssectionareanalysedasameansofobtaininghigherstructuralefficiencies.Forlateral
pressureloading,ringswithnonuniformheightorwidtharecompared.Thegainingeneralinstabilitypressure
relativetotheuniformlystiffenedshellofthesameweightamountsto7080%.Forprescribedloading,1020%
weightsavingsareobtained.Foraxiallycompressedcylinders,stringerswithsinusoidalandlinearheight
variationarestudiedandcompared.Gainsinloadandweightsavingsof30%and10%,respectively,are
obtained,andthesinusoidalvariationisfoundtobesuperiortothelinearvariation.Finally,cylindersunder
hydrostaticpressurestiffenedbyacombinationofuniformstringersandnonuniformringsareanalysed.
Differentconfigurationsarecheckedinordertoobtainthehighestpossibleefficiencies.
J.Singer(TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,DepartmentofAeronauticalEngineering,Haifa,Israel),
Theinfluenceofstiffenergeometryandspacingonthebucklingofaxiallycompressedcylindricalandconical
shells,TAEReport68,ScientificReportNo.3,AF61(052)905,October1967,PresentedattheSecond
IUTAMSymposiumontheTheoryofThinShells,Copenhagen,September8,1967
ABSTRACT:Anexperimentalandtheoreticalstudyofthebucklingofcloselystiffenedcylindricalandconical
shellsunderaxialcompressionhasbeeenundertakentodeterminetheinfluenceofthestiffenergteometryand
spacingontheapplicabilityoflineartheory.Testsonintegrallyringstiffenedcylinders,inwhichthespacing,
crosssectionalareaandeccentricityofthestiffenersarevariedaredescribed.Theboundsofgeneralinstability
arefirstdeterminedbyanelementraryanalysisofsubshellsandpanelsbetweenstiffeners,inconjunctionwith
smearedstiffenertheory
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

1.Fung,Y.C.andSechler,E.E.,"InstabilityofThinElasticShells"StructuralMechanics,ProceedingsoftheFirstSymposiumon
NavalStructuralMechanics,StanfordUniversity,August1958,editedbyGoodler,T.N.andHoff,N.J.,PergamonPress,1960,pp.
115168.
2.Hoff,N.J.,"ThePerplexingBehaviorofThinCircularCylindricalShellsInAxialCompression",SecondTheodorevonKrmn
MemorialLecture,Proceedinqs8thIsraelAnnualConferenceonAviationandAstronautics,IsraelJournalofTechnology,Vol.4,No.
I,pp.128,February1966.
3,Hoff,N.J.,"ThinShellsinAerospaceStructures",4thAIAAVonKrmnLecture,AstronauticsandAeronautics,Vol.No,2,pp.
2645,February1967.
4.Kanemitsu,S.andNojima,N.M.,"AxialCompressionTestsofThinCircularCylinders,M.S.Thesis,CaliforniaInstituteof
Technology,1939.
5.Pflger,A.,"ZurpraktischenBerechnungderaxialgedrcktenKreiszylinderschale",DerStahlbau,Vol.32,No.6,pp.161165,
June1963.
6.Weingarten,V.I.,Morgan,E.J.andSeide,P."ElasticStabilityofThinWalledCylindricalandConicalShellsunderAxial

Compression"AIAAJournal,Vol.3,No.3,pp.500505,March1965.
7.Bodner,S.R.,"GeneralInstabilityofaRingStiffenedCylindricalShellunderHydrostaticPressure"JournalofAppliedMechanics,
Vol.24No.2,pp.269277,June1957.
8.Thielemann,W.F.,"NewDevelopmentsintheNonlinearTheoriesoftheBucklingofCylindricalShells",Aeronauticsand
AstronauticsProceedingsoftheDurandCentennialConference1959(PergamonPress,Oxford,1960),pp.76119.
9.Becker,H.andGerard,G.,"ElasticStabilityofOrthotropicShells",JournaloftheAerospaceSciences,Vol.29,No.5,pp.505512,
May1962.
10.Flgge,W.,"DieStablilitatderKreiszylinderschale",Ingenieur,Archive.Vol.3,pp.463506,1932.
11.VanderNeut,A.,"TheGeneralInstabilityofStiffenedCylindricalShellsUnderAxialCompression,ReportS314,National
Luchtvaartlaboratorium,Amsterdam,ReportandTransactions,Vol.13,S.5784,1947.
12.Baruch,M.andSinger,J.,"EffectofEccentricityofStiffenersontheGeneralInstabilityofStiffenedCylindricalShellsunder
HydrostaticPressure",JournalofMechanica!EngineeringScience,Vol.5,No.I,pp.2327,March1963.
13.Singer,J.andBaruch,M.,"RecentStudiesonOptimizationforElasticStabilityofCylindricalandConicalShells",presentedat
theRoyalAeronauticalSocietyCentenaryCongress,London,September1216,1966.
14.Singer,J.,Baruch,M.andHarari,0.,"OntheStabilityofEccentricallyStiffenedCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompression,
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.3,No.4,pp.445470,July1967.AlsoTAEReportNo.44,TechnionResearch
andDevelopmentFoundation,Haifa,Israel,December1965.
15.Block,D.L.,Card,M.F.andMikulas,M.M.,"BucklingofEccentricellyStiffenedOrthotropicCylinders",NASATND2960,
August,1965.
16.Card,M.F.andJones,R.M.,"ExperimentalandTheoreticalResultsforBucklinqofEccentricallyStiffenedCylinders",NASA
TND3639,October,1966.
17.Burns,A.B.,"StructuralOptimizationofAxiallyCompressedCylinders,ConsiderInqRingStringerEccentricityEffects"Journal
ofSpacecraftandRockets,Vol.3,No.8pp.12631268August1966.
18.Baruch,M.andSinger,J.,"GeneralInstabilityofStiffenedCircularConicalShellsunderHydrostaticPressure,TheAeronautical
Quarterly,Vol.26,Part2,May1965,p.187.AlsoTAEReport28,TechnionResearchandDevelopmentFoundation,Haifa,Israel,
June1963.
19.Baruch,M.,Singer,J.andHarari,O.,"GeneralInstabilityofConicalShellswithnonUniformlySpacedStiffenersunder
HydrostaticPressure",Proceeoingsofthe7thIsraelAnnualConferenceonAviatonandAstronautics,IsraelJournalofTechnology,
Vol.3,No.1,pp.6271,February1965.
20.Singer,J.,Berkovits,A.,Weller,T.,Ishal,0.,Baruch,M.andHarari,O.,"ExperimentalandTheoreticalStudiesonBucklingof
ConicalandCylindricalShellsunderCombinedLoading,TAEReport48,TechnionResearchandDevelopmentFoundation,Haifa,
Israel,June1966.
21.Moe,J.,"StabilityofRingReinforcedCylindricalShellsUnderLateralPressure",Publications,InternationalAssociationfor
BridgeandStructuralEngineering,Vol.18,pp.113136,1958.
22.VanderNeut,A.,"GeneralInstabilityofOrthogonallyStiffenedCylindricalShells",CollectedPapersonInstabilityofShell
Structures1962,NASATND1510,pp.309319,December1962.
23.Block,D.L.,"InfluenceofRingStiffenersonInstabilityofOrthotropicCylindersInAxialCompression",NASATND2482,
October1964.
24.Hutchinson,J.W.andAmazigo,J.C.,"ImperfectionSensitivityofEccentricallyStiffenedCylindricalShells",AIAAJournal,Vol.
5,No.3,pp.392401,March1967.
25.Gerard,George,"ElasticandPlasticStabilityofOrthotropicCylinders",CollectedPapersonInstabilityofShellStructures1962,
NASATND1510,pp.277295December1962.
26,MilliganR.,Gerard,G.,Lakshmikantham,C.,andBecker,H.,"GeneralInstabilityofOrthotropicStiffenedCylindersunderAxial
Compression",AIAAJournal,Vol.4,No.11,pp.19061913,November1966,AlsoReportAFFDLTR65161,AirForceFlight
DynamicsLaboratory,USAF,WrightPattersonAirForceBase,Ohio,July1965.
27.Pugliese,P.J.,"TankCompressionTestModelDM18"DouglasAircraftCo.ReportSM27650,February11959.
28.GarkischH.D.,"ExperimentelleUntersuchungdesBeulverhaltensKreiszylinderschalenmitexzentrischeiLngsversteifungen(to
bepublishedasaDFLForschungsbericht1967).
29.Midgley,W.R.andJohnson,A.E.,"ExperimentalBucklingofInternalIntegralRingStiffenedCyinders",Experimental
Mechanics,Vol.7,No.4.pp.145153,April1967.
30.Card,M.F.,"PreliminaryResultsofCompressionTestsonCylinderswithEccentricLongitudinalStiffemers",NASATMX1004,
September,1964.
31.Peterson,J.P.andDow,M.B.,"CompressionTestsonCircularCylindersStiffenedLongitudinallybyCloselySpacedZSection

Stringers",NASAMEMO21259L,1959.
32.Katz,L.,"CompressionTestsonIntegrallyStiffenedCylinders",NASATMX55315,August1965.
33.Almroth,B.O.,"InfluenceofImperfectionsandEdgeRestraintontheBucklingofAxiallyCompressedCylinders,presentedatthe
AIAA/ASME7thStructuresandMaterialsConference,CocoaBeach,Florida,April1820,1966.
34.Len'koO.N.,"TheStabilityofOrthotropicCylindricalShells"RaschetProstranstvennykhKonstruktsii,IssueIV,pp.499524,
Moscow1958,TranslationNASATTF9826,July1963.
35.DeLuzio,i..,
Stuhlman,C.E.,andAlmroth,B.O.,"InfluenceofStiffenerEccentricityandEndMomentonStabilityof
CylindersinCompression",AIAAJournal,Vol.4,No.5,pp.872877,May1966.
36.Block,D.L.,InfluenceofPrebucklingDeformations,RingStiffenersandLoadEccentricityontheBucklingofStiffened
Cylinders",presentedattheAIAA/ASME8thStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,PalmSprings,California,
March2931,1967.
37.Soong,T.C.,"InfluenceofBoundaryConstraintsontheBucklingofEccentricallyStiffenedOrthotropicCylinders",presentedat
the7thInternationalSymposiumonSpaceTechnologyandScience,Tokyo,May,1967.
38.Burns,A.B.,"OptimizationCylinderswithContrastingMaterialsandVariousRing/StringerConfigurations",Journalof
SpacecraftandRockets,Vol,4,No.3,pp.375385,March1967.
39.Batdorf,S.R.,"AsimplifiedMethodofElasticStabilityAnalysisforThinCylindricalShells",NACAReport874,1947.
40.Timoshenko,S.P.andGere,G.M.,"TheoryofElasticStability"SecondEd.,McGrawHillBookCompany,Inc.,1961,pp.465
467.
41.Flgge,W."StressesinShells",SpringerVerlag,Berlin,1960,p.428andp.480.
42.Harris,L.A.,Suer,H.S.,Skene,W.T.andBenjamin,R.J.,"ThestabilityofThinWalledUnstiffenedCircularCylindersunder
AxialCompression,IncludingtheEffectsofInternalPressure",JournaloftheAeronauticalSciences,Vol.24,No.8,pp.587596,
August1957.
43.Gerard,G.,"IntroductiontoStructuralStabilityTheory,McGrawHillBookCo.,NewYork,1962,p.145.
44.Batdorf,S.B.,Schildcrout,M.andSteinM.,"CriticalStressInThinWalledCylindersinAxialCompression,NACAReport887,
1947.
45.Hoff,N.J.andSoong,T.C.,BucklingofCircularCylindricalShellsinAxialCompression,InternationalJournalofMechanical
SciencesVol.7.,No.7,pp.489520,July1965.
46.Almroth,B.O.,"InfluenceofEdgeConditionsontheStabilityofAxiallyCompressedCylindricalShells",AIAAJournal,Vol.4,
No.I,pp.134140,January1966.
47.Reynolds,T.E.,"ElasticLobarBucklingofRingSupportedCylindricalShellsunderHydrostaticPressure",DavidTaylorModel
BasinReport1614,September1962.
48.Singer,J.,"TheEffectofAxialConstraintontheInstabilityofThinCircularCylindricalShellsunderExternalPressure",Journal
ofAppliedMechanics,Vol.27,No.4,pp.737739,December1960.
49.Singer,J.,"TheEffectofAxialConstraintontheInstabilityofThinCylindricalShellsunderUniformAxialCompression",
InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.4,No.2,pp.253258,Mav
1962.
50.Singer,J.andHaftka,R."BucklingofDiscretelyRingStiffenedCylindricalShells",TAEReport67,TechnionResearchand
DevelopmentFoundation,Haifa,Israel,August1967.
51.Stein,M.,Sanders,S.L.andCrate,H.,"CriticalStressofRingStiffenedCylinders",NACAReport989,1951.
52.Baruch,M.,EquilibriumandStabilityEquationsforDiscretelyStiffenedShells",IsraelJournalofTechnology,Vol.3,No.2,pp.
138146,June1965.
53.Appel,H."BucklingModesforOrthotropicCircularCylindersunderAxialCompressionforvariousCombinationsofStiffness
Parameters",DeutscheForschungsanstaltfrLuftundRaumfahrtReportDLRFB6547.
54.Koiter,W.T."BucklingandPostBucklingBehaviorofaCylindricalPanelunderAxialCompression,ReportS.476,National
Luchtvaartiaboratoriun,Amsterdam,ReportsandTransactions,Vol.20,1956.
55.Lundquist,E.E.andStowell,E.Z.,"CompressiveStressforFlatRectangularPlatesSupportedAlongAllEdgesandElastically
RestrainedAgainstRotationAlongtheUnloadedEdges",NACAReport733,1942.
56.Leggett,D.M.,"TheBucklingofaLongCurvedPanelunderAxialCompression",ReportsandMemorandumNo.1899,Ministry
ofAviation,ARC1942.
57.Hedgepeth,J.M.,andHall,D.B.,"StabilityofStiffenedCylinders",AIAAJournal,Vol.3,No.12,pp.22752286,December
1965.
58.Geier,B.,"BeullastenversteifterKreiszylinderschalen",JahrbuchWGLR1965,Vieweg,1966,pp.440447.
59.Singer,J.,Weller,T.,Frum,J.andNachmani,S.,"ExperimentalStudiesonBucklingofIntegrallyStiffenedCylindricalShells
underAxialCompression",tobepublishedasaTAEReport,TechnionResearch

andDevelopmentFoundation,Haifa,Israel.
60.Berkovits,A.andSinger,J.,"BucklingofUnstiffenedConicalShellsunderCombinedTorsionandAxialCompressionor
Tension",Proceedingsof7thIsraelAnnualConferenceonAviationandAstronautics,JerusalemAcademicPress,pp.1524,
February1965.
61.Holt,N.,"AProcedureforDeterminingtheAllowableOutofRoundnessforVesselsunderExternalPressure",Transactions
ASMEVol.74,pp.12251230,1952.
62.Singer,J.andEckstein,A.,"ExperimentalInvestigationsoftheInstabilityofConicalShellsunderExternalPressure",Proceedings
oftheFourthAnnualConferenceonAviationandAstronautics,February1962,BulletinoftheResearchCouncilofIsrael,Vol.IIC,
No.I,pp.97122,April1962.
63.GalletlyG.D.andReynolds,T.E.,"ASimpleExtensionofSouthwell'sMethodforDeterminingtheElasticGeneralInstability
PressureforRingStiffenedCylindersSubjecttoExternalHydrostaticPressure",ProceedingsoftheSocietyforExperimentalStress
Analysis,Vol.13,No.2,141152,1956.
64.Horton,W.H.,Cundari,F.L,andJohnson,R.W.,"TheAnalysisofExperimentalDataObtainiedfromStabilityStudiesonElastic
ColumnandPlateStructures",Proceedingsofthe9thIsraelAnnualConferenceonAviationandAstronautics,IsraelJournalof
Technology,Vol.5,Nos.I2,pp.104113,February1967.
65.Horton,WH.andCundariF.L.,"OntheApplicabilityoftheSouthwellPlottotheInterpretationofTestDataObtainedfrom
InstabilityStudiesofShellBodies",SUDAARNo.290,DepartmentofAeronauticsandAstronautics,StanfordUniversity,August
1966.
66.Peterson,J.P.,"WeightStrengthStudiesofStructuresRepresentativeofFuselageConstruction",NACATN4114,October,1957.
67.Burns,A.B.andAlmroth,B.O.,"StructuralOptimizationofAxiallyCompressedRingStringerStiffenedCylinders",Journalof
SpacecraftandRockets,Vol,3,No.1,pp1925,January1966.
68.Weller,T.andSinger,J.,FurtherExperimentalStudiesonBucklingofRingStiffenedConicalShellsunderAxialCompression",
TAEReport70,TechnionResearchandDevelopmentFoundation,Haifa,Israel,December1967.

A.Berkovits,J.SingerandT.Weller,(Technion,Israel),Bucklingofunstiffenedconicalshellsunder
combinedloadingandaxialcompression,torsionandexternalorinternalpressure,ExperimentalMechanics,
Vol.7,No.11,November1967,pp.458467
Singer,J.andHaftka,R.,"BucklingofDiscretelyRingStiffenedCylindricalShells"Proceedingsofthe10th
IsraelAnnualConf.onAviationandAstronautics,IsraelJournalofTechnology,Vol.6,No.12,pp.125137,
February1968.AlsoTAEReportNo.67,TechnionResearchandDevelopmentFoundation,Haifa,Israel,
August1967.
AccessionNumber:AD0662358,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD662358
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingofringstiffenedcylindersisstudiedbya'discrete'approach,inwhichtheringsare
consideredaslineardiscontinuitiesrepresentedbytheDiracdeltafunction.TheanalysisisalinearDonnelltype
theorythattakesaccountoftheeccentricityofstiffeners.Bucklingloadsunderhydrostaticpressure,lateral
pressureandaxialcompressionarecomparedwiththoseobtainedby'smearedstiffener'theoryforanextensive
rangeofgeometries.Thediscretenesseffectdependsverystronglyonthegeometryoftheshellandthe
eccentricityoftherings.Significantdiscretenesseffectsarefoundforhydrostaticpressureloading.
Referenceslistedattheendofthereport:
1)BodnerS.R.,GeneralInstabilityofaRingStiffenedCircularCylindricalShellunderHydrostaticPressure,JournalofApplied
MechanicsVol.24,No.2,269277,June1957.
2)Becker,H.andGerard,G.,ElasticStabilityofOrthotropicShells.JournaloftheAerospaceSciences,Vol.29,No.5,505512,May
1962.
3)Singer,J.andFershtScher,R.,BucklingofOrthotropicConicalShellsUnderExternalPressure:,TheAeronauticalQuarterly,Vol.
15,Part2,151168,May1964.
4)Card,M.F.,PreliminaryResultsofCompressionTestsonCylinderswithEccentricLongitudinalStiffeners,NASATMX1004,

September1964.
5)DeLuzio,A.J.,Stuhlman,C.E.andAlmroth,B.O.,InfluenceofStiffenerEccentricityandEndMomentontheStabilityof
CylindersinCompression,PresentedattheAIAA6thStructuresandMaterialsConference,PalmSprings,57April1965.
6)Flgge,W.,DieStabilittderKreiszyllnderschale,IngenieurArchly,Vol.3,463506,1932.
7)VanderNeut,A.,TheGeneralInstabilityofStiffenedCylindricalShellsUnderAxialCompression,ReportS314,National
Luchtvaartlaboratorium,Amsterdam,ReportandTransactions,Vol.13,S.5784,1947.
8)Baruch,M.andSinger,J.,TheEffectofEccentricityontheGeneralInstabilityofStifienedCylindricalShellsUnderHydrostatic
Pressure,JournalofMechanicalEngineeringScience,Vol.5,No.I,2327,March1963.
9)Hedgepeth,J.M.andHall,D.B.,StabilityofStiffenedCylinders,AIAAJournalVol.3,No.12,22752286,December1965.
10)Block,D.L.,Card,M.F.andMikulas,M.M.,BucklingofEccentricallyStiffenedOrhotropicCylinders,NASATND2960,
August1965.
11)Singer,J.,Baruch,M.andHarari,0.,InversionoftheEccentricityEffectinStiffenedCylindricalShellsBucklingunderExternal
Pressure,JournalofMechanicalEngineeringScience,Vol.8,No.4,363373,December1966.AlsoTAEREport42,Technion
ResearchandDevelopmentFoundation,Haifa,Israel,August
1965.
12)Singer,J.,Baruch,M.andHarari,0.,OntheStabilityofEccentricallyStiffenedCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompression,TAE
Report44,TechnionResearchandDevelopmentFoundation,Haifa,Israel,December1265(tobepublishedintheInternational
JournalofSolidsandStructures).
13)Seggelke,P.andGeier,B.,DasBeulverhaltehversteifterZylinderschalen,Teil2,Beullasten.(tobepublishedinZeitschriftfr
Flugwissenschaften).
14)Stein,M.,Sanders,S.L.andCrate,H.,CriticalStressofRingStiffenedCylinders,NACAReport989,1951.
15)Moe,J.,StabilityofRibReinforcedCylindricalShellsunderLateralPressure,PublicationsInter.Ass.BridgeStruc.Enq.,Vol.18,
113136,1958.
16)Block,D.L.,InfluenceofRingStiffenersonInstabilityofOrthotropicCylindersinAxialCompression,NASATND2482,
October1964.
17)VanderNeut,A.,GeneralInstabilityofOrthogonallyStiffenedCylindricalShells,CollectedPapersonInstabilityofShell
Structures1962,NASATND1510,1962,pp.309319.
18)Baruch,M.,EquilibriumandStabilityEquationsforDiscretelyStiffenedShells,IsraelJournalofTechnology,Vol.3,No.2,138
146,June1965.
19)Singer,J.andBaruchM.,RecentStudiesonOptimizationforElasticStabilityofCylindricalandConicalShells,presentedatthe
RoyalAeronauticalSocietyCentenaryCongress,London,September1216,1966.
20)MacNeal,R.H.,Winemiller,A.F.andBailieJ.A.,ElasticStabilityofCylindricalShellsReinforcedbyOneorTwoFramesand
SubjectedtoExternalRadialPressure,AIAAJournal,Vol.4,No.8,14311433,August1966.
21)BlockD.L.,InfluenceofPrebucklingDeformations,RingStiffenersandLoadEccentricityontheBucklingofStiffenedCylinders,
presentedattheAIAA/ASME8thStructuresStructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,PalmSprings,California,March2931,
1967.
22)Harari,O.,Singer,J.andBaruch,M.,GeneralInstabilityofCylindricalShellswithNonUniformStiffeners,Proceedingsof9th
IsraelAnnualConferenceonAviationandAstronautics,IsraelJournalofTechnology,Vol.5,No.1,114128,February1967.
23.Almroth,B.O.,InfluenceofImperfectionsandEdgeRestraintontheBucklingofAxiallyCompressedCylinders"presentedatthe
AIAA/ASME7thStructuresandMaterialsConference,CocoaBeach,Florida,April1820,1966.
24.MllilganR.,Gerard,G.,Lakshmikantham,C.,andBecker,H.,"GeneralInstabilityofOrthotropicStiffenedCylindersunderAxial
Compression"ReportAFFDLTR65161,AirForceFlightDynamicsLaboratory,USAF,WrightPattersonAirForceBase,Ohio,
July1965.

M.Baruch,O.Harari,J.Singer(DepartmentofAeronauticalEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteof
Technology,Haifa,Israel),Lowbucklingloadsofaxiallycompressedconicalshells,JournalofApplied
Mechanics,Vol.37,No.2,pp.384392,June1970,DOI:10.1115/1.3408517
ABSTRACT:Thestabilityofsimplysupportedconicalshellsunderaxialcompressionisinvestigatedfor4
differentsetsofinplaneboundaryconditionswithalinearDonnelltypetheory.Thefirsttwostability
equationsaresolvedbytheassumeddisplacement,whilethethirdissolvedbyaGalerkinprocedure.The

boundaryconditionsaresatisfiedwith4unknowncoefficientsintheexpressionforuandv.Both
circumferentialandaxialrestraintsarefoundtobeofprimaryimportance.Bucklingloadsabouthalfthe
classicalonesareobtainedforallbutthestiffestsimplesupportsSS4(v=u=0).Exceptforshortshells,the
effectsdonotdependonthelengthoftheshell.ThephysicalreasonforthelowbucklingloadsintheSS3case
isexplainedandtheessentialdifferencebetweencylinderandconeinthiscaseisdiscussed.Bucklingunder
combinedaxialcompressionandexternalorinternalpressureisstudiedandinteractioncurveshavebeen
calculatedforthe4setsofinplaneboundaryconditions.
Singer,J.,andBabcock,C.D.,"OntheBucklingofRingsunderConstantDirectionalandCentrallyDirected
Pressure",JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.37,No.1,March1970,pp.215218.
JosefSinger,JohannArboczandCharlesD.Babcock,Jr.(AeronauticalLabs,CaliforniaInstituteof
Technology),BucklingofImperfectStiffenedCylindricalShellsUnderAxialCompression,DTICAccession
No.AD0723002,June1970,DTICOnline;SeeAIAAJ.Vol.9,No.1,January1971.
ABSTRACT:Axialbucklingtestsonmachinedintegrallystiffenedcylindricalshellswerecarriedout.
Completemappingsoftheshellimperfectionsandtheprebucklinggrowthwereobtained.Thelightlyring
stiffenedshellsbehavedinamannersimilartotheisotropicshellsthatwerepreviouslytested.Fortheseshells,
thepredominantprebucklingdeformationconsistedofahalfwaveintheaxialdirectionwithseveral
circumferentialwaves.Thesimilarityofthelightlyringstiffenedshellsandtheisotropiconessuggeststhatthe
uniquenessofthebucklingmodeforstiffenedshellsmaynotgreatlyinfluencetheprebucklingbehavior.The
heavilyringstiffenedshellsshowedasizableamountofshortwavelengthaxisymmetricgrowthbefore
buckling.Bucklinginallcasesresultedinanasymmetricpattern.Thestringerstiffenedshellsshoweda
prebucklingbehavioralsosimilartotheisotropicresults.However,thebucklingpatternconsistedoflonger
axialwavelengths.Correlationoftheexperimentallyobtainedbucklingloadswithlinearbucklingtheory
showedgoodagreementinmostcases.
D.O.BrushandB.O.Almroth,ThenshellbucklinganalysisAgeneralexpressionforthesecondvariationof
thestrainenergy,Proc.FourthU.S.NationalCongressofAppliedMechanics,Berkeley,California,December
1962
G.HerrmannandA.E.Armenakas,Dynamicbehaviorofcylindricalshellsunderinitialstress,Proc.4thU.S.
NationalCongressofAppliedMechanics,Berkeley,California,PergamonPrss,Vol.1,1962,pp.203213
Armenakas,A.E.,andHerrmann,G.,BucklingofThinShellsUnderExternalPressure,Journalofthe
EngineeringMechanicsDivision,AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers,Vol.89,EM3,June1963,pp.131146.
Grafton,P.E.,andStrome,D.R.,AnalysisofAxisymmetricShellsbytheDirectStiffnessMethod,Journalof
theAmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics.Vol.1.1963.pp.23422347.
R.H.GallagherandJ.Padlog,Discreteelementapproachtostructuralinstabilityanalysis,AIAAJournal,Vol.
1,No.6,1963,pp.14371439

R.Gallagher,Thedevelopmentandevaluationofmatrixmethodsforthinshellstructuralanalysis,Ph.D.
Dissertation,StateUniversityofNewYorkatBuffalo,June3,1966
Gallagher,R.H.,etal.,ADiscreteElementProcedureforThinShellStabilityAnalysis,Journalofthe
AmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics,Vol.5,1966,pp.138144.
R.Gallagher,R.Gellatly,R.MallettandJ.Padlog,Adiscreteelementprocedureforthinshellinstability
analysis,AIAAJournal,Vol.5,No.1,January1967
RichardH.GallagherandHenryT.Y.Yang(CornellUniversity),Elasticinstabilitypredictionsfordoubly
curvedshells,AirForceFlightDynamicsLabReportAFFDLTR68150,1968
ABSTRACT:Stiffnessequationsareformulatedinrepresentationoftheelasticinstabilitybehaviorofadoubly
curvedthinshellelement.Theelementisintheformofashelloftranslationofconstantthicknessandconstant
principalradiiofcurvature.Thederivedrelationshipsareexpressedincurvilinearcoordinates.Anapproximate
methodofeliminatingunwanteddegreesoffreedomfromthestatementofthebucklingeigenvalueproblemis
applied.Illustrativeexamplescovertheutilizationoftheelementinplate,cylinder,anddoublycurvedshell
elasticinstabilityproblemswithknownsolutions.Relatedcomparisionsassesstheaccuracyofthebasic
formulation,theapproximatereductionprocedure,andtheabilityofthepresentformulationtodealwithspecial
featuresofcylinderbuckling.
RichardH.Gallagher,Perturbationproceduresinnonlinearfiniteelementstructuralanalysis,Computational
Mechanics,LectureNotesinMathematics,1975,Volume461/1975,7589,doi:10.1007/BFb0074150
Melosh,R.J.(1963),Basisforderivationofmatricesfordirectstiffnessmethod,AIAA.Journal,1,p.1631
1637.
G.Fischer,berdenEinflussdergelengkigenLagerungaufdieStabilittdnnwandigerKreiszylinderschalen
unterAxiallastundInnendruck,Z.Flugwissenschaften,Jahrg.11,Heft3,Mr1963,p.111
J.Dugundji,E.H.DowellandB.Perkin,Subsonicflutterofpanelsoncontinuouselasticfoundations,AIAA
Journal,Vol.1,1963,pp.11461154
R.R.MeyerandM.B.Harmon,Conicalsegmentmethodforanalyzingopencrownshellsofrevolutionfor
edgeloads,AIAAJournal,Vol.1,No.4,April1963,pp.886891
S.ChengandB.P.C.Ho,Stabilityofheterogeneousanisotropiccylindricalshellsundercombinedloading,
AIAAJournal,Vol.1,1963.pp.892898.
W.Wenzke,DiedynamischestabilittderaxialpulsierendbelastetenKreizylinderschale,Wiss.Z.Techn.
HochschuleOttovonGuerickeMagdebug,Vol.7H.1,1963,pp.93124
R.M.EvanIwanowski,T.C.LooandD.W.Tierney,Localbucklingofshells,DevelopmentsinMechanics,
Vol.2,Ostrach,S.andScanlan,R.H.,editors,Pergamon,NewYork,1963,pp.221251

Housner,G.W.,TheDynamicBehaviorofWaterTanks,BulletinofSeismologicalSocietyofAmerica,Vol.
53,No.2,1963,pp.381387.
A.VijayaraghavanandR.M.EvanIwanowski,Parametricinstabilityofcircularcylindricalshells,Trans.
ASME,E34,No.4,1967,pp.985990
E.L.Reiss,Auniquenesstheoremforthenonlinearaxisymmetricbendingofcircularplates,AIAAJournal,
Vol.1,1963,pp.26502652
Johns,D.J.,Localcircumferentialbucklingofthincircularcylindricalshells,NASADocumentID:
19630000954,AccessionNumber:63N10828,10pages
Tennyson,R.C.,Anoteontheclassicalbucklingloadofcircularcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,
AIAAJ,Vol.1No.2,1963
R.C.Tennyson,BucklingofCircularCylindricalShellsinAxialCompression,AIAAJournal,Vol.2,1351,
July1964.
R.C.Tennyson,(UniversityofToronto),Anexperimentalinvestigationofthebucklingofcircularcylindrical
shellsinaxialcompressionusingthephotoelastictechnique(Photoelasticanalysisofcircularcylindershell
bucklinginaxialcompression),1964(nopublishergiven)
R.C.Tennyson(InstituteforAerospaceStudies,UniversityofToronto,Toronto,Ontario,Canada),
Photoelasticcircularcylindersinaxialcompression,inTestMethodsforCompressionMembers,ASTMSTP
419,Am.Soc.TestingMats.,1967,p.31
ABSTRACT:Anovelmethodforfabricatingnearperfectcircularcylindersofphotoelasticplasticis
presented.Thespincastingtechniquewasfoundtoyieldcircularcylindershavingthicknessvariationsaslow
asplusorminus0.0006in.,andcapableofmaintainingthistoleranceonshellswithradiustiothicknessratios
intherangeof100<R/t<600.Thecylindersgenerallywerefoundtobucklewithin10percentoftheclassical
computedload,andwithinonlyafewpercentofthereducedvaluetakingintoaccounttheclampedend
constraints.Thisrepresentsanincreaseoverpreviousexperimentaldata.Bucklingwascompletelyelastic,and,
asaresult,repeatabilityofthebucklingloadandbucklingprocesswasobservedforasmanyas20testsonany
oneshell.Experimentalevidenceoftheunstablestatesoccupiedbytheshellduringthebucklingprocesswas
foundbyphotographingthechangeinthe45degreeisoclinicswithwaveshape.Shellalignment,end
constraints,andthemethodofapplyingauniformcompressiveendloadonthecylinderarealsodiscussed.
Althoughnonewtechniqueswereemployed,themethodsusedwerefoundreliableandaccurate.
R.C.TennysonandS.W.Welles(InstituteforAerospaceStudies,UniversityofToronto,Ontario,Canada),
Analysisofthebucklingprocessofcircularcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,February1968,
DTICAccessionNumber:AD0665531
ABSTRACT:Geometrically'nearperfect'circularcylindricalphotoelasticshellshavingradiustothickness
ratiosoftheorder100440weretestedinpureaxialcompression.Thecriticalbucklingloadswerefoundto
agreewithin1014%oftheclassicalvalue,orwithinafewpercentofthereducedbucklingloadtakinginto
accounttheclampedendconstraint.Highspeedphotographsofthebucklingprocesswereobtainedusingtwo

camerasviewingthechangeinthe45degisoclinicsovertheentirecylinder'slengthandover60%ofthe
cylinder'sperimeter.AtheoreticalanalysisoftheinceptionofbucklingusingKoiter'smodeshapes
demonstratedthattheclassicalbucklingmodewasobservedintheexperimentsforthefirsttime.Further
investigationofthenonlinearpostbucklingmodeshapesjustafterinitialbucklingpredictedthewaveforms
observed.Itwasalsodeterminedthattheshallowshellequationsusedtodescribethelargedeflection
postbucklingbehaviourdonotpredictisoclinicpatternswhichareobservedinthelaterstagesofbuckling.
Tennyson, R. C., The Effects of Unreinforced Circular Cutouts on the Buckling of Circular
Cylindrical Shells under Axial Compression, Transactions of ASME ; Journal of
Engineering for Industry, Nov. 1968
Tennyson,R.C.andMuggeridge,D.B.,BucklingofAxisymmetricImperfectCircularCylindricalShells
underAxialCompression,AIAAJournal,Vol.7,No.11,Nov.1969,pp.21272131.
R.C.Tennyson."Bucklingmodesofcircularcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression."AIAAJournal,Vol.
7,No.8(1969),pp.14811487,doi:10.2514/3.5419
R.C.Tennyson,Applicationofhighspeedphotographytothephotoelasticanalysisofstructuralstability
problems(Circularcylindricalshellstabilityunderaxialcompressiveload,analyzingbucklingprocessbyhigh
speedphotographicrecordingofphotoelasticisoclinicpatternchanges),SPIEJOURNAL.Vol.8,pp.167174.
1970
R.C.Tennyson(InstituteforAerospaceStudies,UniversityofToronto,Ontario,Canada),Interactionof
cylindricalshellbucklingexperimentswiththeory,Theoryofshells;ProceedingsoftheThirdSymposium,
Tiflis,GeorgianSSR;Netherlands;2228Aug.1978.pp.65116.1980
ABSTRACT:Asurveyofrecentworkbytheauthorontheinteractionofhighlycontrolledbuckling
experimentswithvariousaspectsofcylindricalshelltheoryforbothhomogeneousisotropicandlaminated
anisotropicstructuresispresented.Emphasisisplacedonthenecessityofutilizingaccuratelymanufacturedtest
modelsforvalidationofelasticbucklingtheory.Theareasexaminedinclude:dynamicbucklingundertransient
axialimpulsiveloading;staticbucklingofisotropicandlaminatedanisotropic(composite)cylindersdueto
combinedaxialcompression,hydrostaticpressureandtorsionloading;theeffectofcylinderlengthonbuckling
behaviorforbothsingleandcombinedloadingcases.Ofparticularinterestisthebucklingofcylindersunder
multipleloadingwhereitwasfoundthatasLsquared/Rtwasdecreased,theinteractivecurvechangedfrom
'concave'to'convex'.Theanalyticalmodelsusedinthesestudiesincludetheeffectofboundaryconditionsand
associatednonlinearprebucklingdeformations.Inmostinstances,resultsareshownforbothperfectand
imperfectshellstodemonstratethecomparativeagreementonecanachievebetweentheoryandexperiment.
Zahn,J.J.,Kuenzi,E.W.,1963.Classicalbucklingofcylindersofsandwichconstructioninaxialcompression
orthotropiccores.USForestServiceNote,FPL018.
ABSTRACT:Classicalsmalldeflectiontheoryisusedtoderivebucklingcoefficientsforcylindersofsandwich
constructionunderaxialcompression.Thecoreisassumedtobeorthotropic,buttheresultsdonotdiffermuch

fromisotropiccoreunlessthecoreshearmodulusismuchsmallercircumferentiallythanaxially.Thebuckling
coefficientsforisotropiccoreandorthotropiccorestiffenedcircumferentiallyarethesameandarepresentedin
aparticularlysimpleformula..
Referenceslistedattheendofthereport:
(1)Donnell,L.H.1934.StabilityofThinWalledTubesUnderTorsion.NationalAdvisoryCommitteeforAeronauticsTechnical
ReportNo.479.
(2)Ericksen,WilhelmS.,andMarch,H.W.1958.CompressiveBucklingofSandwichPanelsHavingDissimilarFacingsofUnequal
Thickness.ForestProductsLaboratoryReportNo.1583B.
(3)March,H.W.,andKuenzi,E.W.1957.BucklingofCylindersofSandwichConstructioninAxialCompression.ForestProducts
LaboratoryReportNo.1830.
(4)Teichmann,F.K.,Wang,C.T.,andGerard,G.1951.BucklingofSandwichCylindersUnderAxialCompression.Jour.Aero.
Science18:398.
(5)Timoshenko,S.P.,andGere,J.M.1961.TheoryofElasticStability,SecondEdition.McGrawHill,
p.462.
(6)VonKarman,Th.,andTsien,H.S.1941.TheBucklingofThinCylindricalShellsUnderAxialCompression.Jour.Aero.Science
7:276.
(7)Williams,D.,Leggett,D.M.A.,andHopkins,H.G.1941.FlatSandwichPanelsUnderCompressiveEndLoads.BritishRoyal
AircraftEstablishmentReportNo.A.D.3174.

CharlesP.Rubin(IndustryProgramoftheCollegeofEngineering,TheUniversityofMichigan),Atheoretical
studyoftwobucklingcriteriaforthinshells,PhD.Dissertation,October,1963
PARTIALINTRODUCTION:Thedifficultiesinherentinthetheoryofthebucklingofthinshellsaremost
pronouncedwhenacylindricalshellunderaxialcompressionisconsidered.Thisproblemwasfirstattackedin
theearly1900'sbyLorentz,Southwell,Timoshenko,FluggeandDonnell.(41)Theyneglectedalltermshigher
thansecondorderinthepotentialenergyandsolvedtheresultinglinearequilibriumequationsforthe
classicalorlinearbucklingload(alsocalledtheEulerload).Thetheoreticalresultsoftheclassicaltheorydid
not,however,agreewellwiththeearlyexperimentsofLundquistandDonnell.(41)Significantdisparitiesoccur
notonlyinthebucklingload,whichthetheorypredictsthreetofourtimestoohigh,butalsointhewaveform.
Inaddition,theclassicaltheoryyieldsawavepatternwhichenvelopstheentiresurfaceoftheshelland,isnotin
accordwiththeobservedbehavioroflocalinstabilities.Lastly,thescatterofexperimentalpointsandthe
definitetendencyforashelltobuckleradiallyinward,ratherthan,aspredictedbythetheory,bothinwardand
outward,aretwoadditionalcharacteristicsnotdescribedbytheclassicaltheory.Numerousattemptshavebeen
madetoreconcilethesediscrepanciesbetweentheexperimentsandtheclassicaltheory.Inoneofthefirst,
Flugge(l6)adjustedthetheoreticalboundaryconditionstocoincidewiththoseactuallyrealizedinthe
laboratory,butfoundonlyanegligibleinfluenceonthebucklingloadsofmostcylinders.Incontrast,arecent
investigationbyStein'7)showsasignificantdropin
Referenceslistedattheendofthedissertation:
1.Agamirov,V.L.andVollmir,A.S.,"BehaviorofCylindricalShellsunderDynamicLoadingbyHydrostaticPressureorbyAxial
Compression,"TranslationinAmericanRocketSocietyJournalSupplement,January,1961.
2,Almroth,B.O.,"PostbucklingBehaviorofAxiallyCompressedCircularCylinders,"AIAA,J,No.3,(March,1963),630.
3.Appl,F.C.,andZorowski,C.F."UpperandLowerBoundsforSpecialEigenvalues,"J.Appl.Mech.,26,No.2,(June,1959),236.
4.Batdorf,S.B.,"ASimplifiedMethodofElasticStabilityAnalysisforThinCylindricalShells,"PartIDonnellEquations,NACA
TN1341,June,1947,PartIIModifiedEquilibriumEquation,NACATN1342,947.
5.Batdorf,S.B.,Schildcrout,M,,andStein,M.,"CriticalStressofThinwalledCylindersinAxialCompression,"NACATN1343,
1947.

6.Bodner,S.R.,andGjelsvik,A.,"EnergyCriterionandSnapbucklingofArches,"J.Eng.Mech.Div,,ASCE,88,No.EM5,
(October,1962)
7.Bollerman,W.,"TheInclusionofEigenvaluesintheApplicationoftheMaxminPrinciple(inGerman),"Z.angew.Math.Mech.,
40,No.8(August,1960)
80Budiansky,B.,andWeinitschke,H.J.,"OnAxisymmetricalBucklingofClamped,Shallow,SphericalShells,"J.Aero.Sci.,27,
No.7,(July,1960).
9.Collatz,L.,EigenwertaufgabenmittechnischenAnwendungen,Leipzig,1949,AkademischeVerlagsgesellschaft
10.Collatz,L,TheNumericalTreatmentofDifferentialEquations,3rded.,Berlin,SpringerVerlag,Vol.15,l960.
11.Courant,R.,andHilbert,D.,MethodsofMathematicalPhysics,1sted.,IntersciencePublishers,Inco,NewYork,Vol.1,1953.
12.Cox,H.L.,TheBucklingofPlatesandShells,InternationalSeriesofMonographsinAeronauticsandAstronautics,Pergamon
Press,MacMillanCo,NewYork,1963.
13.Diaz,J.B.,"UpperandLowerBoundsforEigenvalues,"ProceedingsoftheEighthSymposiumonAppliedMathematics,Amer.
Math.Soc,(1947),5378.
14,Donnell,L.H.,"ANewTheoryfortheBucklingofThinCylindersunderAxialCompressionandBending,"Trans.ofASME,56,
(1934),795~
15.Donnell,L.H.,andWan,C.C,,"EffectofImperfectionsonBucklingofThinCylindersandColumnsUnderAxialCompression,"
J.Appl.Mech.,17,No.1,(1950),735
16.Flugge,W.,"DieStabilitatderKreiszylinderschale,"IngenieurArchiv,3,(1932),463506.
17.Friedrichs,K.O,,"OntheMinimumBucklingLoadforSphericalShells,"TheodorevonKIarmnnAnniversaryVolume,Cal.Inst.
Tech.,Pasadena,1941,258272
18.Fung,Y.C.,andKaplan,A.,"BucklingofLowArchesandCurvedBeamsofSmallCurvature,"NACATN2840,1952.
19.Fung,Y.C.,andSechler,E.E.,"BucklingofThinwalledCircularCylindersunderAxialCompressionandInternalPressure,"J.
Aero.Sci.,24,No.5,(1957),351.
20,Fung,Y.C.,andSechler,E.E.,"InstabilityofThinElasticShells,"ProceedingsoftheFirstSymposiumonNavalStructural
Mechanics,StanfordUniversity,(August,1958),115168
21,Gould,S.H.,VariationalMethodsforEigenvalueProblems,UniversityofTorontoPress,1957.
22.Kadashevick,Iu.I.,andPertseur,A.K.,"OntheLossofStabilityofCylindricalShellsunderDynamicLoading,"IZV.AKAD
SSSR.Odt.Tekhn.Nauk.Mech.,Mashinosti,No.3,(1960),3033,Translationin
AmericanRocketSocietyJournalSupplement,32,No.1,(January,1962),1401l453
23.Kato,T.,"UpperandLowerBoundsofEigenvalues,"J.Phys.Soc.ofJapan,4,(1949),334.
24.Kempner,J.,"RecentResultsintheTheoryofLargeDeflectionsofCylindricalShells,"NinthCongressofIntern.Mecan.Appl.,
UniversityofBruxelles,6,(1957),247.
25,Kempner,J.,"PostBucklingBehaviorofAxiallyCompressedCircularCylindricalShells,"J.Aero,Sci.,21,No.5,(1954),239.
26.Koiter,W.T,,"ElasticStabilityandPostBucklingBehavior,"presentedatFirstAllUnionCongressofTheoreticalandApplied
Mechanics,Moscow,1960.
27.Koiter,W.T.,"AConsistentFirstApproximationintheTheoryofThinElasticShells,"ProceedingsofSymposiumontheTheory
ofThinElasticShells,TechnologicalUniversityofDelft,IntersciencePublishers,Inc.,NewYork,1959.
28.Langhaar,H.L,,andBoresi,A.P.,"SnapThroughandPostBucklingBehaviorofCylindricalShellsundertheActionofExternal
Pressure,"Univ.ofIll.Eng.Exp.Station,Bull.No443,1957.
29.Leggett,D.M.A.,andJones,R.P.N.,"TheBehaviorofaCylindricalShellunderAxialCompressionwhentheBucklingLoad
hasbeenExceeded,"RandM2190,BritishAero,Res.Comm.,1942.
30.Leggett,D.M.A,,"TheBucklingofThinCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompression,"Aca.Serb.Sci.Publ.Inst.Math.,7,
(1954),4760.
31.Lo,H.,Crate,H.andSchwartzE.B,"BucklingofThinwalledCylindersunderAxialcompressionandInternalPressure,NACA
TN2021,1950.
32.Michielsen,HermanF.,"TheBehaviorOfThinCylindricalShellsafterBucklingunderAxialCompression,"J.Aero.Sci.,15,
No.12,(1948),738.
33.Mushtari,Kh.M.,andSuchenkov,A.V.,"StabilityofCylindricalandConicalShellsofCircularCrossSectionwith
SimultaneousActionofAxialCompressionandExternalPressure,"Prikl.Mat.Mekh.,18,No.6,
1954,TranslationinNACATM1433,1958.
34.Mushtari,Kh.M.,andGalimov,K.Z.,NonLinearTheoryofThinElasticShells,IsraelProgramforScientificTranslationsLtd.,
1961.

35.Nash,W.A.,"EffectofLargeDeflectionsandInitialImperfectionsontheBucklingofCylindricalShellsSubjectedto
HydrostaticPressure,"J.Aero.Sci,,22,No.4,(April,1955),264.
36,Southwell,R.V.,"SomeExtensionsofRayleigh'sPrinciple,"Quart.J.OfMech.andAppl.Math.,6,(1953),257272.
37.Stein,M.,"TheEffectoftheBucklingofPerfectCylindersofPrebucklingDeformationsandStressesInducedbyEdgeSupports,"
NASATND1510,(December,1962),217.
38.Temple,G.,andBickley,W.G.,Rayleigh'sPrincipleandItsApplicationstoEngineering,DoverPublications,Inc,1956.
39.Temple,G.,"TheComputationofCharacteristicNumbersandCharacteristicFunctions,"LondonMath.Soc.Proc.,29,(1928),
257.
40.Thielemann,W.G.,"OnthePostBucklingBehaviorofThinCylindricalShells,"DeutscheForschungsanstaltfurLuftund
RaumfahrtEoV.(DFL)Braunschweig.TranslatedinNASATND1510,(December1962),203,
41.Timoshenko,S.,TheoryofElasticStability,McGrawHillInc.,NewYork,1936,
42.Tsien,H,S.,"BucklingofaColumnwithNonlinearLateralSupports,"J.Aero.Sci.,9,No.4,(1942).
43.Tsien,H.S."ATheoryfortheBucklingofThinShells,"'J.AerooSci.,9,10,(1942),373.
44.Tsien,H.S.,"LowerBucklingLoadintheNonlinearBucklingTheoryforThinShells,"Quart.Appl.Math,5,No2,(1947),236
237
45.Volmir,A.S.,ElasticPlatesandShells,(inRussian)StatePublishingHouseofTechnicalTheoreticalLiterature,Moscow,1956.
46.vonKarman,T.,Dunn,L.Go9andTsien,H0S.,"TheInfluenceof
CurvatureontheBucklingCharacteristicsofStructures,"JoAerooScio
7,No7,(May,1940),276289.
47.vonKarman,T.,andTsien,H.S.,"TheBucklingofThinCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompression,"J.Aero.Sci.,8,No.8,
(1941),302.
48.vonKarman,T.,"TheEngineerGrappleswithNonLinearProblems,"Bull.Amer.Math.Soc.,46,(1940),615.
49.vonKarman,T.,andTsien,H.S.,"TheBucklingofSphericalShellsbyExternalPressure,"J.Aero.Sci,,7,No.2,(December,
1939)4350.
50.Yoshimura,Y.,"OntheMechanismofBucklingofaCircularCylindricalShellunderAxialCompression,"NACATM1590,
1955.

H.V.Cordiano(NavalAppliedScienceLab,Brooklyn,NY,USA),Theshearbucklingpropertiesofsquare
panelsofwovenrovinglaminate,FinalReport,Project58342,SR0070304,Task1009,Material
Laboratory,NewYorkNavalShipyard,Brooklyn1,NewYork,June1963,
DTICAccessionNumber:AD0410504,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD410504
ABSTRACT:Experimentalverificationhasbeenmadeofthepreviouslydevelopedtheoreticalanalysis,and
correspondingdesigndatasheet,whichpermitsthepredictionofcriticalshearbucklingstressesforsquare
panelsoforthotropicmaterialwithclampededgesforanyanglethattheprincipalaxisofelasticitymakeswith
thereferenceedge.Thetheorycorrectlypredictslowvaluesofbucklingstressfora135degreeanglefor
materialsinwhichtheelasticconstantsinthetwoprincipaldirectionsarewidelydifferent.Experimentswitha
wovenrovinglaminate,inwhichtheratioofmoduliintheprincipaldirectionsis2:1,showbucklingstresses15
percentlowerthanthepredictedvalues.Thedifferencesareaccountedforbytheknowledgethattheory
predictionsareabout5percenthighandbyvariationsinpropertiesanddimensionsofactualmaterialswhich
precludethedevelopmentoffullbucklingstrength.Arecommendationismadetoutilizethedatasheetwithdue
considerationgiventothesedifferences.
(Noreferenceslisted)
H.R.Jacobson(DouglasAircraftCo.,SantaMonica,California,USA),Optimumconstructionofreinforced
plasticcylinderssubjectedtohighexternalpressure,DouglasReportSM44057,Quarterlyprogressreportno.
1,June1963,
DTICAccessionNumber:AD0407098,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD407098

ABSTRACT:Thepurposeofthisprogramistodevelopandproveoutatheoreticalmethodforaccurately
predictingthecriticalbucklingstrengthofexternallypressurizedcylindersmadefromorthotropicmaterialsand
tofindtheoptimumconstructionoffilamentreinforcedplastic(FRP)cylindersundersuchloading.A
descriptionoftheprogramanditssignificancetotheoverallBuShipsDeepSubmergenceprogramanda
summaryoftheworkaccomplishedtodatearegiven.Theoreticalanalyticalexpressionsforpredictingelastic
bucklingcollapseandelasticconstantsofFRPcylindersarepresentedanddiscussed.Resultsofinitialbuckling
anddiscontinuitystressanalysisofproposedtestcylindersarepresented.
H.E.Lindberg(PoulterLaboratories,StanfordResearchInstitute,MenloPark,Calif.),Bucklingofaverythin
cylindricalshellduetoanimpulsivepressure,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.31,No.2,pp.267272,
June1964,DOI:10.1115/1.3629596
ABSTRACT:Thispapershowsthatwhenverythincylindricalshellsaresubjectedtoanexternalimpulsive
pressure,theinteractionbetweentheradial,purelyextensionalmodeandtheflexuralmodesissufficientto
precipitatepermanentwrinkles.Thetheorypredictsthatthesewrinklesoccuratawavelengthwhichdependson
themagnitudeofthepressurepulseaswellasonthecylinderparameters;experimentsoncylindricalshellsand
thinstripsconfirmthisprediction.Framingcameraphotographsshowingtheformationofwrinklesofthistype
arealsopresented.
H.E.Lindberg(StanfordResearchInstitute,MenloPark,Calif.),DynamicPlasticBucklingofaThin
CylindricalShellContaininganElasticCore,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.32,No.4,pp.803812,
December1965,DOI:10.1115/1.3627319
ABSTRACT:Stiffeningbymeansofanelasticcoreisdemonstratedtoincreasesignificantlytheresistanceofa
cylindricalshelltobucklingfromanexternalimpulsivepressure.Boththeoryandexperimentsshowthatthe
elasticcoreconstrainstheshelltoabsorbmoreenergybymembraneplasticflow.Inclusioninthetheoryofa
continuouslychangingtangentmodulusoftheshellmaterialleadstoacriticalcoremoduluswhichdependson
thehoopstrainandexplainstheincreasedwavenumbersobservedintheexperimentswithstiffcores.
H.E.Lindberg,R.E.Herbert(StanfordResearchInstitute,MenloPark,Calif.),DynamicBucklingofaThin
CylindricalShellUnderAxialImpact,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.33,No.1,pp.105112,March
1966,DOI:10.1115/1.3624966
ABSTRACT:Bucklingofthincylindricalshellsfromaxialimpactisstudiedundertheassumptionthatinitial
imperfectionscanbeapproximatedbywhitenoise.Linearsmalldeflectiontheoryisusedtocalculatethe
resultinggrowthofthenormalmodes,andastatisticalanalysisgivestheexpectedvaluesforthepreferred
axialandcircumferentialwavelengths.Veryhighspeedphotographs(240,000frames/sec)ofshellsbuckling
underaxialimpactshowexcellentagreementwiththetheoryanddemonstratethatlargedeflectionbuckling
followsthepatternestablishedbytheearlylinearmotion.
D.L.AndersonandH.E.Lindberg."Dynamicpulsebucklingofcylindricalshellsundertransientlateral
pressures."AIAAJournal,Vol.6,No.4(1968),pp.589598.doi:10.2514/3.4549

ABSTRACT:Atheoryofdynamicpulsebucklingisdevelopedforcylindricalshellssubjectedtosymmetric
lateralpressurepulsesofdurationrangingfromanidealimpulsetodurationssolongthatthepulseisastep
load.Tocoverthisrangethreetheoreticalmodelsareused:atangentmodulusmodelforimpulsiveloadsthat
produceplasticflowbuckling,astrainreversalmodelforloadsofintermediatedurationwhichproduce
complicatedelasticplasticbuckling,andanelasticmodelforlongloadsthatproduceelasticbuckling.Peak
pressureandimpulseareidentifiedasthemostsignificanloadparameters,andcriticalcurvesforbucklingare
generatedinthepressureimpulseplanebasedonanamplificationofshellimperfections.Itisshownthatthese
curves,fromthesymmetricloadtheory,canbeusedtogivereasonableestimatesforcriticalloadsforsmoothly
varyingasymmetricloads,suchasfromalateralblastwave.Simpleformulasaregivenforthecritcalcurvesin
termsoftheshellelasticandplasticmaterialproperties,radiustothicknessratio,andlengthtodiameterratio.
Thecurvesagreewellwithexperimentalresultsovertheentirerangeofpressureandimpulse.
HenryVaughanandH.E.Lindberg(ExplosivesEngineeringDepartment,PoulterLaboratoryforHighPressure
Research,StanfordResearchInstitute,MenloPark,Calif.),DynamicPlasticBucklingofSandwichShells,
JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.35,No.3,pp.539546,September1968,DOI:10.1115/1.3601248
ABSTRACT:Theformationofsmall,flexuralwrinklesinthewallsofasandwichshellunderuniformradial
impulseisexamined.Abucklingcriterionbasedonthemagnificationsofinitialwallimperfectionsisusedto
evaluatethresholdimpulses.Usingagivenweightofmaterial,thiscriterionisusedtodeterminetheoptimum
ratiosoftheinnerandouterwallthicknessesforvariouscorethicknesses.Itisshownthattheoptimumshellfor
agivenweightofmaterialandouterdiameterisasinglewallshell.Thelossinefficiencyobtainedbyusing
typicalsandwichshellsisabout30percent.Theseresultsaresupportedbyexperimentalevidence.
HenryVaughan,A.L.Florence(StanfordResearchInstitute,MenloPark,Calif.),PlasticFlowBucklingof
CylindricalShellsDuetoImpulsiveLoading,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.37,No.1,pp.171179,
March1970,DOI:10.1115/1.3408427
ABSTRACT:Atheoryispostulatedtoexplaintheplasticbucklingofcylindricalshellscausedbyuniform
radiallyinwardimpulses.Experimentalresultsarepresentedwhichshowthatthenumberofbucklesincreases
withtheshelllength.Asimpleformulaisderivedwhichpredictspreferredmodenumbersinagreementwiththe
experimentalresultsforshellswithlengthsuptoabout11/2dia.Forlongershells,modenumbersmaybe
obtainedbynumericalintegrationoftheequationofmotion.Theincreaseinmodenumberwithshelllengthis
attributedtotherelativeeffectsofthedirectionalandhardeningcontributionstothereactivebending
moment,theformerstemmingfromyieldinginabiaxialplasticstateofstress.Inshortshells(length<dia),itis
shownthatthedirectionalmomentdominates,whereasinlongshells(length>3dia)thehardeningmoment
dominates.Themodepredictionformulajustmentionedapplieswheneverthedirectionalmomentdominates
andthedifficultyintreatingcaseswherethehardeningmomentissignificantisindicated.Again,fortheformer
case,asimplethresholdimpulseformulaisderivedconformingtotheexperiments.
H.E.Lindberg(1),M.B.Rubin(2)andL.E.Schwer(1)
(1)APTEK,Inc.,4340StevensCreekBlvd.,Suite145,SanJose,CA95129,U.S.A.
(2)IsraelInstituteofTechnology,Haifa,Israel

Dynamicbucklingofcylindricalshellsfromoscillatingwavesfollowingaxialimpact,InternationalJournalof
SolidsandStructures,Vol.23,No.6,1987,pp.669692,doi:10.1016/00207683(87)900722
ABSTRACT:Anexperimentalandtheoreticalinvestigationofdynamicbucklingofthincylindricalshells
underoscillatingstresswavesfollowingaxialimpactshowsthathoopbreathingresponseinducedbythe
Poissoneffectplaysastrongroleininitiatingbuckling,andthatthestressoscillationsallowbucklinginitially
localizedneartheimpactedendtopropagateuptheshelltowardthefreeend.Asaresultofthisenergy
spreading,thetotalcompressiveimpulseofmultipulseloadingcanbesubstantiallylargerthanthecritical
impulseforasinglepulse.Theradialdeformationofbreathingprovidesadeterministicmechanismfor
initiationofsymmetricbuckling,whichdominatesearlyresponseforsuperclassicalimpactloads.For
subclassicalimpactloads,thecircumferentialstressresultantfromthePoissoneffectexciteshyperbolicgrowth
ofalargegroupofasymmetricmodes;acontinuousrangeofimpactloadsextendingtovaluesbelowthestatic
classicalbucklingloadthereforeresultindynamicbucklingwithinthescopeofclassicalbucklingtheorywith
inertiatermsadded.
H.E.Lindberg(Aptek,Inc.,SanJose,CA95129),DynamicResponseandBucklingFailureMeasuresfor
StructuresWithBoundedandRandomImperfections,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.58,No.4,pp.1092
1095,December1991,DOI:10.1115/1.2897690
ABSTRACT:Comparisonsbetweenanunknownbutboundedimperfectionmodelandarandomimperfection
modelshowthatforsimplepointwisefailuremeasures,atleast,thetwomodelsgivethesameexpressionsfor
theirmeasuresofresponse,buteachmeasurehasadistinctlydifferentinterpretation.Theformergivesthe
maximumpossibleresponseforanyimperfectionwithinaspecifiedbound.Thelattergivesthestandard
deviationofresponse,which,togetherwiththestatisticaldistribution,canbeusedtospecifythemaximum
responseataspecifiedconfidencelevel.However,sincethestatisticaldistributionsofimperfections,andhence
oftheresponseareoftenunknown,confidencelevelsaredifficulttodefine,especiallyinthetailofthe
distributionathighconfidencelevels.Theunknownbutboundedmodelrequireslessinformationaboutthe
imperfectionstocometoawelldefinedboundonresponse.Itisfurthershownthat,whilethemaximum
possibleresponsemightseemtobeaseverefailureavoidancecriterion,itcanbelessconstrictingthanhaving
toimposeartificiallyhighconfidencelevelswithpoorlyknownstatisticaldistributions.
HerbertE.Lindberg(APTEK,Inc.,SanJose,CA95129),DynamicPulseBucklingofImperfectionSensitive
Shells,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.58,No.3,pp.743748,September1991,DOI:10.1115/1.2897258
ABSTRACT:Thetheoreticalbasisoftworelatedbutdistinctlydifferentdynamicbucklingcriteriaare
summarizedwiththeobjectiveofdemonstratingtherangeofapplicabilityofeach,sothattogethertheycover
theentirerangeofdynamicpulseloadsfromnearlyimpulsiveloadstosteploadsofinfiniteduration.The
examplechosenisacylindricalshellunderelasticaxialloadsbuttheapproachisapplicablemoregenerally.A
criticalamplificationofimperfectionscriterionwithalinearshelltheoryisshowntobeapplicableforshort
durationloads,forwhichathresholdnonlineardivergencecriteriongivesloadsanorderofmagnitudetoo
conservative.Conversely,thelineartheoryisinapplicableforlongdurationloads,forwhichcriticalloadsare
lowerthanthelinearstaticbucklingloadbecauseofimperfectionsensitivity.Inthisrangethethreshold
nonlineardivergencecriterionisused.Forloadsofintermediateduration,anextendedcriticalamplification
criterionisusedwithequationsthatconservativelyassumezerostaticbucklingloadbutgiveanunchanged
formulaforcriticalloadamplitudedurationcombinations.

G.DixmierandG.Gerard,CompositeMaterials,AGARDReportNo.483,July1964
StephenW.Tsai,Structuralbehaviorofcompositematerials,NASACR71,1964
J.H.AmickandJ.H.Nourse,Areviewofthetechnicalliteraturefortheelasticanalysisoffilamentwound
pressurevessels,Report1,HerculesPowderCo.,July1964
MichaelF.Card(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,USA),Preliminaryresultsof
compressiontestsoncylinderswitheccentriclongitudinalstiffeners,NASATMX1004,1964
MichaelF.Card(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,USA),Bendingtestsoflargediameter
stiffenedcylinderssusceptibletogeneralinstability,NASATND2200,1964
MichaelF.Card(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,USA),ExperimentstoDetermine
ElasticModuliforFilamentWoundCylinders,NASATechnicalNoteTND3110,November1964
DTICAccessionNumber:ADA310372,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA310372
ABSTRACT:Elasticmoduliforfilamentwoundcylindershavingawallconfigurationcomposedofseveral
alternatinghelicallyandcircumferentiallywrappedlayersaredeterminedexperimentally.Themoduliwere
determinedfrommeasurementsmadeonseveralglassepoxycylindersandtubesloadedinpressure,torsion,or
compression.Computationsofelasticconstantsweremadeforthetestspecimensaswellasforhypothethical
boronepoxycylinderstodemonstratetheimportanceofthematrixindeterminingextensionalstiffness.A
comparisonofcalculationsandexperimentindicatesthatmodulimeasuredinregionswherethecylindermatrix
behaveslinearlyareinreasonableagreementwithcomputedvalues.
J.PetersonandM.F.Card,Investigationofthebucklingstrengthofcorrugatedwebsinshear,NASATND
424,1966
MichaelF.Card(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,USA),ExperimentstoDeterminethe
StrengthofFilamentWoundCylindersLoadedinAxialCompression,NASATechnicalNote,August1966,
DTICAccessionNumber:ADA307211,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA307211
ABSTRACT:Resultsofcompressiontestsconductedon51multilayeredglassepoxycylindersarepresented.
Testswereconductedatbothroomtemperatureandelevatedtemperaturesoncylindershavingvarioushelical
wrapangles,matrixmaterials,anddiameters.Experimentalresultsindicatethat,insomeofthecylinders,
failureswereinducedbybucklingwhereas,inothers,failureswereinducedbythermaldegradationand/or
nonlinearityinthestiffnessofthematrixmaterialinthecylinderwall.Thedataobtainedfromtheunheated
cylindersarecomparedwithbucklingpredictionsbasedonlinearanisotropicshelltheoryandwithmaterial
strengthpredictionsbasedonanisotropicyieldcriteria.Thecomparisonindicatedthatagreementobtained
betweenbucklingtestsandtheoreticalpredictionswascomparabletothatobtainedinpreviousexperiencewith
metalcylindersandthatstrengthpredictionswereoverlyconservative.Theresultssuggestthatthecompressive
strengthofafilamentwoundcylindercanbelimitedbyitsmaterialstrengthandthatmorerefinedmaterial
strengthanalysesareneededformultilayeredfibrouscompositesloadedinaxialcompression.

L.K.ChangandMichaelF.Card(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,USA),Thermal
BucklingAnalysisforStiffenedOrthotropicCylindricalShells(Structuralanalysisofthermalbucklingof
orthotropic,multilayered,stiffenedcylindricalshellusingfinitedifferencesanddeterminantplottingormodal
iteration),NASATechnicalNoteTND6332,April1971
AccessionNumber:ADA309606,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA309606
ABSTRACT:Atheoryforthermalbucklingofanorthotropic,multilayered,stiffenedcylindricalshellis
presented.Thetheoryincludestheeffectsofeccentricityoflayersandstiffening,anddeformationspriorto
buckling.Itissufficientlygeneraltoaccountfordiscreteringsandaveragedpropertiesoflongitudinal
stiffening,aswellasarbitrarytemperaturedistributionsthroughthethicknessoftheshellanddepthofthe
stiffeners.Twocomputerprogramsaredescribedcorrespondingtosolutionsforbucklingobtainedbyusing
finitedifferencesanddeterminantplottingormodaliteration.Computedresultsforthermalbucklingof
unstiffenedandringstiffenedshellsarepresentedandareinreasonableagreementwithpublishedresults.The
interactionofthermalloadingandaxialcompressionintwolargediameterstiffenedshellsrepresentativeofa
launchvehicleinterstageandapreliminarysupersonictransportfuselagedesignisinvestigated.Resultsindicate
thatbucklingcanoccurinbothstructuresatarealistictemperatureunderthermalloadingalone.
Huang,N.C.,UnsymmetricalBucklingofThinShallowSphericalShells,J.ofAppliedMechanics,31,1964,
pp.447457.
DTICAccessionNumber:AD0409599,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD409599
Alsosee:JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.31,No.3,pp.447457,September1964,
DOI:10.1115/1.3629662
ABSTRACT:Atheoreticalstudyofbucklingofclampedshallowsphericalshellsunderuniformexternal
pressureispresented.Forsufficientlylargedeflection,deformationsofsuchshellsarenotproportionaltothe
appliedpressure.Theshelldeformsaxisymmetricallyundersufficientlylowpressure.Theproblemof
axisymmetricalsnappinghasbeensolvedbydifferentnumericalmethodsandtheresultsagreewitheachother.
Thebucklingpressuresobtainedinsuchamanneraretoohighascomparedwithexperimentalresultsobtained
inReferences.Initialimperfectionsoftheshellandunsymmetricalbucklingarepresumedtobethesourcesof
thisdiscrepancybetweenaxisymmetricalbucklingtheoryandexperiment.

NaiChienHuang(DivisionofEngineeringMechanics,StanfordUniversity,Stanford,Calif.),Axisymmetrical
CreepBucklingofClampedShallowSphericalShells,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.32,No.2,pp.323
330,June1965,DOI:10.1115/1.3625802
ABSTRACT:Foraviscoelasticclampedshallowsphericalshell,theverticaldeflectionduetouniformly
distributedexternalpressureisafunctionoftime.Whentimereachesacriticalvalue,theshellmaysnap
throughsuddenly.Thiscriticaltimedependsonthemagnitudeoftheappliedpressureaswellastheshell
geometry.Thegoverningequationsforlargedeformationsofviscoelasticshellscanbederivedbyapplyingthe
correspondenceprincipletotheequivalentequationsintheelasticcase.Thecriticaltimesforvariousshells
underdifferentpressuresareevaluatednumerically.Ifthedeflectionvolumeoftheshellisaconstant
throughoutthedeformationprocess,theexternalpressuredecreasesduetorelaxationofstressesinthe
viscoelasticshell.Thisdecreasingexternalpressureisalsocalculatedinthispaper.

Roth,R.S.andJ.M.Klosner,Nonlinearresponseofcylindricalshellssubjecttodynamicaxialloads,AIAA
J.,Vol.2,October1964
Goodier,J.N.andI.K.McIvor.Theelasticcylindricalshellsundernearlyuniformradialimpulse,J.Appl.
Mech.,Vol.31,No.2,June1964
B.O.Almroth,A.M.C.HolmesandD.O.Brush,Anexperimentalstudyofthebuckingofcylindersunder
axialcompression(Testprogramisaimedatdeterminingthecausesofdiscrepancybetweentheoreticaland
experimentalresultsforthebucklingloadofaxiallycompressedcylindricalshells),ExperimentalMechanics,
Vol.4,No.9,1964,pp.263270,doi:10.1007/BF02323088
ABSTRACT:Theseriousdiscrepancybetweentheoreticalandexperimentalresultsforthebucklingloadof
axiallycompressedcylindricalshellsiswellknown.Thispaperpresentsresultsofatestprogramspecifically
designedtothrowsomelightonthecausesofthediscrepancy.Tennominallyidenticalnickelcylinderswere
fabricatedbyelectrodepositionandtestedunderbothdeadweightandcontrolledendshorteningconditions.
Thetestresultsindicatethefollowing:thebucklingloadunderusuallaboratoryconditionsdependsonthe
propertiesofthetestspecimenitselfratherthanonthetestingenvironment,thebucklingloadsunderdead
weightandcontrolledendshorteningconditionsarethesame,asharppuffofairduringloadingcancause
bucklingataconsiderablyreducedloadlevel,minimizationofinitialimperfectionsinthetestspecimensgreatly
increasesthebucklingload,andthemagnitudeoftheminimumpostbucklingequilibriumloadisrelatively
insensitivetoinitialimperfections
Sobel,L.H.,"EffectsofBoundaryConditionsontheStabilityofCylindersSubjecttoLateralandAxial
Pressure",AIAAJournal,Vol.2,No.8,pp.14371440,August1964.
Forsberg,K.,Influenceofboundaryconditionsonthemodalcharacteristicsofthincylindricalshells,AIAA
Journal,Vol.2,No.12,1964,pp.21502157.
Z.A.Lu,J.PenzienandE.P.Popov,Finiteelementsolutionforthinshellsofrevolution,NASACR37,July
1964
G.HerrmannandR.W.Bungay,Onthestabilityofelasticsystemssubjectedtononconservativeforces,
JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.31,1964,pp.435440
A.J.Sobey(DelftUniversityofTechnology,TheNetherlands),Thebucklingofanaxiallyloadedcircular
cylinderwithinitialimperfections,RAETechnicalReport64016,September30,1964,RoyalAircraft
Establishment,uuid:489c0c0eca7344aa8f22dbc60d90c0e3
ABSTRACT:AnextensionoftheDonnellandWananalysisforthebucklingofashellwithinitial
imperfectionsispresentedforamodeofarbitraryprofile.Resultsforamodewith26arbitraryparametersare
givenwithchartsofthestressstraincharacteristicsforcylinderswithinitialdisplacementsofbetweenone
eighthandfivetimestheskinthicknessofthecylinder.Adirectoptimisationoftheenergyfunctionisused.
Almroth'sminimumpostbuckledstressfortheidealcylinder(00656Et/R)isloweredto00518Et/Randa
criticalassessmentofthevalueofsuchfiguresprovided.

A.J.Sobey,Thebucklingstrengthofauniformcircularcylinderloadedinaxialcompression,ReportR&M
No.3366,MinistryofAviation,AeronauticalResearchCouncilReportsandMemoranda,1964,London:Her
MajestysStationeryOffice
ABSTRACT:Thetheoreticalestimationofthebucklingstrengthofacylinderloadedinaxialcompressionis
improvedbytheuseofamorerepresentativedeflectedformofthebuckledcylinderthanhaspreviouslybeen
used.Kempnersbucklingstrengthfordeadweightloadingisreducedby18percent.Thepresentationofthe
magnitudeanddistributionoftheconstraintsystemrequiredtomaintainthemodeisnovelandinstructive.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

Th.vonKarmanandH.S.Tsien,Thebucklingofthincylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,J.Aero.Sci.,Vol.8,No.8,p.303,
June1941
D.M.A.LeggettandR.P.N.Jones,Thebehaviorofacylindricalshellunderaxialcompressionwhenthebucklingloadhasbeen
exceeded,A.R.C.R.&M.2190,August1942
HermanF.Michielsen,Thebehaviorofthincylindricalshellsafterbucklingunderaxialcompression,J.Aero.Sci.,Vol.15,No.12,
p.738,December1948
JosephKempner,Postbucklingbehaviourofaxiallycompressedcircularcylindricalshells,J.Aero.Sci.,Vol.21,No.5,p.329,
May1954
W.F.Thielemann,Newdevelopmentsinthenonlineartheoriesofthebucklingofthincylindricalshells,Proc.DurandCentennial
Conf.AeronauticsandAstronautics,pp.76119,Pergamon,1960
H.S.Tsien,Lowerbucklingloadinthenonlinearbucklingtheoryofthinshells,Quart.App.Math.,Vol.5,p.236,1947
H.H.Rosenbrock,Anautomaticmethodforfindingthegreatestorleastvalueofafunction,ComputerJournal,Vol.3,No.3,p.
175,October1960

Block,D.L.(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,USA),Influenceofringstiffenerson
instabilityoforthotropiccylindersinaxialcompression,NASATND2482,October1964
ABSTRACT:Calculationsarepresentedfromananalyticalinvestigationontheinfluenceofringstiffenerson
theinstabilitymodesoforthotropiccylinderssubjecttocompressiveorbendingloads.Theanalysisis
performedbyemployingsmalldeflectiontheoryandbymodifyingtheequilibiumequationstoincludethe
effectsofdiscreteringstiffenerscharacterizedbyabendingstiffnessthatrestrainsradialdformationofthe
shell.Thesecalculationsindicatethattheringbendingstiffnessnecessarytocausepanelinstabilitycanbe
adequatelydeterminedbyuseofananalysiswhichdoesnotincludethediscretenessoftherings.Comparisonof
theresultsofthecalculationswithanempiricalringdesigncriterionincommonuseindicatesthattheempirical
formulacanbeeitherveryconservativeorverynonconservativedependingonthecylindergeomnetry.
DavidL.Block,MichaelF.CardandMartinM.Mikulas,Jr.,Bucklingofeccentricallystiffenedorthotropic
cylinders,NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,August,1965,
proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA397543
ABSTRACT:Asmalldeflectiontheoryforbucklingofstiffenedorthotropiccylinderswhichincludes
eccentricity(onesided)effectsinthestiffenersisderivedfromenergyprinciples.Bucklingsolutions
correspondingtoclassicalsimplesupportboundaryconditionsareobtainedforbothorthotropicandisotropic
stiffenedcylinderssubjectedtoanycombinationofaxialandcircumferentialloading.Comparablesolutionsfor
stiffenedflatplatesarealsogiven.Samplecalculationsofpredictedcompressivebucklingloadsobtainedfrom
thesolutionsarecomparedwithexistingsolutionsforringstiffenedcorrugatedcylinders,ringandstringer
stiffenedcylinders,andlongitudinally(stringer)stiffenedcylinders.Thecalculationsdemonstratethat

eccentricityeffectsarelargeevenwithverylargediametercylindersofpracticalproportionsandshouldbe
accountedforinanybucklinganalysis.
DavidL.Block,Bucklingofeccentricallystiffenedorthotropiccylindersunderpurebending,NASA
TechnicalNote,March1966,proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA307274
ABSTRACT:Thestabilityofstiffenedorthotropiccylinderswhichincludetheeffectsofeccentricstiffeners
andareloadedwithpurebendingoranycombinationofbendingandcompressionisinvestigatedanalytically
bymeansofasmalldeflectiontheory.Solutionstothebucklingequationsareobtainedforsimplesupport
boundaryconditionsbyuseoftheGalerkinmethod.Thepurebendingbucklingloadsarecomparedwith
existingpurecompressionbucklingloadsforthreecontemporarycylinderconfigurations.Alsoshownare
predictedbucklingmodesandtypicalinteractioncurvesbetweenbendingandcompression.Theresultsshow
thateccentricityeffectsaresubstantialandthatthemaximumpurebendingloadmaybeasmuchas40percent
greaterthanthepurecompressionload.
Adachi,J.andBenicek,M., (U.S. Army Materials Research Agency, Watertown,
Massachusetts, USA)BucklingofTorisphericalShellsunderInternalPressure(Theelasticinstabilityof
thetoroidalknuckleportionoftorisphericalshellsisexaminedexperimentallyusingplasticmodels),
ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.4,No.8,Aug.1964,pp.217222,doi:10.1007/BF02322954
ABSTRACT:Bucklingexperimentswereperformedonaseriesofmodeltorisphericalbulkheadsloadedby
internalfluidpressure.Modelswererigidpolyvinylchloridewithabasediameterof10.52in.Parameters
examinedincludedthickness,centralangleandtoroidalradius.Initialdataobtainedshowthecriticalbuckling
pressuretovaryasapowerofthethicknessandalmostlinearlywithcentralangle.Thebucklingpressurewas
foundalsotobeverysensitivetochangeintoroidalradius.Theuseofrigidpolyvinylchlorideasamodel
materialpermittedeconomicalfabricationoftestbulkheadswithveryuniformthicknessanduniformmaterial
propertiesthroughout.

JiroAdachi(U.S.ArmyMaterialsResearchAgency,Watertown,Massachusetts,USA),Measurementsofthe
displacementsofsphericalcapsduringsnapthroughbuckling(Studyindicatesthatitisfeasibletousea
photovoltaiccellasasensingelementofadisplacementtransducerformeasuringlargedynamicdisplacement),
ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.7,No.1,1966,pp.2327,doi:10.1007/BF02326836
ABSTRACT:Measurementsweremadeofthedynamicbucklingdisplacementsofthesurfacesofspherical
capsduringbucklingunderuniformexternalpressure.Relationshipsbetweenshellgeometryandthemagnitude
ofthesurfacedisplacements,velocitiesandaccelarationsduringbucklingwereobtained.
Theuseofadisplacementtransducerwhosesensingelementisaphotovoltaiccellisdescribed.
RobertL.Armstrong(IndustryProgramoftheCollegeofEngineering,TheUniversityofMichigan),An
asymptoticsolutiontoaprobleminshellstability,Ph.D.Dissertation,October1964

PARTIALINTRODUCTION:Theproblemsofdeterminingtheoreticallytheconditionsunderwhichathin
circularshellunderaxialcompressionbecomesunstable,andofdeterminingthepostbucklingbehaviorofthe
shellhavebeenofinteresttoengineersandscientistsfornearlysixtyyears.Thefirsttheoreticalworkonthis
problemwasdonebysuchnotedinvestigatorsasLorentz(1),Timoshenko(2)Southwell(3),andFlugge(4).
TheyfoundwhatmightbecalledtheclassicalorEulerbucklingload.Thisistheloadatwhichanequilibrium
configurationdifferingfromtheinitialconfigurationbyaninfinitesimaldisplacementcanbefound.Inother
words,itistheloadatwhichabifurcationintheloadaxialdeflectioncurveexists.
Whenacylindricalshellbuckles,thechangeinthepotentialenergyoftheshellcanbeexpressedasasumof
second,third,andfourthordertermsintheradialdisplacement,wr.Theequilibriumequationintheradial
directioncanbefoundbysettingthefirstvariationofthisadditionalpotentialenergyequaltozero.Ifonly
thesecondordertermsareused,theresultingequilibriumequationislinear.Theresultingsystemis
homogeneous,andthelowestvalueofaxialloadforwhichanontrivialsolutionexistsistheEulerload
Referenceslistedattheendofthedissertation:

1.Lorentz,R.,"AchsensymmetrischeVerzerrungeninDunnwandigenHohlzylindern,"Zeit.VerDeut.Ingr.,52,(1908),1766.
2.Timoshenko,S.,"EinigeStabilitatsProblemederElastizitatstheorie,"Zeit.Math.Physik.,58,(1910),337.
3.Southwell,R.V.,"OntheGeneralTheoryofElasticStability,"Phil.Trans.Roy.Soc.London,SeriesA,213,(1914),187.
4.Flugge,W.,"DieStabilitatderKreiszylinderschale,"IngenieurArchiv,3,(1932),463506.
5.Timoshenko,S.,andGere,J.Mo,TheTheoryofElasticStability,McGrawHill,Inc.,1961,
6.Fung,Y.C.,andSechler,E.E.,"InstabilityofThinElasticShells,"ProceedingsoftheFirstSymposiumonNavalStructural
Mechanics,StanfordUniversity,(August,1958),115168.
7.Lundquist,E.E,,"StrengthTestsofThinWalledDuraluminumCylindersinCompression,"NACARep.473,1933.
8.Donnell,L.H.,"ANewTheoryfortheBucklingofThinCylindersUnderAxialCompressionandBending,"Trans.ofASME,56,
(1934),795.
9.vonKarman,T,,andTsien,H.S.,"TheBucklingofThinCylindericalShellsUnderAxialCompression,"J.Aero.Sci,,8,No.8,
(1941),302.
10.Leggett,DoM.A,,andJones,R.P.N.,"TheBehaviorofaCylindricalShellUnderCompressionWhentheBucklingLoadhas
beenExceeded,"RandM2190,BritishAero,Res.Comm.,1942.
11.Michielson,H.F.,"TheBehaviorofThinCylindricalShellsAfterBucklingUnderAxialCompression,"J.Aero.Sci.,15,No.
12,(1948),738.
12.Kempner,J.,"PostbucklingBehaviorofAxiallyCompressedCircularCylindricalShells,"J.AeroSci.,21,No.5,(1954),239.
13.Almroth,B.O,"PostbucklingBehaviorofAxiallyCompressedCircularCylinders,"AIAA,1,No.3,(1963),630.
14.Donnell,L.H.,andWan,C.C.,"EffectofImperfectionsonBucklingofThinCylindersandColumnsUnderAxialCompression,"
JAppl.Mech.,17,No.1,(1950),735.
15.Koiter,W.T.,"ElasticStabilityandPostbucklingBehaviors"presentedatFirstAllUnionCongressofTheoreticalandApplied
Mechanics,Moscow,1960.
16.Kadashevich,Iu.I.,andPertsov,A.K.,"OntheLossofStabilityofCylindricalShellsUnderDynamicLoading,"IZV.AKAD.
SSSR.Oclt.Tekhn,Nauk.Mech.,Mashinosti,No.3,(1960),3033,TranslationinAmericanRocketSocietyJournalSupplement,32,
No.1,(January,1962),140143.
17.Agamirov,V.L.,andVolmir,A.S.,"BehaviorofCylindricalShellsUnderDynamicLoadingbyHydrostaticPressureorby
AxialCompression,"TranslationinAmericanRocketSocietyJournalSupplement,January,1961.
18.Yao,J.C.,"TheDynamicsoftheElasticBucklingofCylindricalShells,"Proc.oftheFourthU.S.Nat.Cong.ofAppl.Mech.,1,
(1962),427.
19.Friedrichs,J.C.,"OntheMinimumBucklingLoadforSphericalShells,"Th.vonKarmanAnniversaryVolume,Cal.Inst.Tech.,
Pasadena,(1941),258272.
20.Friedrichs,K.O.,andStoker,J.J.,"TheNonLinearBoundaryValueProblemoftheBuckledPlate,"Proc.oftheNat.Acad.of
Science,25,(1939),535.
21.Friedrichs,K.0.,andStoker,J.J.,"BucklingofaCircularPlateBeyondtheCriticalThrust,"J.ofAppl.Mech.,9,(1942).
22.Fung,Y.C.,andWittrick,W.H.,"ABoundaryLayerPhenomenonintheLargeDeflectionofThinPlates,"Quart.J.ofMech.
AndAppl.Math.,8,(1955),338.
23.Masur,E.F.,andChang,C.H.,"DevelopmentofBoundaryLayersinBuckledPlates,"J.oftheEngineeringMechanicsDivision,
ASCE,90,No.2(1964),33.

24.Reiss,E.L.,"ATheoryfortheSmallRotationallySymmetricDeformationsofCylindricalShells,"Comm.onPureandAppl.
Math.,13,(1960).
25.Reiss,E.L.,"OntheTheoryofCylindricalShells,"Quart.J.ofMech.andAppl.Math.,15,(1962).
26.Johnson.,M.W.,"BoundaryLayerTheoryforUnsymmetricDeformationsofCircularCylindricalElasticShells,"J.ofMath.and
Physics,42,No.3(1963),167.
27.Donnell,L.H.,"StabilityofThinWalledTubesUnderTorsion,"NACARep.,479,193355
28.Marguerre,K.,"ZurTheoriederGekrummtenPlatteGrosserFormbnderung,"Proc.of5thInter.CongoofAppl.Mech.,(1938).
29.Yoshimura,Y.,"OntheMechanismofBucklingofaCircularCylindricalShellUnderAxialCompression."NACATM1390,
1955.
30.Coppa,A.P.,"TheBucklingofCircularCylindricalShellsSubjecttoAxialImpacts"NACATND1510,CollectedPaperson
ShellStructures,(1962),361.
31.Tennyson,R.C.,"ANoteontheClassicalBucklingLoadofCircularCylindricalShellsUnderAxialCompression,"AlAA,J,No.
2,(1963),475.
32.Carrier,G.F.,"BoundaryLayerProblemsinAppliedMechanics,"AdvancesinAppliedMechanics,III,AcademicPressInc.,
(1953),118.
33.Sanders,J.L.,"NonlinearTheoriesforThinShells,"QuarterlyofAppliedMath.,21,1,(1963),2135.

Kempner,J.andChen,Y.N.,Largedeflectionsofanaxiallycompressedovalcylindricalshell,Proceedings
oftheEleventhInternationalCongressofAppliedMechanics,Munich,SpringerVerlag,Berlin,1964,pp.299
306
Kempner,J.andChen,Y.N.,Bucklingandpostbucklingofanaxiallycompressedovalcylindricalshell,
PolytechnicInstituteofBrooklyn,PIBALReportNo.917,April1966,presentedatSeventhAnniversary
SymposiumonShellstohonorLloydH.Donnell,DTICAccessionNumber:AD0635481
ABSTRACT:Energyexpressionsandrelateddifferentialequationsfornoncircularcylindricalshells,
analogoustothecorrespondingrelationspresentedbyDonnellforthinwalledcircularcylindricalshells,are
summarized.Appropriateenergyexpressionsarethenappliedtotheclassicalbucklingandtothenonlinear
postbucklingproblemsofanaxiallycompressedovalcylinderwhosecrosssectionischaracterizedbya
simplifiedformofanexpressionproposedbyMarguerre.Inthecaseofclassicalbuckling,theresultsshow,for
arangeofmajortominoraxisratioofthecrosssectionlyingbetween1(thecircularcylinder)and2.06,that
theoutofroundnesshasamarkedeffectonthecriticalload,andthatintroductionofthemaximumradiusof
curvatureintotheformulafortheclassicalbucklingstressofacircularcylinderleadstogoodresultsforthin
walledshellsofmoderateeccentricityofthecrosssection.Thepostbucklingbehaviorisinvestigatedthrough
theapplicationoftheprincipleofstationarypotentialenergytogetherwithanapproximatedeflectionfunction.
Thelatterrepresentsamodificationoftheexpressionappliedearlierbytheauthors.Thenewresultsshowthat,
inadditiontothepreviouslyobservedrelativeminimumpostbucklingload,arelativemaximumpostbuckling
loadcanexist.Furthermore,forcontrolledenddisplacementloading,thelargedeflectionloadvsend
shorteningcurvecancorrespondtostableequilibriumconfigurationsthroughouttheentireloadingrange,
whereasfordeadweightloadingtheregionofthecurvebetweenthemaximumandtheminimumloads
representsunstableconfigurations.
JosephKempnerandYoulNanChen(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineeringandMathematicsPolytechnic
InstituteofNewYorkBrooklyn,NewYork11201),BucklingAndInitialPostbucklingOfOvalCylindrical
ShellsUnderCombinedAxialCompressionAndBending,TransactionsoftheNewYorkAcademyof
Sciences,Vol.36,No.2,SeriesII,pp.171191,February1974,DOI:10.1111/j.21640947.1974.tb01564.x

ABSTRACT:Bucklingandinitialpostbucklingofanovalcylindricalshellunderpurebendingandunder
combineduniformaxialcompressionandbendingisinvestigated.Thefirstandsecondorderstability
equationsaredevelopedfromtheDonnelltypeequationsthatareshowntobeappropriate.Thesolutionofthese
twosetsofequationsdetermines,respectively,thebucklingcharacteristicsandasensitivityparameter.The
bucklingloadsarefoundtobeingoodagreementwiththeengineeringapproximationbasedontheassumption
thatbucklingoccurswhenthelocalaxialstressequalsthatcorrespondingtotheclassicalbucklingstressofa
locallyequivalentcircularcylindricalshellunderuniformaxialcompression.Resultsalsoshowthatanoval
cylindercanbestrongerorweakerthantheequivalentcircularcylinder,dependingontheorientationofthe
couples.However,inanycasetheovalshellisalwaysfoundtobesensitivetoimperfections;thegreaterthe
loadcarryingcapacity,thegreaterthesensitivity.Furthermore,incontrasttothebehaviorofthecircularand
weakovalcylinders,bucklingofthestrongovalcylinderneednotinitiateatthepositionofmaximum
compressivestress.
B.O.Almroth,A.M.C.HolmesandD.O.Brush(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLab),Anexperimentalstudy
ofthebuckingofcylindersunderaxialcompression(Testprogramisaimedatdeterminingthecausesof
discrepancybetweentheoreticalandexperimentalresultsforthebucklingloadofaxiallycompressed
cylindricalshells),ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.4,No.9,1964,pp.263270,doi:10.1007/BF02323088
ABSTRACT:Theseriousdiscrepancybetweentheoreticalandexperimentalresultsforthebucklingloadof
axiallycompressedcylindricalshellsiswellknown.Thispaperpresentsresultsofatestprogramspecifically
designedtothrowsomelightonthecausesofthediscrepancy.Tennominallyidenticalnickelcylinderswere
fabricatedbyelectrodepositionandtestedunderbothdeadweightandcontrolledendshorteningconditions.
Thetestresultsindicatethefollowing:thebucklingloadunderusuallaboratoryconditionsdependsonthe
propertiesofthetestspecimenitselfratherthanonthetestingenvironment,thebucklingloadsunderdead
weightandcontrolledendshorteningconditionsarethesame,asharppuffofairduringloadingcancause
bucklingataconsiderablyreducedloadlevel,minimizationofinitialimperfectionsinthetestspecimensgreatly
increasesthebucklingload,andthemagnitudeoftheminimumpostbucklingequilibriumloadisrelatively
insensitivetoinitialimperfections.
Almroth,B.O.(LockheedMissiles&SpaceCo.Inc.),Influenceofedgeconditionsonthestabilityofaxially
compressedcylindricalshells,NASAContractReport161,February1965,
DTICAccessionNumber:ADA394025,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA394025
ABSTRACT:RecentinvestigationsbySteinandbyFischerontheinfluenceofedgeconditionsonthecritical
loadofcylindricalshellsarehereextendedtocoversixadditionalcombinationsofboundaryconditions.The
resultsshowthatdrasticreductionsofthecriticalloadforcylinderswithlateralsupportoftheedgesare
obtainedonlyiftheedgesarefreeinthetangentialdirection.Forotherboundaryconditions,thisreductionis
nevermorethanabout20percent.Consequently,theresultsofthisinvestigationalonecannotexplainthewell
knowndiscrepancybetweentheoryandtestdata.However,theimportanceofthechoiceofboundaryconditions
forpracticalanalysisisclearlydemonstrated.
B.O.Almroth,E.V.PittnerandL.H.Sobel(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLab),Juncturestressfieldsin
multicellularshellstructures.VolumeVIIBucklinganalysisofsegmentalorthotropiccylindersunderuniform

stressdistribution,FinalReport(Theoreticalsolutionforbucklingproblemoforthotropiccylindricalpanels
underaxialcompression,nopublisherordategiven,ProQuestCSA,Probably1965)
B.O.Almroth,F.A.BroganandE.V.Pittner(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLab),Bucklinganalysisof
segmentalorthotropiccylindersundernonuniformstressdistribution,LMSCReportM77654,Vol.VIII,
July1965
B.O.Almroth(LockheedMissiles&SpaceCo.Inc.),InfluenceofImperfectionsandEdgeRestraintonthe
BucklingofAxiallyCompressedCylinders,ReportNo.A766004,April1966
ABSTRACT:Recentinvestigationsontheinfluenceofedgeconditionsonthecriticalaxialloadofcylindrical
shellsareextendedheretoincludecylinderswithelasticedgerestraint.Itisshownthatweakedgeconditions
areunlikelytoaffectthecriticalloadsignificantlyinexperimentsorinpractice.Alsotheeffectsofsymmetric
initialimperfectionswereinvestigated.Thecriticalloadforcylinderswithinitialimperfectionsintheformofa
cosinefunctionwasfoundtobesomewhatlowerthanwasindicatedinapreviousanalysisbyKoiter.The
analysisalsodisclosedthatveryshortcylinderswouldnotbesensitivetothetypesofimperfectionswhichwere
considered.Afewtestswereperformedandtheirresultstendtosupportthisconclusion.
F.A.Brogan,K.ForsbergandS.Smith(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLab),Experimentalandanalytical
investigationofthedynamicbehaviorofacylinderwithacutout,AIAAPaperNo.68318,AIAA/ASME9th
Structures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,April1968
F.A.BroganandP.Stern(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLab),Analysisofstiffenedshellswithcutouts,,
LMSCReportN3M691,1969
B.O.Almroth,L.H.SobelandA.R.Hunter,Anexperimentalinvestigationofthebucklingoftoroidal
shells,AIAAJournal,Vol.7,No.11,1969,pp.21852186
F.A.BroganandB.O.Almroth(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLab),Bucklingofcylinderswithcutouts,
AIAAJournal,Vol.8,No.2,February1970,pp.236241
S.SmithandB.O.Almroth(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLab),Anexperimentalinvestigationofplasticflow
underbiaxialstress,ExperimentalMechanics,June1970,p.217
B.O.AlmrothandF.A.Brogan(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLab),PracticalMethodsforelasticcollapse
analysisforshellstructures,PresentedattheAIAA/ASME12thStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterials
Conference,April1971
B.O.Almroth,F.A.BroganandM.B.Marlowe(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLab),Collapseanalysisfor
ellipticcones,AIAAJournal,Vol.9,No.1,January1971,pp.3237
B.O.AlmrothandA.M.C.Holmes(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,PaloAlto,CaliforniaUSA),
Bucklingofshellswithcutouts,experimentandanalysis,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,
Vol.8,No.8,August1972,pp.10571068,IN1IN2,10691071,doi:10.1016/00207683(72)900704

ABSTRACT:Axialcompressiontestswereperformedoneleventhinwalledaluminumcylinderswith
rectangularcutouts.Varioustypesofcutoutreinforcementwereinstalledonsevenofthetestspecimens.The
testresultsarecomparedwiththecylinderbucklingloadspriortoinstallationofthecutouts,andcorrelatedwith
computerpredictedfailureloads.ThelatterwerebasedontheuseoftheSTAGScomputerprogram.Forthin
cylinderssuchasthese,thetestandcomputerbasedanalysisshowsthatforsmalltomoderatesizecutouts,
reinforcementofthecutoutisofnobenefitunlessthecylinderisofextremelyhigh(geometrical)quality.For
cylinderqualityandcutoutsizewherereinforcementisbeneficial,therelativemeritsofthevarious
reinforcementconfigurationsarediscussedandanempiricalbasisfordesignisproposed.
B.O.Almroth,F.A.BroganandM.B.Marlowe(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLab),CollapseAnalysisfor
ShellsofGeneralShape;Volume1.Analysis,AFFDLTR718Vol1,August1972
DTICAccessionNumber:Ad0751702,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD751702
ABSTRACT:(shells,failure,structuralproperties,numericalanalysis,buckling,plasticproperties,tensor
analysis,computerprogrammingnewtonraphsonmethod,collapse,plates,finitedifferencetheory,stags
computerprogram,structuralanalysis.Thereportpresentsatheoryfornonlinearcollapseanalysisofshellswith
generalshape.Thetheorycombinesenergyprincipalsandfinitedifferencemethodstoobtainasystemof
nonlinearequations;thesearesolvedbyamodifiedNewtonRaphsontechnique.Forgreatereconomyand
flexibilityintheanalysisacapabilityisprovidedforuseofvariablespacingfinitedifferencegrids.Inelastic
materialbehavior,aspredictedbytheWhiteBesselingTheory,isincorporatedintotheanalysis.Acomputer
code,STAGS,basedonthetheoryhasbeenwrittenandusedtosolveanumberofsampleproblems.Resultsfor
theseproblemsarepresented.
Almroth,B.O.,Brogan,F.A.,Miller,E.,Zele,F.,andPeterson,H.T.,CollapseAnalysisforShellsofGeneral
shape;II.UsersManualfortheSTAGSAComputerCode,TechnicalreportAFFDLTR718,AirForce
FlightDynamicsLaboratory,WrightPattersonAirForceBase,Ohio,March1973.

Bo.O.AlmrothandJamesH.Starnes,Jr.,Thecomputerinshellstabilityanalysis,ASCEJournalofthe
EngineeringMechanicsDivision,Vol.101,No.6,November/December1975,pp.873888
ABSTRACT: Someexamplesinwhichthehighspeedcomputerhasbeenusedtoimprovethestaticstability
analysiscapabilityforgeneralshellsareexamined.Thefundamentalconceptsofstaticstabilityarereviewed
withemphasisonthedifferencesbetweenlinearbifurcationbucklingandnonlinearcollapse.Theanalysisis
limitedtothestabilityofconservativesystems.Threeexamplesareconsidered.Theproblemofcylinders
subjectedtobendingloadsisusedasanexampletoillustratethatasimplestructurecanhaveasufficiently
complicatednonlinearbehaviortorequireacomputeranalysisforaccurateresults.Ananalysisoftheproblems
involvedinthemodelingofstiffeningelementsinplateandshellstructuresillustratesthenecessitythatthe
analystrecognizesallimportantdeformationmodes.ThestabilityanalysisoftheSkylabstructureindicatesthe
sizeofproblemsthatcanbesolvedwithcurrentstateoftheartcapability.
B.O.AlmrothandF.A.Brogan(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,3251HanoverStreet,PaloAlto,
CA94304,U.S.A.),Automatedchoiceofproceduresincomputerizedstructuralanalysis,Computers&
Structures,Vol.7,No.3,June1977,pp.335342,doi:10.1016/00457949(77)900712

ABSTRACT:Anefficientandgeneralcomputerprogramforstructuralanalysisallowstheusertochoose
betweenanumberofdifferentprocedures.Newmethodsforcomputerizedstructuralanalysisarestillbeing
improvedatarapidpace.Consequentlyonlyaveryfewstructuralanalystscanbeexpectedtobewell
acquaintedwithallaspectsofthetechnology,andwilloftenfinditdifficulttousethesophisticatedprograms
thatpresentlyareavailable.Ifdynamicloadingorpossiblestabilityfailuremustbeconsidered,thecomputer
programsarebecomingincreasinglydifficulttouse.Thetrendsinfuturecomputerprogrammingforstructural
analysismustincludeeffortstofacilitatetheuser'sburdenwithoutsignificantlossofefficiency.Thispaper
containsadiscussionofthedifficultiesinvolvedinmodelingandinthechoiceofsolutionprocedures.Special
emphasisisplacedonthepossibilityofdesigningcomputerprogramssothatsoundselectionofprocedurescan
bemadeautomaticallyiftheuserdeclinestostateapreference.
B.O.AlmrothandF.A.Brogan(LockheedMissiles&SpaceCo.,PaloAlto,California,USA),Numerical
ProceduresforAnalysisofStructuralShells,FinalReport,March1981,,AccessionNo:ADA111568
ABSTRACT:Anevaluationisundertakenofcurrentlyuseddiscretizationproceduresinnumericalanalysisof
structures.Emphasisisonthenonlinearbehaviorofthinshellsandplates.Itisfoundthatthecomputer
economyisextremelysensitivetothechoiceofelementconfiguration.Aproperbalancebetweentheorderof
theapproximationsofinplaneandlateraldisplacementsisimportant.Thebestfiniteelementproceduresare
superiortofinitedifferencesforbifurcationbucklingandformoderatenonlinearity.However,forshellcollapse
analysisthefinitedifferencesapproachisquitesuperiortothefiniteelements.Suggestionsaremadefor
improvementoffiniteelementtechnologyforstructuresundergoinglargerotations.
B.O.Almroth(LockheedMissilesandSpaceCo.,Inc.PaloAlto,California,USA),DesignofComposite
MaterialStructuresforBucklingAnEvaluationoftheStateoftheArt,Finalreport,June1976October
1980,AFWALTR813102,,March1981,
AccessionNumber:ADA112218,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA112218
ABSTRACT:Compositematerialshavefavorablestiffness/weightandstrength/weightratios.Sincethe
technologyisrelativelynewanduseofsuchmaterialsintroducesspecialproblems,therehasbeensome
reluctanceamongdesignerstoadoptcompositesinprimarystructures,particularlyforbucklingcritical
components.Thepurposeofthereviewoftheliteraturepresentedinthisreportistoillustratethespecial
problemsconnectedwithuseofcomposites.Thebodyofthereportsummarizestheconclusionstheauthorfelt
couldbebasedontheavailablematerial.TheAppendixcontainsanannotatedbibliography,listing95
referencesonthesubject.
ThereferenceslistedinSectionVIIofthereport,pp.18and19:

[1]Whitney,J.M.,ShearBucklingofUnsymmetricalCrossPlyPlates,J.CompositeMat.,Vol.3,April1969,pp.359363.
[2]Ashton,J.E.,ApproximateSolutionsforUnsymmetricalLaminatedPlates,J.CompositeMatls.,Vol.3,1969,p.189.
[3]Harris,G.Z.,TheBucklingandPostbucklirfgBehaviorofCompositePlatesUnderBiaxialLoading,InternationalJ.Mech.Sci.,
Vol.17,1975,pp.187202.
[4]Kicher,T.P.,PredictingStructuralBehaviorofComposites,26thAnnualTech.Conf.oftheSocietyofthePlasticIndustry,Inc.,
1971.
[5]Reissner,E.,TheEffectofTransverseShearDeformationontheBendingofElasticPlates,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.12,June1945,pp.
A69A77.
[6]Mindlin,R.D.,InfluenceofRotaryInertiaandShearonFlexuralMotionsofIsotropicElasticPlates,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.18,
March1951,pp.3138.
[7]Srinivas,S.,andRao,A.K.,BucklingofThinRectangularPlates,AIAAJ.Vol.7,August1969,pp.16451646.

[8]Noor,A.K.,StabilityofMultilayeredCompositePlates,FibreScienceandTechnology,Vol.8,1975,pp.8189.
[9]Koiter,W.T.,OntheStabilityofElasticEquilibrium(inDutch),thesis,Delft,H.J.ParisAmsterdam,1945.Englishtranslation,
AFFDLRept.TR7025,1970.
[10]Brush,D.0.,andAlmroth,B.0.,BucklingofBars,Plates,andShells,McGrawHill, 1975.
[11]Koiter,W.T.,TheEffectofAxisymmetricImperfectionsontheBucklingofCylindricalShellsUnderAxialCompression,Proc.
K.Ned.Akad,Wet.,Amsterdam,Ser.B.,Vol.6,1963;also.LockheedMissilesandSpaceCompany,Rept.6906386,August1963.
[12]Jones,R.M.,BucklingofStiffenedTwoLayeredShellsofRevolutionwithaCircumferentiallyCrackedUnbondedLayer,AIAA
J.,Vol.7,1969,pp.714720.
[13]Khot,N.S.,OntheInfluenceofInitialGeometricImperfectionsontheBucklingandPostbucklingBehaviorofFiberReinforced
CylindricalShellsUnderUniformAxialCompression,AFFDLTR68136,October1968.
[14]Khot,N.S.,andVenkayya,V.B.,EffectofFiberOrientationonInitialPostbucklingBehaviorandImperfectionSensitivityof
CompositeCylindricalShells,AFFDLRept.TR70125.
[15]Tennyson,R.C.,Chan,K.H.,andMuggeridge,D.B.,EffectofAxisymmetricShapeImperfectionsontheBucklingof
LaminatedAnisotropicCircularCylinders,TransactionsCanadianAeronauticsandSpaceInstitute,Univ.ofToronto,Canada,Vol.4,
September1971,pp.131139.
[16]Kulkarni,S.V.,andFrederick,D.,BucklingofPartiallyDebondedLayeredCylindricalShells,AIAA/ASME/SAE14thSDM
Conf.,Williamsburg,Va.,March1973.
[17]Kaminski,B.E.,andAshton,J.E.,DiagonalTensionBehaviorofBoronEpoxyShearPanels,J.Comp.Matls.,Vol.5,October
1971,p.353.
[18]Mandell,J.F.,AnExperimentalInvestigationofAnisotropicFiberReinforcedPlasticPlates,AFMLTR68281.
[19]Tennyson,'R.C.,Muggeridge,D.B.,andChan,K.H.,BucklingofFiberReinforcedCircularCylindersUnderAxial
Compression,AFFDLTR72102,August1972.
[20]Booton,M.,BucklingofImperfectAnisotropicCylindersUnderCombinedLoading,InstituteforAerospaceStudies,Univ.of
Toronto,UTIASRept.No.203,August1976.
[21]Tsai,S.W.,StrengthCharacteristicsofCompositeMaterials,NASAOR224,April1965.
[22]Williams,J.G.,andMikulas,Jr.,M.M.,AnalyticalandExperimentalStudyofStructurallyEfficientCompositeHatStiffened
PanelsLoadedinAxialCompression,AIAA/ASME/SAE16thSDMMeeting,Denver,Colorado,May1975.
[23]Tennyson,R.C.,BucklingofLaminatedCompositeCylinders:AReview,J.CompositeMatls.,Vol.11,January1975,pp.1724.
[24]Wilkins,D.J.,CompressionBucklingTestsofLaminatedGraphiteEpoxyCurvedPanels,AIAA,12thAerospaceSci.Meeting,
Washington,D.C.,30JanuaryIFebruary1974.

ALSOFROMTHE1981ALMROTHREPORT:
ReferenceslistedinSectionAoftheAppendix,A.GENERALTHEORY:
ThepublicationsinSectionAdiscussthebifurcationbucklinganalysisbasedonafirstordershelltheory,i.e.,
theinfluenceoftransversesheardeformationsisnotincluded.
A1.Reissner,E.andStavsky,Y.,BendingandStretchingofCertainTypesofHeterogeneousAelotropic
ElasticPlates,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.28,pp.402408,September1961.
Almrothscomments:Thispaperdoesnotdiscussthebuckling.However,itappearstorepresentthefirst
recognitionoftheimportanceofthemembranebendingcoupling.Itisindicatedthattheplatebendingstiffness
duetothiseffectcanbeconsiderablyreduced.
A2.Dong,S.B.,Pister,K.S.andTaylor,R.L.,ontheTheoryofLaminatedAnisotropicShellsandPlates,
J.A.S.,Vol.29,pp.969975,August1962.
Almrothscomments:Thepaperderivesthegeneraltheoryofbucklingoflaminatedplates.Manyof'the
applicationstopracticalcasespresentedsubsequentlywerebasedontheseequations.

A3.Cheng,S.,andHo,P.B.C.,StabilityofHeterogeneousAleotropicCylindricalShellsUnderCombined
Loading,AIAAJ.,Vol.1,pp.892898,April1963.
Almrothscomments:Acompletelygeneralsetofbucklingequationsforcylindricalshellsisderived.An
analyticsolutionforspecialboundaryconditionsispresented.
A4.Tasi,J.,EffectofHeterogeneityontheStabilityofCompositeCylindricalShellsUnderAxial
Compression,AIAAJ.,Vol.4,pp.10581062,June1966.
Almrothscomments:ThetheoryofReferenceA2isappliedinastudyofthebucklingofcylindricalshells.
Theresultsindicateadeleteriouseffectofthemembranebendingcoupling.
A5.Pagano,N.J.,andHelpin,J.C.,TensionBucklingofAnisotropicCylinders,J.CompositeMatls.,Vol.2,
pp.154167,April1968.
Almrothscomments:Thepapershowsbyuseoftheoryaswellasexperimentthatifbothendsofan
anisotropiccylinderarerestrainedfromrotation,anappliedaxialextensionresultsinthedevelopmentof
inplaneshearintheshellwallandeventuallyinbuckling.
A6.Jones,R.M.,BucklingofCircularCylindricalShellswithMultipleOrthotropicLayersandEccentric
Stiffeners,AIAAJ.,Vol.6,pp.23012305,December1968.
Almrothscomments:Thestabilityequations,including"smearedstiffeners"arederivedandappliedtoone
example.Theauthorwarnsthatthecouplingbetweenmembraneandbendingeffectsshouldnotbeoverlooked.
A7.Ashton,J.E.,ApproximateSolutionsforUnsymmetricalLaminatedPlates,J.CompositeMatls.,Vol.3,
pp.189191,January1969.
Almrothscomments:Thepaperpresentsanapproximatemethodtoaccountformembranebendingcouplingby
reducingthebendingstiffnessinanorthotropicanalysis.
A8.Whitney,J.M.,ShearBucklingofUnsymmetricalCrossPlyPlates,J.CompositeMat.,Vol.3,pp.359
363,April1969.
Almrothscomments:AFourierseriessolution,includingmembranebendingcoupling,isderived.Itisshown
thatthiscouplingisimportantifthepliesarefewbutthatthedeleteriouseffectcanbepracticallyeliminatedin
plateswithmanyplies(sixormore).Forcrossplies(theta=0deg.,90deg.)thereducedstiffnessmethod
presentedinReferenceA7givesagoodapproximation.
A9.Whitney,J.M.,andLeissa,A.W.,AnalysisofHeterogeneousAnisotropicPlates,J.AppI.Mech.,Vol.36,
pp.261266,June1969.
Almrothscomments:Nonlinearequationsincludingtheeffectofcouplingbetweenmembraneandbending
action.Subsequently,theequationsarelinearizedandusedinabifurcationbucklinganalysisofangleply
plates.Thenumberofpliesandthefiberorientationarevaried.Withonlytwolayers,theta=45deg.andEI/E2
=40,thecouplingeffectreducesthebucklingloadbyafactorofaboutthree.
A10.Chamis,C.C.,BucklingofAnisotropicCompositePlates,ASCE,pp.21192139,October1969.
Almrothscomments:AGalerkinsolutionispresentedtothebucklingproblemforanisotropicplateswith
simplesupportandunderdifferenttypesofloading.Effectsofmembranebendingcouplingareincludedandthe
reducedstiffnessmethodofReferenceA7isfoundtobeagoodapproximation.

A11.Holston,Jr.,A.,BucklingofOrthotropicPlatesWithOneFreeEdge,AIAAJ.,Vol.8,13521354,July
1970.
Almrothscomments:Thetheoryneglectsanisotropyaswellasmembranebendingcoupling.
A12.Kicher,T.P.,PredictingStructuralBehaviorofComposites,26thAnnualTechn.Conf.oftheSocietyof
thePlasticIndustry,Inc.,1971.
Almrothscomments:Thepapersummarizessomeoftheworkonbucklingandvibrationsofcomposite
materialplates.Awarningisissuedthatthereducedbendingstiffnessapproach(ReferenceA7)maynot
alwaysbeaccurate.
A13.Jones,R.M.,BucklingofStiffenedMultilayerCircularCylindricalShellswithDifferentOrthotropic
ModuliinTensionandCompression,AIAAJ.,Vol.9,pp.917922,May1971.
Almrothscomments:Thestressstraincurveforthematerialisassumedtobebilinearwiththediscontinuityat
theorigin.Aninteractioncurveforaxialloadandlateralpressurebucklingiscomputedforamaterialwiththe
tensionmodulustwiceaslargeasthecompressionmodulus.Furtherresultsonthistopicarepresentedin
ReferenceA26.
A14.Greszczuk,L.B.,andMiller,R.J.,AdvancedDesignConceptsforBucklingCriticalCompositeShell
Structure,J.Aircraft,Vol.8,pp.367373,May1971.
Almrothscomments:AluminumcylindricalshellswithTstiffenersarereinforcedwithstripsofboronepoxy.
Itisshownthat10%ofthecompositematerialbyvolumecanincreasethebucklingloadbyasmuchas80%for
ellipticalcylindersunderexternalpressure.Acoupleofexperimentsverifytheanalyticalresults.
A15.Chamis,C.C.,BucklingofBoron/AluminumandGraphite/ResinFiberCompositeAnisotropicPanels,
Natl.SampeConf.onSpaceShuttleMaterials,1971.
Almrothscomments:Theoreticalresultsarepresentedforthebucklingofsingleplyrectangularplates.
Bucklingloadsaregivenasfunctionsofthefiberorientation.
A16.McElman,J.A.,VibrationandBucklingAnalysisofCompositePlatesandShells,J.CompositeMat.,
Vol.5,pp.529532,October1971.
Almrothscomments:Toroidalshellsegmentsareanalyzed.Theeffectsofmembranebendingcouplingare
demonstrated.
A17.Chamis,C.C.,TheoreticalBucklingLoadsofBoron/AluminumandGraphite/ResinFiberComposite
AnisotropicPlates,NASATND6572,December1971.
Almrothscomments:EssentiallythesameasReferenceA14. Acomputerprogramlistingisadded.
A18.Hahn,H.T.,NonlinearBehaviorofLaminatedComposites,J.CompositeMat.,Vol.7,pp.257271,
April1973.
Almrothscomments:Theauthorobservesthatthestressstraincurveforshearinsinglelaminatesmaybe
highlynonlinear.Thismayreflectthetimedependenceofthedeformationofthematrix.Theresultsindicate
thatinclusionofthiseffectmightreducethebucklingloadbysome5%.Theeffectmaybeofimportancewhen
compositesareusedatelevatedtemperatures.

A19.Oyler,J.F.andDym,C.L.,TheDynamicsandStabilityofCompositeShells,Proc.13thMidwestern
Conf.,DevelopmentsinMechanics,Vol.7,pp.475488,August1973.
Almrothscomments:Thepaperconsiderstwodifferentstackingsequencesforthewallofcylindrical,barrel
shaped,"inverselybarrelshaped",andsphericalshells.Thestackingsequencethatgivesthehighestbuckling
loadsforcylindersandspheresisfoundtobetheleastefficientforbarrelshapedshells.
A20.Viswanathan,S.B.,andTamekani,M.,ElasticBucklingAnalysisforCompositeStiffenedPanelsand
OtherStructuresSubjectedtoBiaxialInplaneLoads,NASACR2216,September1973.
Almrothscomments:ThecomputerprogramBUCLISP2forbucklingofpanelsandincludingcomposite
materialisdescribed.Theprogramappliestocasesinwhichitcanbeassumedthatthebucklingmodeinthe
directionofthestiffenersissinusoidal.Somenumericalresultsarepresented.Theseincludesomecomparisons
toanalyticalsolutions.Specialproblemsconsideredarecomparisonbetweenbondedandrivetedstructuresand
theeffectsofboronfiberreinforcementoftitaniumpanels.
A21.Viswanathan,A.V.,Tamekuni,M.,andTripp,L.L.,ElasticStabilityofBiaxiallyLoadedLongitudinally
StiffenedCompositeStructures,AIAAJ.,Vol.11,pp.15531559,November1973.
Almrothscomments:ThisisanexcerptfromReferenceA20.
A22.Stavsky,Y.,ThermoelasticStabilityofLaminatedOrthotropicCircularPlates,Technion,Haifa,Israel,
Rept.TDM7333,December1973.
Almrothscomments:Circularplates,materiallyorthotropicwithrespecttothepolarcoordinates,aresubjected
toaxisymmetricloading.Bucklingloadsarepresentedforafewcasesdemonstratingsomesensitivitytothe
fiberorientation.
A23.Fortier,R.C.,TransverseVibrationsRelatedtoStabilityofCurvedAnisotropicPlates,AIAAJ.,Vol.11,
pp.17821783,December1973.
Almrothscomments:Thisverybriefnoteshowshownaturalfrequenciesfor45degreeangleplyandcrossply
platesvaryasthebucklingloadisapproached.
A24.Jones,R.M.,BucklingandVibrationofUnsymmetricallyLaminatedCrossplyRectangularPlates,
AIAAJ.,Vol.11,pp.16261632,December1973.
Almrothscomments:Theeffectofmembranebendingcouplingisillustratedbyuseofafewexamples.
A-25. Viswanathan,A.V.,Tamekuni,M.,andBaker,L.L.,ElasticStabilityofLaminated,FlatandCurved,
LongRectangularPlatesSubjectedtoCombinedInplaneLoads,NASACR2330,June1974.
Almrothscomments:SomenumericalresultsfromBUCLAP2onthebucklingoflonglaminatedplatesare
presented.Awarningisincludedthatthe"reducedbendingstiffnessmethod"(ReferenceA7)doesnotalways
givegoodresults.
A26.Jones,R.M.,andMorgan,H.S.,BucklingofStiffenedLaminatedCompositeCircularCylindricalShells
withDifferentModuliinTensionandCompressionPreliminaryResults,ONRContractRept.NR064551,
November1974.
Almrothscomments:Abucklingcriterionisderivedforshellswithdifferentmoduliintensionand

compression.Theeffectofthisdifferenceissignificantonlyiftheratiobetweenthemoduliislarger,say2or
so,thanitisformostcomposites.Theeffectisillustrated oninteractioncurveswherediscontinuitiesoccuras
thestressinonedirectionchangessign.Presumablythemodulusinanygivendirectionalsodependsonthe
stressintheotherdirection.Ifsuchaneffectcouldbeincluded,theinteractioncurvesmaybesomewhat
smoother.
A27.Whitney,J.M.,andSun,C.T.,BucklingofCompositeCylindricalCharacterizationSpecimens,J.
CompositeMat.,Vol.9,pp.138148,April1975.
Almrothscomments:Adiscussionispresentedonthecriticalbucklingloadsfortypicaltubularstressspecimen
forassessmentofstrengthandstiffness.
A28.Harris,G.Z.,TheBucklingandPostbucklingBehaviorofCompositePlatesUnderBiaxialLoading,
InternationalJ.Mech.Sci.,Vol.17,pp.187202,1975.
Almrothscomments:Thepaperelaboratesontheapplicabilityofbifurcationtheoryinviewofthelateral
displacementscausedbymembranebendingcouplingeffects.Thebifurcationbucklingloadisameaningful
parameteronlyifprebucklingbendingisinsignificant.Itisclaimedthatthe"reducedbendingstiffnessmethod"
(ReferenceA7)isapplicableonlyiftheprincipaldirectionsofthelaminatesareparalleltotheplateedges.
A29.Jones,R.M.andMorgan,H.S.,BucklingandVibrationofCrossPlyLaminatedCircularCylindrical
Shells,AIAAJ.,Vol.13,pp.664671,May1975.
Almrothscomments:Theneedtoincludemembranebendingcouplingeffectsinbucklingandvibration
analysesis demonstrated.
A30.Chao,C.C,,Koh,S.L.,andSun,C.T.,OptimizationofBucklingandYieldStrengthsofLaminated
Composites,AIAAJ.,Vol.13,pp.11311132,September1975.
Almrothscomments:Thepaperconsidersoptimumfiberorientationforangleplieswith20layers.Plateswith
differentaspectratiosareincluded.
A31.Hayashi,T.,OptimizationoftheTorsionalRigidityandStrengthforFiberReinforcedComposite
Cylinders,Proc.InternationalConf.onCompositeMaterials,pp.703722,1975.
A32.Housner,J.M.,andStein,M.,NumericalAnalysisandParametricStudiesoftheBucklingofComposite
OrthotropicCompressionandShearPanels,NASATND7996,October1975.
Almrothscomments:Alargenumberofnumericalresultsarepresentedforrectangularorthotropicpanelsin
shear.Thevariationofshearandcompressionbucklingloadswiththefiberorientationispresentedforplatesof
differentaspectratios.
A33.Harris,G.Z.,TheBucklingofOrthotropicRectangularPlates,IncludingtheEffectofLateralEdge
Restraint,InternationalJ.SolidsStruct.,Vol.11,pp.877885,1975.
Almrothscomments:Abucklinganalysisbasedonasinusoidalmodeispresented.Itispointedoutthat
constraintontransversedisplacementcanseverelyreducethebucklingload.
A34.Tennyson,R.C.,BucklingofLaminatedCompositeCylinders:AReview,J.CompositeMat.,Vol.11,

pp.1724,January1975.
Almrothscomments:Thepaperreviewstheliteratureontheproblemofbucklingofcylindricalshellsunder
differentloadingconditions.Thespecialproblemsofnonlinearstress/strainbehavior,differentmoduliin
tensionandcompressionandtheeffectsofshapeimperfectionsarediscussed.Inadditiontothereivew,aseries
oftorsiontestsarereportedWiththeexperimentalresultsrangingfrom0.79to1.17timestheanalytical.The
conclusionisthatamoderatereductionfactorissufficientinthecaseoftorsion.Inthecaseofaxial
compression,amoreseverereductionisneeded.Theauthorssuggestthatmanymoretestsareneeded.
A35.Sawyer,J.W.,FlutterandBucklingofGeneralLaminatedPlates,J.Aircraft,Vol.14,pp.387391,April
1977.
Almrothscomments:AGalerkinsolutionbasedonbeamfunctionsispresentedforbifurcationbucklingand
flutter.Theemphasisinthepaperisontheeffectsofanisotropyandfiberorientation.Bothforshearandaxial
compression,theoptimumangleplycorrespondstoafiberorientationofabout45degrees.
A36.Simitses,G.J.,andGirn,J.,BucklingofRotationallyRestrainedOrthotropicPlatesUnderUniaxial
Compression,J.CompositeMat.,Vol.11,pp.345364,July1977.
Almrothscomments:AtwotermGalerkinsolutionisusedforanalysisofcritical axialcompressionof
orthotropicplates.Resultsaregivenfordifferentdegreesofrotationalconstraintalongtheedges.
A37.Spier,E.E.,StabilityAnalysisandTestingofThinWalledOpenSectionedGraphite/Thermoplastic
Structures,10thNationalSampeConference,KiameshaLake,NewYork,October1978.
Almrothscomments:Localandgeneralinstabilityfailuresareconsideredforacompressionmemberina
lightweightsatellitestructureofcompositematerial.Resultsoftwocripplingtestsshowgoodagreementwith
analysis.
ReferenceslistedinSectionBoftheAppendixofAlmroths1981report,B.EFFECTSOF
TRANSVERSESHEAR:
Thefollowingpublicationsareconcernedwiththedeleteriouseffectsoftransversesheardeformationonthe
bucklingloadofshellsandplates.Whilethefirsttwoareconcernedwiththetheoryingeneral,theremaining
papersapplyspecifically.tocompositematerial.
B1.Reissner,E.,TheEffectofTransverseShearDeformationontheBendingofElasticPlates,J.Appl.Mech.,
Vol.12,pp.A69A77,June1945.
Almrothscomments:Theeffectoftransverseshearisintroducedintheplatebendingtheory,Theshearstress
distributionthroughthethicknessisassumedtovaryinawaythatisconsistentwith.alinearnormalstress
distribution.
B2.Mindlin,R.D.,InfluenceofRotatoryInertiaandShearonFlexuralMotionsofIsotropicElasticPlates,J.
Appl.Mech.,Vol.18,pp.3138,March1951.
Almrothscomments:Theinfluenceoftransversesheardeformationisintroducedinawaythatissimilartothe
procedureinReferenceB1.
B3.Spillers,W.R.,ALaminatedThinCylindricalShellUnderAxisymmetricStaticLoading,ONR,Techn.
Rept.No.39,April1967.

Almrothscomments:Alaminatedshellismodeledbyrepresentationofbondlayerswithasetofsprings.The
springscandeforminthelateraldirectionandalsoundergosliptorepresentthesheardeformation.Afew
numericalresultsaregiven.
B4.Srinivas,S.,andRao,A.K.,BucklingofThinRectangularPlates,AIAAJ.,Vol.7,pp.16451646,August
1969.
Almrothscomments:Thepaperconsiderstheeffectonthebucklingofisotropicplatesofthetransverseshear
deformation.Resultsaregivenforsimplysupportedplatesofdifferentaspectratios.
B5.Durlofsky,H.,andMayers,J.,EffectsofInterlaminarShearontheBendingandBucklingofLaminated
Beams,USAAVLABSRept.707,March1970.
Almrothscomments:Sheardeformationsinthebondlayerbetweendifferentlaminatesareincludedinan
analysisofbendingandbucklingoflaminatedbeams.
B6.Srinivas,S.,JogaRao,C.V.,andRao,A.K.,SomeResultsfromanExactAnalysisofThickLaminatesin
VibrationandBuckling,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.37,pp.868870,September1970.
Almrothscomments:Equationsforvibrationandbucklingarederivedforplatesconsistingofisotropiclamina.
Someresultsaregivenforthreeplylaminates.Iftheshearmodulusisthesameinalllaminaandh/b=0.1,the
errorduetoneglectoftransverseshearisabout7%.Iftheshearstiffnessinthemiddlelayerisreducedbya
factorof15,theerroris35%.
B7.Srinivas,S.,andRao,A.F.,BendingVibrationandBucklingofSimplySupportedThickOrthotropic
RectangularPlatesandLaminates,InternationalJ.Solids,Struct.,Vol.6,pp.14631481,1970.
Almrothscomments:ThetheoryofReferenceB6isextendedtoorthotropiclaminates.Itisshownby
comparisonto3dimensionalanalysisthatthesecondordershelltheoriesbyReissnerandMindlin(References
B1andB2givegoodresultsforverythickplates.
B8.Brunelle,E.M.,ElasticInstabilityofTransverselyIsotropicTimoshenkoBeams,AIAAJ.,Vol.8,pp.
22712273,December1970.
Almrothscomments:Theeffectoftransverseshearonthebucklingofcompositematerialcolumnsisstudied.
Resultsareshownintherangeof20<EI/G<50.
B9.Durlofsky,H.,andMayers,J.,TheEffectsofInterlaminarShearontheBendingandBucklingofFiber
reinforcedCompositeFlatandCurvedPanels,USAAVLABSRept.7110,May1971.
Almrothscomments:Atheoryisderivedforbucklingoflaminatedshellsinwhichthetransverseshear
deformationisincludedandthecorrespondingmoduluscanvaryfromlayertolayer.Bucklingloadsare
presentedasfunctionsofG/E1intherangeof0.011.0.
B10.Brunelle,E.J.,BucklingofTransverselyIsotropicMindlinPlates,AIAAJ.,Vol.9,pp.10181022,June
1971.
Almrothscomments:Mindlin'ssecondordertheory(Ref.B2)isusedinanalysisofplatesofwidthbloadedin
theaxialdirection.Theaspectratioa/bandtheparameterSisapproximatelyequalto(EI/GT)x(h/b)^2are
variedinaparametricstudy.

B11.Noor,A.K.,StabilityofMultilayeredCompositePlates,FiberScienceandTechnology,Vol.8,pp.81
89,1975.
Almrothscomments:Asecondordertheory(ReissnerMindlin)isderived.Resultsfromthistheoryare
comparedtoresultsfromthreedimensionaltheory. Itisfoundthattheplatetheorycangivegood
approximationsforplateswithb/h=0.3.Itisalsofoundthatthecorrectionforsheardeformationvarieswith
thenumberoflayers.Withmodulitypicalforglass/epoxycomposites(EI/E2=30andthetransverseshear
moduli0.5and0.6timesE2)itisfoundthattheeffectshouldbeincludedifh/b>0.05.
B12.Noor,A.K.,andMathers,M.D.,AnisotropyandShearDeformationinLaminatedCompositePlates,
AIAAJ.,Vol.14,pp.282285,February1976.
Almrothscomments:Forthepurposeofexaminingtheeffectsoftransverseshear,itaddslittletotheresultsof
ReferenceB11.
B13.Noor,A.K.,Mathers,M.D.,andAnderson,M.S.,ExploitingSymmetriesforEfficientPostbuckling
AnalysisofCompositePlates,AIAAJ.,Vol.15,pp.2432,January1977.
Almrothscomments:Thepaperisprimarilyconcernedwithcomputereconomy.Inregardtotheeffectsof
transversesheardeformation,itisnotedthatthiseffectinthepostbucklingrangeissimilartoitseffectonthe
bucklingload.Thatis,itshouldbeincludedforatypical(simplysupportedplate)ifh/b>0.05.
ReferenceslistedinSectionCoftheAppendixofAlmroths1981report,C.IMPERFECTION
SENSITIVITYANDPOSTBUCKLINGSTRENGTH
Thefollowingpublicationsdiscusstheimperfectionsensitivityofthebucklingloadandpossiblepostbuckling
strengthforplatesandshellsincompression.Exceptforthefirstthreepapersonthegeneraltheory,they
considerthespecialproblemsconnectedwithuseofcompositematerials.
C1.Koiter,W.T.,OntheStabilityofElasticEquilibrium(inDutch),thesis,Delft,H.J.ParisAmsterdam,
1945.Englishtranslation,AFFDLRept.TR7025,1970.
C2.Brush,D.0.,andAlmroth,B.0.,BucklingofBars,Plates,andShells,McGrawHill,1975.
C3.Koiter,W.T.,TheEffectofAxisymmetricImperfectionsontheBucklingofCylindricalShellsUnder
AxialCompression,Proc.K.Ned.Akad.Wet.,Amsterdam,Ser.B,Vol.6,1963;also,LockheedMissilesand
SpaceCompany,Rept.6906386,August1963.
C4.Khot,N.S.,OntheEffectsofFiberOrientationandNonhomogeneityonBucklingandPostbuckling
EquilibriumBehaviorofFiberreinforcedCylindricalShellsUnderAxialCompression,AFFDL,TR6819,
May1968.
Almrothscomments:Ananalysisispresentedofbucklingandpostbucklingbehaviorofsimplysupported
cylindricalshellsofcompositematerial.ADonnelltypetheoryincludingtheeffectsofanisotropyisused.The
deformationpatterninthepostbucklingrangeisrepresentedbyafourtermseries.Numericalresultsare
obtainedforanumberofdifferentthreelayeredshells.Themaximumefficiencyisobtainedwiththe
combinationstheta=(0deg.,70deg.,70deg.)and(90deg.,20deg.,20deg.).

C5.Chehill,D.S.,andCheng,S.,ElasticBucklingofCompositeCylindricalShellsUnderTorsion,J.of
Spacecraft,Vol.5,pp.973978,August1968.
Almrothscomments:Anonlinearanalysisisformulatedforanisotropicshellswithimperfectionsunder
torsionalloading.Thenumericalresultsindicatemoderateimperfectionsensitivity.
D.S.Chehil,S.S.Dua(NovaScotiaTechnicalCollege,Halifax,NovaScotia),BucklingofRectangularPlates
WithGeneralVariationinThickness,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.40,No.3,pp.745751,September
1973,DOI:10.1115/1.3423084
ABSTRACT:Aperturbationtechniqueisemployedtodeterminethecriticalbucklingstressofasimply
supportedrectangularplateofvariablethickness.Thedifferentialequationisderivedforageneralthickness
variation.Theproblemofbending,vibration,buckling,andthatofdynamicstabilityofavariablethickness
platecanbededucedfromthisequation.Theproblemofbucklingofarectangularplatewithsimplysupported
edgesandhavinggeneralvariationinthicknessinonedirectionisconsideredindetail.Thesolutionispresented
inaformsuchascanbeeasilyadoptedforcomputingcriticalbucklingstress,oncethethicknessvariationis
known.Thenumericalvaluesobtainedfromthepresentanalysisareinexcellentagreementwiththepublished
results.
C6.Khot,N.S.,OntheInfluenceofInitialGeometricImperfectionsontheBucklingandPostbuckling
BehaviorofFiberReinforcedCylindricalShellsUnderUniformAxialCompression,AFFDLTR68136,
October1968.
Almrothscomments:ThesamedeformationmodeasinReferenceC3ishereappliedinanonlinearanalysis
ofaxiallycompressedcylinderswithgeometricimperfections.Shellswithclosetooptimumfiberorientation
appeartobethemoresensitive,butwithintherangeunderinvestigationtheoptimumorientationremains
unchanged.
C7.Khot,N.S.,PostbucklingBehaviorofGeometricallyImperfectCompositeCylindricalShellsUnderAxial
Compression,AIAA7thAeros.Sci.Meeting,NewYorkCity,NewYork,January1969.
Almrothscomments:ThepapercontainsasummaryoftheresultspresentedinReferenceC3.
C8.Khot,N.S.,Venkayya,V.B.,andBerke,L.,BucklingandPostbucklingBehaviorofInitiallyImperfect
OrthotropicCylindricalShellsUnderAxialCompressionandInternalPressure,IUTAMConf.onInstabilityof
ContinuousSystems,September1969.
Almrothscomments:TheanalysisofReferenceC3isextendedthroughtheadditionofaninternalpressure.It
isshownthattheinternalpressurehasabeneficialeffectontheimperfectionsensitivity.Forthecases
investigated,theDonnellandSandersequationsgiveessentiallythesameresults.
C9.Khot,N.S.,BucklingandPostbucklingBehaviorofComposite:CylindricalShellsUnderAxial
Compression,AIAAJ.,Vol.8,pp.229235,February1970.
Almrothscomments:ThepaperpresentssomeoftheresultsinReferenceC6inamorereadilyavailable
source.
C10.Khot,N.S.,PostbucklingBehaviorofGeometricallyImperfectCompositeCylindricalShellsUnder
AxialCompression,AIAAJ.,Vol.8,pp.579581,March1970.
Almrothscomments:Itisconcludedinthepaperthatcompositeshellsmaybesomewhatlesssensitiveto

imperfectionsthantheisotropicshellsare.Consistentlywiththisobservationitisfoundthatboronepoxyshells
arelesssensitivethanglassepoxyshells.
C11.Jones,R.M.,BucklingofStiffenedTwoLayeredShellsofRevolutionwithaCircumferentiallyCracked
UnbondedLayer,AIAAJ.,Vol.7,pp.15111516,1969.
C12.Almroth,B.O.,Burns,A.B.,andPittner,E.V.,DesignCriteriaforAxiallyLoadedCylindricalShells,J.
ofSpacecraft,Vol.7,pp.714720,June1970,doi:10.2514/3.30025
Almrothscomments:Amethodispresentedtodeterminetheknockdownfactorfordifferenttypesof
cylindersbased'ohtheirrelativesensitivitytoaxisymmetricimperfections(Koiter'sspecialtheory).For
compositematerialcylinders(filamentwound),itappearsthatthemethodgivesresultsthatareonlyslighlty
lessconservativethanthoseobtainedthroughapplicationofthesameknockdownfactorasforanisotropic
cylinderwiththesame"effectivethickness."
C13.Khot,N.S.,andVenkayya,V.B.,EffectofFiberOrientationonInitialPostbucklingBehaviorand
ImperfectionSensitivityofCompositeCylindricalShells,AFFDLRept.TR70125.
Almrothscomments:InthispapertheauthorsbasetheiranalysisonKoiter'sgeneraltheory.Incomparisonto
ReferenceC6,shellswithlargerimperfectionamplitudeareincludedinthestudy.Withanimperfectionof
aboutthesizeoftheshellthickness,theadvantageofusingafiberorientationclosetooptimumistotally
eliminated.
C14.Tennyson,R.C.,Chan,K.H.,andMuggeridge,D.B.,EffectofAxisymmetricShapeImperfectionson
theBucklingofLaminatedAnisotropicCircularCylinders,TransactionsCanadianAeronautics&Space
Institute,Univ.ofToronto,Canada,Vol.4,pp.131139,September1971.
Almrothscomments:TheeffectofaxisymmetricimperfectionsisstudiedbyuseofKoiter'sspecialtheory.The
numericalstudyisrestrictedtothethreelayeredcombinations(theta,0deg.,theta)and(theta,theta,0deg.),of
whichthelatterappeartobethemostefficient.AsinReferenceC9,itisshownthatshellswithoptimumfiber
orientationarethemostsensitivetoimperfectionsandthatamoderateimperfectionamplitudeissufficientto
washouttheadvantagesofanoptimumdesign.
C15.Prabhakara,M.K.,andChia,C.Y.,PostbucklingBehaviorofRectangularOrthotropicPlates,J.Mech.
Eng.Sci.,Vol.15,pp.2533,January1973.
Almrothscomments:AbucklingandpostbucklinganalysisbasedonadoubleFourierseriesapproachis
presentedforflatplates.Someplotsaregiventhatindicateoutersurfacestressesasfunctionsofappliedload.
C16.Tennyson,R.C.,andMuggeridge,D.B.,BucklingofLaminatedAnisotropicImperfectCircular
CylindersUnderAxialCompression,J.ofSpacecraft,Vol.10,pp.143148,February1973.
Almrothscomments:Anumberofcylindersweremeasuredtodetermineinitialdeviationsfromtruegeometry.
TheaxisymmetricpartoftheimperfectionswasisolatedandKoiter'sspecialtheoryapplied.Thesameresults
arealsopresentedinReferenceD2withsomeadditionaldetail.
C17.Kulkarni,S.V.,andFrederick,D.,BucklingofPartiallyDebondedLayeredCylindricalShells,
AIAA/ASME/SAE14thSDMConf.,Williamsburg,Va.,March1973.
Almrothscomments:Alocalbucklinganlaysisisappliedtothetwoseparatebranchescorrespondingtoan

axisymmetricdelaminationatmidplane.
C18.Chia,C.Y.,andPrabhakara,M.K.,PostbucklingBehaviorofUnsymmetricallyLayeredAnisotropic
RectangularPlates,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.41,pp.155162,March1974.
Almrothscomments:ThisrepresentsanextensionoftheinvestigationreportedinReferenceC15.
C19.Banks,W.M.,ThePostBucklingBehaviorofCompositePanels,Proc.InternationalConf.onComposite
Matl.,Vol.2,Switzerland,1975.
Almrothscomments:IncontrasttoReferencesC15andC18,thispaperconsidersthecaseinwhichthe
appliedshorteningisuniformratherthantheforceintensity.Thepostbucklinganalysisisbasedonthe
assumptionthatthelateraldisplacementvariessinusoidallyintheaxialdirection
(thedirectionoftheload)andcanbeaccuratelydefinedbya4termpowerseriesinthetransversedirection.A
coupleoftestresultswereincludedshowinggoodagreementbetweencomputedandmeasuredlateral
displacements.Theagreementonthestressdistributiondeteriorateswithincreasingload.
C20.Chandra,R.PostbucklingAnalysisofCrossplyLaminatedPlates,AIAAJ.,Vol.13,pp.13881389,
October1975.
Almrothscomments:Aonetermsolutionispresentedforthepostbucklingbehaviorofunsymmetrically
stackedcrossplies.
C21.Stroud,W.J.,Anderson,M.S.,andHennessy,K.W.,EffectofBowTypeInitialImperfectionsonthe
BucklingLoadandMassofGraphiteEpoxyBladeStiffenedPanels,NASATM74063,August1977.
Almrothscomments:Bladestiffenedcompositematerialpanelsunderaxialcompressionaredesignedfor
minimumweightwithbucklingconstraints.Thebendingstressesduetoabowtypeimperfectionareincluded.
Itisfoundthattheweightefficiencyismuchbetteriftheimperfectionisallowedtoaffecttheoptimizeddesign.
AuthorsABSTRACT:Astructuralsynthesiscomputercodewhichaccountsforfirstordereffectsofaninitial
bowandwhichcanbeusedforsizingstiffenedcompositepanelshavinganarbitrarycrosssectionisusedto
studygraphitebladestiffenedpanels.Theeffectofasmallinitialbowonboththeloadcarryingabilityof
panelsandonthemassofpanelsdesignedtocarryaspecifiedloadisexamined.Largereductionsinthe
bucklingloadcausedbyasmallinitialbowemphasizetheneedforconsideringabowwhenapanelisdesigned.
C22.Banks,W.M.,Harvey,J.M.,andRhodes,J.,TheNonlinearBehaviorofCompositePanelswith
AlternativeMembraneBoundaryConditionsontheUnloadedEdges,Dept.ofMech.ofMat.,U.ofStrathclyde
Rept.,January1978.
Almrothscomments:IncomparisontotheresultsofReferenceC19,anadditionaltermisaddedtodescribe
thedisplacementasafunctionoftheaxialcoordinates.Thereisnoindicationofwhetherthisimproves
correlationwithtest.
ReferenceslistedinSectionDoftheAppendixofAlmroths1981report,D.EXPERIMENTAL
VERIFICATION
Thepapersinthefollowingaremainlydevotedtotheverificationofanalyticalresultsbyuseofexperiments.
D1.Ravenhall,R.,StiffnessandBucklinginFilamentWoundMotors,J.Spacecraft,Vol.1,pp.260263,

August1964.
Almrothscomments:Filamentwindingisnotrepresentativeformodernmanufacturingtechniquesof
compositeshells.Thecomparisonbetweentestandtheorymaynotbequitethesameformodernspecimens.
Fromthetheoreticalpartofthepaperitisconcludedthatthebestefficiencyisobtainedifthebalancebetween
helicalandhoopwindingsissuchthat0.5<Ex/Ey<1.0.Fourcylindersweretestedandthereductionfactor,
phi,wasfoundtobemuchthesameasformetalcylinders.Theresultswere:
R/t=152,128,123,122
Ex/Ey=0.62,0.83,1.26,1.93
phi=0.655,0.630,0.685,0.688
D2.Tasi,J.,Feldman,A.,andStang,D.A.,TheBucklingStrengthofFilamentWoundCylindersUnderAxial
Compression,NASACR266,,July1965.
Almrothscomments:Thecylindersweremanufacturedthroughwinding. Theinplanestiffnesseswere
determinedexperimentallythroughapplicationoflateralpressure,torsion,andtension.Theshellswere
essentiallyorthotropic.Presumablythenumberoflayerswaslargeenoughsotheshellwallmaterialcouldbe
consideredtobehomogeneousandorthotropic.Fourofthecylindersbuckledbetween40and48percentofthe
classicalbucklingload.Thisseverereductionwasassumedtohavebeencausedbypretestdamageattheends.
Fortheothertencylinders,theknockdownfactorvariedfrom0.66(R/t=238)to0.85(R/t=85). Theseresults
areinlinewiththebehaviorofisotropicshells.
D3.Holston,Jr.,A.,Feldman,A.,andStang,D.A.,StabilityofFilamentWoundCylindersUnderCombined
Loading,AFFDLRept.TR6755,May1967.
Almrothscomments:Thecylindersweremanufacturedthroughwinding. Allcylindershadathicknessof
0.035in.withthethreedifferentlayups.
0deg.,45deg.,45deg.,90deg.(labeledisotropic)
0deg.,22.5deg.,22.5deg.,90deg.(labeledorthtropic)
30deg.,90deg.(labeledanisotropic)
Foreachofthethreelayupsandthreedifferentradii(3,6,and12in.)fivecylindersweremanufacturedsothat
foralldifferentgeometricalconfigurationstestcouldbeperformedin,axialcompression,torsion,bending,
combinationofaxialloadandtorsion,combinationofaxialloadandbending.Theresultsoftorsiontestscan
onlybeexplainedbytheassumptionthatthetheoryusedunderestimatesthecriticaltorqueapproximately
byafactoroftwo.Possiblythisisduetoinaccuracyinappliedboundaryconditions.Alltheconfigurationsgive
approximatelythesametheoreticalbucklingload.Thereisnotacleartrendindicatingavariationinthe
knockdownfactor,notevenwiththeradius/thicknessratio.Typicalresultsare(giveninatableinAlmroths
report.)Withalargernumberofspecimensitseemsthatatleastamorepronouncedtendencywouldbefound
towardsdecreasingknockdownfactorwithincreasingradius.
D4.Mandell,J.F.,AnExperimentalInvestigationofAnisotropicFiberReinforcedPlasticPlates,AFMLTR
68281.
Almrothscomments:Experimentalbucklingloadsaredeterminedforalargenumberofplates,ofwhichthe
majoritywereofcompositematerialwithgraphite,glassorboronfiberreinforcement.Inalmostallcasesthe
loaddisplacementcurveindicateslargelateraldisplacementsandthetestisinterruptedbeforethetheoretical
bucklingloadisapproached.Thisbehaviorisobservedalsoformetalplatesandcompositeswithlittleorno

membranebendingcoupling.Therefore,theeccentricityseemstobeduetoinitial curvatureoroffsetinloading
ratherthantomembranebendingcoupling.
D5.Leone,E.M.,Oplinger,D.W.,andSerpico,J.C.,ExperimentalStudiesoftheElasticStabilityofThree
DimensionallyReinforcedCompositeShells,AIAA7thAerospaceSciencesMeeting,NewYork,January1969.
Almrothscomments:Atotalofsevencylindersweretested.Thematerialfeaturedgraphitefibersinaxialand
radialdirectionsandquartzfilamentsforradialreinforcements.Theradiusthicknessratiowasintherangeof
35to40.Theloadingwaslateralpressure,hydrostaticpressure,orhydrostaticpressurewiththeadditionofa
componentofaxialcompression.Withuseofexperimentallydeterminedinplaneshearmodulus,predicted
lateralpressuresagreewellwithexperimentalresults.Thetestsincludinganaxialloadcomponentseemtofall
somewhatbelowpredictionalthoughconservativelyalinearinteractioncurvewasusedandtheselected
exampleindicatesthatstrainreversalmayhaveoccurredwellbelowfinalcollapse.
D6.Ashton,J.E.,andLove,T.S.,ShearStabilityofLaminatedAnisotropicPlates.(nopublisherordategiven)
Almrothscomments:Shearbucklingtestswereperformedon14boronepoxylaminatedplates.Theloadwas
appliedasadiagonaltensionona"rigidpictureframe."Thecornersonthepanelwerenotchedsothatlocal
failurewouldbeavoided.ThecriticalloadisdeterminedbyuseoftheSouthwellplot.Theloaddisplacement
curveisgivenforoneexampleandindicatesagradualgrowthofthelateraldisplacement.Asthespecimens
weresymmetricwith16layers,thisisnottheresultofmembranebendingcouplingbutratheritmustbe
assumedthattheinitialgeometricdeviationswererelativelylarge.Asmustbeexpected,theagreementbetween
theSouthwellloadandanalytical(RayleighRitz)resultsisgood.Thefailureload(35,800ib)isgivenonlyfor
onepanel(withabucklingloadof29,000lb). Forallpanelsb/twasabout100.
D7.Kicher,T.P.andMandell,J.F.,AnExperimentalStudyoftheBucklingofAnisotropicPlates,
AIAA/ASME10thSDMConference,April1969,
Kicher,T.P.,andMandell,J.F.,AStudyoftheBucklingofLaminatedCompositePlates,AIAAJ.,Vol.9,p.
605,April1971.
Almrothscomments:BoththesepublicationssummarizetheresultsofReferenceD4.ThearticleintheAIAA
Journalissomewhatmorespecificaboutthetestsetup.
D8.Wall,Jr.,L.D.,andCard,M.F.,TorsionalShearStrengthofFilamentWoundGlassEpoxyTubes,NASA
TND6140,August1971.
Almrothscomments:Thetestsontorsiontubeswereintendedasfracturetests.However,itisobservedin
manycasesthatfracturewasprecededbystrainreversal.Evaluationoftheresultsseemsdifficult becausethe
stressstraincurvesshowconsiderablenonlinearityatlowstress.
AuthorsABSTRACT:Resultsarepresentedfromtorsiontestsconductedon36multilayered,filamentwound,
glassepoxytubes.Configurationswithhelicalwindingsandwithalternatinghelicalandcircumferential
windingswereinvestigatedforvariouswindingangles.Undersmallloadings,shearmodulideducedfromlinear
shearstressstraincurveswerefoundtobeinreasonableagreementwithanalyticalpredictions.Underlarger
loadings,variousdegreesofnonlinearityinshearstressstraincurveswereencountered,dependingonthe
helicalwindingangle.Experimentaltorsionalstrengthsweredefinedbya0.2percentoffsetyieldstressorby
maximumstresswhenlargenonlinearitiesdidnotexist.Thesestrengthswerecomparedwithtorsionalbuckling
predictionsfororthotropiccylinders,andwithmaterialstrengthpredictionsbasedonorthotropicyieldcriteria
andelasticstressanalysis.Computedelasticbucklingstresseswereconsiderablyhigherthantheexperimental

strengthsformostofthetestspecimensexceptforthosewithonly30degand45degwindings.Experimental
torsionalstrengthswerefoundtocorrelatewithconventionalyieldpredictionsifpredictedyieldingincertain
layerswereignoredorifunrealisticallylargetransversetensileandshearstrengthsofunidirectionallaminae
wereemployedintheanalysis.
D9.Willey,B.T.,InstabilityofGlassfiberReinforcedPlasticPanelsUnderAxialCompression,
ASAAVLABS,Techn.Rept.6948,September1971.
Almrothscomments:Some70flatplates,approximatelysquarewithasideof6114in.,weretestedunder
axialcompression.Theplatesweremanufacturedfromclothandverythin,b/t=175orso.Thereportgivesthe
Southwellloadforallpanels.Excessivescatterprobablyindicatesnonuniformmaterialproperties.Itisstated
thattheagreementbetweentheSouthwellloadandobservedstrainreversalispoor.Theauthor'sconclusionthat
thestrainreversaltechniquehasnovalueisdubious.Strainreversalisadefiniteindicationofthedevelopment
ofbucklesandassuchaphysicallymeaningfulparameter.Ontheotherhand.anyexperimentalmethod
(whetherinagreementwiththeoryornot)thatgivesadifferentresultisnotapplicabletothecaseinquestion.It
maybenoticedthatatleastsomeofthepanelsweretestedupto3or4timesthebifurcationbucklingload.
D10.Kaminski,B.E.,andAshton,J.E.,DiagonalTensionBehaviorofBoronEpoxyShearPanels,J.Comp.
Mat.,Vol.5,pp.553558,October1971.
Almrothscomments:Anexperimentalanalysisispresentedofthepostbucklingbehaviorofshearpanels.The
paneldimensionswere6x18in.andthethicknessabout0.02in.,i.e.,b/t=300.Thepanelsweretestedtofailure
whichoccurredat8to10timesthebifurcationbucklingload.Inacoupleofcases,thepanelsweretested
withoutfailure100timestoaloadlevelcorrespondingto5timesthebifurcationload.Subsequently,these
panelsweretestedtofailurewithnoobviousreductioninstrength,Generally,failureoccurredinoneofthe
cornersofthepanelbeforetheaverageshearstraininthepanelhadreachedhalfoftheshearstrain
correspondingtofracture.
D11.Tennyson,R.C.,Muggeridge,D.B.,andChen,K.H.,BucklingofFiberreinforcedCircularCylinders
UnderAxialCompression,AFFDLTR72102,August1972,DTICAccessionNo.:AD0759537
Almrothscomments:Anumberofglassepoxycylindersweremanufacturedwithconsiderablecare.Theinitial
geometricalimperfectionsweremeasured.Theaxisymmetricpartoftheseimperfectionswasisolatedand
expressedintermsoftrigonometricseries.Byuseoftheclassicalbifurcationbucklinganalysis,criticallosds
werecomputedandthecylinderssubsequentlyweretested.Theagreementbetweencomputedandmeasured
bucklingloadsisfair. Forthe14cylinderstested,predictionsrangefrom0.50to0.85timesthecritical load
forperfectcylinderswhiletheexperimentalresultsrangefrom0.41to0.75timesthisload.Ingeneral,the
predictionswere10to20%onthehighside.
AuthorsABSTRACT:Ananalyticalsolutionforthebucklingloadwasobtainedbyusingcylindricalshells.An
analyticalsolutionforthebucklingloadwasobtainedbyusingKoiter'stheoryforaxisymmetricand
asymmetricimperfections.Foraxisymmetricimperfections,numericalevaluationwerecarriedoutforthecase
ofthreeplycompositeshellsofglass,boronandgraphiteepoxyconstruction.Itwasfoundthatdrastic
bucklingloadreductionsoccurredcomparabletoisotropicshellsforsmallvaluesofimperfectionamplitudes.

Foreachcylindricalshell,testmodelfabricatedfromthreeplypreimpregnatedglassepoxy,anequivalent
imperfectionamplitudewascomputedbyusingtherootmeansquareimperfectionmeasurementsobtainedfrom
severalgenerators.Fairlygoodagreementwasfoundbetweentheanalyticallypredictedandexperimental
bucklingloads.
D12.Carri,R.L.,BucklingBehaviorofCompositeCylindersSubjectedtoCompressiveLoading,NASACR
132264,June1973.
Almrothscomments:Fourboronepoxyandfourtitaniumcylinderswithboronepoxyreinforcementwere
testedinaxialcompression,allwithR/tabout25.Insideandoutsidestrainsarerecordedasfunctionsofthe
loadforthefourcompositematerialcylindersandforoneofthetitaniumcylinders.Onlyforthetitanium
cylinderistheresomeindicationofbuckling(strainreversal)beforefailureoccurs.
D13.Wilkins,D.J.,CompressionBucklingTestsofLaminatedGraphiteEpoxyCurvedPanels,AIAA,12th
AerospaceSci.Meeting,Washington,D.C.,January30February1,1974.
Almrothscomments:Anumberofcylindricalpanelsweretestedunderaxialcompression.Someofthetest
specimenssufferednodamageandcouldberetestedunderdifferentconditions.Therefore,72panelsyielded84
testresults.Allpanelshadalengthof13in.,aradiusof12in.,andawidthof9in.(43deg.).Panelthicknessand
layupwerevariedthroughthetestseries.BucklingloadswereregisteredbyuseoftheMoiregridtechnique.
Forflatpanelsitappearsthatinitialeccentricitiesormembranebendingcouplingwouldrenderthistechnique
useless;comparetheresultsofReferenceD4.However,forthecylindricalpanels,itappearsthatthe
developmentofthebucklingpatternisrapidlyacceleratedasthecriticalloadisreachedandtheMoire
techniqueseemstohavebeenveryuseful.Insomecases,thetestswerecontinuedaftertheMoirepattern
indicatedbuckling.Innocasecouldtheloadbesignificantlyincreasedbeforesnapthroughoccurred.Typical
examplesare:
Moire:

6300,715,1290,5700,3530
Snapthrough: 6340,725,1315,5810,3685
InninecasessnapthroughoccurredwithoutpreviousindicationbytheMoirepattern.Infivecasesthe
indicationbytheMoirepatternwasessentiallysimultaneouswithsnapthrough.Intheremainingcasesthetest
wasinterruptedwhentheMoirepatternindicatedbucklingandthespecimenscouldbeusedagain.(cannotcopy
andpastemorecommentswithregardtothisreference.)
D14.Wilkins,D.J.andLove,T.S.,CombinedCompressionTorsionBucklingTestsofLaminatedComposite
CylindricalShells,AIAA/ASNE/SAE15thSDMMeeting,LasVegas,April1974.
Alrmothscomments:Sixcylindersweremanufacturedforthetests.Thelaminateswerefourply(45)sand
sixply(0/45)s.Theoutsidediameterwas15in.andthecylinderlength15in.Theplythicknessvariedfrom
0.0053to0.0065.Strainreversalwasusedtoindicatebucklingandinmostcasesthetestwasnondestructiveso
thatacompleteorpartialinteractioncurvecouldbeobtainedforonespecimen.Theknockdownfactorforaxial
compressionisabout0.65.Theanalyticalsolutionfortorsionbucklingappearstobeoffapproximatelybya
factoroftwo.
D15.Wilkins,D.J.,andOlson,F.,ShearBucklingofAdvancedCompositeCurvedPanels,SESAFall

Meeting,Seattle,Wash.,October1720,1972.
Almrothscomments:Fourgraphiteepoxyandfourboronepoxycylindricalpanelsweretestedinshear.The
panelscoveredeach45degreesandfourpanelsweremountedtogether.Theshellwallconsistedof8plyplus
andminus45deg.laminate.Duetothefactthatrelativelyfewlaminateswereused,thecriticaltorqueisabout
50%higherinthefavorabledirection.Thepanelswere9in.longandtheradiuswas12in.Theaverage
thicknesswasabout0.056(R/tabout200).Thespecimenswerefirsttestedintheweakerdirection.The
bucklingloadwasregisteredbyuseofaSouthwellplotbasedonbendingstrainratherthandisplacement.The
criticalloadsodeterminedvariedbetween84and106percentofthetheoreticalloadcorrespondingtoclamped
edges.Inasecondtest,thetorquewasappliedintheoppositedirection.TheSouthwellloadvariedbetween
85%and95%ofthetheoreticalvalueforclampedshells. Furthermore,theSouthwellloadsagreedverywell
withtheloadlevelatwhichthelateraldisplacementsstartedtogrowrapidly.Thetestsinthisdirectionwere
continuedtofailurewhichoccurredatabout20%abovethebucklingload.Atthisloadlevel,thebuckledepth
wasofthesameorderofsizeastheshellthickness.
D16.Marlowe,D.E.andSushinsky,G.F.,TorsionalBucklingofCompositeCylindricalShells,National
BureauofStandards,Rept.NBSIR74572,September1974.
Almrothscomments:Of39cylinderstested,afewwerepuremetalcylinders,afewcompositereinforcedmetal
cylinders,butthemajoritywerepurecompositecylinders.Sincemanyofthecylindersweretestedinboth
directions,atotalof51testresultswereavailableforcomparisontotheory.Boronepoxyandgraphiteepoxy
cylindersweretestedwithvariouslayupsandfortwodifferentR/tvalues(150and75)andthreedifferent
valuesofL/R(3.2,6.7,13.3).Duetothegreatvarietyofspecimens,duplicationisminimalwhichmakesit
difficulttodiscoveranycleartrends.Thereis,forexample,noindicationthattheparametersL/RorR/tshould
haveanyinfluenceontheknockdownfactorphi.Itmaybenoticed,however,thattwotestswithR/t=75and
withafavorablelayupfracturedwithoutanypreviousindicationofbucklingatabout60%ofthecritical load.
Anoptimumlayupwasdeterminedanalyticallyforshellssubjectedtotorsioninonedirectiononly.Forthese
cylinders(82.5,30,20,82.5)s,theknockdownfactorswererelativelylow(0.79,0.88,0.61,0.54).Forthis
layuptheratiobetweencriticalloadsforloadinginthetwodirectionsisashighas3.5.Forshellswith45deg.
windingsthisratioisonlyoftheorder1.5to2.0.Thereisnoindicationamongthesethatthemoreefficient
layupsshouldbemoresensitivetoimperfections.Generallythetorquedropssomewhatafterbucklingorit
staysconstant.Innocaseisthereanyindicationofpostbucklingstrengthabovethebifurcationload.Thestrain
atfractureisnotobservedbutstressstrain
curvesareshownforallspecimens.Inmanyofthese(includingsomewithR/t=75),strainlevelswerereached
whichconsiderably(5timesorso)exceedthecriticalstrain.Theknockdownfactorforthe51experiments
variesfrom0.54to0.95withanaveragecloseto0.80.
D17.Marlowe,D.W.,Sushinsky,G.F.,andDexter,H.B.,ElasticTorsionalBucklingofThinWalled
CompositeCylinders,CompositeMaterials,TestingandDesign(ThirdConf.),ASTMSTP546,ASTM1974.
Almrothscomments:TheresultsofReferenceD16arepresentedinaslightlymorepolishedform.
D18.Chailleux,A.,Hans,Y.,andVerchery,G.,ExperimentalStudyoftheBucklingofLaminatedComposite
ColumnsandPlates,Int.J.Mech.Sci.,Vol.17,p.485,1975.
Almrothscomments:Compositeflatplatesweretestedunderdifferentcompression.Thevalueofb/twasabout
100forallplates.Mostplateshaveconsiderablemembranebendingcoupling.Loaddisplacementcurvesare
notshownbutitcanbeassumedthatthebendingoftheplatesetsingraduallyandthatthebifurcationbuckling

loadisinsignificantasadesignparameter.ThebucklingloadisdeterminedbyuseoftheSouthwellplotaswell
asbythedynamicmethod(extrapolationtozeroofnaturalfrequency).Theagreementbetweenthesetwo
methodsisgood.
D19.Spier,E.E.,Crippling/ColumnBucklingAnalysisandTestofGraphiteEpoxyStiffenedPanels,
AIAA/ASME/SAE16thSDMMeeting,Denver,Colorado,May1975.
Almrothscomments:TestswerecarriedoutonthreeTandbladestiffenedpanels.Bucklingandcrippling
predictions(elastic)basedon"elementarymethods"wereingoodagreementwithtestresults.Someofthe
stressstraincurvesforthematerial(transversestressandshear)showconsiderablenonlinearity.
D20.Williams,J.G.andMikulas,Jr.,M.M.,AnalyticalandExperimentalStudyofStructurallyEfficient
CompositeHatStiffenedPanelsLoadedinAxialCompression,AIAA/ASME/SAE16thSDMMeeting,
Denver,Colorado,May1975.
Almrothscomments:Testswereconductedonanumberofhatstiffenedgraphiteepoxypanels.Thepanel
dimensionscorrespondtooptimumweightconfigurations.Anumberofpanels(23)oflength16in.were
criticalinlocalbuckling.IntheexperimentslocalbucklingwasobservedbyuseoftheMoirepatternandbythe
observationofstrainreversal.Thesetwomethodsagreewithoneanotherbuttheagreementwiththeory
(BUCLASP)isnotgood.Thisisassumedtobeduetolargedeviationsfromnominalthicknessesandtolocal
initial
stressesduetothecuringprocess.Theexperimentswerecontinuedtoultimatefailurewhich
typicallyoccurredatabout25%abovetheexperimentalbucklingload.Theauthorsconcludethat"buckledskin
concepts"mightbepossible(butthat),thebrittlenatureofgraphiteepoxycompositesmakestheirpracticality
highlyspeculativeatthistime.Inaddition,sixlongerpanels(60in.)weretested.ThesewerecriticalinEuler
buckling.Thetestresultsinthesecasesfallbetween64and90percentofthecriticalload.Thisdisagreement
appearstobetheresultoftransversesheareffects.Thedisagreementbetweenexperimentandtheoryreduces
apotential50%weightsaving(incomparisontoaluminum)toa32%saving.Thisestimatedoesnotaccountfor
theuseofbuckledskinconceptsforaluminumpanels.
D21.Booton,M.,BucklingofImperfectAnisotropicCylindersUnderCombinedLoading,Institutefor
AerospaceStudies,U.ofToronto,UTIASRept.No.203,August1976.
Almrothscomments:Aliteraturereviewispresentedonthesubjectofbucklingofcylindricalshells.Available
closedformsolutionsaresummarized.Acomputerprogramlistingis presentedforthebucklingofanisotropic
cylindersundertorsion,externalpressureandaxialload.Anumberofnumericalresultsindicatethattheshapes
oftheinteractioncurvesvaryconsiderablywiththelayup.Twofiberglasscylindersweretested.Aninside
mandrelwasusedtoarrestthebucklesandallowrepeatedtestingonthesamespecimen. Theshapeofthe
interactioncurvesagreeswiththeoreticalresults.Forcomparisonwiththeoryananalysiswascarriedout
includingaxisymmetricimperfections.Thesewerechosenequaltothoseonthe"worsemeridian".Thetest
resultsinaxialcompressionweresome10%belowthebifurcationloadfortheimperfectcylinder.Inboth
cases,theradiustothicknessratiowas234.
D22.Spier,E.E.,andKlouman,F.L.,PostbucklingBehaviorofGraphiteEpoxyLaminatedPlatesand
Channels,ArmySymposiumonSolidMechanics,CapeCod,Mass.,September1976.
Almrothscomments:Graphiteepoxyplateswiththeunloadededgessimplysupportedandchannelsections
weretestedinaxialcompression.Resultswerecomparedtoresultsof"classical,closedformorthotropicelastic
bucklingtheoryforflatplates."Inmanycases,theregisteredbucklingloadwaswellbelowthetheoretical

values.Fortheplateswithb/tvaryingfrom19to45,theratiobetweenexperimentalandtheoreticalresults
variedbetween0.61and0.88.Forthechannelsthecorrespondingratiovariedfrom0.77to1.10.Ultimate
failurefortheplatesvariedfrom0.71to1.55timesthebifurcationbucklingloads.Forthechannelsthisrange
was1.18to3.83.
D23.Vestergreen,ATheoreticalandExperimentalInvestigationoftheBucklingBehaviorofRectangular
CFRPPanelsSubjectedtoShearLoadingTheAeronaut.Res.Inst.ofSweden,FFAReportHU1818,
Stockholm,1977.
Almrothscomments:Threepanels,845x115mm,weretestedinshear.Thelayupswere8ply(45)s(t=1.04
mm),10ply(90,245)s(t=1.30mm)and8ply(2+90,245)s(t=1.04mm).Bucklingattestwasobserved
byuseoftheMoirepattern.Theratiosbetweentestandtheoryforthethreespecimenswere0.72,1.27,and
0.75.Thetestswerecontinuedtofailure.Theultimateloadvalueswere2.73,1.9and2.87timesthebifurcation
bucklingloads(theoretical).TheSTAGScomputerprogramandTsai'sfracturecriterionwereusedtodetermine
theultimateloadanalytically.Theagreementbetweentestandtheoryonthispointwassurprisinglygood,the
ratiosbetweenexperimentalandtheoreticalresultsbeing0.93,1.16and1.07.

EndofAlmroths1981survey
B.O.Almroth,P.SternandF.A.Brogan(StructuresLaboratory,LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,
LockheedMissiles&SpaceCompany,Inc.,PaloAlto,CA94304,U.S.A.),Futuretrendsinnonlinear
structuralanalysis,Computers&Structures,Vol.10,Nos.12,April1979,pp.369374,
doi:10.1016/00457949(79)90107X
ABSTRACT:Inthefollowingparagraphspossiblefuturetrendsinthenonlinearanalysisofstructuresare
contemplated.Ifanypredictionsatallaretobemade,theymustbebasedontheassumptionthatresearchand
developmentintheareawillberesponsivetotheneedsoftheengineeringcommunity,perhapsprimarilywithin
theaerospaceandnuclearindustries.Thisneedisdefinitelyformoreefficientgeneralpurposeprograms
derivedinsuchawaythattheyarereasonablyeasytouse.Somenewtechnologyispresentedintherecent
literature,intheformofnewideasindisdretizationproceduresandinautomationofthemethodsforsolutionof
nonlinearequationsystems.Thepredictionissimplythatthesearegoingtobefurtherdeveloped,thoroughly
evaluatedandeventuallyincludedincommonlyavailablesoftware.
JohnL.Sewall,RobertR.ClaryandSumnerA.Leadbetter,Anexperimentalandanalyticalvibrationstudyof
aringstiffenedcylindricalshellstructurewithvarioussupportconditions,NASATND2398,1964
M.Mikulas,Jr.,etal,Bucklingofacylindricalshellloadedbyapretensionedfilamentwinding,NASA,
1964
Hoff,N.J.,"LowBucklingStressesofAxiallyCompressedCircularCylindricalShellsofFiniteLength",
JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.32,No.3,Trans.ASME,SeriesE.Vol.87,Sept.1965,pp.533541;also
SUDAERReport192,July1964
ABSTRACT:Exactsolutionsarederivedoftheclassicaldifferentialequationsdefiningthedeformationsof
axiallycompressedthinwalledcircularcylindricalshells.Theendconditionsalongthecircularedgesare

assumedasthevanishingof(1)theradialdisplacement;(2)ofthelongitudinalbendingmoment;(3)ofthe
variationintheaxialnormalstress,and(4)ofthecircumferentialmembraneshearstress.Underthese
conditionsofsimplesupportthecriticalvalueoftheuniformlydistributedaxialnormalstressisonehalfthe
classicalcriticalvalue.
K.Forsberg,Areviewofanalyticalmethodsusedtodeterminethemodalcharacteristicsofcylindricalshells,
NASACR613,1965
B.Ross,J.MayersandA.Jaworski(StanfordUniversity),Bucklingtestsonthincircularcylindricalshells
heatedalonganaxialstrip,ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.5,No.8,pp.247,August1965
J.H.Percy,T.H.H.Pian,S.KleinandD.R.Navaratna,Applicationofmatrixdisplacementmethodtolinear
elasticanalysisofshellsofrevolution,AIAAJournal,Vol.3,No.11,November1965,pp.2382145
E.E.Spier,P.E.WilsonandE.M.Slick,Nonlinearanalysisofthintoroidalshellsofcircularcrosssection,
AIAA2ndAerospaceSciencesMeeting,NewYork,NY,1965,Paperno.65144,pp.130
L.Katz,Compressiontestsonintegrallystiffenedcylinders,NASATMX55315,August1965
D.T.Wright,Membraneforcesandbucklinginreticulatedshells,JournaloftheASCEStructuralDivision,
Vol.91,No.ST1,February1965
JamesH.Lane,Barforcesinlatticedsphericaldomesbymeansofthemembraneanalogyforshells,PhD
Dissertation,NorthCarolinaStateUniversity,1965
E.F.Benard,Astudyoftherelationshipbetweencontinuousandlatticestructures,PhDDissertation,
UniversityofIllinois,1965
R.Guyan,Reductionofstiffnessandmassmatrices,AIAAJournal,Vol.3,No.2,February1965
R.H.Gallagher,R.A.GellatlyandJ.R.Batt,StructuralanddynamicanalysisoftheApolloaftheatshield,
ReportNo.D7218933005,BellAerosystemsCompany,December1965
K.Buchert,Bucklingofdoublycurvedorthotropicshells,EngineeringExperimentStation,Universityof
Missouri,Columbia,Missouri,November1965
Buchert,K.,ZurStabilittgrosser,doppelt,gekrummterundversteifterSchalen,DerStahlbau,February
1965,pp.5562
K.P.Buchert,Bucklingconsiderationsinthedesignandconstructionofdoublycurvedspacestructures,in
SpaceStructureseditedbyR.M.Davies,London,1966
K.P.Buchert,Effectofedgeconditionsonbucklingofstiffenedframedshells,EngineeringExperiment
StationBulletinSeriesNo.65,UniversityofMissouri,Columbia,Missouri,October1967

K.Buchert,Spaceframebuckling,EngineeringJournal,AmericanInstituteofSteelConstruction,Vol.5,
No.4,October1968
K.Buchert,Bucklingofshellandshelllikestructures,K.P.Buchert&Associates,Columbia,Missouri,1973
Fischer,G.,"InfluenceofBoundaryConditionsonStabilityofThinWalledCylndricalShellsunderAxialLoad
andInternalPressure,AIAAJournal,Vol.3,No.4,April1965,pp.736738.
Weingarten,V.I.andSeide,P.,Bucklingofthinwalledcircularcylinders,NASASP8007,September1965
WeingartenV.I.andSeideP.(1965)Elasticstabilityofthinwalledcylindricalandconicalshellsunder
combinedexternalpressureandaxialcompression.AIAAJ3(5):913920
W.Stuiver(CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofHawaii,Honolulu,Hawaii),Onthebucklingofringssubject
toimpulsivepressures,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.32,No.3,pp.511518,September1965,
DOI:10.1115/1.3627252
ABSTRACT:Itisshowninthispaperthatprevious,independentanalysesofthephenomenaofdynamicelastic
instabilityanddynamicplasticflowbucklingofcircularcylindricalshellscanbecombinedinasingleapproach
leadingtoresultsconsistentwiththosethatfollowfromtheseanalyses.Theresponseoftheshellinbothcases
isgovernedbytheinteractionbetweenthefundamentalradial,purelyextensionalmodeofdeformationand
inextensionalflexuralmodesalwayspresentintheresponse.Ananalyticalprocedureisgivenforthe
determinationofdominantmodesintheelasticandplasticphasesoftheresponse,andtheresultsofthis
procedureareverifiedbycomparisonwithnumericalandexperimentaldata.
J.Famili(TheBabcockandWilcoxCompany,Barberton,Ohio,USA),"Asymmetricbucklingoffinitely
deformedconicalshells",AIAAJournal,Vol.3,No.8(1965),pp.14561461.doi:10.2514/3.3168
ABSTRACT:Theasymmetricbucklingoftruncatedandcompleteconicalshellsunderuniformhydrostatic
pressurehasbeenstudiedbymanyauthors.Inalloftheseinvestigations,membranetheoryhasbeenusedto
definethestressstatepriortobuckling.Inthepresentpaperthisproblemisstudiedbymeansoffinite
differenceanalysis,takingintoaccountthelargedeformationintheprebucklingstate.Numericalresultsare
obtainedandcomparedwiththeresultsofotherinvestigations.
Batterman,S.C.,"PlasticBucklingofAxiallyCompressedCylindricalShells,"AIAAJournal,Vol.3,Feb.
1965,pp.316325.
ABSTRACT:Theplasticbucklingofcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompressionisstudiedanalyticallyand
experimentally.Attentionisgiventoboththenonlinearandnonconservativeaspectsofthestressstrainrelation.
Theeffectofunloadingisinvestigatedinanexactmannerforahingemodelwhichisproposedandinbothan
exactandanapproximatemannerforageometricallyperfectshell.Thirtytestsarereportedoncylindricalshells
of2024T4aluminumwithradiustothicknessratiosof120through10andlengthtoradiusratiosof0.20to7.
Specimenswerepreparedwiththreedifferenttypesofendconditionsandweretestedeitherthroughaballand
socketarrangementorflatendedbetweensmoothbearingblocks.Asimple(jsub2)incrementaltheorygives
resultsveryclosetojsub2deformationtheoryanddoespredictbothbucklingstrengthandthegeometryof
bucklingforthickandmoderatelythickshells.

Cohen,G.A.,"ComputerAnalysisofAsymmetricFreeVibrationsofRingStiffenedOrthotropicShellsof
Revolution,"AIAAJournal,Vol.3,No.12,1965,pp.23052312.
G.A.Cohen,Conservativenessofanormalpressurefieldactingonashell,AIAAJ.Vol.4,1966,pp.1886
1887
J.G.Simmonds,Asetofsimple,accurateequationsforcircularcylindricalelasticshells,Int.J.Solids&
Structures,Vol.2,1966,pp.525541,doi:10.1016/00207683(66)900369
ABSTRACT:TheSanders'equationsforacircularcylindricalelasticshellofconstantthicknessarereducedto
asingle,simple,fourthorderpartialdifferentialequationforthecomplexvaluedfunctionW+isqrt(A/D)F,
whereWisthemidsurfacenormaldeflection,Fisastressfunction,andA/Disanelasticconstant.Auxiliary
equationsexpressingthetangentialmidsurfacedisplacements,stressresultants,stresscouples,andKirchhoff
edgeforcesintermsofW,F,andsurfaceloadintegralsarealsoderived.Approximationsareintroducedonlyin
thestressstrainrelations,buttheresultingerrorsareshowntobenegligiblebyKoiter'sarguments.Workof
previouswritersisreviewedandcomparedwithresultsofthepresentpaper.
J.G.Simmonds,Greensfunctionforclosedelasticsphericalshells;Exactandaccurateapproximate
solutions,Proc.Kon.Nederl.Akad.Wetensch.,Vol.B71,1968,pp.236249
J.G.SimmondsandD.A.Danielson,Nonlinearshelltheorywithafiniterotationvector,Proc.Kon.Nederl.
Akad.Wsetenschd.,Vol.73,1970,pp.460478
D.A.Danielson(DepartmentofAppliedMathematics,UniversityofVirginia,Charlottesville,Va.22901,
U.S.A),Simplifiedintrinsicequationsforarbitraryelasticshells,InternationalJournalofEngineering
Science,Vol.8,No.3,March1970,pp.251259,doi:10.1016/00207225(70)900340
ABSTRACT:Theintrinsicequationsofnonlinearthinshelltheoryarereducedtoarelativelysimplesetofsix
equationsinsixunknowns.Boundaryconditionstouseinconjunctionwiththeequationsareobtained.The
equationsarecomparedwiththoseofotherauthorsforsomespecialcases.Foreasyuse,theequationsand
boundaryconditionsaregiveninlinesofcurvaturecoordinates.
D.A.Danielson(DepartmentofAppliedMathematicsandComputerScience,UniversityofVirginia,
Charlottesville,Virginia,U.S.A.),Stabilityofthethinelasticshellmodeloftheredbloodcell,Journalof
Biomechanics,Vol.4,No.6,December1971,pp.611617,doi:10.1016/00219290(71)900509
ABSTRACT:FungandTonghaverecentlyexplainedthespheringofredbloodcellsinhypotonicsolutionby
showingthatathinwalledelasticmembranewiththerightextensionalstiffnessandsurfacetensiondistribution
willswellintoasphereunderinternalpressure.Inthisreportweinvestigatethestabilityofthesphericalstateof
FungandTong'smodelbyapplyingthestaticenergycriterion,whichrequiresadeterminationofthesignofthe
quadratictermsinthepotentialenergyfunctional.Itturnsoutthatasphericalcellmodelwithradiuslessthan
thatoftheequatorialradiusoftheoriginalundeformedcellisindeedstable,ifandonlyifthesupposedly
arbitraryelasticparametersinthemodelarerestrictedintheirpossblerangeofvalues.

J.G.SimmondsandD.A.Danielson,Nonlinearshelltheorywithfiniterotationandstressfunctionvectors,J.
Appl.Mech.,Vol.39,1972,pp.10841090
J.G.Simmonds,RigourousexpunctionofPoissonsratiofromtheReissnerMeissnerequations,Int.J.Solids
&Structures,Vol.11,1975,pp.10511056
J.G.SimmondsandA.Libai,AsymptoticformsofasimplifiedversionofthenonlinearReissnerequationsfor
clampedelasticsphericalcapsunderoutwardpressure,Comput.Mechanics,Vol.2,1987,pp.231234
A.S.Pal'chevskii,Onamodeofbucklingofcircularcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,International
AppliedMechanics,Vol.2,No.10,1966,pp.8081,doi:10.1007/BF00885621
PARTIALABSTRACT:Experimentaldataonthemodeofbucklingofcircularcylindricalshellsunderaxial
compressionenablesustodrawtheconclusionthatthenumberofdentsintheperipheraldirection,n,depends
onlyontheratiosL/RandR/h,whereL,R,andharerespectivelythelength,radius,andthicknessofthe
shell
K.KapurandB.Hartz,Stabilityofplatesusingthefiniteelementmethoc,ASCEJournaloftheEngineering
MechanicsDivision,Vol.92,No.EM2,April1966

R.E.Fulton(NASALangleyResearchCenter,LangleyStation,Hampton,Va.),Dynamicaxisymmetric
bucklingofshallowconicalshellssubjectedtoimpulsiveloads,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.32,No.1,
pp.129134,March1965,DOI:10.1115/1.3625708
ABSTRACT:Atheoreticalinvestigationismadeoftheaxisymmetricsnapthroughbucklingofashallow
conicalshellsubjectedtoanidealizedimpulseapplieduniformlyoverthesurfaceoftheshell.Theshellis
assumedtobehaveasasingledegreeoffreedomsystem,andastudyismadeofthestrainenergyatmaximum
displacement:i.e.,zerovelocity.Undercertainconditionsthisequilibriumpositionbecomesunstableandthe
shellcansnapthrough(orbuckle).Nonlinearstraindisplacementequationsareusedandsolutionsareobtained
forclampedandsimplysupportedboundariesattheedgeoftheshell.Resultsfortheconearecomparedwith
similarresultsforashallowsphericalcaphavingthesameriseasthecone.Thiscomparisonindicatesthatthe
sphericalshellcanresistalargerimpulsethantheconicalshellbeforebuckling.
R.Fulton,R.EppinkandJ.Walz,Theaccuracyoffiniteelementmethodsincontinuumproblems,Proc.Fifth
USNationalCongressofAppliedMechanics,ASME,1966
R.SzilardandA.West,Finitecurvedshellelementsandconsistentmassmatricesforstaticanddynamic
analysisofaerospacestructures,AirForceFlightDynamicsLabReportAFFDLTR66194,1966

R.W.GregoryandM.P.Padoussis,Unstableoscillationoftubularcantileversconveyingfluid,PartI
Theory,PartIExperiment,ProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietyofLondon,Vol.293,SeriesA,1966,pp.512
542
M.P.PadoussisandN.T.Issid(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,McGillUniversity,Montreal,Qubec,
Canada),Dynamicstabilityofpipesconveyingfluid,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.33,No.3,April
1974,pp.267294,doi:10.1016/S0022460X(74)800027
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdealswiththedynamicsandstabilityofflexiblepipescontainingflowingfluid,where
theflowvelocityiseitherentirelyconstant,orwithasmallharmoniccomponentsuperposed.Anextensive
historicalreviewofthesubjectisgiven.Inthecaseofconstantflowvelocity,thedynamicsofthesystemis
examinedinageneralwayanditisshownthatconservativesystemsaresubjectnotonlytobuckling
(divergence)atsufficientlyhighflowvelocities,butalsotooscillatoryinstabilities(flutter)athigherflow
velocities.Alsopresentedaresomenewresultsforcasesofsystemssubjectedtointernaldissipativeforces.In
thecaseofharmonicallyvaryingflowvelocity,theequation,ofmotionderivedhereexposesanerrorina
previousderivation.Stability,mapsarepresentedforparametricinstabilities,computedbyBolotin'smethod,
forpipeswithpinedorclampedends,aswellasforcantileveredpipes.Itisfoundthattheextentofthe
instabilityregionsincreaseswithflowvelocityforclampedclampedandpinnedpinnedpipes,whileamore
complexbehaviourobtainesinthecaseofcantileveredpipes.Inallcases,dissipationreducestheextentof,or
entirelyeliminates,parametricinstabilityzones.
E.D.DowellandS.E.Widnall,Generalizedaerodynamicforecesonanoscillatingcylindricalshell:Subsonic
andsupersonicflow,AIAAJournal,Vol.4,No.4,1966,pp.607610
S.E.WidnallandH.H.Dowell,Aerodynamicforcesonanoscillatingcylindricalductwithaninternalflow,
JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.6,No.1,1967,pp.7185
JohnM.HedgepethandDavidB.Hall,Stabilityofstiffenedcylinders,AIAAPaperNo.6579,January1965,
seealso,AIAAJournalofSpacecraftandRockets,Vol.40,No.6,2003,pp.934945,
doi:INISTCNRS,CoteINIST:11416,35400011900835.0120
ABSTRACT:Designofefficientcylindricalshellsforcarryingmoderatecompressiveloadsleadstothe
requirementthattheybestiffened.Thebucklingbehaviorofsuchstiffenedcylindersdiffersconsiderablyfrom
thatofthinmonocoquecylindersinseveralnoteworthyrespects:1)Stiffenedcylindersareofteneffectively
"thick,"andexhibitlargebucklewavelengths.Theirstrengthisconsequentlyinfluencedlittlebyimperfections
andcanbepredictedaccuratelybylinearbucklinganalysis.Refinedandsophisticatedlinearanalysisthus
becomesapowerfuldesigntool.2)Onesidednessofstringersandringsproducesstronginteractionbetween
"membrane"andbendingforces.Calculationsandtestshaverevealedinstanceswherechangeofreinforcement
fromonesurfacetotheotherchangesbucklingstrengthbyaratiooftwoormore.3)Becauseofthelarger,well
definedwaveform,thestrengthofstiffenedcylindersalwaysdependsontheconstraint(orlackofit)from
adjoiningcylindersanddomes(ortestfixtures),andtheresistancetobendingmomentmayappreciablyexceed
theresistancetouniformload.Thispaperdescribesseveralmethods,havingvaryingcomplexityandversatility,
fortreatingbucklingofstiffenedcylinders.Thedeterminationoftherequiredringstiffnessforpreventing
generalinstabilityisidentifiedasbeingcentraltooptimumdesign;commonlyusedmethodsofdetermination

areshowntobeunreliable.Theoreticalandexperimentalresultsarecompared,andfuturedevelopmentis
outlined.
G.A.Thurston,Bucklingofimperfectcylindersunderaxialcompression,NASA,1966
Kapur,K.K.,andHartz,B.J.,StabilityofPlatesUsingtheFiniteElementMethod,Journalofthe
EngineeringMechanicsDivision.AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers,Vol.92,EM2,April1966,pp.177195.
Navaratna,D.R,,ElasticStabilityofShellsofRevolutionbytheVariationalApproachUsingDiscrete
Elements,Sc.D.Thesis,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,DepartmentofAeronauticsandAstronautics,
Cambridge,Massachusetts,June1966
Navaratna,D.R.,etal,StabilityAnalysisofShellsofRevolutionbytheFiniteElementMethod,Journalof
theAmericanInstituteof_AeronauticsandAstronautics,Vol.6,February1968,pp.351361.
MartinM.Mikulas,Jr.andJohnA.McElman,Onfreevibrationsofeccentricallystiffenedcylindricalshells
andflatplates,NASATechnicalNote,NASATND3010,NASALangleyResearchCenter,September1965
ABSTRACT:Dynamicequilibriumequationsandboundaryconditionsarederivedfromenergyprinciplesfor
eccentricallystiffenedcylindersandflatplates.Inplaneinertiasareneglectedandfrequencyexpressionsare
obtainedforsimplesupportboundaryconditionsforboththecylinderandtheplate.Resultsintheformofplots
offrequenciesasafunctionofmodeshapeillustratetheeffectsofeccentricities.Itisfoundthatthese
eccentricitiescanhaveasignificanteffectonnaturalfrequenciesandshouldbeinvestigatedinanydynamic
analysisofstiffenedstructuralmembers.
Anon.:Bucklingofthinwalledcircularcylinders.NASASpaceVehicleDesignCriteria,NASASP8007,1965
(revised1968).
Hoff,N.J.andSoong,T.C.,Bucklingofcircularcylindricalshellsinaxialcompression,SUDAER,No.204,
Stanford,California,August1964,also,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.7,No.7,July1965,
pp.489520,doi:10.1016/00207403(65)900500
ABSTRACT:
dew
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csyeprllaxaiofsertsngibkulcThe

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onsiquetaonitcelfdem
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yrvesillheshew
tnhesosm
acneipxtec
hetofsliatdehetninhsgacenhda,
acisalcheonehalf
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,sorrho=sigma
tcafonidtuecrThe.serusigmac
etlvaslacitirchetofl
x0/sigmacl
unrdengibkulcseusacthw
aetrhesigmax
,sertslaxiahetsi0
perad,eificpesonsitoncdidgehet
2L/sqrt(ah)
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iaw
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h
lhae,ectafursem
dlheitofusa
diarh,engetl

w
ngisegurifon,itdainI.skncehit
d.enteseprera
T.C.Soong,Bucklingofcircularcylindricalshellsunderexternalpressure,SUDAERReportNo.228,
DepartmentofAeronauticsandAstronautics,StanfordUniversity,April1965
T.C.Soong,Influenceofboundaryconstraintsonthebucklingofeccentricallystiffenedorthotropic
cylinders,presentedatthe7thInternationalSymposiumonSpaceTechnologyandScience,Tokyo,May1967
T.C.Soong,BucklingofcylindricalshellunderpressurebyusingSanders'theory,AIAAJournal,Vol.5,
No.5,pp.10491052(datenotgiven),doi:10.2514/3.4135
NicholasJ.HoffandL.W.Rehfield,BucklingofAxiallyCompressedCircularCylindricalShellsatStresses
SmallerthantheClassicalCriticalValue,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.32,53,September1965
ABSTRACT:ClosedformsolutionsaregivenofthelinearDonnellequationsdefiningthebucklingofthin
walledcircularcylindricalshellssubjectedtouniformaxialcompression.Inadditiontotheclassicalsimple
supportconditionsrequiringthevanishingoftheradialdisplacement,theaxialbendingmomentresultant,the
axialadditionalstressandthecircumferentialdisplacement,threeother,equallyjustifiable,simplesupport
conditionsaredefinedandstudiedinthecaseofthesemiinfiniteshell.Twoofthemyieldbucklingstresses
amountingtoaboutonehalftheclassicalcriticalstress.
Ross,B.,Hoff,N.J.andHorton,W.H.,TheBucklingBehaviorofUniformlyHeatedThinCircular
CylindricalShells,ExperimentalMechanics,6,pp.529537(1966).
H.C.Martin,Onthederivationofstiffnessmatricesfortheanalysisoflargedeflectionsandstability
problems,Proceedingsoftheconferenceonmatrixmethodsinstructuralmechanics,AFFDLTR6680,Air
ForceFlightDynamicsLab,WrightPattersonAFB,Ohio,1966
J.A.Stricklin,D.R.NavaratnaandT.H.H.Pian,Improvementsontheanalysisofshellsofrevolutionbythe
matrixdisplacementmethod,AIAAJournal,Vol.4,No.11,November1966,pp.20692072
W.E.HaislerandJ.A.Stricklin,Rigidbodydisplacementsofcurvedelementsintheanalysisofshellsbythe
matrixdisplacementmethod,AIAAJournal,Vol.5,No.8,August1967,pp.15251527
J.A.Stricklin,W.E.Haisler,H.R.MacDougallandF.J.Stebbins,Nonlinearanalysisofshellsofrevolution
bythematrixdisplacementmethod,AIAAPaperno.67177,January1968
J.A.Stricklin,etal.,Arapidlyconvergingtriangularplateelement,AIAAJournal,Vol.7,1969,pp.180181

R.E.JonesandD.R.Strome,Directstiffnessmethodanalysisofshellsofrevolutionutilizingcurved
elements,AIAAJournal,Vol.4,No.9,September1966,pp.15191525

S.KleinandR.J.Sylvester,Thelinearelasticdynamicanalysisofshellsofrevolutionbythematrix
displacementmethod,ProceedingsofConferenceonMatrixMethodsinStructuralMechanics,AFFDLTR
6880,1966
N.C.Lind,Stabilityanalysisofsymmetricldomeframeworks,Presentedatthefirstjointmeeting,Structural
Engineering,ColegiodeEngenierosCivilesdeMexico,ASCE,MexicoCity,February1966
J.O.McCutcheonandJ.F.Dickie,Thebucklingstabilityofreticulateddomes,inSpaceStructures,editedby
R.M.Davies,London,1966
S.S.TezcanandB.Ovunc,Computeranalysisofplaneandspacestructures,ASCEStructuralDivision
Journal,Vol.92,April1966,pp.143176
S.S.TezcanandB.Ovunc,Aniterationmethodforthenonlinearbucklingofframedstructures,inSpace
Structures,editedbyR.M.Davies,London,1966
C.W.McCormick,Thecomparisonofadigitalcomputeranalysiswithfullscaletestsofaspacestructure,in
SpaceStructures,editedbyR.M.Davies,London,1966
MacNeal,R.H.,Winemiller,A.F.andBailieJ.A.,ElasticStabilityofCylindricalShellsReinforcedbyOneor
TwoFramesandSubjectedtoExternalRadialPressure,AIAAJournal,Vol.4,No.8,14311433,August1966.
A.JenningsandK.I.Majid,Thecomputeranalysisofspaceframesusingsparsematrixtechniques,inSpace
Structures,editedbyR.M.Davies,London,1966
M.J.Bayley,Anexperimentalandtheoreticalinvestigationintothebehaviorofathreewayaluminumgrid
dome,InternationalConferenceonSpaceStructures,UniversityofSurrey,UK,1966
C.A.AndersonandR.T.Shield,Onthevalidityoftheplastictheoryofstructuresforcollapseunderhighly
localizedloading,J.Appl.Mech.,September1966,pp.629636
T.W.Shield(1),K.S.Kim(2)andR.T.Shield(3)
(1)DepartmentofAerospaceEngineeringandMechanics,UniversityofMinnesota,Minneapolis,MN55455
(2)DivisionofEngineering,BrownUniversity,Providence,RI02912
(3)DepartmentofTheoreticalandAppliedMechanics,UniversityofIllinois,Urbana,IL61801
TheBucklingofanElasticLayerBondedtoanElasticSubstrateinPlaneStrain,JournalofApplied
Mechanics,Vol.61,No.2,pp.231235,June1994,DOI:10.1115/1.2901434
ABSTRACT:Thesolutionforbucklingofastiffelasticlayerbondedtoanelastichalfspaceunderatransverse
compressiveplanestrainispresented.Theresultsarecomparedtoanapproximatesolutionthatmodelsthe
layerusingbeamtheory.Thiscomparisonshowsthatthebeamtheorymodelisadequateuntilthebuckling
strainexceedsthreepercent,whichoccursformodulusratioslessthan100.Inthesecasesthebeamtheory
predictsalargerbucklingstrainthantheexactsolution.Inallcasesthewavelengthofthebuckledshapeis
accuratelypredictedbythebeammodel.Abucklingexperimentisdescribedandadiscussionofbuckling
induceddelaminationisgiven.

M.F.CardandR.M.Jones,Experimentalandtheoreticalresultsforbucklingofeccentricallystiffened
cylinders,NASATND3639,October1966
P.V.MarcalandW.R.Pilgrim,AStiffnessMethodforElastoPlasticShellsofRevolution,J.StrainAnal.,
Vol.1,1966,pp.339350
R.MallettandP.Marcal,Finiteelementanalysisofnonlinearstructures,ASCEJournaloftheStructural
Division,No.ST9,September1968
J.F.McNamaraandP.V.Marcal,Incrementalstiffnessmethodforfiniteelementanalysisofthenonlinear
dynamicproblem,Proc.Int.SymposiumonNumericalandCommputerMethodsinStructuralMechanics,
Urbana,Illinois,September1971
G.A.Dupuis,H.D.Hibbitt,S.F.McNamaraandP.V.Marcal(DivisionofEngineering,BrownUniversity,
Providence,R.I.02912,U.S.A.),Nonlinearmaterialandgeometricbehaviorofshellstructures,Computers&
Structures,Vol.1,Nos.12,August1971,pp.223239,doi:10.1016/00457949(71)900113
ABSTRACT:ThenonlinearanalysisofshellstructuresisstudiedbyboththeEulerianandtheLagrangian
approach.Currentmethodsarediscussedonthebasisofbothformulations.Itisfoundthatthewidelyused
updatedprocedureisacombinationofbothapproaches.Fromthecurrentstandpointitmakesuseofamixture
ofincrementalstiffnessesderivedbybothapproaches.Thebowingeffectwasfoundtobethemainsourceof
errorinthisupdatedprocedure,andthiseffectwasshowntobenegligiblewhenalargenumberofelements
wereused.Casestudiesinvestigatevariousaspectsofthenonlinearbehaviorofarches,axisymmetricshellsof
revolution,flatplates,andarbitraryshells.
HughD.HibbittandPedroV.Marcal(BrownUniversity,Providence,RhodeIsland02912,U.S.A.),A
numerical,thermomechanicalmodelfortheweldingandsubsequentloadingofafabricatedstructure,
Computers&Structures,Vol.3,No.5,September1973,pp.11451174,doi:10.1016/00457949(73)900436
ABSTRACT:Inthisworkanumericalmodelisdevelopedfortheweldingandsubsequentloadingofa
fabricatedstructure.Themodeltreatstheweldprocessasathermomechanicalproblem.Afiniteelement
formulationderivedfromtheuncoupledthermalandmechanicalenergybalancesformsthebasisofthemodel.
Duringthedevelopmentofthethermalmodel,twosignificantproblemsarediscussed.Oneisthematerial
nonlinearity,whichmanifestsitselfinthetemperaturedependenceofthethermalproperties,andinthefusion
problem,wherethematerialphasechangeisaccompaniedbyalatentheateffect.Thislatterismodeledbyuse
ofamodifiedspecificheat,sincethematerialsofprimeconcernarealloyswhichmeltoverafiniterangeof
temperature,whiletheformerareintroducedthroughperiodicreevaluationofthepropertiesthroughoutthe
analysis.Thesecondproblemisthatofboundaryconditions:Thedepositionofmoltenbeadonthebaseis
modeledbyusingtheintimatecontactboundarycondition,whichisdevelopedintoasetofimpulsetype
equationsonthefiniteelementmodel.Sinceradiationisadominantcooldownmechanism,thisboundary
conditionisalsoincluded.Thusthefirstpartofworkdevelopsanonlinearfiniteelementthermalanalyzer

capableofmodelingalloftheaboveeffects.Thisprogramisthenappliedtoseveralproblemsinordertoassess
itsaccuracy.Duringthesecondpartoftheworkthemechanicalmodelisdescribed.Thisisanincrementalfinite
elementmodelinwhichthebasicconstitutivedescriptionsaretimeindependentelasticplasticbehaviorwith
temperaturedependentproperties,andacreeprateformulationforthetimedependentbehavior.The
developmentisnotbasedonthermodynamictheoriesbutondirectextensionoftheclassical(isothermal)
theories.Themodelincludesfinitestraineffectsduringisothermalloading,sothatitmaybeusedinthe
modelingofdistortionsensitivestructure.Theintegrationoftherateequationsisdiscussedwithrespecttothe
introductionofaresidualload(totalequilibrium)correction;itisshownthatsucacorrectionmustbe
introducedverycarefullyinacompletelyincrementalformulationsuchasisdevelopedhere.Finallythemodel
iscomparedwithsimplebeadonplateweldexperiments,performedwithhighstrengthsteels.Itisfoundthatin
onecasetheexperimentalapproximationsarewelljustifiedbythefiniteelementresults,butthereisno
agreementwiththeexperimentallymeasuredresidualstresses.Thesuggestedexplanationfortheuniquestress
patternsobservedexperimentallyisshowntohavelittleeffectonthefiniteelementstresspredictions,sothatit
isconcludedthatthefiniteelementmodeldoesnotincludeasignificantmaterialbehaviorinthiscase.Inthe
secondexampleitisshownthattheexperimentalassumptionswerenotjustifiedbytheresultsofthepresent
model.Inbothcasesthemodelpredictstheusuallyexpectedresidualstresspatterns.Useofasimplecreep
formulationisshowntogivethesameorderofresidualstressreductionasaresultofpostweldheattreatment
asismeasuredexperimentally.

GeorgeGerardandC.Lakshmikantham(AlliedResearchAssociates,Inc.,Concord,Massachusetts,USA),
StructuralDesignSynthesisApproachtoFilamentaryComposites,NASACR964,November1967,
DTICAccessionNumber:ADA307897,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA307897
ABSTRACT:Thefirstpartofthispaperisinthenatureofaprogressreportonrecentdevelopmentsofanalysis
methodsforfilamentarycomposites.Theoreticalpredictionsofthestiffnessandstrengthpropertiesofa
unidirectionalcompositebasedonaknowledgeoftheconstituentpropertiesarecorrelatedwithexperimentsfor
bothtensileandcompressiveloadings.Theanalysisofmultilayerorlaminatedcompositesbaseduponthe
unidirectionalcompositepropertiesthenrequirestheratherstraightforwarduseofclassicalanisotropicshell
theory.Somestructuralaspectsoffilamentarycompositesdesignedforbiaxialloadsareconsideredinthe
secondpart.Inparticular,certaindesignrestrictionsinherentintheuseofsuchcompositesbecomeevident
whencomparedtothemorefamiliarisotropicsheet.Someoftheserestrictionscanbeovercomebyaclose
matchingoffilamentorientationsandstressfield.Thesefactorsservetoemphasizetheoverwhelming
importanceofcreativestructuralconceptsinthedesignofsuccessfulfilamentarycomposites.
W.H.Horton,S.C.BaileyandA.M.Edwards(DepartmentofAeronauticsandAstronautics,Stanford
University,Stanford,California,USA),Nonsymmetricbucklepatternsinprogressiveplasticbuckling
(Experimentsconductedbytheauthorswereconcernednotonlywiththemethodinwhichabucklegenerates
anddevelopsinathickwalledshell,butalsowiththeinfluenceofgeometricandmechanicalparametersonthis
process),ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.6,No.9,1966,pp.433444,doi:10.1007/BF02326556

ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentstheresultsofaseriesofexperimentsontheprogressiveplasticbucklingof
cylindricalshellsunderaxialcompressiveload.Itshowsthat,forshellbodieswithanR/tlessthan100,the
normalaxisymmetricringbucklingwilldevelopintononsymmetricpatterns.Wedemonstratethatthereexists
alsoaclassofshellswithinthisthicknessradiusrangeforwhichnonsymmetricplasticbucklingalwaysoccurs
withoutthepriorformationofaring.Itappearsfromthelimitednumberoftestsmadethat,foraparticularR,
R/t,materialandrateofloading,thereisacriticalvalueofL,abovewhichthereisahighprobabilityofthe
bucklepatterndevelopinginanonsymmetricfashion.Itseemsprobable,too,thattherearebandsofR/tfora
particularL/R,R,materialandrateofloadingforwhichthebucklenumberwillbeconstant.Theexperiments
tendtoindicatethatthepostbucklingefficiencyoftheshelldecreaseswithincreasingbucklenumber.
Thenonsymmetricpatternsdemonstratedappeartobeinextensionaldeformations.Theyareverysimilarin
charactertotheYoshimurapatternwhichoccursasthelimitingcaseforthinshellsinaxialcompressionand,
underimpactloading.Loaddisplacementhistoriesarepresentedforsomeofthevariousmodesoffailure
demonstrated.
Robert.M.Jones,Bucklingofcircularcylindricalshellswithmultipleorthotropiclayersandeccentric
stiffeners,AerospaceCorp.,SanBernardino,California,September1967
proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD660535
ABSTRACT:Anexactsolutionisderivedforthebucklingofacircularcylindricalshellwithmultiple
orthotropiclayersandeccentricstiffenersunderaxialcompression,lateralpressure,oranycombinationthereof.
Classicalstabilitytheory(membraneprebuckledshape)isusedforsimplysupportededgeboundaryconditions.
Thepresenttheoryenablesthestudyofcouplingbetweenbendingandextensionduetothepresenceof
differentlayersintheshellandtothepresenceofeccentricstiffeners.Previousapproachestostiffened
multilayeredshellsareshowntobeerraticinthepredictionofbucklingresultsduetoneglectofcoupling
betweenbendingandextension.
RobertM.Jones(AerospaceCorp.,SanBernardino,California),Plasticbucklingofeccentricallystiffened
circularcylindricalshells,TechnicalReport,December1967,DTICAccessionNumber:AD0664328,
ABSTRACT:AsolutionfortheplasticbucklingofeccentricallystiffenedcylindersisderivedbyuseoftheJ2
deformationtheoryofplasticityforasetofsimplysupportededgeboundaryconditions.Theuniaxialcharacter
ofthestiffenersandthestiffenereccentricity(asymmetryaboutthecylindermiddlesurface)aeexplicitly
accountedforasisavariablePoisson'sratiointheplasticregion.Aclosedformstabilitycriterionisobtained
foraxialcompression,lateralpressure,andhydrostaticpressureloadings.Thepresentresultsaremorerealistic
formostpracticalstiffenedcylindersthananexistingsolutioninwhichanorthotropicshellmodelisused.A
numericalexampleisgiventoillustratetheeffectofplasticactiononthebucklingloadofatypicalaerospace
structure.TheFORTRANIVcomputerprogramisdescribedandlisted.
RobertM.Jones(AerospaceCorp.,SanBernardino,California),BOMSII,Bucklingofstiffenedmultilayered
circularcylindricalshellswithdifferentorthotropicmoduliintensionandcompression,TechnicalReport,14
August1970,DTICAccessionNumber:AD0713113
ABSTRACT:Anexactbucklingcriterion,withintheframeworkofclassicalbucklingtheory,isderivedfor
eccentricallystiffenedmultilayeredcircularcylindricalshellsmadeofmaterialsthathavedifferentorthotropic

moduliintensionandcompression.Suchbehavioristypicalofmanycurrentcompositematerials.Thebuckling
criterionisvalidforarbitrarycombinationsofaxialandcircumferentialloading,includingaxialcompression
andinternalpressureaswellasaxialtensionandlateralpressure.Thematerialmodel(stressstrainrelationship)
involvesabilinearstressstraincurvewithadiscontinuityinslope(modulus)attheorigin.Anumerical
exampleofbucklingofaringstiffenedtwolayeredcircularcylindricalshellisgiventoillustrateapplicationof
thebucklingcriterion.AFORTRANIVcomputerprogram,BOMSII,thatimplementstheaforementioned
analysisisdescribedandlisted.
B.BudianskyandJ.W.Hutchinson(HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,Massachusetts),Dynamicbucklingof
imperfectionsensitivestructures,Proceedingsofthe11thInternationalCongressofAppliedMechanics,
Munich,Germany,1964,publishedbySpringerVerlag
PARTIALINTRODUCTION:Smallgeometricalimperfectionsinsomestructurescanberesponsibleforlarge
reductionsintheirstaticbucklingstrengths.Asiswellknown,athinshellisoftenveryimperfectionsensitive
inthissense,withaperfectspecimensometimeshavingaclassicalbucklingstrengthseveraltimeshigher
thanthatofanimperfectone.Inthispaper,considerationwillberestricted,forthemostpart,toelastic
bucklingundersuddenlyapplieddeadloadsthataremaintainedataconstantmagnitude.
JohnHutchinson(HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,Massachusetts),Bucklingofimperfectcylindricalshells
underaxialcompressionandexternalpressure,AIAAJournal,Vol.3,No.10,October1965,pp.19681970
ABSTRACT:Thisnotepresentstheresultsofabriefinvestigationoftheeffectofinitialimperfectionsonthe
bucklingofcylindricalshellsundercombinationsofaxialcompressionandexternalpressure.Although
considerationisrestrictedtoshellswithaxisymmetricimperfections,theimportantfeaturesofpreviously
reportedexperimentalfindingsarereproduced.
JohnHutchinson(HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,Massachusetts),Axialbucklingofpressurizedimperfect
cylindricalshells,AIAAJournal,Vol.3,No.8,August,1965
ABSTRACT:Wheeassomeexperimentsseemtoconfirmthecontentionthattheaxialbucklingloadofa
pressurizedcylinderapproachestheclassicalvalue(i.e.,thevaluepredictedbythelinearbucklingequations)
forsufficientlylargeinternalpressure,othertestsindicateamuchsmallerbucklingloadincreaseresultingfrom
pressurization.Hereitisshownthatthebucklingloadofanelasticshellwithasymmetricimperfections,but
sufficientlyfreeofaxisymmetricimperfections,closelycoincideswiththeclassicalvalueforrelativelysmall
valuesofinternalpressure.However,thebucklingloadofashellwithapredominanceofaxisymmetric
imperfectioncanremainwellbelowtheclassicalvaluefortheentirerangeofinternalpressuresforwhichthe
shellbucklieselastically.Ofparticularinterestisthecalculationofanupperboundtothebucklingloadas
predictedbythenonlinearDonnellshellequationsforashellwithaxisymmetricimperfections.
JohnW.HutchinsonandBernardBudiansky(HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,Massachusetts),Dynamic
bucklingestimates,AIAAJournal,Vol.4,No.3,March1966,pp.525530
ABSTRACT:Thepresentpapercontinuesanearlierstudybythesameauthorswithaviewtowardpresentinga
completepictureofthedynamicbucklingofsomeimperfectionsensitivemodels.Theinitialstudywas
concernedwithbucklingofthemodels,andrealstructuresaswellwhensubjecttoloadssuddenlyappliedand

subsequentlyheldconstant.Here,considerationisextendedtobucklingunderloadinghistoriescharacterizedby
afinitelengthoftimeofloadapplication.Theresultsarepresentedinaformsuchthatthedynamicbuckling
loadoftheinitiallyimperfectmodelisrelatedtoitsstaticbucklingload.Thus,explicitdependenceonitsinitial
imperfectionhasbeenbypassed.Inthisformtheimplicationofthemodelresultsforrealstructuresaremost
apparent.Theapplicationoftheseresultstoactualstructuresisdiscussed,andseveralobservationsonthe
generalcharacterofdynamicbucklingarenoted.Finally,attentionisfocusedonthecylindricalshellunder
axialcompression.Thelimitedresultsobtainedtendtosubstantiatethevalidityofthemodelresults,andweare
ledtosuggestwhatshouldbeaconservativecriterionforthisstructurefordesignagainstdynamicbuckling.
Hutchinson,J.W.,Imperfectionsensitivityofexternallypressurizedsphericalshells(Initialpostbuckling
behaviorofsphericalshellunderexternalpressuredeterminedusingKoitertheory,analyzingeffectsof
imperfectionsonbucklingstrengthofstructures),5thU.S.NationalCongressOfAppliedMechanics,U.Of
Minnesota,Minneapolis,Minn.Vol.34,pp.4955.1417June1966,seeJ.Appl.Mech.,4855,March1967
JohnHutchinson(HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,Massachusetts),Initialpostbucklingbehavioroftoroidal
shellsegments,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.3,No.1,January1967,pp.97115,
doi:10.1016/00207683(67)900467
ABSTRACT:Theinitialpostbucklingbehaviorofdoublecurvatureshellsegmentssubjecttoseveralloading
conditionsisdeterminedonthebasisofKoiter'sgeneraltheoryofinitialpostbucklingbehavior.Previously,the
classicalbucklingloadsassociatedwiththeseshellswereshowntobestronglydependentonthetworadiiof
curvatureandtheirrelativemagnitudes.Here,theinitialpostbucklingbehaviorandassociatedimperfection
sensitivityarealsoseentobestronglydependentonthetwocurvatures.
Hutchinson,J.W.andAmazigo,J.C.,Imperfectionsensitivityofeccentricallystiffenedcylindricalshells,
AIAAJ.,Vol.5,No.3,pp.392401,March1967
ABSTRACT:Aquantitativestudyoftheimperfectionsensitivityofeccentricallystiffenedcylindricalshellsis
presented.Resultsaregivenforbothaxialandringstiffenedcylindersunderaxialcompressionandhydrostatic
pressure.Insomeinstances,inparticularinthecaseofaxiallystiffenedcylindersunderaxialload,the
sensitivitytoimperfections,aswellastheclassicalbucklingload,appearstobestronglydependentonwhether
thestringersareattachedtotheoutsideorinsideofthecylinder.Undercertainconditionsstiffenintcan
significantlyreduceorperhapscompletelyeliminateimperfectionsensitivitry,whereasinothercasesitmay
playamuchsmallerroleinloweringthesensitivity.
J.W.Hutchinson(DivisionofEngineeringandAppliedPhysics,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,Mass),
Bucklingandinitialpostbucklingbehaviorofovalcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,Journalof
AppliedMechanics,March1968,pp.6672
ABSTRACT:Bucklingandinitialpostbucklingbehaviorisdeterminedforthin,elasticcylindricalshellsof
ellipticalcrosssection.Thisstudycomplementsthebucklingandadvancedpostbucklingcalculationsreported
byKempnerandChenonasimilarclassofshells.Theinitialpostbucklinganalysisindicatesthatlike
compressedcircularcylinders,theovalcylinderswillbehighlysensitivetosmallgeometricalimperfectionsand
maybuckleatloadswellbelowthepredictionsfortheperfectshell.Ontheotherhand,bucklingwillnot

necessarilyresultincompletecollapse.Aseriesofsimpletestshasbeenperformedwhichprovidequalitative
verificationofthemajorfeaturesofthetheory.
Hutchinson,J.W.andFrauenthal,J.C.,"ElasticPostbucklingBehaviorofStiffenedandBarreledCylinders",
JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.36,SeriesE,December1969,pp.784790
ABSTRACT:Theinitialpostbucklingbehaviorofaxiallystiffenedcylindricalshellsisstudiedwithaviewto
ascertainingtheextenttowhichvariouseffectssuchas[indecipherable]eccentricity,loadeccentricity,and
barrelinginfluencetheimperfectionsensitivityofthesestructurestobuckling.Inmostcases,whentheseeffects
resultinanincreaseinthebucklingloadoftheperfectstructure,theyincreaseitsimperfectionsensitivityas
well.Insomeinstances,however,barrelingcansignificantlyraisethebucklingloadoftheshellwhilereducing
itsimperfectionsensitivity.Theanalysis,whichisbasedonKoitersgeneraltheoryofpostbucklingbehavior
andismadewithinthecontextofKrmnDonnelltypetheory,takesintoaccountnonlinearprebuckling
deformationsanddifferentboundaryconditions.
StevenE.FormanandJohnW.Hutchinson(HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,Massachusetts,USA),Buckling
ofReticulatedShellStructures,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.6,No.7,July1970,
pp.909932,doi:10.1016/00207683(70)900041
ABSTRACT:Bucklinganalysesofseveralreticulatedshellstructuresarecarriedoutusingbothanapproximate
equivalentshellanalysisandadiscreteanalysiswhichisessentiallyexact.Thestructuresconsideredare:an
infinitereticulatedbeamunderaxialcompressionandrestingatequallyspacedintervalsonelasticsprings;a
shallowsectionofareticulatedspherewithanequilateraltrianglegridsubjecttonormalloading;andaninfinite
reticulatedcylindricalshellwithanequilateraltrianglegridsubjecttoaxialcompression.Thediscreteanalysis
isusedtoevaluatetheaccuracyofthepredictionsoftheequivalentshellanalysis.Thebucklingloadcomputed
onthebasisoftheequivalentshellanalysisisnonconservativewhenacharacteristicwavelengthofthebuckling
deformationisontheorderofthememberlengthortheaxialloadinamemberatbucklingisontheorderofthe
Eulerbucklingloadofasimplysupportedcolumn.Theeffectonthebucklingloadofreducingtherigidityof
thejointsisinvestigatedforboththebeamspringmodelandthereticulatedsphericalshell.Finally,the
importanceofthediscreteanalysisisillustratedbythedeterminationoftheoptimumpropertiesofashallow
sectionofareticulatedspheresubjecttoaprescribednormalloadinganddesignedagainstbuckling.
Hutchinson,J.W.(1),Tennyson,R.C(2).andMuggeridge,D.B(2)
(1)HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,Massachusetts
(2)UniversityofToronto,Toronto,Ontario,Canada
Effectofalocalaxisymmetricimperfectiononthebucklingbehaviorofacircularcylindricalshellunder
axialcompression,AIAAJournal,Vol.9,No.1,1971,pp.4852,doi:10.2514/3.6123
ABSTRACT:Acombinedtheoreticalandexperimentalinvestigationhasbeencarriedoutontheeffectsof
certaintypesoflocalaxisymmetricimperfectionsonthebucklingofcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression.
Bucklingloadshavebeencalculatedforavarietyof"dimple"imperfections.Resultshavebeenobtainedfor
constantthicknessshellswithmiddlesurfacevariationsfromthegeometryofaperfectcylinderaswellasfor
shellswithlocalaxisymmetricthicknessvariations. Nonlinearprebucklingeffectsandedgeconditionsare
takenintoaccount.Intheexperimentalprogramaseriesofsevenphotoelasticplasticcircularcylindricalshells

eachcontainingalocalaxisymmetricdimplecenteredatmidlengthweretestedunderpureaxialcompression.
Allcylinderswereconstructedbythespincastingtechniqueandthelocalimperfectionwascutonboththe
inneraudouterwallsusingahydraulictracertoolapparatusinconjuuctionwithametaltemplate.Abroad
rangeofimperfectionamplitudesandwavelengthswasinvestigated.Theexperimentalresultswereingood
agreementwiththetheoreticalpredictions.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

1Almroth,B.0.,"InfluenceofEdgeConditionsontheStabilityofAxiallyCompressedCylindricalShells,"CR161,Feb.1965,
NASA;alsoAIAAJournal,Vol.4,No.1,Jan.1966,pp.134140.
2Tennyson,R.C.,"PhotoelasticCircularCylindersinAxialCompression,"STP419,1967,AmericanSocietyforTestingand
Materials.
3Tennyson,R.C.andMuggeridge,D.B.,"BucklingofAxisymmetricImperfectCircularCylindricalShellsunderAxial
Compression,"AIAAJournal,Vol.7,No.11,Nov.1969,pp.21272131.
4Babcock,C.D.andSechler,E.E.,"TheEffectofInitialImperfectionsontheBucklingStressofCylindricalShells,"TND2005,
NASA,July1963.
5Arbocz,J.andBabcock,C.D.,"TheEffectofGeneralImperfectionsontheBucklingofCylindricalShells,"TransactionsofASME,
Ser.36,E;JournalofAppliedMechanics,1969,pp.2838.
6Tennyson,R.C.,"TheEffectsofUnreinforcedCircularCutoutsontheBucklingofCircularCylindricalShellsunderAxial
Compression,"TransactionsofASME;JournalofEngineeringforIndustry,Nov.1968.
7Brogan,F.andAlmroth,B.0.,"BucklingofCylinderswithCutouts,"AIAAJournal,Vol.8,No.2,Feb.1970,pp.236240.
8Babcock,C.D.,"TheInfluenceofaLocalImperfectionontheBucklingLoadofaCylindricalShellUnderAxialCompression,"
GALCITSM684,Feb.1968,CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,Pasadena,Calif.
9Amazigo,J.C.andBudiansky,B.,privatecommunication,1969,HarvardUniv.,Cambridge,Mass.
10Kolter,W.T.,"OntheStabilityofElasticEquilibrium,"thesis,1945;Delft,H.J.Paris,Amsterdam;alsoNASATechnical
TranslationFI0,833,March1967.
11Koiter,W.T.,"TheEffectofAxisymmetricImperfectionsontheBucklingofCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompression,"
KoninklijkeNederlandse AkademievanWetenschappen,ProceedingsB66,1963,pp.265279.
11Almroth,B.0.,"InfluencesofImperfectionsandEdgeRestraintontheBucklingofAxiallyCompressedCylinders,"CR432,April
1966,NASA.
13Schiffner,K.,"UntersuchungdesStabilittsverhaltensdnnwandigerKegelschalenunteraxialsymmetrischerBelastungmittels
einerniehtlinearenSchalentheorie,"Jahrbuch1965derWGLR,pp.448453.
14Arbocz,J.,"BucklingofConicalShellsunderAxialCompression,"CR1162,1968,NASA.

J.W.Hutchinson(DivisionofEngineeringandAppliedPhysics,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,Mass.),On
thePostbucklingBehaviorofImperfectionSensitiveStructuresinthePlasticRange,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.39,
No.1,March1972,pp.155162,doi:10.1115/1.3422605
ABSTRACT:Aspectsofpostbucklingbehaviorareinvestigatedforstructuresundergoingplasticdeformation.
Thestructuressingledoutarecharacterizedbyahighlyimperfectionsensitivebehaviorwherebucklingtakes
placeintheelasticrange.Asimplemodelstudyiscarriedoutandisfollowedbyananalysisoftheplastic
bucklingofacompletesphericalshellunderexternalpressure.Inbothinstances,thebifurcationbehaviorand
subsequentdeformationoftheperfectstructureaswellastheinfluencewhichgeometricimperfectionshaveon
bucklingarestudied.
J.W.Hutchinson(DivisionofEngineeringandAppliedPhysics,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,
Massachusetts,USA),Postbifurcationbehaviorintheplasticrange,JournaloftheMechanicsandPhysicsof
Solids,Vol.21,No.3,May1973,pp.163190,doi:10.1016/00225096(73)900173
ABSTRACT:Inthefirstpartofthepaperasimplemodelisusedtointroducesomeoftheanalyticaland
physicalfeaturesofpostbifurcationphenomenaincontinuouselasticplasticsystems.Ananalysisispresented

fortheinitialpostbifurcationbehaviorofaclassofelasticplasticsolidssubjecttoloadscharacterizedbya
singleloadparameter.Bifurcationswhichoccuratthelowestpossibleloadaresingledoutforattention.The
theorymakesconnectionwithHill'sgeneraltheoryofbifurcationanduniquenessinelasticplasticsolidsand
Koiter'sgeneralapproachtotheinitialpostbucklingbehaviorofconservativeelasticsystems.Bucklingofan
axiallycompressedcolumnintheplasticrangeisusedtoillustratethetheory.
J.W.Hutchinson(DivisionofEngineeringandAppliedPhysics,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,
Massachusetts,USA),Imperfectionsensitivityintheplasticrange,JournaloftheMechanicsandPhysicsof
Solids,Vol.21,No.3,May1973,pp.191204,doi:10.1016/00225096(73)900185
ABSTRACT:Theeffectofsmallimperfectionsonthebucklingofcontinuousstructuresloadedintotheplastic
rangeisstudied.Asimplemodelstudyispresentedandseveraladditionalexamplesarediscussed.Therleof
theloadatwhichelasticunloadingfirstoccursisemphasized,andageneralasymptoticanalysisisgivenforthe
behaviorpriortotheonsetofelasticunloadingforaclassofelasticplasticsolidssubjecttoloadscharacterized
byasingleloadparameter.Asymptoticimperfectionsensitivityformulaeareobtainedwhosefeaturesare
similartoanalogousformulaeforelasticstructures.

Hutchinson,J.W.(DivisionofEngineeringandAppliedPhysics,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,
Massachusetts),"PlasticBuckling,"AdvancesinAppliedMechanics,Vol.14,editedbyC.S.Yih,Academic
Press,NewYork,1974,pp.67144.
OUTLINE:
I.Introduction
II.Simplemodels
A.DiscreteShanleyTypeModel
B.ContinuousModel
III.BifurcationCriterion
A.CriterionforThreeDimensionalSolids
B.GeneralBifurcationCriterionfortheDonnellMushtariVlasovTheoryofPlatesandShells
C.DiscussionofBifurcationPredictionsBasedontheSimplestIncrementalandDeformationTheories
ofplasticity
IV.InitialPostBifurcationBehaviorforDonnellMushtariVlasovTheory
A.GeneralTheory
B.TwoColumnProblems
C.CircularPlateunderRadialCompression
D.EffectofInitialImperfections
V.NumericalExamples
A.ColumnunderAxialCompression
B.CircularPlateunderRadialCompression
C.SphericalandCylindricalShells
References

Hutchinson,J.W.andBudiansky,B.,"AnalyticalandNumericalStudyoftheEffectsofInitialImperfections
ontheInelasticBucklingofaCruciformColumn,"BucklingofStructures,editedbyB.Budiansky,Springer
Verlag,NewYork,1976,pp.98105.
ChristoffersenJ.andHutchinsonJ.W.,Aclassofphenomenologicalcornertheoriesofplasticity,J.Mech.
Phys.Solids,Vol.27.pp.465487,(1979).
YangP.C.,NorrisC.H.andStavskyY.,Elasticwavepropagationinheterogeneousplates,IntJSolids
Struct.Vol.2,1966,pp.66584.
Yang,P.C.,Norris,C.H.andStavsky,Y.(1966),Elasticwavepropagationinheterogenousplates,
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,2,p.665684.
Milligan,R.,Gerard,G.andLakshmikantham,C.,Generalinstabilityoforthotropicallystiffenedcylinders
underaxialcompression,AIAAJ.,Vol.4,No.11,November1966.
H.Schuerch,Predictionofcompressivestrengthinuniaxialboronfibermetalmatrixcompositematerials,
AIAAJournal,Vol.4,No.1,pp.102106,January1966
JohnN.DicksonandRichardH.Brolliar(NASAGeorgeC.MarshallSpaceFlightCenter,Huntsville,
Alabama,USA),TheGeneralInstabilityofRingStiffenedCorrugatedCylindersUnderAxialCompression,
NASATechnicalNote,TND3089,January1966,
DTICAccessionNumber:ADA447921,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA447921
ABSTRACT:Amethodispresentedtodeterminethegeneralinstabilityloadofaringstiffenedcorrugated
cylinderunderaxialcompression.Thismethodisdevelopedusinglinearsmalldeflectiontheory.Thestiffness
propertiesoftheringsareuniformlydistributedalongthecylinderandtheeccentricityoftheringswithrespect
tothecorrugationcenterlineistakenintoaccount.Analyticalandexperimentalresultsarecompared.Inthis
comparisongoodagreementisobtainedforcylindersloadedinpurecompression.Forthecylinderssubjectedto
bendingoracombinationofbendingandcompressiontheanalyticalcalculationsareconservative.Acomputer
programfortheapplicationofthismethodhasbeendeveloped.Theprogramandanexplanationofitsnotation
areincludedinthisreport.
J.N.DicksonandS.B.Biggers(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,USA),POSTOP:
Postbuckledopenstiffeneroptimumpanelstheoryandcapability(nopublisherordategivenbyProQuest
CSA)
ABSTRACT:ThecomputerprogramPOSTOPwasdevelopedtoserveasanaidintheanalysisandsizingof
stiffenedcompositepanelsthatareloadedinthepostbucklingregime.Acomprehensivesetofanalysisroutines
wascoupledtoawidelyusedoptimizationprogramtoproducethissizingcode.POSTOPisintendedforthe
preliminarydesignofmetalorcompositepanelswithopensectionstiffeners,subjectedtomultiplecombined

biaxialcompression(ortension),shearandnormalpressureloadcases.Longitudinalcompression,however,is
assumedtobethedominantloading.Temperature,initialboweccentricityandloadeccentricityeffectsare
included.Thepanelgeometryisassumedtoberepetitiveoverseveralbaysinthelongitudinal(stiffener)
directionaswellasinthetransversedirection.Analyticalroutinesareincludedtocomputepanelstiffnesses,
strains,localandpanelbucklingloads,andskin/stiffenerinterfacestresses.Theresultingprogramisapplicable
tostiffenedpanelsascommonlyusedinfuselage,wing,orempennagestructures.Theanalysisproceduresand
rationalefortheassumptionsusedthereinaredescribedindetail.
D.BushnellandW.A.Madsen1965,1966OntheMachineComputationofPowersofTrigonometric
Expansions,StanfordUniversityDepartmentofAeronautics&AstronauticsReportSUDAERNo.235,May
1965;tobepresentedattheASCEStructuralEngineeringConference,MiamiBeach,Florida,January1966.
W.A.Madsen,L.B.SmithandN.J.Hoff1965ComputerAlgorithmsforSolvingNonlinearProblems,
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.1,113,January1965
NicholasJ.Hoff,Quelquesnouveauxresultatsderecherchessurleflambagedescoquescylindriques,
presentedattheSeventhInternationalAeronauticsCongressoftheAssociationFrancaisedesIngenieurset
Techniciensdel'Aeronautiqueetdel'Espace,Paris,June15,1965,andpublishedasStanfordUniversity
DepartmentofAeronautics&AstronauticsReportSUDAERNo240,May1965.
HoffNJ,MadsenWA,MayersJ(1966)Postbucklingequilibriumofaxiallycompressedcircularcylindrical
shells,AIAAJ.4:126133
ABSTRACT:EarliernumericalsolutionsofthevonKarmanDonnelllargedisplacementequationsforthin
circularcylindricalshellshavebeenextendedbyconsideringlargernumbersoftermsinthedoubleFourier
seriesrepresentingtheradialdisplacementsafterbuckling.Inthemostcomprehensiveoneofthecalculations
whoseresultsarepresentedhereatotalpotentialenergyexpressionconsistingofabout1100termswas
minimizedwithrespectto16unknowns.Theresultsofthecomputationsaswellastheoreticalconsiderations
indicatethatthesolutionforlongshellsofthevonKarmanDonnellequationswiththeaidofthevonKarman
TsienLeggettprocedureleadsinthelimittothetrivialsolutioninwhichtheamplitudeofthedisplacements
tendstozero,thenumberofwavesaroundthecircumferencetendstoinfinityandtheaverageaxialcompressive
stresscapableofmaintainingequilibriuminthepostbucklingstatetendstozero.
Hoff,.N.J.,ThePerplexingBehaviorofThinCircularCylindricalShellsinAxialCompression,Second
TheodorevonKrmnMemorialLecture,Proceedings8thIsraelAnnualConferenceonAviationand
Astronautics,IsraelJournalofTechnology,Vol.4,No.1,pp.128,February1966(alsoStanfordSUDAAR
Report256,February1966)
SUMMARY:The,developmentofourknowledgeofthebucklingofthinwalledcircularcylindricalshells
subjectedtoaxialcompressionisoutlinedfromthebeginningofthecenturyuntilthepresent,withparticular
emphasisonadvancesmadeinthelasttwentyfiveyears.Itisshownthatpracticalshellsgenerallybuckleunder
stressesmuchsmallerthantheclassicalcriticalvaluederivedbyLorenz,Timoshenko,SouthwellandFlgge.A
firstexplanationofthereasonsforthediscrepancywasgivenbyDonnellandtheproblemwasexploredin

detailbyvonKrmn,Tsienandtheircollaborators.Morerecently,Yoshimuradiscoveredtheexistenceofan
inextensionaldisplacementpatternwhichthewalloftheshellcansuddenlyassume,andKoiterfoundan
explanationofthesensitivityofthebucklingstresstosmallinitialdeviationsfromtheexactcircularcylindrical
shape.InthelastfewyearsfurtherinterestingdiscoveriesweremadeinJapanandinCaliforniaregardingthe
effectsofdetailsoftheboundaryconditions,andmanyadditionalnumericalresultswereobtainedwiththeaid
ofhighspeedelectronicdigitalcomputers.Improvementsinexperimentaltechniqueshavealsocontributed
significantlytoaclarificationoftheproblemandtoanestablishmentoftheunavoidabledeviationsfromthe
exactshapeasthemajorcausesofthelargedifferencesbetweentheoryandexperiment.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

AlmrothB.O.1963PostbucklingBehaviorofAxiallyCompressedCircularCylinders;AIAAJournal,Vol.1,630
Almroth,B.O.1965aInfluenceofEdgeConditionsontheStabilityofAxiallyCompressedCylindricalShells,NationalAeronautics
&SpaceAdministrationContractorReportCR161February1965.
B.O.Almroth1965band1966InfluenceofImperfectionsandofEdgeRestraintontheBucklingofAxiallyCompressedCylinders,
LockheedMissiles&SpaceCompanyReport6756557,1965;alsotobepresentedattheJointAIAAASMEStructuresConference
inCocoaBeach,Florida.,April1819,1966.
B.O.Almroth,A.M.C.HolmesandD.O.Brush1964AnExperimentalStudyoftheBucklingofCylindersunderAxial
Compression,ExperimentalMechanics,4,263,September1964.
C.D.BabcockandE.E.Sechler1962TheEffectofinitialImperfectionsontheBucklingStressofCylindricalShells,Collected
PapersonInstabilityofShellStructures1962NationalAeronautics&SpaceAdministrationTechnicalNoteD1510,December
1962,p.135.
C.D.BabcockandE.E.Sechler1963TheEffectofInitialImperfectionsontheBucklingStressofCylindridcalShells,National
Aeronautics&SpaceAdministrationTechnicalNoteD2005,July1963.
S.B.Batdorf1947ASimplifiedMethodofElasticStabilityAnalysisforThinCylindricalShells,NationalAdvisoryCommitteefor
AeronauticsReportNo.874,Washington,D.C.
D.BushnellandW.A.Madsen1965,1966OntheMachineComputationofPowersofTrigonometricExpansions,Stanford
UniversityDepartmentofAeronautics&AstronauticsReportSUDAERNo.235,May1965;tobepresentedattheASCEStructural
EngineeringConference,MiamiBeach,Florida,January1966.
R.L.CarlsonR.L.SendelbeckandN.J.Hoff1965AnExperimentalStudyoftheBucklingofCompleteSphericalShells,Stanford
UniversityDepartmentofAeronautics&AstronauticsReportSUDAERNo.254,December1965.
H.L.Cox1940StressAnalysisofThinMetalConstructionTheJournaloftheRoyalAeronauticalSociety,Vol.44,231.
L.H.Donnell1933StabilityofThinWalledTubesunderTorsion,NationalAdvisoryCommuitteeforAeronauticsReportNo.479,
Washington,D.C.
L.H.Donnell1934ANewTheoryfortheBucklingofThinCylindersunderAxialCompressionandBending,Transactionsofthe
AmerlcanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers,Vol.56,795,November1934.
L.H.DonnellandC.Wan1950EffectofImperfectionsonBucklingofThinCylindersandColumnsunderAxialComptession,
JournalofAppliedMechanics,17,73,March1950
G.Fischer1963UeberdenEinflussdergelenkigenLagerungaufdieStabilittdnnwandigerKreiszylinderschalenunterAxiallast
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W.Flugge1932DieStabilittderKreiszylindrschale,IngenieurArchiv,Vol.3,p.463
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L.A.Harris,H.S.Suer,W.T.SkeneandR.J.Benjamin1957TheStabilityofThinWalledUnstiffenedCircularCylindersunderAxial
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NicholasJ.Hoff1954BoundaryValueProblemsof'theThinWalledCircularCylinder,Journalof'AppliedMechanics,Vol.21,343,
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NicholasJ.Hoff1961bBuckiingofThinShells(undecipherable),DepartmentofAeronauticsandAstronautics,SUDAERNo.114,
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UniversityDepartmentofAeronautics&AstronauticsReportSUDAERNo.192,July,1964.
NicholasJ.Hoff1964bTheEffectoftheEdgeConditionsontheBucklingofThinWalledCircularCylindricalShellsinAxial
Compression,StanfordUniversityDepartmentofAeronautics&AstronauticsReportSUDAERNo205,August1964;alsotoappear
inTheProceedingsoftheEleventhInternationalCongressofAppliedMechanics,Springer,Berlin.
NicholasJ.Hoff1965aANonlinearModelStudyoftheThermalBucklingofThinElasticShells,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.
32,71,March1965.
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InternationalAeronauticsCongressoftheAssociationFrancaisedesIngenieursetTechniciensdel'Aeronautiqueetdel'Espace,Paris,
June15,1965,andpublishedasStanfordUniversityDepartmentofAeronautics&AstronauticsReportSUDAERNo240,May1965.
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AppliedMechanics,Vol.32,542,September1965.
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StructuresheldinEvanston,Illinois,tobepublishedintheProceedingsoftheConference;alsoStanfordUniversityDepartmentof
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Aeronautics&AstronauticsReportSUDAERno.204,August1964.
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theAIAAJournal.
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TheodorevonKrmnandHsueShenTsien1939ThebucklingofSphericalShellsbyExternalPressure,JournaloftheAeronautical
Sciences,7,Vol.43,December1939
TheodorevonKrmn,LouisG.DunnandHsueShenTsien1940TheinfluenceofCurvatureontheBucklingCharacteristicsof
Structures,JournaloftheAeronauticalSciences,Vol.7,276,May1940.
TheodorevonKrmnandHsueShenTsien1941TheBucklingofThinCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompression,Journalofthe
AeronauticalSciences,Vol.8,303,June1941.
JosephKempner1954PostbucklingBehaviorofAxiallyCompressedCircularCylindricalShells,JournaloftheAeronautical
Sciences,Vol.21,329,May1954.
L.Kirste1954AbwickelbareVerformungdnnwandigerKreiszylinder,OesterreichischesIngenieurArchiv,8,149,May1954

W.T.Koiter1945OverdeStabiliteitvanhetelastischEvenwicht,H.J.Paris,Amsterdam,Holland.
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T.T.Loo1954EffectsofLargeDeflectionsandImperfectionsontheElasticBucklingofCylindersunderTorsionandAxial
Compression,ProceedingsoftheSecondU.S.CongressofAppliedMechanics,TheAmericalSocietyofMechanicalEnginners,New
York,p.345.
RudolfLorenz1908AchsensymmetrischeVerzerrungenindnnwandigenHohlzylindern,ZeitschriftdesVereinesDeutscher
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RudolfLorenz1911DienichtachsensymmetrischeKnickungdnnwandigerHohlzylinder,PhysikalischeZeitschrift,Vol.12,241.
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EugeneE.Lundquist1933StrengthTestsofThinWalledDuraluminCylindersinCompression,NationalAdvisoryCommitteefor
Aeronautics,ReportNo.473,WashingtonD.C.
WayneA.MadsenandNicholasJ.Hoff1965aTheSnapTroughandPostbucklingEquilibriumBehaviorofCircularCylindrical
ShellsunderAxialLoad,StanfordUniversityDepartmentofAeronautics&AstronauticsReportSUDAERNo.227,April1965.
W.A.Madsen,L.B.SmithandN.J.Hoff1965bComputerAlgorithmsforSolvingNonlinearProblems,InternationalJournalof
SolidsandStructures,Vol.1,113,January1965
P.MannNachbarandW.Nachbar1965ThePreferredModeShapeintheLinearBucklingofCircularCylindricalShellsunderAxial
Compression,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.32,793,December1965
J.MayersandL.Rehfield1964,1966FurtherConsiderationsintheBucklingofAxiallyCompressedCircularCylindricalShells,
StanfordUniversityDepartmentofAeronautics&AstronauticsReportSUDAERNo.197,June1964;presentedattheNinth
MidwesternMechanicsConference,Madison,Wisconsin,August1965andtobepublishedintheProceedingsoftheConference.
HermanF.Michielsen1948TheBehaviorofThinCylindricalShellsafterBucklingunderAxialCompression,Journalofthe
AeronauticalSciences,Vol.15,738,December1948.
WilliamNachbar1959DiscontinuityStressesinPressurizedThinShellsofRevolution,LockheedMissiles&SpaceDivisionReport
LMSD48483,LockheedAircraftCorporation,Sunnyvale,California.
W.Nachbar1962CharacteristicRootsofDonnellsEquationswithUniformAxialPrestress,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.29,
434,June1962
W.NachbarandNicholasJ.Hoff1961OnEdgeBucklingofAxiallyCompressedCircularCylindricalShells,StanfordUniversity
DepartmentofAeronautics&AstronauticsReportSudaerNo.115,November1961.
W.NachbarandNicholasJ.Hoff1962OnEdgeBucklingofAxiallyCompressedCircularCylindricalShells,QuarterlyofApplied
Mathematics,Vol.290,267,October1962.
HiroichiOhira1961LocalBucklingTheoryofAxiallyCompressedCylinders,ProceedingsofTheEleventhJapanNationalCongress
forAppliedMechanics,p.37.
HiroichiOhira1962BoundaryValueProblemsofAxiallyCompressedCircularCylinders,SymposiumforStructuresandStrength,
JapanSocietyforAeronautical&SpaceSciences,February1962.
HiroichiOhira1963LinearLocalBucklingTheoryofAxsiallyCompressedCylindersandVariousEigenvalues,Proceedingsofthe
FifthInternationalSymposiumonSpaceTechnology&Science,Tokyo,p.511.
HiroichiOhira1964LocalBucklingTheoryforanAxiallyCompressedCircularCylinderofFiniteLength,Proceedingsofthe
FourteenthJapanNationalCongressforAppliedMechanics,(inshortenedJapanesepreprintformonly;completeEnglishtranslation
offinalpublicationsenttotheauthorinmanuscriptforminOctober1965).
HiroichiOhira1965LocalBucklingofCircularCylindersofFiniteLengthduetoAxialCompressionandtheEffectsofEdge
Constraint,presentedattheFifteenthJapanNationalCongressforAppliedMechanics,Sept.8,1965,andtobepublishedinthe
Proceedings.(ConsiseJapanesesummaryandasetofthefiguressenttotheauthorinOctober1965.)
HenryT.Ponsford1953TheEffectsofStiffenersontheBucklingofCylinderswithModerateWallThickness,Thesissubmittedfor

thePh.D.degree,CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.
AndrewRobertson1928StrengthofTubularStruts,ProceedingsoftheRoyalSociety(London),SeriesA.,Vol.121,No.788,p.558.
AndrewRobertson1929TheStrengthsofTubularStruts,ReportsandMemorandaoftheAeronauticalResearchCouncil,No.1185.
J.LyellSanders,Jr.1959AnImprovedFirstApproximationTheoryforThinShells,NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration
TechnicalReportR24,Washington,D.C.
A.J.Sobey1964aTheBucklingStreengthofaUniformCircularCylinderLoadedinAxialCompression,AeronauticalResearch
CouncilReportsandMemoranda,No.3366.
A.J.Sobey1964bTheBucklingofanAxiallyLoadedCircularCylinderwithInitialImperfections,RoyalAeronauticalEstablishment
TechnicalReportNo.64016,Septermber1964.
R.V.Southwell1914OntheGeneralTheoryofElasticStability,PhilosophicalTransactionsoftheRoyalSocietyofLondon,Series
A,Vol.213,187.
ManuelStein1962TheEffectontheBucklingofPerfectCylindersofPrebucklingDeformationsandStressesInducedbyEdge
Support,CollectedPapersonInstabilityofShellStructures1962,NationalAeronautics&SpaceAdministrationTechnicalNoteD
1510,Washington,D.C.,December1962,p.217.
ManuelStein1964TheInfluenceofPrebucklingDeformationsandStressesontheBucklingofPerfectCylinders,National
Aeronautics&SpaceAdministrationTechnicalRteportR190,February1964
R.C.Tennyson1963ANoteontheClassicalBucklingLoadofCircularCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompression,AIAAJournal,
Vol.1,475,February1963.
R.C.Tennyson1964BucklingofCircularCylindricalShellsinAxialCompression,AIAAJournal,Vol.2,1351,July1964.
W.F.Thielemann1960NewDevelopmentsintheNonLinearTheoriesoftheBucklingofThinCylindricalShells,Aeronauticsand
Astronautics,ProceedingsoftheDurandCentennialConferenceheldatStanfordUniversity,August1959,editedbyN.J.Hoffand
W.G.Vincenti,PergamonPress,p.76.
W.F.Thielemann1962OnthePostsbucklingBehaviorofThinCylindricalShells,CollectedPapersonInstabilityofShellStructures
1962,NationalAeronautics&SpaceAdministrationTechnicalNoteD1510,December1962,p.203
W.ThielemannandM.Esslinger1964EinflussderRandbedingungenaufdieBeullastvonKreiszylindrschalen,DerStahlbau,Vol.
33,December1964
J.M.T.Thompson1960MakingofThinMetalShellsforModelStressAnalysis,JournaloftheMechanicalEngineeringSciences,
Vol.2,105.
J.M.T.Thompson1961StabilityofElasticStructuresandtheirLoadingDevices,JournaloftheMechanicalEngineeringSciences,
Vol.3,153
J.M.T.Thompson1963BasicPrinciplesintheGeneralTheoryofElasticStability,JournaloftheMechanicsandPhysicsofSolids,
Vol.11,13,January1963.
J.M.T.Thompson1964EigenvalueBranchingConfigurationsandtheRayleighRitzProcedure,QuarterlyofAppliedMathematics,
Vol.22,244,October1964
S.Timoshenko1910EinigeStabilittsproblemederElastizittstheorie,ZeitschriftfrMathematikundPhysik,Vol.58,337.
S.Timoshenko1914Bulletin,ElectrotechnicalInstitute,St.Petersburg,Vol.11.
S.Timoshenko1936TheoryofElasticStability,McGrawHillBookCompany,NewYork,p.,439
C.H.Tsao1965LargeDisplacementAnalysisOfAxiallyCompressedCircularCylindricalShells,AIAAJournal,Vol.3,351,
February1965.
HsueShenTsien1942aBucklingofaColumnwithNonLinearLateralSupports,JournaloftheAeronauticalSciences,Vol.9119,
February1942.
HsueShenTsien1942bATheoryfortheBucklingofThinShells,JournaloftheAeronauticalSciences,Vol.9,373,August1942.
MasujiUemura1963PostbucklingBehaviorofaCircularCylindricalShellthatBucklesLocallyunderAxialCompression,Stanford
UniversityDepartmentofAeronautics&Astronautics,ReportSUDAERNo.156,May1963.
MasujiUemura1964,1965PosbucklingBehaviorofaCircularCylindricalShellLocallyBuckledunderAxialCompression,
presentedattheEleventhInternationalCongressofAppliedMechanics,Munich(toappearintheProceedings);seealsoProceedings
oftheThirteenthJapanNationalCongressforAppliedMechanics,1963,p.76,March1965.
V.I.Weingarten,E.J.MorganandPaulSeide1965ElasticStabilityofThinWalledCylindricalandConicalShellsunderAxial
Compression,AIAAJournal,Vol.3,500,March1965.
WilburM.WilsonandNathanM.Newmark1933TheStrengthofThinCylindricalShellsasColumns,EngineeringExperiment
StationoftheUniversityofIllinois,BzulletinNo.255.
YoshimaruYoshimura1951OntheMechanismofBucklingofaCircularCylindricalShellunderAxialCompression,Reportsofthe
InstituteofScience&TechnologyoftheUniversityofTokyo,Vol.5,No.5,November1951(inJapanese).

YoshimaruYoshimura1955OntheMechanismofBucklingofaCircularCylindricalShellunderAxialCompression,National
AdvisoryCommitteeforAeronauticsTechnicalMemorandumNo.1390,Washington,D.C.,July1955(inEnglish).

A.B.BurnsandB.O.Almroth,StructuralOptimizationofAxiallyCompressedRingStringerStiffened
Cylinders,JournalofSpacecraftandRockets,Vol,3,No.1,pp.1925,January1966.
A.B.Burns,Structuraloptimizationofaxiallycompressedcylindersconsideringringstringereccentricity
effects,JournalofSpacecraftandRockets,Vol.3,No.8,pp.12631268,1966.
A.B.Burns,Optimumcylinderswithcontrastingmaterialsandvariousring/stringerconfigurations,Journal
ofSpacecraftandRockets,Vol.4,No.3,pp.375385,1967.
R.L.Carlson,R.L.SendelbeckandN.J.Hoff(StanfordUniversity),Experimentalstudiesofthebucklingof
completesphericalshells(Thebucklingbehaviorofelectroformedsphericalshellsunderuniformexternal
pressureisexaminedinrigidandsofttestingsystems),ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.7,No.7,1967.pp.281
288,doi:10.1007/BF02327133
ABSTRACT:Completesphericalshellswithradiustothicknessratiosoffrom1570to2120wereproducedby
electroforming.Forspecimensofgoodqualityandforoptimumtestingconditions,bucklingpressuresupto86
percentoftheclassicalvaluewereobtained.Theeffectofloadingsystemcharacteristicswasexaminedby
pressurizingsphericalshellsinrigidandsoftsystemsandnodifferenceinbucklingpressurewasobserved.It
wasfoundthatbucklingbehaviorisstronglyinfluencedbythenatureandseverityofflawsorimperfections;
i.e.,lowbucklingpressurescanbecorrelatedwiththepresenceofsevereflawsornonuniformities.
W.H.HortonandS.C.Bailey,Influenceoftestmachinerigidityonthebucklingloadofshells,inTest
MethodsforCompressionMembers,ASTMSTP419,Am.Soc.TestingMats.,1967,p.183
(notpermittedtoseetheabstract)
J.P.Peterson,Influenceofspecimendesignandtestprocedureonresultsofbucklingtestsofshellstructures,
inTestMethodsforCompressionMembers,ASTMSTP419,Am.Soc.TestingMats.,1967,p.97
(notpermittedtoseetheabstract)
J.T.Oden,Numericalformulationofnonlinearelasticityproblems,ASCEJournaloftheStructuralDivision,
Vol.93,No.ST3,June1967,pp.235255
A.P.Cappelli,T.S.NishimotoandP.P.Radkowski,Theanalsisofshellsofrevolutionhavingarbitrary
stiffnessdistribution,AIAA/ASME8thStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,1967,pp.
732749
FrancisW.French,SharadA.PatelandB.Venkatraman(PolytechnicInstituteofBrooklyn,Brooklyn,New
York,USA),Creepbucklingofcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,JournaloftheFranklinInstitute,
Vol.284,No.5,November1967,pp.320325,doi:10.1016/00160032(67)905522
ABSTRACT:(nonegiven)

L.H.SobelandW.Flgge,Stabilityoftoroidalshellsunderuniformexternalpressure,AIAAJournal,Vol.5,
No.3,1967,pp.425431
S.Utku,StiffnessmatricesforthintriangularelementsofnonzeroGaussiancurvature,AIAAJournal,Vol.
5,No.9,September1967,pp.16591667
J.ConnorandC.Brebbia,Stiffnessmatrixforshallowrectangularshellelement,ASCEJournalofthe
EngineeringMechanicsDivision,No.EM5,October1967
C.A.BrebbiaandJ.M.DebNath(CivilEngineeringDepartment,UniversityofSouthampton),Acomparison
ofrecentshallowshellfiniteelementanalyses,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.12,No.10,
October1970,pp.849857,doi:10.1016/00207403(70)900226
ABSTRACT:Recentadvancesintheanalysisofshallowshellsbyfiniteelementtechniquearereviewedand
resultsobtainedusingdifferentstiffnessmatricescompared.Thequestionofincludingrigidbodymodesinthe
prescribeddisplacementfieldisdiscussed.Itisfoundthattheconstantstraincondition,otherthanthetrivial
onei.e.rigidbodymodescannotbesatisfiedinthecaseofcurvedplatesandshells.
C.A.BrebbiaandJ.Connor,Geometricallynonlinearfiniteelementanalysis,Proc.ASCE,Vol.95,No.EM2,
1971,pp.463483
FumioNishino(1),YukioUeda(2)andLambertTall(3)
(1)StructuralTestingLaboratory,EngineeringResearchInstitute,UniversityofTokyo,Tokyo,Japan
(2)DepartmentofNavalArchitecture,OsakaUniversity,Osaka,Japan
(3)StructuralMetalsDivision,FritzEngineeringLaboratory,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,Lehigh
University,Bethlehem,PA
Experimentalinvestigationofthebucklingofplateswithresidualstresses,inTestMethodsforCompression
Members,ASTMSTP419,Am.Soc.TestingMats.,1967,p.12
ABSTRACT:Thisisasummaryoflocalbucklingtestsofplateelementsinsquarecolumnsbuiltupby
welding.Theexperimentswereconductedtoverifytheoriesfortheelasticandelasticplasticbucklingofplates
withemphasisontheeffectofresidualstress.Thiswaspartofageneralstudyonthestrengthofwelded
columnsandtheinfluenceofresidualstressonplatebuckling.BothASTMA7andA514steelswereused.
Thesquaresectionsimulatedplatessimplysupportedattheunloadededges,andthelengthofthecolumnwas
chosensothatendconditionshadnoeffecteitherontheresidualstressdistributionoronthelocalbuckling
strengthofthecolumns.Shortcolumnsweretestedintheasplacedconditioninamechanicaltypetesting
machine.Thetransversedeflection(localbuckling)oftheplateswasmeasuredatanumberofcrosssectionsby
a1/10000in.dialgagefixedtoaframeheldmanually.Thetopofthekneemethodwasusedtoestimatethe
bifurcationload.Theexperimentalresultsshowedgoodcorrelationwiththeoreticalpredictionsincludingthe
effectofresidualstressforelasticbucklingandforelasticplasticbucklingbasedonthetotalstraintheory.The
resultsofexperimentsindicatesthatconsiderablepostbucklingstrengthmaybeexpectedforelasticbucklingof
plates,althoughnotforelasticplasticbuckling.
MasaoYoshikiandYuzuruFujita(DepartmentofNavalArchitecture,UniversityofTokyo,Tokyo,Japan),

Determinationofplasticbucklingloadforaxiallycompressedplatesfromexperimentaldata,inTestMethods
forCompressionMembers,ASTMSTP419,Am.Soc.TestingMats.,1967,p.47
PARTIALABSTRACT:Manypapershavebeenpublishedontheinstabilityofplatesintheplasticrange.
However,ithasbeenadifficultproblemforresearcherstodeterminethebucklingloadofaplatefrom
experimentaldata.Severalapproacheshavebeenused.Thecriticalbucklingloadforappliedaveragestrainhas
beenassumedtobeequaltothemaximumload(orthecorrespondingstrain)carriedbytheplate.Another
approachistotakethepointofarapidincreaseindeflectionorapointofbifurcationofstrainsmeasuredon
bothsurfacesatacertainpointontheplate.Inthispaperanewmethodisproposedfordeterminingthecritical
loadfromexperimentaldata.Atheoreticaljustificationisfurnishedbyusingtheenergyapproachandthe
deformationtheoryofplasticity.Themethodwasverifiedbycarryingoutplateandanglecompressiontests.

W.A.Day(MathematicsDivision,NationalPhysicalLaboratory,Teddington,England),Anasymptotic
solutiontothemembraneequationsforshellsofrevolutionofnegativegaussiancurvature,International
JournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.3,No.2,March1967,pp.217225,
doi:10.1016/00207683(67)900716
ABSTRACT:
um
ibrilqueihetofym
ohrehtem
tneabrxm
aesneirpeasThi
uvoelrofllhescitsalenaof
m
norlamma
aottceubjsntheta
ndadgeosce)rfahw
ti,
gamma
,ew
ngalerhetheta
onladim
areirphaeteransgaulinasi
gentinasinndasneilnadim
oingrela
napproachesinfinity
san,upon ofntpoidxeifatasntatulsersertshetof,
laciytnlam
ndreidtesillheshet
trpaThey.horetngnbdeilulfhethw
ti
.liatdenixm
aedneisidoibolhyrpe
E.A.Witmer,et.al.(AeroelasticandStructuresResearchLaboratory,MIT,Cambridge,Massachusetts),
SABOR4:Animproveddiscreteelementanalysisandprogramforthelinearelasticstaticanalysisof
meridionallycurved,variablethickness,branched,thinshellsofrevolutionsubjectedtogeneralexternaland
thermalloads,MITAerospaceReport1464(nodategiven)
E.A.Witmer,E.N.ClarkandH.A.Balmer(Dept.ofAeronauticsandAstroautics,MIT,Cambridge,MA),
Experimentalandtheoreticalstudiesofexplosiveinducedlargedynamicandpermanentdeformationsof
simplestructures,(Paperpresentstheresultsofacoordinatedexperimentaltheoreticalresearchprogram
designedtodevelopmethodsforpredictinglargeelasticplasticdynamicandpermanentdeformationsofshells
underdynamicloadingconditions),ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.7,No.2,1967.pp.5666,
doi:10.1007/BF02326708
ABSTRACT:Explosiveloadingandstructuralresponsemeasurementtechniquesaredescribedforobtaining
definitivelargedynamicandpermanentdeformationdataonsimplestructureswhichundergo(a)two
dimensionaldeformations,or(b)generalthreedimensionaldeformations.Intheformercategory,explosively
loadedstructuresdiscussedincludefreelysuspendedsinglelayercircularrings,freelysuspendedunbonded
concentricrings,andflatcircularplateswithclampededges.Representingcategory(b)isanexplosivelyloaded
cylindricalpanelwithclampededges.Todefinetheimpulsewhichwasimpartedexplosivelytothese
structures,appropriateimpulsecalibrationtestswereperformedonhighexplosiveloadedsinglelayerand

unbondeddoublelayerspecimens;thesetestingtechniquesandtheresultsobtainedarediscussed.General
numericalmethodsforpredictinglargeelasticplasticdynamicandpermanentdeformationsofstructureswhich
undergoeithertwodimensionalorgeneralthreedimensionaldeformationsaredescribedbriefly.Dynamic
responsesandpermanentdeformationspredictedwiththesemethodsarecomparedwithdatafromthepresent
experiments.Certainproblems,bothexperimentalandtheoretical,requiringfurtherinvestigationareindicated.
J.W.Leech,E.A.WitmerandT.H.H.Pian,Numericalcalculationtechniqueforlargeelasticplastictransient
deformationofthinshells,AIAAJournal,Vol.6,1968,pp.23522359
R.W.H.WuandE.A.Witmer,Finiteelementanalysisoflargeelasticplastictransientdeformationsofsimple
structures,AIAAJournal,Vol.9,1971,pp.17191724
R.W.H.WuandE.A.Witmer,Thedynamicresponsesofcylindricalshellsincludinggeometricandmaterial
nonlinearities,Int.J.SolidsStructures,Vol.10,1974,pp.243260
M.H.Lock(AerospaceCorporation),Astudyofbucklingandsnappingunderdynamicload,AirForce
ReportNo.SAMSOTR68100,December1967
ABSTRACT:Thebehaviorofashallowarchandathinringunderadynamicpulseloadingisstudiedforawide
rangeofgeometricandloadparameters.Thenonlineardynamicresponseandstaticloaddeflection
characteristicsofthesystemsarerelatedandemployedtodefinedynamicelasticsnappinganddynamicelastic
buckling.Whensucharelationshipcannotbeestablished,themechanismofdynamicelasticplasticbucklingis
introduced.Criticaldynamicloadcriteriaarespecified,andcriticaldynamicloaddataaredevelopedasa
functionofstructuralgeometryandloadduration.Finally,aclassificationschemefordynamicloadproblemsis
suggested.
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34.B.BudianskyandR.S.Roth,"AxisymmetricDynamicBucklingofClampedShallowSphericalShells,"CollectedPaperson
InstabilityofShellStructures1962,NASATND1510,NASALangleyResearchCenter(December1962.)
35.R.R.ArcherandC.G.Lange,"NonlinearDynamicBehaviorofShallowSphericalShells,"AIAAJ.3(12),23132317(1965)
36.G.J.Simitses,"DynamicSnapthroughBacklingofShallowSphericalCaps,"AIAA/ASME7thStructuresandMaterials
Conference,CocoaBeach,Florida(1966)
37.R.E.Fulton,"DynamicAxxisymmretricBucklingofShallowConicalShellsSubjectedtoImpulsiveLoads,"J.App,Mech.32(1),
IZ9134(1965)
38.B.E.Cummings,"LargeAmplitudeVibrationandResponseofCurvedPanels,"AIAAJ.2(4),709716(1964)
39.P.T.HsuandM.M.Chen,"SnappingPhenomenaofElastoPlasticCurvedBeamsUnderStaticandDynamicLoadtigs,"Report
AFORZ460,Mass.Inst.Tech.(January1962)
40.J.S.Humphreys,"OnDynamicSnapBucklingofShallowArches,"AIAJ.4(6),878886(1966)
41.A.P.Coppa,"TheBucklingofCircularCylindricalShellsSubjecttoAxialInpact,"CollectedPapersonInstabilityofShell
Structures1962,NASATND1510,NASALangleyResearchCenter(December1962)
42.R.S.RothandJ.M.Klosner,"NonlinearResponseofCylindricalShells3abjectedtoDynamicAxialLoads,"AiAAJ.2(10),p.
7881794(1964)
43.H.E.LindbergandR.E.Herbert,"DynamicBucklingofaThinCylindricalShellUnderAxialImpact,"J.Appl.Mech.33(1),p.
10511Z(1966)
44.L.R.KovalandJ.P.O'Neill,"StabilityofAxiallyLoadedThinCylindricalShellsUnderDynamicLateralPressures,"ReportEM
1320,SpaceTechnologyLabs,Inc.(October1963)
45.J.W.HutchinsonandB.Budiansky,"DynamicBucklingEstimates,"AIAAJ.4(3),5Z5530(1966)
46.C.S.Hsu,"OnDynamicStabilityofElasticBodieswithPrescribedInitialConditions,"Int.Journ.Eng.Sci.4,121(1966)

R.W.Dickey,Theplanecircularelasticsurfaceundernormalpressure,Arch.Rat.Mech.Anal.,Vol.26,
1967,pp.219236
R.W.Dickey,Nonlinearbendingofcircularplates,SIAMJ.Appl.Math.,Vol30,1976,pp.19
V.S.Gumenyuk,V.S.KravchukandV.V.Lushchik,Experimentaldeterminationofthecriticalforcesofa
cylindricalshelloffiberglasreinforcedplastics,InternationalAppliedMechanics,Vol.3,No.3,1967,pp.25
27,doi:10.1007/BF00886324
(abstractnotavailable)

V.S.Gumenyuk,V.S.KravchukandV.V.Lushchik,Experimentalinvestigationofthepostbuckling
behaviorofcylindricalglassreinforcedplasticshellscompressedalongtheaxis,MechanicsofComposite
Materials,Vol.3,N.5,1967,pp.590594,doi:10.1007/BF00859249
ABSTRACT:Thecollapseandrecoveryloadshavebeenexperimentallydeterminedforglassreinforcedplastic
shellscompressedalongtheaxis.Compressiveforcedisplacementdiagramshavebeenrecorded,anditis
shownthattheexperimentalandtheoreticaldiagramsqualitativelycoincide.Thecollapseandrecoverytimes
havebeenascertained.Itisshownthatglassreinforcedplasticscanbeusedasanelasticmaterialfor
investigatingshellstabilityatlargedeformations.
JamesA.Stricklin,JoseC.DeAndrade,FrederickJ.StebbinsandAnthonyJ.Cwiertny(Departmentof
AerospaceEngineering,TexasAandMUniversity,CollegeStation,Texas,USA),LinearandNonlinear
AnalysisofShellsofRevolutionwithAsymmetricalStiffnessProperties,AFFDLTR68150,October1968,
DTICAccessionNumber:ADA446937,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA446937
ABSTRACT:Inthispaper,theauthorsapplyanextensionofthedirectstiffnessmethodofstructuralanalysisto
thelinearandnonlinearanalysisofshellsofrevolutionunderarbitrarystaticloadingwithvariablethickness
propertiesinthecircumferentialdirectionandthemeridionaldirection.Theprimarydifferencebetweenthis
researchandpreviouslypublishedresearchisthatalltheFourierharmonicsinthecircumferentialdirectionare
nowcoupled.Thethicknessvariationinthecircumferentialdirectionyieldsan8Nx8Nelementstiffness
matrixinwhichNisthenumberofharmonics.Theresultingcomputerprogramisusedtoconductalinear,
nonlinear,andstabilityanalysisoftheApolloaftheatshield.
F.Y.M.Wan,Twovariationaltheoremsforthinshells,J.Math.&Phys.,Vol.47,1968,pp.429431
F.Y.M.Wan,Onthedisplacementboundaryvalueproblemofshallowsphericalshells,Int.J.Solids&
Structures,Vol.4,1968,pp.661666
F.Y.M.Wan,Thesideforceproblemforshallowhelicoidalshells,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.36,1969,pp.292295
F.Y.M.Wan,Exactreductionsoftheequationsoflineartheoryofshellsofrevolution,StudiesinAppl.Math.,
Vol.48,1969,pp.361375

F.Y.M.Wan,Rotationallysymmetricshearingandbendingofhelicoidalshells,StudiesinAppl.Math.,Vol.
49,1970,pp.351369
F.Y.M.Wan,Circumferentiallysinusoidalstressandstraininshellsofrevolution,Int.J.Solids&Structures,
Vol.4,1970,pp.959973
F.Y.M.Wan,Ontheequationsoflineartheoryofelasticconicalshells,StudiesinAppl.Math.,Vol.49,
1970,pp.6983
F.Y.M.Wan,Laterallyloadedshellsofrevolution,Ing.Arch.,Vol.42,1973,pp.245258
F.Y.M.Wan,Thedimplingofsphericalcaps,MechanicsToday,Vol.5(E.ReissnerAnniversaryVolume,
editedbyS.NematNasser),PergamonPress,1980,pp.495508
F.Y.M.Wan,Polardimplingofcompletesphericalshells,TheoryofShells(Proc.ThirdIUTAMShell
Symp.,Tbilisi,1978,editedbyW.T.KoiterandG.K.Mikhailov),NorthHolland(1980),pp.191207
DavidF.Parker(1)andFredericY.M.Wan(2)
(1)DepartmentofTheoreticalMechanics,TheUniversityofNottingham,Nottingham,NG72RD,England
(2)DepartmentofMathematicsandInstituteofAppliedMathematicsandStatistics,TheUniversityofBritish
Columbia,Vancouver,V6T1W5,Canada
Finitepolardimplingofshallowcapsundersubbucklingaxisymmetricpressuredistributions,SIAMJ.Appl.
Math.,Vol.44,No.2,April1984,SocietyforIndustrialandAppliedMathematics
PARTIALABSTRACT:Forshallowcapsunderanaxisymmetricexternalpressuredistributionwhichisinward
inaneighborhoodofthepoleandoutwardawayfromthepole,ithasbeenshownpreviouslythatafinite
axisymmetricdimplestateofdeformationispossibleiftheinwardpressureisatleastoftheorderofthe
classicalbucklingpressureforacompletesphericalshellandthat,asymptotically,thecorrespondingdimple
baseislocatedbytheconditionofnoresultantverticalforceoverthedimpledregion.Inthepresentpaperwe
treatthemoredifficultloadmagnituderange
F.Y.M.Wan,Shallowcapswithalocalizedaxisymmetricloaddistribution,inFlexibleShells(Proc.
EUROMECHColloq.No.165,editedbyE.L.AxelradandF.A.Emmerling),SpringerVerlag,1984,pp.124
145
F.Y.M.Wan,Lecturenotesonthelineartheoryofshellsofrevolution,Appl.Math.Tech.Report8489,
UniversityofBritishColumbia,1984
F.Y.MWanandH.J.Weinitschke,Boundarylayersolutionsforsomenonlinearelasticmembraneproblems,
ZAMP,Vol.38,1987,pp.7991
M.B.MarloweandW.Flgge,Somenewdevelopmentsinthefoundationsofshelltheory,LockheedMissiles
andSpaceCoReport,LMSC6786813,May1968

T.Allen(MechanicalEngineeringDepartment,UniversityofStrathclyde,Glasgow),Experimentaland
analyticalinvestigationofthebehaviourofcylindricaltubessubjecttoaxialcompressiveforces,ARCHIVE:
JournalofMechanicalEngineeringScience19591982(vols123),Vol.10,1968,pp.182197,
doi:10.1243/JMES_JOUR_1968_010_026_02
(abstractrestrictedtosubscribers)
L.V.AndreevandE.M.Makeev,Experimentalinvestigationofthestabilityofacylindricalshellunderlocal
externalpressureloads,InternationalAppliedMechanics,Vol.5,No.4,1968,pp.436439,
doi:10.1007/BF00886900
PARTIALABSTRACT:Thecarryingcapacityofashellsubjectedtoanexternalpressureuniformlydistributed
overaportionofitslengthwasinvestigatedonanexperimentalfacility
L.V.Andreev,V.E.D'yachenkoandE.F.Prokopalo,Stabilityunderaxialcompressionofacylindricalshell
restinguponanelasticfoundation,InternationalAppliedMechanics,Vol.8,No.2,1972,pp.138143,
doi:10.1007/BF00886131
PARTIALABSTRACT:PublicationsbyKorbetandSaksonov[5],Varvak[2],Kan[4],andbyinvestigators
abroad[59]aredevotedtothesolutionsoftheproblemofstabilityofacylindricalshellunderaxial
compression,whentheshellisstrengthenedbyanelasticcore.Aconsiderablecomplicationofthesolution
takesplaceinthecaseofonesidedconstraintsoftheshellandthecore.Atheoreticalinvestigationofsucha
problemispresentedonlyin[3],wheretwovariantsofthesolutionaregivenfordifferentspecificationofan
axisymmetricmodeofthebuckledsurfaceoftheshell.Inthepresentarticlethisproblemissolvedforashell
ofanarbitrarylengthforarbitraryboundaryconditions.Heretheformofthebentsurfaceisnotspecified
beforehand:itiscalculatedsimultaneouslywiththecriticalload.TheelasticWinklerfoundation,withthe
knownbearingcoefficientsalpha1andalpha2respecitvelyinsideandoutsidetheshell,isnotjonedtothe
latter
AlexanderFlorenceandHenryVaughan(StanfordResearchInstitute,MenloPark,California,U.S.A.),
Dynamicplasticflowbucklingofshortcylindricalshellsduetoimpulsiveloading,InternationalJournalof
SolidsandStructures,Vol.4,No.8,August1968,pp.741756,doi:10.1016/00207683(68)90053X
ABSTRACT:Atheoryispostulatedtoexplainthedynamicplasticbucklingofshortcylindricalshellssubjected
touniformradiallyinwardimpulses.Formulasarederivedwhichpredictwavelengths(ormodenumbers)and
thresholdimpulsesingeneralagreementwiththeexperimentalresultsthatarepresented.Accordingtothe
theory,therestoringmomentprimarilyconsistsofadirectionalmomentbroughtaboutbyyieldinginabiaxial
plasticstateofstress;forthepracticalstrainhardeningvaluesusedthehardeningcontributiontotherestoring
momentissecondary.Thisconclusionisbasedontherelativeinfluencesonthepreferredmodesandthreshold
impulses.
M.J.Sewell,Thestaticperturbationtechniqueinbucklingproblems,JournaloftheMechanicsandPhysicsof
Solids,Vol.13,pp.247263,1965
M.J.Sewell,AGeneralTheoryofEquilibriumPathsThroughCriticalPoints.I,Proc.R.Soc.LondonA27
August1968vol.306no.1485pp.201223,doi:10.1098/rspa.1968.0146

ABSTRACT:Thispaperexploresthenonlinearproblemofdeterminingthelocalshapeofallpossible
equilibriumpathsthroughapointwhereauniquepathisnotassured.Forthesakeofrapidinsightthetreatment
isconfinedtosystemshavingapotentialenergydependingonanyfinitenumberofvariables,onedirect
applicationbeinginthetheoryofstructures.Therelationwithstabilityisdescribed.Theproblemisreducedtoa
readilydefinedsequenceoflinearandnonlineargoverningequations.Theseareallexpressedexplicitlyinterms
oftheorthonormaleigenvectorsofanalgebraiceigenvalueproblem,andthecaseofamultiplezeroeigenvalue
(relatedtotheexistenceofmultiplebucklingmodes)istherebyconciselytreated.Branchingpointswhichdo
notpermitchangesofloadaredistinguishedfromthosewhichdo.AcomparisonwithKoiter'sworkisgiven.
M.J.Sewell(DepartmentofMathematics,UniversityofReadingUK),Ayieldsurfacecornerlowersthe
bucklingstressofanelasticplasticplateundercompression,JournaloftheMechanicsandPhysicsofSolids,
Vol.21,No.1,January1973,pp.1945,doi:10.1016/00225096(73)900288
ABSTRACT:Thebifurcationstressiscalculatedforasimplysupportedelasticplasticplateinuniaxial
compression,inthecasewhenthestressisatavertexoftheyieldsurfacewhichislocallysimilartothatof
Tresca.Theeffectofcoupledhardeningbetweenyieldsurfacefacetswhichmeetatthevertexisincluded.Itis
foundthatthebifurcationstressmaybesubstantiallylowerthanthatassociatedwiththevonMisesyield
surface.Thelatterisknowntogiveresultstoohightobereconciledwithexperiment.Reductionsoforder10
30percentareshowntobeunexceptional,evenwiththeretentionofanelasticvaluefortheshearmodulus.
M.J.Sewell,Aplasticflowruleatayieldvertex,J.Mech.Phys.Solids,Vol.22,pp.469490,1974
Wempner,G.A.,Discreteapproximationsrelatedtononlineartheoriesofsolids,Int.J.SolidsandStructures,
Vol.7,1971,pp.15811599.
T.J.BoedeckerandG.A.Wempner,Largedeformationsofatoroidalmembranebyincrementalloading,Proc.
IASSConference,Calgary,Canada,1972,pp.181191
Khot,N.S.(AirForceFlightDynamicsLab,WrightPattersonAFB,Ohio),OnTheInfluenceOfInitial
GeometricImperfectionsOnTheBucklingAndPostbucklingBehaviorOfFiberReinforcedCylindricalShells
UnderUniformAxialCompression,AFFDLTR68136,October1968,Handle/proxyUrl:
http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD680014
ABSTRACT:Theeffectofinitialgeometricimperfectionsonthebucklingandpostbucklingbehaviorof
compositecylindricalshellssubjectedtouniformaxialcompressionisstudiedinthisreport.Thesolutionis
obtainedbyemployingvonKrmnDonnellnonlinearstraindisplacementrelationsandtheprincipleof
stationarypotentialenergy.Numericalresultsaregivenforvariousfiberorientationsinthethreelayershell
consistingofeitherglassepoxyorboronepoxycomposites,withdifferentinitialimperfections.Results
indicatethattheboronepoxycompositeshellsarelessimperfectionsensitivethantheglassepoxycomposite
shells.Isotropicshellsarefoundtobemoreimperfectionsensitivethancompositeshells.Itisnoticedthatthe
increaseordecreaseintheclassicalbucklingloadwithchangeinfiberorientationisgenerallyaccompaniedby
adecreaseorincreaseinimperfectionsensitivityoftheshell.
Referenceslistedattheendofthereport:
1.Fliigge,W.,"DieStabilitiederKreiszylimlerschale,"IngenieurArchiv,Vol.3,No.5,p.463,1932.
2.Donnell,L.H.,"ANewTheoryfortheBucklingofThinCylindersUnderAxlalCompressionandBending,"Transactionsofthe
AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers,Vol.56,No.11,p.795,1934.
3.Donnell,L.H.,andWan,C.,"EffectofImperfectionsonBucklingofThinCylindersandColumnsUnderAxialCompression,J.

Appl.Mech.,Vol.17,No.1,p.73,1950.
4.Loo,T.T.,"EffectsofLargeDeflectionsandImperfectionsontheElasticBucklingofCylindersUnderTorsionandAxial
Compression,"ProceedingsoftheSecondU.S.CongressofAppliedMechanics."p.345,1954.
5.Lee,L.H.N.,"EffectsofModesofInitialImperfectionsontheStabilityofCylindricalShellsUnderAxialCompression,"NASA
TND1510,Washington,D.C.,1962,p.143.
6.Sobey,A.J.,"TheBucklingofanAxiallyLoadedCircularCylinderWithInitialImperfections,"RoyalAeronauticalEstablishment
TechnicalReportNo.64016,1964.
7.Yang,P.B.,andJones,R.F.,"AnAnalysisofStabilityCriticalOrthotropicCylindersSubjectedtoAxialCompression,"Presented
atAIAA/ASME8thStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,PalmSprings,California(1967).
8.Madsen,W.A.,andHoff,N.J.,"TheSnapThroughandPostbucklingEquilibriumBehaviorofCircularShellsUnderAxialLoad,"
SUDAERNo.227,Dept.Aero.andAstro.,StanfordUniversity(1965).
9.Ambartsumyan,S.A.,"TheoryofAnisotropicShells,"NASATTF]18(1964).
10.Dong,S.B.,Piter,K.S.,andTaylor,R.L.,"OntheTheoryofLaminatedAnisotropicShellsandPlates,"J.Aero.Sci,Vol29,No.8,
p.961,1962.
11.Tasi,J.,Feldman,A.,andStang,D.A.,TheBucklingStrengthofFilamentWoundCylindersUnderAxialCompression,"
NASACR266(1965).
12.Holston,Jr.,A.,Feldman,A.,andStang,D.A.,StabilityofFilamentWoundCylindersUnderCombinedLoading,AFFDLTR
6755AirForceFlightDynamicsLaboratory,WrightPattersonAirForceBase,Ohio(1967).
13.Cheng,S.andHo,B.P.C.,"StabilityofHeterogeneousAeolotropicCylindricalShellsUnderCombinedLoading,"AIAAJ.Vol.1,
p.892(1963).
14.Ho,B.P.C.andCheng.S.,"SomeProblemsinStabilityofHeterogeneousAeolotropicCylindricalShellsUnderCombined
Loading,"AIAAJ.Vol.1,p.1603(1963).
15.Tasi,J.,"EffectsofHeterogeneityentheStabilityoiCompositeCylindricalShellsUnderAsialCompression,"AIAAJ.,Vol.4,p.
1058(1966).
16,Thurston,G.A.,"OntheStabilityofFIlamentWoundCylindersUnderAxialCompression,"Presentedat6thAnnualSymposium,
FilamentStructuresTechnology,Albuquerque,NewMexico(1965).
17.Khot,N.S.,OntheEffectsofFiberOrientationandNonhomogeneityonBucklingandPostbucklingEqulibriumBehaviorof
FiberReinforcedCylindricalShellsUnderUniformAxialCompression,AFFDLTR6819AirForceFlightDynamicsLaboratory,
WrightPattersonAirForceBase,Ohio(1968).
18.Tsai,S.W,MechanicsofCompositeMaterials,AFMLTR66149(PartII)AirForceMaterialsLaboratory,WrightPattersonAir
ForceBase,Ohio(1966).
19.Almroth,B.O.,"PostbucklingBehaviorofAxiallyCompressedCircularCylinders,"AIAAJ.,Vol.1.p.630(1963).
20.Koiter,W.T.,"ElasticStabilityandPostBucklingBehavior,"inNonlinearProblems,editedbyLanger,R.E.,Universityof
WisconsinPress,Madison,Wisconsin(1963).
21.Hutchinson,J.,"AxialBucklingofPressurizedImperfectCylindricalShells,"AIAAJ.,3,p.1461(1965).
22.Hildebrand,F.B.,IntroductiontoNumericalAnalysis,McGrawHill,NewYork(1956).

F.Bogner,R.FoxandL.Schmit,Thegenerationofinterelementcompatiblestiffnessandmassmatricesby
theuseofinterpolationformulae,ProceedingsoftheAFITConferenceonMatrixMethodsinStructural
Mechanics,AFFDLTR6680,November1966
F.Bogner,R.FoxandL.Schmit,Acylindricalshelldiscreteelement,AIAAJournal,Vol.5,No.4,April
1967
L.A.Schmit,F.K.BognerandR.L.Fox,Finitedeflectionstructuralanalysisusingplateandshelldiscrete
elements,AIAAJournal,Vol.6,No.5,May1968,pp.781791
G.R.Monforton(1)andL.A.Schmit,Jr.(2)
(1)CivilEngineeringDepartment,UniversityofWindsor,Windsor,Ontario,Canada

(2)CaseWesternReserveUniversity,Cleveland,Ohio
Finiteelementanalysisofsandwichplatesandcylindricalshellswithlaminatedfaces,AirForceFlight
DynamicsLabReport,AFFDLTR68150,1968
ABSTRACT:Alinearfiniteelementcapabilityforpredictingdisplacements,stresses,andnaturalfrequencies
ofsandwichplatesandcylindricalshellswithunbalancedlaminatedfacesisreported.Thegeometric
admissibilityconditionsoftheprincipleofminimumtotalpotentialenergyareconvenientlysatisfiedby
representingthedisplacementvariablesintermsofassumeddisplacementpatternsformedbythesumof
productsofonedimensionalHermiteinterpolationpolynomials.Stiffnessandconsistentmassmatricesfor
smalldisplacementsarepresentedintermsoftheelementgeometry,thestiffnessesofthefaces(membrane,
bending,andcoupling)andthetransverseshearstiffnessesoftheorthotropiccore.Specializationforthe
analysisofthinlaminatedplatesandcylindricalshellsisachievedbysimplyconsideringonefaceofthe
sandwich.Severalnumericalexamplesarepresentedandcomparisonismadewithexistingtheoreticaland
experimentalresults.
L.A.SchmitandB.R.Monforton,Finitedeflectiondiscreteelementanalysisofsandwichplatesandcylindrical
shellswithlaminatedfaces,AIAAJournal,Vol.8,No.8,1970
Tsai,S.W.(1968),Strengththeoriesoffilamentarystructures,In:Fundamentalaspectsoffiberreinforced
plasticcomposites,editedbySchwartz,R.T.andSchwartz,H.S.,Eds.,WileyInterscience,NewYork.
Shapery,R.A.,ThermalExpansionCoefficientofCompositeMaterialsBasedonEnergyPrinciples,Journal
ofCompositesMaterials,Vol.2,pp.380404(1968).
.Block,D.L.,"InfluenceofDiscreteRingStiffenersandPrebucklingdeformationsontheBucklingof

EccentricallyStiffenedOrthotropicCylinders,NASATND4283,January1968

C.C.Chamis,Designorientedanalysisandstructuralsynthesisofmultilayeredfilamentarycomposites,Ph.D.
thesis,CaseWesternReserveUniversity,Cleveland,Ohio,1967
C.C.Chamis,Bucklingofanisotropiccompositeplates,ASCEJ.StructuralDiv.,Vol.95,No.ST10,October
1969,pp.21192139
ChristosC.Chamis,Characterizationanddesignmechanicsforfiberreinforcedmetals,NASATND5784,
1970
ChristosC.Chamis,DesignandAnalysisofFiberCompositeStructuralComponents,AerospaceStructural
Materials.NASASP227,330pages,publishedbyNASA,Washington,D.C.,1970,p.217
(Abstractnotavailable)
ChristosC.Chamis(NASALewisResearchCenter),ComputerCodefortheAnalysisofMultilayeredFiber
Composites.UsersManual,NASATechnicalnoteTND7013,AccessionNo.A053503,March1971
ABSTRACT:AFORTRANIVcomputercodeforthemicromechanics,macromechanics,andlaminateanalysis
ofmultilayeredfibercompositestructuralcomponentsisdescribed.Thecodecanbeusedeitherindividuallyor
asasubroutinewithinacomplexstructuralanalysis/synthesisprogram.Theinputstothecodeareconstituent

materialsproperties,compositegeometry,andloadingconditions.Theoutputsarevariouspropertiesforplyand
composite;compositestructuralresponse,includingbendingstretchingcoupling;andcompositestressanalysis,
includingcomparisonswithfailurecriteriaforcombinedstress.Thecodewasusedsuccessfullyintheanalysis
andstructuralsynthesisofflatpanels,inthebucklinganalysisofflatpanels,inmultilayeredcompositematerial
failurestudies,andlaminationresidualstressesanalysis.
ChristosC.Chamis(NASALewisResearchCenter,Cleveland,Ohio),TheoreticalBucklingLoadsof
Boron/AluminumandGraphite/ResinFiberCompositeAnisotropicPlates.,NASATechnicalNoteTND
6572,December1971,AccessionNumber:ADA309269,
Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA309269
ABSTRACT:Theoreticalresultsarepresentedforthebucklingofanisotropicplates.Theplatesaresubjectedto
simpleandcombinedinplaneloading.Theplatesaremadefromfibercompositematerialofboron/aluminum
orhighmodulusgraphite/resin.Theresultsarepresentedinnondimensionalformasbucklingloadagainstfiber
orientationangleforvariousplateaspectratios.Theresultsindicatethatbucklingloadsofboron/aluminum
platesareindependentoffiberdirectioniftheplateaspectratiosaregreaterthanabout1,andmoderately
dependentwhenthisratioislessthanabout1.Inaddition,theresultsindicatethatthebucklingloadsare
independentofaspectratioforplateswithaspectratiosgreaterthanabout2.Boron/aluminumcompositeplates
canresistbucklingloadsmoreefficientlythangraphite/resincompositesonaspecificbucklingstressbasis.The
numericalalgorithmandalistingofthecomputercodeusedtoobtaintheresultsareincluded.

C.C.Chamis(NASALewisResearchCenter,Cleveland,Ohio),Residualstressesinanglepliedlaminatesand
theireffectsonlaminatebehavior,MetallurgicalSocietyofAIME,InternationalConferenceonComposite
Materials,2nd,Toronto,Canada;UnitedStates;1620Apr.1978.23pp.1978
ABSTRACT:NASALewisResearchCenterresearchinthefieldofcompositelaminateresidualstressesis
reviewedandsummarized.Theoriginoflaminationresidualstresses,evidenceoftheirpresence,experimental
methodsformeasuringthem,andtheoreticalmethodsforpredictingthemaredescribed.Typicalresultsare
presentedwhichshowthemagnitudesofresidualstressesinvariouslaminatesincludinghybridsand
superhybrids,andinothercomplexcompositecomponents.Resultsarealsopresentedwhichshowtheeffectsof
laminationresidualstressesonlaminatewarpageandonlaminatemechanicalpropertiesincludingfracture
stresses.Finally,themajorfindingsandconclusionsderivedtherefromaresummarized.
CristosC.Chamis(NASAGlennResearchCenter,Cleveland,Ohio44135,USA),Dynamicbucklingand
postbucklingofacompositeshell,InternationalJournalofStructuralStabilityandDynamics,Vol.10,No.4,
October2010,DOI:10.1142/S0219455410003749
ABSTRACT:Acomputationallyeffectivemethodforevaluatingthedynamicbucklingandpostbucklingofthin
compositeshellsisdescribed.Itisajudiciouscombinationofavailablecomputercodesforfiniteelement,
compositemechanicsandincrementalstructuralanalysis.Thesolutionmethodisanincrementallyupdated
Lagrangian.Itisillustratedbyapplyingittoathincompositecylindricalshellsubjectedtodynamicloads.
Bucklingloadsareevaluatedtodemonstratetheeffectivenessofthemethod.Auniversalplotisobtainedforthe
specificshellthatcanbeusedtoapproximatebucklingloadsfordifferentdynamicloadingrates.Resultsfrom

thisplotshowthatthefastertherate,thehigherthebucklingloadandtheshorterthetime.Theyalsoshowthat
theupdatedsolutioncanbecarriedoutinthepostbucklingregimeuntiltheshellcollapsescompletely.
Comparisonswithpublishedliteratureindicatereasonableagreement.
R.M.Jones,Bucklingofcylindricalshellswithmultipleorthotropiclayersandeccentricstiffeners,AIAA
Journal,Vol.6,No.12,December1968,pp.23012305
RobertM.Jones(AerospaceCorp,SanBernardino,California),Reentryvehicleshellanalysis,Technical
Report,30September1970,DTICAccessionNumber:AD0875809
ABSTRACT:Reentryvehicleshellanalysiscapabilitiesandproblemareasaresurveyedasofthespringand
summerof1970.Someofthemajorreentryvehiclecontractorswereconsultedinthissurvey.(GE,AVCO,
LMSC,MDAC,KamanNuclear,andTRW).Eachwasaskedtostatehiscapabilitiesandwasgivenan
opportunitytogivehisopinionastoimportantproblemareasthatrequireattention.Thecontractors'opinions
aresummarizedinadditiontocommentsondevelopment,documentation,anddisseminationofcomputer
programs,whichisatopicthathasbecomeincreasinglyimportantinthetechnicalcommunity.
R.M.Jones,Bucklingandvibrationofunsymetricallylaminatedcrossplyrectangularplates,AIAAJournal,
Vol.11,No.12,December1973,pp.16261632
R.M.JonesandJ.C.F.Hennemann, Effectofprebucklingdeformationsonbucklingoflaminatedcomposite
circularcylindricalshells,19thAIAAStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,Bethesda,
Md;UnitedStates;35Apr.1978.pp.370379.1978
ABSTRACT:Laminatedcompositematerialsarerapidlyreplacingmetalsincontemporaryshellapplications.
Thus,thestructuralbehaviorofsuchshellsmustbepredicted,and,inparticular,wemustbeabletopredictthe
bucklingbehavior.Theorthotropyofthefiberreinforcedlaminaeandthecompositionofthelaminaeleadto
couplingstiffnessesbetweenforcesandchangesincurvatureaswellasbetweenmomentsandinsurface
strains.Thesecouplingstiffnessesdonotoccurforisotropicshells.Theeffectofprebucklingdeformationsfor
isotropicshellsistolowertheactualbucklingloadbelowtheclassicalbucklingloadbyupto50%forsome
loadingandboundaryconditions.Theeffectofprebucklingdeformationsontheaxialandlateralpressure
bucklingloadsofcircularcylindricalshellsmadeoffiberreinforcedcompositelaminatesisfoundtodecrease
astheorthotropyincreasesandasthelaminatecouplingstiffnessesdecrease.Variationsintheelasticand
geometricparametersarestudiedforbothantisymmetricandunsymmetriclaminates.Generally,theeffectof
prebucklingdeformationsisfarlessimportantforlaminatedshellsthanforisotropicshells.
J.Genin,Onthetimoshenkobucklingloadofthinwalledcylindricalshells,AppliedScientificResearch,Vol.
19,No.1,1968,pp.459464,doi:10.1007/BF00383940
ABSTRACT:Atechniqueispresentedforsimulatingsimplysupportedboundaryconditionsinaxialcylinder
bucklingexperiments.Aninternalmandrelisemployed.Thegeometricandmaterialconstantsofthemandrel
canbecarefullyselectedallowingittoexpand,throughaPoissoneffect,atthesamerateastheshell.The
mandrelprovidesanexpansionmechanismfortheedgesoftheshellwhichallowstheshell'sgeneratorsto
remainstraightuntilbucklingoccurs.Inaddition,themandrelcanalsobeusedtolimitbuckledeformationsto
theelasticregion

RayW.CloughandC.PhilipJohnson(UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,USA),InternationalJournalof
SolidsandStructures,Vol.4,No.1,January1968,pp.4360,doi:10.1016/00207683(68)900322
ABSTRACT:Anapproximatenumericalanalysisprocedureispresentedwhichiscapableofsolvingthinshells
ofarbitraryshape,boundaryconditionsandloading.Theshellisidealizedasanassemblageoftriangularfinite
elementsrepresentingbothmembraneandflexuralstiffnessproperties,andthesolutioniscarriedoutbydigital
computer.Fiveexamplesarepresentedwhichdemonstratetheversatilityoftheprocedureintreatingdifferent
shellconfigurations,aswellastheaccuracyoftheresultswhichmaybeobtained.
R.CantinandR.Clough,Acurved,cylindricalshellfiniteelement,AIAAJournal,Vol.6,No.6,June1968
Clough,R.W.,Felippa,C.A.(UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,USA),ARefinedQuadrilateralElementfor
AnalysisofPlateBending,ProceedingsoftheSecondConferenceonMatrixMethodsinStructuralMechanics,
PartIof2,WrightPattersonAirForceBase,Ohio,pp.399440,1968,
DTICAccessionNo:ADA447741,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA447741
ABSTRACT:Theformulationofafullycompatiblegeneralquadrilateralplatebendingelementisdescribed.
Theelementisassembledfromfourpartiallyconstrainedlinearcurvaturecompatibletriangles,arrangedsothat
nomidsidenodesoccurontheexternaledgesofthequadrilateral;thus,theresultingelementhasonly12
degreesoffreedom.Alsodescribedisasimplesheardistortionmechanismwhichmaybeincorporatedintothe
elementwithoutchangingitsbasicstructure.Resultsarepresentedforstaticanalyseswithandwithoutshear
distortion,andforplatevibrationandplatebucklingstudies,allperformedwiththisquadrilateralelement.Itis
concludedthatthisisthemostefficientgeneralbendingelementyetdevised.
StuartF.PawseyandRayW.Clough,Improvednumericalintegrationofthickshellfiniteelements,Int.J.
NumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.3,No.4,OctoberDecember,1971,pp.575586
RayW.CloughandEdwardL.Wilson(UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,California,U.S.A.),Dynamicfinite
elementanalysisofarbitrarythinshells,Computers&Structures,Vol.1,Nos.12,August1971,pp.3356,
doi:10.1016/00457949(71)900046
ABSTRACT:Abriefreviewofthedevelopmentoffiniteelementproceduresfortheanalysisofthinshellsis
presented,togetherwithadiscussionofthefourtypesofapproximationsinvolvedintheapplicationofthe
method.Thentwofactorswhichinfluencetheefficiencyofthefiniteelementsolutionareconsidered:the
propertiesoftheindividualelements(includingcurvature,deformationrefinement,etc.)andthenodaldegreeof
freedomrepresentingrotationabouttheshellsurfacenormal.Comparativeanalysesarepresentedtoillustrate
theinfluenceofthesefactorsinpracticalcases.Finally,theformulationofthefiniteelementsystemequations
ofmotionisdiscussedandtechniquesofsolutionareoutlined,takingaccountofbothlinearandnonlinear
classesofproblems.Aseriesofexamples(bothlinearandnonlinear)arepresentedwhichdemonstratethe
effectivenessandgeneralityofthisdynamicanalysistechnique.
D.P.CloughandR.W.Clough(DivisionofStructuralEngineeringandStructuralMechanics,Departmentof
CivilEngineering,CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,California94720,USA),

Earthquakesimulatorstudiesofcylindricaltanks,NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.46,No.2,April
1978,pp.367380,doi:10.1016/00295493(78)900213
ABSTRACT:Anexperimentalinvestigationontheseismicresponseofgroundsupported,cylindricalmetal
tanksisdescribed.Experimentalandanalyticalresearchbyotherinvestigatorsoverthepastfortyyearshas
providedafirmbasisforthecomputationoffreeandforcedvibrationbehaviorinidealliquidfilledcircular
cylindricalshellswithavarietyofelementarysupportconditions.However,theactualseismicbehaviorof
groundsupportedtankshasnotbeenknown,andpracticaldesignmethodsnecessarilyhavebeenbasedon
simplifyingassumptions.Thepresentresultsprovidethefirstopportunityforrationalevaluationofseismic
designassumptions,andsuggesttheoreticaldevelopmentswhichwouldenhancetherealismofrefinedseismic
analyses.Thealuminumscalemodeldiscussedhere,12ftindiameterand6fthigh,representsa36ftdiameter
steelprototype.Itwastested,inanchoredandunanchoredbaseconfigurations,underactionofatimescaledEl
Centro,1940,earthquakewithpeakaccelerationof0.5g,usingtheEarthquakeSimulatorFacilityofthe
UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.Stressesanddisplacementsofthemodel,inbothanchoredandunanchored
conditions,weredominatedbyeffectsofoutofroundresponseinhigherordercircumferentialmodes,a
resultwhichisnotpredictedbycurrentseismicanalysistheory,andwhichcontradictsbasicassumptionsof
currentdesignpractice.Theexperimentalobservationsarediscussedinrelationtodynamicanalysistheory,
practicaldesignmethods,andthehistoryoftankperformanceinpastearthquakes.
H.Haydl,Bucklingofdoublycurvedshallowthinshells,AIAAJournal,Vol.6,No.5,May1968,pp.982
984
HelmutM.Haydl(MoutainView,California,USA),Elasticbucklingofheateddoublycurvedthinshells,
NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.7,No.2,pp.141151,1968
ABSTRACT:Equationsarepresentedtodescribethelargedeflectionbehaviorofdoublycurvedshallowthin
shellsundernonuniformthermalloading.ApproximatesolutionsareobtainedbymeansoftheGalerkinmethod
fortemperaturedistributionswhicha)varyoverthesurfaceoftheshellandb)varyoverthesurfaceandlinearly
throughthethicknessoftheshell.Loaddeflectioncurvesareplottedforsimplysupportedshellpanels.The
resultsareusedtostudybucklingandpostbucklingbehaviorofthepanels.Itisshown,thatthebuckling
temperatureisafunctionofthesumofthecurvatureparameters,dimensionsoftheshellanditsmaterial
properties.
L.Berke(1)andR.L.Carlson(2)
(1)U.S.AirForceFlightDynamicsLaboratory,WrightPattersonAFB,Dayton,Ohio
(2)SchoolofAerospaceEngineering,GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology,Atlanta,Georgia
Experimentalstudiesofthepostbucklingbehaviorofcompletesphericalshells:Theresultsofexperimentson
thepostbucklingbehaviorofelectroformedsphericalshellsunderuniformexternalpressurearepresented,
ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.8,No.12,December1968,pp.548553,doi:10.1007/BF02327517
ABSTRACT:Inexperimentsperformedonelastic,completesphericalshellsoflargeradiustothicknessratio,
pressureandvolumedisplacementinstrumentationandphotographywereusedtostudypostbucklingbehavior.
Photographsofanumberofthedistinctmodesobservedarepresented.

Fersht,RenaScher(1968)Bucklingofcylindricalshellswithrandomimperfections.Dissertation(Ph.D.),
CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd11142005105632
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingstabilityanalysisoflongcylindricalshellswithrandomimperfectionssubjectedto
axialloadistreatedusingtwodifferentapproaches.ThefirststudyisbasedonaLyapunovmethodwhich
enablesonetoestablishsufficientconditionsforbucklingstabilityofalongcylindricalshellwithaxisymmetric
randomimperfections.Aperturbedsystemofequationsintheneighborhoodoftheprebucklingsolutionis
investigated.Byreducingtheproblemtoasystemofintegralequations,itisobservedthatthestability
boundaryvalueproblemofalongshellissimilartothatofadynamicalsystemwithrandomparametric
excitations.InitialimperfectionswereassumedtohaveGaussiandistributionandanexponentialcosine
correlationfunction.Thecriticalloadwasobtainedasafunctionoftherootmeansquareoftheimperfections.
ResultsobtainedarequalitativelysimilartothoseofKoiterforaperiodicimperfection(Ref.1).Thesecondpart
isbasedontheapproximatemethodoftruncatedhierarchy.Theprebucklingstateofequilibriumforasymmetric
imperfectionsisfoundbyasuccessivesubstitutiontechnique.Ahomogeneousvariationalsystemofequations
issetupinordertoexaminetheexistenceofbifurcationintheneighborhoodoftheequilibriumstate.Theselast
equationsinvolverandomparametricterms.Thetruncatedhierarchymethodisappliedandcharacteristic
equationsareobtained.Variousexponentialcosinecorrelationfunctionsassociatedwithasymmetric
imperfectionsareexaminednumerically.Qualitativelytheresultsobtainedareasanticipated.
ReferenceslistedattheendofthePh.D.dissertation:
1.Koiter,W.T.,OntheStabilityofElasticEquilibrium,Ph.D.Thesis,Delft,H,J.Paris,Amsterdam,1945.
2.Koiter,W,T.,TheEffectofAxisymmetricimperfectionsontheBucklingofCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompression,
Koninkl.Nederl.AkademievanWetenschappen,Amsterdam,SeriesB,,66(1963)No.5.
3.Donnell,L.H.andWan,C.C.,EffectofimperfectionsonBucklingofThinCylindersandColumnsunderAxialCompression,J.
ofAppl,Mech.,March1950.
4.Hutchinson,J.W.,AxialBucklingofPressurizedImperfectCylindricalShells,AIAAJournal,Vol,3,No.8,August1965
5.Budiansky,BandHutchinson,J.W.,DynamicBucklingofImperfectionSensitiveStructuresz,App.Mech,Proc.ofthe11th
Intern.Congress,Munich,1964.
6.Babcock,C.D.andSechler,E.E.,TheEffectofInitialImperfectionsontheBucklingStressofCylindricalShells,NASATND
2005,1963.
7.Bolotin,V.V.,StatisticalMethodsintheNonlinearTheoryofElasticShells,NASATTF85,1962(originallywritteninRussian
in1956)
8.Fraser,W.B.,BucklingofaStructurewithRandomimperfections,Ph,D,Thesis,HarvardUniversity,1965.
9.Amazigo,J.C.,BucklingunderAxialCompressionofLongCylindricalShellswithRandomAxisymmetricImperfections,
HarvardRep.SM20,November1967.
10.Caughey,T,K.andGray,A.W.,OntheAlmostSureStabilityofLinearDynamicSystemswithStochasticCoefficients,J.of
Appl.Mech.,June1965.
11.Keller,J.B.,StochasticEquationsandWavePropagationinRandomMedia,Proc.onSymposiainAppliedMathematics,XVI,
RhodeIsland:AmericanMath.Sc,,p.145170,1964.
12,Richardson,J.M.,TheApplicationofTruncatedHierarchyTechniquesintheSolutionofaStochasticLinearDifferential
Equation,Proc.onSymposiainAppliedMathematics,XIV,RhodeIsland:AmericanMath.Sc.,p,298302,1964,
13.Arbocz,J..andBabcock,C.D,,ExperimentaIlnvestigationoftheEffectofGeneralimperfectionsontheBucklingofCylindrical
Shells,GalcitRep.SM487,February1968.
14.Gantmacher,F,R.,TheTheoryofMatrices,1959.
15.Laning,J.W.andBattin,R.H.,RandornProcessesinAutomaticControls,McGrawHill,1956.
16.Hahn,W.,TheoryandApplicationsofLiapunovsDirectMethod,PrenticeHall,1963.
17.Taussky,O.,ARemarkonaTheoremofLiapunov,J,Math.AnalysisandAppl.2,p,105107,1961.
18.Papoulis,A.,TheFourierIntegralanditsApplications,McGrawHill,1962.

JohannArbocz(CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology),Bucklingofconicalshellsunderaxialcompression,
NASACR1162,September1968
ABSTRACT:Anexperimentalinvestigationoftheeffectoftheconesemivertexanglealphaonthebuckling
loadofaconicalshellunderaxialcompressionwascarriedout.Theeffectofaspecifictypeofinitial
imperfectionwasalsoinvestigated.Theimperfectionstudiedwasaxiallysymmetricinshape.Theexperiments
werecarriedoutwithshellsfabricatedbyacopperelectroformingprocess.Theshellshadnolongitudinal
seams.Finalresultsshowedthatthedependenceofthebucklingloadonthesemivertexanglealphais
adequatelyrepresentedbythelinearizedtheory.Alsotheupperboundtotheexperimentalresultsofthecones
withknownaxisymmetricinitialimperfectionsagreedwellwithpreviouslypublishedanalyticalvalues.
Arbocz,Johann,Theeffectofgeneralimperfectionsonthebucklingofcylindricalshells.Dissertation
(Ph.D.),CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,1968.http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd11292005080202
ABSTRACT:Anexperimentalandtheoreticalinvestigationoftheeffectofgeneralimperfectionsonthe
bucklingloadofacircularcylindricalshellunderaxialcompressionwascarriedout.Anoncontactprobehas
beenusedtomakecompleteimperfectionsurveysonelectroformedcoppershellsbeforeandduringtheloading
processuptothebucklingload.Thedatarecordingprocesshasbeenfullyautomatedandthedatareductionwas
doneonanIBM7094.Threedimensionalplotswereobtainedofthemeasuredinitialimperfectionsurfacesand
ofthegrowthoftheseimperfectionsunderincreasingaxialload.Themodalcomponentsofthemeasured
imperfectionsurfaceswerealsoobtained.Thetheoreticalsolutionlocatedthelimitpointsofthepostbuckled
states.Asimplifiedimperfectionmodelwasusedconsistingofoneaxisymmetricandoneasymmetric
component.Forglobalbucklingthecorrelationbetweenthetheoreticalbucklingloadsandtheexperimental
valueswasfoundtobegood.
Referenceslistedattheendofthedissertation:
1.Weingarten,V.I.;Morgan,E.T.;andSeide,P.:FinalReportonDevelopmentofDesignCriteriaforElasticStabilityofThin
ShellStructures.
STL/TR6000019425,SpaceTechnologyLaboratories,1960,
2.Stein,M.:TheEffectontheBucklingofPerfectCylindersofPrebucklingDeformationsandStressesInducedbyEdgeSupport.
CollectedPapersonInstabilityofShellStructures,NASATND1510,1962,pp.217227.
3.Fischer,E.:berdenEinflussderGelenkigenLagerungaufdieStabilittDnnwandigerKreiszylinderschalenunterAxiallastund
Innendruck.2.Flugwissenschaften,Vol.11,1963,pp.111119.
4.Almroth,B.O.:InfluenceofEdgeConditionsontheStabilityofAxiallyCompresedCylindricalShells.NASACR161,Feb.
1963.
5.Hoff,N.J.:TheEffectofEdgeConditionsontheBucklingofThinWalledCircularShellsinAxialCompression.Proc.11thInt.
CongressofAppl.Mech.,JuliusSpringerVerlag,Berlin,1964.
6.Kobayashi,S.:TheInfluenceoftheBoundaryConditionsontheBucklingLoadofCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompression.
GALCTTSM663,March1966.
7.Donnell,L.H.:ANewTheoryfortheBucklingofThinCylindersunderAxialCompressionandBending.Trans,Am.Soc.Mech.
Eng.,Vol.56,1934,p.795.
8.Donnell,L.M.andWan,C.C.:EffectofImperfectionsonBucklingofThinCylindersandColumnsunderAxialCompression.
Journ.Appl.Mech.,Vol.17,1950,p.73.
9.Koiter,W.T.:OntheStabilityofElasticEquilibrium.Ph.D.Thesis,Delft,H.T.Paris,Amsterdam,1945.
10.Koiter,W.T.:TheEffectofAxisymmetricImperfectionsontheBucklingofCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompression.
LockheedMissilesandSpaceCompany,6906386,Sunnyvale,California,Bug.1963.
11.Koiter,W.T,:ElasticStabilityandPostbucklingBehavior.Proc.SymposiumNonlinearProblems,(R.E.Langered.)University
ofWisconsinPress,Madison,Wisconsin,1963
12.Hutchinson,J.:AxialBucklingofPressurizedImperfectCylindricalShells,AIAAJ.,Vol.3,Aug.1965,pp.14611466.
13.Thurston,E.A.andFreeland,M.A.:BucklingofImperfectCylindersunderAxialCompression,NASACR541,July1966.
14.Babcock,C.D.:TheBucklingofCylindricalShellswithanInitialImperfectionunderAxialCompressionLoading.Ph.D.Thesis,

CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,1962.
15.Arbocz,J.:BucklingofConicalShellsunderAxialCompression.GALCITSM686,Feb,1968.

J.ArboczandC.D.Babcock,Jr.,Theeffectofgeneralimperfectionsonthebucklingofcylindricalshells
(Imperfectionsurfaceeffectonbucklingloadofcircularcylindricalshellunderaxialcompression,locating
limitpointsofpostbuckledstates),ASME,Transactions,SeriesEJournalOfAppliedMechanics.Vol.36,pp.
2838.1969
ArboczJ.,Theeffectofinitialimperfectionsonshellstability,In:FungYC,SechlerEE,editors,Thinshell
structures.EnglewoodCliffs,NJ:PrenticeHallInc.,1974.p.20545.
Arbocz,J.andBabcock,C.D.,Predictionofbucklingloadsbasedonexperimentallymeasuredinitial
imperfections,inBucklingofStructures,editedbyBG.Budiansky,SpringerVerlag,NewYork,1976,pp.
295296
Arbocz,J.andWilliams,J.G.,"ImperfectionSurveysona10ftDiameterShellStructure,"AIAAJournal,Vol.
15,1977,pp.949956.
ABSTRACT:Theresultsofanextensiveimperfectionsurveyona10ftdiameterintegrallystiffened
cylindricalshellarepresented.Theshapeofthemeasuredinitialimperfectionsisclearlyinfluencedbydetails
oftheshellconstruction.Themodalcomponentsofthemeasuredimperfectionsurfaceasafunctionofthe
circumferentialandoftheaxialwavenumbersarecalculated.Thediscreteaxialpowerspectraldensity
functionsandthecorrespondingrootmeansquarevaluesoftheimperfectionsarealsodeterminedforgiven
circumferentialwavenumbers.UsingtheFouriercoefficientsofthemeasuredinitialimperfections,buckling
loadsarecalculatedbysolvingthenonlinearDonnelltypeimperfectshellequationsiteratively.Thecalculated
lowestbucklingloadcomparesfavorablywiththevaluesusuallyrecommendedforsimilarshellstructures.
J.ArboczandC.D.Babcock,Jr.,Utilizationofstagstodetermineknockdownfactorsfrommeasuredinitial
imperfections,January1978,DelftUniversityofTechnology,
PersistentIdentifier:urn:NBN:nl:ui:24uuid:e51012e09c52466d8c3b713c16dbb882
E.E.SechlerandC.D.Babcock(CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology),Aremeasurementsofgeometric
imperfectionsofplatesandshellsuseful?(Discussion),ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.19,No.1,1979,pp.28,
doi:10.1007/BF02327767
C.F.ShihandC.D.Babcock,Scalemodeltestsofafluidfilledtankunderharmonicexcitation,ASME
Century2PVPConference,SanFrancisco,PaperNo.80C2/PVP66,1980
J.ArboczandC.D.Babcock,Jr.,TheBucklingAnalysisofImperfectionSensitiveShellStructures
(Pamphlet),NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration,30pp,1980
ABSTRACT:SeveraltypesofanalysesusedtopredictthebucklingbehaviorofimperfectAlshellstructures
aredescribed.Theseanalysesareusedtostudyonewellcharacterizedstringerstiffenedcylindricalshell.The
abilityofeachanalysistopredicttheactualexperimentalbucklingloadisexamined.Inaddition,the
informationobtainedfromeachanalysisisusedwhenproceedingtoahigherlevelofanalysiscomplexity.

Baseduponthisstudy,aprocedureforcalculatinga"knockdown"factorisproposedtoreplacethetraditional
empiricalknockdownfactor.
Arbocz,J.,Theimperfectiondatabank:Ameanstoobtainrealisticbucklingloads,inBucklingofShells,
editedbyE.Ramm,Proceedingsofastateoftheartcolloquium,UniversittStuttgart,Germany,May,1982.
M.ElRaheb(1)andC.D.Babcock,Jr(2)
(1)JetPropulsionLaboratory,USA
(2)DepartmentofAeronautics,CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,Pasadena,California91103,U.S.A.
Effectofelasticendringsontheeigenfrequenciesofthincylinders,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.74,
No.1,January1981,pp.3146,doi:10.1016/0022460X(81)904892
ABSTRACT:Theeffectofelasticendringsontheeigenfrequenciesofthincylindricalshellsisstudiedby
usinganexactsolutionofthelineareigenvalueproblem.Theoutofplaneandtorsionalrigiditiesoftherings
areresponsiblefortheoverallshellstiffness.Considerablemodeinteractionexistsformodeswithlow
circumferentialwavenumberswhenthemassoftheringiscomparablewiththatoftheshell.Thehypothetical
simplysupportedandclampedboundaryconditionsarepracticallyimpossibletorealizewithafinitemassring
forrelativelyshortandthinshells.
J.M.T.ThompsonandA.C.Walker(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityCollege,London,U.K.),
Thenonlinearperturbationanalysisofdiscretestructuralsystems,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,Vol.4,No.8,August1968,pp.757768,doi:10.1016/00207683(68)900541
ABSTRACT:Ageneralformofperturbationanalysisfordiscretenonlinearstructuralsystemsispresented.
Thisgeneratesasystemoflinearequationswhichcanbesolvedsequentiallyforthepathderivativesinthe
unloadedstate.Eachsetoflinearequationshasthesamebasicnonsingularmatrix,andthemethodisthus
ideallysuitableforusewithadigitalcomputer.Thegeneraltheoryisillustratedfirstlybyanharmonicand
secondlybyafiniteelementanalysisofabeamsufferinglargebendingdeflections,anexactbeamformulation
beingemployedandacontinuumperturbationanalysisbeingpresentedforcomparison.Thefirstsevenpath
derivativesareevaluatedandareobservedtoconvergerapidlyineachcasetothecontinuumvalueswhichare
thenusedtoconstructtheloaddeflectioncharacteristicofthebeam:thechoiceofindependentvariableinthis
finalconstructionisseentobehighlysignificant.Goodagreementisachievedwiththeknownnonlinear
solution,anditisconcludedthattheperturbationanalysiswillbeausefultoolinproblemsofmoderatenon
linearity
J.M.T.Thompson(DepartmentofCivilandMunicipalEngineering,UniversityCollege,London,U.K.),The
branchinganalysisofperfectandimperfectdiscretestructuralsystems,JournaloftheMechanicsandPhysics
ofSolids,Vol.17,No.1,February1969,pp.110,doi:10.1016/00225096(69)900088
ABSTRACT:Ageneralperturbationtheoryforthebranchinganalysisofperfectandimperfectdiscrete
conservativestructuralsystemsispresented.Suchsystemsarebestanalysedwithoutresorttoaschemeof
diagonalization,andtheabsenceofsuchaschemedistinguishesthepresentdevelopmentfromanearlierstudy
bytheauthor.Thetensornotationandthesystemofslidingaxesemployedinthatstudyarehoweverof
considerableanalyticalvalueandarethereforeretained.Thetheoryispresentedforbothageneralanda
specializedclassofsystemandsomegeneralfeaturesoftheperturbationschemeareestablished.Forimperfect

systemstheconceptofaspirallingeigenvectorisintroducedtoyieldtheequationsofimperfectionsensitivity
explicitlyintermsofthepostbucklingderivativesoftheperfectsystemandinaformthatcanbedirectly
employedinnumericalanalysis.
A.C.Walker(UniversityCollege,London,UK),Anonlinearfiniteelementanalysisofshallowcircular
arches,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.5,No.2,February1969,pp.97107,
doi:10.1016/00207683(69)900237
ABSTRACT:Thelargedeflectionbehaviourofashallowcirculararchsubjectedtoaverticalpointloadis
studiedanalyticallyusingtheRayleighRitzfiniteelementmethod.Theenergyfunctionalemployedisalittle
moreexactthanthatnormallyusedforshallowarchesandthefunctionsusedinthefiniteelementmethod
maintaincontinuityuptothesecondderivativeofthenormaldisplacementanduptothefirstderivativeofthe
tangentialdisplacement.Thenonlinearalgebraicequationsofequilibriumaresolvedtoahighdegreeof
accuracypusingaTaylor'sexpansiontechniquetogetherwiththeNewtonRaphsonmethod.Thestabilityofthe
symmetricdeformationpathisstudiedandadetailedanalysisiscarriedoutatthepointofbifurcationontoan
asymmetricdeformationpath.Theslopeofthispostbuckledpathiscomputedandisshowntobeaccuratefor
deformationswellbeyondthepointofbifurcation.
J.M.T.ThompsonandA.C.Walker(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityCollege,LondonU.K.),A
generaltheoryforthebranchinganalysisofdiscretestructuralsystems,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,Vol.5,No.4,April1969,pp.281288,doi:10.1016/00207683(69)900134
ABSTRACT:Ageneralperturbationtheoryforthebranchinganalysisofdiscreteconservativestructural
systemsispresented.Suchsystemsarebestanalysedwithoutresorttoaschemeofdiagonalization,andthe
absenceofsuchaschemedistinguishesthepresentdevelopmentfromearlierstudies.Thetensornotationand
thesystemofslidingaxesemployedinearlierstudiesarehoweverofconsiderableanalyticalvalueandare
thereforeretained.Thetheoryispresentedforbothageneralandaspecializedclassofsystemandsomegeneral
featuresoftheperturbationschemeareestablished.Theapplicationofthegeneraltheorytotwobranching
problemsisfinallyoutlinedanditsmeritsdiscussed.
JohnM.T.Thompson(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityCollege,London,GreatBritain),A
generaltheoryfortheequilibriumandstabilityofdiscreteconservativesystems,ZeitschriftfrAngewandte
MathematikundPhysik(ZAMP),Vol.20,No.6,1969,pp.797846,
doi:10.1007/BF01592294
ABSTRACT:EinevomVerfasserkrzlichentwickelteallgemeineTheoriederelastischenStabilittwirdin
einheitlicherundmodernerFormdargestellt.DieTheoriebehandeltGleichgewichtundStabilittdiskreter
kontinuierlicherSystemeundistsomiteinBeitragzurklassischenMechanik,mitAnwendungeninder
numerischenUntersuchungvoninderPraxisauftretendenKrpernundTragwerken.Normalesundkritisches
VerhalteneinesallgemeinenSystemswerdendurcheinennatrlichenStrungsansatzklassifiziertund
berechnet;beidesmitoderohneDiagonalisierungsschema.DasanfnglicheberkritischeVerhalteneines
SystemsbeieinemdiskretenkritischenPunktwirdausfhrlichuntersucht;besondereAufmerksamkeitwirdder
wichtigenFragederImperfektionenanflligkeitgewidmet.EinigeneueTheoremewerdenaufgestellt.

JohnM.T.ThompsonandGilesW.Hunt,Towardsaunifiedbifurcationtheory,ZeitschriftfrAngewandte
MathematikundPhysik(ZAMP),Vol.26,No.5,1975,pp.581603,doi:10.1007/BF01594031
ABSTRACT:Bifurcationtheoriesfortheinstabilityofslowlyevolvingsystemshavebeendevelopedinvarious
disciplines,andafirststepisheretakentowardssomedesirableunification.Amodernaccountoftheauthors'
generalbranchingtheoryfordiscretesystemsisfirstpresented,somenewfeaturesbeingtheintroductionof
principalimperfectionsandthedelineationoftheimportantsemisymmetricpointsofbifurcation.Thistheory,
embeddedinaperturbationapproachidealforquantitativeanalysis,iscomplementarytothefarreaching
qualitativecatastrophetheoryofRenThomwhichoffersaprofoundtopologicalclassificationofinstability
phenomena.Forthisreason,wepresenthereadetailedcorrelationofthetwotheories.Alsopresentedinthe
paperisasurveyofsomefieldsofapplicationrangingfromclassicalfieldssuchashydrodynamics,through
thermodynamics,crystallographyandcosmology,tothenewerdomainsofbiologyandpsychology.
J.M.T.Thompson,J.K.Y.TanandK.C.Lim(DepartmentOfCivilEngineering,UniversityCollege,London,
England),OntheTopologicalClassificationofPostbucklingPhenomena,MechanicsBasedDesignof
StructuresandMachines:AnInternationalJournal,Vol.6,No.4,1978,pp.383414,doi:
10.1080/03601217808907346
ABSTRACT:Theclassificationofinitialpostbucklingbehaviorisknowntobegovernedbytheenergy
functionofthecriticalequilibriumstate,andthiscanbeemphasizedbyviewingtheloadasaLagrange
multiplierinaconstrainedminimization.Theenergyofthecriticalbranchingpointitselfalsouniquely
determinesthecatastrophetheoryclassificationofinstabilityphenomena,anditisshownhowafiner
bifurcationalclassificationariseswhenaloadparameter,andhenceanapproachrouteincontrolspace,is
specifiedapriori.Theseideasareillustratedforthecompound,twofold,semisymmetricbranchingpointswith
anexaminationoftwopathologicalcasesthathavenotbeenpreviouslyanalyzed.Thefirstoftheseisthe
degeneratesituationtypifiedbytherotationallysymmetricbucklingofacompletesphericalshellinwhichthe
loadandengineeringimperfectionsfailtofullyunfoldthetopologicalsingularity,andgenerateatraceofhill
topbranchingpoints.Thesecondistheparaclinalpointofbifurcation(parabolicumbiliccatastrophe)thatforms
thetypicaltransitionfromahomeoclinaltoananticlinalpointofbifurcation,andrepresentsanimportant
practicalproblemintheinteractivebucklingofstiffenedplatesandshells.
M.M.Lei(1)andShunCheng(2)
(1)MechanicalEngineeringDepartment,RochesterInstituteofTechnology,Rochester,N.Y.
(2)DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,TheUniversityofWisconsin,Madison,Wis.
Bucklingofcompositeandhomogeneousisotropiccylindricalshellsunderaxialandradialloading,Journal
ofAppliedMechanics,Vol.36,No.4,pp.791798,December1969,DOI:10.1115/1.3564772
ABSTRACT:Atheoreticalanalysisofthebucklingofamultilayeredthinorthotropiccompositecircular
cylindricalshelloffinitelength,subjectedto(a)uniformaxialcompression,and(b)axialcompression
combinedwithradialpressure,ispresented.Ateachendoftheshell,fourboundaryconditionsaresatisfied.
Fourcombinationsofboundaryconditionsforsimplysupportedshells,andfourcombinationsofboundary
conditionsforclampedshells,aretreated.Theseboundaryconditionsarereducedtothevanishingofafourth
orderdeterminant.Bucklingloadsforboronepoxycompositeshellsaredeterminedandtheresultsareshownin
aseriesofdiagrams.Theeffectofboundaryconditionsonthebucklingloadforvariousgeometricaldimensions

ofcompositecylindersisinvestigated.Detailsoftheboundaryconditionsareshowntohavestronginfluenceon
thebucklingloadoftheshell.Theminimumcriticalaxialcompressionforasimplysupportedshellwith
boundaryconditionsSS1isaslowas79percentoftheminimumcriticalaxialcompressionforashellwith
classicalboundaryconditionsSS3.Asaspecialcaseofacompositeshell,theminimumcriticalaxial
compressivestressforahomogeneous,isotropic,simplysupportedshellwithendconditionsSS1isfoundtobe
43.7percentoftheclassicalcriticalstress.
J.Roorda(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofWaterloo,Ontario,Canada),Somestatistical
aspectsofthebucklingofimperfectionsensitivestructures,JournaloftheMechanicsandPhysicsofSolids,
Vol.17,No.2,March1969,pp.111123,doi:10.1016/00225096(69)900386
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingofimperfectionsensitiveelasticstructuresisexaminedfromastatisticalpointof
view.Giventherelationbetweentheimperfectionandthebucklingload,anaccountisgivenofthedependence
ofthestatisticalparametersofthecriticalloaddistributionupontheparametersoftheimperfectiondistribution.
Itisshownthatthestatisticsofthecriticalloaddistributionarehighlydependentonboththemeanandthe
dispersionaboutthemeanoftheimperfections.Thequestionoftheprobabilityoffailureataspecifiednominal
load,anditsdependenceonthedegreeofuncertaintyofbothloadandimperfection,isalsoanalysed.Numerical
resultsareobtainedonthebasisofanormalimperfectiondistributionfortwoclassesofstructures,namely
symmetricandasymmetricstructures.
JohnRoorda,(SolidMechanicsDiv.,Univ.ofWaterloo,Waterloo,Canada),BucklingofShells:AnOldIdea
withaNewTwist,ASCEJournaloftheEngineeringMechanicsDivision,Vol.98,No.3,May/June1972,pp.
531538
ABSTRACT:Theerraticbucklingbehaviorofcylindricalshellsinaxialcompressionisanalyzedusingthe
conceptofequivalentimperfections.Itispostulatedthatthesumofalldeparturesfromperfectioninarealshell
canbereplacedbyahypotheticalaxisymmetricimperfectioninacorrespondingshellofinfinitelength.The
equivalentimperfectistreatedasarandomvariablewithanormaldistributionwhosemeanandvarianceare
assumedtobedirectlyproportionaltotheshellradiustothicknessratio.Thisleadstoadesignformulawhichis
comparedwiththeresultsofsome360cylinderbucklingexperimentspublishedelsewhere.Anappropriate
choiceofproportionalityconstantsyieldsacurvewhichgivesagoodlowerboundontheexperimentalbuckling
loadsoverthewholerangeofradiustothicknessratios.AnanalogyisdrawnbetweenthePerryRobertsonstrut
formulaandtheoneproposedhereforcylinders.
D.A.DanielsonandJ.G.Simmonds(DepartmentofAppliedMathematicsandComputerScience,University
ofVirginia,Charlottesville,Va.22901,U.S.A.),Accuratebucklingequationsforarbitraryandcylindrical
elasticshells,InternationalJournalofEngineeringScience,Vol.7,No.5,May1969,pp.459468,
doi:10.1016/00207225(69)900330
ABSTRACT:Accurateequationsfortheneutralequilibriumofarbitraryelasticshellsarederived.These
equationsinvolvenodisplacementcomponentsandthuscomplementalternatesetsofneutralequilibrium
equationsproposedbyKoiterandBudiansky.Theequationsarespecializedtoauniformlyloadedcircular
cylindricalshellandreducedtoasinglepartialdifferentialequation.Forasimplysupportedcylindricalshell,
expressionsforthebucklingloadsareobtainedwhichareassimpleasthosepredictedbytheDonnellequations,

yetasaccurateasthosepredictedbythemoreelaborateFlggeequations.
P.L.Grossman,B.KoplikandYY.Yu,Nonlinearvibrationsofshallowsphericalshells,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.
36,1969,pp.451458
D.J.TenerelliandW.H.Horton,Anexperimentalstudyofthelocalbucklingofringstiffenedcylinderssubject
toaxialcompression,Proceedingsofthe11thIsraelAnnualConferenceonAviationandAstronautics,Israel
JournalofTechnology,Vol.7,Nos.1and2,pp.181194,March1969
P.Meijers,Elasticplasticdeformationofthickwalledcylinders,Proc.1stInt.Conf.PressureVessel
Technology,Delft,1969,pp.1934
HiroyukiAb(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,TohokuUniversity,Sendai,Japan),Anonlinearshell
theoryanditsapplicationtocircularcylinders,InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,Vol.4,No.2,
June1969,pp.107121,doi:10.1016/00207462(69)900201
ABSTRACT:Anonlinearshelltheoryvalidforlargedisplacementsandfinitestrainsispresentedforthin
homogeneousandelasticshellswhosematerialexhibitscurvilinearorthotropy,thoughitissubjecttothe
restrictionoftheKirchhoffhypothesis.Byintroducingcertainsimplifyingassumptionsofordersof
smallness,approximatefieldequationsareobtainedforthincircularcylindricalshells.Theequilibrium
configurationofpostbuckledstatesofisotropiccircularcylindersunderexternallateralpressureisinvestigated
withtheaidofthebasicequationsderivedabove,andtheresultsarecomparedwiththesolutionduetothe
conventionallargedeflectiontheory.
EgleDM,BrayFM,Anexperimentalstudyoffreevibrationofcylindricalshellswithdiscretelongitudinal
stiffening,SchoolofAeroSpaceandMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofOklahoma,NSFGrant,Final
Report,GK1490,November1968.
BertCW,BakerGL,EgleDM,Freevibrationofmultilayeredanisotropiccylindricalshells,JComposMater
1969;3:480490.
MyintU,T.(ManhattanCollege,Bronx,NewYork10471,USA),PostBucklingBehaviorofAxially
CompressedCoreFilledCylinders,ZAMMJournalofAppliedMathematicsandMechanics/Zeitschriftfr
AngewandteMathematikundMechanik,Vol.49,No.7,1969,pp.423426.doi:10.1002/zamm.19690490706
ABSTRACT:Thepostbucklingbehaviorofanaxiallycompressedcorefilledcircularcylindricalshellis
presented.ThesoftelasticcoreisrepresentedbythePasternakfoundationmodelwhichisaWinklerfoundation
modelwithshearinteractions.TheRitzenergymethodisemployedtoobtaintheloaddeformationrelationship.
Thestabilizingeffectofsoftcoreonthebucklingstrengthofshellisillustrated.
K.Miura,Inextensionalbucklingdeformationsofgeneralcylindricalshells,AIAAJournal,Vol.6,No.5,
May1968,pp.966968

KoryoMiura(InstituteofSpaceandAeronauticalScience,UniversityofTokyo),Propositionofpseudo
cylindricalconcavepolyhedralshells,UniversityofTokyoReportNo.442,November1969
ABSTRACT:Apropositionofanewshellform,whichiscylindricalinamacroscopicsenseandisconcave
polyhedralinamicroscopicsense,isthepurposofthispaper.Itisshownthattheinextensionalpostbuckling
configurationsofgeneralcylindricalshellssubjectedtoaxialloadinghavepeculiargeometricalcharacteristics,
andthattheseconfigurationscomposeageneralgroupofsurfaceswhichmaybedesignatedasthepseudo
cylindricalconcavepolyhedralsurface.Thenthefixedideathatthesesurfacesareessentiallyfailedformsis
abandonedandisreplacedbytheideathatthesearethebasicformsofanewshellwhichcouldfunction
superblyasthestructureundersomeloadingconditions.Itisshownthatthenewshell,whichmaybecalledfor
convenience,thepseudocylindricalconcavepolyhedralshellandthePCCPshellforitsabbreviation,hasmany
usefulcharacteristicsasfollows:inclusionofanarbitrarycurvaturedistribution,developabilityofits
midsurface,intrinsicallyhighcircumferentialbendingrigidity,andsimplicityofelementaryfaces.The
applicationofPCCPshellstolargespanshellstructures,reservoirs,expansionjoints,andothersissuggested.
Sullins,R.T.,Smith,G.W.,Spier,E.E.,1969.Manualforstructuralstabilityanalysisofsandwichplatesand
shells.NASACR1457.
E.E.SpierandG.Wang(GeneralDynamicsConvairDivision,SanDiego,California92138,USA),On
BucklingofUnidirectionalBoron/AluminumStiffenersACautiontoDesigners,JournalofComposite
Materials,October1975,vol.9,no.4,pp.347360,doi:10.1177/002199837500900404
ABSTRACT:Unidirectionboron/aluminumstiffenershavebeenusedtosaveweightinstiffenedpanels,where
thecrosssectionswereofsuchshapesashats,rs,Z's,channels,etc.Thebucklinganalysisofthesestructuresis
usuallyfoundtobeunconservativewhentestsareperformed.Evenso,aweightsavingofapproximately50%
canbeachievedinthestiffenersthemselvesbyreplacingtheirmetalcounterparts.Anoedgefreecripplingtest
wasperformedonaunidirectionalboron/aluminumlaminatedplate,wherecollapseoccurredatacompressive
loadconsiderablybelowthetheoreticalbifurcationbucklingpoint.Thisprematurefailureisexplainedbya
numericalanalysisofthetestbytheuseofanonlinearcomputercode,whichrevealedthepresenceofhigh
transversebendingstressesbeyondthecapacityofthecomposite.
E.E.Spier,StabilityofGraphite/EpoxyStructureswithArbitrarySymmetricalLaminates,Journalof
ExperimentalMechanics,Nov.1978
E.E.Spier,Onexperimentalversustheoreticalincipientbucklingofnarrowgraphite/epoxyplatesin
compression,Proc.AIAA21stSDMConference,AIAAPaper800686CP,May,1980.
E.E.Spier,Localbuckling,postbuckling,andcripplingbehaviorofgraphiteepoxyshortthinwalled
compressionmembers,NavalAirSystemsCommand,Washington,D.C.,NASCN0001980C0174,July
1981.
Leissa,A.W.,VibrationofPlates,NASASP160,U.S.Govt.PrintingOffice,353pp.(1969).
Leissa,A.W.,VibrationofShells,NASASP288,U.S.Govt.PrintingOffice,428pp.(1973).
A.W.LeissaandA.S.Kadi(DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,TheOhioStateUniversity,Columbus,

Ohio,U.S.A.),Curvatureeffectsonshallowshellvibrations,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.16,No.2,
May1971,pp.173187,doi:10.1016/0022460X(71)904822
ABSTRACT:Theprimaryobjectiveofthepresentworkistoassesstheeffectofcurvatureuponthevibration
frequenciesofshallowshells.Forthispurpose,theshellischosentohavearectangularboundarysupportedby
sheardiaphragmsandyieldsexact,closedformsolutionsforconvenientcomparisoninthelinear,small
deflectionregimeand,atthesametime,representsasituationwhichcanreadilyoccurinpracticalapplication.
Theshellistakentohavetwoindependentradiiofcurvature,RxandRywhoseplanesareparalleltotheedges.
Thelineareigenvalueproblemissolved,bothwhentangentialinertiaisincludedandwhenitisneglected.
ExtensivetabularandgraphicalresultsarepresentedwhichshowtheeffectofcurvatureratioRx/Ryinthe
interval1.5<Rx/Ry<+1.5andtheaveragecurvature_uponthefrequencies.Theanalysisisextendedinto
thenonlinear,largedeflectionrgimebyassumingmodeshapesandsatisfyingthenonlinearfieldequations
ofmotionandcompatibilityapproximatelybymeansoftheGalerkinprocedure.Theeffectoflargedeflections
uponfrequenciesandphaseplaneplotsasthecurvatureratiochangesisshown.
G.F.Elsbernd(1)andA.W.Leissa(2)
(1)DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,U.S.AirForceAcademy,Colorado80840,U.S.A.
(2)FederalInstituteofTechnology,Zrich,Switzerland
Thevibrationsofnoncircularcylindricalshellswithinitialstresses,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.29,
No.3,August1973,pp.309329,doi:10.1016/S0022460X(73)802871
ABSTRACT:Thedifferentialequationswhichgovernthevibrationswithinitialstressesofthinnoncircular
cylindersofarbitrarycurvatureareobtainedbyavariationalapproach.Theinitialstresseswhichareconsidered
arestressesproducedbyaxialloads,torsion,andnormalpressure.Thesolutionprocedureispresentedand
numericalresultsarepresentedforthefreevibrationsoffreelysupportedovalcylinderswithoutinitialstress.
Frequencyfactorsofovalcylindersarecomparedwiththoseofcircularcylindersasthelength,thickness,and
noncircularityarevaried.Theequivalenceofthesolutionsforthefreevibrationswithandwithoutinitialaxial
stressisalsoestablished.
P.Montague(LecturerinEngineering,UniversityofManchester,SimonEngineeringLaboratories,Manchester
13,UK),
sllheslacindriylcn
dehiw
ltlaofourvhbaeim
laE
intxerp
eurse,ARCHIVE:JournalofMechanicalEngineeringScience
prnlarexteotdetceubjs
19591982(vols123),Vol.11,1969,pp.4056,
doi:10.1243/JMES_JOUR_1969_011_007_02
ABSTRACT:Thepaperdescribesexternalradialandhydrostaticpressuretestson12mildsteel,thinwalled
cylindricalshells.Radialdeflectionsandsurfacestrainsontheinsideandoutsideofthecylinderswallsare
relatedtotheconventionalsmalldeflectiontheory.Theelasticdeformationpatternsarefoundtobesimilarin
shapetothelobarmodeswhichcanbepredictedbyelasticinstabilitytheory.Thecollapsepressuresofthe
shellsandtheirmodesoffailureareconsideredinrelationtotherigidplastictheory,theimportanceofinitial
imperfectionsisdiscussedandanattemptismadetorelatethegeometricandmaterialpropertiesofthe
cylinderstomodesoffailureandtoappropriatecollapseanalyses.
P.MontagueandM.R.Horne(SimonEngineeringLaboratories,UniversityofManchester,UK),The
behaviourofcirculartubeswithlargeopeningssubjectedtoaxialcompression,JournalMechanical

EngineeringScience,Vol.23,No.5,1981,pp.225242
ABSTRACT: Circular, thin-walled, steel tubes, with elongated, non-axisymmetric openings
subjected to compressive, longitudinal load are examined. Thirteen laboratory tests are
described in which careful measurements were made of displacements and strains. The
tested specimens were in two geometrically dissimilar groups and their modes of failure
were found to be different. In one group the free edges of the openings buckled before
failure of the tube and in the other group large displacements at the free edges
coincided with the reducing axial stiffness of the tubes. Two theories are proposed to
explain these different kinds of behaviour and their predictions are compared with the
experimental results.
JohnH.Argyris(1and2)
(1)InstitutfrStatikundDynamikderLuftundRaumfahrtkonstruktionen(ISD),UniversittStuttgart,
Stuttgart,Germany
(2)ImperialCollegeofScienceandTechnology,UniversityofLondon,UK
Theimpactofthedigitalcomputeronstructuralanalysis,NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.10,No.4,
December1969,pp.395399,doi:10.1016/00295493(69)900788
(noabstractprovided)
HarveyW.Herring,RobertM.BaucomandRichardA.Pride(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,
Virginia,USA),MechanicalBehaviorofBoronEpoxyandGlassEpoxyFilamentWoundCylindersUnder
VariousLoads,TechnicalNote,March1969
DTICAccessionNumber:ADA308518,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA308518
ABSTRACT:AstudywasmadetodeterminethemechanicalbehaviorofboronepoxyandSglassepoxy
filamentwoundcylindersundertensile,compressive,torsional,andpressureloads.Thesecylinderswere
fabricatedineitheranorthotropicwindingpatternoranisotropicpattern.Conventionaltheoryusedtopredict
theelasticbehaviorofglassepoxyfilamentwoundcylinderswasdiscoveredtobeequallyadequateforthe
boronepoxycylinders.Attemptstocorrelatecylinderfailurestrengthscalculatedfromexistingstateoftheart
theorieswithexperimentalfailurestrengthsmetwithvaryingsuccess.

C.W.Bert,W.C.CrismanandG.M.Nordby,Bucklingofcylindricalandconicalsandwichshellswith
orthotropicfacings,AIAAJournal,Vol.7,No.2,February1969,pp.250257;AIAAJournal,Vol.7,No.9,
September1969,p.1824
O.B.DavenportandC.W.Bert,Bucklingoforthotropic,curved,sandwichpanelssubjectedtoedgeshear
loads,JournalofAircraft,Vol.9,No.7,July1972,pp.477480
O.B.DavenportandC.W.Bert,Bucklingoforthotropic,curved,sandwichpanelsinshearandaxial
compression,JournalofAircraft,Vol.10,No.10,October1973,pp.632634

CharlesW.Bert(Director,SchoolofAerospace,MechanicalandNuclearEngineering,TheUniversityof
Oklahoma,Norman,Oklahoma73069,USA),Statictestingtechniquesforfilamentwoundcomposite
materials,Composites,Vol.5,No.1,January1974,pp.2026,doi:10.1016/00104361(74)900159
ABSTRACT:ThispaperdiscussesavarietyofexperimentaltechniquesusedintheUnitedStatesto
characterizethestaticmechanicalpropertiesoffilamentwoundcomposites,suchasusedinvesselssubjectedto
internalpressure.Alsodiscussedarepracticalpitfallstobeavoidedandthedatareductionproceduresnecessary
toreducethetestdata.Propertiescoveredincludetension(flat,ringandtubespecimens),inplaneshear(panel,
offaxistension,railandtorsiontubespecimens)andmultiaxialtension(plateandshellspecimens).
M.J.Sewell(DepartmentofMathematics,UniversityofReading,USA),Amethodofpostbucklinganalysis,
JournaloftheMechanicsandPhysicsofSolids,Vol.17,No.4,September1969,pp.219233,
doi:10.1016/00225096(69)900131
ABSTRACT:AmethodofpostbucklinganalysisisdescribedwhichisrelatedtosomeworkofW.T.KImage.
Differencesinstartingdataandobjectivesbetweenthismethodandtheauthor'srecentgeneraltheoryof
equilibriumbehaviournearcriticalpointsarepointedout.Someremarksaremadeaboutconvergence
difficultieswhichcanarisewhencriticalpointsareclosetogether.
G.S.Dhatt,NumericalanalysisofthinshellsbycurvedtriangularelementsbaseondiscreteKirchhoff
hypothesis,Applicationoffiniteelementmethodsincivilengineering,edtiedbyWilliamH.Rowan,Jr.and
RobertM.Hackett,ASCE,November1969,pp.255278
SamuelW.KeyandZelmaE.Beisinger,Theanalysisofthinshellswithtransverseshearstreainsbythefinite
elementmethod,Proceedingsofthesecondconferenceonmatrixmethodsinstructuralmechanics,AFFDL
TR68150,U.S.AirForce,December1969,pp.667710
vanderNeut,A.,"TheInteractionofLocalBucklingandColumnFailureofThinwalledCompression
Members,"ProceedingsoftheTwelfthInternationalCongressofAppliedMechanics,editedbyM.Hetenyiand
W.G.Vincenti,SpringerVerlag,Berlin,Heidelberg,NewYork,1969,pp.389399.
Meijer,J.J.andvanderNeut,A.,Theinteractionoflocalbucklingandcolumnfailureofimperfectthinwalled
compressionmembers,DelftUniversityofTechnology,ReportVTH160,1970
vanderNeut,A.,Thesensitivityofthinwalledcompressionmemberstocolumnaxisimperfection,Int.J.
SolidsStructures,Vol.9,pp.9991011(1973).
vanderNeut,A.,ModeInteractionwithStiffenedPanels,Proc.IUTAMSymposiumonBucklingof
Structures1974,editedbyB.Budiansky,SpringerVerlag,Berlin,Heidelberg,NewYork,1976,pp.117132.
vanderNeut,A.,Theinteractionoflocalandoverallbucklinginstiffenedpanels,DelftUniversityof
Technology,ReportLR255(1977).

H.G.Allen,Analysisofsandwichpanels:thesignificanceofsheardeformation,Composites,Vol.1,No.4,
June1970,pp.215220,doi:10.1016/00104361(70)900066
ABSTRACT:Theimplicationsofcoresheardeformationsinthecalculationofstresses,deflectionsand
bucklingloadsarediscussedinelementaryterms.Simplecriteriaaregivenfortheclassificationofpanels
accordingtothestiffnessofthecores.Desirableattributesofgoodcorematerialsaredescribed.
Zienkiewicz,O.C.andIrons,B.M.,MatrixIterationandAccelerationProcessesinFiniteElementProblemsof
StructuralMechanics,inMethodsforNonlinearAlgebraicEquations,editedbyP.Rabinowitz,Gordonand
Breach,London,1970,pp.183194
S.Ahmed,B.M.IronsandO.C.Zienkiewicz,Analysisofthickandthinshellstructuresbycurvedfinite
elements,Int.J.NumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.2,1970,pp.419451
BruceM.Irons,Afrontalsolutionprogramforfiniteelementanalysis,Int.J.NumericalMethodsin
Engineering,Vol.2,No.1,JanuaryMarch1970,pp.532
B.M.IronsandA.Razzague,Experiencewiththepatchtestforconvergenceoffiniteelements,inThe
MathematicalFoundationsoftheFiniteElementMethodeditedbyA.K.Aziz,AcademicPress,NewYork,
1972,pp.557587
BruceM.IronsandAbdurRazzaque,Introductionofsheardeformationsintoathinplatedisplacement
formulation,AIAAJournal,Vol.11,No.10,October1973,pp.14381439
R.D.WoodandO.C.Zienkiewicz(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityCollegeofSwansea,Wales
UK),Geometricallynonlinearfiniteelementanalysisofbeams,frames,archesandaxisymmetricshells,
Computers&Structures,Vol.7,No.6,December1977,pp.725735,doi:10.1016/00457949(77)90027X
ABSTRACT:Thegeometricallynonlinearanalysisofelasticinplaneorientedbodies,e.g.beams,framesand
arches,ispresentedinatotalLagrangiancoordinatesystem.Byadoptingacontinuumapproach,employinga
paralinearisoparametricelement,theformulationisapplicabletostructuresconsistingofstraightorcurved
members.Displacementsandrotationsareunrestrictedinmagnitude.Thenonlinearequilibriumequationsare
solvedusingtheNewtonRaphsonmethodforwhichanumberofexamplesaregiven.Thederivationsare
extendedtoincludeaxisymmetricstructures.
J.M.WhitneyandN.J.Pagano,Sheardeformationinheterogeneousanisotropicplates,JournalofApplied
Mechanics,December1970,pp.10311036
JamesM.WhitneyandChangTsanSun(NonmetallicMaterialsDivision,AirForceMaterialsLaboratory,
WrightPattersonAirForceBase,Ohio45433),Bucklingofcompositecylindricalcharacterization
specimens,JournalofCompositeMaterials,April1975,vol.9,no.2,pp.138148,
doi:10.1177/002199837500900204
ABSTRACT:Usingdimensionswhicharetypicalofcurrentlaboratorytubularspecimens,criticalbuckling
loadsaredetermined'forunidirectionalandJaminatedcylinderssubjectedtotorsionandtoaxialcompression.
BucklingloadsareobtainedbyusingclassicalFourieranalysisinconjunctionwithFlugge'sshellequations

modifiedforanisotropiclaminatedmaterials.Comparisonofbucklingloadstocompositestrength,asestimated
frommaximumstraincriterion,suggeststhatbucklingisapotentialproblemintheuseoftubularspecimens.A
relativelyeasymethodforestimatingbucklingloadsisalsopresented.
J.M.Whitney,Bucklingofanisotropiclamiatedcylindricalplates,AIAAJournal,Vol.22,No.11,November
1984,pp.16411645
James.M.Whitney(UniversalTechnologyCorp.,Dayton,Ohio),AnalyticalModelsforDescribingthe
MechanicalBehaviorofFiberReinforcedComposites,FinalReport,September1992,
AccessionNumber:ADA265906,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA265906
ABSTRACT:Thisreportcoversthreetopicsinmechanicsofadvancedcomposites:effectoffibercrosssection
onstiffnessandstrengthoflaminatedcomposites;failurecriteriaforcompositesundercombinedloading;and
stressanalysismodelsforthickcomposites.Intheareaoffibercrosssectionaleffect,micromechanicsanalysis
addressestheeffectofellipticalfibersonthestiffnessandinplanestressconcentrations.Numericalresults
showthatfibercrosssectionalgeometryhasonlyamodestinfluenceonlaminateelasticconstants.Thesecond
topicaddressestheinteractionbetweenlongitudinalcompressionandtransverseloading(tensionand
compression).Dataobtainedwithaminisandwichbeamareusedtogeneratefailurestresses.Classical
laminationtheory,includingthermalresidualstressesduetocure,isutilizedfordeterminingplaystresses.
Experimentalresultsreveallittleinteractionbetweenlongitudinalcompressionandtransversestressesaslong
asthetransverseloadisbelowuniaxialtransversefailure.Underthetopicofthickcomposites,theeffectof
sheardeformationandtransversenormalstressonthecylindricalbendingoflaminated,anisotropicplates
subjectedtoauniformlateralloadisinvestigated.closedformsolutionsindicatethattheeffectoftransverse
normalstressonmaximumdeflectionissmall,evenforrelativelythickplates.
Referenceslistedattheendofthereport:

1.Tsai,S.W.andHahn,H.T.IntroductiontoCompositeMaterials,TechnomicPublishingCo.,Lancaster,PA,1980.
2.Theocaris,P.S.,"PositiveandNegativeFailureShearsinOrthotropicMaterials,"JournalofReinforcedPlasticsandComposites,
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pp.3255.
3.Crasto,A.andKim,R.Y.,"CompressionStrengthsofAdvancedCompositesfromaMiniSandwichBeam,"Proceedingsofthe
22ndInternationalSAMPETechnicalConference,SocietyforAdvancedManufacturingandProcessingEngineers,Covina,CA,1990,
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Mechanics,Vol.18,1951,pp.336343.
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37,1970,pp.10311036.
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forComposites,FifthTechnicalConference,TechnomicPublishingCo.,Lancaster,PA,1990,pp.469478.
8.Reissner,E.,"TheEffectofTransverseShearDeformationontheBendingofElasticPlates,"JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.
12,1945,pp.6977.
9.Reissner,E.,"OnaVariationalTheoreminElasticity,"JournalofMathematicsandPhysics,Vol.29,1950,pp.9097.
10.Whitney,J.M.,andRose,D.H.,"EffectofTransverseNormalStressontheBendingofThickLaminatedPlates,"Proceedingsof
ICCMVIII,EditedbyS.W.TsaiandG.S.Springer,SocietyfortheAdvancementofMaterialandProcessEngineering(SAMPE),
Covina,CA,1991,pp.30B130B10.

S.SrinivasandA.K.Rao,Bending,vibrationandbucklingofsimplysupportedthickorthotropicrectangular
platesandlaminates,Int.J.Solids&Struct.,Vol.6,No.11,November1970,pp.14631481

DonaldE.Johnson,Adifferencebasedvariationalmethodforshells,Int.J.Solids&Structures,Vol.6,No.
6,June1970,pp.699724
Clint,M.andJennings,A.(1970),Theevaluationofeigenvaluesbysimultaneousiterations,Computer
Journal,13,p.7680.
V.I.Myachenkov,Thestabilityofcylindricalshellsunderaxisymmetrictransversepressure,International
AppliedMechanics,Vol.6,No.1,1970,pp.1923,doi:10.1007/BF00887896
G.M.Lindberg,M.D.OlsonandG.R.Cowper,Newdevelopmentsinthefiniteelementanalysisofshells,
DME/NAEQuarterlyBulletin,No.1969(4),January1970
SamW.Small(BechtelInc.),Thesubmarinepipelineasastructure,PaperNumber1223MS,Offshore
TechnologyConference,2224April,1970,Houston,Texas,doi:10.4043/1223MS
ABSTRACT:Inthepast,designofsubmarinepipelineshasnottakenfullcognizanceofthefactthatsuch
pipelinesarestructuresandshouldbedesignedasstructures.Thesubmarinepipelineis,infact,anextremely
complexstructure.Itismuchmorecomplexthanmanylargerandmoreimpressivesurfacestructures.
Structuraldesignconsiderationsbothduringandafterconstructionarediscussed.Thesubmarinepipelineis
seentofunctionasacontinuousbeam,abeamonelasticfoundation,atensionmember,acompressionmember,
apressurepipe,anexternallyloadedconduit,andasuspensionelement.Thesystemofloadsonasubmarine
pipelineincludegravitational,environmental,constructionalandoperationalloads.Thesecanbebothstaticand
dynamic.Additionally,whenpipelinesareburied,theloadsfromsaturatedand,insomecases,liquefiedsoils
mustbeconsidered.Thissystemofloadingisverycomplexandinvolvesenvironmentalloadingsthatare
extremelyvariableandlocationdependent.Recommendationsaremadeforasystematicandrationalapproach
tostructuralanalyseswhichtakesintoaccounttheindividualnatureofeachsubmarinepipelinedesign
problem..Areaswherefurtherresearchwouldbebeneficialarealsodiscussed.
EricReissner(Dept.ofMathematics,M.I.T.,CambridgeMassachusetts),Variationalmethodsandboundary
conditionsinshelltheory,inStudiesinOptimization1bySocietyforIndustrialandAppliedMathematics,
1970,pp.7894
FredericY.M.Wan,Ontheequationsofthelineartheoryofelasticconicalshells,StudiesinApplied
Mathematics,Vol.XLIX,No.1,March1970,publishedbyM.I.T.
PARTIALINTRODUCTION:Inarecentarticle[19],itwasshownthattheequationsofthelineartheoryof
elasticshellsofrevolutionunderarbitraryloads,afteraharmonicanalysisinthepolarangleofthebaseplaneof
theshell,canbereducedtotwosimultaneousfourthorderordinarydifferentialequationsforastressfunction
andadisplacementfunction.Theexactreductionprocedureof[19]wasappliedtoacircularcylindricalshell.
Alsomentionedwasthepossibilityofasimplifiedprocedurebasedonthefactthatthereisaninherenterrorin
shelltheoryoftheorderh/R,wherehistheshellthicknessandRisarepresentativemagnitudeofthetwo
principalradiiofcurvature.Inthepresentpaper,theexactandthesimplifiedprocedureof[19]willbeapplied
toaconicalshellfrustrum.Thesimplifiedprocedureleadstotwodifferentialequationsaswellastoauxiliary
equationsforthecalculationofstressresultantsandcoupleswhichdifferfromthoseoftheexactprocedureonly
intermswhichareO(h/R).

Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

1.V.S.CHERNIN,Onthesystemofdifferentialequationsofequilibriumofshellsofrevolutionunderbendingloads,PMM
23,258265,(1959).
2.L.H.DONNELL,Stabilityofthinwalledtubesundertorsion,NACATR479,(1933).
3.A.ERDELYIetal,Highertranscendentalfunctions,vol.I,McGrawHillBookCo.,Inc.(1953).
4.A.L.GOLDENVEISER,Equationsofthetheoryofshellsindisplacementsandstressfunctions,PMM21,801814,(1957).
5.N.J.HOFF,Thinconicalshellsunderarbitraryloads,J.Appl.Mech.,22,557562(1955).
6.T.J.LARDNER,Onthestressdistributioninashallowcone,IntlJ.Eng.Sci.6,473487,(1968).
7.A.E.H.LOVE,ATreatiseontheMathematicalTheoryofElasticity,4thEd.,Dover,(1944).
8.K.MARGUERRE,ZurTheoriedergekrummtenPlattegrosserFormanderung,Proc.5thIntern1Congr.Appl.Mech.,93101,
(1938).
9.E.MEISSNER,DasElastizitatsproblemfrdnneSchalenvonRingflchen,KugeloderKegelform,Physikalische
Zeitschrift14,343349,(1913).
10.E.REISSNER,Onthetheoryofthinelasticshells,ReissnerAnniversaryVolume,AnnArbor,230247,(1949).
11.E.REISSNER,Variationalconsiderationsforelasticbeamsandshells,Proc.ASCE,J.Eng.Mech.88,2357,(1962).
12.E.REISSNER,Onasymptoticsolutionsfornonsymmetricdeformationsofshallowshellsofrevolution,IntlJ.Eng.Sci.2,27
43,(1964).
13.E.REISSNERandF.Y.M.WAN,Rotationallysymmetricstressandstraininshellsofrevolution,StudiesinAppl.Math.
(continuationofJ.MathandPhys.)48,117,(1969).
14.H.REISSNER,SpannungeninKugelschalen(Kuppeln),MllerBreslauFestschrift,181193,(1912).
15.P.SEIDE,ADonnelltypetheoryforasymmetricalbendingandbucklingofthinconicalshells,J.Appl.Mech.24,547552,
(1957).
16.J.G.SIMMONDS,Asetofsimple,accurateequationsforcircularcylindricalelasticshells,IntlJ.SolidsandStructures2,525
541,(1966).
17.J.G.SIMMONDS,SimplificationandreductionoftheSandersKoiterlinearshellequationsforvariousmidsurfacegeometries,
toappearinQuart.Appl.Math.
18.F.Y.M.WAN,Circumferentiallysinusoidalstressandstraininshellsofrevolution,toappearinIntlJ.SolidsandStructures.
19.F.Y.M.WAN,Exactreductionsoftheequationsoflineartheoryofshellsofrevolution,StudiesinAppl.Math.,48,361375,
(1969).

H.Grundmann,ZurdynamischenStabilittdesschwachgekrmmtenzylindrischenSchalenfeldes,Ing.
Arch.,Vol.39,No.4,1970,pp.261272
MartinM.Mikulas,Behaviorofdoublycurvedpartlywrinkledmembranestructuresformedfromaninitially
flatmembrane,Ph.D.Thesis,VirginiaPolytechnicInstitute,1970,Archive:OCLC'sExperimentalThesis
Catalog(UnitedStates)
Z.Hashin,Theoryofcompositematerials,inMechanicsofCompositeMaterials,PergamonPress,1970,pp.
201242
Z.Hashin,TheoryoffiberreinforcedMaterials,NASACR1974,1972
Z.Hashin,Failurecriteriaforunidirectionalfibercomposites,ASMEJournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.47,
1980,pp.329334
S.Okubo,P.E.WilsonandJ.S.Whittier,Influenceofconcentratedlateralloadsontheelasticstabilityof
cylindersinbending(Mylarmodelexperimentsrevealtwomodesoffailurecollapseandsnapping),
ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.10,No.9,1970,pp.384389,doi:10.1007/BF02320421

ABSTRACT:Thecharacteroftheinstabilityandthedegradationofthemomentcarryingcapacityarefoundby
Mylarmodelexperimentsforcylindersinbendingwhensubjectedtoconcentratedlateralloads.Lateralloads
canseriouslydegradethemomentcapabilityofcylinders.Criticalcombinationsofmomentandlateralload
causetwodistinctmodesoffailurecollapseandsnapping.Collapsemodesexhibitbuckleswhichcoverthe
compressionhalfofthecylinderandarecriticalforlargevaluesofmomentandsmallvaluesoflateralload.
Snappingmodesoffailureinvolveasingledimpleandexistforsmallervaluesofmomentandlargervaluesof
lateralload.
HenryL.Langhaar(1),ArthurP.Boresi(1),RobertE.Miller(1)andJerryJ.Bruegging(2)
(1)DepartmentofTheoreticalandAppliedMechanics,UniversityofIllinois,Urbana,Illinois,USA
(2)TheMarleyCo.,KansasCity,Missouri,USA
StabilityofHyperboloidalCoolingTower,ASCEJournaloftheEngineeringMechanicsDivision,Vol.96,
No.5,September/October1970,pp.753779
ABSTRACT: Aninfinitesimaltheoryofinstabilityofanelasticorthotropicshellofrevolutionsubjectedto
uniformexternalnormalpressureisdeveloped.Thetheoryleadstoalineareigenvalueproblemfor
determinationofthebucklingpressure.Illustrativenumericalcalculationsbasedonpiecewisepolynomial
approximationsandthepartitionmethodaregivenfortheFortMartintowererectedinWestVirginiabythe
MarleyCo.Thetowerisareinforcedconcretehyperboloidalshellofrevolution,370ft.highand5.5in.thick
formostofitsheight.
R.T.Severn,Inclusionofsheardeflectioninthestiffnessmatrixforabeamelement,JournalofStrain
Analysis,Vol.5,1970,pp.239241
G.Megard,Planarandcurvedshellelements,inFiniteElementMethodsinStressAnalysis,editedbyI.
HolandandK.Bell,TapirT.U.,Trondheim,Norway,1970,pp.223230
Z.Zudans,AnalysisofasymmetricstiffenedshelltypestructuresbythefiniteelementmethodIII.Constant
transverseshearmodel,NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.11,1970,pp.177194
P.D.Ewins(StructuresDepartment,R.A.E.,Farnborough,UK),Acompressivetestspecimenfor
unidirectionalcarbonfibrereinforcedplastics,ReportC.P.No.1132,1970,MinistryofTechnology,
AeronauticalResearchCouncilCurrentPapers
ABSTRACT:Acompressivetestspecimenhasbeendevelopedforunidirectionalcarbonfibrereinforced
plasticswhichenablestheultimatecompressivestrengthtobedetermined.Failureoccursremotefromthe
specimenendsandtestsshowgoodrepeatability.Resultsarecomparedwiththeoryandreasonsforthe
differencesarediscussed.
JamesO.Crooker(1)andKennethP.Buchert(2)
(1)AdvancedStructuralDesign,ButlerMfg.Co.,KansasCity,Missouri,USA
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofMissouri,Columbia,Missouri,USA
ReticulatedSpaceStructures,ASCEJournaloftheStructuralDivision,Vol.96,No.3,March1970,pp.687
700

ABSTRACT:Recentdevelopmentsintheapplicationofreticulatedorshelltypeconstructionarepresented.
Fivegeneralmethodsofanalysisaregiven:(1)thestiffnessapproach;(2)continuumshellanalogy;(3)concepts
ofdiscretefieldmechanics;(4)splitrigidityconcepts;and(5)theuseofmodels.Analysis,memberloading,
physicalproperties,edgeeffects,generalbuckling,andlocalbucklingofdomedstructuresaredescribed.
Equationsandcomputermethodsthathavebeenusedinthedesignofdomedreticulatedspacestructuresare
given.Suggestionsaremadeforfutureresearchanddevelopmentforthesetypesofstructures.
GeorgeAbdelSayed,(Dept.ofCivilEngineering,UniversityofWindsor,Windsor,Ontario,Canada),Critical
ShearLoadingofCurvedPanelsofCorrugatedSheets,ASCEJournaloftheEngineeringMechanicsDivision,
Vol.96,No.6,November/December1970,pp.895912
ABSTRACT:Theproblemofbucklingofcurvedshearpanelsofcorrugatedsheets,whichisencounteredinthe
designoflongshellsisexaminedtheoretically.Overallpanelbuckling,andnotlocalbuckling,isanalyzed.
Thus,thecorrugatedsheetsaretreatedasorthotropiccurvedplates.Equilibriumconditions,aswellas
geometricandelasticrelationsofadeformedinfinitesimalelement,aregovernedbytwolinearsimultaneous
coupleddifferentialequationsindeflectionwandstressfunctionF.SeriespresentationforwandFyieldedaset
ofhomogeneouslinearalgebraicequationsintheunknowndeflectioncoefficients.Anontrivialsolutionof
theseequationsispossibleprovidedthatthedeterminantoftheirmatrixisequaltozero.Theeigenvaluesofthe
shearloadarecalculatedandonlythelowervalueisconsidered.Thefewexperimentsavailableshow
reasonableagreementwiththetheoreticallyobtainedones.Forpracticaluse,curvesaregivenforthecalculation
ofcriticalshearload.

OsmanA.MarzoukandGeorgeAbdelSayed(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofWindsor,
Windsor,Ontario,Canada),StabilityofHalfBarrelOrthotropicShells,ASCEJournaloftheStructural
Division,Vol.101,No.7,July1975,pp.15171530
ABSTRACT: Theoverallbucklingofhalfbarrelshellsmadeofcorrugatedsteelsheetsisstudiedinthispaper.
Thistypeofbucklingisrecognizedasaprimefactorindefiningultimateloadcarryingcapacityofsuchshells.
Themathematicalformulationsarebasedonthelineartheoryororthotropiccylindricalshells.Thestability
conditionsaregovernedbytwolinearsimultaneousdifferentialequationsinthedeflectionandastressfunction.
Theseriespresentationofthedeflectionandthestressfunctionyieldasetofhomogeneouslinearsimultaneous
algebraicequationsintheunknowndeflectioncoefficients.Theeigenvaluesofthissystemarecalculatedwith
differentloaddistributionsrepresentingthecasesofsnowandwindloads,aswellascombinedloading.Note
thatthemagnitudeofcriticalloadaswellasthemodeofbucklingaredependentontheratiooflengthtoradius
ofshellandtheratiosbetweentherigiditiesinthelongitudinalandcircumferentialdirections.
MohamedN.ElAtrouzy(1)andGeorgeAbdelSayed(2)
(1)StructuralEngineeringDepartment,AinShamsUniversity,Abbassia,Cairo,Egypt
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofWindsor,Windsor,Ontario,Canada
PrebucklingAnalysisofOrthotropicBarrelShells,ASCEJournaloftheStructuralDivision,Vol.104,No.
11,November1978,pp.17751786

ABSTRACT: Cylindricalshellsmadeofcoldformeddeepprofilesorcorrugatedsteelsheetsareanalyzed,
usingthetheoryoforthotropicshells.Thegoverningequationsandsolutionaremodifiedtocorrectadeficiency
ofapreviouslyreportedsolution,especiallyforshellssupportedalongtheirfouredges.Improvedsolutionsare
obtainedby:(1)Accountingfortheeffectofthetransverseshearforcesontheconditionofequilibriuminthe
radialdirection;and(2)applyingaparticularsolutionthatsatisfiesthegoverningequations.Themodified
solutionisvalidforlongshellsandconvergestothatofsimplearcheswiththeincreaseoflengthoftheshell.
Also,anexperimentalprogramisundertakenandthecomparisonshowsgoodagreementbetweenthe
theoreticalandexperimentalresults.
JamesC.Hayes(1)andLawrenceH.N.Lee(2)
(1)PurdueUniv.,NorthCentralCampus,Westville,IN
(2)Dept.ofAerospaceandMech.Engrg.,Univ.ofNotreDame,NotreDame,IN
InelasticBucklingofAxisymmetricShells,ASCEJournaloftheEngineeringMechanicsDivision,Vol.96,
No.6,November/December1970,pp.11071123
ABSTRACT:Anincrementalvariationalmethodispresentedforthedeterminationoftheinelasticload
deformationrelationship,aswellasbucklingorcollapseloadforashellofrevolutionwhichismadeofawork
hardeningmaterialandsubjectedtoaxisymmetricloadings.AvariationalprincipleinvolvingKirchhoffstress
tensor,Greenstraintensor,andtheirratesisemployed.Theisothermalstressstrainrelationshipbasedona
modifiedJ2incrementaltheoryofplasticityisused.Thefinitedifferencemethodofvariationalcalculusis
utilizedinanumericalproceduretodeterminediscretevelocitiesandsubsequentdeformationprocess.A
comparisonofthebucklingloadsofanumberofelasticconicalshellsandinelasticcylindricalshellsobtained
bythepresentapproachwithavailableexperimentalresultsismade.Areasonableagreementisfound.
PeterTurula(1)andKuangHanChu(2)(1)DesignRes.Sec.,PortlandCementAssoc.,Skokie,IL
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IllinoisInst.ofTechnol.,Chicago,IL,USA
BucklingofOpenCylindricalShellswithImperfections,ASCEJournaloftheEngineeringMechanics
Division,Vol.96,No.6,November/December1970,pp.11251142
ABSTRACT: Bucklingofopencylindricalshellswithfreelongitudinaledgesandsimplysupportedends,
subjectedtoanaxialcompression,withimperfectionsduetoendeccentricityorinitialdeflections,isexamined.
Fieldequationsbasedonlargedeflectiontheoryarereducedtoasetofnonlinearfinitedifferenceequationsand
acomputertechniqueforsolvingthissetbytheNewtonRaphsonmethodispresented.Equilibriumpathsand
deflectionpatternsforexampleswiththreetypesofimperfections(constantendmoment,constantend
eccentricityandspecifiedinitialdeflection)arepresented.Theequilibriumpathsexhibitanasymmetrictypeof
postbucklingbehavior;thatis,negativeimperfectionswhichinitiallycausetheshelltodeflectoutwardwould
causeabucklingloadlowerthanthelinearbucklingloadwithoutimperfections;whereas,positive
imperfectionswouldcausetheoppositeifthereisnoexternaldisturbance.Thebehaviorofashellwith
Poissonsrationunotequalto0andcircumferentialdisplacementequaltozeroattheends,issimilartoashell
withnegativeimperfectionssincetheaxialcompressionwouldinduceanoutward(negative)displacement.
KuangHanChu(1)andPeterTurula(2)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IllinoisInstituteofTechnology,Chicago,Illinois,USA

(2)DesignResearchSection,PortlandCementAssociation,Skokie,Illinois,USA
BucklingofOpenCylindricalShellsunderLateralLoad,ASCEJournaloftheEngineeringMechanics
Division,Vol.96,No.6,November/December1970,pp.11431156
ABSTRACT: Atechniqueforobtainingthebucklingloadofopencylindricalshellswithsimplysupported
endsandfreelongitudinaledges,subjectedtolateralgravityloading,ispresented.Generalequationsbasedon
thelargedeflectiontheoryaredevelopedandasetofnonlinearfinitedifferenceequationsisobtainedand
solvedbytheNewtonRaphsonmethod.Usingthelineartermsonly,deflectionsandstressesbasedonrelatively
coarsenetscomparedfavorablywithexistinganalyticalsolutions.Thelowestnonlinearbucklingloadwas
foundtobeassociatedwithadeflectionpatternsymmetricaboutthetransversecenterline,butasymmetricabout
thelongitudinalcenterline.Inanexample,equilibriumpathsanddeflectionpatternswereobtainedforashell
subjectedtouniformload,andtouniformloadwithasmalladditionalantisymmetricload.Thelowestbuckling
underuniformloadwasobtainedbyreducingthisadditionalloadtozero.Fortheexampleexamined,the
bucklingloadwasabout1/2oftheclassicallinearbucklingpressureofafullcylinder.
N.S.KhotandV.B.Venkayya(AirForceFlightDynamicsLab,WrightPattersonAFB,Ohio),EffectofFiber
OrientationonInitialPostbucklingBehaviorandImperfectionSensitivityofCompositeCylindricalShells,
TechnicalreportAFFDLTR70125,DTICAccessionNumber:AD0720231,December1970
ABSTRACT:Koiter'sapproachisusedtoformulatetheinfluenceoffiberorientationonthebehaviorofthe
cylindricalshellintheinitialpostbucklingregion.Resultsarepresentedforthreelayercompositecylindrical
shellsofeitherglassepoxyorboronepoxysubjectedtouniformaxialcompressiveload.Theresultsshowthat
theinitialpostbucklingcoefficientthatcharacterizestheextentofimperfectionsensitivityofastructureis
greaterfortheglassepoxyshellsthanfortheboronepoxyshells.Fortheglassepoxycylinderstheslopeof
theloadvs.endshorteningcurveintheinitialpostbucklingregionisfoundtohavehighnegativevalue,which
isnotsignificantlyaffectedbythechangeinfiberorientation.Thissuggeststhatthebucklingofanearlyperfect
glassepoxycylinderunderprescribedendshorteningwillbecatastrophic,regardlessoffiberorientation.
However,fortheboronepoxycylindersthenegativeslopevarieswiththechangeinfiberorientation,and
whetherthefailurewillbecatastrophicornotwilldependonthefiberorientation.
Referenceslistedattheendofthereport:
1.Koiter,W.T.,"ElasticStabilityandPostBucklingBehavior,"inNonlinearProblems,editedbyLanger,R.E.,Universityof
WisconsinPress,Madison,Wisconsin(1963).
2.Koiter,W.T,,"OntheStabilltvofElasticEquilibrium,"Ph.D.Thesis,Delft,Amsterdam(1945),(TranslationasAFFDLTR70
25).
3.Koiter,W.T.,"TheStabilityofElasticSystems,"NASATTF10,833.
4.Budlansky,B.,andJ.W.Hutchinson,"DynamicBucklingofImperfectionSensitiveStructures,"ProceedingsoftheXI
InternationalCongressofAppi.Mech.,editedbyH.Gortler,SpringerVerlag(1964).
5.Budiansky,B.,"DynamicBucklingofElasticStructuresCriteriaandEstimates,"ProceedingsInternationalConferenceonDynamic
StabilityofStructures,PergainonPress,NewYork(1966).
6.Budiansky,B.,"PostBucklingBehaviorofCylindersinTorsion,"SecondIUTAMProceedingsonThinShells,Copenhagen,Aug.
1964.
7.Koiter,W.T.TheEffectofAxisymmetricImperfectionsonthethebucklingofcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,Konikl.
Ned.Akad.Weterschap.Proc.,B66,265(1963).
8.Budiansky,B.andJ.C.Amazigo,"InitialPostBucklingBehaviorofCylindricalShellsunderExternalPressure,"J.Mathand
Phys.,47,223235(1968).
9.Hutchinson,J.W.,InitialPostBucklingBehaviorofToroidalShellSegments.InternationalJ.SolidsStructures, Vol.3,107
115(1967).
10.Hutchinson,J.W.andJ.C.Amazigo,"ImperfectionSensitivityofEccentricalyStiffenedCylindricalShells,"AIAAJ.,Vol.5,
392401(1967).

11.Hutchinson,J.W.,"ImperfectionSensitivityofExternallyPressurizedSphericalShells,"J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.3,4955(1967).
12.Hutchinson,J.W.,'"BucklingandInitialPostBucklingBehaviorofOvalCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompression,"J.AppI.
Mech.,Vol.3,66721968
13.Hutchinson,J.W.,"AxialBucklingofPressurizedImperfectCylindricalSkelle,"AIAAJ.Vol.3,14611466(1965).
14.Hutchinson,J.W,andJ.C.Frauenthal,"ElasticPostBucklingBehaviorofStiffenedandBarreledCylindrical Shells,"
J.AppliedMech..,Vol.12,784790(1969).
15.Fitch,J.R.,"TheBucklingandPostBucklingBehaviorofSphericalCapsUnderConcentratedLoad,"Int.J.SolidsStructures,
Vol.4,421446,1968
16.Hutchinson,J.W.,"BucklingofImperfectCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompressionandExternalPressure,"AIAAJ.,Vol.3,
19681970(1968).
17.Budiansky,BandJ.M.Hutchinson,"ASurveyofSomeBucklingProblems,"AIAAJ.,4,15051510(1966).
18.Amazigo,J.C.,"BucklingunderAxialCompressionofLongCylindricalShellswithRandomAxisymmetricImperfections,"
Quart.Appl.Mah.,26,537566(1969).
19.Hutchinson,J.W.,R.C.TennysonandD.B.Muggeridge,"TheEffectofaLocalAxlsymmetricImperfectionontheBuckling
BebaviorofaCircularCylindricalShellunderAxialCompression,"presentedatAIAA8thAerospaceSciencesMeeting,NewYork,
Jan1921,1970(70103).
20.Tennyson,R.C.andD.B.Muggeridge,BucklingofAxisymmetricImperfectCircularCylindricalShellsunderAxial
Compression,AIAAJ.,7,2127,1969
21.Arbocz,.J.andC.D.Babcock,"TheEffectofGeneralImperfectionsontheBucklingofCylindricalShela,"J.Appl.Mech.,3,28
38_(1969).
22.Brush,D.0.,"Imperfection.SensitivityofStringerStiffenedCylinders,"AIAAJ.,6,24452448(1968).
23.Ambartsumyan,S.A.,"TheoryofAnisotropicShells,NASATTF118(1964).
24.Dong,S.B.,K.S.Pister,andR.L.Taylor,OntheTheoryofLaminatedAnisotropicShellsandPlates,"J.Aero.Sci.,VoL29,
No.8,969(1962).
25.Cheng,S.andB.P.C.Ho,StabiliyofHeterogeneousAerolotropicCylindricalShellsunderCombinedLoading,"AIAAJ.,Vol.1,
1603(1963).
26.Holston,Jr.,A.,A.Feldman,andD.A.Stang,StabilityofFilamentWoundCylindersUnderCombinedLoading,AFFDLTR67
55AirForceFlightDynamicsLaboratory,WrightPattersonAirForceBase,Ohio(1967).
27.Tasi,J.,A.FeldmanandD.A.Stang,"TheBucklingStrengthofFilamentWoundCylindersUnderAxialCompression," NASA
CR266(1965).
Khot,N.S.,"BucklingandPostBucklingBehaviorofCompositeCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompression,"AIAAJ.,Vol.2,229
235(1970).
Khot,N.S.,"PostBucklingBehaviorofGeometricallyImperfectCompositeCylindricalShellsUnderAxialCompression,"AIAAJ.,
3,679581(1970).
30.Khot,N.S.,V.B.Venkayya,andL.Berke,"BucklingandPostbucklingBehaviorofInitiallyImperfectOrthotropicCylindrical
ShellsUnderAxialCompressionandinternalPressure,"presentedatIUTAMConferenceonInstabilityofContinuousSystemsheldat
Herrenalb,WestGermany,Sep812,1969.
31.Khot,N.S.,OntheEffectsofFiberOrientationandNonhomogeneityonBucklingandPostbucklingBehaviorofFiber
ReinforcedCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompression,,AFFDLTR6819AirForceFlightDynamicsLaboratory,Wright
PattersonAirForceBase,Ohio(1968).
32.Khot,N.S.,OntheInfluenceofInitialGeometricImperfectionsonthebucklingandpostbucklingbehavioroffiberreinforced
cylindricalshellsunderuniformaxialcompression,AFFDLTR68136AirForce
flightDynamicsLiboratory,WrightPattersonAirForceBase,Ohio

KennethRayWhite(TexasTechUniversity),Effectofoutofroundnessontheelasticinstabilityanalysisof
thincircularcylindricalshells,PhDDissertation,August1970
INTRODUCTION:Thesafedesignofacircularcylindricalshellstructuresubjecttohydrostaticpressureand
axialcompressionnecessitatesthedeterminationoftheloadswhichwillproduceelasticinstabilityofthe
structure.Therearetwoimportantmodesofelasticinstabilitytoconsiderlocalandgeneralinstability.Local
instabilityischaracterizedbyinwardoutwarddentswhichformontheshellsurfaceincontrasttoanoverall

collapseoftheentireshellwhengeneralinstabilityoccurs.Failurebygeneralinstabilityisusuallycatastrophic
andhenceitisofprimaryconcern.Analysesofperfectshellsforgeneralinstabilityloadsbasedonthesolution
ofthegoverningdifferentialequationsarewellknown[21,23].However,experimentaltestsoncircular
cylinderssubjecttohydrostaticpressureoraxialcompressionloadsshowthatinmanyinstancesthefailure
strengthis15to60percentlessthanthatpredictedbytheoreticalanalysis.Thedifferenceinanalyticaland
theoreticalresultsisattributedtogeometricalandmaterialimperfectionsofthetestcylinders.Severalempirical
andsemiempiricalmodificationsofthetheoreticalanalysishavebeenproposedinordertogainbetter
correlationbetweenanalyticalandexperimentalresults[7,11].Nogeneralmethod,however,existstoaccount
forthevarioustypesofimperfectionswhenappliedtoaperfectlygeneralproblem.Accountingforgeometric
imperfections,especiallyoutofroundness,complicatestheanalyticalsolution,becausethecylindernolonger
canbetreatedascircular,buttakessomeotherformsuchasanellipse.Thefiniteelementmethodofanalysis
hasbeenusedrecentlytopredicttheelasticinstabilityloadofperfectcylindersandcanbeusedtoaccountfor
geometricalimperfectionsaswell.However,caremustbetakeninchoosingthetypeoffiniteelementusedor
complicationswillariseindefiningthecharacteroftheoutofroundnessandalargesetofsimultaneous
equationswillberequiredforthesolution.
Referenceslistedattheendofthedissertation:
1.Almroth,B.O.,"InfluenceofEdgeConditionsontheStabilityofAxiallyCompressedCylindricalShells,"NationalAeronautics
andSpaceAdministration,CR161,February1965.
2.Armenakas,A.E.,andHerrmann,G.,"BucklingofThinShellsUnderExternalPressure,"JournaloftheEngineeringMechanics
Division,AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers,Vol.89,EM3,June1963,pp.131146.
3.Byrd,P.F.,andFriedman,M.D.,HandbookofEllipticIntegralsforEngineersandPhysicists,SpringerVerlag,Berlin,Germany,
1954.
4.Carman,A.P.,"ResistanceofTubestoCollapse,"PhysicalReview,Vol.21,1905,pp.381387.
5.Carman,A.P.,andCarr,M.L.,"ResistanceofTubestoCollapse,"UniversityofIllinoisEngineeringExperimentalStation,Bui.
No.5,June1906.
6.Cook,G.,"TheCollapseofShortThinTubesbyExternalPressure,"Phil.Mag.,July1914,pp.5156.
7.Donnell,L.H.,"EffectofImperfectionsonBucklingofThinCylindersUnderExternalPressure,"JournalofAppliedMechanics,
TransactionsoftheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers,Vol.23,December1956,pp.569575.
8.Donnell,L.H.,andWan,C.C,"EffectofImperfectionsonBucklingofThinCylindersandColumnsUnderAxialCompression,"
JournalofAppliedMechanics,TransactionsoftheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers,Vol.17,1950,p.73.
9.Gallagher,R.H.,andPadlog,J.,"DiscreteElementApproachtoStructuralInstabilityAnalysis,"JournaloftheAmericanInstitute
ofAeronauticsandAstronautics,Vol.1,1963,pp.14371439.
10.Gallagher,R.H.,etal.,"ADiscreteElementProcedureforThinShellStabilityAnalysis,"JournaloftheAmericanInstituteof
AeronauticsandAstronautics,Vol.5,1966,pp.138144.
11.Galletly,G.D.,andBart,R.,"EffectsofBoundaryConditionsandInitialOutofRoundnessontheStrengthofThinWalled
CylindersSubjecttoExternalHydrostaticPressure."JournalofAppliedMechanics,TransactionsoftheAmericanSocietyof
MechanicalEngineers,Vol.23,September1956,pp.351358.
12.Girijavallabhan,C.V.,"ANewNumericalMethodforElasticStabilityProblems,"SubmittedforPublicationtotheJournalofthe
StructuralDivision.AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers,1970.
13.Grafton,P.E.,andStrome,D.R.,"AnalysisofAxisymmetricShellsbytheDirectStiffnessMethod,"JournaloftheAmerican
InstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics.Vol.1.1963.pp.23422347.
14.Kapur,K.K.,andHartz,B.J.,"StabilityofPlatesUsingtheFiniteElementMethod,JournaloftheEngineeringMechanics
Division.AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers,Vol.92,EM2,April1966,pp.177195.
15.Langhaar,H.L.,EnergyMethodsinAppliedMechanics.NewYork,JohnWileyandSons,1962.
16.Love,A.E.H.,ATreatiseontheMathematicalTheoryofElasticity,FourthEdition.CambridqeUniversityPress.1927.
17.Navaratna,D.R,,"ElasticStabilityofShellsofRevolutionbytheVariationalApproachUsingDiscreteElements,"Sc.D.Thesis,
MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,DepartmentofAeronauticsandAstronautics,Cambridge,Massachusetts,June1966
18.Navaratna,D.R.,etal,StabilityanalysisofshellsofRevolutionbytheFiniteElementMethod,"JournaloftheAmerican
InstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics,Vol.6,February1968,pp.351361.
19.Novozhilov,V.V.,FoundationsoftheNonlinearTheoryofElasticity,Rochester,NewYork,GraylockPress,1953.

20.Sobel,L.H.,"EffectsofBoundaryConditionsontheStabilityofCylindersSubjecttoLateralandAxialPressures,"Journalofthe
AmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics,Vol.2,August1964,pp.14371440.
21.Southwell,R.V.,"OntheGeneralTheoryofElasticStability,"Phil.Trans.,Vol.213A,1913,pp.187244.
22.VonKarman,T.,andTsien,H.S.,"TheBucklingofThinCylindricalShellsUnderAxialCompression,"Journalofthe
AeronauticalSciences.Vol.8,June1941,p.303.
23.VonMises,R.,"TheCriticalExternalPressureofCylindricalTubesUnderUniformRadialandAxialLoad,"Stodola'sFestschriff,
Zurich,Switzerland,1929,p.418.
24.Windenburg,D.F.,andTrilling,C,"CollapsebyInstabilityofThinCylindricalShellsUnderExternalPressure,"Journalof
AppliedMechanics,AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers,Vol.56,1934,pp.819824.
25.Wu,T.S.,etal.,"EffectsofSmallInitialIrregularitiesontheStressesinCylindricalShells,"StructuralResearchSeriesNo.50,
UniversityofIllinois,April1953.
26.Zienkiewicz,0.C,TheFiniteElementMethodinStructuralandContinuumMechanics,McGrawHill,NewYork,1967.
27.Zienkiewicz,O.C,etal.,StressAnalysis,JohnWileyandSons,NewYork,1965.

RaphaelT.Haftka,RobertH.MallettandWilliamNachbar(UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,LaJolla,
California,USA),AdaptionofKoiter'smethodtofiniteelementanalysisofsnapthroughbucklingbehavior,
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.7,No.10,October1971,pp.14271445,
doi:10.1016/00207683(71)900552
ABSTRACT:Koiter'sapproachtotheanalysisofloaddisplacementbehaviorintheneighborhoodofa
bifurcationbucklingpointisadaptedtopermittheanalysisofbehaviorintheneighborhoodofthebuckling
pointforastructurethatexhibitssnapthroughbuckling.Theessentialconceptistheconsiderationofpre
bucklingnonlinearitiesasgeneralizedinitialimperfectionsofaderivedperfectstructurecalledthemodified
structure.TheasymptoticcharacterofKoiter'sapproachispreservedinthismodifiedstructuremethodof
analysis.Thedevelopmentisstatedinafunctionalnotationandisthendiscretizedintoamatrixprocedure
baseduponfiniteelementidealization.Numericalresultsarepresentedfortheloaddisplacementbehaviorofa
circulararch.
J.H.ArgyrisandD.W.Scharpf,Finiteelementtheoryofplatesandshellsincludingshearstraineffects,in
HighSpeedComputingofElasticStructures,Vol.61,B.FraeijsdeVeubeke,editor,UniversityofLige,1971,
pp.253292
S.W.TsaiandE.Wu,Ageneraltheoryofstrengthforanisotropicmaterials,JournalofComposite
Materials,vol.5,pp.5872,1971.
C.Y.Chia,Bucklingofthinsphericalshells,IngenieurArchiv,Vo.40,No.4,pp.227237,1971
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdealswiththebucklingofashallowsphericalcapsubjectedtouniformedgemoment
andaclampeddeepsphericalshellunderuniformpressure.Thefirstproblemisformulatedinintegralequations
whicharesolvedbyaniterativeprocedure.Thebucklingmomentsaredeterminedforawiderangeoftheshell
geometricalparameter.Thesecondproblemisbasedontheconceptthatthehighlydeformedregionaroundthe
apexistreatedasashallowsphericalcapelasticallysupportedbytherestoftheshell.Thestabilityofathin
sphereistreatedasaspecialcase.Theresultsobtainedinbothproblemsarecomparedwithexistingsolutions.
T.J.McDanielandJ.D.Logan
DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,UniversityofDayton,Dayton,Ohio45409,U.S.A.
ResearchInstitute,UniversityofDayton,Dayton,Ohio45409,U.S.A.

Dynamicsofcylindricalshellswithvariablecurvature,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.19,No.1,
November1971,pp.3948,doi:10.1016/0022460X(71)904214
ABSTRACT:Thetransfermatrixmethodisextendedtotheanalysisofnoncircularcylindricalpanels.The
exactsolutionforthetransfermatrixofapanelwithexponentialcurvatureisobtainedbysolvingexactlythe
variablecoefficientdifferentialequationsofmotionoftheshellusingaLaplacetransformdifferenceequation
technique.Theresultsarecomparedwithrespecttoaccuracyandcomputertimewithvariousapproximate
methodsofcomputingthetransfermatrixforthesamepanel.Naturalfrequenciesandmodeshapesfortypical
noncircularpanelsarecomputedandcomparedwithaconstantcurvaturepaneltoshowtheeffectsofvariable
curvature.
Y.S.Pan(AtomicsInternationalDivisionofNorthAmericanRockwellCorporation,CanogaPark,Calif.),
Creepbucklingofthinwalledcircularcylindricalshellssubjecttoradialpressureandthermalgradients,
JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.38,No.1,pp.209216,March1971,DOI:10.1115/1.3408745
ABSTRACT:Amethodofcalculatingthecreepdeflectionsandpredictingthecreepcollapseofathinwalled
circularcylindricalshell,subjecttouniformexternalradialpressureandarbitrarytemperaturegradients,is
shown.Thismethodmayalsobeappliedtoinvestigatethebehaviorofashellsubjecttotimedependent
temperaturegradientsanddeformationsduetootherinelasticcauses.Thesetofsimultaneousdifferential
equationsofequilibriumintermsofcreep,thermal,andotherinelasticstrainsispresented.Applicationsofthis
methodtolongcylindricalshellsareillustratedbytwonumericalexamples.

T.S.Sankar(1)andS.T.Ariaratnam(2)
(1)SirGeorgeWilliamsUniversity,Montreal,Canada
(2)UniversityofWaterloo,Waterloo,Canada
Snapbucklingofshelltypestructuresunderstochasticloading,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,
Vol.7,No.7,July1971,pp.655666,doi:10.1016/00207683(71)900862
ABSTRACT:Thesnapbucklinginstabilityofshallowshelltypestructuresthataresubjectedtoarandom
transverseloadispresented.Thedeformationofthestructureisprimarilyunderasymmetricandan
antisymmetricmodeandtheinvestigationemploysamethodinitiallyproposedbyKramersinthetheoryof
kineticsofchemicalreactionsandlateradaptedbythepresentauthorsforthecaseofsymmetricsnapthrough
ofshallow,twopinnedarches.Analyticalexpressionsarederivedfortheprobabilityofsnapbucklinginatime
intervalTintermsofthepotentialenergyfunctionsintheneighbourhoodofthestableandunstableequilibrium
statesofthestructure.
M.E.EsslingerandB.M.Geier,Onthebucklingandpostbucklingbehaviorofthinwalledcircularcylinders,
Laboratoiresd'EssaisetdeRecherchessurlesMateriauxetlesConstructions,ReunionInternationale,Buenos
Aires,Argentina;Germany;1318Sept.1971
ABSTRACT:Therelationofinitialimperfectionstothepostbucklingbehaviorofthinwalledshellsis
explained,commencingwithtreatmentofthecylindricalshellunderexternalhydrostaticpressure.Itisshown
thatfromtheoreticalstudiesofthepostbucklingbehaviorofperfectcylindersalowerboundforthescatter

regionofthebucklingloadscanbedetermined.Approximatebucklingloadsofimperfectcylindersare
calculated,utilizingmeasuredinitialimperfections.Instudyingcylindersunderaxialload,theoreticaland
experimentalpostbucklingcurvesshowgoodagreement,andalowerlimitforthescatterregionofthebuckling
loadscanbedeterminedfrompostbucklinginvestigationsofperfectcylinders.
R.E.Nickell,Onthestabilityofapproximationoperatorsinproblemsofstructuraldynamics,Int.Jour.Soldis
andStructures,Vol.7,pp.301319,1971
R.S.Dunham,R.E.Nickell,andD.C.Stickler,Integrationoperatorsfortransientstructuralresponse,
ComputersandStructures,Vol.2,pp.115,1972
R.E.Nickell,Directintegrationmethodsinstructuraldynamics,Jour.Engr.Mech.Division,Proc.ASCE,
April1973
O.C.Zienkiewicz,Thefiniteelementmethodinengineeringscience,McGrawHill,1971
GillesCantin,Anequationsolverofverylargecapacity,Int.J.NumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.3,
No.3,JulySeptember1971,pp.379388
KlausJrgenBathe,Solutionmethodsforlargegeneralizedeigenvalueproblemsinstructuralengineering,
SESM7120,UniversityofCaliforniainBerkeley,November1971
M.S.Anderson,R.E.Fulton,W.L.Heard,Jr.andJ.E.Walz,Stress,bucklingandvibrationanalysisofshellsof
revolution,Computers&Structures,Vol.1,Nos.1/2,August1971,pp.157192
J.T.OdenandH.J.Brauchli,Onthecalculationofconsistentstressdistributionsinfiniteelement
approximations:,Int.J.NumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.6,1971,pp.317325
GarryM.LindbergandMervynD.Olson,Ahighprecisiontriangularcylindricalshellfiniteelement,AIAA
Journal,Vol.9,No.3,March1971,pp.530532
D.S.KrugerandP.G.Glockner,Experimentsonthestabilityofsphericalandparaboloidalshells
(Theexperimentalpartofaninvestigationoftheelasticstabilityofclampedandhingedsphericaland
paraboloidalthinshellcapssubjectedtoexternaluniformpressureisdiscussedbytheauthors),Experimental
Mechanics,Vol.11,No.6,1971,pp.254262,doi:10.1007/BF02329036
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentstheexperimentalpartofastudyoftheelasticstabilityofclampedandhinged
sphericalandparaboloidalshellcapssubjectedtoexternaluniformpressureloading.Ninetysixpolyvinyl
chloride(PVC)shellsof15in.basediameterandformedbythermovacuumprocess,weretestedandtheir
criticalloadsrecorded.Theeffectsofgeometry,clampedandhingedboundaryconditions,height/spanand
radiusofcurvature/thicknessratiosonthecriticalpressurewereinvestigated.Theresultsarecompared,where
possible,withexperimentaldataobtainedbypreviousinvestigators.

K.Z.TawadrosandP.G.Glockner(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,TheUniversityofCalgary,Calgary44,
Alberta,Canada),Experimentsonshellstabilityinairdrivenshocktubes,JournalofSoundandVibration,
Vol.25,No.2,November1972,pp.197216,doi:10.1016/0022460X(72)904312
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdescribesexperimentscarriedoutina17inairdrivens%ocktubeonpolyvinyl
chloride(PVC)plasticshells.Thisseriesrepresentsthepreliminaryphaseofanexperimentalprogramme
designedtostudythenonlineardynamicresponseofsuchshellstoblastwaves.Inadditiontotestingeight
clampedmodelsofidenticalgeometry,aresin/plywooddummymodelofthesameconfigurationwassubjected
toshockwavesinordertodeterminethepressuretimemapoverthesurface.However,thisdummywasfound
tobetooflexibleforpressurecalibrationsandwassubsequentlyredesigned.Pressures,deflections,andstrains
wererecordedbymeansofpressuretransducers,capacitancedisplacementtransducersandstraingauges.In
addition,photographicandvideorecordingwereusedtomonitorthedeformationoftheshells.Thedata
obtainedarepresentedingraphicalform.Emphasisinthepaperisgiventoadetaileddescriptionofthe
experimentaltechniquesandproceduresused.
K.Z.TanadrosandP.G.Glckner(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,TheUniversityofCalgary,Calgary,
Alberta,Canada),Experimentsonthenonlineardynamicresponseofshellsunderblastwaves,Journalof
SoundandVibration,Vol.26,No.4,February1973,pp.441463,doi:10.1016/S0022460X(73)802135
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdescribesaseriesofexperimentscarriedoutinthesixfootdiameterexplosivedriven
shocktubeoftheDefenceResearchEstablishmentSuffield(D.R.E.S.)onpolyvinylchloride(PVC)plastic
shells.Theobjectoftheprogramwastoacquiredataonthedynamiclargedeformationbehaviourofshells
subjectedtosimulatedblastwaves.Sphericalandparaboloidalshellswithhingedorclampedboundaries,
representingatotalof32differentgeometries,weretested.Inaddition,pressurecalibrationshotswerecarried
outondummymodelsdesignedtosimulatethevariousgeometriesoftheshells.Shockwavepressureand
velocity,aswellasthedeformationofthemodelsweremonitoredandrecordedbymeansofhighspeedand
televisioncameras.Resultsarepresentedintabular,graphicalandphotographicalform.
YoshitsuraYokoo(1),TsuneyoshiNakamura(1)andJunMiyazaki(2)
(1)DepartmentofArchitecture,KyotoUniversity,Kyoto,Japan
(2)OhbayashigumiCo.Ltd.,Osaka,Japan
Anewmethodofexperimentalbucklingofcircularcylindricalroofshellmodelswithfreeedgessubjectedto
externalpressure,InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,Vol.6,No.5,October1971,pp.633648,
doi:10.1016/00207462(71)900266
ABSTRACT:Nonlinearsnapthroughbehaviorofathinconcreteshellroofcharacterizedbyfreeedges,orfree
edgememberssupportedbyseveralcolumns,isconsiderablyinfluencedbytheboundaryconditionsandthe
edgedisturbancesdevelopedintheprebucklingstate.Thispaperpresentsamethodofrealizingallfournatural
boundaryconditionsalongafreeedgeofaroofshellmodelsubjectedtoexternalpressure.Theexperimental
methodisshowntobeusefulforinvestigatingnonlinearbehaviourofcircularcylindricalroofshellmodels
withfreegeneratoredgebeams.Themethodhasawideapplicabilitytoavarietyofroofshellmodelswithfree
edgememberslyingonahorizontalplane.

M.Petyt(InstituteofSoundandVibrationResearch,UniversityofSouthampton,SouthamptonS095NH,
England,UK),Vibrationofcurvedplates,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.15,No.3,April1971,
pp.381395,doi:10.1016/0022460X(71)904329
ABSTRACT:Thefreevibrationcharacteristicsofasinglycurvedrectangularplatehavebeenobtainedbyfour
theoreticalmethodsandcomparedwithexperimentalresults.Thevariationsofanondimensionalfrequency
parameterwithaspectratio,athicknessparameter,curvatureandfuselagepressurizationareindicated.
N.J.Hoff(DepartmentofAeronauticsandAstronautics,StanfordUniversity,Stanford,Calif.;Lockheed
MissilesandSpaceCompany),AxiallySymmetricCreepBucklingofCircularCylindricalShellsinAxial
Compression,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.35,No.3,pp.530538,September1968,
DOI:10.1115/1.3601247
ABSTRACT:Thecreepbucklingphenomenonofcircularcylindricalshellssubjectedtoaxialcompressionis
studiedinthepresenceofinitialimperfectionswhenthecreepstrainrateisproportionaltoapowerofthestress
withtheexponentgreaterthanunity.Aclosedformsolutionisobtainedforthecriticaltime;thatis,forthe
finitetimeatwhichtheanalysispredictsthedevelopmentofindefinitelylargedisplacements.
C.L.Dym,N.J.Hoff(DepartmentofAeronauticsandAstronautics,StanfordUniversity,Stanford,Calif.),
PerturbationSolutionsfortheBucklingProblemsofAxiallyCompressedThinCylindricalShellsofInfiniteor
FiniteLength,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.35,No.4,pp.754762,December1968,
DOI:10.1115/1.3601301
ABSTRACT:Astudyispresentedoftheeffectofinitialdeviationsontheloadcarryingcapacityofthin
circularcylindricalshellsunderuniformaxialcompression.Aperturbationexpansionisusedtoreducethe
nonlinearequationsofvonKarmanandDonnelltoaninfinitesetoflinearequations,ofwhichonlythefirstfew
needbesolvedtoobtainareasonablyaccuratesolution.Theresultsforbothinfiniteshellsandshellsoffinite
lengthindicatethatasmallimperfectioncansharplyreducethemaximumloadthatathinwalledcylinderwill
sustain.Inaddition,foraparticularsetofboundaryconditions,itisshownthattheeffectofthelengthofafinite
shellissmallasfarastheloadcarryingcapacityisconcerned,butsignificantwhenthenumberofwavesaround
thecircumferencehastobedetermined.Afurtherresultofthestudyisthataxisymmetricinitialdeviations
reducetheloadcarryingcapacityonlyslightlymorethandeviationscharacterizedbyaproductoftrigonometric
functionsoftheaxialandcircumferentialcoordinatesifthewavelengthsareproperlychosen.
CliveL.Dym,OntheBucklingandPostbucklingofCircularArchesandRings,DTICAccessionNumber:
AD0741849,August1971,TAEReportNo.133,DepartmentofAeronauticalEngineering,TechnionIsrael
InstituteofTechnology,Haifa
ABSTRACT:Thereporttreatsthebucklingandpostbucklingbehaviorofcirculararchesandringsunder
constantdirectionalpressure.Newexactandapproximatesolutionsaregivenforthelinearizedeigenvalue
problem.Itisclearlydemonstratedthattheassumptionofinextensibilityisquitereasonablefortheasymmetric
bucklingofsteeperarchesandofrings.Asymptoticanalysesofearlypostbucklingbehavioraregiven,basedon
thetheoryofKoiterandtheformalismofBudianskyandHutchinson.Thepostbucklingbehaviorisshowntobe
stable,andunaffectedbytheassumptionofinextensibility.
Referenceslistedattheendofthereport:
1.Chwalla,E.,andKollbrunner,C.F.,"BeitrgesunKnickproblendesBogantrgersunddesRahmen",Stahlbau,Vol.11,No.10,
May1938,pp.7378.

2.Kmmel,G.,"DerEinflussderLngsdehnungaufdeelastischeStabilittgeschlossenerKreisringe",ActaMechanica,Vol.4,1967,
pp.3442.
3.Levy,M.,"Memoiresurunnouveaucasintegrableduproblemsdel'elastqueet1'unedessesapplications",Journalde
MathematiquespuresetAppliquees,Liouville,Series3,Vol.10,1884,pp.542.
4.Carrier,G.F.,OntheBucklingofElasticRings,JournalofMathematicsandPhysics,Vol.26,1947,pp.94103.
5.Singer,J.,andBabcock,C.D.,"OntheBucklingofRingsunderConstantDirectionalandCentrallyDirectedPressure",Journalof
AppliedMechanics,Vol.37,No.1,March1970,pp.215218.
6.Koiter,W.T.,"Overdestabiliteitvanhetelastischevenwicht"("OntheStabilityofElasticEquilibrium".Thesis,Delft,N.J.Paris,
Amsterdam;1945.EnglishtranslationissuedasNASATTF10833,1967.
7.Budiansky,B.andHutchinson,J.W.,"DynamicbucklingofImperfectionSensitiveStructures",ProceedingsoftheXIInternational
CongressofAppliedMechanics,H.Gortler,Ed.,SpringerVerlag,NewYork,1964,pp.636651.
8.Budiansky,B.,"DynamicBucklingofElasticStructures:CriteriaandEstimates,"Proceedings,InternationalConfererceon
DynamicStabilityofStructures,Pergamon,NewYork,1966,pp.83106.
9.Budiansky,B.,"PostBucklingBehaviorofCylindersinTorsion",TheoryofThinShells,F.L.Niordson,Ed.,SpringerVerlag,
Berlin,1969.
10.Koiter,W.T.,"PostBucklingAnalysisofaSimpleTwoBarFrame",RecentProgressinAppliedMechanics,Almquistand
Wiksell,Stockholm,1966,pp.337354.
11.Haftka,R.,andNachbar,W.,"PostBucklingAnalysisofanElasticallyRestrainedColumn,"InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,Vol.6,No.7,1970,pp.14331449.
12.Sanders,J.L.,"NonLinearTheoriesforThinShells",QuarterlyofAppliedMathematics,Vol.21,No.1,1963,pp.2136.
13.Schreyer,H.L.,andMasur,E.F.,"BucklingofShallowArches",JournaloftheEngineeringMechanicsDivision,ASCE,Vol.92,
No.EM4,August1966,pp.119.
14.Reissner,E.,"ANoteonPostbucklingBehaviorofPressurizedShallowSphericalShells",JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.37,
No.2,June1970,pp.533534.
15.Roorda,J.,"TheBucklingBehaviorofImperfectStructuralSystems",JournalofMechanicsandPhysicsofSolids,Voi.13,1965,
pp.267280.

CliveL.Dym(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,CarnegieMellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania15213
U.S.A.),Bucklingandpostbucklingbehaviorofsteepcompressiblearches,InternationalJournalofSolids
andStructures,Vol.9,No.1,January1973,pp.129140,doi:10.1016/00207683(73)900371
ABSTRACT:Thebifurcationbucklingandpostbucklingbehaviorofsteep,compressible,circulararchesis
examined.Thearchesareloadedwithauniformconstantdirectionalpressureandmaybeeitherpinnedor
clamped.ThedevelopmentisbasedonKoiter'stheory.Twodifferentarchtheoriesareusedsoastofacilitatea
studyofbendingintheprebucklingstate.Itisshownthatclampedarchesarealwaysunstableafterbifurcation,
whilepinnedarchesexhibitatransitionfromunstabletostablebehaviorasasemicirculararchisapproached.
Theresultsarealsocomparedtoresultsobtainedusingshallowarchtheoryandthecomparisonisreasonably
goodformoderatelysteeparches.Theeffectofmiddlesurfaceextensibility(compressibility)andofthe
prebucklingbendingisvirtuallyundetectable.
B.R.ElZaoukandC.L.Dym(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,CarnegieInstituteofTechnology,Carnegie
MellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania15213,U.S.A.),Nonlinearvibrationsoforthotropicdoubly
curvedshallowshells,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.31,No.1,November1973,pp.89103,
doi:10.1016/S0022460X(73)802512
ABSTRACT:Thepurposeofthisstudyistheevaluationoftheeffectsofcurvature,materialorthotropyand
internalpressureuponthenonlinearvibrationsofshallowshells.Theshellsconsideredherearecompleteinthe
circumferentialcoordinate.Amodeshapethatleadstoacontinuouscircumferentialdisplacementisusedasthe
basicsolutioninaGalerkintypeprocedure.Amongtheresultsofinterestaretheeffectsoftheaforementioned

physicalparametersontherelativehardnessoftheshellresponse,aswellassomeinterestingnewperspectives
onjumpphenomenainnonlinearshellvibrations.
NicholasMariani(1),JohnD.Mozer(2),CliveL.Dym(2)andCharlesG.Culver(2)
(1)CharlesT.Main,Inc.,Boston,Massachusetts,USA
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,CarnegieMellonUniversity,Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania,USA
TransverseStiffenerRequirementsforCurvedWebs,ASCEJournaloftheStructuralDivision,Vol.99,No.
4,April1973,pp.757771
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingstrengthofcylindricalwebpanelsofhorizontallycurvedgirderssubjecttoshear
stressisstudiedanalytically.Asimplifiedmathematicalmodelthattreatsthewebasasimplysupportedcurved
panelreinforcedbytransversestiffenersisused.ThesolutionforthismodelisobtainedbytheGalerkinmethod
inconjunctionwiththeDonnellthinshellequation.Recommendationsforthedesignrequirementsforan
optimaltransversestiffenerrigidityintermsofpanelaspectratioandcurvatureareestablished.
T.WellerandJ.Singer(TechnionIsraelInstitueofTechnology,Haifa,Israel),Experimentalstudieson
bucklingofringstiffenedconicalshellsunderaxialcompression(Mainpurposeoftestprogramistomakea
closestudyoftheinfluenceofstiffenergeometryandspacingontheapplicabilityofthelineartheory),
ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.10,No.11,1970,pp.449457,doi:10.1007/BF02327672
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingofintegrallyexternalringstiffenedconicalshellsunderaxialcompressionwas
investigatedexperimentally.Experimentalresultswerecomparedwiththeorytofindtheeffectofthestiffener
parameters(e2/h),(A2/a0h)and(I22/a0h^3)aswellasofshellgeometry.Agreementbetweenclassical
lineartheoryandexperimentswasfoundtobegovernedprimarilybytheareaparameter(A2/a0h),and
correlationwiththeorywassignificantlyaffectedintherange0.1<(A2/a0h)<0.5ofthatparameter.Beyond
thisregionthereispracticallynoimprovementwithincreaseinringarea,whereastheweightoftheshell
continuestoincreaselinearly.Anapproximateformulaisproposedforcalculationofcriticalloadsandfoundto
yieldresultsveryclosetothemoreexactcriticalvaluescalculatedbylineartheory.AmodifiedSouthwell
plotmethodwasappliedandboththeinterceptmethodandslopemethodwereused.Criticalloadscomputed
fromthestrainrecordswerefoundtobebelowtheclassicallineartheorypredictionsandclosertoexperimental
ones.
Weller,Tanchum,Singer,JosefandShimon,Nachmani(TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,Haifa),
RecentExperimentalStudiesontheBucklingofIntegrallyStringerStiffenedCylindricalShells,April1970,
DTICDocument,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD712090
ABSTRACT:Anexperimentalstudyofthebucklingofcloselyspacedintegrallystringerstiffenedcylindrical
shellsunderaxialcompressionwascarriedouttodeterminetheinfluenceofstiffenerandshellgeometryonthe
applicabilityoflineartheory.86shellsofdifferentgeometriesweretested.Agreementbetweenlineartheory
andexperimentswasfoundtobegovernedprimarilybythestringerareaparameter(A1/bh).Goodcorrelation
wasobtainedintherange(A1/bh)>0.4.Nosignificanteffectofotherstiffenerandshellparametersonthe
applicabilityoflineartheorycouldbediscernedforthespecimenstested.Inadditiontotheareaparameter
(A1/bh),theinelasticbehavioroftheshellmaterialwasfoundtohaveaconsiderableeffectonthe'linearity'
(ratioofexperimentalbucklingloadtothepredictedone).

TanchumWeller,MenahemBaruchandJosefSinger(Dept.ofAeronauticalEngineering,TechnionIsrael
InstituteofTechnology,Haifa,Israel),InfluenceofInPlaneBoundaryConditionsonBucklingofRing
StiffenedCylindricalShells,TAEReportNo.101,October1970,
DTICAccessionNumberAD0721473,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD721473
ABSTRACT:Theeffectofinplaneboundaryconditionsonthebucklingloadsofsimplysupportedring
stiffenedcylindricalshellsisstudied.Asinthecaseofunstiffenedshells,the'weak'inplaneboundary
conditionsSS1andSS2yieldherecriticalloadsaboutonehalfofthe'classical'loads.Itwasobservedthatthe
SS1criticalloadsareidenticalwiththeSS2loadsandtheSS4loadsarealmostthesameasthe'classical'SS3
loads.Thecombinedeffectofstiffenerparametersandinplaneboundaryconditionsisstudied.Forinternally
stiffenedshellstheinfluenceofinplaneboundaryconditionsisfoundtodiminishwithincreasingvaluesof
stiffenereccentricityandarea.Nosucheffectisobservedforexternallystiffenedshells.Thebucklingmodes
arealsostudiedandfoundthattheyaredependentuponshelllength(orZ)anduponstiffenerlocationand
parameters.
Referenceslistedattheendofthereport:

1.Ohira,H.,"LocalBucklingTheoryofAxiallyCompressedCylinders"ProceedingsoftheEleventhJapanNationalCongressfor
AppliedMechanics,1961,pp.3741.
2.Singer,J.,"TheEffectofAxialConstraintontheInstabilityofThinCylindricalShellsUnderUniformAxialCompression",
InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.4,No.2,May1962,pp.253258;AlsoTAEReport16,Sept.1961.
3.Ohira,H."LinearLocalBucklingTheoryofAxiallyCompressedCylindersandVariousEigenvalues"Proceedings,5th
InternationalSymposiumonSpaceTechnologyandScience,Tokyo,1963,pp.511526.
4.Hoff,N.J.andRehfieldL.A.,"BucklingofAxialiyCompressedCylindricalShellsatStressesSmallerthantheClassicalCritical
Value",JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.32,No.3,Trans.ASME,Vol.87,SeriesE,
Sept.1965.pp.542546;alsoSUDAERReport191,May1964.
5.Hoff,N.J.,"LowBucklingStressesofAxiallyCompressedCircularCylindricalShellsofFiniteLength",JournalofApplied
Mechanics,Vol.32,No.3,Trans.ASME,SeriesE.Vol.87,Sept.1965,pp.533541;alsoSUDAERReport192,July1964.
6.Hoff,N.J.andSoong,T.C.,"BucklingofCircularShellsinAxialCompression,"InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,
Vol.7,1965,pp.489520;alsoSUDAERReport204,Aug.1964.
7.Hoff,N.J.,"TheEffectofEdgeConditionsontheBucklingofThinWalledCircularCylindricalShellsinAxialCompression",
Proc.ofthellthInternationalCongressofAppliedMechanics,Munich,1964,SpringerVerlag1966,pp.3?6331.
8.Thielemann,W.,andEsslinger,H.,"EinflussderRandbedingungenaufdieBeullastvonKreiszylinderschalen",DerStahlbau,
Vol.33,No.12,Dec.1964.pp.311.
9.Almroth,B.O.,"InfluenceofEdgeConditionsontheStabilityofAxiallyCompressedCylindricalShells",AIAAJournal,Vol.4,
No.1,Jan.1966,pp.134140;AlsoNASAContractorReportCR161,Feb.1965
10.Ohira,H.,"LocalBucklingTheoryforanAxiallyCompressedCircularCylinderofFiniteLength",Proc.ofthe14thJapan
NationalCongressforAppliedMechanics,1964.
11.Fischer,G.,"InfluenceofBoundaryConditionsonStabilityofThinWalledCylndricalShellsunderAxialLoadandInternal
Pressure,AIAAJournal,Vol.3,No.4,April1965,pp.736738.
12.Almroth,B.O.,"InfluenceofImperfectionsandEdgeRestraintontheBucklingofAxiallyCompressedCylinders",presentedat
theAIAA/ASME7thStructureandMaterialsConference,CocoaBeach,Fla.,April1820,1966.
13.Kobayashi,S.,"TheinfluenceoftheBoundaryConditionsontheBucklingLoadofCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompression",
NASAContractorReportCR558,Aug.1966.
14.Baruch,M.,andHarari,O.,"BucklingofCylindricalShellsunderLongitudinalShearLoads",TAEreport81,TechnionResearch
andDevelopmentFoundation,Haifa,Israel,November1967.
15.Baruch,M.,Harari,O.andSingerJ.,"LowBucklingLoadsofAxiallyCompressedConicalShells",J.App.Mech.PaperNo.70
APMAA.
16.Tani,J.,andYamaki,N.,"BucklingofTruncatedConicalShellsunderAxialCompression"AIAAJ.Vol.8,No.3,pp.568571,
March1970.
17.Singer,J.,Baruch,M.,andReichental,Y.,"InfluenceofInPlaneBoundaryConditionsontheBucklingofClampedConical

Shells",tobepublishedasTAEReportNo.93,TechnionResearchandDevelopmentFoundation,Haifa,Israel.
18.Sobel,L.H.,"EffectsofBoundaryConditionsontheStabilityofCylindersSubjecttoLateralandAxialPressures",AIAAJ.,Vol.
2,No.8,pp.14371440,August1964.
19.Yamaki,N.,"BucklingofCircularCylindricalShellsunderExternalPressure",ReportsoftheInst.ofHighSpeedMechanics,
THOKUUniversity,Vol.20,pp.3555,1968/1969.
20.Forsberg,K.,InfluenceofBoundaryConditionsontheModelCharacteristicsofThinCylindricalShells",AIAAJournal,Vol.2,
No.12,pp.21502l57,December1964.
21.Seggelke,P.,SchwingungsverhaltenvonaxialsymetrischbelastetendunnenwandigenKreiszylindernbeiverchidenen
Randbedingungen"DeutscheLuftundRaumfahrtDLRFB6463,December1964.
22.Yamaki,N.,"InfluenceofPrebucklingDeformationsontheBucklingofCircularCylindricalShellsUnderExternalPressure",
AIAAJ.,Vol.7,No.4,pp.753755,April1969.
23.Kobayashi,S.,"TheInfluenceofPrebucklingDeformationsontheBucklingLoadofCylindricalShellsunderAxial
Compression",JournaloftheJapanSocietyforAeronauticalandSpaceSciences,Vol.15,No.163,pp.258263,1967/1969(In
JapanesewithEnglishAbstract).
24.Kobayashi,S."TheInfluenceofPrebucklingDeformationsontheBucklingLoadofOrthotropicCylindricalShellsunderAxial
Compression",TransactionsoftheJapanSocietyforAeronauticalandSpaceSciences,Vol.11,No.19,pp.6068,1968.
25.Singer,J.,Arbocz,J.andBabcock,C.D.Jr.,"BucklingofImperfectStiffenedCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompression"
presentedatthel1thAIAA/ASMEStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,Denver,Colorado,April1970.
26.Soong,T.C.,"InfluenceofBoundaryConstraintsontheBucklingofEccentricallyStiffenedOrthotropicCylinders",presentedat
the7thInternationalSymposiumonSpaceTechnologyandScience,Tokyo,May,
1967.
27.Seggelke,P.,andGeier,B.,"DasBeulverhaltenVersteifterZylinderschalen",ZeitschriftfurFlugwissenschaften,Vol.15,No.12,
pp.477490,December1967.
28.Singer,J.,Baruch,M.,andHarari,O.,"OntheStabilityofEccentricallyStiffenedCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompression",
Int.J.ofSolidsandStructures,Vol.3,No.4,pp.445470,July1967,AlsoTAEReportNo.44,Techn'onResearchandDevelopment
Foundation,Haifa,Israel,December1965.
29.Baruch,M.,Harari,O.,andSinger,J.,"EffectofInPlaneBoundaryConditionsontheStabilityofConicalShellsUnder
HydrostaticPressure",Proceedingsofthe9thIsraelAnnualConf.onAviationandAstronautics,
IsraelJournalofTechnology,Vol.5,No.1,pp.1224,Feb.1967.
30.Baruch,M.,andSinger,J.,"EffectofEccentricityofStiffenersontheGeneralInstabilityofStiffenedCylindricalShellsunder
HydrostaticPressure",J.ofMechanicalEngineeringSciences,Vol.5,No.1.pp.2327,March1963.
31.Singer,J.andHaftka,R.,"BucklingofDiscretelyRingStiffenedCylindricalShells"Proceedingsofthe10thIsraelAnnualConf.
onAviationandAstronautics,IsraelJournalofTechnology,Vol.6,No.12,pp.125137,February1968.AlsoTAEReportNo.67,
TechnionResearchandDevelopmentFoundation,Haifa,Israel,August1967.
32.Block,D.,"InfluenceofDiscreteRingStiffenersandPrebucklingdeformationsontheBucklingofEccentricallyStiffened
OrthotropicCylinders,NASATND4283,Jan.1968.

JosefSinger(DepartmentofAeronauticalEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology),The
bucklingofstiffenedandunstiffenedshellstructures,AFOSRTR720232,TAEReportno.139,October
1971,AccessionNo.AD736044
ABSTRACT:Theoreticalandexperimentalresearchonthebucklingofstiffenedandunstiffenedcylindrical
andconicalshells,andarchesandringscarriedoutoveraperiodof2yearsintheDepartmentofAeronautical
Engineeringissummarized.Thetopicsofearlierworkareoutlinedandthemorerecenttopicsaresummarized.
Thesetnclude:theinfluenceofinplaneboundaryconditionsforstringerandringstiffenedcylindricalshells;
extensivetestsonintegrallystringerstiftenedandringstiffenedcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression;
thermalbucklingofcylindricalshells;acollocationmethodforbucklinganalysisofelasticallyrestrained
conicalshells;bucklingofcylindricalpanelsundernonuniformaxialcompression;andinstabilityofclosely
ringstiffenedconicalshells.
Referenceslistedattheendofthereport:

1.Baruch,M.,Harari,O.andSinger,J.,"InfluenceofInPlaneBoundaryConditionsontheStabilityofConicalShellsunder
HydrostaticPressure",Proceedingsofthe9thIsraelAnnualCenferenceonAviationandAstronautics,IsraelJournalofTechnology,
Vol.5,No.12,pp.1224,Feb.1967.
2.Baruch,M.Harari,O.andSinger,J."LowBucklingLoadsofAxiallyCompressedConicalShells",JournalofAppliedMechanics,
Vol.37,No.2,pp.384392,June1970.
3.Hoff,.N.J.,"ThePerplexingBehaviorofThinCircularCylindricalShellsinAxialCompression",SecondTheodorevonKrmn
MemorialLecture,Proceedings8thIsraelAnnualConferenceonAviationandAstronautics,IsraelJournalofTechnology,Vol.4,No.
1,pp.128,February1966.
4.Sobel,L.H.,"EffectsofBoundaryConditionsontheStabilityofCylindersSubjecttoLateralandAxialPressure",AIAAJournal,
Vol.2,No.8,pp.14371440,August1964.
5.Thielemann,W.andEsslinger,M.,"EinflussderRandbedingungenaufdieBeullastvonKreiszylinderschalen",DerStahlbau,Vol.
33,No.12,pp.311,December1964.
6.Soong,T.C.,"InfluenceofBoundaryConstraintsontheBucklingEccentricallyStiffenedOrthotropicCylinders",presentedatthe
7thInternationalSymposiumonSpaceTechnologyandScience,Tokyo,May1967.
7.Seggelke,P.andGeier,B.,"DasBeulverhaltenversteifterZylinderschalen",ZeitschriftfurFlugwissenschaften,No.15,p.12,1967.
8.Baruch,M.andSinger,J.,"EffectofEccentricityofStiffenersontheGeneralInstabilityofStiffenedCylindricalShellsunder
HydrostaticPressure",JournalofMechanicalEngineeringScience,Vol.5,No.l,pp.2327,March1963.
9.Singer,J.,"TheInfluenceofStiffenerGeometryandSpacingontheBucklingofAxiallyCompressedCylindricalandConical
Shells",TheoryofThinShells,ProceedingsofSecondIUTAMSymposiumottheTheoryofThinShells,Copenhagen,September
1967.EditedbyF.I.Niordson,Springer,Berlin,1969,pp.234263.AlsoTAEReportNo.68,TechnionResearchandDevelopnent
Foundation,Haifa,Israel,October1967.
10.Weller,T.,Singer,J.andNachmani,S.,"RecentExperimentalStudiesontheBucklingofStringerStiffenedCylindricalShells",
TAEReportNo.100,TechnionResearchandDevelopmentFoundation,Haifa,Israel,April
1970.
11.MilliganR.,Gerard,G.,Lakshmikantham,C.,andBecker,H.,"GeneralInstabilityofOrthotropicStiffenedCylindersunderAxial
Compression",AIAAJournal,Vol.4,No.11,pp.19061913,November1966.
12.Card,M.F.andJones,R.M.,"ExperimentalandTheoreticalResultsforBucklingofEccentricallyStiffenedCylinders",NASATN
D3639,October,1966.
13.Katz,L.,"CompressionTestsonIntegrallyStiffenedCylinders"NASATMX55315,August1965.
14.Koiter,W.T.,"BucklingandPostBucklingBehaviorofaCylindricalPanelunderAxialCompression"ReportS.476,National
Luchtvaartlaboratorium,Amsterdam,ReportsandTransactions,Vol.20,1956.
15.Galletly,G.D.andReynolds,T.E.,"ASimpleExtensionofSouthwell'sMethodforDeterminingtheElasticGeneralInstability
PressureforRingStiffenedCylindersSubjecttoExternalHydrostaticPressure",ProceedingsoftheSocietyofExperimentalStress
Analysis,Vol.13,No.2,pp.141152,1956.
16.Singer,J.,Baruch,M.andHarari,O.,"OntheStabilityofEccentricallyStiffenedCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompression",
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.3,No.4,pp.445470,July1967.
17.Weller,T.,"FurtherStudiesontheEffectofInPlaneBoundaryConditionsontheBucklingofStiffenedCylindricalShells",TAE
ReportNo.120,TechnionResearch&DevelopmentFoundation,Haifa,Israel,1971.
18.DeLuzio,A.,Stuhlman,C.E.,andAlmroth,B.,"InfluenceofStiffenerEccentricityandEndMomentonStabilityofCylindersin
Compression"AIAAJournal,Vol.4,pp.872877,1966.
19.Block,D.L.,"InfluenceofDescreteRingStiffenersandPrebucklingDeformationsontheBucklingofEccentricallyStiffened
OrthotropicCylinders"NASATND4283,Jan.1968.
20.Hutchinson,J.W.,andFrauenthal,J.C.,"ElasticPostbucklingBehaviorofStiffenedandBarreledCylinders",JournalofApplied
Mechanics,Vol.36,SeriesE,pp.784790,1969.
21.Chang,L.K.,andCard,M.F.,"ThermalBucklingAnalysisforStiffenedOrthotropicCylindricalShells",NASATND6332,April
1971.
22.Baruch,M.andFrum,J.,"ExperimentalStudyoftheThermalBucklingofCylindricalShells",TAEReportNo.92,Technion
Research&DevelopmentFoundation,Haifa,Israel,September1969.
23.Baruch,M.andSinger,J.,"GeneralInstabilityofStiffenedCircularConicalShellsunderHydrostaticPressure",TheAeronautical
Quarterly,Vol.16,Part2,pp.187204,May1965.
24.Baruch,M.,Singer,J.,andHarari,O.,"GeneralInstabilityofConicalShellswithNonUniformlySpacedStiffenersunder
HydrostaticPressure",Proceedingsofthe7thIsraelAnnualConferenceonAviationandAstronautics,IsraelJournalofTechnology,
Vol.3,No.1,pp.6271,February1965.

25.Haftka,R.andSinger,J.,"TheBucklingofDiscretelyStiffenedConicalShells",TAEReport90,TechnionResearchand
DevelopmentFoundation,Haifa,Israel,July1968,(presentedatthe12thInternationalCongressofAppliedMechanics,Stanford,
August1968).

TanchumWellerandJosefSinger(DepartmentofAeronauticalEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteof
Technology,Haifa,Israel),ExperimentalStudiesonBucklingof7075T6AluminumAlloyIntegrally
StringerStiffenedShells,TAEReportNo.135,October,1971,
DTICAccessionNumber,AD0740546,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD740546
ABSTRACT:Anexperimentalstudyofthebucklingofcloselyspacedintegrallystringerstiffenedcylindrical
shellsunderaxialcompressionwascarriedouttodeterminetheinfluenceofshellandstiffenergeometryonthe
applicabilityoflinearshelltheory.38specimensfabricatedfrom7075T6aluminumalloywithdifferent
geometriesweretested.Mosttestspecimensweredesignedtofailingeneralinstabilityandunderlowcritical
stressestoassureelasticbuckling.Agreementofexperimentswithlineartheorywasfoundtobegoverned
primarilybythestringerareaparameter,(A1/bh)andtheshellgeometryparameter,Z.Valuesoflinearity,rho,
(ratioofexperimentalbucklingloadtothepredictedone)higherthan80%wereobtainedintherangesZ>1000
and(A1/bh)>0.5andacleartrendtowardsrho=1wasobservedwithincreasingvaluesoftheseparameters.
Correlationwithlineartheorywasalsofoundtobeinfluencedbypanelunstablepostbucklingbehavior.
Referenceslistedattheendorthereport:

1.Weller,T.,Singer,J.,andNachmani,S.,"RecentExperimentalStudiesontheBucklingofStringerStiffenedCylindricalShells",
TAEReportNo.100,TechnionResearchandDevelopmentFoundation,I;aifa,Israel,April1970.
2.Weller,T.,"AnExperimentalandTheoreticalStudyofBucklingunderAxialCompressionofStiffenedCylindricalShells",D.Sc.
Thesis,TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,Haifa,Feb.1971(inHebrew).
3.Wesenberg,D.L.,andMayers,J.,"FailureAnalysisofIntiallyImperfect,AxiallyCompressed,Orthotropic,Sandwichand
EccentricallyStiffened,CircularCylindricalShells",USAAVLABSTechnicalReportNo.6986,Dec.1969.
4.DeLuzio,A.,Stuhlman,C.E.,andAjLmroth,B.,"InfluenceofStiffenerEccentricityandEndMomentonStabilityofCylindersin
Compression",AIAAJournal,4,(1966),872877.
5.Block,D.L.,"InfluenceofPrebucklingDeformation,RingStiffenersandLoadEccentricityontheBucklingofStiffenedCylinders"
PresentedattheAIAA/ASME8thStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,PalmSprings,California,March2931,
1967.
6.Seggelke,P.,andGeier,B.."DasBeulverhaltenVerstifterZylinderschalen",ZeitschriftfrFlugwisenschaften,15,(1967),477490.
7.Hutchinson,J.W.,andFrauenthal,J.C.,"ElasticPostbucklingBehaviorofStiffenedandBarreledCylinders".J.ofAppl.Mech.,36,
SeriesE,(1969)784790.
8.Chang,L.K.,andCard,M.F.,"ThermalBucklingAnalysisforStiffenedOrthotropicCylindricalShells",NASATND6332,April,
1971.
9.Koiter,W.T.,BucklingandPostBucklingBehaviorofaCylindricalPanelunderAxialCompression",ReportS.476,National
Luchtvaartlaboratorium,Amsterdam,ReportsandTransactions,20,1956.
10.Singer,J.,"TheInfluenceofStiffenerGeometryandSpacingontheBucklingofAxiallyCompressedCylindricalandConical
Shells",atIUTAMSymposiumonTheoryofThinShells,Copenhagen1967,pp.234263.AlsoTAEReportNo.68,Technion
ResearchandDevelopmentFoundation,Haifa,Israel,Oct.1967.
11.Leggett,D.M.A.,"TheBucklingofaLongCurvedPanelunderAxialCompression,R&MNo.1899,A.R.C.TechnicalReport,
July1942.
12.Singer,J.,Baruch,M.,andHarari,O.,"OntheStabilityofEccentricallyStiffenedCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompression",
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures3,(1967),445470.AlsoTAEReportNo.44,TechnionResearch&Development
Foundation,Haifa,Israel,December1965.
13.Singer,J.,andHaftka,R.,"BucklingofDiscretelyRingStiffenedCylindricalShells",IsraelJ.ofTechnology,6,(1968)125137.
AlsoTAEReportNo.67,TechnionResearch&DevelopmentFoundation,Haifa,Israel,Aug.1967.
14.Block,D.L.,"InfluenceofDiscreteRingStiffenersandPrebucklingDeformationsontheBucklingofEccentricallyStiffened
OrthotopicCylinders,NASATND4283,Jan.1968.
15.Singer,J.,andHaftka,R.,"BucklingofDiscretelyStringerStiffenedCylindricalShellsandElasticallyRestrainedPanelsandSub

Shells,TAEReportNo.91,TechnionResearch&DevelopmentFoundation,Haifa,(tobepublished).
16.Hutchinson,J.W.,andAmazigo,J.C.,"ImperfectionSensitivityofEccentricallyStiffenedCylindricalShells,AIAAJournal,5,
(1967),392401.
17.Lenko,O.N.,TheStabilityofOrthotropicCylindricalShells",RaschetProstranstvennykhKonstruktsii,IssueIV,pp.493524,
Moscow1958,TranslationNASATTF9826,July1963.
18.Peterson,J.P.,andDow,M.B.,"CompressionTestsonCircularCylindersStiffenedLongitudinallybyCloselySpacedZSection
Stringers",NASAMEMO21259L,1959.
19.Card,M.F.,"PreliminaryResultsofCompressionTestsonCylinderswithEccentricLongitudinalStiffeners",NASATMX1004,
September,1964.
20.Milligan,R.,GerardG.,Lakshmikantham,C.,andBecker,H.,"GeneralInstabilityofOrthotropicStiffenedCylindersunderAxial
Compression",AIAAJournal,4,(1966),19061913,AlsoReportAFFDLTR65161,AirForceFlightDynamicsLaboratory,USAF,
WrightPattersonAirForceBase,Ohio,July1965.
21.Katz,L.,"CompressionTestsonIntegrallyStiffenedCylinders"NASATMX55315,August1965.
22.Card,M.F.,andJones,R.M.,"ExperimentalandTheoreticalResultsforBucklingofEccentricallyStiffenedCylinders",NASA
TND3639,October1966.
23.Singer,J.,Arbocz,J.,andBabcock,C.D.,Jr."BucklingofImperfectStiffenedCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompression"AIAA
J.,6875.
24.Galletly,G.D.,andReynolds,T.E.,"ASimplerExtensionofSouthwell'sMethodforDeterminingtheElasticGeneralInstability
PressureforRingStiffenedCylindersSubjecttoExternalHydrostaticPressure",
Proc.SocietyofExperimentalStressAnalysis,13,1956,141152.
25.Horton,W.K.,andCundari,F.L.,"OntheApplicabilityoftheSouthwellPlottotheInterpretationofTestDataObtainedfrom
InstabilityStudiesofShellBodies"SUDAARNo.290,DepartmentofAeronauticsandAstronautics,StanfordUniversity,Augist
1966.
26.Tenerelli,D.J.,andHorton,W.H.,"AnExperimentalStudyoftheLocalBucklingofRingStiffenedCylindersSubjecttoAxial
Compression,Proc.llthAnnualConferenceonAviationandAstronautics,IsraelJ.ofTech.,7,March1969,181194.
27.Ramberg,W.,andOsgood,W.R.,"DescriptionofStressStrainCurvesbyThreeParameters",NACATechnicalNoteNo.902,
1943.
28.Timoshenko,S.,andGoodier,J.N.,"TheoryofElasticity",McGrawHillBookCo.,1951,275278.
29.Almroth,B.O.,andBushnell,D.,"ComputerAnalysisofVariousShellsofRevolution",AIAAJ.,6,(1968),18481855.
30.Rehfield,L.W.,andHallauer,W.L.Jr.,"EdgeRestrairtEffectonBucklingofCompressedCurvedPanels",AIAAJ.,6.,(1968),
187189.

Weller,T.,Singer,J.andBatterman,S.C.,Influenceofeccentricityofloadingonbucklingofstringerstiffened
cylindsricalshells,ProceedingsoftheThinShellStructuresSymposium,PrenticeHall,1974,pp.305324
T.WellerandJ.Singer,Furtherexperimentalstudiesonbucklingofintegrallyringstiffenedcylindricalshells
underaxialcompression,(Testswerecarriedouttoverifytheresultsofpreviousinvestigationsandtoestablish
alowerboundforapplicabilityoflineartheory),ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.14,No.7,1974,pp.267273,
doi:10.1007/BF02322830
ABSTRACT:Anexperimentalstudyofthebucklingofcloselyspacedintegrallystiffenedcylindricalshells
underaxialcompressionwascarriedouttodeterminetheinfluenceofshellandringgeometryonthe
applicabilityoflineartheory.Twentyninespecimensfabricatedfrom7075T6aluminumalloywithdifferent
geometriesweretested.Testspecimensweredesignedtofailingeneralinstabilityandunderlowcritical
stressestoassureelasticbuckling.Agreementofexperimentalresultsofthepresentstudy,andofthoseobtained
inotherstudieswithlineartheorywasfoundtobegovernedprimarilybytheringareaparameter,(A2/ah).
Valuesoflinearityrho(ratioofexperimentalbucklingloadtothepredictedone),higherthan80percentwere
obtainedfor(A2/ah)>0.3andacleartrendtowardsrhov=1wasobservedwithincreasingvaluesofthis

parameter.Correlationwithlineartheorywasalsofoundtobeinfluencedbyringspacing,(a/h),orratherthe
combination(a/h)[1+(A2/ah]tothe1/2power.Nosignificanteffectofshellandotherringparametersonthe
correlationwithlineartheorycouldbediscernedfortheshellstested.Byaconservativestructuralefficiency
criterionitwasobservedthatonlyforlowvaluesoftheareaparameter,(A2/ah)<approximately0.5ring
stiffenedshellsaremoreefficientthanequivalentweightisotropicones.Highestefficienciesareobtainedfor
(A2/ah)approximatelyequalto0.2.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

1.Singer,J.,"TheInfluenceofStiffenerGeometryandSpacingontheBucklingofAxiallyCompressedCylindricalandConical
Shells",TheoryofThinShells,Proceedingsof2ndUTAMSymposiumonTheoryofThinShells,Copenhagen,September1967,pp.
234263,SpringerVerlag,Berlin1969.
2.Weller,T.,"AnExperimentalandTheoreticalStudyofBucklingunderAxialCompressionofStiffenedCylindricalShells",D.Sc.
Thesis,TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,Haifa,Feb.1971(inHebrew).
3.Weller,T.,Singer,J.,andNachmani,S.,"RecentExperimentalStudiesonBucklingofIntegrallyStiffenedCylindricalShellsunder
AxialCompression",TAEReport100,TechnionResearchandDevelopmentFoundation,'Haifa,Israel,Feb.1970.
4.Singer,J.,Baruch,M.,andHarari,O.,"OntheStabilityofEccentricallyStiffenedCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompression",
InternationalJournalofSolidandStructures,Vol.3,pp.445470,1967,AlsoTAEReportNo.44TechnionResearchand
DevelopmentFoundation,Haifa,Israel,December1965.
5.Weller,T.,Baruch,M.,andSinger,J.,"InfluenceofInPlaneBoundaryConditionsonBucklingUnderAxialCompressionofRing
StiffenedCylindricalShells",IsraelJournalofTechnology,Vol.9,No.4,pp.397410,July1971.AlsoTAEReportNo.101,
TechnionResearchandDevelopmentFoundation,Haifa,Israel,October1970.
6.Milligan,R.,Gerard,G.,Lakshikantham,C.,andBecker,H.,"GeneralInstabilityofOrthotropicStiffenedCylindersunderAxial
Compression",AIAAJournal,Vol,4,No.11,pp.19061913,November1966.
7.Singer,J,,Arbocz,J,,andBabcock,C.D.,"BucklingofImperfectStiffenedCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompression",AIAA
Journal,Vol.,9,No.1,pp.6875,January,1971.
8,Almroth,B.O.,"InfluenceofImperfectionsandEdgeRestraintontheBucklingofAxiallyCompressedCylinders,"NASACR432,
April1966.AlsopresentedattheAIAA/ASME7thStructuresandMaterialsConference,CocoaBeach,Florida,April1820,1966.
9.DeLuzio,A.,Stuhlman,C.E.,andAlmroth,B.O.,"InfluenceofStiffenerEccentricityandEndMomentonStabilityofCylindersin
Compresston",AIAAJournal,Vol.4,No.5,pp.872877,May.1966.
10.Block,D.L.,"InfluenceofDiscreteRingStiffenersandPrebucklingDeformationsontheBucklingofEccentricallyStiffened
OrthotropicCylinders,NASATND4283,Jan.1968.
11.Seggelke,P.,andGeierB.,"DasBeulverhaltenversteifterZylinderschalen",ZeitschriftfuerFlugwissenschaften,Vol.15,No.12,
1967,pp.477490.
12.Hutchinson,J.W.,andFrauenthal,JoC.,"ElasticPostbucklingBehaviorofStiffenedandBarreledCylindricalShells",Journalof
Appl.Mech.,Vol.36,SeriesE,No.4,pp.784790,Dec.1969.
13.Chang,L.K.,andCard,M.F.,"Thermal.BucklingAnalysisforStiffenedOrthctropicCylindricalShells",NASATND6332,April
1971.
14.Weller,T.,andSinger,J.,"ExperimentalStudiesontheBucklingof707ST6AluminiumAlloyIntegrallyStringerStiffened
Shells",TAEReportNo.135,TechnionResearchandDevelopmentFoundation,Haifa.Israel,November,1971.
15.Ramberg,W..andOsgood,W.R.,"DescriptionofStressStrainCurvesbyThreeParameter,s",NACATechnicalNoteNo.902,
1943.
16.Weller,T.,andSinger,J.,"ExperimentalStudiesofBucklingofRingStiffenedConicalShellsunderAxialCompression",
ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.10,No.11,pp.449456,November,1970.

Singer,J.andRosen,A.,"InfluenceofBoundaryConditionsontheBucklingofStiffenedCylindricalShells,"
BucklingofStructures(ProceedingsofIUTAMSymposium,Cambridge,Mass.,June1974),SpringerVerlag,
Berlin,Heidelberg,NewYork,1976,pp.227250.
ABSTRACT:Theoreticalandexperimentalstudiesontheinfluenceofboundarycondtionsonthebucklingof
stiffenedcylindricalshellsandtheirvibrationsarediscussed.Theeffectofprebucklingdeformationonthe
bucklingloadsandvibrationsofstiffenedshellsisstudiedandcomparedwiththatinthecaseofunstiffened

shells.Theinplaneboundaryconditionsarefoundtobeofparticularimportanceforstiffenedcylindricalshells
andtheireffectdifferssignificantlyfromthatinunstiffenedshells.Axialrestraintsarefoundtobeofprime
importanceinstringerstiffenedshells,andthereforetheeffectofelasticaxialrestraintsisalsostudied.By
correlationwiththevibrationtestsonthesameshellsamethodisdevelopedfordefinitionoftheactual
boundaryconditionsofastiffenedshellnondestructively.Theeffectofeccentricityofloadingonstringer
stiffenedshellsisstudiedexperimentallyandcorrelatedwithvibrationtestsonthesameshells.Preliminary
resultsofanondestructiveexperimentalmethodforpredictionofbucklingloadsbasedonvibrationtestingof
stiffenedshellsarealsopresented.
A.RosenandJ.Singer(DepartmentofAeronauticalEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,
Haifa,Israel),Vibrationsofaxiallyloadedstiffenedcylindricalshells,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.
34,No.3,June1974,pp.357378,IN3,doi:10.1016/S0022460X(74)803172
ABSTRACT:Atheoreticalandexperimentalinvestigationofthevibrationsofaxiallyloadedstiffened
cylindricalshellsispresented.Inthetheoreticalstudythreesetsofequilibriumequationsandboundary
conditionsarederivedfromtheDonnellandFlggetheories.Thesesetsaresolvedinamannerusuallyreferred,
toastheexactmethod.Intheexperimentalstudysevendifferentclampedcylindricalshells,stiffenedby
outsidestringersorrings,weretested.Theexperimentalinvestigationincludedfrequenciesandmodeshapes.
Goodagreementwasachievedbetweenexperimentsandtheory,andthepredicteddifferencesbetweenthe
differenttypesofshellswereverified.
A.RosenandJ.Singer,Vibrationsandbucklingofeccentricallyloadedstiffenedcylindricalshells,
ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.16,No.3,1975,pp.8894,doi:10.1007/BF02324891
ABSTRACT:Theinfluenceofeccentricityofloadingonthevibrationsandbucklingofstringerstiffenedshells
isstudied.Anestablishednonlineartheory,whichtakesintoaccountnonlinearprebuckling,isappliedandthe
predictionsarecomparedwithexperimentalresults.Twofamiliesofshells,onelsquoheavilyrsquostiffenedand
theotherlsquomoderatelyrsquostiffened,weretestedbutdetailedresultsarepresentedonlyforthe
lsquoheavilyrsquostiffenedshells.Ineachfamilytherearethreeidenticalshells,eachwithdifferent
eccentricityofloading.Inallcases,differentinplaneboundaryconditionsareconsideredandcorrelatedwith
experimentalresults.
AvivRosenandJosefSinger(DepartmentofAeronauticalEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteof
Technology,Haifa,Israel),Vibrationsandbucklingofaxiallyloadedstiffenedcylindricalshellswithelastic
restraints,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.12,No.8,1976,pp.577588,
doi:10.1016/00207683(76)900044
ABSTRACT:Atheoryisderivedforcalculationoftheinfluenceofelasticedgerestraintsonthevibrationsand
bucklingofstiffenedcylindricalshells.Thestiffenersareconsideredsmearedandtheedgerestraintscanbe
axial,radial,circumferentialorrotational.Extensivecomputationsareperformedforspecialkindsofstringer
stiffenedshells,andthetheoreticalpredictionsarecomparedwithexperimentalresults.Amethodofdefinition
ofequivalentelasticallyrestrainedboundaryconditionsbyuseofvibrationtestsisdiscussed.Applicationofthis
techniquetotestson10shellssignificantlyreducesthescatterintheratioofexperimentaltopredictedbuckling
loads.

T.Weller,J.Singer(DepartmentofAeronauticalEngineering,TechniconIsraelInstituteofTechnology,
Haifa,Israel),ExperimentalStudiesontheBucklingUnderAxialCompressionofIntegrallyStringerStiffened
CircularCylindricalShells,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.44,No.4,pp.721730,December1977,
DOI:10.1115/1.3424163
ABSTRACT:Anexperimentalstudyofthebucklingofcloselyspacedintegrallystringerstiffenedcircular
cylindricalshellsunderaxialcompressionwascarriedouttodeterminetheinfluenceofstiffenerandshell
geometry,aswellasmechanicalpropertiesofshellmaterial,ontheapplicabilityoflineartheory.Testsincluded
84shellsmadeoftwodifferentkindsofsteelwithcompletelydifferentmechanicalpropertiesand74shells
madeof7075T6Aluminumalloy.Agreementbetweenlineartheoryandexperimentswasfoundtobe
governedprimarilybyshellgeometry,Z,whereforZ>1000valuesoflinearity(ratioofexperimental
bucklingloadtothepredictedone)of70percentandconsiderablyabovewereobtained.Correlationwithlinear
theorywasalsofoundtobeaffectedbystringerareaparameter(A1/bh)wherefor(A1/bh)>0.45thevaluesof
linearityobtainedexceeded65percentandusuallyweremuchhigher.Nosignificanteffectofotherstiffener
andshellparametersontheapplicabilityoflineartheorycouldbediscernedforthespecimenstested.The
boundaryconditionswerefoundtobeofimportanceandforsomesteelshellstheinelasticbehavioroftheshell
materialwasfoundtohaveaconsiderableeffectonthelinearity.Predictionsofimperfectionsensitivitystudies
couldnotbecorrelatedwithtestresults.Byaconservativestructuralefficiencycriterionallthetestedstringer
stiffenedshellswerefoundtobemoreefficientthanequivalentweightisotropicshells.
TanchumWeller(DepartmentofAeronauticalEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,Haifa,
Israel),Combinedstiffeningandinplaneboundaryconditionseffectsonthebucklingofcircularcylindrical
stiffenedshells,Computers&Structures,Vol.9,No.1,July1978,pp.116,
doi:10.1016/00457949(78)900524
ABSTRACT:Theinfluenceofinplaneboundaryconditionsonthecriticalloadsofaxiallycompressedsimply
supportedstiffenedcylindricalshells,stiffenedbystringersandbycombinationsofringsandstringersis
studied.Itisobservedthattheaxialrestraint,u=0,attheedgesandthedimensionsofeitherthestringersorthe
ringscharacterizethetypeofinfluenceexperienced.Inshellsstiffenedbymediumandheavystringerstheaxial
restraintisapredominantfactorandtheweakinshear,Nxphi=0,B.Cs.haveonlyaslightsecondaryeffect.
ForsuchshellsastiffeningeffectisobservedforSS2andSS4B.Cs.Asthestringersbecomeweakerthe
influenceoftheaxialrestraintdiminishesandtheisotropicorringstiffenedliketypeofbehavior,sensitivityto
thevanishingofthecircumferentialrestraint,overcomesthestiffeningeffectduetou=0.Inshellsstiffenedby
combinationsofringsandstringerstheinfluenceoftheinplaneboundaryconditionsisgovernedbytherelative
magnitudesoftheringsandstringersunderconsideration.Combinationsofheavystringersandweakrings
behavelikestringerstiffenedshells,exhibitingthestiffeningeffectduetou=0whereasshellsstiffenedby
heavyringsandlightstringerstendtobehavelikeringstiffenedshells,revealingtheirsensitivitytotheweakin
shearboundaryconditions,Nxphi=0.
Singer,J.andAbramovich,H.,"VibrationTechniquesforDefinitionofPracticalBoundaryConditionsin
StiffenedShells,"AIAAJournal,Vol.17,July1979,pp.762769.
EduardRiks(DepartmentofAeronauticsandAstronautics,StanfordUniversity,California,USA),The
InfluenceofPeriodicAxisymmetricImperfectionsofVariousWavelengthsontheBucklingLoadofa

CylindricalShellinAxialCompression,March1971,(unnumberedreportintheDTICcitation),
DTICAccessionNumber:AD0747061
ABSTRACT:Koiter'swellknownbucklinganalysisofcylindricalshellswithperiodicaxisymmetric
imperfectionsyieldsasolutionwhichisvalidforimperfectionofdifferentwavelengthsandamplitudes.
Numericalcalculationswerecarriedouttoevaluateseveralofthesecases.Ofparticularinterestare
imperfectionsofthewavelengthwhicharelargerthantheoneconsideredinKoiter'soriginalanalysis.Insuch
cases,thevalidityofthesolutionmaybeextendedtoimperfectionamplitudesofamuchlargerorderof
magnitudehithertoconsidered.Thenumericalresultsareplottedandtabulated.ArederivationofKoiter's
analysisisaddedinanappendixtogetherwithabriefdescriptionofthecomputationalmethodthatwasused.
C.G.LangeandA.C.Newell,Thepostbucklingproblemforthinelasticshells,SIAMJ.Appl.Math.,Vol.
21,No.4,December1971,pp.605629
ABSTRACT:Anasymptoticintegrationtechniqueisdevelopedtodescribethepostbucklingbehaviorofthin
elasticshells.Theintroductionofslowspaceandtimescalesdirectlyintotheshelldifferentialequations
permitsamodelingofdynamiceffectsandameansofaccountingforfiniteboundaries.Inmostcases,quadratic
nonlinearinteractionsdominatethedynamicsandleadtohexagonalshapedpatternsinthebuckledshell.The
formoftheinitialimperfectioniscrucialindeterminingthecriticalbucklingload,as,foragivenplanform,
therearetwoseparatedbranchesintheloaddisplacementcurve.Thecriticalpointsoneachbranchoccura
differentvaluesoftheloadparameter.Finally,aminimalprincipleisderivedwhichexhibitstheconsistencyof
thepresentapproachwiththevariationalproceduresofKoiterandothers.
D.G.Ashwell,A.B.SabirandT.M.Roberts,Furtherstudiesintheapplicationofcurvedfiniteelementsto
circulararches,Int.JournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.13,1971,pp.507517,
doi:10.1016/00207403(71)900385
ABSTRACT:TheworkofAshwellandSabir[1]assessingthepowerofcurvedfiniteelementsbyapplying
themtocirculararches,isextended.AnelementIbasedonthecylindricalshellelementofBogneretal.[3]
convergessatisfactorilyfordeflexions,forallarchtypes,butisinferiortoanewelementIIbasedonsimple
strainfunctions.Anatural(exact)shapefunctionisalsopresented.Whenstressresultantsarecalculated,both
IandIIconvergerapidlyifthestressresultantsarecalculatedfromanelementstiffnessmatrix,butare
sometimesunsatisfactory(exceptformidelementstressresultants)ifanormaltypeofstressmatrixisused.
ElementIbecomesunsatisfactoryifnodalcontinuityofthegradientofcircumferentialdisplacementis
imposed.
W.J.Austin,Inplanebendingandbucklingofarches,ASCEJ.oftheStructuralDivision,Vol.97,No.ST5,
May1971,pp.15751592
Z.P.Bazant,Acorrelationstudyofformulationsofincrementaldeformationandstabilityofcontinuous
bodies,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.38,1971,pp.919928
D.J.Dawe,Finitedeflectionanalysisofarches,Int.J.forNumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.3,1971,
pp.529552

C.W.PryorandR.M.Baker,Afiniteelementanalysisincludingtransversesheareffectsforapplicationto
laminatedplates,AIAAJournal,Vol.9,1971,pp.912917
O.C.Zienkiewicz,R.L.TaylorandJ.M.Too,Reducedintegrationtechniquesingeneralanalysisofplatesand
shells,Int.J.forNumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.3,1971,pp.255290
EdwardL.StantonandDennisJ.McGovern(McDonnellDouglasAstronauticsCompany,HuntingtonBeach,
California,U.S.A.),Theapplicationofgradientminimizationmethodsandhigherorderdiscreteelementsto
shellbucklingandvibrationeigenproblems,Computers&Structures,Vol.1,No.3,October1971,pp.413
434,doi:10.1016/00457949(71)900228
ABSTRACT:Gradientminimizationmethodshavebeensuccessfullyappliedtothediscreteelementanalysisof
shellswithgeometricnonlinearitiesandtoplateswithmaterialnonlinearities.Morerecently,thefeasibilityof
usingsuchmethodsforthelowerbucklingandvibrationmodesoflargeeigenproblemshasbeenestablished.
Thepresentinvestigationextendsthisworkbydevelopingscalingcriteriaandrescalingstrategiesbasedonthe
secondvariationofthediscretizedRayleighquotient.Theimportanceofscalingtotheefficiencyofthe
conjugategradientalgorithmisfoundtobesimilartothatreportedforpotentialenergyminimization.Several
shellvibrationandshellbucklingproblemsarethananalyzedusingthe48degreeoffreedomBognercylindrical
panelelementreformulatedtoincludeanincrementalstiffnessmatrix.ThiselementisbasedonbicubicHermite
polynomialsforwhichdiscretizationerrorboundsindicaterapideigenvalueandeigenvectorconvergencein
certainellipticboundaryvalueproblems.Theseconvergenceratesarenumericallytestedinbothshellbuckling
andvibrationeigenproblems.
R.H.MacNealandC.W.McCormick(TheMacNealSchwendlerCorporation,LosAngeles,California,
U.S.A.),TheNASTRANcomputerprogramforstructuralanalysis,Computers&Structures,Vol.1,No.3,
October1971,pp.389412,doi:10.1016/00457949(71)900216
ABSTRACT:NASTRANisalargedigitalcomputerprogramforstaticanddynamicstructuralanalysisbythe
finiteelementapproach.ItisnearingcompletionafterthreeyearsofdevelopmentunderNASAsponsorship.It
willbemadeavailabletoallinterestedusersanditwillbemaintainedbyNASA.Itiscurrentlyprogrammedfor
theIBM360,theUNIVAC1108,andtheCDC6600computers.Themajorfunctionalcapabilitiesof
NASTRANarestaticanalysisofstructureswitheitherlinearornonlinearmaterialproperties;bucklinganalysis;
vibrationmodesanalysisofeitherconservativeordampedsystems;frequencyresponseanalysis;andtransient
responseanalysis.Manyconveniencefeaturesareprovidedtotheuserincludinganextensivelistofstructural
elements;theautomaticgenerationofseveraltypesofloadsincludinggravityloadsandloadsinducedby
thermalstrains;plotsofdeformedandundeformedstructures;andthechoiceofalternatemethodsofanalysis,
including,forexample,eitherdirectormodalformulationsofdynamicproblems.NASTRANisintended
primarilyforlargeproblemswithhundredsorthousandsofdegreesoffreedom.Allmathematicalsubroutines
havebeendesignedtoprovidefortheefficientsolutionoflargeproblemsbytakingmaximumadvantageof
matrixsparsityandbandedness.AflexibleExecutiveSystemisprovidedthatfacilitatestheadditionofnew
functionalcapabilitiestoNASTRAN.
RichardH.Macneal(TheMacNealSchwendlerCorporation,LosAngeles,CA90041,U.S.A.),Asimple
quadrilateralshellelement,Computers&Structures,Vol.8,No.2,April1978,pp.175183,

doi:10.1016/00457949(78)900202
ABSTRACT:Thepaperdescribesanewfournodedquadrilateralshellelement,calledQUAD4,whichisbased
onisoparametricprincipleswithmodificationswhichrelaxexcessiveconstraints.Themodificationsinclude
reducedorderintegrationforshearterms,enforcementofcurvaturecompatibility,andtheaugmentationof
transverseshearflexibilitytoaccountforadeficiencyinthebendingstrainenergy.Practicalfeaturesare
discussed,includingconversiontoanonplanarshape,couplingbetweenbendingandstretching,mass
properties,andgeometricstiffness.Experimentalresultsaredescribedwhichillustratetheaccuracyand
economyclaimedfortheelement.
RichardH.MacNeal(TheMacNealSchwendlerCorporation815ColoradoBlvd.,LosAngeles,CA90041,
U.S.A.),TheevolutionoflowerorderplateandshellelementsinMSC/NASTRAN,FiniteElementsin
AnalysisandDesign,Vol.5,No.3,October1989,pp.197222,doi:10.1016/0168874X(89)900449
ABSTRACT:Thesubjectistreatedchronologicallyandinamannerwhichemphasizesthebackgroundfor
designdecisions,includingexaminationoftherolesofelementtestingandfailureanalysis.Theelements
treatedaretheoriginalnastranelements,thequad4,andthetria3,togetherwiththeirmodifications.Thequad4
element,inparticular,hasbecomeamuchbetterelementthanits1976prototypethroughtheprocessof
evolutionaryreforminresponsetoweaknessesrevealedbypracticalapplication.
S.K.Radhamohan(1),AchyutSetlur(1)andJohnE.Goldberg(2)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Kanpur,India
(2)SchoolofCivilEngineering,PurdueUniversity,Lafayette,Indiana,USA
StabilityofShellsbyParametricDifferentiation,ASCEJournaloftheStructuralDivision,Vol.97,No.6,
June1971,pp.17751790
ABSTRACT: Thepowerfultechniqueofparametricdifferentiationisillustrated,coupledwithnumerical
integrationschemesforsolvinghighlynonlinearproblemsinshellstability.Asanexample,theaxisymmetric
bucklingpressuresofclampedsphericalshellsofconstantthickness,underexternalpressureareobtained.The
applicationofthistechniquetothestudyofpostbucklingbehaviorisdemonstrated.Thistechniqueisequally
applicabletothesolutionofawideclassofnonlineardifferentialequationsarisingoutofvariousphysical
problems.
D.J.Johns(DepartmentofTransportTechnology,UniversityofTechnology,Loughborough,UK),Shear
bucklingofisotropicandorthotropicplatesareview,MinistryofDefence,AeronauticalResearchCouncil
ReportsandMemoranda,R.&M.No.3677,London,HerMajestysStationeryOffice,1971
ABSTRACT:areviewispresentedoftheshearbucklingofisotropicandorthotropicplateswithadetailed
considerationofthelatter.Anextensivebibliographyisgivenandthedetailsoftheanalysesinthesepapersare
alsodiscussedbrieflyinordertoillustratethedevelopmentoftheoreticalandanalyticaltechnique.Therelevant
theoreticalinformationforshearbucklingandforthedeterminationofbucklingundercombinedstresssystems
includingshearispresentedgraphicallyintheformofdatasheets.(Cannotcutandpastereferences)
JamesA.Cheney(UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,CA),PressureBucklingofRingEncasedinCavity,ASCE
JournaloftheEngineeringMechanicsDivision,Vol.97,No.2,March/April1971,pp.333343

ABSTRACT: Thebucklingofaringsubjectedtoexternalpressurebutsupportedbyarigidcavitywallis
investigatedusingsmalldeflectionlineartheory.Itisassumedthatthecavitywallmovesinwiththedeflection
oftheringpriortotheonsetofbuckling.Theringbuckleslocallywithanarclengthnogreaterthanpi
dependingontheratiooftheradiusoftheringtotheradiusofgyrationofthecrosssection,R/rho.Acurveis
givenfornumericalevaluationofthecriticalpressureforallvaluesofR/rhoinaringoraninfinitelylong
cylindricalshell.
PanSanHsuehandAlexanderChajes(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofMassachusetts,Amherst,
Massachusetts,USA),BucklingofAxiallyloadedCylindricalPanels,ASCEJournaloftheEngineering
MechanicsDivision,Vol.97,No.3,May/June1971,pp.919933
ABSTRACT:Bucklingandpostbucklingbehaviorofaxiallyloadedcylindricalshellsisstudied.Linearand
nonlinearequationsaresolvedbyfinitedifferencetechniques.Eightboundaryconditionsthatdifferfromthose
assumedintheclassicalsolutionareconsidered.Itisshownthatchangesintheboundaryconditionshavea
significanteffectonboththelinearbucklingloadandontheshapeofthepostbucklingcurve.Criticalloadsand
bucklingmodeshapesareobtainedforawiderangeofshellcurvature.
StephanSKWang(1)andSanfordB.Roberts(2)
(1)NavalCivilEngineeringLab.,PortHueneme,California,USA
(2)SchoolofEngineeringandAppliedScience,UniversityofCaliforniaatLosAngeles,California,USA
PlasticBucklingofPointLoadedSphericalShells,ASCEJournaloftheEngineeringMechanicsDivision,
Vol.97,No.1,January/February1971,pp.7793
ABSTRACT:Theeffectsofinelasticstrainsonthedeflectionandstabilityofthinsphericaldomeswithroller
supportededgesunderpointloadsattheapexarestudiedanalyticallyandexperimentally.Thegoverning
nonlineardifferentialequationsarederivedbyapplyingReissnersnonlinearshelltheoryandthetotal
deformationtheoryofplasticity.TheseequationsaresolvedbyafinitedifferenceschemeusingNewtons
method.Fourdomes,hydroformedfrom60610aluminum,aretested.Itisconcludedthattheinelasticstrains
doaccountformostofthediscrepanciesexistingbetweentheanalyticallypredicted(basedonelasticanalysis
alone)andtheexperimentallyobservedshellresponses.Itisfoundthatforcertaingeometricconfigurations
(i.e.,lambda>6)thelocalexistenceoffinitestrainsandsignificantstrainreversalindicatesthatcloser
correlationbetweentheoryandexperimentispossibleusinganincrementalplasticitytheory.
G.Feinstein,B.EricksonandJ.Kempner(BrooklynPolytech),Stabilityofovalcylindricalshells:
Experimentalinvestigationofinitialandultimatebucklingloadsoffixedend,ovalcylindricalshellsunderaxial
compression,ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.11,No.11,1971,pp.514520,doi:10.1007/BF02327691
ABSTRACT:Elasticbucklingunderaxialcompressionoffinite,ovalcylindricalshellswithclamped
boundarieswasinvestigatedexperimentally.Thedeterminationofthebucklingstrengthwasmadeonaseriesof
ovalshellsmadeofMylarA.Thetestresultsindicatedthatthediscrepancybetweentheoreticaland
experimentalinitialbucklingloadsfortheovalsissimilartothatofthecircularcylindricalshells.However,in
contrasttothecircularcase,acollapseloadsignificantlyexceedingtheinitialbucklingloadisobservedinthe
caseofovalswithmoderatetolargeeccentricity.

P.HarveyGriggs(TEMEC,TheoreticalandExperimentalMech.,Toronto,Canada),BucklingofReinforced
ConcreteShells,ASCEJournaloftheEngineeringMechanicsDivision,Vol.97,No.3,May/June1971,pp.
687700
ABSTRACT: Whenthedesignersofreinforcedconcreteshellstructuresconsiderbuckling,theyhavetoapply
dataderivedfromelasticanalysesorelasticmodelteststoanonelasticmaterial.Theresearchdescribedwas
designedtoreducetheuncertaintiesinvolvedbyinvestigatingtheeffectoftensioncrackingandnonlinearityon
thebucklingofconcreteshells.Theinformationdesiredwasobtainedexperimentallybycomparingthe
bucklingofreinforcedmortarmodelstogeometricallysimilarmodelsfabricatedfromplastics.Theprogram
includedtestson4longspansinglebarrelcylindricalroofshells,on5shallowsphericalcaps,andon11
cylindricalpanels.Theresultsfromthecylindricalshellsandsphericalcapsaresummarized,whilethe
cylindricalpaneltestsaredescribedinsomedetail.Thecompletecurveforinteractionofaxialand
circumferentialbucklingwasestablishedforthecylindricalpanels.Conclusionsaremadeabouttheuseof
appropriatemodelsinbucklingstudies,andontheeffectsoftensioncrackingandnonlinearityinconcrete
shells.
EndreDulacska(PlanningOffice,BUVATIofBudapest,Hungary),BucklingofReinforcedConcreteShells,
ASCEJournaloftheStructuralDivision,Vol.107,No.12,pp.23812401,December1981
ABSTRACT:Thespecialphenomenaofreinforcedconcreteshellbucklingisdescribedonthebasisofthe
latestresultsofresearch.Themethodpresentedtakesintoconsiderationthespecialpropertiesofthereinforced
concreteincluding,plasticity,creep,andquantityofreinforcement.Snapthroughcriticalloadscalculatedby
thedescribedmethodarecomparedtotheresultsofmodeltestsandtotheloadsandcriticalloadsoferected
domes.Theshellbucklingstiffnesswasseentobecomposedoftwoparts;thebendingandtheaxialstiffnessof
thereinforcedconcretecrosssection.Thecriticalloadisreducedbytheplasticityandtheimperfections.The
criticalloadofthereinforcedconcreteshellsdecreasesbythecraksofconcreteandincreasesbythe
reinforcement.
KoryoMiuraandMasamoriSakamaki,Discontinuityinbucklepatterntessellationofcylindricalshellsof
variablecurvature,InstituteofSpaceandAeronauticalScience,UniversityofTokyo,ReportNo.461,March
1971,pp.7782
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsexperimentalevidencethatthediscontinuityofbucklepatterntessellation
existsintheelasticpostbucklingconfigurationofcylindricalshellsofvariablecurvature.Thisraisesthe
questiononthevalidityofsomeassumptionsgenerallyprevailinginanalyticalstudiesabouttheproblem.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

1.Marguerre,K.,Stabilityofthecylindricalshellofvariablecurvature,NACATM1302,July1951
2.Kempner,J.andChen,Y.N.,Largedeflectionsofanaxiallycompressedovalcylindricalshell,ProceedingsoftheEleventh
InternationalCongressofAppliedMechanics,Munich,Germany,SpringerVerlag,Berlin,1964,pp.299306.
3.Hutchinson,J.W.,Bucklingandinitialpostbucklingbehaviorofovalcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,ReportSM11,
December1966,HarvardUniversity.
4.Miura,K.,Inextensionalbucklingdeformationsofgeneralcylindricalshells,AIAAJournal,Vol.6,No.5,May1968,pp.966
968
5.Miura,K.,PropositionofPseudocylindricalconcavepolyhedralshells,ISASReportNo.442,November1969,InstituteofSpace
andAeronauticalScience,UniversityofTokyo,Meguro,Tokyo,Japan.

M.P.PadoussisandJ.P.Denise(DepartementofMechanicalEngineering,McGillUniversity,Montreal101,
Canada),Flutterofthincylindricalshellsconveyingfluid,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.20,No.1,pp.
926,doi:10.1016/0022460X(72)907584
ABSTRACT:Whentheflowvelocityinafinite,thin,circularcylindricalshell,eitherclampedatbothendsor
cantilevered,exceedsacertaincriticalvalue,thesystemisobservedtolosestabilitybyflutterinitssecond
circumferentialmode.Thispaperdescribesthephenomenon,andpresentsatheoryforitsanalysiswhichis
basedonFlgge'sequationsforthedescriptionofshellmotionandaclassicalpotentialflowtheoryforthe
coupledhydrodynamicforces.Complexfrequencycalculationsrevealtheexistenceofflutterinthecaseof
cantileveredshells;forclampedclampedshellsthetheorypredictsbucklinginstabilityfollowedbycoupled
modeflutter.Theoryandexperimentareinadequatelycloseagreement.
V.I.Etokov(InstituteofMechanics,AcademyofSciencesoftheUkrainianSSR,Kiev,Ukraine),Postcritical
strainofcylindricalshellstakingaccountofgeometricsurfaceflexure,InternationalAppliedMechanics,
Vol.8,No2,1972,pp.161167,doi:10.1007/BF00886135
ABSTRACT:Pogorelovusedageometricmethodtoinvestigatethepostcriticalelasticstatesofcylindrical
shellsunderaxialcompressionin[4]undertheassumptionthatthenatureoftheperiodicityoftheshell
deflectionsisconservedthroughoutthewholetimeofstrain.Aninvesigationismadehereinwithoutthe
mentionedconstraint.Thedomainofexistenceofthesolutionobtainedisdetermined,anditisshownhowthis
domaincanbeextended.Anisometricsurfaceisconstructedbyusingthedeflectionfunctionobtainedfromthe
straincompatibilityequation.

BarryI.Hyman(DepartmentofCivil,MechanicalandEnvironmentalEngineering,GeorgeWashington
University,WashingtonD.C.),AnApproximateAnalysisoftheBucklingofImperfectSphericalShells,
January1972,TechnicalReportNo.5,DTICDocument,
DTICAccessionNumber:AD0749349,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD749349
ABSTRACT:Anapproximatemethodispresentedforpredictingelasticcollapseofcompletesphericalshells
subjecttouniformexternalpressure.Theshellcontainsanimperfectionintheformofanisolatedflatspotand
thesnapthroughbehavioroftheflatspotregionisanalyzed.Theexistenceofhighermodesisdemonstrated
andtheeffectofvariouschoicesforthestiffnesscoefficientsattheedgeoftheflatspotisinvestigated.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
[1]D.Bushnell,"NonlinearAxisymmetricBehaviorofShellsofRevolution,"AIAAJ.,Vol.5,pp.432439(1967).
[2]M.A.KrenzkeandT.J.Kiernan,"TheEffectofInitialImperfectionsontheCollapseStrengthofDeepSphericalShells,"David
TaylorModelBasinRpt.1757(1965).
[3]A.KalninsandV.Biricikoglu,"OntheStabilityAnalysisofImperfectSphericalShells,"JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.37,
pp.629634(1970).
[4]T.KogaandN.J.Hoff,"TheAxisymmetricBucklingofInitiallyImperfectCompleteSphericalShells,"InternationalJournalof
SolidsandStructures,Vol.5,pp.679697(1969).
[5]J.W.Hutchinson,"ImperfectionSensitivityofExternallyPressurizedSphericalShells,"JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.34,
pp.4955(1967).
[6]R.KaoandN.Perrone,"AsymmetricBucklingofSphericalCapswithAsymmetricalImperfections,"JournalofApplied
Mechanics,Vol.38,pp.172178(1971).

[7]P.V.Marcal,."LargeDeflectionAnalysisofElasticPlasticShellsofRevolution,"ContractN0001467A01910004,Technical
ReportNo.1,BrownUniversity(Dec.1968)
[8]W.A.NashandJ.R.Modeer,"CertainApproximateAnalysesoftheNonlinearBehaviorofPlatesandShallowShells,"
ProceedingsofIUTAMSymposiumonTheoryofThinElasticShells,NorthHollandPublishingCompany,Amsterdam(1960).
[9]B.I.Hyman,"SnapThroughofShallowClampedSphericalCapsUnderUniformPressure,"InternationalJournalofNonlinear
Mechanics,Vol.6,pp.5567(1971).
[10]M.Uemura,"AxisymmetricalBucklingofanInitiallyDeformedShallowSphericalShellUnderExternalPressure,"International
JournalofNonlinearMechanics,Vol.6,pp.177192(1971).
[11]D.Bushnell,"SymmetricandNonsymmetricBucklingofFinitelyDeformedEccentricallyStiffenedShellsofRevolution,"AIAA
Journal,Vol.5,pp.14551462(1967).
[12]D.Bushnell,"InfluenceCoefficientsforExternallyPressurizedSphericalShells,"AIAAJournal,Vol.4,
pp.14721474(1966).
[13]B.R.BakerandG.B.Cline,Jr.,"InfluenceCoefficientsforThinSmoothShellsofRevolutionSubjectedtoSymmetricLoads,"
JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.29,pp.335339(1962).
[14]W.Nachbar,"DiscontinuityStressesinPressurizedThinShellsofRevolution,"LockheedMissilesandSpaceDivisionLMSD
48483(1959).
[15]G.B.Cline,"EffectofInternalPressureontheInfluenceCoefficientsofSphericalShells,"JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.
30,pp.9197,(1963).
[16]S.TimoshenkoandS.WoinowskyKrieger,TheoryofPlatesandShells,2ndEdition,McGrawHillBookCo.,pp.547554
(1959).
[17]B.I.Hyman,"FurtherStudyofSnapThroughBehaviorofClampedSphericalCaps,"TheGeorgeWashingtonUniversity,
ContractN0001466C0154,TechnicalReportNo.4,
(Dec.1971).

R.A.VanSlooten(1)andT.T.Soong(2)
(1)DepartmentofTheoreticalandAppliedMechanics,UniversityofIllinois,Urbana,Ill.
(2)DepartmentofEngineeringScience,StateUniversityofNewYorkatBuffalo,Buffalo,N.Y.
BucklingofaLong,AxiallyCompressed,ThinCylindricalShellWithRandomInitialImperfections,Journal
ofAppliedMechanics,Vol.39,No.4,pp.10661071,December1972,DOI:10.1115/1.3422830
ABSTRACT:Theeffectofrandomgeometricimperfectionsonthemaximumloadcarryingcapacityofan
axiallycompressedthincylindricalshellisstudied.Followingaperturbationapproach,equationsarederived
whichrelatethefirstandsecondorderstatisticsofthemaximumloadtothestatisticsoftheinitial
imperfections.AssumingthattheimperfectionsarerepresentedbyGaussianstationaryandergodicrandom
processes,itisshownthatthemeanmaximumloadisexpressibleinquadratureformsinvolvingthepower
spectraldensityoftheinitialimperfection.Furthermore,themaximumloadisseentobeequaltoitsmeanvalue
withprobabilityone.Asimpleasymptoticformulaforthemaximumloadisderivedassumingthevarianceof
theinitialimperfectionissmall.Inthiscasethecriticalloaddependsonlyupontheimperfectionvarianceand
thepowerspectraldensityatagivenwavenumber.Forthetypesofimperfectionsconsidered,itisfoundthat
randomaxisymmetricimperfectionsreducetheloadcarryingcapacityofthecylindricalshellmorethan
nonaxisymmetricimperfections.
GeorgeN.Feskakis(1)andNicholasF.Morris(2)
(1)Sverdup&Parcel,andAssoc.,NewYorkCity,NY
(2)Dept.ofCivilEngineering,NewYorkUniv.,SchoolofEngrg.andSci.,Univ.Heights,Bronx,NY)
AsymmetricBucklingofImperfectSphericalShells,ASCEJournaloftheEngineeringMechanicsDivision,
Vol.98,No.5,September/October1972,pp.11151131

ABSTRACT: Astudyispresentedconcerningthebucklingcharacteristicsofsphericalshellswithsmallinitial
symmetricandasymmetricimperfectionsinthegeometry.Thegoverningnonlinearpartialdifferential
equationsareformulatedusinggeneralrelationswithnorestrictiononshallowness.Theeffectofinitial
geometricimperfectionsisincludedintheequations.Theshellmaterialisassumedtobelinearlyelastic.The
solutionofthedifferentialequationsiscarriedoutnumericallyusingthemethodofL.V.Kantorovichin
combinationwithfinitedifferences.Numericalresultsareobtainedbymeansofadigitalcomputer,for
sphericalshellsclampedattheboundaryandsubjectedtouniformexternalpressure.Bucklingpressuresare
determinedfromtheloaddeflectionrelationship.Thecasesofasymmetricimperfections,andsymmetric
imperfectionsarestudied.Awiderangeofshellgeometriesandimperfectionsiscovered.Comparisonwith
earlierexperimentalresultsshowsgoodagreement.
RobertK.Emerton(1)andNicholasF.Morris(2)
(1)GrummanAircraftCorp
(2)Dept.ofCivilEngineering,NewYorkUniv.,SchoolofEngrg.andSci.,Univ.Heights,Bronx,NY)
SymmetricBucklingofInelasticSphericalShells,ASCEJournaloftheEngineeringMechanicsDivision,
Vol.98,No.6,November/December1972,pp.14171431
ABSTRACT:Anumericalmethodfordeterminingthebucklingloadsandstressesforelasticplasticspherical
shellssubjectedtouniformexternalpressureispresented.Norestrictionisplacedonshallownessinthe
analysis.TheincrementaltheoryofplasticityandthevonMisesyieldcriterionareusedinformulatingthe
problem.Thegoverningdifferentialequationsareformulatedintermsofdisplacementsandaresolvedwiththe
aidoffinitedifferences,anincrementaliterativetechnique,andahighspeeddigitalcomputer.Bucklingloads
aretakenasthefirstmaximumofaloadaveragedeflectioncurve.Numericalresultsarepresentedfora
clampedsphericalshell.Bucklingloadsarecomparedtotheelasticcompletespherevalueandthelimitanalysis
load.Therelationshipoftheradiusthicknessratiotobucklingstressispresented.
N.J.PaganoandSharonJ.Hatfield,Elasticbehaviorofmultilayeredbidirectionalcomposites,AIAAJournal,
Vol.10,No.7,July1972,pp.931933
RichardM.Barker,FuTienLinandJonR.Dana,Threedimensionalfiniteelementanalysisoflaminated
composites,Computers&Structures,Vol.2,Nos.5/6,December1972,pp.10131029
S.T.Mau,P.TongandT.H.H.Pian,Finiteelementsolutionsforlaminatedthickplates,J.Composite
Materials,Vol.6,April1972,pp.304311
L.E.PenzesandH.Kraus,Freevibrationofprestressedcylindricalshellshavingarbitraryhomogeneous
boundaryconditions,AIAAJournal,Vol.10,1972,pp.13091313
RobertL.Taylor,Oncompletenessofshapefunctionsforfiniteelementanalysis,Int.J.NumericalMethods
inEngineering,Vol.4,No.1,1972,pp.1722
Sabir,A.B.andLock,A.C.Theapplicationoffiniteelementstothelargedeflectiongeometricallynonlinear
behaviourofcylindricalshells,inVariationalMethodsinEngineering,ed.C.A.BrebbiaandH.Tottenham,

SouthamptonPress,London,1972.
Th.LundeJohnson,Noteonsymmetricdecompositionofsomespecialsymmetricmatrices,Computer
MethodsinAppliedMechanics&Engineering,Vol.1,No.3,1972,pp.301306
SamuelW.Key,Theanalysisofthinshellswithadoublycurvedarbitraryquadrilateralfiniteelement,
Computers&Structures,Vol.2,No.4,September1972,pp.637673
Book
ChandrakantS.DesaiandJohnF.Abel,Introductiontothefiniteelementmethod,VanNostrandReinhold
Co.,1972
ChanghuaYeh,(Sr.Struct.Engr.,HarzaEngrg.Co.,Chicago,Illinois,USA),NonlinearDynamicAnalysisof
CoolingTower,ASCEJournalofthePowerDivision,Vol.98,No.1,June1972,pp.4963
ABSTRACT: Thefiniteelementmethodisemployedtostudythenonlineardynamiceffectofastrongwind
gustonacoolingtower.Geometricnonlinearitiesassociatedwithfinitedeformationsofthestructureare
consideredbutthematerialisassumedtoremainelastic.Loadisappliedinsmallincrementsandtheequation
ofmotionissolvedbyastepbystepintegrationtechnique.Ithasbeenfoundthatthecoolingtowerwill
collapseunderawindgustofmaximumpressure1.2psi(8.27kN/m).Thecollapseiscausedbyalocal
bucklingphenomenonalongthewaistofthecoolingtower.Theresponseofthestructurebeforecollapseis
presentedandcomparedwithalinearsolution.Theseresultshavedemonstratedtheimportanceofconsidering
nonlinearbehaviorintheanalysis.
PeterGergelyandGeorgeWinter(StructuralEngineeringDepartment,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NewYork,
USA),ExperimentalInvestigationofThinSteelHyperbolicParaboloidStructures,ASCEJournalofthe
StructuralDivision,Vol.98,No.10,October1972,pp.21652179
ABSTRACT: Extensivetestsoninvertedumbrellaandsaddleshapedmodelsindicatethatthedesignofthin
steelhyparroofsisusuallygovernedbystiffness,ratherthanbystresslimitations.Therisespanratioandthe
shearrigidityofcoldformeddecksarethemostimportantfactorsdeterminingthestiffnessofthestructure.
Deckbucklingiscausdbytheuniformshearstressesinthesheardiaphragmtypeofactionoftheshellwhich
dominatestheresponseofhyparshells.Thisexperimentalinvestigationyieldedempiricaldesigninformationin
thinsteelhyparsandalsoprovidedchecksonotheranalyticalstudies.
PrabodhV.Banavalkar(1)andPeterGergely(2)
(1)Ellisor,Inc.,Houston,Texas,USA
(2)DepartmentofStructuralEngineering,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NewYork,USA
AnalysisofThinSteelHyperbolicParaboloidShells,ASCEJournaloftheStructuralDivision,Vol.98,No.
11,November1972,pp.26052621
ABSTRACT: Finiteelementanalysesoforthotropichyparstructures,usingflatandcurvedelements,are
comparedwithexperimentalresults.Theflatelementapproachtendstopredictthedeflectionsofflatcorners
betterthanthecurvedelementformulation.Thebucklingofthedeckisalsostudiedforarangeofedgemember
anddeckproperties.

K.K.Gupta(JetPropulsionLaboratory,CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,Pasadena.U.S.A.),Solutionof
eigenvalueproblemsbysturmsequencemethod.InternationalJournalforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,
Vol.4,No.3,May/June1972,pp.379404.doi:10.1002/nme.1620040308
ABSTRACT:Ageneralizedeigenvaluealgorithmispresentedhereinalongwiththecompletelistingofthe
associatedcomputerprogram,whichmaybeconvenientlyutilizedfortheefficientsolutionofcertainbroad
classesofeigenvalueproblems.Extensiveapplicationsoftheprocedureareenvisagedintheanalysisofmany
importantengineeringproblems,suchasstabilityandnaturalfrequencyanalysisofpracticaldiscretestructural
systems,idealizedbythefiniteelementtechnique.TheprocedurebasedontheSturmsequencemethodis
accurateandfast,possessingseveralsignificantadvantagesoverotherknownmethodsofsuchanalysis.
Numericalresultsarealsopresentedfortworepresentativestructuralengineeringproblems.
K.K.Gupta,EigenproblemsolutionbyacombinedSturmsequenceandinverseiterationtechnique,Int.J.
NumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.7No.1,1973,pp.1742,doi:10.1002/nme.1620070103
ABSTRACT:Thisarticlepresentsanefficientandnumericallystablealgorithm,alongwithacompletelisting
oftheassociatedcomputerprogram,developedfortheaccuratecomputationofspecifiedrootsandassociated
vectorsoftheeigenvalueproblemAq=lambdaBqwithbandsymmetricAandB,Bbeingalsopositivedefinite.
ThedesiredrootsarefirstisolatedbytheSturmsequenceprocedure;thenaspecialvariantoftheinverse
iterationtechniqueisappliedfortheindividualdeterminationofeachrootalongwithitsvector.Thealgorithm
fullyexploitsthebandedformofrelevantmatrices,andtheassociatedprogramwritteninFORTRANVforthe
JPLUNIVAC1108computerprovestobemostsignificantlyeconomicalincomparisontosimilarexisting
procedures.Theprogrammaybeconvenientlyutilizedfortheefficientsolutionofpracticalengineering
problemsincludingfreevibrationandbucklinganalysisofstructures.Resultsofsuchanalysesarepresentedfor
representativestructures.
StuartE.SwartzandVernonH.Rosenbraugh(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,KansasStateUniversity,
Manhattan,Kansas,USA),ExperimentswithElasticFoldedPlateModels,ASCEJournaloftheEngineering
MechanicsDivision,Vol.98,No.3,May/June1972,pp.711729
ABSTRACT: Threeseriesoftestswereconductedonsmallscalealuminummodelsofsinglecess,foldedplate
structureswithsymmetricalcrosssections.Inthefirstseriesoftests,themodelsweresupportedonplexiglass
platesattheendsandweresubjectedtouniform,symmetricalloads.Inthesecondseries,themodelswere
subjectedtoasymmetricalloads.Athirdseriesoftestswasmadeonthemodelswiththeendsandcenter
supportedonplexiglassplatesandsubjectedtosymmetricallyapplied,uniformloads.Inthefirsttwoseriesof
tests,themodelswereloadedintothepostbucklingrange.Theloadwhichcausedaplateelementtoexhibit
localbucklingwasdeterminedfromdeflectionprofilestakenalongthelongitudinaldirectionofthemodels.
MehranLaskari(1),VictorI.Weingarten(2)andDavidS.Margolias(2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,AryamehrUniversityofTechnology,Tehran,Iran
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofSouthernCalifornia,LosAngeles,CaliforniaUSA

VibrationsofPressureLoadedHyperboloidalShells,ASCEJournaloftheEngineeringMechanicsDivision,
Vol.98,No.5,September/October1972,pp.10171030
ABSTRACT: Thispaperinvestigatestheeffectofexternallateralpressureonthefreevibrationsof
hyperboloidalshellsofrevolution.AfiniteelementcomputerprogramwasdevelopedbasedonSanderslinear
shelltheory.Thisanalysiswasingoodagreementwithavailableexperimentalresultsandcanbeusedinthe
futurecoolingtowerstructures.Themostinterestingresultobtainedfromtheinvestigationwasthediscovery
thatforcertainhyperboloidalshellgeometrics,thelowestfrequencymodeshapescontainmorethanone
meridionalhalfwave.Thisresultwasverifiedexperimentallyinthereference.
JackW.Vetter(1)andDoneldE.Boyd(2)
(1)Lutz,Daily,andBrain,KansasCity,Missouri,USA
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,OklahomaStateUniversity,Stillwater,Oklahoma,USA
BucklingofArbitraryOpenCylindricalShells,ASCEJournaloftheEngineeringMechanicsDivision,Vol.
98,No.1,January/February1972,pp.177193
ABSTRACT: Acomputermethodispresentedtoobtainsolutionsforbucklingoftheopencylindricalshell,or
panel,withthecurvededgessimplysupported.Theradiusofcurvaturemayvary.Theboundaryconditions
alongthestraightedgesofthepanelarearbitrary.Thesolutionisaccomplishedbythesubstitutionofmixed
trigonometricpowerseriesintoequationssimilartoDonnellsstabilityequations,withthecurvatureexpression
writtenasapowerseries.Theresultinginfinitetermsrecurrencerelationsaretruncatedtoformaneigenvalue
problem.Examplesinvolvingvariouscombinationsofloading,boundaryconditions,andnoncircularityare
presented.
W.Flgge(1)andR.E.Elling(2)
(1)DepartmentofAppliedMechanics,StanfordUniversity,Stanford,California,USA
(2)DepartmentofEngineeringandEngineeringMechanics,ClemsonUniversity,Clemson,SouthCarolina,
USA
Singularsolutionsforshallowshells,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.8,No.2,February
1972,pp.227247,doi:10.1016/00207683(72)900601
ABSTRACT:Solutionsaredevelopedfornonaxiallysymmetricshallowshellssubjectedtonormalsurface
loadingorthermalloading.Thesingularsolutionswhichcorrespondtotheconcentratednormalload,the
concentratedapplicationofheatandtheconcentratedthermalgradientareidentifiedbyaconsistentlimiting
processappliedtothecompletesetofsingularsolutions.Numericalresultsarepresentedforthecaseofthe
normalconcentratedloadactingonshallowshellshavingnegative,zeroorpositiveGaussiancurvature.The
behavioroftheshallowshellsintheneighborhoodoftheappliedconcentratedloadisseentobesimilartothat
ofadiscsubjectedtothesameload.Theinfluenceoftheconcentratedloadisfeltoverawiderregioninshells
ofnegativeGaussiancurvaturecomparedtoshellsofpositiveGaussiancurvature.However,forthecaseofthe
concentratedload,thestressanddeflectionparametersoftheshelldonotchangedramaticallyastheGaussian
curvatureoftheshellisvariedfrompositivetonegativevalues.
Starnes,JamesHerbert(1970)Theeffectofacircularholeonthebucklingofcylindricalshells.Dissertation
(Ph.D.),CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd04012009110903

ABSTRACT:Anexperimentalandtheoreticalinvestigationoftheeffectofacircularholeonthebucklingof
thincylindricalshellsunderaxialcompressionwascarriedout.Theexperimentalprogramconsistedoftests
performedonseamlesselectroformedcoppershellsandMylarshellswithalapjointseam.Thecoppershells
weretestedinacontrolleddisplacementtestingmachineequippedwithanoncontactingsurfacedisplacement
measuringdevice.Threedimensionalsurfaceplotsobtainedinthismannershowedthechangesinthe
displacementfieldovertheentireshell,includingtheholeregion,astheappliedloadwasincreased.TheMylar
shellsweretestedinacontrolledloadtestingmachineanddemonstratedtheeffectofincreasingtheholeradius
onthebucklingloadsofthecylinder.ThetheoreticalsolutionwasbasedonaRayleighRitzapproximation.The
solutionprovidedanupperboundforthebucklingstressesofthecylinderstestedforholeradiilessthantenper
centoftheshellradii.Thetheoreticalsolutionalsoidentifiedthegoverningparameteroftheproblemasbeing
relatedtotheholeradius,theshellradius,andtheshellthickness.Thetheoreticalpartoftheinvestigation
showedthatevenasmallholeshouldsignificantlyreducethebucklingstressesofcircularcylinders.
Experimentally,itwasfoundthattheeffectofasmallholeismaskedbytheeffectsofinitialdeformationsbut,
atlargerholeradii,thereductioninbucklingstresstooktheformpredictedbythetheory.Theexperimental
resultsalsoshowedthatthecharacteroftheshellbucklingwasdependentontheholesize.Forverysmallholes
theshellbuckledintothegeneralcollapseconfigurationandtherewasnoapparenteffectoftheholeonthe
bucklingmodeoftheshell.Forslightlylargerholestheshellstillbuckledintothegeneralcollapse
configuration,butthebucklingstressesoftheshellweresharplyreducedastheholesizeincreased.Forstill
largerholesthebucklingstressesdidnotdecreaseassharplyastheholesizeincreasedandtheshellbuckled
intoastablelocalbucklingconfiguration.
Starnes,J.H.,Jr.,Effectofacircularholeonthebucklingofcylindricalshellsloadedbyaxialcompression,
AIAAJournal.Vol.10,pp.14661472.Nov.1972
ABSTRACT:Anexperimentalandanalyticalinvestigationoftheeffectofacircularholeonthebucklingof
thincylindricalshellsunderaxialcompressionwascarriedout.Theexperimentalresultswereobtainedfrom
testsperformedonseamlesselectroformedcoppershellsandMylarshellswithalapjointseam.Theseresults
indicatedthatthecharacteroftheshellbucklingwasdependentonaparameterwhichisproportionaltothehole
radiusdividedbythesquarerootoftheproductoftheshellradiusandthickness.Forsmallvaluesofthis
parameter,therewasnoapparenteffectoftheholeonthebucklingload.Forslightlylargervaluesofthe
parameter,theshellsstillbuckledintoageneralcollapseconfiguration,butthebucklingloadsweresharply
reducedastheparameterincreased.Forstilllargervaluesoftheparameter,thebucklingloadswerefurther
reduced,andtheshellsbuckledintoastablelocalbucklingconfiguration.
Wittrick,W.H.,"AUnifiedApproachtotheInitialBucklingofStiffenedPanelsinCompression,"The
AeronauticalQuarterly,Aug.1968,pp.265283.
Williams,F.S.,Wittrick,W.H.andPlank,R.J.,Criticalbucklingloadsofsomeprismaticplateassemblies,
Proc.IUTAMSymposiumonBucklingofStructures,1974,editedbyB.Budiansky,SpringerVerlag,pp.17
26,(1976)

A.C.Walker(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityCollege,LondonUK),Ananalyticalstudyofthe
rotationallysymmetricnonlinearbucklingofacompletesphericalshellunderexternalpressure,International
JournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.10,No.9,September1968,pp.695710,
doi:10.1016/00207403(68)900842
ABSTRACT:Thenonlinearpostbucklingbehaviourofacompletesphericalshellisstudiedanalyticallyinthe
vicinityofthebucklingload.Itisassumedthattheshellbucklesinarotationallysymmetricwavepatternand
specificattentionisgiventodeformationmodessymmetricabouttheequator,inthelongitudinaldirection.The
energyfunctionalisreducedtoapproximatefunctionsusingtheRayleighRitzmethodwithwhichtwotypesof
assumedfunctionsareconsidered,viz.LegendrepolynomialsandlocalizedRayleighfunctions(finite
elements).Thealgebraicequationsofequilibriumaresolvedapproximatelyusingaseriesexpansiontechnique,
anditisshownthattheuseofLegendrepolynomialsgivesexactvaluesforthecoefficientsoftheseries,whilst
useofthefiniteelementmethodresultsincoefficientswhichconvergemonotonicallytotheexactvaluesasthe
numberofelementsisincreased.
L.J.HartSmith(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,MonashUniversity,WellingtonRoad,Clayton,
Victoria,3168,Australia),Bucklinganalysesofidealthinshellsandnewthinelasticshelltheory
formulations,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.10,No.8,August1968,pp.665667,
doi:10.1016/00207403(68)900714(noabstract;thisisalettertotheeditor.)
L.J.HartSmith(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,MonashUniversity,Clayton,Victoria3168,
Australia),Bucklingofthincylindricalshellsunderuniformaxialcompression,InternationalJournalof
MechanicalSciences,Vol.12,No.4,April1970,pp.299313,doi:10.1016/00207403(70)900846
ABSTRACT:Theproblemoftheelasticbucklingunderuniformaxialcompressionofanidealthincylindrical
shellisexaminedusinganewselfconsistenttheoryofthinshellsderivedaccordingtotheKirchhoffLove
hypotheses.Thecollapsestressdeducedliesbetweenhalfoftheclassicalvalueandthatvaluedependingonthe
exactnatureoftheendconditions.Theonsetofbuckling,atwhichthediamondwrinklesfirstappear,isshown
tobeatastressaslowasonesixthoftheclassicalvalue.Thisisacloselowerboundofthepublished
experimentaldata.Thesolutionagreeswiththeobserveddiamondwrinklingpatternandpredictsnominally
squarediamonds.Theanalysisislinearandtheactualbucklingstressisobtained,notthepostbuckling
minimum.Thepresentanalysisis,infact,directlycomparablewiththeclassicalanalysis.Aclassicaltype
bifurcationanalysisoftheequilibriumequationsiscarriedouttodeterminethewavelengthsunderwhich
bucklingcanoccurforaprescribedaxialload.Thisiscomplementedwithastrainenergyanalysistoidentify
theparticularwavelengthcoincidingwiththelowestcollapseload.
LarskeSamuelson(AerospaceSciencesLaboratory,LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratories,PaloAlto,
Calif.),ExperimentalInvestigationofCreepBucklingofCircularCylindricalShellsUnderAxialCompression
andBending,JournalofManufacturingScienceandEngineering,Vol.90,No.4,pp.589595,November
1968,DOI:10.1115/1.3604693
ABSTRACT:Theresultsarepresentedofanexperimentalinvestigationofcreepbucklingofcircular
cylindricalshells.Thetestspecimens,manufacturedfromanaluminumalloysimilarto24S,hadradiusto
thicknessratiosbetween30and150andlengthtoradiusratiosgreaterthan2.Theyweresubjectedtoaxial

compressionorbendingatatemperatureof225degC(430degF)andatvariousstresslevels.Thecriticaltime
underaconstantloadwasdeterminedasafunctionofthestresslevel,theshellgeometry,andthetypeof
loading.Itwasfoundthattheshellssubjectedtopurecompressionhadasubstantiallyshorterlifetimethan
thosesubjectedtopurebendingwiththesamemaximumappliedstress.Thethickesttestspecimensfailed
throughcollapseintoawrinklingmodewhichforthepurecompressioncaseisaxisymmetric,whereasthe
thinnercylindersbuckledintoatypicaldiamondpattern.Inallcases,bucklingoccurredatoneoftheedges.The
postbucklingconfigurationwasfoundtodependnotonlyonthegeometryoftheshellbutalsoontheloadlevel.
Forverylowstresslevels,eventhethinnercylindersbuckledintheshortwavepattern(symmetricfor
compression).Acomparisonbetweenthepresentexperimentalresultsandtheoreticalvaluesofthecriticaltime
presentedinearlierworksshowedthatafairlygoodestimatemaybeobtainedforthecaseofaxialcompression,
whereastheapproximatetheoryforcreepbucklingunderpurebendinggivesanundulyconservativeresult.
LarskeSamuelson(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratories,PaloAlto,CaliforniaUSA),Creepbuckling
ofacylindricalshellundernonuniformexternalloads,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.6,
No.1,January1970,pp.91116,doi:10.1016/00207683(70)900831
ABSTRACT:Amethodofanalysisispresentedforcircularcylindricalshellsundernonuniformexternalloads.
Theequationsarevalidformoderatelylargedisplacementsandtakesecondarycreepintoaccount.Thermal
effectsandinitialimperfectionsareincluded.Asthegeneralequationsarenonlinear,aniterativemethodis
usedinthenumericalanalysis.Thenonlineartermsareatacertainiterationconsideredasknown,generally
determinedbythepreviousiteration.Theymaythusberegardedaspseudoloadswhichareaddedtotheactual
externalloadterms.ThevariablesofthethuslinearizeddifferentialequationsareexpandedinFourierseries
withrespecttothecircumferentialcoordinate.Asaresult,aseriesofsetsofordinarydifferentialequationsis
obtained,onesetforeachFourierindex.Thesesetsofequationsaresolvedbyuseofafinitedifferencemethod.
Foreachloadortimesteptheequationsarerepeatedlysolveduntilconvergenceisobtained.Acomputer
programwasdevelopedandwasverifiedbycomparisonwithknownsolutionsforelasticbucklingofshells.
Thetheoreticalbehaviorofacylinderundercreepisdemonstratedforanumberofdifferentloadingconditions,
inparticulartheresponseisstudiedofanimperfectshellunderuniformloads.Inthecaseofexternalpressure,
thecriticaltimewasfoundtobeextremelysensitivetotheimperfectionshape.Forashortcylinderunderaxial
compressionthepresenceofinitialimperfectionswasshowntoshortenthecreeplifesubstantiallyin
comparisonwiththecriticaltimecorrespondingtoaxisymmetricalcollapseoftheperfectshell.
SiggeEggwertz(1)andLars.Samuelson(2)
(1)BlomsIngenirsbyr,POBox1080,S17222,Sundbyberg,Sweden
(2)TheSwedishPlantInspectorate,POBox49306,S10028,Stockholm,Sweden
Designofshellstructureswithopeningssubjectedtobuckling,JournalofConstructionalSteelResearch,
Vol.18,No.2,1991,pp.155163,doi:10.1016/0143974X(91)90070H
ABSTRACT:Shellstructuresareoftendesignedtocarrycompressiveloadswhichmaycausebuckling.
Openingsandcutoutsintheshellareknowntoreducethecarryingcapacity,sometimestoasubstantialdegree.
Althoughextensiveresearchhasbeendevotedtotheproblem,veryfewattemptshavebeenmadetoincorporate
theresultsintoexistingdesigncodes.Onereasonforthismaybethefactthateventhedesignofsimpleshell
elementsunderuniformloadingconditionsiscomplex,andtheemphasishasbeentodevelopdesignmethods
forthesestandardcases.Thepresentpaperdiscussesanumberofproblemsassociatedwithcutoutsinshells

subjectedtobuckling.Simpledesignrulesareproposedbasedontheoretical(finiteelementanalysisor
equivalent)andexperimentalresults.
LarsA.Samuelson(TheSwedishPlantInspectorate,Stockholm,Sweden,Chairman,ECCSTWG8.4),The
ECCSRecommendationsonshellstability,DesignPhilosopyandPracticalApplicationsinBucklingofshell
structures,onland,inthesea,andintheair,editedbyJ.F.Jullien,ElsevierAppliedSciencePublishingCo.,
Inc.,NewYork,1991
PARTIALABSTRACT:Rulesfordesignofstructureswithrespecttobucklinghaveexistedforalongtime.
Thestabilitybehaviorofcolumnsandplatesisfairlywellknownamongengineersanddesignmethodsare
availableformanyoftheproblemsarisinginpracticalapplications.Shellbucklinghasbeenstudiedintensively
duringthelastdecadesandthebehaviorisnowfairlywellknown.Thetendencyofshellstobeimperfection
sensitivehascausedproblemsindefiningasafedesignprocedureandthecodecasesdevelopeduptillthe
presenttimearefairlylimitedinscope.Thisfacthasalsoresultedinareluctancetoaddressotherpractical
problemssuchastheeffectoflocaldisturbancesbecausewedonotevenhavesufficientknowledgeonhowto
designshellssubjectedtouniformloads.Suchspecialproblemshavesofarbeenlefttothedesignertosolve
through,forinstance,testing,rigourousnonlinearanalysisoralternativedesignavoidingtheproblems.
N.Yamaki,Influenceofprebucklingdeformationsonthebucklingofcircularcylindricalshellsunderexternal
pressure(Prebucklingdeformationsinfluenceoncircularcylindricalshellbucklingunderexternalpressure,
applyingGalerkinmethodtoDonnellequations),TohokuUniversity,InstituteOfHighSpeedMechanics,
Reports.Vol.21,pp.81104.1970
N.Yamaki,etal,Bucklingofcircularcylindricalshellsundercompression,Report3,Thereportsofthe
InstituteofHighSpeedMechanics,,1972
N.YamakiandJ.Tani,PostbucklingBehaviourofCircularCylindricalShellsunderHydrostaticPressure,
ZAMMJournalofAppliedMathematicsandMechanics/ZeitschriftfrAngewandteMathematikund
Mechanik,Vol.54,No.10,1974,pp.709714,doi:10.1002/zamm.19740541006
ABSTRACT:ApplyingtheGalerkinproceduretotheDonnellbasicequations,solutionsofexactnatureare
obtainedforthepostbucklingbehaviorofcircularcylindricalshellsunderhydrostaticpressure.Through
detailedcalculations,connectionsoftheedgeshortening,deflectionandvolumechangewithappliedpressure
areclarifiedforawiderangeofshellgeometries.Theresultshereobtainedareascertainedtobeingood
agreementwithexperimentalresults.
J.Tani(InstituteofHighSpeedMechanics,TohokuUniversity,Sendai,Japan),BucklingofTruncatedConical
ShellsUnderCombinedAxialLoad,Pressure,andHeating,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.52,No.2,pp.
402408,June1985,DOI:10.1115/1.3169061
ABSTRACT:OnthebasisoftheDonnelltypeshellequationswiththeeffectofnonlinearprebuckling
deformationstakenintoconsideration,atheoreticalanalysisisperformedonthebucklingofclampedtruncated
conicalshellsundertwoloadscombinedoutofuniformpressure,axialload,anduniformheating.Theproblem
issolvedbyafinitedifferencemethod.Itisfoundthattheinteractioncurvesofbucklingloadsarechanged

remarkablybythedifferenceintheshapeofconicalshells.Thisisduetothelargenonlinearprebuckling
deformationandthedifferenceinthebucklingmodebetweentwocasesofsingleload.
PeilinLuo(DepartmentofNavalArchitecture&OceanEngineering,HarbinShipbuildingEngineering
Institute)|HongwuLuo(DepartmentofNavalArchitecture&OceanEngineering,HarbinShipbuilding
EngineeringInstitute)|FushangTong(DepartmentofNavalArchitecture&OceanEngineering,Harbin
ShipbuildingEngineeringInstitute),TheInfluenceofPrebucklingDeformationsAndStressesOntheBuckling
oftheSphericalShell,InternationalJournalofOffshoreandPolarEngineering,Vol.1,No.4,1991
ABSTRACT:FromVonKarman''slargedeflectionequationoftheplateandbyassumingthataplatehasan
initialdeflectionintheformofasphericalcap,theequilibriumequationofasphericalcapsubjectedto
hydrostaticpressureisobtained,simplifiedandsolvedinthesamewayasanequilibriumequationofabeamon
anelasticfoundationsubjectedtoaxialandlateralloads.Theinfluenceofprebucklingdeformationsand
stressesonthebucklingofthesphericalshellmaybeevaluated,andtherelationbetweenthebucklingstrength
ofthesphericalshellandthecolumnisobtainedbyanalyzingthebucklingproblemofthebeamonanelastic
foundation.Theformulapresentedforcalculatingthestabilityofthesphericalshellgivesalowerlimitof
bucklingpressureandisingoodagreementwithtestdatarecordedintheliterature.
E.F.Masur(DepartmentofMaterialsEngineeringUniversityofIllinoisatChicagoCircle,Chicago,Illinois
60680USA),Buckling,postbucklingandlimitanalysisofcompletelysymmetricelasticstructures,
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.6,No.5,May1970,pp.587604,
doi:10.1016/00207683(70)900326
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingmodeofastructureisdefinedtobesymmetricifitssignisindefinite;thishappens
whenthepotentialenergyexpansionnearthebucklingpointdoesnotcontaintermswhicharecubicinthe
bucklingmode.If,inaddition,thecubictermsvanishidenticallyforallpossiblemodesthenthestructureis
definedtobecompletelysymmetric.Manystructuresoftechnicalsignificanceareincludedinthisdefinition,
suchascolumns,plates,frameworks,etc.Ifcertaintechnicallyrealisticorderofmagnitudeassumptionsare
made,theanalysisofthebucklingandpostbucklingbehaviorofcompletelysymmetricstructurescanbe
carriedoutingreatgenerality.Forexample,itisshowninthepresentpaperthatstructuresofthistypebuckle
underincreasingloadsandarethereforeinsensitivetoinitialimperfections.Thepostbucklingstateis
characterizedbythesatisfactionofaminimumcomplementaryenergyprinciple,whichrepresentsanextension
ofthecorrespondingclassicalprincipleintothenonlineardomain.Moreover,theenergycanbebracketed
betweenupperandlowerboundsandanerrorestimateisthusestablishedatleastinanaveragingsense.Under
certaincircumstancestheloadapproachesafinitevalueasthestructureapproachescollapse.Thiscollapseload
canalsobebracketedbetweenclassesofstaticallyadmissibleloadparameters(representinglowerbounds)
andkinematicallyadmissibleloadparameters(representingupperbounds).Thegapbetweenthesebounds
canbereducedarbitrarily.Theexampleofaslenderstaticallyindeterminatebeamsubjectedtolateraland
torsionalbucklingisintroducedtodemonstratethegeneralprinciplesdevelopedinthepaper.
E.F.MasurandD.L.C.Lo(UniversityofIllinois,Chicago,Illinois),TheShallowArchGeneralBuckling,
Postbuckling,andImperfectionAnalysis,MechanicsBasedDesignofStructuresandMachines:An
InternationalJournal,Vol.1,No.1,1972,pp.91112,doi:10.1080/03601217208905335

ABSTRACT:Ageneraldiscussionofthebehavioroftheshallowcirculararchispresented.Itisshownthat,
irrespectiveofspecificloadingorboundaryconditions,itispossibletoarriveatgeneralconclusionsregarding
buckling,postbuckling,andimperfectionsensitivity.Generalmethodsofanalysisareestablishedwhichleadto
thedeterminationofpointsofbifurcationandofpostbucklingpathsundersymmetricloads.Modifications
accountingforantisymmetricloadcomponentsareintroduced,withspecialemphasisontheirasymptoticand
limitloadeffect.
E.F.Masur(1)andC.H.Popelar(2)
(1)DepartmentofMaterialsEngineering,UniversityofIllinois,ChicagoCircle,Chicago,IL60680,U.S.A.
(2)DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,OhioStateUniversity,Columbus,OH43210,U.S.A.
Ontheuseofthecomplementaryenergyinthesolutionofbucklingproblems,InternationalJournalofSolids
andStructures,Vol.12,No.3,1976,pp.203216,doi:10.1016/00207683(76)900639
ABSTRACT:Asystematicderivationoftheexpressionforthecomplementaryenergyinelasticbuckling
problemsispresented.Compatibilityisidentifiedwithvariationwithrespecttothestresscomponents,andthe
resultingeigenvalueproblemisshowntobeequivalentto,andsometimesmoreconvenientthan,the
correspondingformulationintermsofthepotentialenergy.Similarly,approximatetechniquesmayleadto
betteraswellassimplerestimates,whoseupperboundpropertycan,however,beassuredonlythrough
appropriatesafeguards.Themethodisappliedinsomedetailtobucklingofcolumnsofarbitraryboundary
conditionsandaxialforcedistribution.Anotherexampleistheproblemoflateralbeambuckling,withtheeffect
ofwarpingrestraintincluded.Inbothcases(andpresumablyinmanyothers)thecomplementaryenergy
formulationisoflowerorderthantheconventionalpotentialenergyformulation,anditisclearthatthesame
simplificationshouldalsoapplytofiniteelementsorotherdiscreteformats.Themethodisrestrictedtothe
(technicallysignificant)caseofalinearprebucklingstate.
Bushnell,David,Nonlinearanalysisforaxisymmetricelasticstressesinringstiffened,segmentedshellsof
revolution,LockheedMissilesandSpaceCo.FinalRept.Jun1967Sep1968,September1968,
DTICAccessionNumber:AD0698204,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD698204
ABSTRACT:Thefinitedifferencemethodisusedforthenonlinearanalysisofshellsofrevolutionconsisting
ofelasticshellsegmentsofvariousgeometriesandwallconstructionsjoinedbyelasticrings.Theanalysisand
associateddigitalcomputerprogramweredevelopedinresponsetotheneedforabetterdesigntoolforpractical
shellstructures.Numericalresultsarepresentedfordisplacementandstressdistributionsinvariouspressure
vessels.Particularemphasisisgiventosystemsinwhichnonlineareffectsareimportantandmayinfluencethe
design.Valuescalculatedwithlineartheoryarecomparedwiththosefromnonlineartheory.
DavidBushnell(LockheedMissilesandSpaceCompany,PaloAlto,CaliforniaUSA),BucklingandVibration
ofRingStiffened,SegmentedShellsofRevolution:NumericalResults,ProceedingsoftheFirstPressure
VesselsandPiping,1969
DavidBushnell,Bo.O.AlmrothandFrankBrogan(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,PaloAlto,
California,U.S.A.),Finitedifferenceenergymethodfornonlinearshellanalysis,Computers&Structures,

Vol.1,No.3,October1971,pp.361387,doi:10.1016/00457949(71)900204
ABSTRACT:Twocomputerprograms,BOSOR3andSTAGS,havebeendevelopedforthegeneralanalysisof
shells.Theseprogramsarebasedonafinitedifferenceenergymethod.BOSOR3performsstress,stabilityand
vibrationanalysesofringstiffened,segmentedshellsofrevolutionwithvariouswallconstructions.STAGS
performssimilaranalysesforshellsofgeneralshape.Theanalysisonwhichbothprogramsarebasedissimilar
tothefiniteelementmethodinthatextensiveuseismadeofmatrixalgebrainthedevelopmentofthegoverning
equations.Theseequationsarederivedbythedigitalcomputerintermsofmeshpointdisplacementvariables.
SeveralexamplecasesfromBOSOR3andSTAGSaregiven.Effectsareshownofvariousfinitedifference
schemes,comparisonwithfiniteelementresults,andcomplexnonlinearbehaviorinvolvinglargedeflections
andredistributionofstressduringloading.
DavidBushnell(LockheedMissilesandSpaceCompany,PaloAlto,CaliforniaUSA),Analysisofbuckling
andvibrationofringstiffened,segmentedshellsofrevolution,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,
Vol.6,No.1,January1970,pp.157181,doi:10.1016/00207683(70)900879
ABSTRACT:Anenergyformulationisusedinconjunctionwiththemethodoffinitedifferencestodevelop
equationsleadingtobucklingloadsandvibrationfrequenciesofsegmentedelasticshellsofrevolution
supportedbyringswhicharetreatedasdiscreteelasticstructures.Aquadraticformforthetotalpotentialand
kineticenergyisderivedthroughextensiveuseofmatrixmethods.Thedevelopmentissimilartothatusedin
thefiniteelementmethod,andisideallysuitedforprogrammingonthedigitalcomputer.Numericalresultsare
presentedinwhichtwotypesoffinitedifferenceapproximationsarecompared,andconvergencepropertiesof
eigenvaluesandeigenvectorsareexplored.
DavidBushnell(LockheedMissilesandSpaceCompany,PaloAlto,CaliforniaUSA),Stress,Stability,and
VibrationofComplexBranchedShellsofRevolution:AnalysisandUser'sManualforBOSOR4,Lockheed
Missiles&SpaceCofinalreport,1Oct.197030Sep.1971,Reportdate:March1972,
Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD748639
ABSTRACT:AcomprehensivecomputerprogramBOSOR4forthestress,stability,andvibrationanalysisof
segmented,ringstiffened,branchedshellsofrevolutionispresented.Theprogramincludesnonlinearprestress
effectsandisverygeneralwithrespecttogeometryofmeridian,shellwalldesign,edgeconditions,and
loading.Despiteitsgeneralitytheprogramiseasytouse.Branchesareprovidedsuchthatforcommonlycases
theinputdatainvolveonlybasicinformationsuchasgeometricalandmaterialproperties.Thecomputer
programhasbeenverifiedbycomparisonswithotherknownsolutionsandtestresults.Thismanualconsistsof
severalsectionsinwhichtheprogramscopeisdescribed,theanalysisonwhichitisbasedisgiven,theflowof
calculationsisoutlined,theinputdataaredefinedwithsamplecases,variouspossiblepitfallsareemphasized,
andsamplelistandplotoutputaregivenanddescribed.
DavidBushnell,Bo.O.AlmrothandFrankBrogan(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,PaloAlto,
California,U.S.A.),Finitedifferenceenergymethodfornonlinearshellanalysis,Computers&Structures,
Vol.1,No.3,October1971,pp.361387,doi:10.1016/00457949(71)900204
ABSTRACT:Twocomputerprograms,BOSOR3andSTAGS,havebeendevelopedforthegeneralanalysisof
shells.Theseprogramsarebasedonafinitedifferenceenergymethod.BOSOR3performsstress,stabilityand

vibrationanalysesofringstiffened,segmentedshellsofrevolutionwithvariouswallconstructions.STAGS
performssimilaranalysesforshellsofgeneralshape.Theanalysisonwhichbothprogramsarebasedissimilar
tothefiniteelementmethodinthatextensiveuseismadeofmatrixalgebrainthedevelopmentofthegoverning
equations.Theseequationsarederivedbythedigitalcomputerintermsofmeshpointdisplacementvariables.
SeveralexamplecasesfromBOSOR3andSTAGSaregiven.Effectsareshownofvariousfinitedifference
schemes,comparisonwithfiniteelementresults,andcomplexnonlinearbehaviorinvolvinglargedeflections
andredistributionofstressduringloading.
DavidBushnell(LockheedMissilesandSpaceCompany,PaloAlto,CaliforniaUSA), Localandgeneral
bucklingofaxiallycompressedsemisandwich,corrugated,ringstiffenedcylinders(Axiallycompressedsemi
sandwichcorrugatedringstiffenedcylindricalshellcripplinglocalbucklingandgeneralinstabilityprediction
byfinitedifferenceenergymethod),AIAAAerospaceSciencesMereting,SanDiego,California,1719
January,1972
ABSTRACT:Afinitedifferenceenergymethodisusedforpredictionofcrippling,localbuckling,andgeneral
instability.Reasonablygoodagreementisobtainedbetweentestandtheoryforshellsthatcrippleduetopure
axialcompression,shellsthatcrippleduetoaxialcompressioncombinedwithhoopcompressioninducedby
localradialrestraintatringsandboundaries,shellsthatbucklelocallyduetoaxialloadpatheccentricity,and
shellsthatbucklebetweenringstiffeners.Cripplingloadsarecalculatedbytreatmentofaportionofthe
corrugationsheetcombinationasashellofrevolutionwithradiusverylargecomparedwithatypicaldimension
ofthecorrugation.Criticalloadsforbucklingbetweenringsareratherstronglydependentonboundary
conditions,loadeccentricity,andlengthofcylinder,evenforcylinderswithmanybays.
DavidBushnell(LockheedMissilesandSpaceCompany,PaloAlto,CaliforniaUSA),Largedeflectionelastic
plasticcreepanalysisofaxisymmetricshells,Numericalsolutionofnonlinearstructuralproblems;Proceedings
oftheSymposium,Detroit,Mich;UnitedStates;1115Nov.1973.pp.103138.1973
ABSTRACT:Aniterativeprocedureforsolvingaxisymmetricshellproblemsinvolvinglargedeflectionsand
nonlinearmaterialbehaviorisdescribed.Deformationtheoryandincrementalflowtheorywithisotropicstrain
hardeningandsecondarycreeparebothincludedasanalysisbranchesinacomputerprogramcalledBOSOR5
forthetreatmentofaxisymmetricshells.Numericalexamplesshowthatthedeformationtheoryissurprisingly
accurate,evenifthematerialisloadednonproportionally.Theiterationmethodseemstobereliableand
generallypermitsaccuratedeterminationofdeformationsevenifverylargeloadincrementsareusedinthe
analysis.Axisymmetricstressesanddisplacementsarecalculatedforcentrallyloadedcircularplatesandcreep
bucklinganalysesperformedforaxiallycompressedelasticplasticcylindersandcolumns.
DavidBushnell(LockheedMissilesandSpaceCompany,PaloAlto,CaliforniaUSA),Stress,stabilityand
vibrationofcomplex,branchedshellsofrevolution,Computers&Structures,Vol.4,No.2,March1974,
pp.399424,doi:10.1016/00457949(74)900662
ABSTRACT:Acomprehensivecomputerprogram,designatedBOSOR4,foranalysisofthestress,stabilityand
vibrationofsegmented,ringstiffened,branchedshellsofrevolutionandprismaticshellsandpanelsis
described.Theprogramperformslargedeflectionaxisymmetricstressanalysis,smalldeflectionnonsymmetric
stressanalysis,modalvibrationanalysiswithaxisymmetricnonlinearprestressincluded,andbucklinganalysis

withaxisymmetricornonsymmetricprestress.Oneofthemainadvantagesofthecodeistheprovisionfor
realisticengineeringdetailssuchaseccentricloadpaths,internalsupports,arbitrarybranchingconditions,anda
libraryofwallconstructions.Theprogramisbasedonthefinitedifferenceenergymethodwhichisvery
rapidlyconvergentwithincreasingnumbersofmeshpoints.Theorganizationoftheprogramisbriefly
describedwithflowofcalculationschartedforeachofthetypesofanalysis.Overlaychartsandcorestorage
requirementsaregivenfortheCDC6600,IBM370/165,andUNTVAC1108versionsofBOSOR4.Alarge
numberofcasesisincludedtodemonstratethescopeandpracticalityoftheprogramperiod.
G.D.Galletly(1),R.W.Aylward(1)andD.Bushnell(2)
(1)UniversityofLiverpool
(2)LockheedPaloAltoResearchLab
Anexperimentalandtheoreticalinvestigationofelasticandelasticplasticasymmetricbucklingofcylinder
conecombinationssubjectedtouniformexternalpressure,ArchiveofAppliedMechanics,Vol.43,No.6,
1974,pp.345358,doi:10.1007/BF00532134
ABSTRACT:Experimentalbucklingpressuresaregiveninthepaperforsixcylinderconecombinationswhich
werecarefullymachinedandstressrelievedandthentestedunderuniformexternalpressure.Failureinallcases
occurredbyasymmetricbuckling(i.e.withcircumferentialwaves);althoughsomefailureswereelastic,others
wereelasticplastic.Theoreticalbucklingpressuresforthemodels(assumedperfect)wereobtainedfroma
variationalfinitedifferenceformulationoftheproblemwhichhasbeenincorporatedintoacomprehensive
digitalcomputerprogram.Theagreementbetweentheoryandexperimentwasverysatisfactoryandmaybe
summarizedas:(i)forelasticbuckling,itwaswithin5%and(ii)forelasticplasticbuckling,itwaswithin2%.
Thislatterfigureissurprisinglygood.Withregardtotherepeatabilityofexperimentalresults,thetests
conductedsofarhaveagreedtowithin3%.
DavidBushnell(LockheedMissilesandSpaceCompany,PaloAlto,CaliforniaUSA),Bifurcationbucklingof
shellsofrevolutionincludinglargedeflections,plasticityandcreep,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,Vol.10,No.11,November1974,pp.12871305,doi:10.1016/00207683(74)900730
ABSTRACT:Asummaryisfirstpresentedoftheconceptualdifficultiesandparadoxessurroundingplastic
bifurcationbucklinganalysis.Brieflydiscussedarenonconservativeness,loadingrateduringbuckling,andthe
discrepancyofbucklingpredictionswithuseofJ2flowtheoryvsJ2deformationtheory.Theaxisymmetric
prebucklinganalysis,includinglargedeflections,elasticplasticmaterialbehaviorandcreepissummarized.
Detailsaregivenontheanalysisofnonsymmetricbifurcationfromthedeformedaxisymmetricstate.BothJ2
flowtheoryandJ2deformationtheoryaredescribed.Thetreatment,basedonthefinitedifferenceenergy
method,appliestolayeredsegmentedandbranchedshellsofarbitrarymeridionalshapecomposedofanumber
ofdifferentelasticplasticmaterials.Numericalresultsgeneratedwithacomputerprogrambasedonthe
analysisarepresentedforanexternallypressurizedcylinderwithconicalheads.
DavidBushnell(1)andGerardD.Galletly(2)
(1)LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,3251HanoverStreet,PaloAlto,California94304,U.S.A.
(2)Dept.ofMechanicalEngineering,TheUniversity,LiverpoolL693BX,England
Comparisonsoftestandtheoryfornonsymmetricelasticplasticbucklingofshellsofrevolution,International

JournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.10,No.11,November1974,pp.12711286,
doi:10.1016/00207683(74)900729
ABSTRACT:Experimentalandanalyticalbucklingpressuresarepresentedforverycarefullyfabricatedthin
cylindricalshellswith45,60and75conicalheadsandforcylindricalshellswithtorisphericalheadspiercedby
axisymmetriccylindricalnozzlesofvariousthicknessesanddiameters.Nonsymmetricbucklingoccursat
pressuresforwhichsomeofthematerialisloadingplasticallyintheneighborhoodsofstressconcentrations
causedbymeridionalslopediscontinuities.Thebucklingpressuresfortheconecylindervesselsarepredicted
within2.6percentandforthepiercedtorisphericalvesselswithin4.4percentwithuseofBOSOR5,a
computerprogrambasedonthefinitedifferenceenergymethodinwhichaxisymmetriclargedeflections,
nonlinearmaterialpropertiesandnonsymmetricbifurcationbucklingareaccountedfor.Thepredictedbuckling
pressuresofthepiercedtorisphericalspecimensarerathersensitivetodetailsoftheanalyticalmodelinthe
neighborhoodofthejuncturebetweenthenozzleandthehead.Thebucklingpressuresoftheconecylinder
vesselscanbeaccuratelypredictedbytreatmentofthewallmaterialaselastic,enforcementofthefull
compatibilityconditionsatthejunctureintheprebucklinganalysis,andreleaseoftherotationcompatibility
conditioninthebifurcation(eigenvalue)analysis.
DavidBushnell(LockheedMissilesandSpaceCompany,PaloAlto,CaliforniaUSA),Bucklingofelastic
plasticshellsofrevolutionwithdiscreteelasticplasticringstiffeners,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,Vol.12,No.1,1976,pp.5166,doi:10.1016/00207683(76)90072X
ABSTRACT:Thetheoryissummarizedforaxisymmetricprebucklingandnonsymmetricbifurcationbuckling
ofringstiffenedshellsofrevolution.Theanalysisisbasedonfinitedifferenceenergyminimizationinwhich
moderatelylargemeridionalrotations,elasticplasticeffects,andprimaryorsecondarycreepareincluded.This
theoryisimplementedinacomputerprogramcalledBOSOR5,fortheanalysisofsegmentedandbranched
ringstiffenedshellsofrevolutionofmultimaterialconstruction.Comparisonsbetweentestandtheoryare
givenforaxisymmetriccollapseandnonsymmetricbifurcationbucklingof69machinedringstiffened
aluminumcylinderssubmittedtoexternalhydrostaticpressure.Becausemostofthecylindersfailatanaverage
stresswhichcorrespondstothekneeofthestressstraincurve,theanalyticalpredictionsarenotverysensitive
tomodelingparticularssuchasnodalpointdensityorboundaryconditions.Agreementbetweentestandtheory
isimprovediftheanalyticalmodelreflectsthefactthattheshellandringsintersectoverfiniteaxiallengths.
DavidBushnell(LockheedMissiles&SpaceCompany,Inc.,PaloAltoResearchLaboratory,PaloAlto,CA
94304,U.S.A),B0S0R5programforbucklingofelasticplasticcomplexshellsofrevolutionincludinglarge
deflectionsandcreep,Computers&Structures,Vol.6,No.3,June1976,pp.221239,
doi:10.1016/00457949(76)900341
ABSTRACT:B0S0R5canhandlesegmentedandbranchedshellswithdiscreteringstiffeners,meridional
discontinuities,andmultimaterialconstruction.Theshellwallcanbemadeupofasmanyassixlayers,eachof
whichisadifferentnonlinearmaterial.Intheprebucklinganalysislargedeflectionaxisymmetricbehavioris
presumed.Bifurcationbucklingloadsarecomputedcorrespondingtoaxisymmetricornonaxisymmetric
bucklingmodes.Thestrategyforsolvingthenonlinearprebucklingproblemissuchthattheuserobtains
reasonablyaccurateanswersevenifheusesverylargeloadortimesteps.B0S0R5hasbeencheckedbymeans
ofnumerousrunsinwhichtheresultshavebeencomparedtootheranalysesandtotests.Theprebucklingand
plasticbifurcation(eigenvalue)analysesaredescribed,withthemostimportantequationsgiven.These

equationsarederivedfromafinitedifferenceenergymethod.Thestrategyforsolvingproblemssimultaneously
involvinglargedeflections,elasticplasticmaterialbehavior,andprimaryandsecondarycreeppermitstheuse
ofratherlargetimeandloadstepswithoutunduesacrificeinaccuracy.Thisstrategyisbasedona
subincrementaliterationmethodinwhichthesizeofthesubincrementisautomaticallydeterminedsuchthatthe
changeinstressislessthanacertainprescribedpercentageoftheeffectivestress.Thetheoreticaltreatmentof
discreteringstiffeners,thematerialofwhichiselasticplasticandcancreepaccordingtoaprimaryor
secondarycreeplaw,isalsogiven.Discreteringsofarbitrarycrosssectionareconsideredtobeassemblagesof
thinrectangularelements.ThestructureoftheB0S0R5computerprogram,whichrunsontheCDC6600andon
theUNIVAC1108and1110,isdescribed.Thepapergivescomparisonsbetweentestandtheoryformany
configurations,includingaxiallycompressedcylindersandinternallyandexternallypressurizedshellsof
variousshapeswithandwithoutringstiffeners.Theresultsofsensitivitystudiesaregiveninwhichtheeffect
onpredictedcriticalloadofvariousanalyticalmodelsoftheringshellwallintersectionareaareexplored.A
methodofpredictingtheeffectofweldingonbucklingloadisdescribed,andanexampleinvolvingaring
stiffeneddoublycurvedshellisgiven.Weldingtheringstiffenerstoashellintroducesresidualstressesand
geometricalimperfections,bothofwhichreducetheloadcarryingcapability.
D.Bushnell,BOSOR5Programforbucklingofelasticplasticshellsofrevolutionincludinglargedeflections
andcreep,Computers&Structures,Vol.6,1976,pp.221239
D.Bushnell,BOSOR4:programforstress,buckling,andvibrationofcomplexshellsofrevolution,Structural
MechanicsSoftwareSeries,editedbyWalterPilkeyandNicholasPerrone,UniversityofVirginiaPress,1977
DavidBushnell(LockheedMissiles&SpaceCompany,Inc.,PaloAltoResearchLaboratory,PaloAlto,CA
94304,U.S.A),Stress,bucklingandvibrationofhybridbodiesofrevolution,Computers&Structures,Vol.7,
No.4,August1977,pp.517537,doi:10.1016/00457949(77)900165
ABSTRACT:Theanalysisisapplicabletobodiesofrevolutioncomposedofthinshellsegments,thick
segmentsanddiscreterings.Thethinshellsegmentsarediscretizedbythefinitedifferenceenergymethodand
thethickorsolidsegmentsaretreatedasassemblagesof8nodeisoparametricquadrilateralfiniteelementsof
revolution.Suitablecompatibilityconditionsareformulatedthroughwhichthesedissimilarsegmentsarejoined
withoutintroductionoflargespuriousdiscontinuitystresses.Plasticityandprimaryorsecondarycreepare
included.Axisymmetricprebucklingdisplacementsmaybemoderatelylarge.Thenonlinearaxisymmetric
problemissolvedintwonestediterationloopsateachloadlevelortimestep.Intheinnerloopthe
simultaneousnonlinearequationscorrespondingtoagiventangentstiffnessaresolvedbytheNewtonRaphson
method.Intheouterlooptheplasticandcreepstrainsandtangentstiffnessarecalculatedbyasubincremental
procedure.ThelinearresponsetononaxisymmetricloadingisobtainedbysuperpositionofFourierharmonics.
Manyexamplesaregiventodemonstratethescopeofthecomputerprogram,BOSOR6,derivedfromthe
analysisandtoillustratecertainstressconcentrationeffectsinshelltypestructureswhichcannotadequatelybe
treatedwithuseofthinshelltheory.

DavidBushnell,LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,PaloAlto,California,AStrategyForTheSolution
OfProblemsInvolvingLargeDeflections,PlasticityAndCreep,InternationalJournalforNumericalMethods
inEngineering,Vol.11,683708(1977)
ABSTRACT:Astrategyforsolvingproblemsinvolvingsimultaneouslyoccurringlargedeflections,elastic
plasticmaterialbehaviour,andprimarycreepisdescribed.Theincrementalprocedureinvolvesadouble
iterationloopateachloadlevelortime.Intheinnerloopthematerialpropertiesareheldconstantandthenon
linearequilibriumequationsaresolvedbytheNewtonRaphsonmethod.Theseequationsareformulatedin
termsofthetangentstiffness.Intheouterlooptheplasticandcreepstrainsaredeterminedandthetangent
stiffnesspropertiesareupdatedwithuseofasubincrementalalgorithm.Themagnitudeofeachtime
subincrementisdeterminedsuchthatthechangeineffectivestressislessthanapresetpercentageofthe
effectivestress.Thestrategyisimplementedinacomputerprogram,BOSOR5,fortheanalysisofshellsof
revolution.Examplesaregivenofelasticplasticdeformationsofacentrallyloadedflatplateandelasticplastic
creepdeformationsofabeaminbending.Themajorbenefitsofthesubincrementaltechniquearetheincreased
reliabilitywithwhichproblemsinvolvingnonlinearplasticandtimedependentmaterialbehaviourcanbe
solvedandthegreatlyrelaxedrequirementonthenumberofloadortimeincrementsneededforsatisfactory
results.
GuyLagae(1)andDavidBushnell(2)
(1)FacultyofEngineeringScience,StateUniversityofGent,Belgium
(2)LockheedMissilesandSpaceCompanyInc.,3251HanoverStreet,PaloAlto,California94304,USA
Elasticplasticbucklingofinternallypressurizedtorisphericalvesselheads,NuclearEngineeringandDesign
Vol.48,Nos.23,August1978,pp.405414,doi:10.1016/00295493(78)900870
ABSTRACT:Comparisonsoftestandtheoryarepresentedforthenonaxisymmetricbifurcationbucklingoften
aluminiumvesselheadsfabricatedandtestedbyPatelandGillattheUniversityofManchesterin1976.Inthe
testspecimens,thesphereradiuswasequaltothecylinderdiameterandonlythetorusradiuswasvaried.All
specimenswereofconstantinternalcylinderdiametertonominalthicknessratioof531.5.Meridionalvariation
ofthicknesswasaccountedforintheanalysis,whichwascarriedoutwiththeBOSOR5computerprogram.The
analysisincludesbothmaterialandgeometricalnonlinearprebucklingbehavior.Theresultsindicatethat
incipientnonsymmetricbucklingcanbepredictedwithreasonableaccuracybymeansofaneigenvalue
formulation.
Bushnell,DavidandCrossman,FrankW.,Computeranalysisofshellsandcomposites,Finalrept.Oct77
Dec79,LockheedMissilesandSpaceCo.,PaloAlto,California,Dec.1979,AccessionNumber:ADA081469,
ABSTRACT:TaskIHygrothermal,viscoelasticplanestressandgeneralizedpalnestrainanalysiscodeswere
developedandemployedtodeterminetheinfluenceofhygrothermalhistoryonlaminateinplaneandfreeedge
stressesanddimensionalstability.TaskIIMonographswerewrittenonplasticbuckling,stabilityand
optimizationofpanels,andbucklingofshells.Thesurveysincludemanyexamplesofnonlinearcollapseand
bifurcationbucklinginwhichmoderatelylargedeflections,nonlinearmaterialeffects,andimperfectionsare
accountedfor.Theirpurposeistogivethereaderaphysical'feelforthinshellbehaviorthatwillhelphimto
designappropriatetestsandperformefficientnumericalanalyseswithexistingcomputerprogramsforthe
treatemntofstructurescomposedofthinsections.

J.G.A.Croll(DepartmentofCivilandMunicipalEngineering,UniversityCollege,LondonUK),Continuum
perturbationmethodinthebranchinganalysisofconservativesystems,InternationalJournalofMechanical
Sciences,Vol.13,No.7,July1971,pp.605613,doi:10.1016/00207403(71)900312
ABSTRACT:Techniquesforthebranchinganalysisofstructuralsystemspossessingapotentialfunctionare
classifiedaccordingtotheorderinwhichtheconditionsofstationarity,perturbationanddiscretizationare
imposed.Itisshownthattherecentlydevelopedalgorithmforbranchinganalysisofdiscretesystems,inwhich
contractionofthealgebraicperturbationequationsplaysasignificantrole,hasanevencloseranalogywiththe
relatedcontinuumanalysisthanhithertosupposed.Theproposedalgorithmforthecontinuumbranching
analysisisoutlinedingeneralterms,anditsuseisillustratedbyreferencetotheelastica.Moreimportantthan
theanalyticaltreatmentoftheresultingdifferentialperturbationequations,however,isthatthemethod
proposedoffersaviablealternativemeansofderivingpracticalnumericalsolutionanalogues.Broadly,
numericalanaloguesderivedonthepresentbasispossessalltheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthe
generalizedfinitedifferencetechniqueoverthegeneralizedfiniteelementtechnique.
J.G.A.Croll(1)andR.C.Batista(2)
(1)DepartmentofCivilandMunicipalEngineering,UniversityCollege,London,England
(2)UniversitadeFederaldoRiodeJaneiro,Brazil
Explicitlowerboundsforthebucklingofaxiallyloadedcylinders,InternationalJournalofMechanical
Sciences,Vol.23,No.6,1981,pp.331343,doi:10.1016/00207403(81)900631
ABSTRACT:Previouslypostulated,lowerboundestimatesofthebucklingloadsforaxiallyloadedunstiffened
cylindersaresimplifiedbymeansofaDonnelltypeapproximationtoprovidecompact,explicit,analytical
expressionswhichcouldproveparticularlysuitedtodesign.Forawiderangeofpracticalgeometricparameters
thesesimplifiedexpressionsareshowntoprovidecloseapproximationsoftheexactlowerboundloadsand
associatedmodes.Inadditiontheyallowtheindependentandsignificantinfluenceoflengthtoradius,radiusto
thickness,andPoisson'sratiotobeisolated,andsuggestaconvenientmeansofsummarisingbucklingloadsin
termsofasinglecompositegeometricparameter.
W.J.NordellandJ.E.Crawford,Analysisofbehaviorofunstiffenedtoroidalshells,Proc.PacificSymposium
onHydromechanicallyLoadedShells,1971,Honolulu,pp.304313
Viswanathan,A.V.,Soong,T.C.,andMiller,R.E.Jr.,"BucklingAnalysisforAxiallyCompressedFlatPlates,
StructuralSections,andStiffenedPlatesReinforcedwithLaminatedComposites,"NASACR1887,1971.
Narasimhan,K.Y.andHoff,N.J.:"CalculationoftheLoadCarryingCapacityofInitiallySlightlyImperfect
ThinWalledCylindricalShells."J.ofAppl.Mech.,Vol.38,No.1,pp.162171,March1971.
doi:10.1115/1.3408738(orthetitleis:SnappingofImperfectThinWalledCircularCylindricalShellsofFinite
Length)
ABSTRACT:ThenonlinearpartialdifferentialequationsofvonKarmanandDonnellgoverningthe
deformationsofinitiallyimperfectcylindricalshellsarereducedtoaconsistentsetofordinarydifferential
equations.Anumericalprocedureisthenusedtosolvetheequationstogetherwiththeassociatedboundary
conditionsandtodeterminethenumberofwavesatbucklingaswellastheloadcarryingcapacityofimperfect
cylindricalshellsoffinitelengthsubjectedtouniformaxialcompressioninthepresenceofareducedrestraint
alongthesimplysupportedboundaries.Itisfoundthatdetailsoftheboundaryconditionshavelittleeffecton

thenumberofwavesintowhichtheshellbucklesaroundthecircumference.Thisnumberisdetermined
essentiallybythelengthtoradiusandradiustothicknessratios.Theabsenceofanedgerestraintto
circumferentialdisplacementreducestheclassicalvalueofthebucklingloadbyafactorofabouttwo.Onthe
otherhand,shellswiththeseboundaryconditionsappeartobelesssensitivetoinitialimperfectionsinthe
shape,andthusthemaximalloadsupportedinthepresenceofunavoidableinitialdeviationscanbethesamefor
shellswithandwithoutarestrainttocircumferentialdisplacementsalongtheedges.
A.V.Viswanathan,T.C.SoongandR.E.MillerJr(StressAnalysisResearch,TheBoeingCompany,Seattle,
Washington98124,U.S.A.),Compressivebucklinganalysisanddesignofstiffenedflatplateswith
multilayeredcompositereinforcement,Computers&Structures,Vol.3,No.2,March1973,pp.281297,
doi:10.1016/00457949(73)900187
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdescribesananalysisanditsapplicationindesignforcompressivebucklingofflat
stiffenedplatesconsideredasanassemblageoflinkedorthotropicflatplateandbeamelements.Platescanbe
multilayered,withpossiblecouplingbetweenbendingandstretching.Structurallipsandbeadsareidealizedas
beams.Theplateandthebeamelementsarematchedalongtheircommonjunctionsfordisplacementcontinuity
andforceequilibriuminanexactmanner.Bucklingloadsarefoundasthelowestofallpossiblegeneraland
localfailuremodes.Themodeshapeisusedtodeterminewhetherbucklingisalocalorgeneralinstabilityand
isparticularlyusefultothedesignerinidentifyingtheweakelementsforredesignpurposes.Typicaldesign
curvesarepresentedfortheinitialbucklingofahatstiffenedplatelocallyreinforcedwithboronfiber
composite.
M.S.Anderson,R.E.Fulton,W.L.HeardJr.andJ.E.Walz(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,
Virginia23365,U.S.A.),Stress,buckling,andvibrationanalysisofshellsofrevolution,Computers&
Structures,Vol.1,Nos.12,August1971,pp.157192,doi:10.1016/00457949(71)900095
ABSTRACT:Thispapersummarizesthemajorcomputerprogramsinexistencefortheanalysisofshellsof
revolutionbynumericalintegrationandfinitedifferenceprocedures.Thereportdescribesprogramsfor(1)
linearandnonlinearanalysisofshellssubjectedtoaxisymmetricandasymmetricstaticloads,(2)bucklingand
vibrationbehaviorincludingeffectsofaxisymmetricnonlinearprestress,and(3)transientresponse.Extensions
oftheseprogramswhicharecurrentlyunderwayandsomeoftheprimaryassetsofboththenumerical
integrationandfinitedifferenceproceduresarediscussed.Inaddition,asummaryoftheshelltheory
formulation,thenumericalapproximation,andthesolutiontechniquesofasetofprogramsdenotedSALORS
(StructuralAnalysisofLayeredOrthotropicRingStiffenedShells),developedattheNASALangleyResearch
Center,aredescribed.Stress,vibration,andbucklingresultsfromtheSALORSprogramaregivenforseveral
shellconfigurationshavingavarietyofstructuralcomplexitiesthatillustratethecurrentcapabilityofshellof
revolutionprograms.
JosephPadovan(MechanicalEngineering,UniversityofAkron,302EBuchtelAvenue,Akron,Ohio44304
USA),Frequencyandbucklingeigenvaluesofanisotropiccylinderssubjectedtononuniformlateralprestress,
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.7,No.11,November1971,pp.14491466,
doi:10.1016/00207683(71)900291

ABSTRACT:Solutionsaredevelopedhereinfortheevaluationoffrequencyandstabilityeigenvaluesof
macroscopicallyfullyanisotropiccircularcylindricalshellssubjectedtononuniformlateralprestress.Included
intheanalysisisthepresenceoftorsionalprestress.Theresultsobtainedareapplicabletoanytypeofprestress
whichsatisfyDirichlet'sconditionsforFourierseries.Furthermore,inthemannerofKalnins[3],usingthe
procedureoutlinedherein,similarresultscouldbeobtainedforgeneralanisotropicshellsofrevolution.
J.M.Whitney(NonmetallicMaterialsDivision,AirForceMaterialsLaboratory,WrightPattersonAFB,Ohio),
OntheUseofShellTheoryforDeterminingStressesinCompositeCylinders,JournalofCompositeMaterials
1971vol.5no.3pp.340353,doi:10.1177/002199837100500304
ABSTRACT:ApplyingVlasovAmbartsumyanshelltheorytoanisotropicandlaminatedcylinders,equations
aredevelopedforcalculatingthestressesinacompositetubeundercombinedaxialload,torsion,andinternal
pressure.Comparisontoresultsobtainedfromexactelasticitytheoryshowsthattheshellequationsarecapable
ofpredicting,withareasonabledegreeofaccuracy,thelargestressgradientsfoundinhighlyanisotropictubes.
Thustheshelltheoryprovidestheexperimentalistwithasetofclosedformexpressionsforreadilydefiningthe
properspecimendimensionsforprecisecharacterizationofunidirectionalandlaminatedcompositetubes.A
modificationtotheshelltheory,inwhichtheeffectsoftransversenormalstrainareincludedisalsodiscussed.
Numericalresultsshowthatsuchamodificationisnecessaryfordeterminingstressesinducedbyfreethermal
expansion.Itisalsoshownthatcertainclassicalthinshellkinematicrelationsareincapableofpredicting
stressesincompositetubes.
Stephens,W.B.,Imperfectionsensitivityofaxiallycompressedstringerreinforcedcylindricalpanelsunder
internalpressure,AIAAJournal,Vol.9,September1971,pp.17131719
Bolt,S.E.andGreenstreet,W.L.,Experimentaldeterminationofplasticcollapseloadsforpipeelbows,
ASMEpaper71PVP37,1971
Ya.A.BraunsandR.B.Rikards,Investigationoftheinitialimperfectionsandbucklingmodesofglass
reinforcedplasticshellsunderhydrostaticpressure,MechanicsofCompositeMaterials,Vol.7,No.6,1971,
pp.940945,doi:10.1007/BF00855937(InstituteofPolymerMechanics,AcademyofSciencesoftheLatvian
SSR,Riga.TranslatedfromMekhanikaPolimerov,No.6,pp.10571063,NovemberDecember,1971)
ABSTRACT:Theresultsoftestingthestabilityofglassreinforcedplasticcylindricalshellsunderhydrostatic
pressureareexamined.Theinitialimperfectionsanddeflectionsoftheshellsweredirectlymeasured.Itisfound
thatduringloadingorinthecourseoftime(underload)theshapeoftheinitialimperfectionsistransformed.An
algorithm(see[11])basedontheapproximationoftheexperimentaldeflectionfunctionbyaFourierseriesis
usedtoestablishthecharacteristiccoefficientsoftheseriesimportantinconnectionwiththeelasticlossof
stabilityandprogressivebucklingoftheshell.
R.B.RikardsandYa.A.Brauns,Buckledshapesofpolymericcylindricalshellsunderlongtimeloading,
MechanicsofCompositeMaterials,Vol.7,No.2,1971,pp.228232,doi:10.1007/BF00855858
ABSTRACT:Thecreepbucklingofpolyethylenecylindricalshellsinaxialcompressionhasbeeninvestigated.
Thechangesintheshapeoftheshellsurfaceuptolossofstabilityweremeasuredwithaspecialradial
deflectiongauge.Theexperimentallydeterminedshapeofthebuckledsurfaceatdiscretemomentsoftimeis

approximatedbyadoubleFourierseries.Thecharacteristiccoefficientsoftheseriesofimportanceincreep
bucklingareestablished.Fromananalysisofthecoefficientsoftheseriesitfollowsthattheamplitudesofthe
axisymmetriccoefficientsdiminishwithtime,whilethoseofthecoefficientsgivinganonaxisymmetricbuckled
shapegrow.
R.B.Rikards,G.A.TetersandI.K.Tsypinas(InstituteofPolymerMechanics,AcademyofSciencesofthe
LatvianSSR,Riga),Synthesisofoptimumcylindricalshellsofreinforcedplasticsforanexternalpressureand
axialcompression,MechanicsofCompositeMaterials,Vol.8,No.2,1974,pp.266272,doi:10.1007/BF008,
OriginalArticlepublishedinMekhanikaPolimerov,No.2.pp.301309,1972
ABSTRACT:Thesynthesisofanisotropiccylindricalshellsofminimumweightisconsidered;theinitialdata
relatetothecharacteristicsofthereinforcingfilamentsandbinder.Theoptimumcasesatisfyingthe
requirementsofstability,strength,andgeometricallimitationsisfoundbythemethodofprojectivegradients.
I.Ya.Amiro,Oninvestigationsofthestabilityofribbedcylindricalshells,InternationalAppliedMechanics,
Vol.8,No.12,1972,pp.13001307,doi:10.1007/BF00883528(InstituteofMechanics,UkraineSSRAcademy
ofScience,Kiev.TranslatedfromPrikladnayaMekhanika,Vol.8,No.12,pp.1524,December,1972.)
ArtursKalnins,Static,FreeVibration,AndStabilityAnalysisOfThin,ElasticShellsOfRevolution,Lehigh
University,BethlehemPA,Technicalrept.Apr66Jul68,October1968,
DTICAccessionNumber:AD0686446,
ABSTRACT:Thisprojectwasundertakentopresentworkablemethodsofanalysesforthin,elasticshellsof
revolution,andtoprovidecomputerprogramsforperformingsuchanalyses.Bymeansofthesemethods,the
followingproblemsforathin,elasticshellofrevolutioncanbesolved:(1)stressesanddeflectionscanbe
determinedwhentheshellissubjectedtoarbitrarymechanicaland/orthermalloads;(2)naturalfrequenciesand
modeshapescanbefoundforfreevibrationwhentheshellissubjectedtoorisfreeofprestress;(3)buckling
loads,accordingtotheclassicalstabilitytheory,canbefoundwhentheshellissubjectedtoaxisymmetricor
sinusoidalnonsymmetricprestress.
D.P.UpdikeandA.Kalnins(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineeringandMechanics,LehighUniversity,
Bethlehem,Pa.),AxisymmetricBehaviorofanElasticSphericalShellCompressedBetweenRigidPlates,
J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.37,No.3,September1970,pp.635640,doi:10.1115/1.3408592
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsthefirstphaseintheanalysisofthedeformationofashellofrevolution
whenitisbeingcrushedbyarigidwall.Inthispaper,theanalysisaccountsforfinitedeflectionsandrotations
butassumesthatthematerialremainslinearlyelastic.Theloaddeflectionbehaviorisobtainedfora
hemisphericalshell,anditshowsthattheshellcannotcollapsewithaflatcontactregion.Theconditionsforthe
bucklingofthecontactregionaredetermined.
ArtursKalninsandV.Biricikoglu(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineeringandMechanics,LehighUniversity,
Bethlehem,Pennsylvania,USA),Deformationofprestressedthinshells,NuclearEngineeringandDesign,
Vol.16,No.3,July1971,pp.343357,doi:10.1016/00295493(71)900203

ABSTRACT:Startingfromtheequationsofa3dimensionalmedium,governingequationsforinfinitesimal,
elasticdeformations,superimposeduponaprestressedstate,arederivedforathinshell.Nofurther
approximationsaremadeexceptthoseoftheKirchhoffhypothesisofshelltheory.Theequationsarereferredto
theprestressedstateforwhichgeometry,initialstress,andmaterialpropertiesareassumedknown.Thefinal
equationsarelistedintermsofphysicalcomponentsofallvariablesandarereferredtothelinesofcurvatureof
thereferencesurfaceoftheshellintheprestressedstate.Theycanbeuseddirectlyforsuchproblemsasthe
stabilityorfreevibrationofinitiallystressedshells.
D.P.UpdikeandA.Kalnins(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineeringandMechanics,LehighUniversity,
Bethlehem,Pa.),AxisymmetricPostbucklingandNonsymmetricBucklingofaSphericalShellCompressed
BetweenRigidPlates,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.39,Issue1,March1972,pp.172178,doi:10.1115/1.3422607
ABSTRACT:Theauthorshavepreviouslyshownthatathin,completesphericalshellcompressedbetweentwo
parallelrigidplatesdeformsinitiallywiththepolarportionoftheshellflattenedagainsttheplatesandthatata
criticaldeformationtheflatregionmaybuckleintoanaxisymmetricinwarddimple.Thepresentpaperpresents
ananalysisofthestressesanddeflectionsproducedduringaxisymmetricpostbucklinganddeterminesthe
deformationstatesatwhichtheshellmaybuckleintoanonsymmetricshape.Theanalysisaccountsforfinite
deflectionsandrotations,butassumesthatthematerialremainslinearlyelasticthroughoutthedeformation.An
experimentshowsthatboththeprimaryaxisymmetricbifurcationpointandthesecondarynonsymmetric
bifurcationpointarestableforashellwithR/h~=40.
ArtursKalnins(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineeringandMechanics,LehighUniversity,Bethlehem,
Pennsylvania18015,USA),Vibrationandstabilityofprestressedshells,NuclearEngineeringandDesign,
Vol.20,No.1,June1972,pp.131147l,doi:10.1016/00295493(72)900234
ABSTRACT:Thinshellsarewidelyusedstructuralelementsandaresometimessubjectedtotimedependent
loadsaftertheyhavealreadyacquiredsomeprestress.Theresponseofsuchashellcanbeverydifferentfrom
thatwhentheprestressisabsent.Thegeneralmethodsofcalculationoftheresponseoftheshellarediscussed.
Thestabilitylimitoftheshellisviewedasaspecialresultobtainedinthefreevibrationanalysis.Anexampleof
atypicalcontainmentshellofanuclearpowerplant,housingthereactor,isworkedoutindetail.
A.Kalnins(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineeringandMechanics,LehighUniversity,Bethlehem,Pa.),
DynamicBucklingofAxisymmetricShells,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.41,No.4,December1974,pp.1063
1068,doi:10.1115/1.3423434
ABSTRACT:Aprocedurefortheanalysisofdynamicbucklingofaxisymmetricshellssubjectedto
axisymmetric,periodicloadsoflongdurationisproposedthatisbasedonthecalculationofthenonsymmetric
modesoffreevibrationandassociatedmodeintegralsoverthereferencesurfaceoftheshell.Numericalresults
arepresentedfortheevaluationofdynamicstabilityofanactualshellthatisdesignedforthecoolingsystemof
anuclearpowerplant.
V.Svalbonas(1)andA.Kalnins(2)
(1)EngineeringDepartment,TheFranklinInstituteResearchLaboratories,Philadelphia,PA,19103,USA
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineeringandMechanics,LehighUniversity,Bethlehem,PA,18015,USA

Dynamicbucklingofshells:Evaluationofvariousmethods,NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.44,No.3,
December1977,pp.331356,doi:10.1016/00295493(77)901698
ABSTRACT:Theproblemofdynamicstabilityissubstantiallymorecomplexthanthebucklinganalysisofa
shellsubjectedtostaticloads.Evenatthisdatesuitablecriteriafordynamicbucklingofshells,whichareboth
logicallysoundandpracticallyapplicable,arenoteasilyavailable.Thus,avarietyofanalysesareavailableto
theuser,encompassingvariousdegreesofcomplexity,andinvolvingarangeofsimplifyingassumptions.The
purposeofthispaperistocompareandevaluatesomeofthesesolutionsbyapplyingthemtoaspecific
problem.Ashallowsphericalcap,subjectedtoanaxisymmetric,uniformpressure,steploading,isusedasthe
structuralexample.Thepredictions,byvariousmethods,ofthedynamicbucklingofthisshellintounsymmetric
modes,aretheninvestigatedandcompared.TheapproximatemethodsusedbyAkkasarecomparedtothemore
rigorousandgeneralsolutionsoftheKSHEL,STARS,DYNASOR,andSATANScomputerprograms,andthe
varioussimplifyingassumptionsutilizedareevaluated.Alsoincludedinthecomparisons,arethepredictionsof
therelativelysimpledynamicbucklingmodelapproachofBudianskyandHutchinson.Theapproaches
utilizedbythemorecomplexprograms[KSHEL(spatialintegration,modalsuperposition,perturbation
approach),DYNASOR(finiteelements,timeintegrationofnonlineardynamicequilibriumequations),
SATANS(finitedifferences,pseudoloadmethod,timeintegration),STARS(spatialandtimeintegration,non
linearequilibriumorperturbationapproaches)]willinturnbecomparedintermsofaccuracy,idealization
complexity,easeofuse,anduserexpertiseandexperiencerequiredforanalysis.Thecomparisonsshowthatthe
moreapproximatemethodsunderpredictthedynamicbucklingloadsforthisproblem.Inaddition,somebasic
assumptionsofthesimplersolutionsarefoundtobeinvalid.
V.Svalbonas(1)andJ.Key(2)
(1)GrummanAerospaceCorporation,Bethpage,NewYork11714,USA
(2)NASAMarshallSpaceFlightCenter,Huntsville,Alabama,USA
Static,stability,anddynamicanalysisofshellsofrevolutionbynumericalintegrationAcomparison,
NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.27,No.1,March1974,pp.3045,doi:10.1016/00295493(74)900223
ABSTRACT:Theuseofnumericalintegrationfortheanalysisofpracticalshellofrevolutionstructureswas
documentedalmostsimultaneouslyintheUnitedStatesbythreeindependentgroupsofresearchers(Cohen,
Kalnins,Masonetal.).Theseearlyeffortshavebeenrefined,reformulated,andincreasedinscopeand
applicabilitytobecomemajorprogramsystems(SRA,Kalnins,STARS).Whileallthreeprogramsutilize
basicallythesamemathematicalformulationforintegratingtheshelldifferentialequations,thematrixsolution
proceduresfromthispointarebasicallydifferent.Thepurposeofthispaperistwofold,asfollows:(1)topresent
thedifferencesinsolutionproceduresofthelargestsystem(theGrummanNASASTARS)fromtheother
two,andpointouttheinherentadvantagesofthisapproach;and(2)comparethenumericalintegration
procedure,asutilizedintheSTARS,withfinitedifferenceandfiniteelementprocedures,notingtherelative
advantagesofeachintheanalysisofshellsofrevolutionforstatic,buckling,anddynamicloadings.Tofulfill
theabovepurpose,abriefreviewofthenumericalintegrationprocedurefortheanalysisofshellsofrevolution
ispresented,andthematrixsolutionproceduresoftheSRA,Kalnins,andSTARSprogramsarecontrasted.The
limitationsimposedbytherelativeproceduresarediscussed.TheuniqueformulationutilizedbySTARSforthe
solutionofstabilityandvibrationproblems,anditsadvantages,arediscussedindetail.TheSTARSprogram's
analyticalcapabilities,capacity,anduseroptionsarecomparedwiththoseofothermajorsystemsutilizing
eitherfinitedifferencesorfiniteelementsfortheanalysisofshellsofrevolution.Comparisonsaremadein
termsofprogramsize,programaccuracy,numberofdegreesoffreedomrequiredforanalysis,easeof

idealizationanduserinputs,limitationsimposedonanalysiscapabilityoroutput,runningtime,andsoforth.All
advantagesanddifferencesaredemonstratedbyuseofsolutionsforrealisticshellproblemsintheareasof
statics,stability(includingdeadandliveloaddistributions),vibrations,anddynamicresponseofshells
subjectedtotimedependentloadings.
D.B.Simmons,NASAautomaticsystemforcomputerprogramdocumentation,volume2(Computerprogram
fordynamicanalysisofshellsofrevolution)[FinalReport],nopublisherordategiven,ProQuestCSA
ABSTRACT:TheDYNASOR2programisusedforthedynamicnonlinearanalysisofshellsofrevolution.The
equationsofmotionoftheshellaresolvedusingHoubolt'snumericalprocedure.Thedisplacementsandstress
resultantsaredeterminedforbothsymmetricalandasymmetricalloadingconditions.Asymmetricaldynamic
bucklingcanbeinvestigated.Solutionscanbeobtainedforhighlynonlinearproblemsutilizingasmanyasfive
oftheharmonicsgeneratedbySAMMSORprogram.Arestartcapabilityallowstheusertorestarttheprogram
ataspecifiedtime.ForVol.1,seeN7322129.
J.C.Amazigo(RensselaerPolytechnicInstitute,Troy,NewYork,USA)andW.B.Fraser(TheUniversityof
Sydney,Sydney,NSW,Australia),Bucklingunderexternalpressureofcylindricalshellswithdimpleshaped
initialimperfections,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.7,No.8,August1971,pp.883900,
doi:10.1016/00207683(71)900709
ABSTRACT:Theapproximateloaddeflectionbehaviorofasimplysupportedcylindricalshellsubjectedto
externalpressureisdeterminedforthecasewheretheshellhasadimpleshapedinitialdeflection.Thisis
accomplishedbytheuseofatwotimingperturbationexpansionappliedtotheKrmnDonnellshell
equations.Weshowthatiftheshellisimperfectionsensitivetoaninitialdeflectionintheshapeofthelinear
bucklingmode,thenitisalsoimperfectionsensitivetoadimpleimperfection.Thedegradationinbucklingload
forthedimpleimperfectiondependslinearlyupontheinitialdeflectionamplitudeepsilonwhereasforthemodal
imperfectionitisproportionaltothetwothirdspowerofepsilon.
R.S.SendelbeckandN.J.Hoff(StanfordUniversity),Loadingriginwhichaxiallycompressedthin
cylindricalshellsbuckleneartheoreticalvalues,(Aholdingandalignmenttestrigforusewhenbucklingthin
circularcylindricalshellsisdescribed.Theconsistencyofhighbucklingvaluesisdemonstratedalongwith
resultsconcerningdifferentholdingrestrictions),ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.12,No.8,1972,pp.372376,
doi:10.1007/BF02321695
ABSTRACT:FifteennearperfectelectroformednickelcylindricalshellsofhighR/tratioshavebeenbuckled
byaxialcompressionusingaspecialloadingrigsystem.Bucklingstressvaluesaveraged85percent,and
rangedfrom80to96percent,oftheclassicaltheoreticalbucklingstressvalue.Theloadingrigdescribedinthis
reportmakesuseofasimpleprocedureforaccuratelyaligningthethinshellwiththeloadaxisand,also,for
maintainingthecircularityoftheshellatitsendbyaccommodatingforslightlydifferentdiameters,withtheuse
oftaperedcircularendcapswhichprovideexactfitsineachcase.Therigalsoprovidesasetupinwhichshells
maybefreetotwist,tipandtranslate,orberestrainedfromthesemotions.Comparisonbetweenrestrainedand
unrestrainedtestsreveolednonoticeablechangeinthebucklingload.However,withtherestraining
mechanism,slightlyhigherpostbucklingloads,repeatedbucklingloadsandanincreasednumberof
circumferentialwavesresulted.

P.E.Tovstik(Leningrad,U.S.S.R.),Onthedensityofthevibrationfrequenciesofthinshellsofrevolution,
PMMvol.36,No.2,1972,pp.291300,doi:10.1016/00218928(72)901670
ABSTRACT:Thinshellsofrevolution,closedinthecircumferentialdirection,andwithanarbitrarymeridian
shape,areconsidered.Thedensityofthevibrationfrequenciesisdeterminedbyusinganasymptoticmethodof
integration[13].Thedensityofthefrequenciesintheneighborhoodsofcondensationpointsisinvestigated.
Thequestionofthedensityofvibrationfrequenciesofthinshellshasbeenexaminedin[47].Shallowshells
ofrectangularplanformwereexaminedin[4,5].
D.DurbanandA.Libai(DepartmentofAeronauticalEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,
Haifa,Israel),BucklingofaCircularCylindricalShellinAxialCompressionandSS4BoundaryConditions,
AIAAJournal,vol.10,no.7,pp.935936(Abstractnotavailable)
AvinoamLibai(DepartmentofAeronauticalEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,Haifa,
Israel),Thenonlinearmembraneshellwithapplicationtononcircularcylinders,InternationalJournalof
SolidsandStructures,Vol.8,No.7,July1972,pp.923943,doi:10.1016/00207683(72)900078
ABSTRACT:Thenonlinearmembraneproblemispresentedintermsofthecurvaturesandstresses(orstrains)
asfieldvariables.Asapartoftheformulation,appropriateboundaryconditionsarestudied.Thesignificant
featuresoftheequationsarediscussed.Amongthetopicsareincluded:dependenceoninitialshape,typesof
equations,abilitytoclarifyanomalitiesofthelinearmembraneproblem,stabilityandthemembraneedgeeffect
problem.Aperturbationseriesschemeforthesolutionoftheequationsisalsopresented.Theusefulnessofthe
theoryinsolvingpracticalproblemsisdemonstratedbypresentingasolutiontotheproblemofthenoncircular
cylindricalmembraneshellunderlateralpressure.
A.LibaiandD.Durban(DepartmentofAeronauticalEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,
Haifa,Israel),AMethodforApproximateStabilityAnalysisandItsApplicationtoCircularCylindricalShells
UnderCircumferentiallyVaryingEdgeLoads,J.Appl.Mech.December1973Volume40,Issue4,
December1973,pp.971976,doi:10.1115/1.3423196
ABSTRACT:Aprocedureispresentedwhichrelatesthesolutionofthestabilityproblemforanelasticstructure
subjectedtoacomplexprebucklingstressdistribution,tothatofasolvedstabilityproblemforthesame
structurebutwithasimplestressdistribution.Theprocedurereducestoobtainingthecharacteristicrootsofa
symmetricmatrix.Itisthenappliedtothebucklingproblemofacircularcylindricalshellsubjectedtoa
circumferentiallyvaryingcompressivestressfieldandboundaryconditionsoftheSS12types.Themainresult
isthatfortheboundaryconditionsandnumberofharmonictermsintheedgeloadtaken,thebuckling
parameterapproaches,ash/R>0,thatofacylinderuniformlysubjectedtothemaximumcircumferential
stress.
D.DurbanandA.Libai,Influenceofthicknessonthestabilityofcircularcylindricalshellssubjectedto
nonuniformaxialcompression,IsraelJournalofTechnology.Vol.14,no.12,pp.917.1976

ABSTRACT:Thebucklinganalysisofacircularcylindricalshellundernonuniformaxialcompressionis
considered,usingDonnell'sequationswithaGalerkinprocedureandwithboundaryconditionsoftheSS3SS4
types.Threeproblemsarestudied:(1)Itisprovenanalyticallythatinthelimitingcase(h/Rtendingtozero)the
eigenvalueforanyloaddistributionapproachesthatofuniformloading.(2)Anumericalparametricstudyofthe
effectsoffinitethickness,lengthandloaddistributionsonthebucklingloadispresented.(3)Theinteractions
amongseveralloaddistributionsareinvestigatednumerically.Thenumericalresultsconfirmthelimiting
behaviorandindicatethatalinearinteractionformulaisjustified.
A.LibaiandD.Durban(DepartmentofAeronauticalEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,
Haifa,Israel),BucklingofCylindricalShellsSubjectedtoNonuniformAxialLoads,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.44,
No.4,December1977,pp.714720,doi:10.1115/1.3424162
ABSTRACT:Thelinearbucklingproblemofacylindricalshellsubjectedtocircumferentiallyvaryingaxial
edgeloadsorthermalloadsisconsidered.Thecaseofanoscillatoryloadinghavingacosinusidalformwitha
singlearbitraryharmonicindexistreatedfirst.Closedformexpressionsforthecriticaleigenvaluesare
obtained,spanningtheentirerangeoftheharmonicindex.Bucklingmodesarealsopresented.Aninteraction
lawamongharmonicloadingsbasedonexistingnumericalevidenceisthenpostulated.Thisleadstothe
capabilityofcalculatingthebucklingloadforanygivendistribution.Themethodiscompared,andgood
agreementisobtained,withpublishedresultsontheheatingofanaxialstrip.Itisthenusedtocalculatethe
bucklingofacylindricalshellsubjectedtoaconcentratedaxialforce.
NuriAkkasandNelsonR.Bauld,Jr.(DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,ClemsonUniversity,Clemson,
SouthCarolina,USA),BucklingandPostBucklingofSphericalCaps,ASCEJournaloftheEngineering
MechanicsDivision,Vol.97,No.3,May/June1971,pp.727739
ABSTRACT: Theresultsofanumericalstudyofthebucklingandinitialpostbucklingbehaviorofclamped
shallowsphericalshellsunderaxisymmetricbandtypeloadsarepresented.Thisbehaviorisstudied,first,fora
capwithfixedgeometrywhentheradiallocationofabandloadofconstantwidthisallowedtovary;second,
foracapwithfixedgeometryunderauniformpressuredistributedovertheouterregionofthecap;andthird,
forabandloadofconstantwidthandradiallocationwhentheshellgeometryisallowedtovary.Itisfoundin
eachofthesestudiesthat,forasignificantrangeofthegeometricshellparameter,lambda,thesphericalcap
underaxisymmetricbandloadisimperfectionsensitive.
N.Akkas,N.R.Bauld(DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,ClemsonUniversity,Clemson,S.C.),
BucklingandPostbucklingBehaviorofClampedShallowSphericalShellsUnderAxisymmetricRingLoads,
JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.38,No.4,pp.9961002,December1971,DOI:10.1115/1.3408987
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentstheresultsofanumericalstudyofthebucklingandinitialpostbuckling
behaviorofclampedshallowsphericalshellsunderaxisymmetricringloads.Thisbehaviorisstudiedforacap
withfixedgeometrywhenthelocationoftheringloadisallowedtovaryfromtheequivalentofaconcentrated
loadattheapextoalocationnearthemidpointoftheshellbaseradius,andforafixedringloadlocationwhen
theshellgeometryisallowedtovary.Itisfoundinbothstudiesthatasignificantrangeofthegeometricshell
parameter,lambda,existssuchthatbucklingisaccompaniedbyalossinloadcarryingcapacity.

N.Akkas(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,ClemsonUniversity,Clemson,S.C.),OntheBucklingandInitial
PostbucklingBehaviorofShallowSphericalandConicalSandwichShells,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.
39,No.1,pp.163171,March1972,DOI:10.1115/1.3422606
ABSTRACT:Theboundaryvalueproblemsassociatedwiththeaxisymmetrical,asymmetrical,andinitial
postbucklingbehavioroftheclampedshallowconicalsandwichshellunderauniformpressurearedeveloped
forfacesheetsofthesamematerialandequalthicknesses.Thenumericalresultspresentedshowthatthe
bucklingandinitialpostbucklingbehaviorofthesandwichcapissimilartothatoftheconicalhomogeneous
cap.Theeffectsofthethicknessandmaterialparametersontheaxisymmetricsnapthroughbucklingbehavior
oftheclampedshallowsphericalandconicalsandwichshellsarealsostudied.Foronematerialparameter
consideredtheaxisymmetricbucklingbehaviorofthesandwichshellsissimilartothatofthecorresponding
homogeneousshells;soitissuggestedthat,withoutanyfurtheranalysis,theasymmetricbucklingandtheinitial
postbucklingbehaviorofthesandwichcapcanbeobtainedbyconjecture.Fortheothermaterialparameters
considered,theaxisymmetricbucklingbehaviorofthesandwichcapsisdifferentfromtheaxisymmetric
bucklingbehaviorofthecorrespondinghomogeneouscaps.
NuriAkkas(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,ClemsonUniversity,Clemson,SouthCarolina,U.S.A.),
Classicalandnonlinearbucklinganalysesofsphericalsandwichshells,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,Vol.8,No.12,December1972,pp.13731387,doi:10.1016/00207683(72)900856
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingandinitialpostbucklingbehaviorofclampedshallowsphericalsandwichshells
withdissimilarfacesheetsunderauniformpressureisstudied.Thenumericalresultsshowthatthebuckling
andinitialpostbucklingbehaviorofclampedshallowsphericalsandwichshellswithdissimilarfacesheetsis
similartothatofthecorrespondinghomogeneousshell.Theclassicalbucklinganalysisforsphericalsandwich
shellsunderauniformpressureisalsopresented.Theresultsindicatethatitispossibletoobtainthebuckling
curvesofsphericalsandwichcapsfromthoseofthehomogeneouscapusingamagnificationfactorwhichis
obtainedviatheclassicalbucklinganalysis,forlargevaluesofthesandwichshellparameter.
NuriAkkas(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,MiddleEastTechnicalUniversity,Ankara,Turkey),
Bifurcationandsnapthroughphenomenainasymmetricdynamicanalysisofshallowsphericalshells,
Computers&Structures,Vol.6,No.3,June1976,pp.241251,doi:10.1016/00457949(76)900353
ABSTRACT:Theasymmetricdynamicbehaviorofclampedshallowsphericalshellsunderauniformstep
pressureofinfinitedurationisinvestigated.Thesolutionofalineareigenvalueproblemyieldsthebifurcation
pathsandalsothelowerboundfortheasymmetricdynamicsnapthroughbucklingpressure.Theasymmetric
dynamicresponseofshellswithashapeimperfectionisstudied.Theasymmetricdynamicsnapthrough
bucklingloadisdefinedtobethethresholdvalueofthesteppressureatwhichtheasymmetricresponseshows
significantgrowthrate.Thesnapthroughbucklingloadsareobtainedforafewshellparameters.Thenumerical
resultsarecomparedwiththeavailableexperimentalresultsandtheyareingoodagreement.Finally,a
preliminarystudyofthephaseplanesispresented.

E.Karaesmen,L.IleriandN.Akkas(DepartmentofEngineeringSciences,MiddleEastTechnicalUniversity,
06531Ankara,Turkey),Chaoticdynamicanalysisofviscoelasticshallowsphericalshells,Computers&
Structures,Vol.44,No.4,August1992,Pages851857,SpecialIssue:ComputationalStructuresTechnology,
doi:10.1016/00457949(92)90471B
ABSTRACT:Thispaperinvestigatesthedynamicbehaviourofashallow,viscoelastic,sphericalshellundera
harmonicexcitation.Thetimeevolutionsoftheresponseofthecorrespondingnonlineardynamicalsystemare
describedbythephaseportraitsandthebifurcationoftheparameterdependentsystemisstudiednumericallyso
astoidentifyqualitativechangesinthephaseportrait.Theviscoelasticshell,havingmorethanoneequilibrium
configurationforsomeproblemparameters,showsperiodicand/orrandomlikechaoticoscillationsunderthe
givenexcitationaccordingtothedimensionsoftheattractingset.Theoccurrenceandnatureofthechaotic
attractorsareverifiedbyevaluatingLyapunovexponents.
NuriAkkasandRidvanToroslu,SnapThroughBucklingAnalysesofCompositeShallowSphericalShells,
MechanicsofCompositeMaterialsandStructures,Vol.6,No.4,pp.319330,1999
DOI:10.1080/107594199305485
ABSTRACT:Thepurposeofthisworkistopresentsomenumericalresultsonnonlinear,snapthrough
bucklingofshallowsphericalshellsmadeoflaminatedcompositematerialsundergeneralstaticloading.
Isotropicshellsarecoveredasaspecialcaseofthegeneralproblem.Aspecialpurposefinitedifference
computerprogramhasbeendeveloped.Moreover,thegeneralpurposecomputerprogramANSYShasalso
beenused.Effectsofvariousmaterialpropertiesonthenonlinearbehavioroftheshellsareinvestigated.Oneof
theconclusionsofthestudyisthatANSYSmayyielderroneousresultsinsomecases.Anotherconclusionis
thatthebucklingcurvesofcompositeshallowsphericalshellshaveashapesimilartothatofthecorresponding
isotropicshell.Thisfindingimpliesthatthegeometryofashellmaybeanimportantfactoringivinga
characteristicshapetothebucklingcurve,atleastfortheshellparametersconsideredhere.
NuriAkkas(1)andGhassanOdeh(2)
(1)SchoolofEngineering,BaskentUniversity,06530Ankara,Turkey
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,EasternMediterraneanUniversity,Gazimagusa,TRNC,33100Mersin,
Turkey
Anovelsnapthroughbucklingbehaviourofaxisymmetricshallowshellswithpossibleapplicationin
transducerdesign,Computers&Structures,Vol.79,Nos.2930,November2001,pp.25792585,
doi:10.1016/S00457949(01)001432
ABSTRACT:Inthisstudy,thesnapthroughbucklingbehaviourofaxisymmetricshells,subjectedto
axisymmetrichorizontalperipheralloadordisplacementforvariousshellparametersandvariousboundary
conditions,isinvestigated.Resultsobtainedseemnottohavebeenreportedpreviously.Anapplicationof
peripheraldisplacementtypeofloadingisseeninmetalceramiccompositetransducersdevelopedby
sandwichingapiezoelectric(PZT)ceramicbetweentwometalendcapswhichserveasmechanicaltransformers
forconvertingandamplifyingthelateraldisplacementoftheceramicintoanaxialmotionnormaltothemetal
cap.Inournumericalsearch,wehaveobservedthatsnapthroughandsnapbackbucklingispossiblefor
shallowsphericalcapsforaverynarrowrangeoftheshellparameterused.Whenaholeisopenedaroundthe
apexofthecap,bucklingispossibleforalargerrangeoftheshellparameter.Obtainingthedisplacement
amplificationandtheblockingorgenerativeforceforvariousmaterialandgeometricpropertiesisnecessaryfor

thepossibleapplicationofthefindingsintransducerdesign.Thenumericalresultsarepresentedingraphical
forms.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

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[2]RiksE.Anincrementalapproachtothesolutionofsnappingandbucklingproblems.IntJSolidsStruct1979;15:52951.
[3]BatozJL,DhattG.Incrementaldisplacementalgorithmsfornonlinearproblems.IntJNumMethEngng1979;14:12627.
[4]PowelG,SimonsJ.Improvediterationstrategyfornonlinearstructures.IntJNumMethEngng1981;17:145567.
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1990;29:106577.
[8]ClarkeMJ,HancockGJ.Astudyofincrementaliterativestrategiesfornonlinearanalysis.IntJNumMethEngng1990;29:1365
91.
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Engng1978;12:167796.
[10]BatheKJ.Finiteelementproceduresinengineeringanalysis.NewYork:PrenticeHall;1982.
[11]ChanHC.Geometricallynonlinearanalysisofshallowshellsusinghigherorderfiniteelements.ComputStruct1989;31:32938.
[12]YuanKY,LiangCC.Nonlinearanalysisofanaxisymmetricshellusingthreenodeddegeneratedisoparametricshellelements.
ComputStruct1989;32:122539.
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Storkers,B.,Uniquenessandstabilityatfinitedeformationofinelasticsolids,PublicationNo.186,Dept.of
StrengthofMaterialsandSolidMechanics,RoyalInstituteofTechnology,Stockholm,April1973
Radhakrishnan,R.(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Madras,India),
Predictionofbucklingstrengthsofcylindricalshellsfromtheirnaturalfrequencies,EarthquakeEngineering
&StructuralDynamics,Vol.2,No.2,1973,pp.107115.doi:10.1002/eqe.4290020202
ABSTRACT:Theinstabilityofthinelasticshellsstillremainsthemostchallengingofalltheclassicalproblems
ofthetheoryofelasticity.Itistheaimofthisinvestigationtoverifyarationalexperimentaltechniquefor
predictingthebucklingloadsofcylindricaltubesunderaxialloadaswellasunderexternalradialpressure,by
measuringtheirnaturalfrequenciesunderdifferentloadings.CylindricaltubesmadeofHostaphan(thickness
0254mmandradius100mm)weretestedunderaxialloadandunderexternalradialpressureintheGerman
AirandSpaceResearchLaboratory(DeutscheForschungsanstaltfrLuftundRaumfahrt)atBraunschweig,

WestGermany,andtheresultscomparedwithanactualbucklingtest.Thetestsrevealedthatthebucklingload
canbepredictedsatisfactorilybytheproposednondestructivevibrationmethodoftesting.
R.E.BallandH.G.Schaeffer,Nonlineardeflectionsofasymmetricallyloadedshellsofrevolution
(Asymmetricallyloadedshellsofrevolutionnonlineardeflectionsanalyzedbyalgorithm,determiningsnap
bucklingloadofshallowsphericalshell),1968(nopublishergiven;csa.com)
CharlesC.Cromer(1)andRobertE.Ball(2)
(1)LingTemcoVought,Dallas,TX
(2)NavalPostgraduateSchool,DepartmentofAeronautics,Monterey,Calif.93940
DynamicBucklingofCylindricalShell,ASCEJournaloftheEngineeringMechanicsDivision,Vol.97,No.
3,May/June1971,pp.657671
ABSTRACT: Thenonlinear,dampeddynamicresponseofasimplysupported,nearlycircularcylindricalshell
duetoanexponentiallydecaying,uniformradialpressureiscomputedforpeakpressuresandtotalimpulses
betweenthestaticanddynamicbucklinglimits.TheanalysisemploysFourierseriesexpansionsofthe
dependentvariablesinthecircumferentialcoordinate,finitedifferenceapproximationsoftheaxialderivatives,
andNewmarksbetamethodforthetimeintegration.Allnonlinearcouplingbetweentheretainedmodesis
included.Theinclusionofdampingreducesthemaximumamplitudesofthedominantmodesbyapproximately
30%,butstresseslargerthantheyieldstresscanoccuratpeakpressuresandtotalimpulseswellbelowthe
dynamicbucklinglimit.Theamplitudesofthestaticbucklingmodesarefoundtobelinearlyproportionaltothe
magnitudeoftheinitialimperfections,buttheparametricallyexcitedmodesareunaffectedbytheinitial
imperfections.
W.C.StilwellandR.E.Ball,Adigitalcomputerstudyofthebucklingofshallowsphericalcapsandtruncated
hemispheres(Digitalcomputerprogramusedforthinshellbucklinganalysisofsphericalcapsunderpressure
loadingandtruncatedhemispheresunderaxialtension),(nopublishergiven;csa.com),1972
ABSTRACT:Astudyofthebucklingofthinshellswasconductedusingadigitalcomputerprogramforthe
geometricallynonlinearanalysisofarbitrarilyloadedshellsofrevolution.Theobjectivewasanevaluationof
theprogram'sapplicabilitytobifurcationbucklingandimperfectionsensitivityanalysis.Clampedsphericalcaps
underpressureloadingandclampedtruncatedhemispheresunderaxialtensionwereinvestigated.Buckling
loadsweredeterminedforaxisymmetricandnearlyaxisymmetricloadsandarecomparedwithpreviously
publishedanalyticalresultsbasedongeometricimperfections.
R.F.HartungandR.E.Ball,Acomparisonofseveralcomputersolutionstothreestructuralshellanalysis
problems(Computeranalysistothreestructuralshellproblems,includinglinearstress,freevibration,
bifurcationbuckling,elasticandinelasticcollapse,andtransientresponse)[LockheedMissles&SpaceCo.
FinalReport,Oct.1970Oct.1972],csa.com
ABSTRACT:AsapartoftheAirForceFlightDynamicsLaboratory'sprogramtoassessthecurrentU.S.
capabilityforcomputeranalysisofshellstructures,theLockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratorypreparedand
distributedtothestructurescommunityaseriesofthreesampleproblems.Theseproblemsareintendedtobe
representativeofcurrentengineeringsituations.Theanalysesrequestedconsistedoflinearstress,freevibration,

bifurcationbuckling,elasticandinelasticcollapse,andlinearandnonlineartransientresponse.Solutionsto
theseproblemsweresolicitedwiththeobjectiveofobtaininginformationthatcouldbeusedtocompareand
assesscontemporarycomputerorientedanalysismethods.Thesolutionsthatweresubmittedarepresentedin
thisreport.Comparisonoftheseveralsolutionsforeachanalysisrevealsthatingeneralthereisgoodagreement
forthelinearandeigenvalueanalyses.Forthenonlinearanalyses,multiplesolutionswerereceivedonlyforthe
transientresponseproblem.Comparisonofthesesolutionsshowslimitedagreementbetweenanyoftheresults.
R.E.Ball(NavalPostgraduateSchool,Monterey,California,U.S.A.),Aprogramforthenonlinearstaticand
dynamicanalysisofarbitrarilyloadedshellsofrevolution,Computers&Structures,Vol.2,Nos.12,February
1972,pp.141162,doi:10.1016/00457949(72)900259
ABSTRACT:Adigitalcomputerprogramforthegeometricallynonlinearstaticanddynamicresponseof
arbitrarilyloadedshellsofrevolutionisdescribed.Thegoverningpartialdifferentialequationsarebasedupon
Sanders'nonlinearthinshelltheoryfortheconditionsofsmallstrainsandmoderatelysmallrotations.The
governingequationsarereducedtouncoupledsetsoffourlinear,secondorder,partialdifferentialequationsin
themeridionalandtimecoordinatesbyexpandingthedependentvariablesinaFouriersineorcosineseriesin
thecircumferentialcoordinateandtreatingthenonlinearmodalcouplingtermsaspseudoloads.Thederivatives
withrespecttothemeridionalcoordinateareapproximatedbycentralfinitedifferences,andthedisplacement
accelerationsareapproximatedbytheimplicitHouboltbackwarddifferenceschemewithaconstanttime
interval.Ateveryloadsteportimestepeachsetofdifferenceequationsisrepeatedlysolved,usingan
eliminationmethod,untilallsolutionshaveconverged.Resultsfromtheprogramarecomparedtopreviously
publisheddataforseveralproblems,andtheversatility,efficiency,andlimitationsoftheprogramarecandidly
evaluated.
R.E.Ball,Acomputerprogramforthegeometricallynonlinearstaticanddynamcanalysisofarbitrarilyloaded
shellsofrevolution,theoryandusersmanual,NASACR1987,April1972
R.L.Citerley(1)andR.E.Ball(2)
(1)AnametLaboratories,SanCarlos,California
(2)NavalPostgraduateSchool,Monterey,California
NonlinearSeismicAnalysisofThinReactorContainmentVessels,ASMEJ.Eng.forIndustry,Vol.94,
No.3,August1972,pp.925929,doi:10.1115/1.3428272
ABSTRACT:Acomparisonbetweenthelinearandnonlinearseismicanalysisofathinunreinforcedsteel
reactorcontainmentvesselispresented.TheeffectsofthenonlinearcouplingbetweenthelowFourierharmonic
excitationsandthehigherFourierharmonicsproducinganovallingresponseareexamined.Imperfectionshapes
ofthecontainmentvesselareemployedtoprovidethemechanismforthisresponse.
Ball,R.E.,andBurt,J.A.,DynamicBucklingofShallowSphericalShells,JournalofAppliedMechanics,
Vol.40,June1973,pp.411416,doi:10.1115/1.3422998
ABSTRACT:Thedynamicbehaviorofclampedshallowsphericalshellssubjectedtoaxisymmetricandnearly
axisymmetricsteppressureloadsisexaminedusingadigitalcomputerprogramforthegeometricallynonlinear
staticanddynamicanalysisofarbitrarilyloadedshellsofrevolution.Acriterionfordynamicbucklingunderthe

nearlyaxisymmetricloadisproposedandcriticalbucklingpressuresaredeterminedforalargerangeofshell
sizes.

R.E.Ball(1),W.F.Hubka(2),N.J.HuffingtonJr.(3),P.Underwood(4)andW.A.VonRiesemann(5)
(1)NavalPostgraduateSchool,Monterey,California93940,U.S.A.
(2)EffectsTechnology,Inc.,SantaBarbara,California,U.S.A.
(3)U.S.ArmyBallisticResearchLaboratories,Aberdeen,Maryland,U.S.A.
(4)LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,PaloAlto,California,U.S.A.
(5)SandiaLaboratories,Albuquerque,NewMexico,U.S.A
AcomparisonofcomputerresultsforthedynamicresponseoftheLMSCtruncatedcone,Computers&
Structures,Vol.4,No.3,May1974,pp.485498,doi:10.1016/00457949(74)900029
ABSTRACT:Solutionsfromfivecomputercodesforboththelinearandthegeometricallynonlinearresponse
ofanimpulsivelyloaded,truncatedelasticconearepresented.ThecodesusedareDYNAPLAS(Von
Riesemann),REPSIL(Huffington),SATANS(Ball),SHORE(Underwood),andSMERSH(Hubka).
Displacementsandstrainsattwolocationsontheshellareplottedfortheperiod01500microsec.The
solutionsarepresentedtoillustratethestateoftheartoflinearandnonlineardynamicresponsecomputationsof
shellstructuresandtoprovideusersofothercodesanopportunitytocompareresults.Thefivecodesprovide
essentiallyidenticallinearresultsforallquantitiesexceptthemeridionalstrainattheoutersurface.Thereisfair
agreementbetweenthenonlinearresultsforthefirst750microsec;forlatertimesthesolutions,exceptfor
DYNAPLASandSATANS,progressivelydiverge.Thus,thelinearanalysisappearstobewellinhand,butthe
nonlinearproblemcannotbeconsideredsolved.Additionalstudiesarerequiredtodeterminethecause(s)ofthe
differencesbetweenthenonlinearresults.

R.E.Ball,(NavalPostgraduateSchool,DepartmentofAeronautics,Monterey,Calif.93940),Dynamic
bucklingofstructures,(nopublishergiven:ProQuestCSAlink:csa.com),1975,pp.299321
ABSTRACT:Computerprogramsareconsideredforthedynamicbucklingofbeam,plate,andshelltype
structuresduetodeterministicforces.Thematerialpresentedisintendedtoassisttheanalystinselectionofthe
propersoftwareandinthedevelopmentofameaningfulnumericalmodelfordynamicbuckling.Several
examplesofdynamicbucklingaredescribedtoillustratethevariousaspectsthatmustbeconsideredsuchas
snapbuckling,asymmetricbuckling,andparametricresonance.Themostcommonmethodsofsolutionare
brieflydiscussedandsomemodelingguidelinesaregiven.Mostofthepublicandcommerciallyavailable
programsforthegeometricallynonlinear,dynamicanalysisofthinbeam,plate,andshellstructuresare
describedindetail.Userevaluationsarealsolisted.
R.E.BallandM.D.Shutt(NavalPostgraduateSchool,DepartmentofAeronautics,Monterey,Calif.93940),
BucklingofShallowSphericalShellsTheSignificanceofthePoleConditions,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.46,
No.3,1979,pp.710711,doi:10.1115/1.3424637(abstractnotavailable)

R.E.Ball(1)andR.L.Citerley(2)
(1)NavalPostgraduateSchool,Monterey,California
(2)AnametLaboratories,SanCarlos,California
FluidMassMatricesforThinShellofRevolutionTanks,J.PressureVesselTechnology,Vol.102,No.4,
November1980,pp.387393,doi:10.1115/1.3263349
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentstheequationsforthinshellofrevolutiontankscontaininganarbitrarylevel
offluid.Themassmatrixcanbeusedwithanyfiniteelementorfinitedifferencedigitalcomputerprogramthat
computeseitherthedynamicresponseorthenaturalfrequenciesandmodesofathinshellofrevolutionandthat
hasprovisionforanondiagonalmassmatrix.Themethoddoesnotrequireanumericalfinitedifferenceorfinite
elementdiscretizationofthefluid,butinsteadprovides,inseriesform,amassmatrixthatexactlysatisfiesthe
governingfieldequationsforthefluidandsatisfiesthefluidshellinterfaceconditionwithaleastsquaresfit.

Underwood,P.(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,PaloAlto,California,U.S.A.),Accuracyoffinite
differencerepresentationsforthetransientresponseanalysisofshells,EarthquakeEngineering&Structural
Dynamics,Vol.2,1973,pp.219233.doi:10.1002/eqe.4290020303
ABSTRACT:ThefrequencyversuswavenumbercharacteristicsoffourO(deltaS2)finitedifference
formulationsforonedimensionallinearshell(ringandaxisymmetric)equationsareinvestigatedandcompared
withtheexactcontinuumcharacteristics.Itisfoundthatthreeoftheformulationsgivevirtuallyidentical
results.Thesearehalfspacingtechniqueswithequilibriumintermsofdisplacementsorresultantsandwhole
spacingwithequilibriumintermsofdisplacements.Theformulationbasedonwholespacingwithequilibrium
intermsofresultantsproducessomedramaticallydifferentresults.Thesediscrepanciespartiallyexplainsome
latetimeinstabilityproblemsandcriticaltimestepbehaviourthathavebeenreportedbyotherinvestigators.
HowardS.Levine,HarryArmenJr.,RobertWinterandAllanPifko(GrummanAerospaceCorporation,
ResearchDepartment,Plant35,Bethpage,NewYork11714,U.S.A.),Nonlinearbehaviorofshellsof
revolutionundercyclicloading,Computers&Structures,Vol.3,No.3,May1973,pp.589596,IN1IN2,
597617,doi:10.1016/00457949(73)900990
ABSTRACT:Alargedeflectionelasticplasticanalysisispresentedapplicabletoorthotropicaxisymmetric
platesandshellsofrevolutionsubjectedtomonotonieandcyclicloadingconditions.Theanalysisisbasedon
thefiniteelementmethod.Itemploysanewhigherorder,fullycompatible,doublycurvedorthotropicshellof
revolutionelementusingcubicHermitianexpansionsforbothmeridionalandnormaldisplacements.Both
perfectlyplasticandstrainhardeningbehaviorareconsidered.Strainhardeningisincorporatedthroughuseof
thePragerZieglerkinematichardeningtheory,whichpredictsanidealBauschingereffect.Numeroussample
problemsinvolvingmonotonieandcyclicloadingconditionsareanalyzed.Themonotonieresultsarecompared
withothertheoreticalsolutions.Experimentalverificationoftheaccuracyoftheanalysisisalsoprovidedby
comparisonwithresultsobtainedfromaseriesoftestsforcentrallymonotonicallyloadedcircularplatesthat
aresimplysupportedattheiredges.
H.Armen,Jr.,PlasticAnalysis,inStructuralMechanicsComputerPrograms,editedbyW.Pilkey,K.

SaczalskiandH.Schaeffer,UniversitypressofVirginia,1974,pp.3779
H.ArmenandA.Pifko,Computertechniquesforplasticity,inStructuralMechanicsComputerPrograms,
editedbyW.Pilkey,K.SaczalskiandH.Schaeffer,UniversitypressofVirginia,1974,pp.601616
H.Armen,H.Levine,A.PifkoandA.Levy,Nonlinearanalysisofstructures,NASACR2351,1974
A.Pifko,H.S.Levine,H.ArmenandA.Levy,PLANSAfiniteelementprogramfornonlinearanalysisof
structures,ASMEpublication74WA/PVP6,WinterAnnualMeeting,NewYork,November1974
A.Pifko,H.S.Levine,H.Armen,PLANSAfiniteelemetprogramfornonlinearanalysisofstructures,Vol.
1TheoreticalManual,GrummanResearchDepartmentReportRE501,April1975;tobepublishedasa
NASACR
RobertWinterandHowardS.Levine(GrummanAerospaceCorp.,Bet5hpageNYResearchDepartment),
ExperimentsonLargePlasticDeformationsofCircularPlateswithWorkHardening,ReportADA015240,
July1975,DTICAccessionNo.ADA015240,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA015240
ABSTRACT:Testswereperformedonthreesimplysupportedcircularplatesofaluminumalloy20240,under
acentralconcentratedload,withlargedeflection.Theloadwasprovidedbyasmalldiameterhardsteelrod.
Measurementsweremadeofload,deflections,andstrains,andmembraneandbendingstrainswerecalculated
fromthetestdata.Twentyelectricallybondedstraingaugeswereusedtomeasurethedistributionofradialand
circumferentialstraincomponentsalongaradiallineonbothfacesofeachplate.Thetestdataarepresentedin
comparisonwiththeoreticalpredictionsgeneratedbytheGrummandevelopedfiniteelementcomputercode
PLANS.
C.A.Fisher,C.W.Bert(SchoolofAerospace,MechanicalandNuclearEngineering,TheUniversityof
Oklahoma,Norman,Okla.),DynamicBucklingofanAxiallyCompressedCylindricalShellWithDiscrete
RingsandStringers,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.40,No.3,pp.736740,September1973,
DOI:10.1115/1.3423082
ABSTRACT:Asanexploratoryefforttowardimprovingthecrashworthinessoflightaircraftcabins,a
theoreticalanalysiswasmadetopredictthedynamicbucklingloadandbucklingtimeofastiffened,thinwalled
circularcylindricalshell.Toprovideforthelargestiffenerspacinginlightaircraft,thestiffenerswere
consideredasdiscreteelementsbymeansofaDiracdeltaprocedure.Thenonlineargoverningequationswere
derivedusingHamiltonsprincipleandthefinalequationswereobtainedbymeansofGalerkinsmethod.
SolutionwascarriedoutbyusingaGaussJordantechniqueonthealgebraicequationsandaRungeKutta
techniqueonthenonlineardifferentialequations.Numericalresultsarepresentedforanidealizedmodelofa
typicallightaircraftcabin.
ArisPhillipsandWuHanChin(DepartmentofEngineeringandAppliedScience,YaleUniversity,New
Haven,Connecticut06520U.S.A),ATheoryofviscoplasticity,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,Vol.9,No.1,January1973,pp.1530,doi:10.1016/00207683(73)900309
ABSTRACT:AnalternativetothecurrentlyusedPerzyna'stheoryofviscoplasticityforsmallstrainsis

presented.Theplasticstrainratevectorisnormaltothequasistaticyieldsurfacewhichinturnmaynotinclude
theorigin.Consequently,newloading/unloadingcriteriaareintroduced.
ArisPhillipsandChongWonLee(DepartmentofEngineeringandAppliedScience,YaleUniversity,New
Haven,CT06520,U.S.A.),Yieldsurfacesandloadingsurfaces.Experimentsandrecommendations,
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.15,No.9,1979,pp.715729,
doi:10.1016/00207683(79)900696
ABSTRACT:Theconceptsofyieldsurfaceandloadingsurfaceatroomtemperatureandelevatedtemperature
arediscussedandexperimentalresultsonpurealuminuminsupportoftheseconceptsarepresented.
Recommendationsforfutureexperimentalresearcharepresented.
E.L.Wilson,K.J.Bathe,F.E.PetersonandH.H.Dovey(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,Universityof
California,Berkeley,California94720,USA),SAPAstructuralanalysisprogramforlinearsystems,
NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.25,No.2,July1973,pp.257274,doi:10.1016/00295493(73)900484
ABSTRACT:ThecurrentversionofthecomputerprogramSAPforthestaticanddynamicanalysisoflinear
structuralsystemsisdescribed.Theanalysiscapabilitiesoftheprogram,thefiniteelementlibrary,the
numericaltechniquesused,thelogicalconstructionoftheprogramandstorageallocationsarediscussed.The
mainadvantagesoftheprogramasageneralpurposecodebecomeapparent.Resultsofanalysesas
comparisonswithotherexistingsolutionsaregiven,andrunningtimeswhichdemonstratetheefficiencyofthe
programareincluded.
DickJ.WilkinsJr.(GeneralDynamics/ConvairAerospaceDivision,P.O.Box748,FortWorth,Texas76101,
U.S.A.),Applicationsofasymbolicalgebramanipulationlanguageforcompositestructuresanalysis,
Computers&Structures,Vol.3,No.4,July1973,pp.801807,doi:10.1016/00457949(73)90059X
ABSTRACT:Thecomputerisfrequentlyusedinthesolutionofstructuralproblemsinvolvingcomposite
materials.Thealgebraicmanipulationsrequiredtocasttheproblemintoaformsuitablefordirectcomputer
solutionshavebecomethemosttediousanderrorpronepartsofthesolutionprocess.Thisstepmaynowbe
markedlysimplifiedbyusingasymbolicaglebramanipulationlanguage.TheuseofPL/IFORMACforthis
purposeisdescribed.
ChianghuaYehandWilliamY.J.Shieh(StructuresDepartment,HarzaEngineeringCo.Chicago,Illinois,
USA),StabilityandDynamicAnalysesofCoolingTowers,ASCEJournalofthePowerDivision,Vol.99,
No.2,November1973,pp.339347
ABSTRACT:Thebehaviorofnaturaldraftcoolingtowerwindpressureisinvestigated.Bucklingloadsofthe
towersofdifferentmeridianalcurvaturesandshellthicknessesarecomputedandcompared.Theresultsshow
that:(1)anincreaseinstiffnessofthestructurewithanincreaseinmeridianalcurvature;and(2)changesof
bucklingloadcausedbychangesinshellthicknessisapproximatelyproportional.Adynamicanalysisofthe
towerisalsopresented.Theresponseofthestructureisincreasedbythedynamiceffect.Theamountof
increasedependsuponthewindtimehistory.

Yu.A.AshmarinandA.N.Guz(MechanicsInstitute,AcademyofSciencesoftheUkrainianSSR,USSR),
Stabilityofashellweakenedbyholes(review),InternationalAppliedMechanics,Vol.9,No.4,1973,
pp.349358,doi:10.1007/BF00882643(noabstract)
Spence,J.andFindlay,G.E.,Limitloadsforpipebendsunderinplanebending,Proc.2ndInt.Conf.On
PressureVesselTechnology,ASMEVol.1,1973,pp.393399
R.C.TennysonandD.B.Muggeridge,Bucklingoflaminatedanisotropicimperfectcircularcylindersunder
axialcompression,JournalofSpacecraftandRockets,Vol.10,February1973,pp.143148
R.C.Tennyson,Theeffectofshapeimperfectionsandstiffeningonthebucklingofcircularcylinders,
Bucklingofstructures;ProceedingsoftheSymposium,Cambridge,Mass;Germany;1721June1974.pp.251
273.1976
ABSTRACT:Bothringandstringerstiffenedcircularcylinderswithandwithoutshapeimperfectionshave
beenstudiedunderaxialcompression,externalhyrostaticpressureandcombinedloadingofcompression
hydrostaticpressure.Toprovidereferencedataforthestiffenedshellresults,compressivebucklingtestswere
performedonunreinforcedcylinderscontainingasymmetricimperfectiondistributions.Inaddition,hydrostatic
bucklingofunstiffenedcylinderswasalsoinvestigatedtoassesstheeffectsofdifferentboundaryconditionson
thecriticalpressureforvaryingvaluesofcylinderlengths.

P.G.BerganandT.Sreide(Instituttforstatik,TheNorwegianInstituteofTechnology,TheUniversityof
Trondheim,Norway),Acomparativestudyofdifferentnumericalsolutiontechniquesasappliedtoanonlinear
structuralproblem,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.2,No.2,May1973,
pp.185201,doi:10.1016/00457825(73)900145
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdescribesandcomparesanumberofdifferentnumericalmethodsfrequentlyusedin
solutionofnonlinearproblemsinstructuralmechanics.Asimplemechanicalsystemischosen.Byvaryingthe
geometryandthestiffnessofthemembers,differenttypesofnonlinearstructuralbehaviormaybesimulated.A
comparativestudyofvarioussolutiontechniquesappliedtothesampleproblemisgiven.Thesolutionpaths
followedbythesemethodsareillustratedbyuseofmapplotsofthestrainenergyandthetotalenergyofthe
system.Also,anewmethodforautomaticcomputationofstepsforincrementaltechniquesissuggested.

GeirHorrigmoeandPlG.Bergan(DivisionofStructuralMechanics,TheNorwegianInstituteofTechnology,
7034,TrondheimN.T.H.,Norway),Nonlinearanalysisoffreeformshellsbyflatfiniteelements,Computer
MethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.16,No.1,October1978,pp.1135,
doi:10.1016/00457825(78)900300
ABSTRACT:Thepaperdescribesageneralformulationforgeometricallynonlinearanalysisofshellsusing

verysimpleflatfiniteelements.TheapproachisbasedontheupdatedLangrangiandescriptionofmotion(co
rotationalcoordinates),inwhichthegeometryoftheshellstructureiscontinuouslyupdatedduringdeformation
toestablishnewreferenceconfigurations.Thenumericalsolutiontechniqueadoptedinthepaperallowstracing
oftheentirenonlinearloaddeflectionpathincludingunstablebranchesinthesolutionspace.Numericalstudies
arepresentedinordertodemonstratetheaccuracyandefficiencyoftheproposedmethod.

Horrigmoe,G.(Siv.ing.K.Ravlo,Narvik,Norway),Hybridstressfiniteelementmodelfornonlinearshell
problems,InternationalJournalforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.12,No.12,1978,pp.18191839.
doi:10.1002/nme.1620121205
ABSTRACT:Thepresentpaperdescribesahybridstressfiniteelementformulationforgeometricallynon
linearanalysisofthinshellstructures.Theelementpropertiesarederivedfromanincrementalformof
HellingerReissner'svariationalprincipleinwhichallquantitiesarereferredtothecurrentconfigurationofthe
shell.Fromthismultifieldvariationalprinciple,ahybridstressfiniteelementmodelisderivedusingstandard
matrixnotation.Verysimpleflattriangularandquadrilateralelementsareemployedinthepresentstudy.The
resultingnonlinearequationsaresolvedbyapplyingtheloadinfiniteincrementsandrestoringequilibriumby
NewtonRaphsoniteratioin.Numericalexamplespresentedinthepaperincludecompletesnapthrough
bucklingofcylindricalandsphericalshells.Itturnsoutthatthepresentprocedureiscomputationallyefficient
andaccuratefornonlinearshellproblemsofhighcomplexity.

HiroyukiAb(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,TohokuUniversity,Sendai,Japan),Ontheinfluence
ofprebucklingdeformationsonthebucklingofthinelasticshells,InternationalJournalofNonLinear
Mechanics,Vol.8,No.5,October1973,pp.409430,doi:10.1016/00207462(73)900346
ABSTRACT:Abucklingtheoryvalidforfiniteprebucklingdeformationsispresentedforthinhomogeneous,
isotropicandelasticshells.ItissubjecttotherestrictionoftheKirchhoffhypothesis.Asetofstabilityequations
isderivedbydecomposingstrainandstresscomponentsintofourclassesaccordingtotheircharacteristics.The
influenceoftheprebucklingdeformationsonthebucklingofthincircularcylindricalshellsunderlateral
pressureisinvestigatedwiththeaidofthebasicequationsderivedaboveandtheresultsarecomparedwiththe
solutionsoftheFlggeequationsandthoseobtainedbyYamaki.

JamesC.Frauenthal(AndersonHall,TuftsUniversity,Medford,Massachusetts02155U.S.A),Initial
postbucklingbehaviorofoptimallydesignedcolumnsandplates,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,Vol.9,No.1,January1973,pp.115127,doi:10.1016/00207683(73)90036X
ABSTRACT:Theinitialpostbucklingbehaviorofoptimallydesignedstructuresoftwogenerictypesis
investigated.Thestructuresarestraight,simplysupported,inextensionalcolumns,loadedbyaxialthrustand

flat,simplysupported,axisymmetriccircularplates,loadedbyradialthrust.Thestructuresareoptimalinthe
sensethattheywithstandthelargestpossibleloadspriortobuckling,whilesatisfyingfixedvolumeand
minimumallowablegageconstraints.ThestabilityanalysisisbaseduponKoiter'sgeneraltheoryofthe
postbucklingbehaviorofstructures.

GerardC.Pardoen(PhilcoFordCorp.,AeronutronicDivision,NewportBeach,California92663,U.S.A.),
Static,vibrationandbucklinganalysisofaxisymmetriccircularplatesusingfiniteelements,Computers&
Structures,Vol.3,No.2,March1973,pp.355375,doi:10.1016/00457949(73)900230
ABSTRACT:Thestatic,vibration,andbucklinganalysisofaxisymmetriccircularplatesusingthefinite
elementmethodisdiscussed.Forthestaticanalysis,thestiffnessmatrixofatypicalannularplateelementis
derivedfromthegivendisplacementfunctionandtheappropriateconstitutiverelations.Byassumingthatthe
staticdisplacementfunction,whichisanexactsolutionofthecircularplateequationdowntriangle,open2down
triangle,open2W=0,closelyrepresentsthevibrationandbucklingmodes,themassandstabilitycoefficient
matricesforanannularelementarealsoconstructed.Inadditiontotheannularelement,thestiffness,mass,and
stabilitycoefficientmatricesforaclosureelementarealsoincludedfortheanalysisofcompletecircularplates
(nocenterhole).Asanextensionoftheanalysis,theexactdisplacementfunctionforthesymmetricalbending
ofcircularplateshavingpolarorthotropyisalsogiven
JrgenSkogh,PerrySternandFrankBrogan(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,PaloAlto,California,
U.S.A.),InstabilityanalysisofSkylabstructure,Computers&Structures,Vol.3,No.5,September1973,
pp.12191240,doi:10.1016/00457949(73)900473
ABSTRACT:Acomputerprogramforthelinearandnonlinearanalysisofshellstructures(STAGS)isapplied
totheinstabilityanalysisofacomplexstiffenedstructuresubjectedtocomplicatedsetsofdistributedand
concentratedloads.Resultsobtainedfromtwodimensionalbifurcationandnonlinearcollapseanalysesare
presented.Thenonlinearanalysisincludestheeffectsofanimperfectioninashellstiffenedbyheavylongerons.
Severalproblemsassociatedwiththeanalysisofverylargeeigenvalueproblemsarediscussed(onecase
involvedamodelwith20,910degreesoffreedom).Theseincludetheuseoftheappropriatefinitedifference
formulationtoensureconvergenceinadesireddirection(approachingtheasymptoticvalueeitherfromabove
orfrombelow)andtheuseofvariablegridspacingtoinducebucklinginonepartofthestructureortheother.
Atechniqueoffindinghighereigenvaluesbyremovingtheprestressatthepointofbifurcationisdescribed.
WleslawWojewdzki(WarsawPolytechnicInstitute,Warsaw,Poland),Bucklingofshortviscoplastic
cylindricalshellssubjectedtoradialimpulse,InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,Vol.8,No.4,
August1973,pp.325343,doi:10.1016/00207462(73)90022X
ABSTRACT:Thedynamicbucklingofthinviscoplasticcylindricalshellsisconsideredintheformulation
developedbyAbrahamsonandGoodier[1].Theconstitutiveequationsemployeddescribetheratesensitive
plasticmaterialandabiaxialstateofstressisconsidered.Theinfluenceoftheviscosityparameteronthe
bucklingprocessisdiscussedindetailandinthelimitingcasethesolutionforaperfectlyplasticmaterialis
obtained.Fromtheanalysisofthefinaldeflectionsasafunctionoftheappliedimpulsethestabilityeffectof
theviscouspropertiesofthematerialonthebucklingprocessisdetermined.

B.Myklatun(McMasterUniversity),Stabilityofthinpipeswithaninternalflow,MastersThesis,September
1973,OpenAccessDissertationsandTheses,Paper43,
http://digitalcommons.mcmaster.ca/opendissertations/43
ABSTRACT:Thisthesishastheobjectiveofestablishingthestabilitybehaviourofathinclampedendedpipe
withinternalflow.Theunsteadyfluidforcesonthepipewallisdeterminedbyusingclassicalpotentialflow
theoryforanincompressible,inviscidfluidandthemotionofthepipeisrepresentedbyFlggeKempnershell
equation.ThesolutionisobtainedusingFourierintegraltheoryandthemethodofGalerkin.Itisfoundthatthe
pipebecomesunstablestaticallyinamodebeingcomprisedofoneaxialhalfwaveandanumberof
circumferentialwavesdependingonthelengthandthicknessratios.Forthelimitingcaseofarelativelylong
thinpipethemodeofinstabilityisthefirstbeammodeandaparticularlysimpleexpressionisfoundforthe
criticalflowvelocity.Furthermore,themodeshapeatinstabilityalwayscorrespondstothatofthelowest
naturalfrequencyofthepape.Thetheoreticalresultsarecomparedwithexperimentsandpreviouswork
developedbydifferentmethodsandtheagreementfoundisgood.
D.S.Weaver(1)andB.Myklatun(2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,McMasterUniversity,Hamilton,Ontario,Canada
(2)ProcessControl,AtomicEnergyofCanadaLimited,SheridanPark,Ontario,Canada
Onthestabilityofthinpipeswithaninternalflow,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.31,No.4,December
1973,pp.399410,doi:10.1016/S0022460X(73)802561
ABSTRACT:Inthispaperthestabilitybehaviourofathin,clampedendedpipewithahighvelocityinternal
flowisconsidered.Thedynamicfluidloadingisdevelopedbyusingpotentialtheoryforanincompressible,
inviscidfluidandthemotionofthepipeisrepresentedbytheFlggeKempnershellequation.Thesolutionis
obtainedbyusingFourierintegraltheoryandthemethodofGalerkin.Forthelimitingcaseofarelativelylong
thinpipeaparticularlysimpleexpressionisfoundforthecriticalvelocity.Whenbothendsofapipearefixed,
staticdivergencealwaysprecedestheonsetofflutterand,hence,arelativelysimpleapproachissufficientfor
predictingthecriticalvelocity.Furthermore,themodeshapeatdivergenceinstabilityalwayscorrespondstothat
ofthelowestnaturalfrequencyofthepipe,beingcomprisedofoneaxialhalfwaveandanumberof
circumferentialwavesdependingonthelengthandthicknessratios.

D.S.Weaver(1)andM.P.Padoussis(2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,McMasterUniversity,Hamilton,Ontario,Canada
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,McGillUniversity,Montreal,P.Q.,Canada
Oncollapseandflutterphenomenainthintubesconveyingfluid,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.50,
No.1,January1977,pp.117132,doi:10.1016/0022460X(77)905557
ABSTRACT:Thestabilitybehaviourofthinwalledtubesconveyingfluidisexaminedwithanemphasisonthe
effectsoftubeflattening.Twosimplifiedtheoreticalmodelsaredevelopedwhichrepresentaflattenedtubeas
twoparallelflatplates.Thefirstmodelisintermsofstandingwavesonfinitelengthplateswhereasthesecond
modelisintermsoftravellingwavesoninfinitelylong,finitewidthplates.Thefluidforcesaredeterminedby
usingpotentialflowtheory.Experimentswereconductedwiththreedifferenttubes,oneofwhichwasinitially

flat.Theexperimentalobservationsagreewiththepredictionsofthefirsttheoreticalmodel,atleast
qualitatively.
Hinton,E.,Razzaque,A.,Zienkiewicz,O.C.andDavies,J.D.(1975),Asimplefiniteelementsolutionfor
platesofhomogenous,sandwichandcellularconstruction,ProceedingsoftheInstitutionofCivilEngineers,
59,p.4365.
IsaacFried,ShearinC0andC1bendingfiniteelements,Int.J.Solids&Struct.,Vol.9,No.4,April1973,
pp.449460
G.R.Cowper,Gaussianquadratureformulasfortriangles,Int.J.NumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.7
No.3,1973,pp.405408
E.L.Wilson,R.L.Taylor,W.DohertyandJ.Ghaboussi,Imcompatibledisplacementmodels,inNumerical
andComputerMethodsinStructuralMechanics,editedbyStevenJ.Fenves,NicholasPerrone,ArthurR.
RobinsonandWilliamC.Schnobrich,AcademicPress,1973,pp.4357
P.TerndrupPedersen(TechnicalUniversityofDenmark,Copenhagen,Denmark),Bucklingofunstiffenedand
ringstiffenedcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.9,
No.5,May1973,pp.671691,doi:10.1016/00207683(73)900784
ABSTRACT:Bifurcationstressesandinitialpostbucklingbehaviorofbothunstiffenedandoutsidering
stiffenedcircularcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompressionareanalyzed.Theshellsareassumedtohave
axisymmetricsinusoidalimperfectionswitharbitrarywavelengthsandamplitudes.Itisfoundthatforlarge
imperfectionamplitudesandwavelengthsboththeunstiffenedandthestiffenedshellshaveextremelysmall
bifurcationloads.Thepostbucklinganalysisshowsthatforsmallimperfectionamplitudesthebifurcationsfrom
theaxisymmetricstateareinitiallyunstableandcollapseisassociatedwiththebifurcationpoints.However,for
largervaluesoftheimperfectionamplitudesthebifurcationsarestable.Forunstiffenedshellsthetransition
fromunstabletostablebifurcationscantakeplaceatverysmallvaluesoftheload.Ontheotherhand,for
stiffenedshellsitisfoundthatbifurcationsatloadlevelslessthanabout40percentoftheclassicalbuckling
loadhavestableinitialpostbucklingbehavior.
ViggoTvergaard(DepartmentofSolidMechanics,TheTechnicalUniversityofDenmark,Lyngby,Denmark),
Beamanalysisofaxisymmetricalshells,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.7,No.12,
December1971,pp.16531672,doi:10.1016/00207683(71)900059
ABSTRACT:Ageneralizedbeamtheory,earlierdevelopedbytheauthor,isappliedtoarotationally
symmetricalshellstructureconsistingofcylindricalandconicalsections.Itisshownthatthistheory,inwhich
theflexibilityofthebeamisspecifiedbyfourfunctions,isadequatefortreatingtheshellstructureasabeamin
bendingincaseswheretheBernoulliEulerandTimoshenkobeamtheoriesprovetobedeficient.Flexibility
functionsarederivedfromthemembraneequationsoftheshellstructure,andmodificationsattheboundaries
areobtainedfromthecompleteshellequations.

ViggoTvergaard(DepartmentofSolidMechanics,TheTechnicalUniversityofDenmark,Lyngby,Denmark),
Imperfectionsensitivityofawideintegrallystiffenedpanelundercompression,InternationalJournalof
SolidsandStructures,Vol.9,No.1,January1973,pp.177192,doi:10.1016/00207683(73)900401
ABSTRACT:Theinitialpostbucklingbehaviourisdeterminedforanintegrallystiffenedwidepanelunder
compression.OverallbucklingofthepanelasawideEulercolumnandlocalbucklingoftheplatesbetweenthe
stiffenersareconsidered.Designingthepanelsothatthecriticalbifurcationloadisthehighestpossiblefora
givenamountofmaterialperunitwidthtendstoleadtoastructureinwhichEulertypebucklingandlocal
bucklingoccursimultaneously.Itisshownthatsuchapanelisverysensitivetogeometricalimperfections.
Thus,thecriticalbifurcationloadcannotbereachedinapracticalstructureandthetwomodedesignmaynot
beoptimal.
ViggoTvergaard(DepartmentofSolidMechanics,TheTechnicalUniversityofDenmark,Lyngby,Denmark),
Influenceofpostbucklingbehaviouronoptimumdesignofstiffenedpanels,InternationalJournalofSolids
andStructures,Vol.9,No.12,December1973,pp.15191533,doi:10.1016/00207683(73)900577
ABSTRACT:Foraneccentricallystiffenedwidepanelundercompressiontheoptimalityofadesignwith
simultaneousoccurrenceofbucklingasawideEulercolumnandlocalbucklingoftheplatebetweenthe
stiffenersisinvestigated.Thetotalamountofmaterialperunitwidthofthepanelisprescribed.Asafunctionof
thedistributionofthismaterialintheplateandthestiffenersthemaximumcarryingcapacitiesarecalculated
approximatelybyapplicationofGalerkin'smethod.Thedesignwiththehighestcarryingcapacityandthe
designwiththebestabilitytoretainaxialstiffness,correspondingtogivenimperfections,aredetermined.Itis
shownthatimperfectionsmovetheoptimumawayfromthecoincidentbucklingmodedesign.
Tvergaard,V.,"BucklingBehaviorofPlateandShellStructures,"Proceedingsofthe14thInternational
CongressofTheoreticalandAppliedMechanics,editedbyW.T.Koiter,NorthHollandPublishingCo.,New
York,1976,pp.233247.
ViggoTvergaard(DepartmentofSolidMechanics,TheTechnicalUniversityofDenmark,Lyngby,Denmark),
Bucklingofelasticplasticovalcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,Vol.12,Nos.910,1976,pp.683691,doi:10.1016/00207683(76)900147
ABSTRACT:Foranaxiallycompressedelasticplasticcylindricalshellwithellipticalcrosssectionthe
bucklingbehaviourisinvestigated.Theinitialpostbifurcationbehaviourofaperfectshellcompressedintothe
plasticrangeisdeterminedintermsofanasymptoticexpansion.Thebehaviourofshellswithinitialstressfree
imperfectionsiscomputednumericallyusinganincrementalprocedure.Forshellswithsufficientlyeccentric
crosssectionselasticanalysespredictfinalcollapseloadsconsiderablyabovethebifurcationload,butthe
presentnumericalresultsshowthatelasticplasticmaterialbehaviourreducesthesecollapseloadstosuchan
extentthattheelasticplasticshellsaremoderatelyimperfectionsensitive.
V.Tvergaard(DepartmentofSolidMechanics,TheTechnicalUniversityofDenmark,Lyngby,Denmark),
Effectofthicknessinhomogeneitiesininternallypressurizedelasticplasticsphericalshells,Journalofthe
MechanicsandPhysicsofSolids,Vol.24,No.5,October1976,pp.291304,
doi:10.1016/00225096(76)900272

ABSTRACT:Thebehaviourofelasticplasticsphericalshellsunderinternalpressureisinvestigated
numericallyforthicknesstoradiusratiosrangingfromcasesofthinshellstoverythickshells.Theshellsunder
considerationaremadeofstrainhardeningelasticplasticmaterialwithasmoothyieldsurface.Attentionis
restrictedtoaxisymmetricdeformations,andresultsarepresentedforinitialthicknessinhomogeneitiesin
variousaxisymmetricshapes.Forsmooththicknessvariationsintheshapeofthecriticalbifurcationmode,the
reductioninmaximumpressureisstudiedtogetherwiththedistributionofdeformationsinthefinalcollapse
mode.Also,thepossibilityofflowlocalizationduetomorelocalized,initiallythinregionsonasphericalshell
isinvestigated.
Tvergaard,V.andNeedleman,A.,Onthebucklingofelasticplasticcolumnswithasymmetriccrosssections,
Int.J.Mech.Sci.,17,419424,(1975).
Tvergaard,V.andNeedleman,A.,Bucklingofeccentricallystiffenedelasticplasticpanelsontwosimple
supportsormultiplysupported,Int.J.SolidsStructures,11,647663(1975).
Tvergaard,V.andNeedleman,A.(1980):OntheLocalizationofBucklingPatterns,JournalofApplied
Mechanics,vol.47,pp.613619.
AlanNeedleman(1and2)andViggoTvergaard(2)
(1)DepartmentofMathematics,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,MA02139,U.S.A.
(2)DepartmentofSolidMechanics,TheTechnicalUniversityofDenmark,Lyngby,Denmark
Ananalysisoftheimperfectionsensitivityofsquareelasticplasticplatesunderaxialcompression,
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.12,No.3,1976,pp.185201,
doi:10.1016/00207683(76)900627
ABSTRACT:Forasimplysupportedelasticplasticsquareplateunderaxialcompressionthepostbifurcation
behaviourandthesensitivitytoinitialimperfectionsareinvestigated.Anexactasymptoticexpansionisgiven
fortheinitialpostbifurcationbehaviourofaperfectplatecompressedintotheplasticrange.Theimperfection
sensitivityisstudiedthroughanasymptoticanalysisofthebehaviourofthehypoelasticplatethatresultsfrom
neglectingtheeffectofelasticunloading.Theresultsoftheasymptoticanalysesarecomparedwithresultsofa
numericalincrementalsolutionbymeansofacombinedfiniteelementRayleighRitzmethod.Thepaper
considerstheeffectofdifferentinplaneboundaryconditionsandtheeffectofvariousdegreesofstrain
hardening.

JosephLestingiandJosephPadovan(CollegeofEngineering,TheUniversityofAkron,Akron,Ohio44325,
U.S.A),Numericalanalysisofanisotropicrotationalshellssubjectedtononsymmetricloads,Computers&
Structures,Vol.3,No.1,January1973,pp.133147,doi:10.1016/00457949(73)900795
ABSTRACT:Throughtheuseofanintegraltransform,thepresentpaperextendstheapplicabilityofthe
multisegmentnumericalintegrationtechniquetoincludethesolutionofgeneralmacroscopicallyanisotropic
multilayeredshellsofrevolution.Itisfoundthatcomparedwithorthotropicshells,materialanisotropyinduces
adoublinginthenumberoftransformedfundamentalequationscharacterizingthestaticresponse.Employing
thetransformtogetherwiththemultisegmentintegrationtechniqueandseveralconceptsfromthedirect
stiffnessmethodofstructuralanalysis,proceduresaredevelopedwhichcanhandlebranchedanisotropic
multilayeredshellsofrevolutioninamoreeffectivemannerthanwaspreviouslypossible.Basedonthe

proceduresoutlinedinthepaper,numericalstudiesarepresentedwhichshowtheeffectofsegmentsizeonthe
solutionaccuracyandtheeffectsofmaterialanisotropyonselectedshellconfigurations.
JosephPadovanandJosephF.Lestingi(TheUniversityofAkron,Akron,Ohio44325,U.S.A.),Complex
numericalintegrationprocedureforstaticloadingofanisotropicshellsofrevolution,Computers&Structures,
Vol.4,No.6,December1974,pp.11591172,doi:10.1016/00457949(74)900303
ABSTRACT:Throughtheuseofacomplexseriesrepresentation,acomplexmultisegmentnumerical
integrationprocedureisdevelopedwhichcanhandlethestaticanalysisofmechanicallyandthermallyloaded
branchedlaminatedanisotropicshellsofrevolutionwitharbitrarymeridionalvariationsinthicknessand
materialproperties.Incontrasttotherealnumericalintegrationtreatmentofanisotropicshells,thepresent
proceduredevelopslocalandglobalstiffnessmatriceswhichrequireonlyhalfthecomputerstorageandwhich
requiressignificantlylessoverallcomputertime.Furthermore,sincetheoverallprocedurerequiresfewer
computationalsteps,animprovementinnumericalresolutionisalsoobtainedforagivenwordsizemachine.To
illustratetheprocedureseveralnumericalexamplesareincluded.
P.Jordan,Bucklingoftoroidalshellsunderhydrostaticpressure,AIAAJournal,Vol.11,1973,p.1439
S.PatnaikandG.V.Sankaran(StructuresDivision,SpaceScienceandTechnologyCentre,IndianSpace
ResearchOrganisation,Trivandrum695022,India),Vibrationofinitiallystressedstiffenedcircularcylinders
andpanels,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.31,No.3,December1973,pp.369382,
doi:10.1016/S0022460X(73)802809
ABSTRACT:Thevibrationofstiffenedcylindricalpanelswithsimplysupportedboundaryconditionsinthe
presenceofinitialaxialandpressureloadsisinvestigatedbyusingadirectmethod.Theeffectsofinplane,
transverseandrotaryinertiasareincludedintheformulation.Theresultsareobtainedforthestabilityandfree
vibrationofcylindersandpanelsasspecialcasesandcomparedwithothersolutions.Thebehaviorofacylinder
andthebehaviorofapanel(asegmentofthecylinder)instabilityandvibrationaresimilarifthepaneliswide
enoughtocontainatleasthalfawaveofthecircumferentialwavepatternofthecylinder.
Almroth,B.O.,Meller,E.andBrogan,F.A.,Computersolutionsforstaticanddynamicbucklingofshells,
Proc.IUTAMSymposiumonBucklingofStructures,1974,editedbyB.Budiansky,SpringerVerlag,pp.17
26,(1976)
C.R.Calladine(UniversityEngineeringDepartment,CambridgeUniversity,Cambridge,England),Structural
consequencesofsmallimperfectionsinelasticthinshellsofrevolution,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,Vol.8,No.5,May1972,pp.679697,doi:10.1016/00207683(72)900364
ABSTRACT:Theequationsofasymmetricallyloadedelasticthinshellofrevolutionaresetupinsuchaway
thattheeffectsofsmalldeviationsofthemeridianfromaperfectformmaybeanalyzedwithease.Solutions
arefoundforseveralkindsofimperfectionandtheresultsplottedinaspeciallycompactform.Thestructural
effectsdependstronglyonthemeridionallengthoftheimperfection.Someshelljunctionproblemscanbe
analyzedintermsofimperfections.Themethodcanbeextendedtofindclassicalbucklingloadsforaxially
symmetricmodes.

Calladine,C.R.,Limitanalysisofcurvedtubes,J.Mech.Eng.Sci.,Vol.16,No.2,1974,pp.8587
C.R.Calladine(DepartmentofEngineering,UniversityofCambridge,CambridgeCB21PZ,England),Thin
walledelasticshellsanalysedbyaRayleighmethod,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.13,
No.6,1977,pp.515530,doi:10.1016/00207683(77)900257
ABSTRACT:Rayleighsuccessfullyanalysedinextensionaldeformationofthinelasticshellsbyusingasimple
energymethod.Subsequentworkersseemtohavebeenputofffromusingsimilarmethodsforshellswhich
sufferextensionalaswellasbendingdeformationsbythefactthatthecalculationsgetmessy.Inthispaperwe
developthekinematicrelationbetweensurfacestrainsandchangesinGaussiancurvature,andshowthatthisis
averyconvenienttoolforuseinenergycalculations.Wegivetwoexamplesofenergycalculationsforshells
loadedbypointforces.Wefindthatoncetheenergyexpressionshavebeensetup,certainanalogieswith
simplerandalreadysolvedproblemsbecomeobvious.Thisleadstosimplesolutions.Afeatureofthemethodis
thatphysicallyimportantquantitiesarenotobscured,anddistinctregimesofstructuralactionareclearly
delineated.
A.Kornecki(DepartmentofAerospaceandMechanicalSciences,PrincetonUniversity,Princeton,NewJersey
08540,U.S.A.),Staticanddynamicinstabilityofpanelsandcylindricalshellsinsubsonicpotentialflow,
JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.32,No.2,January1974,pp.251263,
doi:10.1016/S0022460X(74)801689
ABSTRACT:Itisprovedthatcylindricalshellsandtwodimensionalflatpanelsconstrainedtozero
displacementattheirleadingandtrailingedges,andexposedtosubsonicflow,canlosetheirstabilityby
divergence(buckling)whileinsupersonicflowtwodimensionalpanelscanonlyflutter.Moreover,itisproved
thatinincompressibleflowfluttercanonlyoccurifatallabovethecriticaldivergencevelocity.Theproofs
arebasedonaqualitativeanalysisoftheexpressionsforgeneralizedaerodynamicforcesderivedinreferences
[1][3],andontheassumptionsthatlinearizationofthestabilityproblemisadmissibleandthatGalerkin's
methodisconvergent.
R.M.JonesandH.S.Morgan,Bucklingandvibrationofcrossplylaminatedcircularcylindricalshells,
AmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics,12thAerospaceSciencesMeeting,Washington,D.C;
UnitedStates;30Jan.1Feb.1974
ABSTRACT:Anexactsolutionandnumericalresultsarepresentedforsimplysupportedcircularcylindrical
shellsthatarelaminatedunsymmetricallyabouttheirmiddlesurface.Thecouplingbetweenbendingand
extensioninducedbythelaminationasymmetrysubstantiallydecreasesbucklingloadsandvibration
frequenciesforcommoncompositematerialssuchasboron/epoxyandgraphite/epoxy.Forantisymmetric
laminates,theeffectofthecouplingdiesoutrapidlyasthenumberoflayersisincreased.However,for
generallyunsymmetriclaminates,theeffectofcouplingdiesoutveryslowlyasthenumberoflayersis
increased.Thatis,havingalargenumberoflayersisnoguaranteethatcouplingwillnotseriouslydegradethe
shellbucklingresistanceandvibrationfrequencies.Thus,designersmustincludecouplingbetweenbendingand
extensioninallanalysesofunsymmetricallylaminatedshells.

T.H.YangandS.A.Guralnick,Anexperimentalstudyofthebucklingofopencylindricalshells,
ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.15,No.4,1974,pp.121127,doi:10.1007/BF02318847
ABSTRACT:Adescriptionisgiveninthispaperofpartofalargerstudydirectedtowardtheinvestigationof
thebucklingcharacteristicsofthin,opencylindricalshells.Theloaddeflectionresponseoftransverselyloaded
shellsistreatedinthisstudy.Asubsequentpaperwilldealwiththebehaviorofendloadedopenshells.
Measuredvaluesofbucklingloadsarecomparedwithanalyticalpredictionsbasedonthepresumptionthatprior
totheonsetofbucklingtheshellmaterialbehaveselasticallybutlargedeflectionsoftheshellsurfacemay
occur.
A.K.RathandP.K.Sinha(StructuralEngineeringDivision,VikramSarabhaiSpaceCentre,Trivandrum22,
India),Evaluationofstiffnesscoefficientsforfibrereinforcedlaminatedcomposites,FibreScienceand
Technology,Vol.7,No.3,July1974,pp.185198,doi:10.1016/00150568(74)900165
ABSTRACT:Applyingthestrainenergyprinciple,thestiffnessmatrixCijisderivedforatriplelayeredfibre
reinforcedlaminatehavingfibreorientations(beta,alpha,beta).Next,thestiffnesscoefficients,CBARij,are
determinedforlaminatedcompositesconsistingofsuchtriplelayers.Thepresentformulationismoregeneralin
nature,sinceitpermitsanalysisforarbitrarystackingsequences.Afewnumericalresultsarepresentedfor
commonlyusedfibrereinforcedcomposites,employingtheeffectivemicromechanicspropertiesassummarised
byTsai[1]forunidirectionalcomposites.
NelsonR.Bauld,Jr.(ClemsonUniversity,Clemson,SouthCarolina29631,U.S.A.),Imperfectionsensitivity
ofaxiallycompressedstringerreinforcedcylindricalsandwichpanels,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,Vol.10,No.8,August1974,pp.883902,doi:10.1016/00207683(74)900316
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentssomenumericalresultsoftheeffectsofseveralnondimensionalparameters
onthebucklingandinitialpostbucklingbehaviorsofshallowsandwichpanelsunderaxialcompression.
Resultsarepresentedthatshowtheseeffectsduetotransverseshearingresistanceofthecorematerial,different
facesheetthicknesses,anddifferentcorethicknesses.Furthereffectsonthebucklingandinitialpostbuckling
behaviorsofsandwichpanelsarepresentedduetothetorsionalresistanceoflongitudinaledgestiffeners.The
resultsshowthattherangeofflatnessparameter,_/d,forwhichsandwichpanelsremainimperfection
insensitiveincreaseswithincreasesintransverseshearingresistanceofthecorematerialandwithlargercore
thicknesses.Theseresultsalsoindicatethatthisrangeof_/dissmallestwhenthefacesheetthicknessesare
equal.Finally,asinthecaseofhomogeneouspanels,torsionalresistanceofthelongitudinaledgestiffenershas
theeffectofmakingthesandwichpanellessimperfectionsensitive.
RandallC.DavisandPaulA.Cooper(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia23365,U.S.A.),
Interactivedesignoflargeendringsonstiffenedconicalshellsusingcomposites,Computers&Structures,
Vol.4,No.3,May1974,pp.647650,IN1IN2,651657,doi:10.1016/00457949(74)900121
ABSTRACT:Designstudymethodsandresultsarepresentedofacompositereinforcedbaseringforthe
conicalaeroshellstructureoftheplanetarylandervehicleforProjectViking,anunmannedmissiontoMars.
Theaeroshellisaringandstringerstiffenedconicalshellstructurehavingahalfangleof70withalargebase
ringmountedattheouteredgeoftheconeandalargepayloadringintheinteriorwithmanysmallerrings
spacedalongtheinsideshellsurface.Thepurposeofthestructureistodeveloptheaerodynamicdragrequired

todeceleratethelanderintheMarsatmospheretofacilitateasoftlanding.Theshell,therefore,mustbe
designedtoresistexternalpressureloadsduringMartianentry.Unlikeconventionalshellstructures,theViking
aeroshellhasnoconnectingsupportsatitslargediameteredgeand,therefore,itmustresisttheexternalpressure
asanunsupportedinertiallyloadedshell.Verylittledesigninformationisavailableonlargeshellstructures
undertheseloadingconditions.Thestructuralweightoftheaeroshellmustbereducedtotheminimumpossible
levelwhilestillretainingstructuralintegrity.Acurrentlyproposeddesignforthisstructureisallmetal,andthe
baseringaccountsfor41percentofthetotalaeroshellstructuralweight.Onepossiblemethodofreducingthe
weightoftheproposeddesignistoselectivelyapplyfilamentarycompositestoreinforcearedesignedbasering.
Thefilamentaryreinforcedbaseringmustbedesignedtotakeintoaccountallpossiblemodesoffailureunder
themaximumdesignloadconditions.Thepossiblemodesoffailurearelocalorgeneralbucklingoftheshell,
ringbuckling,andexceedenceofthemaximumpermissiblestresslevels.Thedesignofashellstructureofthis
complexityrequirestheuseofthelatesttechnologyavailableinalargegeneralpurposeshellbucklingprogram.
AlargegeneralpurposenonlinearshellbucklingprogramdevelopedbyLockheed(BOSOR2)wasused.Since
theamountofcomputationaleffortisconsiderableforsuchastudy,theturnaroundtimeforusingsucha
programasanaidinthedesignprocesswasreducedbyadaptingtheprogramtoaninteractiverealtime
graphicalsystemusingthefacilitiesoftheLangleyResearchCenterCDCcomputercomplex.Thispaper
describestheshellstructuremodelandthestabilityresultsofalargeLangleyResearchCenterVikingaeroshell
model,theBOSOR2computerprogramanditsadaptationtoaninteractivesystem,andthedesignstrategy
usedtoredesignthebaseringandtheweightsavingsachieveablebycompositereinforcements.
PaulA.CooperandCorneliaB.Dexter(LangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,CA23665),Bucklingofa
conicalshellwithlocalimperfections,NASATechnicalMemorandumNASATMX2991,July1,1974
ABSTRACT:Smallgeometricimperfectionsinthinwalledshellstructurescancauselargereductionsin
bucklingstrength.Mostimperfectionsfoundinstructuresareneitheraxisymmetricnorhavetheshapeof
bucklingmodesbutratheroccurlocally.Thisreportpresentstheresultsofastudyoftheeffectoflocal
imperfectionsonthecriticalbucklingloadofaspecificaxiallycompressedthinwalledconicalshell.The
bucklingcalculationswereperformedbyusingatwodimensionalshellanalysisprogramreferredtoasthe
STAGS(StructuralAnalysisofGeneralShells)computercode,whichhasnoaxisymmetryrestrictions.Results
showthatthebucklingloadfoundfromabifurcationbucklinganalysisishighlydependentonthe
circumferentialarclengthoftheimperfectiontypestudied.Asthecircumferentialarclengthoftheimperfection
isincreased,areductionofupto50percentofthecriticalloadoftheperfectshellcanoccur.Thebucklingload
oftheconewithanaxisymmetricimperfectionsisnearlyequaltothebucklingloadofimperfectionswhich
extended60degormorearoundthecircumference,butwouldgiveahighlyconservativeestimateofthe
bucklingloadofashellwithanimperfectionofamorelocalnature.
P.Sharifi,Nonlinearbucklinganalysisofcompositeshells,15thAIAA,ASME,andSAE,Structures,
StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,LasVegas,Nev;UnitedStates;1719Apr.1974.AIAA7pp.
1974
ABSTRACT:Anincrementalfiniteelementprocedureispresentedfornonlinearbuckling(collapse)analysisof
compositeshellsundergoinglargeelasticdeformations.Thetypeofelementemployedisamodifiedversionof
CloughFelippa'squadrilateralshellelement.Theelementismadeofanynumberofrigidlybondedorthotropic
layersofdifferentthicknessesandmaterialproperties.Transversesheardeformationsareneglectedbutthe

couplingbetweentheinplaneandbending,aswellasbetweenshearandnormaldeformations,isretained.A
numberofbucklingproblemsofcompositepanelsandshellsareworkedoutandtheresultsarepresented.
Z.Zudans,M.M.Reddi,H.M.FishmanandH.C.Tsai(EngineeringDepartment,TheFranklinInstitute
ResearchLaboratories,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania19103,USA),Elasticplasticcreepanalysisofhigh
temperaturenuclearreactorcomponents,NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.28,No.3,September1974,
pp.414445,doi:10.1016/00295493(74)90212X
ABSTRACT:Instructuressubjectedtohightemperaturesandlargethermalgradients,thetotalstrainconsisting
ofthesumofthermal,elastic,plastic,andviscous(creep)partsmustbeconsidered.Elasticandthermalstrains
arereversibleanddependontheinstantaneousstressandtemperaturelevels;plasticandviscoelastic(creep)
strainsareirreversible,andtheircompletedeterminationrequiresthatloadingandtemperaturehistoriesbe
known.Formanypracticalapplicationshighmechanicalorthermalloadingsareofshortduration;hence,
viscoelastic(creep)strainsarenotsignificant.Insuchcases,theelasticandplasticstrainsrepresentthe
significantresponseofastructuretotheappliedloadings.Anadequatedescriptionofthebehaviorofsuch
structurescanbeobtainedbytheuseofthetheoryofnonisothermalplasticdeformationofelasticstrain
hardeningsolids.Forstructuresexposedtohightemperature,longdurationloadings,suchasliquidmetalfast
breederreactorcomponents,theabovetheoriesdonotprovideadequatedesignevaluationandtheknowledgeof
creepstrainasadesignallowableisnecessary.Further,sincetheloadingistransientwithmultiplecomplex
cycles,creepandplasticitystrainportionsmustbeconsideredsimultaneously.Thispaperpresentsamethodfor
solvingtheproblemofnonisothermalelasticplasticcreepstructures.Finiteelementdiscretizationisutilized,
basedonanumberofflatandcurved,thickandthinshellelementsoftriangularandquadrilateralform.
Materialnonlinearitiesaretreatedbythetangentstiffnessmethod;geometricnonlinearitiesareconsideredby
updatingthegeometryaftereachloadingincrement.Nonisothermalloadingisconsideredbymakinga
transitiontothenewtemperatureatthebeginningoftheloadstepandallowingthesolutiontosettleatthe
positionofoverallequilibriumbyiterativesteps.
S.W.Key,HONDOAFiniteElementComputerProgramfortheLargeDeformationDynamicResponseof
AxisymmetricSolids,SandiaNationalLaboratories,Albuquerque,NM,Rept.740039,1974.

R.G.Anderson(UKAEA,TheReactorGroup,ReactorFuelElementLaboratories,SpringfieldsWorks,
Salwick,Preston,LancashirePR4ORR,UK),Someapplicationsofbeam,columnandplatetheoryto
problemsofreactorfuelelementdeformations,NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.27,No.1,March1974,
pp.4656,doi:10.1016/00295493(74)900235
ABSTRACT:Mostearlydischargesofnuclearreactorfuelelementshavebeenassociatedwithexposureofthe
fueltothecoolant.Suchfailureshavedominatedthedesignanddevelopmentsofgasandwatercooledthermal
reactorfuel.Itislesswellknownthatanumberoffueldischargesandreactoroutputlimitationshavetaken
placeinthermalreactorsbecauseoffuelelementdeformationswhichhaveoccurredwithoutlossofclad
integrity.Thepaperreviewsrecentdevelopmentsinthephysicalunderstandingoffuelelementdeformations
duringlife.Theimportantfeaturesofthesedeformationsareestablishedinthispaperusingapproximations
leadingtosimpletheoreticalanalysesoffuelelementsdeforminginthepresenceofcreep.Thistheoretical
treatmentisappliedillustrativelytothefollowingproblemareas:(1)thechangeofthermalbowasthebending

momentsinducedbylateralrestraintsrelaxduetocreep;(2)therestraintoffastreactorsubassemblybowing;
(3)theestimationoflateraldeflectionsinlengtheningfuelpinswhicharerestrainedaxially;and(4)thecauses
ofwavingoftheheattransfersurfacesofcertainuraniummagnoxfuelelements.Itisconcludedfromthese
examplesthatmanyofthecharacteristicsoffuelelementdeformationsduringlifecanbeobtainedfromquite
simpleideasandmathematicalanalyses.Themethodsthusprovideausefultoolfordesignandresearch.
LeoJ.Galletta(1)andNicholasF.Morris(2)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,TheCooperUnion,NewYork,NY,USA
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,NewYorkUniversity,NewYork,NY,USA
InelasticBucklingofSphericalShells,ASCEJournaloftheEngineeringMechanicsDivision,Vol.100,No.
4,July/August1974,pp.795810
ABSTRACT:Anumericalprocedureispresentedfordeterminingtheunsymmetricalbucklingpressurefor
clamped,elasticplasticsphericalshells.Thegeneraldeepshellequilibriumequationsareusedalongwithan
incrementalplasticitytheorybasedonthePrandtlReussequations.ThematerialisassumedtoobeyaRamberg
Osgoodtypeuniaxialstressstrainlaw.Alineareigenvalueproblemisformulatedwherethebucklingpressure
isobtainedbyplottingthepressureversusthedeterminantofthestabilitymatrix.Coefficientsinthegoverning
systemofhomogeneousequationsareevaluatedbysolvingthenonlinearproblemfortheaxisymmetric
deformationpriortounsymmetricalbuckling.Bucklingpressuresarecomputedforawiderangeofgeometries
andcomparedwithexistingtheoreticalresults.
H.DeanBartel(AirForceWeaponsLab,KirtlandAFB,NewMexico,USA),AStudyofLoadDeformation
andBucklingRelationshipsforReticulatedShells,AFWLTR7487,April1974
DTICAccessionNumber:AD0778756,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/AD778756
ABSTRACT:Theobjectivesofthisresearchweretodeterminethetheoreticalandexperimentalload
deformationresponseandbucklingloadsofreticulatedshellsandtostudythegrowthofimperfectionsin
reticulatedshellmodels.Twotypesoftheoreticalanalyses(elasticmaterialbehaviorwasassumed)of
reticulatedshellswereconductedtopredictloaddeformationrelationships.A'splitrigidity'conceptwasusedin
whichequivalentmembraneandbendingthicknesseswerecalculated.Thesecondtechniquewasaspaceframe
analysesusingtheNASTRANcomputercode.Threesphericalreticulatedshellmodels(twobrassandone
plastic)werefabricatedandtestedexperimentally.ResultsofthestudyindicatedthattheNASTRANcode
predictedthedeflectionpatternswellandidentifiedthefinalbucklelocations.
MarcusGeorgeHendricks(UniversityofFlorida),Nonlinearanalysisofdynamicstabilityofelasticshellsof
revolution,PhDDissertation,December1974
ABSTRACT:Itisthepurposeofthisdissertationtoinvestigatethedynamicstabilityofelasticshellsof
revolution.Twospecificareasofthisbroadfieldaretreatedindetail.First,thisanalyticalstudygenerates
previouslyunavailableinteractionrelationsforcombineddynamicloadingsastheyinteracttocausepassage
fromadynamicallystablestatetootherstates.Secondly,theconceptoflinearizeddynamicstabilityisextended
toincludegeometricallynonlineareffects.Oneroleoftheseeffectsistoallowthepossibilityofautoparametric
excitationofpreferredflexuralmodesbythedrivenmodes.Thequestionofwhethersuchexcitationcanoccur
duringtheprimarydynamicinstabilitymotionsufficientlytoaffectthemagnitudeofcriticaldynamicloadsis

studied.Amodifiedversionofthesubdomainmethodincombinationwithcircumferentialmodalanalysisis
developedforthesolutionmethod.Acomputerprogramisconstructedtoobtainnumericalresultsandthe
dynamicstabilitycharacteristicsofaconicalfrustumarestudiedunderavarietyofcombineddynamicloadings.
Interactioncurvesforstaticstability,linearizeddynamicstability,andnonlineardynamicstabilityare
generated.Fortheparticularloadingconditionsstudied,theresultsindicatethatdynamicinstabilitywilloccur
atloadsbelowcriticalstaticloads.Thisreductionincriticaldynamicloadswasshowntobetheresultofboth
thedynamicloadfactoreffectandofautoparametricexcitation.Theinteractioncurveswhicharegenerated
illustratetheseeffectsquantitativelyunderconditionsofcombineddynamicloading.Acriterionfordynamic
bucklingisestablishedbasedonmeridionalmodeshapechanges.Thisabilitytodetectsuddenjumpsinthe
meridionalprofilehelpstoverifyinstabilitydetectedbydivergenceondisplacementtimehistorycurvesand
providesadditionalinformationaboutthepoststablestate.
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Houston,Houston,Texas,1967.
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ThinShells,"AIAAJournal,Vol.6,December1968,pp.23522359.
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Revolution,"NASACR1987,April1972.
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Loads,"AIAAJournal,Vol.2,October1964,pp.17881794.
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1973,pp.793800.
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25.Shiau,A.C,"TheDynamicBucklingofaTruncatedConicalShellStructure,"Ph.D.Dissertation,StateUniversityofNewYork
atBuffalo,1973.
26.Nash,W.A.,Wilder,J.A.,"ResponseofThinConicalShellstoDynamicallyAppliedAxialForce,"InternationalJournalofNon
LinearMechanics,Vol.7,1972,pp.6580.
27.Fisher,C.A.,Bert,C.W.,"DynamicBucklingofanAxiallyCompressedCylindricalShellWithDiscreteRingsandStringers,"
JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.40,September,1973,pp.736740.
28.Lakshmikantham,C.,Tsui,TY.,"DynamicStabilityofAxiallyStiffenedImperfectCylindricalShellsUnderAxialStep
Loading,"AIAAJournal,Vol.12,February1974,pp.163169.
29.Dietz,W.K.,"OntheDynamicStabilityofEccentricallyReinforcedCircularCylindricalShells,"SyracuseUniversityResearch
Institute,TechnicalReport1620,January1967,pp.12451260.
30.Novozhilov,V.V,FoundationsoftheNonlinearTheoryofElasticity.GraylockPress,Rochester,NewYork,1953.
31.Tsao,C.H.,"StrainDisplacementRelationsinLargeDisplacementTheoryofShells,"AIAAJournal,Vol.2,1964,pp.2060
2062.
32.Ogibalov,P.M.,"DynamicsandStrengthofShells,"NASATTF284,1966.
33.Naghdi,P.M.,Nordgren,R.P.,"OntheNonlinearTheoryofElasticShellsUndertheKirchhoffHypothesis,"Quarterlyof
AppliedMathematics,Vol.21,No.1,1963,pp.4960.
34.Biricikoglu,V.,Kalnins,A.,"LargeElasticDeformationsofShellswiththeInclusionofTransverseNormalStrain,"International
JournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.7,1971,pp.431444.
35.Sanders,J.L.,Jr.,"NonlinearTheoriesforThinShells,"QuarterlyofAppliedMathematics,Vol.21,No.1,1963,pp.2136.
36.Naghdi,P.M.,"TheTheoryofShellsandPlates,"ReportNo.AM711,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,1971.
37.Sokolnikoff,I.S.,MathematicalTheoryofElasticity,McGrawHillBookCo.,NewYork,2ndedition,1956.
38.Kalnins,Arturs,"Static,FreeVibration,andStabilityAnalysisofThin,ElasticShellsofRevolution,"TechnicalReportAFFDL
TR68144,WrightPattersonAirForceBase,1969.
39.Leissa,ArthurW.,"VibrationofShells,"NASASP288,1973.
40.Novozhilov,V.V.,TheTheoryofThinShells,P.NoordhoffLtd.,Groningen,1959.
41.GolDenveizer,A.L.,TheoryofElasticThinShells,PergamonPress,NewYork,1961.
42.Novozhilov,V.V.,Finkel'shtein,R.,"OntheIncorrectnessofKirchhoff'sHyoothesisintheTheoryofShells,"P.M.M.,Vol.7,
1943,pp.331340.
43.Mushtari,K.M.,"NonLinearTheoryofThinElasticShells,"N6272586,U.S.DepartmentofCommerce,Washington,D.C.,
1962.
44.Koiter,W.T.,"AConsistentFirstApproximationintheGeneralTheoryofThinElasticShells,"I.U.T.A.M.Proceedingsofthe
SymposiumontheTheoryofThinElasticShells,
Delft,NorthHollandPublishingCo.,Amsterdam,pp.1233.
45.Vlasov,V.S.,"BasicDifferentialEquationsintheGeneralTheoryofElasticShells,"NACATM1241,1951.
46.Hurty,W.C,Rubinstein,M.F.,DynamicsofStructures,PrenticeHall,Inc.,NewJersey,1964.
47.Meirovitch,L.,op.cit.
48.Kraus,H.,ThinElasticShells,WileyandSons,Inc.,NewYork,1967.
49.Finlayson,B.A.,TheMethodofWeightedResidualsandVariationalPrinciples,AcademicPress,NewYorkandLondon,Vol.
87,1972.
50.Radosta,R.J.,"StabilityofNonhomogeneousShellsofRevolution,"Ph.D.Dissertation,UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,
Florida,1971.
51.Polhausen,K.,"TheApproximateIntegrationoftheDifferentialEquationfortheBoundaryLayer,"Z.Angew,Mathematicsand
Mechanics,Vol.I,AD645784F.S.T.I.,Springfield,Va.,pp.252268(inEnglish).
52.Tani,J.,"DynamicInstabilityofTruncatedConicalShellsUnderPeriodicAxialLoad,"InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,Vol.10,1974,pp.169176.

IhsanMungan,(RuhrUniversityBochum,Inst.furKonstruktivenIngenieurbau,Bochum,WestGermany),

BucklingStressStatesofCylindricalShells,ASCEJournaloftheStructuralDivision,Vol.100,No.11,
November1974,pp.22892306
ABSTRACT:Plexiglasscylindricalshellmodelswithnearlyperfectgeometryandconstantthicknesswere
testedundervariouscombinationsofmembranestresses.Incylindersunderaxialcompressionaloneandaxial
compressionwithinternalpressure,thebucklingprocedurewasinitiatedbymeansofasmalldynamic
disturbancewhichreducedthedispersionofthetestresults.Thenormalforcesandbendingmomentsinthe
middleofthemodelweremeasured.Thenumberofbucklingwavesobservedinthetestsagreedquitewellwith
theresultoftheclassicaltheoryforthelaterallyloadedcylindricalshell.Onlytheshape,thelength,andthe
depthofthebucklingwaveschangedwiththestressstate.Abucklingcriterionandaninteractioncurverealistic
forcivilengineeringpurposesareproposedforcheckingthestabilityofcylindricalshellswithfixedendsunder
combinedmembranestressstates.
IhsanMungan(WissenschaftlicherAngestellter,RuhrUniversittBochumInstitutfurKonstruktiven
Ingenieurbau,Bochum,WestGermany),BucklingStressStatesofHyperboloidalShells,ASCEJournalofthe
StructuralDivision,Vol.102,No.10,October1976,pp.20052020
ABSTRACT:Aralditehyperboloidalshellmodelswithnearlyperfectgeometryandconstantthicknesswere
testedundervariousaxisymmetriccombinationsofmembranestresses.Duringtheteststhenormalforcesand
bendingmomentsinthemiddleofthemodelweremeasuredandtheinitiationofthebucklingprocesswas
studied.Theexperimentalresultsarecomparedwithcalculatedvaluesusingtheclassicallinearbucklingtheory.
Theexperimentalvaluesfittedanempiricallaw.Anewapproach,basedonthetheoreticalresultsandthetests
carriedout,isproposedtodeterminethebucklingsafetyofhyperboloidalshells.
IhsanMungan(WissenschaftlicherAngestellter,RuhrUniversittBochumInstitutfurKonstruktiven
Ingenieurbau,Bochum,WestGermany),BucklingStressesofStiffenedHyperboloidalShells,ASCEJournal
oftheStructuralDivision,Vol.105,No.8,August1979,pp.15891604
ABSTRACT:Threehyperboloidalshellmodelsmadeofepoxyresin(araldite)havingnearlyperfectgeometry
andconstantwallthicknessweretestedfirstwithoutstiffeners,afterwardswithfive,nineand19ringsand19
ringsplus36meridionalribs.Theaxisymmetricloadingresultinginvariouscombinationsofmembranestresses
inringandmeridionaldirectionswasincreasedinstepsuntilthefirstbucklingwavecouldbeobserved.The
initiationofthebucklingprocessandtheshiftingoftheregionwherethefirstbucklingwavewasobservedwere
studied.Theexperimentalresultsarecomparedwithcalculatedvaluesusingaclassicallinearbucklingtheory.
Theexperimentalvaluesfittedanondimensionalempiricallawintermsoftheuniaxialbucklingstressesfor
eachtypeofstiffening.Anapproach,basedonthetheoreticalresultsandthetestscarriedout,isproposedto
describethebucklingbehaviorofhyperbolicshellsofrevolutionwithandwithoutstiffeners.
IhsanMungan(1)andOttoLehmkamper(2)
(1)WissenschaftlicherAngestellter,RuhrUniversittBochumInstitutfurKonstruktivenIngenieurbau,
Bochum,WestGermany
(2)RheinischWestfalischesElektrizitatsorkAG,Hauptverwaltung,Essen,WestGermany
BucklingofStiffenedHyperboloidalCoolingTowers,ASCEJournaloftheStructuralDivision,Vol.105,No.
10,October1979,pp.19992007

ABSTRACT:Withincreasingdimensionsofthecoolingtowersbuiltofreinforcedconcrete,thebuckling
behaviorbecomescrucialintheproportioningoftheshell.Ringstiffenersprovetobemosteffectiveinthis
respectwithuptofourstiffeningringsthesocalledoptimalpositionprovidesthehighestefficiency.Afterfive
ringstheequidistantpositioningbecomeseffectiveaswell.However,afteravalueofapprox6thisratiodoesnt
influencethebucklingloadbecausethelocalbucklingbetweenthestiffeningringsbecomesdecisive.The
qualityofthenumericalanalysisischeckedbycalculatingthebucklingloadsobtainedintestsonstiffened
hyperboloidalmodels.Thedeviationbetweenthetheoreticalresultsandexperimentalvaluesisapproximately
thesameandabout0.83bothforunstiffenedmodelsandstiffenedmodelswithfiveorninerings.Alsothehigh
efficiencyoftheringswithringdepthtoshellthicknessratioofabout6couldbeverified.
KennethC.Johns(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversitdeSherbrooke,Sherbrooke,Qubec,Canada),
Imperfectionsensitivityofcoincidentbucklingsystems,InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,
Vol.9,No.1,February1974,pp.121,doi:10.1016/00207462(74)900274
ABSTRACT:Atwodegreeoffreedomstructuralsystemwithbothbucklingloadsequalornearlysois
examined,allowingforthepresenceofsmallimperfectionsspecifiedbythevaluesoftwogeneralimperfection
parameters.Adiscretegeneralizedcoordinatesenergymethodisused,andthesystemconsideredisnon
symmetricinthetwomodesofdeflection.Conclusionsregardingthetypesofbehaviourpossibleareobtained
byexaminationofallpossibleequilibriumpathshapes.Comparisonismadetobehaviourofidealizedsystems.
Changeinbucklingloadvaluewithimperfectionsize,orimperfectionsensitivity,isestablishedand
imperfectionsensitivitysurfaceformsaresketched.
WilliamL.BrodskyandWilliamP.Vafakos(PolytechnicInstituteofBrooklyn,Brooklyn,NewYork,U.S.A.),
Bucklinganalysisofringstiffenedovalcylindricalshells,Computers&Structures,Vol.4,No.6,December
1974,pp.11351158,doi:10.1016/00457949(74)900297
ABSTRACT:Anenergyprincipleisemployedtoderivetheequationsgoverningthestabilityofasimply
supported,eccentricallyringstiffened,oval,orthotropiccylindricalshell.Thekinematicrelationsusedarethose
ofLovetypeshelltheoryandtheeffectofreinforcingringsisaccountedforbyadistributedstiffnessapproach.
Thecylinderissubjectedtoacombinationofuniformaxialandlateralpressures.Itisdeterminedthatthe
domainofstabilityofsuchastiffenedcylinderisboundedbytwodistinctsolutions,hereindenotedas
correspondingtolongandshortaxialwavelengths,withtheextentoftheshortwavelengthsolutionbeing
dependentuponthedegreeofstiffeningaffordedbytherings.Theanalysisoftheeffectsofringeccentricity
showsthatovalsareaffectedinasimilarmannertocircularcylindersinthatoutsideringsprovidethegreatest
capacityforsustainingaxialcompression,whileinsideringsarecapableofsupportingthegreatestlateral
pressure.Finally,itisfoundthatthebucklingloadofanovalcylinderunderuniformlateralpressureslightly
exceedsthecorrespondingvalueforanequivalentcircularcylinder.Asafurtherverificationofthis
phenomenon,aRayleighRitzprocedureisemployedtodeterminethebucklingloadofanovalringunder
uniformradialload.Theresultsofthisanalysiscorroboratethoseobtainedforthecylinder.
J.S.Hansen(1)andJ.Roorda(2)
(1)ResearchAssistant,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofWaterloo,Waterloo,Ontario,Canada
(2)AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofWaterloo,Waterloo,Ontario,Canada

Onaprobabilisticstabilitytheoryforimperfectionsensitivestructures,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,Vol.10,No.3,March1974,pp.341359,doi:10.1016/00207683(74)900821
ABSTRACT:Theconceptofalmostsuresamplestabilityandsamplestabilityinprobabilityareformulatedfor
elasticsystems.UsingaKoitertypeapproachtheseconceptsareusedintheanalysisofimperfectionsensitive
structures.Theappliedloadandtheinitialgeometricimperfectionsareintroducedintotheanalysisasrandom
quantities.Acompressedbeamoffinitelengthonanonlinearelasticfoundationisusedinanexample
calculation.
J.M.WhitneyandC.T.Sun,Arefinedtheoryforliminatedanisotropiccylindricalshells,ASMEJ.ofAppl.
Mech.,Vol.41,No.2,1974,pp.471476
EdwardL.Wilson,Thestaticcondensationalgorithm,Int.J.NumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.8No.
1,1974,pp.198203
EdwardL.Wilson,KlausJurgenBatheandWilliamP.Doherty,Directsolutionoflargesystemsoflinear
equations,Computers&Structures,Vol.4,No.2,March1974,pp.363372
KlausJrgenBatheandEdwardL.Wilson(DivisionofStructuralEngineeringandStructuralMechanics,
DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,California94720,USA),NONSAPA
nonlinearstructuralanalysisprogram,NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.29,No.2,December1974,
pp.266293,SpecialIssue:PapersPresentedattheConference,doi:10.1016/00295493(74)901289
ABSTRACT:ThecurrentversionofthecomputerprogramNONSAPforlinearandnonlinear,staticand
dynamicfiniteelementanalysisispresented.Thesolutioncapabilities,thenumericaltechniquesused,thefinite
elementlibrary,thelogicalconstructionoftheprogramandstorageallocationsarediscussed.Thesolutionsof
somesampleproblemsconsideredduringthedevelopmentoftheprogramarepresented.
R.Narayanaswami,Newtriangularandquadrilateralplatebendingfiniteelements,NASATND7407,1974
IsaacFried,Residualenergybalancingtechniqueinthegenerationofplatebendingfiniteelements,
Computers&Structures,Vol.4,No.4,August1974,pp.771778
YungshihWangandDavidP.Billington(Dept.ofCiv.andGeologicalEngrg.,PrincetonUniv.,Princeton,
NJ),BucklingofCylindricalShellsbyWindPressure,ASCEJournaloftheEngineeringMechanicsDivision,
Vol.100,No.5,September/October1974,pp.10051024
ABSTRACT:Ananalyticalmethodisdevelopedtosolveapproximatelythebifurcationbucklingloadofa
circularcylindricalshellundernonaxisymmetricallateralpressure.Theassumptionofsemiinextensible
deformationismade,whichsetsthecircumferentialstraintozeroandsimplifiesthesystemofequationsaswell
astheboundaryconditions.Inordertoinvestigatetheaccuracyofthenewmethod,solutionsarefirstobtained
foracylindricalshellunderuniformlateralpressurewitheithersimplesimpleorclampedfreeboundary
conditions.ComparisonsaremadeintheformercasetoFluggestheoryand,inthelattercase,toafinite
elementanalysis.Agreementinbothcasesisverygood.Thetheoryisthenappliedtofindthebucklingloadofa
clampedfreecylindricalshellundernonaxisymmetricallateralpressurecreatedbywind.Disagreementwitha

previoustheorybyLanghaarandMillerisexamined.Comparisonswithresultsofsomeexperimentsarealso
madeandpossiblereasonsofthediscrepanciesareconsidered.
HerbertAntonMang(TexasTechUniversity,USA),Analysisofdoublycorrugatedshellstructuresbythe
finiteelementmethod,Ph.D.Dissertation,August,1974
PARTIALINTRODUCTION:Thespecificpurposeofthisinvestigationistodevelopanewandmoreaccurate
techniqueforthestaticanddynamicanalysesofcylindrical,doublycorrugatedshellstructuresused,for
example,asprotectivesheltersforaircraft,andtoverifythesuitabilityofthistechniquebycomparingsome
oftheresultsoftheanalyseswithanalyticallyandexperimentallyobtaineddataduetoSmith(1)andwith
experimentallyobtaineddataduetoStokley(89).Asabyproductoftheinvestigationageneralconcept
developedbyBogneretal.(2),whichutilizesproductsofHermitianinterpolationpolynomialsofthesameorder
asshapefunctions,isextendedtoencompassproductsofHermitianpolynomialsofdifferentorder.
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InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences",Volume14,pp.171183,1972.
64.Gallagher,R.H.,"TheDevelopmentandEvaluationofMatrixMethodsforThinShellStructuralAnalysis",Ph.D.Dissertation,
StateUniversityofNewYorkatBuffalo,Buffalo,NewYork,1966,
65.Bogner,F.K.,Fox,R.L.andSchmit,L.A.,"ACylindricalShellDiscreteElement",AIAAJournal,Volume5,pp.745750,
1967.
66.Olson,M.D.andLindberg,G.M.,"VibrationAnalysisofCantileveredCurvedPlatesUsingaNewCylindricalShellFinite
Element",ProceedingsoftheSecondConferenceonMatrixMethodsinStructuralMechanics,PartIof2,WrightPattersonAirForce
Base,Ohio,pp.247269,1968.
67.Haisler,W.andStricklin,J.,"RigidBodyDisplacementsofCurvedElementsintheAnalysisofShellsbytheMatrix
DisplacementMethod",AIAAJournal,Volume5,pp.15251527,1967.
68.Greene,B.E.,Jones,R.E.andMcLay,R.W.,"DynamicAnalysisofShellsUsingDoublyCurvedFiniteElements",Proceedings
oftheSecondConferenceonMatrixMethodsinStructuralMechanics,PartIof2,WrightPattersonAirForceBase,Ohio,pp.185
243,1968.
69.Connor,J.andBrebbia,C,"StiffnessMatrixforShallowRectangularShellElement",ProceedingsoftheASCE,Journalofthe
EngineeringMechanicsDivision,Volume94,pp.4365,1967.
70.Megard,G.,"PlanarandCurvedElements",inI.HolandandK.Bell(Editors),FiniteElementMethodsinStressAnalysis,Tapir,
Trondheim,Norway,pp.287318,1969.
71.Oden,J.T.,"CalculationofStiffnessMatricesforFiniteElementsofThinShellsofArbitraryShape".AIAAJournal,Volume6,
pp.969972,1968.
72.MacNeal,R.H.(Editor),"TheNASTRANTheoreticalManual(Level15)",ScientificandTechnicalInformationOffice,National
AeronauticsandSpaceAdministration,WashingtonD.C,1972.
73.Rayleigh,Lord,ProceedingsoftheLondonMathematicalSociety,Volume13,1881,citedinRef.51.
74.Love,A.E.H.,ATreatiseontheMathematicalTheoryofElasticity,FourthEdition,DoverPublications,NewYork,1944.
75.Vinson,J.R.,StructuralMechanics:TheBehaviorofPlatesandShells,JohnWileyandSons,NewYork,London,Sydney,
Toronto,1974.
76.Clough,R.W.,Felippa,C.A.,"ARefinedQuadrilateralElementforAnalysisofPlateBending",ProceedingsoftheSecond
ConferenceonMatrixMethodsinStructuralMechanics,PartIof2,WrightPattersonAirForceBase,Ohio,pp.399440,1968.
77.Archer,J.S.,"ConsistentMassMatrixforDistributedSystems",ProceedingsoftheASCE,JournaloftheStructuralDivision,
Volume89,pp.161178,1963.

78.Leckie,F.A.andLindberg,G.M.,"TheEffectofLumpedParametersonBeamFrequencies",TheAeronauticalQuarterly,
Volume14,pp.234245,1963.
79.Biggs,J.M.,IntroductiontoStructuralDynamics,McGrawHillBookCompany,NewYork,SanFrancisco,Toronto,London,
1964.
80.Wilson,E.L.,"AComputerProgramfortheDynamicStressAnalysisofUndergroundStructures",U.S.ArmyEngineer
WaterwaysExperimentStation,Vicksburg,Mississippi,ContractReportNo.1175,1968,citedinRef.81.
81.Desai,C.S.andAbel,J.F.,IntroductiontotheFiniteElementMethod,ANumericalMethodforEngineeringAnalysis,Van
NostrandReinholdCompany,NewYork,Cincinnati,Toronto,London,Melbourne,1972.
82.Wilson,E.L.andPenzien,J.,"EvaluationofOrthogonalDampingMatrices",InternationalJournalforNumericalMethodsin
Engineering,Volume4,pp.510,1972.
83.Vallabhan,C.V.G.,Vann,W.P.andIyer,M.S.,"EigenvalueAnalysisforLargeStructuralSystems",AReportonTaskAofthe
FacultyDevelopmentGrantEntitled,"NumericalAnalysisResearch",GiventoTexasTechUniversitybytheChicagoBridgeand
IronCompany,OakBrook,Illinois,1973.
84.Bathe,K.J.andWilson,E.L.,"StabilityandAccuracyAnalysisofDirectIntegrationMethods",EarthquakeEngineeringand
StructuralDynamics,Volume1,pp.283291.
85.Newmark,N.M.,"AMethodofComputationforStructuralDynamics",ProceedingsoftheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers,
JournaloftheEngineeringMechanicsDivision,pp.6794,1959.
86.Dill,C.andGear,C.W.,"AGraphicalSearchforStifflyStableMethodsforOrdinaryDifferentialEquations".Journalofthe
AssociationforComputingMachinery,Volume18,pp.7579,1971.
87.Chan,S.P.,Cox,H.L.andBenfield,W.A.,"TransientAnalysisofForcedVibrationsofComplexStructuralMechanicalSystems",
JournaloftheRoyalAeronauticalSociety,Volume66,pp.457460,1962.
88.Wilson,E.L.,Bathe,K.J.andDoherty,W.P.,"DirectSolutionofLargeSystemsofLinearEquations",Report,DepartmentofCivil
Engineering,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,California,1973.
89.Stokley,D.R.,"ExperimentalDynamicsofaFullScaleArchStructure",M.Sc.Thesis,TexasTechUniversity,Lubbock,Texas,
1974.

PeterP.Cole(1),DavidP.Billington(2),andJohnF.Abel(3)
(1)LaboratoriumH.Hossdorf,Basel,Switzerland
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,PrincetonUniversity,Princeton,NewJersey,USA
(3)DepartmentofStructuralEngineering,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NewYork,USA
BucklingofCoolingTowerShells:BifurcationResults,ASCEJournaloftheStructuralDivision,Vol.101,
No.6,June1975,pp.12051222
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdescribesstudiesofbifurcationbucklingofhyperboloidsusedforlargescalecooling
towers.Thosestudiesincludetheeffectsofflexiblesupports,combinedloadingsfromwind,deadweight,and
temperature,shellcracking,differentvariationsinthewindpressuredistribution,andchangesintheshell
thickening.Comparisonsaremadebetweennumericalandwindtunnelresults.Thefiniteelementformulation
usedisexaminedandresultsarepresentedforthetowerattheTrojanNuclearPowerPlantontheColumbia
River,Oregon.
M.S.ElNaschie(DepartmentofCivilandMunicipalEngineering,UniversityCollege,London,UK),A
branchingsolutionforthelocalbucklingofacircumferentiallycrackedcylindricalshell,InternationalJournal
ofMechanicalSciences,Vol.16,No.10,October1974,pp.689697,doi:10.1016/00207403(74)900952
ABSTRACT:Thepaperpresentsaninitialpostbucklinganalysisfortherotationallysymmetricbranchingofa
cylindricalshellwithafreeedgefollowingthelineareigenvalueanalysisofAshwell.Theshellissupposedto
beinfinitelylongandaclosedformsolutionisobtainedfortheinitialcurvatureofthepostbucklingpath.This
curvatureisseentobenegativeandmoreseverethanthatofthecorrespondingclassicalsolution.Thesolution

isshowntoberelevanttothebucklingofacrackedconcreteshellsuchasacoolingtower.
P.N.Singh(1),V.Sundararajan(2)andY.C.Das(3)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,CollegeofEngineering,UniversityofMosul,Mosul,Iraq
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Kanpur208016,India
(3)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Kanpur208016,India
Largeamplitudevibrationofsomemoderatelythickstructuralelements,JournalofSoundandVibration,
Vol.36,No.3,October1974,pp.375387,doi:10.1016/S0022460X(74)802178
ABSTRACT:Largeamplitudeflexuralvibrationofsomemoderatelythick,straightandcurvedelementshave
beenanalysedinaunifiedway.Transverseshearandrotatoryinertiaeffectshavebeenincluded.Thefinal
approximategoverningequationcomesoutasasecondordertotaldifferentialequation,whichonintegration
givesarelationshipbetweenamplitudeandperiod.Phenomenalikedynamicbuckling,transitionfromaslightly
curvedelementtoashallowelement,etc.,havebeenstudied.

G.VenkateswaraRao,V.SundararamaiahandI.S.Raju(StructuralEngineeringDivision,VikramSarabhai
SpaceCentre,Trivandrum695022,India),Finiteelementanalysisofvibrationsofinitiallystressedthinshells
ofrevolution,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.37,No.1,November1974,pp.5764,
doi:10.1016/S0022460X(74)80057X
ABSTRACT:Afiniteelementisdevelopedtoanalysethevibrationcharacteristicsofinitiallystressedshellsof
revolution.Themeridional,circumferentialandnormaldisplacementsovertheelementareassumedtobecubic
polynomialsofthemeridionalcoordinate.Numericalintegrationisusedtogeneratetheelasticstiffness,
geometricstiffnessandmassmatrices.Theelementisusedtoanalysethreetypicalproblemspertainingtothe
vibrationsofinitiallystressedthinshellsofrevolution.
Bremmer,DavidFranklin(1975)Anefficientapproximatesolutionmethodforpredictingthebucklingof
axiallycompressedimperfectcylindricalshells,Engineer'sthesis,CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology.
http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechTHESIS:09282010112038866
ABSTRACT:Atheoreticalinvestigationofanefficientnumericalsolutionschemetosolveapproximatelythe
nonlinearDonnellequationsforimperfectisotropiccylindricalshellswithedgerestraintsandunderaxial
compressionwascarriedout.Thenonlinearpartialdifferentialequationshavebeenreducedtoanequivalentset
ofnonlinearordinarydifferentialequations.Theresultingtwopointboundaryvalueproblemwassolved,first,
byusing"Newton'sMethodofQuasilinearization"toobtainasetoflinearizeddifferentialequationsforthe
correctiontermsand,secondly,thesedifferentialswereapproximatedasfinitedifferencestocastthelinearized
systemofequationsintotheformofablocktridiagonalmatrixequation.ThePotters'Methodsolutionscheme
wasusedtosolveefficientlytheblocktridiagonalmatrixequation.Bysuccessiveiterationsasolutiontotheset
ofnonlinearordinarydifferentialequationswasobtained.Theuseofthismethodmakesitpossibleto
investigatehowtheaxialloadlevelatthelimitpointisaffectedbythefollowingfactors:thechoiceofinplane
boundaryconditions,theprebucklinggrowthcausedbytheradialedgeconstraint,theorientationandshapeof
theaxisymmetricandasymmetricimperfectioncomponents,andthefinitelengthoftheshell.

Referenceslistedattheendofthethesis:

1.Stein,M.:"TheEffectontheBucklingofPerfectCylindersofPrebucklingDeformationsandStressesInducedbyEdgeSupport."
CollectedPapersonInstabilityofShellStructures,NASATND1510,1962,pp.217227.
2.Almroth,B.O.:InfluenceofEdgeConditionsontheStabilityofAxiallyCompressedCylindricalShells,NASACR161,Feb.
1965.
3.Hoff,N.J.:"TheEffectofEdgeConditionsontheBucklingofThinWalledCircularShellsinAxialCompression,Proc.11thInt.
CongressofAppl.Mech.,JuliusSpringerVerlag,Berlin,1964.
4.Kobayashi,S.:"TheInfluenceoftheBoundaryConditionsontheBucklingLoadofCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompression."
GALCITSM663,March1966.
5.Donnell,L.M.andWan,C.C.:"EffectofImperfectionsonBucklingofThinCylindersandColumnsunderAxialCompression."J.
ofAppl.Mech.,Vol.17,p.73,1950.
6.Koiter,W.T.:"OntheStabilityofElasticEquilibrium."Ph.D.Thesis,Delft,H.T.Paris,Amsterdam,1945.
7.Budiansky,B.andHutchinson,J.W.:"DynarnicBucklingofImperfectionSensitiveStructures."Proc.oftheXIInternational
CongressofAppl.Mech.,EditedbyH.Gortler,SpringerVerlag,Berlin,pp.636651,1964.
8.Hutchinson,J.W.:"AxialBucklingofPressurizedImperfectCylindricalShells."AIAAJ.,Vol.3,pp.14611466,Aug.1965.
9.Budiansky,B.andAmazigo,J.C.:"InitialPostbucklingBehaviorofCylindricalShellsunderExternalPressure."J.ofMath.and
Physics,Vol.47,No.3,September1968.
10.Arbocz,J.andBabcock,C.D.:"TheEffectofGeneralImperfectionsontheBucklingofCylindricalShells."J.ofAppl.Mech.,
Vol.36,No.1,pp.2838,March1969.
11.Arbocz,J.andSechler,E.E.:"OntheBucklingofAxiallyCompressedImperfectCylindricalShells."GALCITSM734,April
1973.
12.Thurston,E.A.andFreeland,M.A.:BucklingofImperfectCylindersunderAxialCompression."NASACR54l,July1966.
13.Narasimhan,K.Y.andHoff,N.J.:"CalculationoftheLoadCarryingCapacityofInitiallySlightlyImperfectThinWalled
CylindricalShells."J.ofAppl.Mech.,Vol.38,No.1,pp.162171,March1971.
14.Arbocz,J.:"FurtherResultsontheBucklingofAxiallyCompressedCylindricalShells."GALCITSM714,
December1971.
15.Potters,M.L.:"AMatrixMethodfortheSolutionofaLinearSecondOrderDifferenceEquationinTwoVariables."Report
M.R.19,MathematischCentrum,Amsterdam,1955.
16.Wylie,C.R.:AdvancedEngineeringMathematics.McGrawHillBookCo.,Inc.,NewYork,1951.

Bathe,K.J.(1),Ramm,E.(2)andWilson,E.L.(1)
(1)CivilEngineeringDepartment,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,California,U.S.A.
(2)UniversityofStuttgart,WestGermany
Finiteelementformulationsforlargedeformationdynamicanalysis,InternationalJournalforNumerical
MethodsinEngineering,Vol.9,No.2,1975,pp.353386.doi:10.1002/nme.1620090207
ABSTRACT:Startingfromcontinuummechanicsprinciples,finiteelementincrementalformulationsfornon
linearstaticanddynamicanalysisarereviewedandderived.Theaiminthispaperisaconsistentsummary,
comparison,andevaluationoftheformulationswhichhavebeenimplementedinthesearchforthemost
effectiveprocedure.Thegeneralformulationsincludelargedisplacements,largestrainsandmaterialnon
linearities.Forspecificstaticanddynamicanalysesinthispaper,elastic,hyperelastic(rubberlike)and
hypoelasticelasticplasticmaterialsareconsidered.Thenumericalsolutionofthecontinuummechanics
equationsisachievedusingisoparametricfiniteelementdiscretization.Thespecificmatriceswhichneedbe
calculatedintheformulationsarepresentedanddiscussed.Todemonstratetheapplicabilityandtheimportant
differencesintheformulations,thesolutionofstaticanddynamicproblemsinvolvinglargedisplacementsand
largestrainsarepresented.

P.Underwood,C.J.Bonner,D.W.LindowandC.C.Rankin,TransientResponseofSoftBondedMultilayered
Shells,AIAAJournal,pp350356,l975.
ABSTRACT:Acomputercode,basedonfinitedifferencetechniques,hasbeendevelopedtoanalyzefinite
lengthsoftbondedmultilayeredshellsofrevolutionfordynamicloadings.Thepaperreviewsthecapabilitiesof
thebasicshelldynamicscodeusedtoanalyzetheindividualshelllayersandthendiscussesthedevelopmentof
thecodeforsoftbondedshells.Theimplementationofthecomputercodewithemphasisonthebondmodeling
isalsopresented.Severalnumericalexamplesareincludedthatprovideacomparisonwithananalytical
solution,illustratevariousdesignparameterstudiesperformedwiththecode,andshowexperimentalnumerical
datacorrelationstudies.Theseexamplesservetoillustratethevalidityandusefulnessofthecodeplusthe
necessityofincludingbonddeformationeffectstoproperlyanalyzebondedshellstructures.
V.I.Mossakovskii,V.I.KonokhandV.L.Krasovskii(DonpropetrovskStateUniversity,USSR),Stabilityof
longitudinallycompressedcylindricalshellsofnearlycircularcrosssection,InternationalAppliedMechanics,
Vol.10,No.3,1975,pp.231235,doi:10.1007/BF00882774
PARTIALINTRODUCTION:Thetheoreticalaspectsofthestabilityofsmoothlongitudinallycompressed
cylindricalshellsofacrosssectiondifferengfromcircularhavebeenmostexternsivelyinvestigatedinthecase
ofovalandellipticalshellsandshellswhosecrosssectionsdeviatefromthecircularshapeinaccordancewith
certaindefiniteperiodiclaws[16].Thisarticledescribestheresultsofanexperimentalinvestigationofthe
stabilityofsmooththinwalledlongitudinallycompressedcylindershavingeitherslightlyellipticalcross
sectionsorcrosssectionswhosedeviationfromthecircularshapeisdescribebyw=Acos(4theta),wherewand
Adenotethedeviationandtheamplitudeofthedeviationofthecrosssectionfromthecircle,andthetaisthe
circularcoordinate.
L.W.Glaum,T.BelytschkoandE.F.Masur(DepartmentofMaterialsEngineering,UniversityofIllinoisat
ChicagoCircle,Chicago,IL60680,U.S.A.),Bucklingofstructureswithfiniteprebucklingdeformationsa
perturbation,finiteelementanalysis,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.11,No.9,September
1975,pp.10231033,doi:10.1016/00207683(75)900451
ABSTRACT:Insometechnicallyimportantstructures,finiteprebucklingdisplacementshaveaprofoundeffect
onthebifurcationload.Toignorethesedisplacements,asisdoneinmostinstabilityanalyses,istoinvitemajor
errors,usuallyontheunsafeside.Amethodispresentedwhichapproximatesthiseffectwithoutthenecessityof
solvingnonlinearequations.Thegeneraltheoryisdevelopedforanyelasticbodyunderconservativeloads.The
governingequationsaresubsequentlydiscretizedbyafiniteelementapproachanditisshownthatforplanar
framedstructures,thesecondorderapproximationtothebucklingloadcanbefoundintermsofthestandard
linearandgeometricstiffnessmatricesofstructuralanalysis;thesolutionproceduredoesnotrequireiterations.
Forillustrativepurposes,acomputerprogramwasdevelopedforplanarstructuresandtheresultsarecompared
totheexactsolutionforthebucklingofshallowcirculararches.

TedBelytschko(UniversityofIllinoisatChicagoDepartmentofMaterialsEngineeringChicago,Illinois60680,
USA),Methodsandprogramsforanalysisoffluidstructuresystems,NuclearEngineeringandDesign,
Vol.42,No.1,June1977,pp.4152,doi:10.1016/00295493(77)900607
ABSTRACT:Computationalalgorithmsfortheanalysisoffluidandstructuraldynamicsarereviewed,with
particularemphasisonmethodsthatareemployedorofpotentialbenefitinreactorsafetyanalysis,where
coupledfluidstructureanalysesareofinterest.Thefluiddynamicsalgorithmsareclassifiedaccordingtotime
integrationmethods,meshdescriptions,andcompressible/incompressibleflow,whilethestructuraldynamics
algorithmsaresummarizedfromtheviewpointsoftimeintegrationandthetypesofnonlinearitieswhichcan
betreated.Alternativemeansofcouplingthesevariousfluidandstructuresalgorithmsareexamined.Finallythe
principalfeaturesofsomeexistingprogramsaresummarized.
T.Belytschko,H.J.YenandR.Mullen(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,NorthwesternUniversity,Evanston,
Illinois60201,USA),Mixedmethodsfortimeintegration,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsand
Engineering,Vols.1718,Part2,February1979,pp.259275,doi:10.1016/00457825(79)900227
ABSTRACT:Thetimeintegrationoffluidstructureandsoilstructureproblemisoftenquiteuneconomical
whenperformedwithasingleintegrationmethodandasingletimestep.Threetechniquesforenhancing
computationalefficiencyarepresented:explicitimplicitpartitions,explicitexplicitpartitionswithdifferent
timesteps,andimplicitimplicitpartitions.Thelattertworequireinterpolationandextrapolationonthe
interface.Amodelproblemispresentedforexaminingthestabilityoftheseproceduresandstabilization
techniquesareexamined.
Yu.L.Golda,I.N.PreobrazhenskiiandV.S.Shtukarev,Experimentalinvestigationofthestabilityofshells
withcutouts,InternationalAppliedMechanics,Vol.9,No.1,1975,pp.2225,doi:10.1007/BF00888695
(noabstract)
DanielR.Veronda(1)andVictorI.Weingarten(2)
(1)HughesAircraftCo.,Fullerton,California,USA
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofSouthernCalifornia,LosAngeles,California,USA
StabilityofPressurizedHyperboloidalShells,ASCEJournaloftheEngineeringMechanicsDivision,Vol.
101,No.5,September/October1975,pp.663678
ABSTRACT: Thedataobtainedarecomparedwithpredictedresultsusingalinearfiniteelementstability
analysisandacorrespondingnonlinearanalysiswhereintheeffectsofgeometricnonlinearitiesareincluded.
Experimentalbucklingloadswereingoodagreementwithlineartheorypredictions,andthegeometric
nonlinearitieswerefoundtohavelittleeffectonthecalculatedcriticalloadsofthehyperboloidstested.The
experimentalresultswerealsocomparedtoanalyticaldataforcylindricalshells.Theratioofexperimental
resultstoanalyticalpredictionswerefarlowerforcylindricalshellsthanhyperboloidalshells.Theseresults
indicatethathyperboloidalshellshavealowersensitivitytogeometricimperfectionsthancylindricalshells.
Theexperimentaldataforinternallypressurizedhyperboloidalshellsunderaxialloadindicatethattheaxial
bucklingvalueasymptoptoticallyapproachesaconstantvaluewhentheadditionalloadcarriedbytheinternal
pressureissubtracted.Sandersthinshell(straindisplacement)equationswereusedtodevelopfiniteelement
modelsforboththelinearandnonlinearanalyses.

PrabhuS.Kundurpi,DavidJ.JohnsandGopalacharyuluSamavedam(DepartmentofTransportTechnology,
UniversityofTechnology,Loughborough,Leicestershire,England),StabilityofCantileverShellsunderWind
Loads,ASCEJournaloftheEngineeringMechanicsDivision,Vol.101,No.5,September/October1975,pp.
517530
ABSTRACT: Staticstabilityanalysisofclampedfreecylindricalshellssubjectedtowindpressureis
presented,usingtheenergytheoryofbuckling.Thecriterionusedisthevanishingofthesecondvariationof
potentialenergy,i.e.,expressedintermsofprebucklingmembranestrainsandtheassumedvirtualdisplacement
components.TheprebucklinganalysishasbeencarriedoutusingDonnellslinearshelltheory.Numerical
resultsarepresentedforvariousshellgeometries.Supportingexperimentalevidenceisalsoprovided.Theeffect
ofrelaxingtheaxialdisplacementandrotationattheclampedbasehasalsobeentheoreticallystudied.
Currentengineeringpracticeofdeterminingbucklingloadformaximumuniformpressureconditionisshownto
beconservative.
DanielR.Veronda(1)andVictorI.Weingarten(2)
(1)HughesAircraftCo.,Fullerton,California,USA
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofSouthernCalifornia,LosAngles,California,USA
StabilityofHyperboloidalShells,ASCEJournaloftheStructuralDivision,Vol.101,No.7,July1975,pp.
15851602
ABSTRACT: Ananalyticalandexperimentalinvestigationwascarriedouttodeterminethebucklingloadsof
hyperboloidalshellswithdifferentgeometriessubjectedtotheaxisymmetricloadingsofexternalpressureand
axialcompression.Sandersthinshellequationswereusedinconjunctionwiththefiniteelementmethodto
determinethebifurcationbucklingloadoftheshell.Theexperimentalprogramyieldeddataontheinstability
behaviorofhyperboloidalshellssubjectedtocombinedloadings.MoldedPVCspecimenswereusedinthe
experiments.Shellspecimenswere:(1)Clampedonbothends;and(20clampedononeendandfreeonthe
otherend.Theexperimentaldatawerefoundtobeingoodagreementwiththeanalysisforalltypesofloading
conditions.
VictorI.Weingarten(1)andYuanS.Wang(2)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofSouthernCalifornia,LosAngeles,California,USA
(2)SpaceDivision,RockwellInternational,Downey,California,USA
StabilityofShellsAttachedtoAnElasticCore,ASCEJournaloftheEngineeringMechanicsDivision,Vol.
102,No.5,September/October1976,pp.839849
ABSTRACT:Theeffectuponthebucklingstrengthofasoftelasticcoreattachedtoashellofrevolution
subjectedtoaxisymmetricloadsisinvestigated.Theaxisymmetricstressproblemissolvedbyusingthefinite
elementmethodtosolvethebodyofrevolutionproblemwithanaxisofmaterialsymmetrysubjectedtoFourier
expandablethermal,bodyforce,andsurfacetractionloading.Thegoverningequationsarederivedfora
triangulartoroidalcontinuumelementattachedtoshellelements.Theelasticcoreinfluencecoefficientmatrix
ofthecoreisderivedbyapplyingtheunitlineloadattheinterfacenodalpointofthecore.Theinversionofthe
influencecoefficientmatrixyieldsanequivalentstiffnessmatrixofthecorewhichisthencombinedwiththe
shellstiffnessmatrix.Resultsfromthisinvestigationareingoodagreementwithavailableanalyticaland
experimentalresultsforcylindricalshells.Newresultsareobtainedforconicalandsphericalshells.

DonaldJ.Leone(1)andLeonRuLiangWang(2)
(1)PrattandWhitneyAircraft,EastHartford,Connecticut,USA
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,RensselaerPolytechnicInst.,Troy,NewYork,USA
BucklingofHyperbolicParaboloidShells,ASCEJournaloftheEngineeringMechanicsDivision,Vol.101,
No.3,May/June1975,pp.295299
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingcharacteristicsofhyperbolicparaboloidshellsloadedbyuniformpressurewerefirst
analyzedbyReissner.GoverningequationsofelasticstabilityhavebeenderivedbyWilsonandarebasedon
theexistenceofanadjacentequilibriumposition.
A.Needleman(DepartmentofMathematics,Room2337,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,
Massachusetts02139,U.S.A.),Postbifurcationbehaviorandimperfectionsensitivityofelasticplasticcircular
plates,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.17,No.1,January1975,pp.113,
doi:10.1016/00207403(75)900582
ABSTRACT:Severalaspectsoftheaxisymmetricbucklingofelasticplasticcircularplatesareinvestigated.
Forplatesthatbifurcateintheplasticrange,acomparisonismadebetweentheresultsofanumerical
calculationofthepostbucklingbehaviorandthepredictionsofanasymptoticanalysis.Also,theimperfection
sensitivityofelasticplasticcircularplatesisinvestigatednumericallywhenbifurcationoftheperfectplate
occursintheelasticrangeandwhenbifurcationoftheperfectplateoccursintheplasticrange.
J.E.M.Jubb(1),I.G.Phillips(1)andH.Becker(2)
(1)DivisionofAircraftDesign,CranfieldInstituteofTechnology,Bedford,England
(2)SandersAssociatesInc.,NewHampshire,U.S.A.
Interrelationofstructuralstability,stiffness,residualstressandnaturalfrequency,JournalofSoundand
Vibration,Vol.39,No.1,March1975,pp.121134,doi:10.1016/S0022460X(75)802124
ABSTRACT:Resultshavebeencollectedonstudiesrelatingthestabilityloadofastructuretostiffnessand
naturalfrequency.Additionalexperimentationhasbeendonetoincludeeffectsofresidualstressesandthe
majorportionofthispaperisdevotedtoadiscussionofthesestudies.Finally,furtherexaminationshavebeen
madeofrecenttheoriestorelatestabilityload,stiffness,frequencyandresidualstress.Theresultshavebeen
reportedhereinordertorevealtherangeofrelationshipsthatcanbefoundamongthesefourstructuralfeatures,
andtodemonstrateareasonablysoundbasisfornondestructivetestingprocedurestodetermineresidual
stressesandstructuralstability.Hopefully,italsowillstimulatefurtherresearchinthishithertoneglectedarea.
AhmedK.Noor,Freevibrationsofmultilayeredcompositeplates,AIAAJ.,Vol.11,No.7,July1973,
pp.10381039
AhmedK.NoorandPamelaL.Rarig,Threedimensionalsolutionsoflaminatedcylinders,Computer
MethodsinAppliedMechanics&Engineering,Vol.3,No.3,May1974,pp.319334

AhmedK.NoorandMichaelD.Mathers(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia),Shear
FlexibleFiniteElementModelsofLaminatedCompositePlatesandShells,NASATechnicalNoteTND
8044,December1975,
AccessionNumber:ADA304616,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA304616
ABSTRACT:Severalfiniteelementmodelsareappliedtothelinearstatic,stability,andvibrationanalysisof
laminatedcompositeplatesandshells.Thestudyisbasedonlinearshallowshelltheory,withtheeffectsof
sheardeformation,anisotropicmaterialbehavior,andbendingextensionalcouplingincluded.Bothstiffness
(displacement)andmixedfiniteelementmodelsareconsidered.Discussionisfocusedontheeffectsofshear
deformationandanisotropicmaterialbehaviorontheaccuracyandconvergenceofdifferentfiniteelement
models.Numericalstudiesarepresentedwhichshowtheeffectsof(a)increasingtheorderoftheapproximating
polynomials,(b)addinginternaldegreesoffreedom,and(c)usingderivativesofgeneralizeddisplacementsas
nodalparameters.
AhmedK.NoorandStephenJ.Hartley(GeorgeWashingtonUniversityCenteratNASA,LangleyResearch
Center,Hampton,VA23665,U.S.A.),Nonlinearshellanalysisviamixedisoparametricelements,Computers
&Structures,Vol.7,No.5,October1977,pp.615626,doi:10.1016/00457949(77)900049
ABSTRACT:Mixedisoparametricelementsarepresentedforthegeometricallynonlinearanalysisoflaminated
compositeshells.Theanalyticalformulationisbasedonaformofthenonlinearshallowshelltheorywiththe
effectsofsheardeformation,materialanisotropyandbendingextensionalcouplingincluded.Thefundamental
unknownsconsistofthe13stressresultantsandgeneralizeddisplacementsoftheshell.Thegeneralized
stiffnessmatrixisobtainedbyusingamodifiedformoftheHellingerReissnermixedvariationalprinciple.
Bothtriangularandquadrilateralelementsareconsidered.Theaccuracyofthemixedisoparametricelements
developedisdemonstratedbymeansofnumericalexamplesandtheiradvantagesovercommonlyused
displacementelementsarediscussed.Also,computationalproceduresarepresentedfortheefficientevaluation
oftheelementalmatricesandforovercomingthedifficultiesassociatedwiththelarge,sparsesystemof
equationsofthemixedmodelsthusmakingthemcompetitivewithdisplacementmodels.
AhmedK.NoorandNormanF.Knight,Jr.(GeorgeWashingtonUniversityCenteratNASALangleyResearch
Center,Hampton,VA,U.S.A),Nonlineardynamicanalysisofcurvedbeams,ComputerMethodsinApplied
MechanicsandEngineering,Vol.23,No.2,August1980,pp.225251,doi:10.1016/00457825(80)90095X
ABSTRACT:Acomputationalprocedureispresentedforpredictingthedynamicresponseofcurvedbeams
withgeometricnonlinearities.Amixedformulationisusedwiththefundamentalunknownsconsistingofstress
resultants,generalizeddisplacementsandvelocitycomponents.Thegoverningsemidiscretefiniteelement
equationsconsistofamixedsystemofalgebraicanddifferentialequations.Thetemporalintegrationofthe
differentialequationsisperformedbyusinganexplicithalfstationcentraldifferencemethod.Aprocedureis
outlinedforlumpingboththeflexibilitiesandmassesofthemixedmodel,therebyuncouplingalltheequations
ofthesystem.Theadvantagesoftheproposedcomputationalprocedureoverexplicitmethodsusedwiththe
displacementformulationarediscussed.Theeffectivenessandversatilityoftheproposedapproachare
demonstratedbymeansofnumericalexamples.
J.G.A.Croll,Towardssimpleestimatesofshellbucklingloads,DerStahlbau,1975

M.P.Padoussis(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,McGillUniversity,Montreal,Quebec,Canada),
Flutterofconservativesystemsofpipesconveyingincompressiblefluid,ARCHIVE:JournalofMechanical
EngineeringScience19591982(vols123),Vol.17,1975,pp.1925,
doi:10.1243/JMES_JOUR_1975_017_005_02
(abstractnotfree)
C.D.BabcockJr.(GraduateAeronauticalLaboratories,CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,Pasadena,
California,USA),Theinfluenceofthetestingmachineonthebucklingofcylindricalshellsunderaxial
compression,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.3,No.5,September1967,pp.809810,
doi:10.1016/00207683(67)90056X
ABSTRACT:Aseriesofexperimentshasbeencarriedoutonelectroformedcylindricalshellsunderaxial
compressiontodeterminetheeffectofthestiffnessofthetestingmachineonthebucklingload.Theeffectof
thetestingmachinehasalsobeencalculatedusingTsien'scriteria.Itisshownthatthecalculatedenergyloads
haveastrongdependenceonthetestingmachinewhiletheexperimentaldataarevirtuallyindependentofthe
testingmachinestiffness.
P.Bhatia(1)andC.D.Babcock(2)
(1)SantaFeEngineeringServicesCompany,Orange,Calif.
(2)CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,Pasadena,Calif.
AxialBucklingofCylindricalShellsWithPrismaticImperfections,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.41,No.3,
September1974,pp.731736,doi:10.1115/1.3423380
ABSTRACT:Theeffectofprismaticimperfectionsonthebucklingloadofcircularcylindricalshellsunder
axialcompressionisexaminedbyconsideringtheproblemasoneofinteractionbetweenpanelsformingthe
shell.Theimperfectionsareintheformofflatspots.Numericalresultsarepresentedtoshowtheeffectofshell
geometricparametersandthenumber,size,andthetypeofflatspotsonthebucklingload.
C.D.Babcock,Jr.,Experimentsinshellbuckling(reviewofmethodsandtechniques),Thinshellstructures:
Theory,experiment,anddesign;ProceedingsoftheSymposium,Pasadena,Calif;UnitedStates;2930June
1972.pp.345369.1974,editedbyY.C.FungandE.E.Sechler,PrenticeHall,EnglewoodCliffs,N.J.
ABSTRACT:Thisreviewisspecificallydirectedtowardexperimentalshellbuckling.Thetimeperiodis
primarilyoverthepast20years.Thesubjectscoveredarespecimenfabrication,initialimperfections,mounting
andloading,andspecialtechniques.Themainpurposeisadiscussionandevaluation(withappropriateauthor
bias)ofexperimentalmethodsandtechniquesusedinshellbucklingresearch.Themessagethatisclearfrom
pastworkisthatcarefullyconductedandreportedworkisinfinitelymoreusefulthantestscarriedoutwithout
muchpretestthought.Theemphasisisonmodelstructures.
J.ArboczandC.D.Babcock,Jr.,Predictionofbucklingloadsbasedonexperimentallymeasuredinitial
imperfections,inBucklingofstructures;ProceedingsoftheSymposium,Cambridge,Mass;Germany;1721
June1974.pp.291311.1976

ABSTRACT:Correlationstudiesbetweenexperimentalbucklingloadsandanalyticalpredictionsbasedon
experimentallymeasuredinitialimperfectionswerecarriedoutforaxiallycompressedisotropicandstiffened
cylindricalshells.ByexpandingtheresponseofacylindricalshellintruncatedFourierseries,thenonlinear
Donnelltypeshellequationsforimperfectstiffenedshellswerereducedtoasetoflinearequationsinthe
correctiontermsbyNewton'smethodofquasilinearization.Solutionswereobtainedforisotropicandforring
andstringerstiffenedshells.Theamplitudesoftheinitialimperfectionsusedintheanalysiswerecalculated
fromthecorrespondingImbertDonnellimperfectionmodels.Thefreeparametersinthisimperfectionmodel
wereobtainedbyleastsquarefittingtheharmonicsoftheexperimentallymeasuredinitialimperfections.Itwas
possibleinallcasestoachievesatisfactorycorrelationusingonlyafewsuitablychosendeflectionand
imperfectionmodes.
Y.S.TamuraandC.D.Babcock(CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,Pasadena,Calif.),DynamicStabilityof
CylindricalShellsUnderStepLoading,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.42,No.1,March1975,pp.190194,
doi:10.1115/1.3423514
ABSTRACT:Astudyhasbeenmadetodeterminethedynamicstabilityofanimperfectcircularcylindrical
shellsubjecttoasteploadingintheaxialdirection.Intheanalysis,theradialdisplacementoftheshellis
approximatedbyafinitedegreeoffreedomsystem.Thedynamicanalysisincludesnotonlytheeffectofthe
radialinertia,butalso,inanapproximatemanner,thatduetotheaxialinertia.Thecriticalloadsaredetermined
bynumericalintegrationoftheequationofmotion.Comparedwiththestaticcase,thereisasignificant
reductionofthedynamicbucklingloadforthehighwavenumberrangeoftheradialmodes.Itisconcludedthat
duetofrequencycouplingbetweenaxialandradialmotions,theaxialinertiaplaysanessentialrolein
characterizingthedynamicinstabilityofafinitelengthshell.
G.A.Cohen,Feasibilitystudyofshellbucklinganalysisusingthemodifiedstructuremethod,1972,NASA
(nootherdetailsnorabstractisgiven).
GeraldA.Cohen(StructuresResearchAssociates,LagunaBeach,Calif.,U.S.A.),Analysisofmulticircuit
shellsofrevolutionbythefieldmethod,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.8,
No.3,JulyAugust1976,pp.301318,doi:10.1016/00457825(76)900207
ABSTRACT:Thefieldmethod,presentedpreviouslyforthesolutionoflinearboundaryvalueproblems
definedononedimensionalopenbranchdomains,isextendedtoonedimensionaldomainswhichcontain
circuits.Thismethodconvertstheboundaryvalueproblemintotwosuccessivenumericallystableinitialvalue
problems,whichmaybesolvedbystandardforwardintegrationtechniques.Alsopresentedisanewtreatment
ofsingularboundaryconditions(kinematicconstraints)thisisproblemindependentwithrespecttoboth
accuracyandefficiency.Themethodhasbeenimplementedinacomputerprogramwhichcalculatesthe
asymmetricresponseofringstiffenedorthotropicmulticircuitshellsofrevolution.
GeraldA.Cohen(StructuresResearchAssociates,LagunaBeach,California,USA),Transverseshearstiffness
oflaminatedanisotropicshells,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.13,No.2,
February1978,pp.205220,doi:10.1016/00457825(78)900580

ABSTRACT:Theadditionalconstitutiveequationsrequiredbytransversesheardeformationtheoryof
anisotropicheterogeneousshellsarederivedwithouttheusualassumptionofthicknessdistributionforeither
transverseshearstressesorstrains.ThederivationisbasedonTaylorseriesexpansionsaboutagenericpointfor
stressresultantsandcoupleswhichidenticallysatisfyplateequilibriumequations.Theseequationsgivethein
surfacestressresultantsandcouplesintermsofthetransverseshearstressresultantsatthepointandarbitrary
constants,whichmaybeinterpretedasredundantforces.Startingfromtheseexpressions,wederivestatically
correctexpressions(intermsofthetransverseshearstressresultantsandredundants)ofthefollowingvariables:
(1)insurfacestresses,usingthestretchingbendingconstitutiveequationsandtheKirchhoffdistributionsofin
surfacestrains,(2)transverseshearstresses,byintegrationinthenormaldirectionofthethreedimensional
equilibriumequations,and(3)theareadensityoftransverseshearstrainenergy,byintegrationinthenormal
directionofthecorrespondingvolumetricdensity.Finally,byapplyingCastigliano'stheoremofleastwork,the
shearstrainenergyisminimizedwithrespecttotheredundants,therebyleadingtothedesiredconstitutive
equations.Correspondingtransverseshearstiffnessesarepresentedforseverallaminatedwalls,andreasonable
agreementisobtainedbetweentransversesheardeformationplatetheoryusingthesestiffnessesandexactthree
dimensionalelasticitysolutionsfortheproblemofcylindricalbendingofaplate.
GeraldA.Cohen(StructuresResearchAssociates,LagunaBeach,California,USA),FASORaprogramfor
stress,bucklingandvibrationofshellsofrevolution,AdvancesinEngineeringSoftware(1978),Vol.3,No.4,
October1981,pp.155162,doi:10.1016/01411195(81)900139
ABSTRACT:FASOR(FieldAnalysisofShellsofRevolution)isauserorientedcodefortheanalysisof
stiffened,laminatedaxisymmetricshells.Verygeneralshellgeometriesareallowedinthatthereferencesurface
meridianmayformabranched,multicircuitfigure.Modesofresponsetreatedarelinearasymmetricand
geometricallynonlinearaxisymmetricprebuckling,andasymmetricbucklingandvibrationunderstatic
axisymmetricloads.Bifurcationbucklingunderasymmetricloadsisalsotreatedbyusingasymmetrized
prebucklingstatebasedonthelinearresponseofauserspecifiedmeridian.Foreachmodeofresponse,theuser
mayspecifyanycombinationoforthotropicoranisotropicmaterialpropertieswithclassicalortransverseshear
deformationshelltheories.FASORemploysanumericalintegrationmethod(calledthefieldmethod)whereby
anumericallyunstablelinearboundaryvalueproblem(allmodesofresponsereducetoasequenceofsuch
problems)isconvertedintotwosuccessivenumericallystableinitialvalueproblems.Inthiscontext,numerical
stabilitymeansthatroundofferrorsintroducedateachstepoftheintegrationprocesstendtodecayout.Asa
consequence,solutionaccuracyiscontrolledessentiallybyasinglenumber,thetruncationerrortolerance,
whichissatisfiedbyautomaticallyadjustingthesizeofeachintegrationstep.Thefieldmethodthuseliminates
theneedformeshgenerationrequiredbyfiniteelementandfinitedifferencemethods,andtheassociated
problemofnumericalconvergence.Italsoprovidesforautomaticdeterminationofresponsestoragepointssoas
toobtainauniformlyvaliddiscreteapproximationofthecontinuousresponse.Inthispaperthefieldmethodis
brieflydescribed,basicaspectsofthemathematicalmodelarediscussed,theorganizationofinputdatais
presented,andinputandplotoutputaregivenforspecificexamples.
GeraldA.Cohen(StructuresResearchAssociates,LagunaBeach,California,U.S.A.),FASORAsecond
generationshellofrevolutioncode,Computers&Structures,Vol.10,Nos.12,April1979,pp.301309,
doi:10.1016/00457949(79)900993

ABSTRACT:AnintegratedcomputerprogramentitledFieldAnalysisofShellsofRevolution(FASOR)
currentlyunderdevelopmentforNASAisdescribed.Whencompleted,thiscodewilltreatprebuckling,
buckling,initialpostbucklingandvibrationsunderaxisymmetricstaticloadsaswellaslinearresponseand
bifurcationunderasymmetricstaticloads.Althoughthesemodesofresponsearetreatedbyexistingprograms,
FASORextendstheclassofproblemstreatedtoincludegeneralanisotropyandtransversesheardeformations
ofstiffenedlaminatedshells.Atthesametime,aprimarygoalistodevelopaprogramwhichisfreeoftheusual
problemsofmodeling,numericalconvergenceandillconditioning,laboriousproblemsetup,limitationson
problemsizeandinterpretationofoutput.Thefieldmethodisbrieflydescribed,theshelldifferentialequations
arecastinasuitableformforsolutionbythismethodandessentialaspectsoftheinputformatarepresented.
Numericalresultsaregivenforbothunstiffenedandstiffenedanisotropiccylindricalshellsandcomparedwith
previouslypublishedanalyticalsolutions.
GeraldA.Cohen(StructuresResearchAssociatesLagunaBeach,California,U.S.A.),Commenton:Noteon
theeffectoftransversesheardeformationinlaminatedanisotropicplates:(byE.Reissnerandpublishedinthis
journal,vol.20(1979)203209),ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.20,No.2,
November1979,p.211,doi:10.1016/00457825(79)900197
GeraldA.Cohen(StructuresResearchAssociates,LagunaBeach,Calif,U.S.A.),Bucklingoflaminated
anisotropicshellsincludingtransversesheardeformation,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsand
Engineering,Vol.26,No.2,May1981,pp.197204,doi:10.1016/00457825(81)900943
ABSTRACT:ThesubspaceiterationmethodusedinthebucklingoptionsoftheshellcodeFASORis
discussed.Bucklingmodesofalaminatedanisotropiccylindricalshellandasandwichsphericalcapare
presentedandcomparedwithpreviouslypublishedresults.
J.M.T.ThompsonandC.W.Hunt(DepartmentofCivilandMunicipalEngineering,UniversityCollege,
London),Dangersofstructuraloptimization,EngineeringOptimization,Vol.1,No.2,1974,pp.99110,
doi:10.1080/03052157408960580
ABSTRACT:Thispaperexaminesthethesisthataprocessofstructuraloptimizationleadsinevitablytodesigns
whichexhibitthenotoriousfailurecharacteristicsoftenassociatedwiththebucklingofthinelasticshells.This
meansthatanidealizedperfectstructureexhibitsanunstableandoftencompoundbranchingpointandwould
failbyanexplosiveinstabilitywhilenominallyperfectrealstructurescontaininginevitablesmallimperfections
failatscatteredloadswhichcanbequiteconsiderablylowerthanthatoftheidealization.Itisshownviaafairly
widespectrumofexamplesthatanincreasingdegreeofoptimizationislikelytoleadinturntoanunstable
bifurcation,averyunstablebifurcation,andfinallyaveryunstablecompoundbifurcationwiththepossible
addeddangerofanunsuspectednonlinearcouplingaction.
NormanJonesandChungS.Ahn(MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,DepartmentofOceanEngineering,
Cambridge,Massachusetts02139,U.S.A.),DynamicBucklingofCompleteRigidPlasticSphericalShells,
JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.41,No.3,pp.609614,September1974,DOI:10.1115/1.3423357

ABSTRACT:Atheoreticalinvestigationisundertakenintothedynamicinstabilityofcompletesphericalshells
whichareloadedimpulsivelyandmadefromarigidplasticmaterial.Thethresholdvelocitiesfortherigid
plasticsphericalshellsarelargerthanthoseforcylindricalshellshavingthesameR/hratiosandmaterial
parameters,whilethecriticalmodenumbersaresimilar.
NormanJonesandChungS.Ahn(MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,DepartmentofOceanEngineering,
Cambridge,Massachusetts02139,U.S.A.),Dynamicelasticandplasticbucklingofcompletesphericalshells,
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.10,No.12,December1974,pp.13571374,
doi:10.1016/00207683(74)900870
ABSTRACT:Atheoreticalinvestigationisundertakenintothedynamicinstabilityofcompletesphericalshells
whichareloadedimpulsivelyandmadefromeitherlinearelasticorelasticplasticmaterials.Itisshownthat
certainharmonicsgrowquicklyandcauseashelltoexhibitawrinkledshapewhichischaracterizedbyacritical
modenumber.Thecriticalmodenumbersaresimilarforsphericalandcylindricalelasticshellshavingthesame
R/hratiosandmaterialparameters,butmaybelargerorsmallerinanelasticplasticsphericalshelldepending
onthevaluesofthevariousparameters.Thresholdvelocitiesarealsodeterminedinordertoobtainthesmallest
velocitythatashellcantoleratewithoutexcessivedeformation.Thethresholdvelocitiesfortheelasticand
elasticplasticsphericalshellsarelargerthanthosewhichhavebeenpublishedpreviouslyforcylindricalshells
havingthesameR/hratiosandmaterialparameters.
NormanJonesandD.M.Okawa(DepartmentofOceanEngineering,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,
Cambridge,Massachusetts02139,USA),Dynamicplasticbucklingofringsandcylindricalshells,Nuclear
EngineeringandDesign,Vol.37,No.1,April1976,pp.125147,doi:10.1016/00295493(76)900571
ABSTRACT:Anexperimentalinvestigationwasundertakenintothedynamicplasticbucklingofcircularrings
subjectedtouniformlydistributedexternalimpulsivevelocities.Theexperimentalvaluesoftheaveragefinal
radialdeflections,criticalmodenumbersanddimensionsofthepermanentwrinklesinthemildsteeland
aluminumspecimensarecomparedwithvarioustheoreticalpredictionsandotherexperimentalresults.
NormanJonesandP.F.Sullivan(DepartmentofOceanEngineering,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,
Cambridge,Massachusetts,U.S.A.),Onthecreepbucklingofalongcylindricalshell,InternationalJournalof
MechanicalSciences,Vol.18,No.5,May1976,pp.209213,doi:10.1016/00207403(76)900011
ABSTRACT:Theadvantagesandlimitationsofaperturbationmethodofanalysisforthecreepbucklingof
shellsisexploredinthisnotebyexaminingtheparticularcaseofalongcylindricalshellsubjectedtoauniform
externalpressure.Itturnsoutthattheovaldeformationmodeisthemostcriticalasassumedinprevious
theoreticalinvestigations.However,othermodescanmakeimportantcontributionstothedeformationofa
cylindricalshellandcan,infact,dominatetheresponseifimportantimperfectionsarepresentinthese
harmonics.
NormanJones(DepartmentofOceanEngineering,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,Mass.),
CreepBucklingofaCompleteSphericalShell,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.43,No.3,September1976,pp.450454,
doi:10.1115/1.3423889

ABSTRACT:Thecreepbucklingbehaviorofacompletesphericalshellwhichissubjectedtoauniform
externalpressureisinvestigatedusingaperturbationmethodofanalysis.Thesphericalshellhasanarbitrary
initialimperfectshapeandismadefromamaterialwhichcreepsaccordingtothegeneralizedNorton'slaw.It
turnsoutthatthecriticalmodenumberofthedeformedprofileisidenticaltothatobtainedpreviouslyby
variousauthorsforthelinearelasticinstabilityofcompletesphericalshells.Italsoappearsthattheresistanceto
creepbucklingofcompletesphericalshellsisgreaterthantheresistanceofalongcylindricalshellhavingthe
sameR/hratioandmaterialproperties.
W.H.Wittrick(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofBirmingham,Birmingham15UK),Onthe
localbucklingoftrusstypecorrugatedcoresandwichpanelsincompression,InternationalJournalof
MechanicalSciences,Vol.14,No.4,April1972,pp.263264,doi:10.1016/00207403(72)900677
ABSTRACT:Atheoreticalanalysisofthelocalbucklingofcorrugatedcoresandwichpanelswithtrusstype
(i.e.triangular)corrugationsincompressionisdeveloped.Ithastheunusualfeaturethatthenodallinesofthe
bucklingmodearenotassumedtobestraightandperpendiculartothedirectionofcompression.Suchmodes
arefoundtocorrespondtoslightlylowerbucklingstressesthantheusualtype,forpanelswithawiderangeof
geometries.Theexistenceofmodesofthistypehasbeenobservedexperimentally.

Wittrick,W.H.andWilliams,F.W.,"BucklingandVibrationofAnisotropicorIsotropicPlateAssemblies
underCombinedLoadings,"InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.16,April1974,pp.209239.
Crawford,R.F.andHedgepeth,J.M.,"EffectsofInitialWavinessontheStrengthandDesignofBuiltup
Structures,"AIAAJournal,Vol.13,May1975,pp.672675.
Miller,R.K.andHedgepeth,J.M.,Thebucklingoflatticecolumnswithstochasticimperfections,Int.J.
SolidsStructures,Vol.15,pp.7384,1979
Como,M.andGrimaldi,A.,Stability,bucklingandpostbucklingofelasticstructures,Meccanica,Vol.4,pp.
254268,1975
Como,M.andGrimaldi,A.,Stabilityanalysisofstructuralelasticsystems,Proc.IUTAMSymposiumon
VariationalMethodsintheMechanicsofSolids,1978,PergamonPress,1979
A.Grimaldi(1)&M.Pignataro(2)
(1)DepartimentoDiStrutture,UniversitaDella,Calabria,Arcavacata,(Cosenza),Italy
(2)IstitutoDiScienzaDelle,CostruzioniUniversitaDiRoma,Rome,Italy
PostbucklingBehaviorofThinWalledOpenCrossSectionCompressionMembers,JournalofStructural
Mechanics,Vol.7,No.2,1979,pp.143159,doi:10.1080/03601217908905317
ABSTRACT:Thepostbucklingbehaviorofsimplysupportedcolumnswiththinwalledopencrosssectionis
investigatedbymeansofthegeneralnonlineartheoryofelasticstability.Fourthordertermsintheseries
expansionofthetotalpotentialenergyaredisregarded.Itisshownthatinteractionbetweenlinearlyindependent
simultaneousbucklingmodesisresponsibleforneutralequilibriumatbifurcationifthecolumncrosssection

hastwoaxesofsymmetry,andunstableifithasonlyone.Ifthebucklingmodesarenotsimultaneous,the
equilibriumisneutralinbothcases.Finally,theequilibriumatbifurcationisusuallyunstableifthecrosssection
hasnoaxisofsymmetry.
JornS.Hansen(DepartmentofCivilandMunicipalEngineering,UniversityCollegeLondon,GowerStreet,
LondonW.C.1,England),Influenceofgeneralimperfectionsinaxiallyloadedcylindricalshells,International
JournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.11,No.11,November1975,pp.12231233,
doi:10.1016/00207683(75)901110
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingofanaxiallyloadedcylindricalshellisconsideredwhenimperfectioncomponents
correspondingtoalloftheclassicalbucklingmodesaretakenintoconsideration.Theanalysisrepresentsan
extensionofKoiter'saxisymmetricsolutionandintheasymptoticsenseduetoKoitertheimperfections
consideredareasgeneralaspossible.Theresultsobtainedrevealmanyinterestingaspectsofshellbuckling
whicharizeforvariousimperfectionforms.Thebucklingbehaviourwhichresultsisassociatedwithboth
bifurcationandlimitpointcriticalstates.
R.C.TennysonandJ.S.Hansen,Optimumdesignforbucklingoflaminatedcylinders,inCollapse:The
bucklingofstructuresintheoryandpractice;ProceedingsoftheSymposium,London,England;United
Kingdom;31Aug.3Sept.1982.pp.409429.1983
ABSTRACT:Arecenttesthasprovidedsignificantresultsimportantforlaminatecompositeshelldesign.The
bucklingloadofcompositeshellsmaybeincreasedsubstantiallythroughthecarefulchoiceoflaminate
configurations.Anincreasedbucklingloadcapabilitymaybecombinedwithoutpayingaseverepenaltywith
regardtoimperfectionsensitivity,andthepresenceofimperfectionscancauseachangeinfailuremodefrom
globaltolocal.Thischaracteristichasbeenobservedexperimentallyandisconsistentwithanalytical
predictions.
J.S.Hansen(1)andR.C.Tennyson(2)
(1)Advisorygroupforaerospaceresearchanddevelopment,Neuillysurseine,France
(2)UniversityofToronto,Ontario,Canada
TheDynamicBehaviourofStiffenedCompositeFuselageShellStructures,December1988
DTICAccessionNumber:ADP005809
ABSTRACT:Thisreportpresentsanoverviewofthedevelopmentofacomputermodelforanalysingthecrash
responseofstiffenedcompositefuselagestructurestogetherwiththeexperimentalvalidationprogram.Usinga
finiteelementformulationbasedonReissner/Mindlinplatetheories,thenumericalmodelcantreatstiffened
laminatedshellbuckling,largedeflections,nonlinearmaterialbehaviourandelementfailure.Numericalresults
arepresentedforseveral'testcases',althoughexperimentalcomparisonsarenotyetavailable.Detailsonthe
designandconstructionofourfirstprototypecompositefuselagemodelarealsoprovidedtogetherwitha
descriptionofthecrashtestfacility.

A.R.deFariaandJ.S.Hansen(InstituteforAerospaceStudies,UTIAS,4925DufferinStreet,Toronto,Ontario
M3H5T6,Canada),Onbucklingoptimizationunderuncertainloadingcombinations,Structuraland
MultidisciplinaryOptimization,Vol.21,No.4,2001,pp.272282,doi:10.1007/s001580100104
ABSTRACT:Thispaperproposesatechniquetooptimizestructuralcomponentsforbucklingwhentheapplied
loadsarepartiallyunknownorunpredictable.Asopposedtothetraditionalbucklingoptimizationsituation
wheretheloadingconfigurationisspecified,theloadratiosareassumeduncertainandareincorporatedas
variablesintheoptimizationproblemformulation.Asaresult,theoptimaldesignsobtainedareinsensitiveto
loadvariationswithinanadmissibleconvexset.Additionally,inordertogeneralizetheresultsandtherefore
provideasystematicsolutionprocedure,atheoremconcerningtheshapeofthestabilityboundaryofstructures
whosebucklingloadsarethesolutionoflineareigenproblemsisstatedandproven.
A.R.deFariaandJ.S.Hansen(InstituteforAerospaceStudies,UTIAS,4925DufferinStreet,Toronto,Ontario
M3H5T6,Canada),BucklingOptimizationofCompositeAxisymmetricCylindricalShellsUnderUncertain
LoadingCombinations,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.68,No.4,July2001,632(8pages),doi:10.1115/1.1311962
ABSTRACT:Optimalelasticbucklingloadsofcompositeaxisymmetriccircularcylindersunderuncertain
loadingconditionsareinvestigated.Themechanicalloadsappliedtothecylinderareacombinationofaxial
compression,lateralpressure,andtorsion.Additionally,theseloadsareallowedtovarywithinacertainclassof
admissibleloadsduringtheoptimizationsearch,asopposedtotherestrictionoffixedloadsinthetraditional
optimization.Theconsiderationofadegreeofuncertaintyinthemechanicalloadsleadstooptimaldesigns
whichareinherentlyinsensitivetoperturbationsand/orrandomnessintheappliedloads.
Boros,I.E.,Effectofshapeimperfectionsonthebucklingofstiffenedcylinders(1975csa.com;nopublisher
given)
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingofringandstringerstiffenedcylindersunderaxialcompression,external
hydrostaticpressureandcombinedloadingofaxialcompressionwithinternalorexternalhydrostaticpressure
wasstudied.Theeffectofinitialsinusoidalaxisymmetricandasymmetricshapeimperfectionsonthereduction
ofthebucklingstrengthofstiffenedcylinderswasinvestigatedforvaryingreinforcementparameters.
CalculationswereperformedbyextendingKoiter'sspecialtheorytakingintoaccountnonlinearprebuckling
deformationsintheformoftheshapeimperfection,theeccentricityandthebendingstiffnessofthering
stiffeners.TheDonnellvonKrmnshellequationsweresolvedusingtheGalerkinmethod.Thequantitative
effectofasymmetricshapeimperfections(intheformofthebucklingmode)onreducingthebucklingstrength
ofstringerstiffenedshellswasdeterminedwithHutchinson'sModelandexperimentallyinvestigatedonfour
stringerstiffenedcylinders.
L.CarterWellfordJr.andGhassanM.Dib(CivilEngineeringDepartment,UniversityofSouthernCalifornia,
LosAngeles,CA90007,U.S.A),Finiteelementmethodsfornonlineareigenvalueproblemsandthe
postbucklingbehaviorofelasticplates,Computers&Structures,Vol.6,Nos.45,AugustOctober1976,
pp.413418,doi:10.1016/00457949(76)900201
ABSTRACT:Inthefollowingpapernewvariationalmethodsforthesolutionofproblemsofpostbucklingof
elasticplatesareformulated,andapproximatesolutionsforvariouscasesareobtainedusingfiniteelement
methods.Initially,thepostbucklingproblemisphrasedasanonlineareigenvalueproblem.Variational

principlesforthenonlineareigenvalueproblemofthepostbucklingofstructuresaredeveloped.These
variationalprincipleshaveaformwhichcanbecharacterizedasanonlinearRayleighprinciple,finiteelement
modelsareintroducedandareusedtoimplementthepostbucklingvariationalprinciple.Incrementalamplitude
solutionschemesaredevelopedtosolvethecorrespondingfiniteelementequations.Sampleresultsare
presentedforthepostbucklingbehaviorofcircularplates.
L.H.Sobel,T.WellerandB.L.Agarwal
(1)WestinghouseAdvancedReactorsDivision,Madison,PA15663,U.S.A.
(2)TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,Haifa,Israel
(3)NorthropAircraftDivision,Hawthorne,CA90250,U.S.A.
Bucklingofcylindricalpanelsunderaxialcompression,Computers&Structures,Vol.6,No.1,February
1976,pp.2935,doi:10.1016/00457949(76)900705
ABSTRACT:Thispaperinvestigatestheeffectsofboundaryconditionsandpanelwidthontheaxially
compressivebucklingbehaviorofunstiffened,isotropic,circularcylindricalpanels.Numericalresultsare
presentedforeightdifferentsetsofboundaryconditionsalongthestraightedgesofthepanels.Forallsetsof
boundaryconditionsexceptone(SSI),theresultsshowthatthepanelbucklingloadsmonotonicallyapproach
thecompletecylinderbucklingloadfromaboveasthepanelwidthisincreased.Lowbucklingloads,sometimes
lessthanhalfthecompletecylinderbucklingload,arefoundforsimplysupportedpanelswithfreeinplane
edgedisplacements(SSI).TheSSIbucklingloadsarebelowthecompletecylinderloadevenfor360panels.
Itisalsoobservedthatthepreventionofcircumferentialedgedisplacementisthemostimportantinplane
boundaryconditionfromthepointofviewofincreasingthebucklingload,andthatthepreventionofedge
rotation(i.e.clamping)inthecircumferentialdirectionalsosignificantlyincreasesthebucklingload.Parametric
studiesarealsoperformedtodeterminetheeffectsofvariationsinpanellengthandthicknessonthebuckling
loads.
L.H.Sobel(1)andB.L.Agarwal(2)
(1)WestinghouseAdvancedReactorsDivision,Madison,PA15663,U.S.A.
(2)NorthropAircraftDivision,Hawthorne,CA902050,U.S.A.
Bucklingofeccentricallystringerstiffenedcylindricalpanelsunderaxialcompression,Computers&
Structures,Vol.6,No.3,June1976,pp.193198,doi:10.1016/00457949(76)900298
ABSTRACT:Thispaperinvestigatestheeffectsofboundaryconditionsandpanelwidthontheaxially
compressivebucklingbehaviorofeccentricallystringerstiffenedcircularcylindricalpanels.Numericalresults
arepresentedforeightdifferentsetsofboundaryconditionsalongthestraightedgesofthepanels.Asthepanel
widthisincreased,theresultsshowthatthecompletecylinderbucklingloadisreachedonlyforonesetof
boundaryconditions(SS3,classicalsimplesupportconditions).However,for180?andwiderpanels,thepanel
bucklingloadsarewithin10%ofthecompletecylinderloadforallcasesexceptSS1panels(freeinplane
edgedisplacements)withoutsidestringers.Lowbucklingloads,aslowashalfthecompletecylinderload,are
foundforsomeSS1panels.Itisalsoobservedthatthepreventionofcircumferentialedgedisplacementisthe
mostimportantinplaneboundaryconditionfromthepointofviewofincreasingthebucklingload,andthatthe
preventionofedgerotation(i.e.clamping)inthecircumferentialdirectionismoreeffectiveinincreasingthe
bucklingloadsofpanelswithfreecircumferentialedgedisplacement_?thatitisforpanelswith_?=0.From
stringereccentricitystudies,itisshownthatbucklingloadsaregenerallyatleast40_50%higherforthecaseof

outsidestringers,andthateccentricityeffectsaregenerallysimilarforclampedandsimplysupportedpanels
withthesameinplaneboundaryconditions.
B.L.AgarwalandL.H.Sobel,Weightcomparisonsofoptimizedstiffened,unstiffened,andsandwich
cylindricalshellsmadefromcompositeoraluminummaterials,17thAIAAStructures,StructuralDynamics,
andMaterialsConference,KingofPrussia,PA,May1976,pp.333343
ABSTRACT:Thisworkpresentsoptimumdesignsforunstiffened,hatstringerstiffenedandhoneycomb
sandwichcylindersunderaxialcompression.Optimizationresultsforgraphiteepoxycylindersshowabouta50
percentweightsavingsovercorrespondingoptimizedaluminumcylindersforawideloadingrange.The
inclusionofminimumgageconsiderationsresultsinasignificantweightpenalty,especiallyforalightlyloaded
cylinder.Effectsofemployingasmearedstiffenerbucklingtheoryintheoptimizationprogramareinvestigated
throughcomparisonofresultsobtainedfromamoreaccuratebranchedshellbucklingcomputercode.Itwas
foundthatthestiffenercrosssectionaldeformations,whichareusuallyignoredinsmearedstiffenertheory,
resultinabouta30percentlowerbucklingloadforthegraphiteepoxyhatstiffenedcylinder.
L.H.Sobel(WestinghouseAdvancedReactorsDivision,Madison,PA15663,U.S.A.),Inplanebendingof
elbows,Computers&Structures,Vol.7,No.6,December1977,pp.701715,
doi:10.1016/00457949(77)900244
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsafiniteelementanalysisoftheinplanebendingbehaviorofelasticelbows.
Rulesandguidelinesarepresentedforthesystematicselectionofthedimensionsofthefiniteelementmeshes
andfortheinterpretationofthenumericalresults.Asimpleasymptoticformulaispresentedthatgivesthe
dimensionsofasocalledoptimum(orupperbound)meshasafunctionofthegeometryoftheelbow.This
mesh,alongwithacompanionone,thelowerboundmesh,servetoestablishthebasisfortheselectionofthe
rangeofmeshdimensionsthatareusedintheconvergencestudiesoftheMARCfiniteelementcomputations
forstresses,displacementsandstressintensificationandflexibilityfactorsappropriatetoatypicalFFTFelbow.
ReasonablegoodagreementisfoundinacomparisonoftheMARCresultswiththoseobtainedfromthe
ELBOWcomputerprogram,aswellaswithresultspredictedbyClarkandReissner'sasymptoticformulas.
L.H.Sobel,S.Z.Newman(WestinghouseAdvancedReactorsDivision,Madison,Pa.15663),Plastic
BucklingofCylindricalShellsUnderAxialCompression,J.PressureVesselTechnol.102(1),4044(Feb01,
1980)(5pages)doi:10.1115/1.3263299
ABSTRACT:Analyticalandexperimentalresultsarepresentedfortheaxisymmetricplasticbucklingofaxially
compressedcylindersmadefromstrainhardeningmaterials.Bucklingloadspredictedbytwosimplebifurcation
bucklingformulas(simplifiedanalysis)andbytheSTAGSfinitedifferencecomputerprogram(detailed
analysis)arecomparedwithbucklingloadsmeasuredinroomtemperaturetestsonType304stainlesssteel
cylinders.ThecomparisonshowsthattheloadspredictedbyGerardsbifurcationbucklingformulaagreewell
withthetestresultsandtheSTAGSsolution.Thus,thepresentresultsprovidefurtherconfirmationthat
Gerardssimpleformulafurnishesareasonablygoodapproximationtotheloadcarryingcapacityofstrain
hardeningcylindersthatbuckleaxisymmetricallyatnominalaxialstressesequaltoorgreaterthantheyield
stress.

K.KanakaRajuandG.VenkateswaraRao(VikramSarabhaiSpaceCentre,Trivandrum695022,India),Large
amplitudeasymmetricvibrationsofsomethinshellsofrevolution,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.44,
No.3,February1976,pp.327333,doi:10.1016/0022460X(76)905058
ABSTRACT:Largeamplitudeasymmetricvibrationsofshellsofrevolutionareanalysedinthispaperbyusing
afiniteelementmethod.Sanders'nonlinearstraindisplacementrelationsareusedtoderivetheelement
stiffnessmatrix.Inthederivationofthemassmatrix,theeffectofinplaneinertiaisincluded.Threenumerical
examplesarepresentedtoshowthereliabilityandeffectivenessofthepresentfiniteelementformulation.
K.KanakaRajuandG.VenkateswaraRao(StructuralEngineeringDivision,VikramSarabhaiSpaceCenter,
Trivandrum695022,India),Authorsreply,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.52,No.3,June1977,pp.454
455
JosJ.A.RodalandEmmettA.Witmer(MITEnergyLab),Finiteelementnonlineartransientresponse
analysisofsimple2dstructuressubjectedtoimpulseorimpactloads,ReportMITEL,76004,1976,
http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/27252
ABSTRACT:Thisstudywasintendedtocontributetothedevelopmentofmorerationalpracticalmethodsfor
predictingthetransientresponsesofstructureswhicharesubjectedtotransientandimpactloads.Attentionis
restrictedtotheglobalstructuralresponse;local(orstresswaveinduced)responseisnotincluded.Theuseof
higherorderassumeddisplacementfiniteelements(FE)isinvestigatedtoseekmoreefficientandaccurate
strainpredictions;thesestudieswerecarriedoutfor2dstructuraldeformationstypicalofbeamsandcurved
ringstominimizecostandlabor.Thesestudiesweredoneinconjunctionwiththeuseofvarious
approximationstothenonlinearstraindisplacementrelationssincelargedeflectionsandrotationsneedtobe
takenintoaccount.Transientlargedeflectionelasticplasticstructuralresponsepredictionsaremadeforthese
variousFEmodelsforimpulsivelyloadedbeamsandafreeinitiallycircularring,forwhichhighquality
experimentalmeasurementsofstrainsanddeflectionsareavailable.Fromcomparisonsof(a)predictionswith
eachotherforthevariousFEmodelsinvestigatedand(b)predictionsvs.experimentaldata,itappearstobe
moreefficientforthesamenumberofdegreeoffreedom(DOF)unknownstousethesimple4DOF/node
elementsratherthanfewerofthemoresophisticated8DOF/nodeelementsalthoughthelatterprovidea
physicallysuperiorandmorerealisticdistributionofstrainalongthestructuralspanatanygiventimeinstant
comparedwiththeuseofthe4DOF/Nelements.Comparisonsofmeasuredwithpredictedtransientstrainand
finaldeformationofathinaluminumbeamwithbothendsclampedandimpactedatmidspanbya1inch
diametersteelsphereshowverygoodagreement.Extensionstothepresentanalysistoaccommodatemore
generaltypesoffragmentsandfragmentimpactedstructuresarediscussedbriefly.
RoyLevy(DSNEngineeringSection,JetPropulsionLaboratory,4800OakGroveDrive,Pasadena,CA91103,
U.S.A.),Computeraideddesignofantennastructuresandcomponents,Computers&Structures,Vol.6,
Nos.45,AugustOctober1976,pp.419428,doi:10.1016/00457949(76)900213
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdiscussescomputeraideddesignproceduresforantennareflectorstructuresand
relatedcomponents.Theprimarydesignaidisacomputerprogramthatestablishescrosssectionalsizesofthe
structuralmembersbyanoptimalitycriterion.Alternativetypesofdeflectiondependentobjectivescanbe
selectedfordesignssubjecttoconstraintsonstructureweight.Thecomputerprogramhasaspecialpurpose

formulationtodesignstructuresofthetypefrequentlyusedforantennaconstruction.Thesestructures,in
commonwithmanyinotherareasofapplication,arerepresentedbyanalyticalmodelsthatemployonlythe
threetranslationaldegreesoffreedomateachnode;Thespecialpurposeconstructionoftheprogram,however,
permitscodinganddatamanagementsimplificationsthatprovideadvantagesinproblemsizeandexecution
speed.Sizeandspeedareessentiallygovernedbytherequirementsofstructuralanalysisandarerelatively
unaffectedbytheaddedrequirementsofdesign.Computationtimestoexecuteseveraldesign/analysiscycles
arecomparabletothetimesrequiredbygeneralpurposeprogramsforasingleanalysiscycle.Examplesinthe
paperillustrateeffectivedesignimprovementforstructureswithseveralthousanddegreesoffreedomand
withinreasonablecomputingtimes.
JacquesCohen(PhysicsDepartment,BrandeisUniversity,Waltham,Mass.02154,USA),Symbolicand
numericalcomputeranalysisofthecombinedlocalandoverallbucklingofrectangularthinwalledcolumns,
ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.7,No.1,January1976,pp.1738,
doi:10.1016/00457825(76)900037
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdescribesthecombineduseofsymbolicformulamanipulationsandnumerical
computationsinthestudyoftheinteraction,withintheelasticrange,oflocal(plate)andoverall(column)
bucklingofrectangularthinwalledtubularcolumns.ThestudyismadeusingtheRayleighRitzprocedure.The
selectionoftheanalyticalexpressionfortheassumeddeflectedshapehasbeenbasedonexistingsolutionsfor
columnandplateactionconsideredindividually.Theminimizationofthetotalenergyofthecolumnis
performedbythecomputerusingasymbolmanipulationpackage(Macsyma).Thisminimizationyieldsasetof
nonlinearsimultaneousalgebraicequationswhicharethensolvednumerically.Theproblemsencounteredin
implementingtheformalandnumericalpartsofthecomputations(aswellastheirinteraction)arediscussedin
thepaper.Theresultsofthecomputeranalysisarepresentedintheformofdiagramsshowingthevariationof
theimportantgeneralizedcoordinateswiththeappliedload.
MichaelPappasandArnoldAllentuch(NewarkCollegeofEngineering,Newark,NewJersey,07102,U.S.A.),
Extendedcapabilityforautomateddesignofframestiffened,submersible,cylindricalshells,Computers&
Structures,Vol.4,No.5,October1974,pp.10251059,doi:10.1016/00457949(74)900236
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsaprocedureandcomputerprogramfortheminimumweightdesignof
circular,cylindrical,Tframe(ring)reinforced,submersibleshellswhereallmetalthicknessesmaybe
confinedtospecifiedgagethicknessvalues.Usingthedesignerspecifiedparametersdefiningshellradiusshell
length,eccentricity,operatingdepth,designfactorsofsafety,constructionmaterialspropertiesandwhenused,
thespecifiedgagethicknessvalues,theprogramwillgeneratethosevaluesofskinthicknessstifienerweband
flangethicknesses,stiffenerwebdepthandflangewidth,andifdesired,stiffenerspacingthatwillproducethe
smallestshellweighttoliquidweightdisplacedratio.Experiencewiththeprogramhasdemonstratedthatthere
isusuallylittleweightpenaltyassociatedwiththeuseofdiscretemetalthicknessvalueswhenthestiffener
spacingcanbeoptimized.Thisweightpenaltycan,however,besignificantwherethenumberofstiffenersis
heldfixed.
M.Pappas(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,NewarkCollegeofEngineering,NewJerseyInstituteof
Technology,323HighStreet,Newark,NJ07102,U.S.A.),ImprovedsynthesiscapabilityforTring

stiffenedcylindricalshellsunderhydrostaticpressure,Computers&Structures,Vol.6,Nos.45,August
October1976,pp.339343,doi:10.1016/00457949(76)900109
ABSTRACT:ThenewDirectSearchFeasibleDirection(DSFD)nonlinearmathematicalprogramming
optimizationalgorithmisappliedtothedesignofstiffenedsubmersibleshells.Anautomateddesigncapability
forthisproblem(SBSHL6)isdescribedwhereintheprogramwillgeneratetheleastweightdesignbylocating
theoptimal,ornearoptimal,valuesofskinthickness,webthicknessandheight,flangethicknessandwidth,and
stiffenerspacinggiventhedesignparameterssuchasshellsize,immersionpressure,shelleccentricity,
materialsproperties,andminimumnaturalfrequency.Constraintequationscontrol,general,panel(between
stiffener),web,andflangeinstability,skinandstiffeneryielding,andminimumnaturalfrequency.TheDSFD
procedureappearscapableofreliablylocatingoptimaldesignswhereasearlierattemptsininvestigationsusing
otheroptimizationmethods,includingthepopularSUMTprocedure,failedtoprovideoptimalsolutionstothe
sameproblem.ThisandanearlierdetailedcomparisonstudystronglysuggestthatSUMTisnotareliable
procedureforstructuraloptimizationwhileDSFDseemstoprovidereasonablyreliableperformance.Designs
generatedbySBSHL6arepresentedandcomparedwiththoseoftheearlierstudies.Theresultsofaseriesof
synthesisrunsfromwidelyseparatedstartingpointsarealsopresented.ThedesignsdevelopedbySBSHL6are
substantiallylighterthanthosereportedearlier.Themultipathrunsforeachsetofparametersstudiedall
convergedtosimilardesignsofessentiallyidenticalweightsdemonstratingprogramreliability.
TungH.Yang(1)andSidneyA.Guralnick(2)
(1)PullmanStandard,Hammond,Ind.
(2)Dept.ofCivilEngineering,IllinoisInstituteofTechnology,Chicago,Illinois,USA)
BucklingofAxiallyLoadedOpenShells,ASCEJournaloftheEngineeringMechanicsDivision,Vol.102,
No.2,March/April1976,pp.199211
ABSTRACT: Thispaperdescribesanexperimentalinvestigationofthebucklingbehaviorofaxiallyloaded
thinopencylindricalshells.Theresultsofexperimentswith36aluminumshellspecimensarecomparedwith
predictionsofbucklingmadebymeansoftwoseparatetheoreticalapproaches.Discrepanciesbetween
measuredandpredictedvaluesofbucklingloadaretreatedindetail.Generallyspeaking,theexperiments
revealedasatisfactoryagreementbetweenmeasuredbucklingloadsandpredictedvaluesespeciallyininstances
wheretheslendernessratioexceeds1.5.
Matsui,T.andMatsuoka,O.(DepartmentofArchitecture,NagoyaUniversity,Nagoya,Japan),Anewfinite
elementschemeforinstabilityanalysisofthinshells.InternationalJournalforNumericalMethodsin
Engineering,Vol.10,1976,pp.145170,doi:10.1002/nme.1620100112
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdescribesanewfiniteelementschemefortheanalysisofinstabilityphenomenaof
arbitrarythinshells.Acomputationallyefficientprocedureisproposedforcalculatingthenonlinearstiffness
andtangentialstiffnessmatricesforadoublycurvedquadrilateralelementdefinedbycoordinatelines.The
essentialfeatureistheexplicitadditionofthenonlineartermsintotherigidbodymotionoftheelement.Thus
thenonlinearandtangentialelementstiffnessmatricescaneasilybegeneratedbytransformingthegeneralized
elementstiffnessmatrixforlinearanalysis,andthenonlineartermsofthesematricesareseparatedintoa
numberofcomponenttermsmultipliedbytherigidbodyrotations.Thesecomponenttermscanbestored
permanentlyandusedtocalculateefficientlythenonlinearandtangentialstiffnessmatricesateachiteration.
Illustrativeexamplesarepresentedwhichconfirmthevalidityofthepresentapproachintheanalysisof

instabilityphenomenaofthinplatesandshells.
Batoz,J.L.,Chattopadhyay,A.andDhatt,G.(CivilEngineeringDepartment,LavalUniversity,Quebec,
Canada),Finiteelementlargedeflectionanalysisofshallowshells,InternationalJournalforNumerical
MethodsinEngineering,Vol.10,No.1,1976,pp.3958.doi:10.1002/nme.1620100104
ABSTRACT:Afiniteelementformulationispresentedtostudythenonlinearbucklingofarbitraryshallow
elasticthinshellswithgeneralboundaryconditionsandsubjectedtoconservativepressureloading.Preandpost
bucklingbehaviourofalargenumberofshallowandsemideepdoublycurvedshellsisstudiedindetail.
Unsymmetricalbifurcationpathsofashallowsphericalshellsubjectedtouniforminwardpressurearealso
investigated.
J.L.Batoz(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,
Massachusetts,U.S.A.),Curvedfiniteelementsandshelltheorieswithparticularreferencetothebucklingofa
circulararch,InternationalJournalforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.14,No.5,pp.774779,1979,
DOI:10.1002/nme.1620140511
ABSTRACT:Thechoiceofstraindisplacementrelationstofomulatecurvedfiniteelementsforthe
geometricallynonlinearanalysisofdeepthinshellsofgeneralshapeisdiscussed.Itisclearlydemonstratedona
simplearchproblemhowthestraindisplacementrelationscanaffectthebucklingpressureanditisconcuded
thatinconsistentexpressionsshouldbeavoided.
N.Yamaki,K.OtomoandK.Matsuda,Experimentsonthepostbucklingbehaviorofcircularcylindricalshells
undercompression(Preciseexperimentalresultsarepresentedclarifyingthewholeaspectofthepostbuckling
behaviorofcircularcylindricalshellsundercompressionforawiderangeofshellgeometries),Experimental
Mechanics,Vol.15,No.1,1975,pp.2328,doi:10.1007/BF02318521
ABSTRACT:Detailedexperimentalstudiesareperformedonthepostbucklingbehaviorofcircularcylindrical
shellsundercompression,byusingpolyestertestcylinderswiththegeometricparameterZrangingfrom20to
1000.Ineachcase,variationsoftheequilibriumload,circumferentialwavenumberandmaximuminwardand
outwarddeflections,withappliededgeshortenings,areclarified.Contourlinesfortypicalpostbuckling
configurationsarealsoshown.Itisfoundthat,asthecylinderiscompressedbeyondtheprimarybuckling,
secondarybucklingstakeplacesuccessivelywithdiminishingwavenumbers,andthatpostbucklingequilibrium
loadsbecomesignificantlylowerthanthoseatbucklingasZincreases.Further,forshortshellswithZlessthan
orequalto100,thebuckledwaveformsarealwayssymmetricwithonetierdiamondbuckles,whileforlonger
shells,asymmetricpostbucklingpatternswithtwotiersofbucklesdominate.
N.YamakiandS.Kodama(InstituteofHighSpeedMechanics,TohokuUniversity,Sendai,Japan),
Postbucklingbehaviorofcircularcylindricalshellsundercompression,InternationalJournalofNonLinear
Mechanics,Vol.11,No.2,1976,pp.99111,doi:10.1016/00207462(76)900081
ABSTRACT:ApplyingtheGalerkinproceduretotheDonnellbasicequations,reasonablyaccuratesolutions
areobtainedforthepostbucklingbehaviorofclampedcircularcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression.To
makeadistinctcomparisonwiththepreviousexperimentalresults,calculationsarecarriedoutforshellswith

thesameelasticandgeometricparametersandtherelationsbetweenthewaveform,axialshorteningand
maximumdeflectionswithappliedloadsareclarified.Theresultshereobtainedarefoundtobeinreasonable
agreementwithexperimentalonesthroughouttheregionswithfairlylargedeformations.
J.RamachandranandP.A.K.Murthy(DepartmentofAppliedMechanics,IndianInstituteofTechnology,
Madras600036,India),Nonlinearvibrationsofashallowcylindricalpanelonanelasticfoundation,Journal
ofSoundandVibration,Vol.47,No.4,August1976,pp.495500,doi:10.1016/0022460X(76)908762
ABSTRACT:ThedynamicvonKarmanfieldequationsareusedtoanalysetheinfluenceoflargeamplitudeon
thefreevibrationsofshallowcylindricalshellsmadeoforthotropicmaterialandrestingonanelasticWinkler
foundation.Thesnapthroughphenomenonforsuchshellssubjectedtoadynamicallyapplieduniform
pressurethatincreaseslinearlywithtimeisalsoinvestigated.
D.A.Evensen(J.H.WigginsCompany,1650SouthPacificCoastHighway,RedondoBeach,California90277,
U.S.A.),CommentonLargeamplitudeasymmetricvibrationsofsomethinshellsofrevolution,Journalof
SoundandVibration,Vol.52,No.3,June1977,pp.453454
Ramm,E.,Aplate/shellelementforlargedeflectionsandrotation,inFormulationsandComputational
AalgorithmsinFiniteElementAnalysis,editedbyK.J.Bathe,J.T.Oden,andW.Wunderlich,MITPress,1977
SheinmanIandSimitsesGJ,Bucklinganalysisofgeometricallyimperfectstiffenedcylindersunderaxial
compression,JournalofAmericanInstitutesofAeronauticsandAstronautics1977;15(3):374379.
Libai,A.,Ontheoptimizationofastiffenedsquarepanelunderbucklingconstraints,HarvardUniversity
ReportDASM6,December1977
A.L.Gurson,ContinuumtheoryofductilerupturebyvoidnucleationandgrowthPart1.Yieldcriteriaand
flowrulesforporousductilemedia,J.Engrg.Mater.Technol.,Vol.99,1977
J.H.Argyris,P.C.Dunne,G.A.MalejannakisandE.Schelkle(InstitutfrStatikundDynamikderLuftund
Raumfahrtkonstruktionen,UniversityofStuttgart,Germany),Asimpletriangularfacetshellelementwith
applicationstolinearandnonlinearequilibriumandelasticstabilityproblems,ComputerMethodsinApplied
MechanicsandEngineering,Vol.10,No.3,March1977,pp.371403,doi:10.1016/00457825(77)900809
ABSTRACT:Thispaperhastwomainobjectives.Firsttodescribeaverysimplefacettriangularplateandshell
finiteelementcalledTRUMPwhichincludes,ifrequired,transversesheardeformationandisbasedonphysical
lumpingideaswithasimplemechanicalinterpretation[1,2,4,5].Secondtogiveanaccountofsomenontrivial
numericalexamplesoflargedeflectionandpostbucklingofshells.Therearetwotypesofnonlinearstructural
problemswhichgiverisetoparticularlydelicatenumericalexperimentation.Theyarethoseinvolving
deflectionsoftheorderofthestructuraldimensions,suchasthreedimensionalelastica,andtheinstability
phenomenaofthetypeleadingtodynamicsnapthrough,e.g.incylindricalpanels.Totacklesuchproblems
usingahighlysophisticatedshellelementsuchasSHEBAisneithereasynorinexpensive.Itisshownthatthe
TRUMPelementwithonly18displacementandrotationdegreesoffreedomisrelativelyeconomicaltouseand
yetcapableofengineeringaccuracy.Thepapermakesuseofthetheoryofsimplifiedgeometricalstiffness

basedonthenaturalmodemethodwhichhasbeendescribedfullyinpreviouspublications[1,2].
S.Dharmarajan(1)andL.E.Penzes(2)
(1)DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,SanDiegoStateUniversity,SanDiego,California,USA
(2)GeneralAtomicCompany,SanDiego,California,USA
Dynamicanalysisofcompositestructures,Composites,Vol.8,No.1,January1977,pp.2732,
doi:10.1016/00104361(77)900258
ABSTRACT:Areviewofthemostimportantpublicationsandcomputerprogrammesdealingwithshell
structuresispresented.Mostoftheinformationisavailablethroughopentechnicalpublications;however,some
ofthelistingsoftheseprogrammesmaybeofaproprietarynature.Abriefdevelopmentofcompositeshell
theoryispresented,andanoutlineofthemajormethodsofsolutiontothegoverningequationsofmotionis
included.
A.MaewalandW.Nachbar(DepartmentofAppliedMechanicsandEngineeringSciences,Universityof
California,SanDiego,LaJolla,CA92093,U.S.A.),Aperturbationanalysisofmodeinteractionin
postbucklingbehaviorandimperfectionsensitivity,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.13,
No.10,1977,pp.937946,doi:10.1016/00207683(77)900063
ABSTRACT:Aperturbationmethodispresentedfortheanalysisofpostbucklingbehaviorandimperfection
sensitivityofelasticstructureswhichhavemorethanonebucklingmode.Themethodisexemplifiedby
analyzingacompletesphericalshellunderexternalhydrostaticpressure.Forthisanalysis,useismadeoftwo
andthreemodemodelsoftheshellderivedearlierfromtheshallowshellequations.
R.Brantman(Cambridge,Massachusetts,USA),Ontheuseoflinearizedinstabilityanalysestoinvestigatethe
bucklingofnonsymmetricalsystems,ActaMechanica,Vol.26,Nos.14,1977,pp.7589,
doi:10.1007/BF01177137
ABSTRACT:Theproblemexaminedinthispaperconcernstheuseoftheprocedureencounteredinthe
literaturethat,ininvestigatinginstabilityphenomenaofsystemswithnontrivialprebuckledequilibrium
branches,alinearizedprebucklinganalysismaybeemployedprovidedthatbucklingtakesplaceinthesmall
deflectionrange.Inclarifyingthisproblemitwillbeshownthat,althoughthisprocedurehasbeenusedwith
reasonablesuccessonsymmetricalsystems,suchanapproachmayinfactyieldtotallymisleadingresultswhen
appliedtononsymmetricalsystems.Theprincipaltoolthatwillbeemployedintheinvestigationofthisproblem
willbethesystematicapplicationandanalysisofthetechniquesassociatedwithregularperturbation
expansions.Usingthisapproachitwillalsobeshownthattherearetwopossiblecharacteristicequationsthat
onecanusetodeterminecriticalpointsofneutralequilibrium;andthatbyusingthesetwoequations,onecan
immediatelydeterminewhetherapointofneutralequilibriumisabifurcationpoint(generallycharacterizedby
sideswayoradjacentpathbuckling)oralimitpoint(generallycharacterizedbysnapthruordiscontinuous
buckling).
Y.Matsuzaki(1)andY.C.Fung(2)
(1)NationalAerospaceLaboratory,Chofu,Tokyo,Japan

(2)DepartmentofAppliedMechanicsandEngineeringSciences,UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,LaJolla,
California92093,U.S.A.
Unsteadyfluiddynamicforcesonasimplysupportedcircularcylinderoffinitelengthconveyingaflow,with
applicationstostabilityanalysis,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.54,No.3,October1977,pp.317330,
doi:10.1016/0022460X(77)904424
ABSTRACT:Anexactanalyticexpressionfortheunsteadyfluidpressureactingontheinternalwallsofa
simplysupportedcircularcylindricaltubeoffinitelength,carryingflow,ispresented.Thegeneralizedforce
coefficientscorrespondingtospecificmodesofdeformationaregivenexplicitly.Theresultsareappliedtotwo
problems:(1)theinteractionofflowandbucklingofthinwalledcylindricalshellssubjectedtolateralpressure
and/orendthrust;(2)theaeroelasticstabilityoftheshells.Thesecondproblemisaimedatresolvingsome
controversyaboutpostdivergenceflutteroscillationofcylindricalshellsorplatesexposedtoasubsonicflow.
Theshellequation,oftheMorleytype,issolvedbyGalerkin'smethodandananalyticapproachisusedto
examinethestabilityofthesystem.Itisimportantthatdampingbetakenintoaccountintheanalysis.The
undeformedconfigurationisalwaysunstablewhentheflowspeedexceedstheminimumdivergenceboundary.
B.WoodfinCobbs,Jr.andSpencerB.KingIII(Atlanta,Ga.,USA),Ventricularbuckling:Afactorinthe
abnormalventriculogramandpeculiarhemodynamicsassociatedwithmitralvalveprolapse,AmericanHeart
Journal,Vol.93,No.6,June1977,pp.741758,doi:10.1016/S00028703(77)800719
ABSTRACT:Becauseofintractableventriculararrhythmiasafteranearfatalepisodeofventricularfibrillation,
apatientwithidiopathicmitralvalveprolapsewassubjectedtomitralvalvereplacement.Vectoranalysisand
intraoperativeepicardialmappinglocalizedtheectopicfocustotheregionoftheposteriorpapillarymuscle.The
patientisaliveandwelltwoyearsaftersurgery;chronicallyinvertedTwaveshavebecomeupright.But
propranololanddiphenylhydantoinareneededtopreventarrhythmiasandTwaveabnormalitiesduring
standingandexercise.Preoperatively,withtheonsetofmitralregurgitationandasecondrapidphaseof
prolapse,theventriculogramwasdeformedbyabnormalmidsystolichyperkinesisatbothsitesofpapillary
muscleinsertion.Postoperatively,focalhypokinesisappearedinthesameareas,implyingthattheyhadbeen
retractedbytheprolapsingvalve.Preoperatively,apapillarytipcouldbeseenenteringthemitralringwhile
coronaryarteriographyshowedlatesystolicelongationofasmallvesselfeedingtheanteriorpapillarymuscle,
suggestingthatthepapillaryapparatuswasindeedsubjecttodamagingstressduringtheabnormalbasal
movement.Threeotherpersonswithseveremitralprolapse(butintactchordae)havehadvalvereplacementand
developedqualitativelysimilarchangesintheventriculogram.Papillaryspecimensintwoshowedsignificant
fibrosis.Indicationforoperationinoneofthesewasepisodicventricularfibrillation,whichhasnotrecurred.A
spectrumofventriculographicabnormalityassociatedwithmitralprolapsecouldbepartlyexplainedby
hypokinesisofthepapillaryloops,variablydisguisedbyretractionstresstransmittedfromthebillowing
leaflets,translocationofbloodintotheexpandingvalvesail,andvariousdegreesofunloadingintotheleft
atrium.Abnormalintraventricularflowmayprobablyresultfromassociatedprolapseoftheanteriorleafletand
frombucklingofthepapillarysitestowardthemitralannulus.Unusualphysicalfindingsintheoperatedcases
andineightotherpatientsdefineaclinicallyrecognizablesyndromeinwhichsevereprolapseabbreviatesleft
ventricularejection.Liabilitytosymptomsandtoprogressionofdiseaseseemshighinthisgroup.

OleFabian(DepartmentofOceanEngineering,TheTechnicalUniversityofDenmark,Lyngby,Denmark),
Collapseofcylindrical,elastictubesundercombinedbending,pressureandaxialloads,InternationalJournal
ofSolidsandStructures,Vol.13,No.12,1977,pp.12571270,doi:10.1016/00207683(77)900993
ABSTRACT:Astudyofthenonlinearprebucklingstateandthebifurcationandinitialpostbuckling
behaviourofinfinitelylong,cylindrical,elastictubessubjectedtobending,pressureandaxialloadsis
presented.Thecollapsebehaviourisanalysedbydeterminingboththelimitloadandthepossibilityand
significanceofaxialwrinklingofthecompressedregionoftheshellpriortothelimitload.
DavidBushnell(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,3251HanoverStreet,PaloAlto,CA94304,U.S.A.),
Stress,bucklingandvibrationofhybridbodiesofrevolution,Computers&Structures,Vol.7,No.4,August
1977,pp.517537,doi:10.1016/00457949(77)900165
ABSTRACT:Theanalysisisapplicabletobodiesofrevolutioncomposedofthinshellsegments,thick
segmentsanddiscreterings.Thethinshellsegmentsarediscretizedbythefinitedifferenceenergymethodand
thethickorsolidsegmentsaretreatedasassemblagesof8nodeisoparametricquadrilateralfiniteelementsof
revolution.Suitablecompatibilityconditionsareformulatedthroughwhichthesedissimilarsegmentsarejoined
withoutintroductionoflargespuriousdiscontinuitystresses.Plasticityandprimaryorsecondarycreepare
included.Axisymmetricprebucklingdisplacementsmaybemoderatelylarge.Thenonlinearaxisymmetric
problemissolvedintwonestediterationloopsateachloadlevelortimestep.Intheinnerloopthe
simultaneousnonlinearequationscorrespondingtoagiventangentstiffnessaresolvedbytheNewtonRaphson
method.Intheouterlooptheplasticandcreepstrainsandtangentstiffnessarecalculatedbyasubincremental
procedure.ThelinearresponsetononaxisymmetricloadingisobtainedbysuperpositionofFourierharmonics.
Manyexamplesaregiventodemonstratethescopeofthecomputerprogram,BOSOR6,derivedfromthe
analysisandtoillustratecertainstressconcentrationeffectsinshelltypestructureswhichcannotadequatelybe
treatedwithuseofthinshelltheory.
Y.FrumandM.Baruch(AeronauticalDepartment,Technion,Haifa,Israel),Bucklingofcylindricalshells
heatedalongtwooppositegeneratorscombinedwithaxialcompression(Experimentaltechniquedeveloped
duringastudyofbucklingunderacombinationofaxialloadandheatedgeneratorsisdescribed,andtestresults
arecomparedwiththeory),ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.16,No.4,1977,pp.133139,
doi:10.1007/BF02321107
ABSTRACT:Aseriesoftestswascarriedoutonclampedcylindricalshellsunderacombinationofthermaland
mechanicalloads.Theshellswerelinearlyheatedalongtwooppositegeneratorsinadditiontoauniformaxial
pressureappliedbeforetheheating.Thepaperdescribesthetestsetup,equipmentandtechniquesused.Systems
forrapidmeasurement,dataanalysisandstoragedesignedfortheexperimentalworkarepresented.Asan
outcomeofthisstudy,alinearinteractionlineisproposedinordertoexpresstheinteractionbetweenthermal
andmechanicalbucklingloads.
EsbenByskov(1)andJohnW.Hutchinson(2)
(1)TechnicalUniversityofDenmark,Lyngby,Denmark
(2)HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,Massachusetts,USA
Modeinteractioninaxiallystiffenedcylindricalshells,AIAAJournal,Vol.15,pp.941948,1977

ABSTRACT:Postbucklingbehaviorandimperfectionsensitivityassociatedwithmodeinteractioninaxially
stiffenedcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompressionarestudied.Thetwomodesconsideredareanoverallmode
withwavelengthsthatarelongcomparedtostiffenerspacingandashortwavelengthpanelmodeinvolving
bucklingbetweenthestiffeners.Arestrictedoptimizationstudyismadewherethenumberofstringersistreated
asadesignparameter,andtherangeofdesignsconsideredincludestheoptimumdesignfortheperfectshell,
wherethetwomodesaresimultaneous.Theinfluenceofagivenlevelofimperfectionsontheoptimumis
explored.Ageneralmethodforanalyzinginitialpostbucklingbehaviorisproposedforstructureswith
simultaneousornearlysimultaneousmodes.Asymptoticexpansionsofallfieldsintheamplitudesofthe
competingmodesprovideasetofuniformlyvalidresults.
Budiansky,B.andHutchinson,J.W.,"Buckling:ProgressandChallenge,"TrendsinSolidMechanics,1979,
editedbyJ.F.BesselingandA.M.A.vanderHeijden,SijthoffNoordhoff,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands,
1979.
M.K.ExeterandR.D.Henshell,Stabilityofshellsofrevolutionusingthefiniteelementmethod,in
NonlinearproblemsinStressAnalysis,1978,AppliedSciencePublishersLtd,London
R.WinterandH.S.Levine,Nonlinearbehaviorofcircularplateswithworkhardening(Experimental
deflectionandstraindatafromaluminumplatesunderconcentratedcentralloadwerecomparedwiththeoretical
predictionsofanonlinearfiniteelementcomputercode,formoderatelylargedeflections),Experimental
Mechanics,Vol.18,No.8,1978,pp.281291,doi:10.1007/BF02324158
ABSTRACT:Testswereperformedontwosimplysupportedplatesofaluminumalloy20240,underacentral
concentratedload,withpeakdeflectionsupto2.6timesthethickness.Theloadwasprovidedbyasmall
diameterhardsteelrod.Theplateshaddiametertothicknessratios(D/h)of20and41.Measurementswere
madeofload,deflectionsandstrains;membraneandbendingstrainswerecalculatedfromthetestdata.Thetest
dataarepresentedincomparisonwiththeoreticalpredictionsgeneratedbytheGrummandeveloped
finiteelementcomputercodePLANS,whichincludesmaterialandgeometricnonlinearities.Thetheoretical
predictionwasexcellentfordeflections,andgenerallygoodforstrains,whenthecentralforcewasrepresented
byalineloadaroundtheloadingrod'scontactcircle.Usingauniformpressureasthecentralforcecausedthe
theorytoslightlyoverpredictthepeakdeflectionsandgreatlyoverpredictthepeakstrainsattheplatecenter.
Theplatesexhibitedinitiallossofstiffnessundertheplasticbendingbehavior,followedbyarestiffeningwhen
thelargedeflectionscausedarapidlyincreasingmembraneactionthatprovidedmuchadditionalresistanceto
theappliedload.
C.MassalasandK.Soldatos(DepartmentofMechanics,UniversityofIoannina,Ioannina,Greece),Dynamic
behaviourofasimplysupportedcircularcylindricalpanelsubjectedtoaninitialbendingmoment,Journalof
SoundandVibration,Vol.61,No.1,November1978,pp.6169,doi:10.1016/0022460X(78)90041X
ABSTRACT:Thevibrationofcylindricalpanelswithsimplysupportedboundaryconditionsinthepresenceof
aninitialbendingmomentisinvestigated.TheanalysisisbasedonthetheoryofHerrmannandArmenkas.The
resultsforthestabilityandfreevibrationofthepanelsareobtainedasspecialcases.

H.P.Lee,P.J.Harris,Afiniteelementinvestigationofthepostbucklingstrengthofthinwalledstructural
membersundercompression,CanadianJournalofCivilEngineering,1978,Vol.5,No.4,1978,pp.595610,
doi:10.1139/l78064
ABSTRACT:Byemployingthefiniteelementdisplacementmethodusingthetangentstiffnessapproach,the
paperpresentsresultsofpostbucklinganalysisofplatesandthreedimensionalthinwalledmemberssubjected
touniaxialcompressiveloads.Asimplerectangularelementwithsixdegreesoffreedomateachnode,suitable
fortheanalysisofnonplanarprismaticmemberswithslopediscontinuities(foldedplates),isemployed.Both
geometricandmaterialnonlinearitieshavebeenconsideredbasedonaLagrangiancoordinatesystemand.the
flowtheoryofplasticity.ThenonlinearequationsaresolvedusingtheNewtonRaphsonmethodintheelastic
rangeandthestepbystepmethodwithequilibriumcorrectionsintheplasticrange.AmodifiedCholesky
decompositiontechniqueisemployedtosolvethebasicstiffnessequations.
H.P.Lee(1),P.J.Harris(2)andChengTzuThomasHsu(3)
(1)18AspreyCourt,Brampton,Ontario,Canada
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineeringandAppliedMechanics,McGillUniversity,Montreal,Canada
(3)DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,NewJerseyInstituteofTechnology,Newark,New
Jersey,USA
Anonlinearfiniteelementcomputerprogramforthinwalledmembers,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.2,No.4,
1984,pp.355376,doi:10.1016/02638231(84)900041
ABSTRACT:Anonlinearfiniteelementcomputerprogramhasbeendevelopedtoanalysethinwalledmetal
structuralmembers.Theprogramhastheabilitytohandlebothgeometricalandmaterialnonlinearitiessothat
thepostbucklingbehaviourandultimatestrengthofmemberscanbepredicted.Abendingmembrane
rectangularelementwithsixdegreesoffreedomateachnodeformsthebasictypeofelementusedinthe
program.Marguerre'sshallowshelltheoryisadoptedforthestraindisplacementrelationshipsandhencethe
bifurcationpointatbucklingcanbebypassedbyprovidinganinitialinperfection.Thefiniteelement
formulationisbasedonthetotalLagrangecoordinatesystemandtheflowtheoryofplasticity.Explicitlyshown
inthepaperistheformationofthetangentstiffnessmatrixandthetridiagonalblockformofsolutionprocedure.
Twoproblemsofasquaretubeandachannelsectionbeamsubjectedtopurebendingweretestedandfoundto
beincloseagreementwithprevioustheoreticalwork.
J.CrouzetPascal(ResearchDepartment,GrummanAerospaceCorporation,Bethpage,NewYork11714USA),
Bucklinganalysisoflaminatedcompositeplates,FibreScienceandTechnology,Vol.11,No.6,November
1978,pp.413446,doi:10.1016/00150568(78)900106
ABSTRACT:Overthepastfewyears,fibrereinforcedlaminateshavebeenfoundtobehighlydesirablefor
aerospacestructuralapplications.Thispaperisconcernedwithoneoftheproblemareasconnectedwiththese
applications;namely,thestabilityofmidplanesymmetric,laminatedcompositeplates.Theresultsofplate
bucklinganalysesperformedbymeansoftheBENSTmoduleofthePLANSsystemoffiniteelementstructural
analysisprogramsarepresented.Theseanalysesinvolveawidevariationinlaminateorthotropicandmaterial
axisorientationandanumberofplateaspectratiosandsupportconditions.TheefficacyoftheBENSTfinite
elementprogramisdemonstratedbycomparisonwithpublishedresults.Peakbucklingloadsforsimply
supportedplatesatmaterialaxesorientationotherthantheplateprincipalaxesarepredictedforlaminate
materialpropertiesrangingfrommildlyorthotropictoseverelyorthotropic.Thisindicatesthatthecommon
designpracticeofcalculatingsimplysupportedplatebucklinglevelsbyapplyingaknockdownfactorto

existingclampedplatedatamayoftenbeunnecessarilyconservative.Alsoincludedinthispaperaredetailson
thefiniteelementmethodimplementedinBENSTandthedevelopmentoftheexpressionsthatpermitthe
calculationoflaminateeffectivematerialpropertiesfromthepropertiesoftheindividuallayers.
Kanchi,M.B.(1),Zienkiewicz,O.C.(2)andOwen,D.R.J.(2)
(1)UniversityofRoorkee,Roorkee(U.P.)India
(2)DepartmentofCivilengineering,UniversityCollegeofSwansea,Swansea,Wales,U.K.
Theviscoplasticapproachtoproblemsofplasticityandcreepinvolvinggeometricnonlineareffects,
InternationalJournalforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.12,No.1,1978,pp.169181.
doi:10.1002/nme.1620120116
ABSTRACT:Theviscoplasticmodelisusedinthecontextoflargedisplacement(geometricallynonlinear)
analysis.Astheprocessnowinvolvesinnumericalcomputationanupdatingofrelevantstiffnessmatrices,
formulationwhichisstableandcomputtionallymoreefficient.Theapplicationsshowndemonstratethe
applicabilityoftheprocesstolargedisplacementelastoplasticshellanalysisaswellastoproblemsofcreep
buckling.
I.Hegeds,Bucklingofaxiallycompressedcylindricalsandwichshells,ActaTechnicaAcademiae
ScientiarumHungaricae,Vol.89,Nos.34,pp.377387,1979
ABSTRACT:Amethodispresentedfordeterminingthelinearcriticalforceofthickfacedsandwichcylinders
compressedalongthegeneratrix.Contrarytodeductionsneglectingtransversalsheardeformations,critical
bucklingformofsandwichcylindersunderuniformcompressionalongthegeneratrixisalwayssocalled
annularbuckling,hencebynomeansaninterdeterminatebucklingform.Criticalforcesdeducedaccordingto
flexuraltheoryassumptionsforthinandthickfacedsandwichessignificantlydiffer:upperboundofthecritical
forceofthinfacedsandwichplatesistheeffectiveshearrigidityvalueofthesandwich,whileforthickfaced
sandwichstructures(withnonnegligibleflexuralrigidityoffacings)thecriticalforcemayexceedtheshear
stiffness.Anillustrativeanalogy,usefulforpracticalcomputations,maybefoundbetweenthebucklingof
sandwichcylindersandelasticallybeddedsandwichbeams.Ineithercase,theexactsolutionoftheused
mathermaticalmodelyieldsaformula,thesameasgivenbytheBijlaardsprinciplewhichisaknownmethod
ofstabilityanalysisforestimatingthecriticalforce.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1.Kollr,L.andDulcska,E.,StabilityofShells(inHungarian),MszakiKiad,Budapest1976
2.Allen,H.G.,AnalysisandDesignofStructuralSandwichPanels,PergamonPress,1969
3.Plantema,F.J.,SandwichConstruction,Wiley,1966
4.Hegeds,I.,BucklingofSandwichCylinderswithRingStiffeners(inHungarian),Manuscript.Lectureat
theConferenceIIonSandwichConstructionoftheScientificSocietyforMachines
R.A.F.Martins(1),aandD.R.J.Owen(2)
(1)MechanicalEngineeringDepartment,EngineeringFacultyofOporto,Portugal
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofWales,Swansea,WalesEngland
Elastoplasticandgeometricallynonlinearthinshellanalysisbythesemiloofelement,Computers&
Structures,Vol.13,No.4,August1981,pp.505513,doi:10.1016/00457949(81)900456

ABSTRACT:ThispaperextendstheuseoftheSemiloofshellelementtogeometricallyandmaterially
nonlinearsituations.Forthegeometricallynonlinearanalysisamovingcoordinateprocessisused.Local
coordinatesystemsareconsidered,oneateachintegratingpoint,whichmovewiththestructureandallow
deformationandrotationwithintheelementtobetakenintoaccount.Forelastoplasticanalysistheinitialstress
methodisusedandtheyieldconditionsareexpressedintermsofnondimensionalstressresultants.Theelement
formulationisbrieflyconsideredandinparticularthedefinitionoftheglobalandlocaldisplacementsandtheir
firstandsecondderivativesinthenonconstrainedandconstrainedformoftheelementarediscussed.
Numericalresultsarepresentedandcomparisonsmadewithothersourceswhereavailable.
D.B.VanFossen(AppliedMechanicsSection,BabcockandWilcoxResearchandDevelopmentDivision,
Alliance,OH44601,U.S.A),FESAPdesignprogramforstaticanddynamicstructuralanalysis,Computers
&Structures,Vol.9,No.4,October1978,pp.371376,doi:10.1016/00457949(78)901232
ABSTRACT:TheStructuralAnalysisProgram,SAP,hasbeenwidelyacceptedandmodifiedtoperformawide
varietyofstructuralanalysesatmanyuniversities,governmentandindustrialorganizations.Thispaperwill
documentthedevelopmentofSAPintoauserorientedprogramforlineardynamicandstaticanalysisoflarge
complexstructureswhichisreferredtoasFESAP(FiniteElementStructuralAnalysisProgram).Thepaperwill
alsodescribecompanioncomputerprogramswhichconstituteatotaldesignsystemforthermostructural
analysis.Thetotalsystemincludesmeshgenerationprograms,aheattransferprogram,thestructuralanalysis
program,batchandinteractivegraphiccomputerprograms,andpostprocessorsfortheresultsoftheheat
transferandstructuralanalysisprograms.
J.A.Swanson(SwansonAnalysisSystems,Inc.,Elizabeth,Pennsylvania15037,USA),Statusreporton
intergratedanalysismethodsfornuclearreactorstructuralanalysis,NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.29,
No.2,December1974,pp.243253,SpecialIssue:PapersPresentedattheConference,
doi:10.1016/00295493(74)901265
ABSTRACT:Thepurposeofthispaperistolookattheanalysisofanuclearreactorsystemasatotalanalysis
taskandtoexaminetheassumptionswhicharemadeintheseparationoftheanalysistaskintoitscomponent
disciplines.Thestructuralanalysisdisciplineisthenexaminedinmoredetailtotrytodefineaworkable
approachtoanintegratedstructuralanalysisofthereactorsystem.Wewillstartwithageneraldiscussionofthe
totalanalysistask,startingfromtheinitialconceptofthereactorplant.Thetotaltaskwillthenbesubdivided
intotherespectivedisciplinesandanattemptwillbemadetorationalizeorcriticizethedivisionintoseparate
disciplines.Thedisciplineofstructuralmechanicswillthenbeexaminedinviewofitsinteractionswithother
disciplinessuchasfluidflowandnuclearanalysistodeterminethedegreeofcouplingwhichexistsamong
thesedisciplines.Thiswillbedonebyexaminingtheinteractionsofthestatevariableswhichapplyateach
pointofthesystem.Thestatevariablesconsideredwillincludefluence,temperature,displacementandpressure.
Thestatevariablesdefinedwillthenbeusedasthebasisforthedefinitionofanoverallstructuralmodelofthe
reactorsystem.Suchanoverallmodelcanbeconceivedintermsofthepresentstatusofanalyticaltechniques,
bytheuseofsuchconceptsassubstructuring,constraintequations,coupledsolutionsforheattransfer,stress
anddynamicanalysis,alongwithfourthgenerationcomputercapabilities.Ablockdesignforanoverall
structuralmodelwillbediscussedandalsotheareaswhichrequirenewanalysistechniques.Thelastsection
willpresentanoutlineofamodeofoperationofastructuraldesign/analysisactivitywhichisestablishedto
implementacomprehensiveintegratedstructuralanalysisofanentirereactorsystem.Theconceptofan

evolvingmodelofthesystemwillbepresentedandthecoordinationrequiredtosuccessfullymanagesucha
design/analysisapproachwillbediscussed.Abriefdiscussionoftheeffectsofnonlineareffectssuchascreep,
plasticity,gapsontheoverallapproachwillbeincluded.
JohnA.Swanson(SwansonAnalysisSystems,Inc.P.O.Box65,Houston,PA15342,U.S.A.),Presenttrends
incomputerizedstructuralanalysis,Computers&Structures,Vol.10,Nos.12,April1979,pp.3337,
doi:10.1016/00457949(79)900701
ABSTRACT:Thispaperisintendedtoreviewthepresentstateoftheartincomputerizedstructuralanalysis,to
lookatthepresenttrendsinanalysis,andtoprojectthesetrendsoverthenext35yrandtrytopredictthe
formswhichcomputerizedstructuralanalysiswilltakeoverthenextfewyears.Thevariouscomponents
makingupthestructuralanalysissystemareexaminedinsomedetailfollowedbyanassemblyofthepresent
componentsintothepresentstateoftheartsystemandanattemptedassemblyoftheprojectedcomponentsinto
afuturestateoftheartsystem.Thisprojectionisthebasisforthepresenthardwareandsoftwaredevelopments
beingdoneatSwansonAnalysisSystems,Inc.,inconjunctionwiththeANSYSComputerProgram.
V.V.Gaidaichuk,E.A.GotsulyakandV.I.Gulyaev,Bifurcationofsolutionsofnonlinearequationsoftoroidal
shellsunderexternalpressure,InternationalAppliedMechanics,Vol.14,No.9,1978,pp.931937,
doi:10.1007/BF00885745
PARTIALINTRODUCTION:Theknownsolutions[3,5,7,10]oftheproblemofthestabilityofatoroidalshell
havebeenbasedontheconversiontoaSturmLiouvilleproblem.Sincethelinearizationwasperformedinthe
neighborhoodoftheinitialzeromomentstressedstate,whichcanbecalculatedrelativelysimply,theauthorsof
thepaperswereabletoobtainananalyticsolution
V.M.KornevandN.D.Mel'nikova(Novosibirsk,USSR),Stabilityofcylindricalshellsunderexternal
pressure,JournalofAppliedMechanicsandTechnicalPhysics,Vol.19,No.2,1978,pp.255259,
doi:10.1007/BF00850046
PARTIALINTRODUCTION:Bymethodsofthetheoryofperturbations[14],uppercriticalloadshavebeen
obtainedfornonidealcylindricalshellsundertransverseandhydrostaticloading.Problemsofapproxiamation
arestudiedinparticular.Whendeterminingthetotalandordinalnumbersofdegreesoffreedom,the
informationaboutthedensityofthespectrumofthecorrespondinglinearstabilityproblemsisused[57].The
bandofscatteroftheuppercriticalloadisobtained.Anumericalexperimentallowedtheprobability
characteristicsoftheprocessofstabilitylosstobecalculated.Weconsideranonlinearsystemofequationsof
thetheoryofshellswhichrelativetothestressfunctionFandthenormaldeflectionwdescribesthebucklingof
idealthinwalledcylindricalshellsundertransverseorhydrostaticloading.
N.S.AstapovandV.M.Kornev(Lavrent'evInstituteofHydrodynamics,SiberianDivision,RussianAcademy
ofSciences,Novosibirsk630090),Combinedapproachtoanalyzingthebucklingofidealcylindricalshellsat
givenperturbations,JournalofAppliedMechanicsandTechnicalPhysics,Vol.37,No.2,1996,pp.294303,
doi:10.1007/BF02382439
PARTIALINTRODUCTION:Theinevitableinitialirregularitiesarisingintheconstructionofstructuresorthe
perturbationsinloadingcauseaprematurelossofstabililty(comparedwithEulerloading)ofelastic
constructionsandarethemainreasonforthescatterinexperimentaldataInthepresentpaperacombined

(numericalanalytical)approachtothesolutionofnonlinearboundaryproblemsisexpounded,asapplied,by
wayofexample,tothestudyofthebucklingofclosedidealcylindricalshellsundertransverseorhydrostatic
loadingwithperturbationstakenintoaccount.Numericalanalysisofthebucklingprocessundertransverseand
hydrostaticloadingshowsthattheprocessofsuccessiveloadingofashellisaccompaniedbythedistortionof
theinitialsectionofthecriticalloadspectrumandbythereconstructionofbucklingmodes
ReadJohnson,Jr.,DesignandFabricationofaRingStiffenedGraphiteEpoxyCorrugatedCylindricalShell,
DTICOnline,AccessionNumber:ADA302348,McDonnellDouglasAsstronauticsCo.HuntingtonBeach,CA,
NASAContractorReport3076,August1978
ABSTRACT:Theobjectivesoftheprogramreportedherearetoadvancelightweightcompositeshelldesign
technologyandevaluateappropriatedesignandanalysisproceduresforlightweightcompositeshellsthatmust
satisfybucklingrequirements.Toaccomplishthoseobjectivestheprimaryeffortwastodesignandfabricatea
graphiteepoxycylindricalshell3.O5m(10ft)indiameterby3.05m(10ft)longforevaluationinshell
bendingteststobeconductedbytheStructuresandDynamicsDivisionoftheNASALangelyResearchCenter.
Throughsuchtests,theuseofadvancedcompositematerialswillbeevaluatedforstructuralapplicationsin
futurespacemissionssuchasthosethatinvolvespacecraftandstructuralassembliestobeusedin
geosynchronousmissions.Spacecraftforsuchmissionswillrequireultralightweightstructurestoachieve
maximumpayloads.Ofequalimportanceistherequirementtoprovidedesignsthatarecostcompetitivewith
currentstructuralapproaches.Forspacestructuresthatmustresistbucklingundercompressionorshellbending
loads,compositematerialsofferanattractiveapproachforprovidinglightweight,lowcoststructural
componentsforfuturespacecraft.Inrecognitionofthepotentialweightsavingsavailablethroughstructural
applicationsofgraphiteepoxymaterials,anearliertestprogram(Reference1)wasundertakenbytheASAto
provideatechnologybaseforflat,stiffenedgraphiteepoxycompressionpanelsandtoevaluatetheir
effectivenessinreducingstructuralweight.Thepanelsusedintheearliertestprogramweredesignedusingan
advancedversionoftheanalyticalmethodsdevelopedin(Reference2)Othertestswereconductedwith
stiffenedgraphiteepoxyshearpanels.
ZviSheps(1),AlexanderI.Raibstone(1)andMenachemBaruch(2)
(1)IsraelAircraftIndustries,BenGurionAirport,Israel
(2)TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,Haifa,Israel
Computeranalysisofsemimonocoqueshellsections,Computers&Structures,Vol.9,No.3,September
1978,pp.305313,doi:10.1016/00457949(78)901141
ABSTRACT:Acomputerprogramfortheanalysisofsemimonocoquestructuresloadedthrougharigid
bulkheadispresented.Amatrixalgebraapproachisutilizedtogeneratethegoverningequations.Theprogram
isanefficientandvaluabletoolfortheanalysisofaircraftstructurecomponentsinthepreliminarydesign
phase.
R.S.Barsoum(NonLinearMechanics,EngineeringScienceDept.CEPowerSystems,Combustion
Engineering,Inc.,Windsor,Connecticut06095,U.S.A.),Inelasticanalysisofmetalstructuressome
applications,NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.48,No.1,June1978,pp.245257,SpecialIssue:
StructuralMechanicsinReactorTechnologySmirt4,doi:10.1016/00295493(78)902194

ABSTRACT:Inrecentyears,therehavebeenmanydevelopmentsinconstitutiverelations,finiteelement
idealization,andfailurecriteria.Thispaperwilltrytobringouttheimpactofthevariousdevelopmentsfrom
thepointofviewoftheanalyst.Thepaperissomewhatmoreextensiveincreepfatigueevaluationthaninother
areasasaresultofthefastbreederreactorprogram.Inelasticfracture,inelasticbuckling,andresidualstresses
duetofabricationprocesses,arebrieflyreviewed.Anapplicationineachcaseisdiscussed,withemphasison
thedifficultiesrequiringadditionalwork.
J.M.Benoit.EOABouygues,andGillesP.J.Bellamy,Comex,ElastoPlasticBucklingStabilityUnder
HydrostaticPressure,PaperNo.3084MS,OffshoreTechnologyConference,811May1978,Houston,
Texas,doi:10.4043/3084MS
ABSTRACT:Asphericalsubmarinehullelementisanalyzedbymeansofanonlinearfinitedifference
program.Theimperfectionsensitivityofthisstiffenedshellisgreatlydampenedbythestructuraldiscontinuities
introducedthroughthestiffenedportholes.Theinfluenceofshapeimperfectionorgeometricmanufacturing
toleranceisstudiedbyvaryingtheimperfectionamplitudeandbychangingitsdistribution(differentshapes).
Severalgradesofsteelareconsideredforthepresenthullstructureaswell.Theanalyticalresultsarepresented
onvariousgraphsvisualizingthebucklingcharacteristicsofthepresentstructure.Othersimplifiedanalytical
toolsarereviewedwiththepurposeofservingasacrosscheck.Finally,modeltestresultsarecomparedwith
thefinitedifferenceresults.
D.S.Griffin(AdvancedReactorsDivision,WestinghouseElectricCorporation,Madison,PA,15663,USA),
Inelasticstructuralanalysis:Designimplicationsandexperience,NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.51,
No.1,December1978,pp.1121,doi:10.1016/00295493(78)901929
ABSTRACT:Thecurrentstatusofinelasticstructuralanalysisisreviewedrelativetotheneedsand
requirementsfordesignofelevatedtemperaturenuclearreactorcomponents.Theclassesofinelasticproblems
thatcanbesolvedinapracticalwayareidentifiedandtheoverallscopeofongoingvalidationprogramsis
reviewed.Threeclassesofproblemsareidentifiedwherethefurtherdevelopmentofsimplifiedanalysis
techniquesisnecessarytomakethemtractablefordesignapplication.
RembertF.JonesJr.(DavidTaylorNavalShipResearch&DevelopmentCenter,Bethesda,Maryland20084,
USA),Acurvedfiniteelementforgeneralthinshellstructures,NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.48,
Nos.23,August1978,pp.415425,doi:10.1016/00295493(78)900882
ABSTRACT:Thisworkdescribesthedevelopmentofacurvedquadrilateralshellfiniteelementwhich
demonstratesverygoodconvergenceproperties.Ageneraldescriptionisusedinderivingtheelementsothatit
maybeappliedtoanythinshellproblem.Theelementisshowntobeveryefficient.Ithasatotalof36degrees
offreedomwith9ateachofthecornersoftheelement.Thereareseveraldistinctadvantagesthattheelement
offersforpracticalapplications.Mostoftheshellelementsthathavebeenpresentedinthepastarelimitedto
problemsinwhichthecoordinatesontheshellsurfaceareorthogonal.Theelementthatisdescribedinthe
paperisderivedusingageneraldescriptionsothatitmaybeappliedtoanythinshellproblemincludingthose
inwhichtheshellcoordinatesarenotorthogonal.Thedegreesoffreedomateachofthefournodesarethe
threeCartesiandisplacementsandtheirfirstderivativeswithrespecttothetwosurfacecoordinates.The
impositionofboundaryconditionsissimplifiedsinceeachofthedegreesoffreedomcanbeassociatedwitha

quantitywhichhasasimplephysicalmeaning.Duringthecourseofthederivationoftheelement,thestrain
displacementrelationshipsarederivedinaverysimplemannerconsistentwithLove'sfirstapproximationfor
thinshells.Thederivationinthepaperstartsfrombasicprinciplesandshouldhelptoshedsomelightonthe
properformforthebendingstrain.Twoprimarycontributionsarepresentedinthiswork.Thefirstisthe
presentationofaprocedureforthedevelopmentofageneralquadrilateralshellelement.Thesecondisthe
simplederivationofthebendingstrainforthethinshellswhichapparentlyhasnotbeenpresentedpreviously.
R.K.Kinra(ShellOilCompany),HydrostaticandAxialCollapseTestsofStiffenedCylinders,Journalof
PetroleumTechnology,Vol.30,No.4,April1978,pp.668680,doi:10.2118/6319PA
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdescribestheresultsofcollapsetestsontwomodelsoflongitudinallyand
circumferentiallystiffenedlegsectionsofanoffshoreplatform.Methodsofpredictingbucklingloadsare
discussedandpredictedplatform.Methodsofpredictingbucklingloadsarediscussedandpredictedbuckling
loadsarecomparedwiththemodeltestresults.
G.E.WeeksandT.L.Cost,Dynamicresponseofapressurizedplanestraincylinderunderimpulsive
distributedloadingusingfiniteelements,MechanicsResearchCommunications.Vol.5,no.2,pp.6571.1978
ABSTRACT:Thedynamicresponseofapressurizedplanestraincylinderisinvestigatedinthecaseof
impulsivedistributedloading.Theinvestigationisbasedonafiniteelementmethodwhichaccountsforthe
influenceofinternalpressureontheeffectivestiffnessandtheresponsehistoryofapressurizedunconstrained
cylindricalshell.Thenumericalresultssuggestthatsignificantchangesinstiffnessoccurasfunctionsof
internalpressureandtheratioofshellradiustothickness.Itisnotedthatalinearsuperimpositionoftheresults
ofamembranestateplusthoseofanunstressedstatesubjectedtoidenticaldynamicloadingdoesnotyieldthe
precisestateofstressanddeformationinapressurizedcylindricalshellunderdynamicloading.
YairTeneandIzhakSheinman(FacultyofCivilEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstitudeofTechnology,Haifa,
Israel),Dynamicsofshellsofrevolutionunderaxisymmetricloadinvolvingsheardeformation,Computers&
Structures,Vol.8,No.5,May1978,pp.563568,doi:10.1016/00457949(78)900937
ABSTRACT:Ageneralsolutionprocedure,basedonthelineartheory,ispresentedforarbitraryshellsof
revolutionsubjectedtoarbitraryaxisymmetricdynamicloads.Theequationsofmotionadmitsheardeformation
androtationalinertia.ThenumericalsolutionisobtainedbyHoubolt'smethodandbyfinitedifferences.
DhirendraN.BuragohainandSubhashC.Patodi(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteof
Technology,Bombay400076,India),Largedeflectionanalysisofplatesandshellsbydiscreteenergy
method,Computers&Structures,Vol.9,No.3,September1978,pp.315322
doi:10.1016/00457949(78)901153
ABSTRACT:Thediscreteenergymethodaspecialformoffinitedifferenceenergyapproachispresented
asasuitablealternativetothefiniteelementmethodforthelargedeflectionelasticanalysisofplatesand
shallowshellsofconstantthickness.Straindisplacementrelationsarederivedforthecalculationofvarious
linearandnonlinearelementstiffnessmatricesfortwotypesofelementsintowhichthestructureisdiscretized

forconsideringseparatelyenergyduetoextensionandbendingandenergyduetoshearandtwisting.Large
deflectionanalysesofplateswithvariousedgeandloadingconditionsandofashallowcylindricalshellare
carriedoutusingtheproposedmethodandtheresultscomparedwithfiniteelementsolutions.The
computationaleffortsrequiredarealsoindicated.

TetsuyaMatsuiandOsamuMatsuoka(DepartmentofArchitecture,NagoyaUniversity,Nagoya,Japan),The
fundamentalsolutioninthetheoryofshallowshells,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.14,
No.12,1978,pp.971986,doi:10.1016/00207683(78)900793
ABSTRACT:
hetofoniutolsundm
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H.R.Radwan(1)andJ.Genin(2)
(1)Sargent&Lundy,Chicago,Illinois60603,U.S.A.
(2)SchoolofMechanicalEngineering,PurdueUniversity,WestLafayette,Indiana47907,U.S.A.
Dynamicinstabilityincylindricalshells,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.56,No.3,February1978,
pp.373382,doi:10.1016/S0022460X(78)801540
ABSTRACT:Thestabilityofthesteadystateresponseofsimplysupportedcircularcylinderssubjectedto
harmonicexcitationisinvestigatedbyusingvariationalequationsreducedfromexactnonlinearmodal
equations.Theinertiaoftheunperturbedvibrationmotionisincludedaswellasthenonlinearitiesinthesteady
stateresonantresponse.Theexistenceofanewmechanismofparametricexcitationispredictedandthe
conditionsbywhichitdevelopsarediscussed.Unstableregionsareestablishedonfrequencyresponseplotsfor
differentshellgeometries.Numericalintegrationresultsforunstableconditionsindicateconsiderable
overloadingofthestructureandunderlinethepracticalsignificanceofthisinstabilitymechanism.
L.G.BradfordandS.B.Dong(DepartmentofMechanicsandStructures,UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,
California90024,U.S.A),Naturalvibrationsoforthotropiccylindersunderinitialstress,JournalofSound
andVibration,Vol.60,No.2,September1978,pp.157175,doi:10.1016/S0022460X(78)800261
ABSTRACT:Afiniteelementmethodispresentedfortheanalysisofthevibratorycharacteristicsoflaminated
orthotropiccylinders.Thecylindermayhaveanarbitrarynumberofbondedelasticorthotropiccylindrical
laminates,eachwithdistinctthickness,densityandmechanicalproperties.Theformulationiscapableof
treatingathreedimensionalinitialstressstatewhichisradiallysymmetric.Biot'sincrementaldeformation

theoryisthebasisforthisstudy.Ahomogeneous,isotropiccylinderwasanalyzedandthesenumericalresults
wereinexcellentagreementwiththosefromanexactanalysis.Additionalexamplesoftwogeometriesofa
threelayercompositeandasandwichcylinderaregiventofurtherillustratetheinfluenceoftheinitialstresson
thephysicalbehaviorofsuchstructures.
Z.Malik,J.MortonandC.Ruiz(OxfordUniversity,Oxford,UK),Anexperimentalinvestigationintothe
bucklingofcylindricalshellsofvariablewallthicknessunderradialexternalpressure,(Paperdescribesmodels
testedanddiscussestheresultsoftheexperimentsconductedbytheauthors),ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.19,
No.3,1979,pp.8792,doi:10.1007/BF02324196
ABSTRACT:Cylindricalshells,withwallthicknesstodiameterratiosvaryinginstepsfrom1:2000to1:500
areusedinlargefloatingroofstoragetanks,wherebucklingunderpartialvacuumisapotentialrisk.To
examinethevalidityofseveralmethodsofanalysis,aluminummodelswithanominaldiameterof150mm
weretested.Somemodelsexhibitedasuddenbuckling,atthepressurepredictedbyoneofthemethodsof
analysis,othersdeformedatincreasedrateasthecriticalpressurewasapproached.Agradualchangein,modal
bucklingpattern,underdecreasingpressure,wasalsoobserved.
Z.Malik,J.Morton,C.Ruiz(UniversityofOxford,DepartmentofEngineeringScience,Oxford,U.K.),
BucklingUnderNormalPressureofCylindricalShellsWithVariousEndConditions,JournalofPressure
VesselTechnology,Vol.102,No.1,pp.107111,February1980,DOI:10.1115/1.3263288
ABSTRACT:Asimplifiedmethodofanalysis,capableofpredictingthebucklingpressureofcylindricalshells
withvaryingdegreesofendrestraintispresentedandcomparedtopublishedresults.Thecaseofthefreeendis
givenspecialattentionsincenocompleteanalyticalsolutionisknowntotheauthors.
J.Morton(1),P.R.Murray(2)andC.Ruiz(2)
(1)DepartmentofAeronautics,ImperialCollege,London,U.K.
(2)DepartmentofEngineeringScience,OxfordUniversity,Oxford,U.K.
OntheBucklingDesignofSphericalShells,JournalofPressureVesselTechnology,Vol.103,No.3,pp.
261266,August1981,DOI:10.1115/1.3263400
ABSTRACT:Experimentalresultsareinterpretedinthelightofnumericalanalaysis,imperfectionsensitivity
andDesignCodes.Twocasesarediscussed:sphericalshellsunderuniformexternalpressureandpartlyfilled
sphericalshells,supportedonacontinuousequatorialring.Theimperfectionsensitivityassociatedwiththefirst
loadingcaseleadstotheselectionofsafetyfactorsthatdependontheactualshellstiffness.Thesecondcase,in
whichtheloadresultsinabiaxialtensioncompressionstateofstress,istreatedapproximatelyintermsofa
plateunderbiaxialload.
ErnestD.George,Jr.,Plasticbifurcationbucklingoftoroidalshells,ASCEJournaloftheEngineering
MechanicsDivision,Vol.105,No.4,July/August1979,pp.697704
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingcharacteristicsofshellswithdoublecurvatureisanimportantdesignconsideration
ofsuchstructures.Aircraftstructuralcomponentsarecommonlyofthedoublecurvaturetype.Classicalelastic
bucklingoftoroidalshellsegmentswithpositiveandnegativeGaussiancurvaturesunderpressureloadingis

givenbySteinandMcElmann.Afurtherinvestigationofelastictoroidalshells,includingbowedoutsegments
subjectedtoaxialtensionandastudyoftheinitialpostbucklingbehavior,isperformedbyHutchinson.
AmbarNathMukherjee,Buckledcylindricalshellunderaxialcompression,ConferenceProceedingPaper
(TheASCEwebsitedoesnotsaywhichconference),EngineeringMechanics,1979(noabstractgiven)
J.F.BesselingandA.M.A.vanderHeijden,editors,TrendsinSolidMechanics1979,Proceedingsofthe
Symposiumdedicatedtothe65thBirthdayofW.T.Koiter,DelftUniversityPress,Sijthoff&Noordhoff
InternationalPublishers,1979
A.M.A.vanderHeijden(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,DelftUniversityofTechnology,Mekelweg
2,2600CB,Delft,TheNetherlands),AstudyofHutchinson'splasticbucklingmodel,Journalofthe
MechanicsandPhysicsofSolids,Vol.27,Nos.56,December1979,pp.441464,
doi:10.1016/00225096(79)900255
ABSTRACT:ThepostbucklingbehaviourofJ.W.Hutchinson's(1973)plasticbucklingmodelisinvestigated.
Theaimistopredict,approximately,theloaddeflectioncurveuptothemaximumload.Hutchinson'stheoryfor
postbifurcationbehaviourofstructuresusuallyfailstopredictthebehaviouruptothemaximumload.An
alternativeapproachisformulatedinwhichtheconstructionofan(approximate)equationforthelocusof
maximaplaysacentralrole.Theresultsofthisapproacharecomparedwithexactnumericalsolutions.

J.D.Renton(DepartmentofEngineeringScience,UniversityofOxford,England),Ananalysisofthestaticand
dynamicinstabilityofthickcylinders,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.21,No.12,1979,
pp.747754,doi:10.1016/00207403(79)900559
ABSTRACT:AgeneralsolutionofBolotin'sdifferentialequationsforthedynamicstabilityofahomogenous
isotropicmediumisgiven.Thistakestheformofdisplacementfunctionswhichexpressthesolutionasasumof
dilatationalanddistortionaleffects.Usingthesefunctions,solutionsarefoundforthevibrationofcylindersof
finitethicknesswheninitialaxialstressesarepresent.Thebehaviourofsolidrods,simplevibrationandsimple
bucklingareallseentobespecialcasesofthegeneralsolution.Theresultsarecomparedwithapproximate
formulaeforthebucklingofthincylindersanditisshownthattheknownsolutionforthenaturalfrequencyof
unloadedcylindersisaparticularcase.
RobertSchmidt,Postbucklingbehaviorofuniformlycompressedcirculararcheswithclampedends,
ZeitschriftfrAngewandteMathematikundPhysik(ZAMP),Vol.30,No.3,1979,pp.553556,
doi:10.1007/BF01588903
ABSTRACT:Thiscommunicationpresentsarelativelysimpleformulaforthepredictionoftheinitial
postbucklingbehavior(inthesenseofKoiter)ofhingelesselasticcirculararchesofuniformcrosssection
subjectedtoauniformexternalgaspressure.Calculationsareperformedonthebasisofanasymptoticmethod
whichcontainselementsofthetechniquesofanalysisusedbyBudianskyandHutchinson,andChien.

RobertSchmidt(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofDetroit,Detroit,Michigan,USA),Inplane
postbucklingofringssubjectedtoaconstantdirectionalpressureload,ZeitschriftfrAngewandteMathematik
undPhysik(ZAMP),Vol.32,No.5,1981,pp.616619,doi:10.1007/BF00947027
ABSTRACT:Theresultsobtainedinthiscommunicationcharacterizetheinitialpostbifurcationbehaviorof
thinelasticringssubjectedtoaconstantdirectionalandnormaluniformexternalpressure.Theycomplement
thecalculatedpostcriticalvaluespresentedbyBudianskyandSillsinpreviouspublications.
E.Carnoy(AerospaceLaboratory,UniversityofLige,RueduValBenoit75,4000,Lige,Belgium),
Postbucklinganalysisofelasticstructuresbythefiniteelementmethod,ComputerMethodsinApplied
MechanicsandEngineering,Vol.23,No.2,August1980,pp.143174,
doi:10.1016/00457825(80)900912
ABSTRACT:AnasymptoticmethodbasedonKoiter'selasticstabilitytheoryispresentedforgeometrically
nonlinearstructureanalysis;thesestructuresaresubjectedtoaproportionalappliedloadsystem.Anapproach
thatmakespossiblethechoiceofthemodeswhicharenecessarytoobtainagoodrepresentationofthereduced
energyisdevelopedasaniterativeprocess.Theapproachistransferredintotheframeworkofthefiniteelement
method.Appliedtothestudyofthinwalledstructuresthroughsomesampletests,themethodgives,atlowcost,
numericalresultswhichareingoodagreementwiththeprecedingstudies.
E.CarnoyandG.Sander(AerospaceLaboratory,LigeUniversity,B4000Lige,Belgium),Computer
MethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.32,Nos.13,September1982,pp.329363,
doi:10.1016/00457825(82)900755
ABSTRACT:Thecomplementaryenergyapproachforstabilityanalysisofelasticstructuresunderconservative
loadingisbasedonFraeijsdeVeubeke'svariationalprinciple.Theassociateequationsofneutralequilibrium
andstabilitycriteriumarepresentedforarbitrarilylargedeformationsandrotations.Whenspecializedtothe
structuralbehaviorofthinplatesinmoderaterotationsthisfunctionalyieldsthevonKarmanequations.
Efficientmixedflatshellfiniteelementsarederivedfromthisfunctional.Ifthefundamentalpathismoderately
nonlinear,thebucklingloadandtheinitialpostbucklingbehaviorcanbeobtainedbyaniterativeprocessof
RayleighRitztype,whichisbasedonKoiter'sasymptoticapproach.Developmentoftheiterativemethod
withinthecomplementaryenergyprincipleallowsimprovementofcomputationaleffectivenessandoftherate
ofconvergence,asshownbymeansofnumericalexamples.
EricG.Carnoy(1)andThomasJ.R.Hughes(2)
(1)BelgianNationalFoundationofScientificResearchBelgium
(1)StanfordUniversity,California,U.S.A.
Finiteelementanalysisofthesecondarybucklingofaflatplateunderuniaxialcompression,International
JournalofNonLinearMechanics,Vol.18,No.2,1983,pp.167175,doi:10.1016/00207462(83)900434
ABSTRACT:UemuraandByon(Int.J.NonLinearMech.13,114,1978)presentedexperimentalresultsanda
numericalanalysisaboutthesecondarybucklingofclampedflatplatesunderuniaxialcompression.However,
theirnumericalanalysisisbaseduponaninconsistentflatplatefiniteelementanditdoesnottakeintoaccount
theimportantinfluenceofantisymmetricimperfections.ThispaperpresentsanddiscussesF.E.M.results

obtainedbytwocomputercodesusingverydifferentapproaches,andcomparestheseresultswiththe
experimentalones.
Eric.G.CarnoyandGuyPanosyan(NOVATOME,LaBoursidireRN186,F92357LePlessisLePlessis
RobinsonCedex,France),Approximationoftheplasticbucklingloadasthesolutionofaneigenvalue
problem,NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.78,No.3,April1984,pp.347353,
doi:10.1016/00295493(84)901985
ABSTRACT:PlasticbucklinganalysisofthinshellstructuresisgenerallyperformedbyemployingaNewton's
typemethodwithinanincrementalapproach.Thisprocessbecomesmoreefficientifagoodestimateofthe
criticalbucklingloadisavailable.Thisonecanbeobtainedasthesolutionofaneigenvalueproblemthat
generalizestheelasticbifurcationanalysis.Thestabilitymatrixoftheeigenvalueprobleminvolvesan
additionaltermwithrespecttotheelasticbifurcationproblem;thatisthematerialstiffnessmatrixthataccounts
forthechangeofthetangentmodulusalongthefundamentalpath.Theproposedapproachisappliedtothe
elastoplasticbucklingofsphericalcapsunderpressure.
ThomasJ.R.HughesandWingKamLiu(DivisionofEngineeringandAppliedScience,CaliforniaInstituteof
Technology,Pasadena,CA91125,USA),Nonlinearfiniteelementanalysisofshells:PartI.threedimensional
shells,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.26,No.3,June1981,pp.331362,
doi:10.1016/00457825(81)901213
ABSTRACT:Anonlinearfiniteelementformulationispresentedforthethreedimensionalquasistaticanalysis
ofshellswhichaccountsforlargestrainandrotationeffects,andaccommodatesafairlygeneralclassof
nonlinear,finitedeformationconstitutiveequations.Severalfeaturesofthedevelopmentsarenoteworthy,
namely:theextensionoftheselectiveintegrationproceduretothegeneralnonlinearcasewhich,inparticular,
facilitatesthedevelopmentofaheterosistypenonlinearshellelement;thepresentationofanonlinear
constitutivealgorithmwhichisincrementallyobjectiveforlargerotationincrements,andmaintainsthezero
normalstressconditionintherotatingstresscoordinatesystem;andasimpletreatmentoffiniterotationalnodal
degreesoffreedomwhichprecludestheappearanceofzeroenergyinplanerotationalmodes.Numerical
resultsindicatethegoodbehavioroftheelementsstudied.
ThomasJ.R.HughesandWingKamLiu(DivisionofEngineeringandAppliedScience,CaliforniaInstituteof
Technology,Pasadena,CA91125,USA),NonlinearfiniteelementanalysisofshellspartII.twodimensional
shells,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.27,No.2,July1981,pp.167181,
doi:10.1016/00457825(81)901481
ABSTRACT:Ageneralnonlinearfiniteelementformulationisgivenfortwodimensionalproblems.The
formulationappliestothepracticallyimportantcasesofshellsofrevolution,tubes,rings,beamsandframes.
Theapproachisdeducedfromacorrespondingthreedimensionalformulation[4]andthisenablesasimplified
implementation,especiallywithrespecttoconstitutivesoftware.UniformreducedintegrationLagrange
elementsareemployedandshowntobeveryeffectivefortheclassofproblemsconsidered.

ThomasJ.R.HughesandEricCarnoy(DivisionofAppliedMechanics,DurandBuilding,StanfordUniversity,
Stanford,CA94305,U.S.A.),Nonlinearfiniteelementshellformulationaccountingforlargemembrane
strains,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.39,No.1,July1983,pp.6982,
doi:10.1016/00457825(83)900749
ABSTRACT:Apreviouslydevelopednonlinearfiniteelementshellformulationisgeneralizedtoaccomodate
largemembranestrains.Theformulationisdemonstratedonthebendingandinflationofacircularplateandthe
axisymmetricstretchingofanannularplate.BothproblemsaremodeledwithaMooneyRivlinmaterialand
involvelargemembranestrains.
D.J.Benson(1),Y.Bazilevs(1),M.C.Hsu(1)andT.J.R.Hughes(2)
(1)DepartmentofStructuralEngineering,UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,9500GilmanDrive,LaJolla,
CA92093,USA
(2)InstituteforComputationalEngineeringandSciences,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,201East24th
Street,1UniversityStationC0200,Austin,TX78712,USA
Isogeometricshellanalysis:TheReissnerMindlinshell,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsand
Engineering,Vol.199,Nos.58,January2010,pp.276289,SpecialIssue:ComputationalGeometryand
Analysis,doi:10.1016/j.cma.2009.05.011
ABSTRACT:AReissnerMindlinshellformulationbasedonadegeneratedsolidisimplementedforNURBS
basedisogeometricanalysis.Theperformanceoftheapproachisexaminedonasetoflinearelasticand
nonlinearelastoplasticbenchmarkexamples.TheanalyseswereperformedwithLSDYNA,anindustrial,
generalpurposefiniteelementcode,forwhichauserdefinedshellelementcapabilitywasimplemented.This
newfeature,tobereportedoninsubsequentwork,allowsfortheuseofNURBSandothernonstandard
discretizationsinasophisticatednonlinearanalysisframework.
MasujiUemura(1)andOIlByon(2)
(1)InstituteofSpaceandAeronauticalSciences,UniversityofTokyo.461,Komaba,Meguro,Tokyo,Japan
(2)CollegeofIndustrialTechnology,NihonUniversity,121,Izumicho,Narashino,Chiba,Japan
Secondarybucklingofaflatplateunderuniaxialcompression:Part1:theoreticalanalysisofsimplysupported
flatplate,InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,Vol.12,No.6,1977,pp.355370,
doi:10.1016/00207462(77)900373
ABSTRACT:Whilestudiesofpostbucklingbehaviorandloadcarryingcapacitiesofthinplatessubjectedto
uniaxialcompressionhavebeenlimitedtostableconditions,furtherpostbucklingloadinggeneratesanunstable
condition.Thesecondarybucklingwhichoccurswithsnapthroughtohigherorderdeflectionsundersuch
unstableconditionshasnotbeenanalyzedindetailasyet.Inthefirstpartofthispaper,athinsquareplateunder
uniaxialcompression,whichissimplysupportedalongfouredges,isconsidered.Amethodbasedonthesecond
variationofthetotalpotentialenergyisthenproposedforevaluatingthestabilityofthepostbuckling
equilibriumstateandinevitablesecondarybucklingisderivedanalytically.Theeffectsofvariousfactors,such
asinitialimperfections,assumedvirtualdisplacementpattern,postbucklingdeflectionpatternandinplane
boundaryconditions,onthesecondarybucklingvaluesarediscussed.Inpart2,secondarybucklingofclamped
platesisanalyzedbyuseofthefiniteelementmethodandtheresultantnumericalresultsarecomparedwith
experimentalresults.

MasujiUemura(1)andOIlByon(2)
(1)InstituteofSpaceandAeronauticalSciences,UniversityofTokyo.461,Komaba,Meguro,Tokyo,Japan
(2)CollegeofIndustrialTechnology,NihonUniversity,121,Izumicho,Narashino,Chiba,Japan
Secondarybucklingofaflatplateunderuniaxialcompression:Part2.AnalysisofclampedplatebyF.E.M.
andcomparisonwithexperiments,InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,Vol.13,No.1,1978,pp.1
14,doi:10.1016/00207462(78)900094
ABSTRACT:InPart1,atheoreticalanalysiswasusedtostudythesecondarybucklingofasimplysupported
plate.InPart2,aclampedplateisanalysedbythefiniteelementmethod.Thestabilitycriterionforanonlinear
postbucklingequilibriumstateisevaluatedbythesignofthedeterminantofthestiffnessmatrix.Itshouldbe
notedthatthesecondarybucklingloadsofclampedplatesareunexpectedlysmallerthanthoseofsimply
supportedplatesandareonlyoneandahalftimestheprimarybucklingloads.Inpreviousanalyses,onlya
quartersegmentoftheplatewasconsideredbyassumingastableequilibriumstatewithsymmetricalmode.
However,instabilitycanalsobepredictedbyconsideringtheunsymmetricalmodeoverthewholeplate.Results
ofexperimentalanalysisofsecondaryinstabilityofclampedsquareplatesunderuniaxialcompressionagreed
withthenumericalresults.
S.S.Wang,Delaminationcrackgrowthinunidirectionalfiberreinforcedcompositesunderstaticandcyclic
loading,Compositematerials:TestingandDesign;ProceedingsoftheFifthConference,NewOrleans,La;
UnitedStates;2022Mar.1978.pp.642663.1979
ABSTRACT:Aninvestigationofdelaminationcrackgrowthinaunidirectionalcompositelaminateunderstatic
andfatigueloadingconditionsispresented.Anexperimentalprogramwasconductedtostudyfailure
mechanismsandcharacterizethecrackgrowthrate;analyticalmodelingbasedonmicroscopicobservationswas
carriedoutusinganadvancedsingularfiniteelementmethodofthehybridstressmodel.Usingamixedmode
failurecriterion,thedelaminationgrowthunderamonotonicallyincreasingloadcanbepredicted;therateof
delaminationcrackpropagationunderfatigueloadingisdirectlyrelatedtotheamplitudesofcyclicopeningand
shearingmodestressintensityfactorsbyapowerlawrelationship.
TsuneyoshiNakamuraandKojiUetani(DepartmentofArchitecture,KyotoUniversity,Yoshida,Kyoto,Japan),
Thesecondarybucklingandpostsecondarybucklingbehavioursofrectangularplates,InternationalJournal
ofMechanicalSciences,Vol.21,No.5,1979,pp.265286,doi:10.1016/00207403(79)90002X
ABSTRACT:Secondarybucklingandpostsecondarybucklingbehavioursaretheoreticallystudiedforsimply
supportedrectangularplates,whoseprimarybucklingmodesofdeflectioncontainmorethanhalfwavesinthe
loadactingdirection.Modalcouplingeffectsmorecomplexthanonetwotermcouplingeffectsare
incorporatedintothesecondarybucklingandpostsecondarybucklinganalyses.Then,unstableorstable
symmetricsecondarybranchingpointsarefoundonthepostprimarybucklingpathsandsnapthrough
motionsinvolvinganabruptchangeinwaveformareshowntobepossible.Waveformvariationsalongpost
secondarybucklingpathsarealsodisclosedbymeansofanumericalanalysisofequilibriumpaths.
Riks,E.,Anincrementalapproachtothesolutionofsnappingandbucklingproblems,Int.J.Solidsand
Structures,Vol.15,1979,pp.529551,doi:10.1016/00207683(79)900817

ABSTRACT:Thispaperisconcernedwiththenumericalsolutionofsystemsofequationsofdiscretevariables,
whichrepresentthenonlinearbehaviourofelasticsystemsunderconservativeloadingconditions.Inparticular,
anincrementalapproachtothesolutionofbucklingandsnappingproblemsisexplored.Thetopicsthatare
coveredcanbesummarizedasfollows:Thecomputationofnonlinearequilibriumpathswithcontinuation
throughlimitpointsandbifurcationpoints.Thedeterminationofcriticalequilibriumstates.Characteristicto
theproceduresemployedistheuseofthelengthoftheequilibriumpathascontrolparameter.Thisfeature,
togetherwiththesecondorderiterationmethodofNewton,offersareliablebasisfortheproceduresdescribed.
Actualcomputations,carriedoutonafiniteelementmodelofashallowcirculararch,illustratetheeffectiveness
ofthemethodsproposed.
Crisfield,M.A.,Incremental/Iterativesolutionproceduresfornonlinearstructuralanalysis,Int.Conf.Num.
Meth.ForNonlinearProblems,Swansea,September1980
M.A.Crisfield(TransportandRoadResearchLaboratory,DepartmentoftheEnvironment,Crowthorne,
BerkshireRG116AV,England),Afastincremental/iterativesolutionprocedurethathandlessnapthrough,
Computers&Structures,Vol.13,Nos.13,June1981,pp.5562,doi:10.1016/00457949(81)901085
ABSTRACT:Riks[1]hasrecentlyproposedanewsolutionprocedureforovercominglimitpoints.Tothisend,
headds,tothestandardequilibriumequations,aconstraintequationfixingthelengthoftheincrementalload
stepinload/deflectionspace.Theappliedloadlevelbecomesanadditionalvariable.Thepresentpaper
describesameansofmodifyingRik'sapproachsothatitissuitableforusewiththefiniteelementmethod.The
procedureisappliedinconjunctionwiththemodifiedNewtonRaphsonmethodinbothitsoriginaland
acceleratedforms.Theresultingtechniquesnotonlyallowlimitpointstobepassed,butalso,improvethe
convergencecharacteristicsoftheunconstrainediterativeprocedures.Illustrativeexamplesincludethelarge
deflectionanalysisofshallowelasticshellsandthecollapseanalysisofastiffenedsteeldiaphragmfromabox
girderbridge.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

1.E.Riks,Anincrementalapproachtothesolutionofsnappingandbucklingproblems.Int.J.SolidsStructures
15,524551(1979).
2.C.A.Felippa,Proceduresforcomputeranalysisoflargenonlinearstructuralsystems.Proc.lnt.Symp.onLargeEngngSystems
(EditedbyA.Wexler),UniversityofManitoba,Canada.PergamonPress.NewYork(1977).
3.P.SharifianiE.P.Popov,Nonlinearbucklinganalysisofsandwicharches.J.EngngMech.Div.,ASCE91.13971312(1971).
4.J.H.Argyris,Continuaanddiscontinua.Proc.1stConf.MatrixMeth.Struct.Mech.,WrightPattersonA.F.B..Ohio,pp.1l189
(1965).
5.J.L.BatozandG.Dhatt,Incrementaldisplacementalgorithmsfornonlinearproblems.lnt.J.Num.Meth.Engng14.12621266
(1979).
6.P.G.Bergan,G.Horrigmoe,B.KrakelandandT.H.Soreide.Solutiontechniauesfornonlinearfiniteelementproblems.Int.J.
Num:Meth.Engng12.15771696(1978).
7.A.MaewalandW.Nachbar,Stablepostbucklingequilibriaofaxiallycompressedelasticcircularcylindricalshells:afiniteelement
analysisandcomparisonwithexperiments.J.Appl.Mech.44.475481(1977).
8.P.G.BerganandT.Soreide,Solutionoflargedisplacementandinstabilityproblemsusingthecurrentstiffnessparameter.InFinite
ElementsinNonlinearMechanics.pp.647669TapirPress3(1978).
9.O.C.ZienkiewiczTheFiniteHemintMethod,3rdEd.McGrawHill,NewYork(1977).
10.M.A.Crisfield,Theautomaticnonlinearanalysisofstiffenedplatesandshallowshellsusingfiniteelements.Proc.Inst.Civ.
Engrs,Part2,Paper8335.Tobepublished.
11.M.A.Crisfield,AfastermodifiedNewtonRaphsoniteration.Comp.Meth.Appl.Mech.Engng20,261278(1979).
12.G.C.NayakandO.C.Zienkiewicz,Noteonthealphaconstantstiffnessmethodfortheanalysisofnonlinearproblems.Int.J.
Num.Meth.Engng4,579582(1972).
13.A.Jennings,Acceleratingtheconvergenceofmatrixiterativeprocesses.J.Inst.Math.Appl.8,99110(1971).

14.M.A.CtisfieldIterativesolutionproceduresforlinearandnonlinearstructuralanalysis.TRRLReportLR9CQCrowthorne,
England(1979).
15.M.HestmesandE.Steifel.Methodofconjugategradientsforsolvinglinearsystems.J.Res.Nat/Bur.ofStandards49,409436
(1952).
16.A.Jennings,MatrixComputationforEngineersandScientists.
Wiley,NewYork(1977).
17.B.IronsandA.Elsawaf,TheconjugateNewton algorithmforsolvingfiniteelementequations.ProcU.S.GermanSymp.on
FormulationsandAlgorithmsinFiniteElementAnalysis(EditedbyBathe,OdinandWunderlich),pp.599631.MIT.Mass.(1977).
18.J.Dennis,Jr.andJ.More.QuasiNewtonmethods,motivationandtheory.SIAMRev.19,4684(1977).
19.H.MatthiesandG.Strang,Thesolutionofnonlinearfiniteelementequations.Int.J.Num.Meth.Engng14.16131626(1979).
20.M.A.Crisfield,Incremental/iterativesolutionproceduresfornonlinearstructuralanalysis,Int.Conf.OnNumericalMethodsfor
NonlinearProblems,Swansea(Sept.1980).
21O.C.ZienkiewiczandY.K.Cheung,Thefiniteelementmethodfortheanalysisofelasticisotropicandorthotropicslabs.Proc.
Inst.Civ.Engrs28.371488(1964).
22.M.A.CrisfieldandR.S.Puthli,Approximationsinthenonlinearanalysisofthinplatedstructures.FiniteElementsinNonlinear
Mechanics,pp.373392.TapirPress(1978).
23.A.PeanoandR.Riccioni,Automateddiscretisationerrorcontrolinfiniteelementanalysis.InFiniteElementsintheCommercial
Environment(EditedbyJ.Robinson),pp.368387,Robinson&Assoc.,Verwood,England(1978).
24.A.B.SabirandA.C.Lock,Theapplicationoffiniteelementstothelargedeflectiongeometricallynonlinearbehaviourof
cylindricalshells.InVariationalMethodsinEngineering(EditedbyC.A.BrebbiaandH.Tottenham).pp.7!547165.Southampton
UniversityPress(1972).
25.M.A.CrisfieldandR.S.Puthli.Afiniteelementmethodappliedtothecollapseanalysisofstiffenedboxgirderdiaphragms.In
SteelPlatedStructures(EditedbyP.J.Dowling,J.E.HardingandP.A.Frieze),pp.311337.CrosbyLockwoodStaples.London
(1977).
26.B.EinarssonandP.J.Dowling,Testsonsimplystiffenedrectangulardiaphragms.,CESLICRepts.BG54andBG57,Imperial
College,London(1979)

Kyriakides,S.,Thepropagatingbuckleanditsarrest,Ph.D.Thesis,CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,
Pasadena,Calif.,1980
G.Augusti(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversitdiFirenze,I50139,Firenze,Italy),Probabilistic
methodsinplasticstructuralanalysis,NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.57,No.2,May1980,pp.403
415,doi:10.1016/00295493(80)901144
ABSTRACT:Theredistributionofstressesinductilestructures,althoughbeneficialfromthesafetyviewpoint,
introducesanothersourceofuncertainty,whichrequiresspecificmethodswhentheprobabilisticapproachto
reliabilityevaluationisfollowed.Practicableprocedureshavebeendevelopedforstructuresthatsatisfythe
classicalassumptionsofplasticlimitanalysis.Inparticular,twotheoremsthatallowtofindrigorousupperand
lowerboudsontheprobabilityoffullplasticcollapseundergivenloads,arepresented.Othermethodsfor
probabilisticlimitanalysisarealsoindicated,includinginparticularaspecificallydevelopedparametric
simulationprocedure.Thelastpartofthepaperisdevotedtothereliabilityanalysisofplasticstructuressubject
toloadsvarying(slowly)intime.Itisrecalledfirstthatprobabilisticlimitanalysiscanbeeasilyextendedtothe
shakedownincrementalcollapseproblem,providedtheloadsvarywithinafinitedomain:however,the
significanceofsuchanapproachforstochasticallyvaryingloadsisquestioned.Infact,astimeincreases,the
probabilityalsoincreasesthattheloadscrossanygiventhreshold.Therefore,itismoreappropriatetospeakof
plasticadaptionratherthanshakedown,andtofocustheattentionontheprobabilityofreaching,inany
giventimeinterval,acertainpermanentdeformation.Again,onlyapproximatesolutions(intheformofupper

andlowerbounds)canbefoundtothisquestion,butthisappearstobeamorerationalandpromisingapproach
totheproblem.
P.G.Bergan(TheNorwegianInstituteofTechnology,Trondheim,Norway),Solutionalgorithmsfornonlinear
structuralproblems,Computers&Structures,Vol.12,No.4,October1980,pp.497509,
doi:10.1016/00457949(80)90125X
ABSTRACT:Thearticlediscussescharacteristictypesofnonlinearitiesinstructuralsystems.Variouswaysof
illustratingsuchnonlinearitiesaresuggested.Mathematicalequationsthatformthebasisforalternative
numericalsolutionalgorithmsarestated.Theuseofthecurrentstiffnessparameterforcharacterizingnonlinear
systemsisdiscussed.Somenewformulationsandapplicationsofthisparameteraresuggested.Anewclassof
solutiontechniquesutilizingsimultaneousiterationontheloadingparameteraswellasthedisplacementsisalso
proposed.Bythesetechniquesitisnotnecessarytoformulateanonlinearstiffnessmatrixandincrementationof
displacementpatterncanbeusedinsteadofloadincrementation.Nospecialloadreversalcriterionisnormally
requiredforpassinglimitpoints.
Ramm.E.Strategiesfortracingthenonlinearresponsenearlimitpoints,inNonlinearFiniteElement
AnalysisinStructuralMechanics,editedbyW.Wunderlich,E.SteinandK.J.Bathe,Proceedingsofthe
EuropeU.S.Workshop,RuhrUniversitt,Bochum,Germany,July1980
Ramm,E.NichlineareStrukturAnalyse(NISA)ComputerCode,InstitutefrBaustatik,Universityof
Stuttgart,Stuttgart,Germany,1980
Ramm,E.andStegmller,H.,Thedisplacementfiniteelementmethodinnonlinearbucklinganalysisof
shells,inBucklingofShells,editedbyE.Ramm,Proceedingsofastateoftheartcolloquium,Universitt
Stuttgart,Germany,May1982
Kyriakides,S.andBabcock,C.D.,Experimentaldeterminationofthepropagationpressureofcircularpipes,
ASMEJournalofPressureVesselTechnology,Vol.103,1981,pp.328336
IzhakSheinman(FacultyofCivilEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,Haifa,Israel),
ApplicationofDSISRprogramtorecessedshellsofrevolution,Computers&Structures,Vol.14,Nos.56,
1981,pp.361368,doi:10.1016/00457949(81)900559
ABSTRACT:ApplicationoftheDSISRprogramtorecessedshellsofrevolutionisillustratedontheexamples
ofacylinderwithtwodiametricallyoppositerectangularcutoutsandaspherewithasingletrapezoidalcutout.
Theprogramwhichissuitableforawiderangeofstaticanddynamicproblemswasdevelopedforgeneral
linearanalysisofshellsofrevolutionwitharbitrarystiffnessandmassdensitydistributions.Intheanalysis,the
equationsofmotionarederivedwiththeaidofSanders'theory,andthenumericalsolutionprocedureisbased
onFourierexpansioninthecircumferentialdirection,onfinitedifferencesinthemeridionaldirection,andon
Houbolt'smethodinthetimedomain.

EndofEarlyContibutionstothefieldofshellbuckling

Section8:Therefollowmany,manycitationsonbucklingand
vibrationofplatesandshells.Thereisnoattempttoalphabetizeorto
sortbydate.Iattemptedtogroupcitationsbythesameauthor
together.IncitationswithmultipleauthorsIhadtochoosewhich
authortogroupwithothercitationsinwhichthatauthoris
included.Sometimesthatchoiceisarbitrary.SometimesIgrouped
articlesonsimilarsubjectstogether,butnottoooften.
Bushnell,D.:BucklingofShellsPitfallforDesigners,AIAAPaperNo.800665R,AIAAJournal,Vol.19,
No.9,pp.11831226,September1981
INTRODUCTION:Inordertoproduceefficient,reliabledesigns&toavoidunexpectedcatastrophicfailureof
structuresofwhichthinshellsareimportantcomponents,theengineermustunderstandthephysicsofshell
buckling.Theobjectiveofthissurveyistoconveytothereaderafeelforshellbuckling,whetheritbedueto
nonlinearcollapse,bifurcationbuckling,oracombinationofthesemodes.Thisintuitiveunderstandingof
instabilityiscommunicatedbyalargenumberofexamplesinvolvingpracticalshellstructureswhichmaybe
stiffened,segmented,orbranched&whichhavecomplexwallconstructions.Withsuchintuitiveknowledgethe
engineerwillhaveanimprovedabilitytoforeseesituationsinwhichbucklingmightoccur&tomodifyadesign
toavoidit.Heorshewillbeabletosetupmoreappropriatemodelsfortests&analyticalpredictions.The
emphasishereisnotonthedevelopmentofequationsforthepredictionofinstability.Forsuchmaterialthe
readerisreferredtothebookbyBrush&Almroth.Emphasisisgivenheretononlinearbehaviorcausedbya
combinationoflargedeflections&plasticity.Alsoillustratedarestressredistributioneffects,stiffener&load
patheccentricityeffects,localv.generalinstability,imperfectionsensitivity,&modalinteractioninoptimized
structures.Scatteredthroughoutthetextaretipsonmodelingforcomputerizedanalysis.Thesurveyisdivided
intoninemajorsectionsdescribing:1)severalexamplesofcatastrophicfailureofexpensiveshellstructures;2)
thebasicsofbucklingbehavior;3)classicalbuckling&imperfectionsensitivity;4)nonlinearcollapse&the
appropriatenessoflinearbifurcationbucklinganalysesforgeneralshells;5)bifurcationbucklingwith
significantnonlinearprebucklingbehavior;6)effectsofboundaryconditions,loadeccentricity,transverse
sheardeformation,&stablepostbucklingbehavior;7)optimizationofbucklingcriticalstructureswith
consequentmodalinteraction;8)asuggesteddesignmethodforaxiallycompressedcylinderswithstiffeners,
internalpressure,orotherspecialcharacteristics;&9)twoexamplesinwhichsophisticatedbucklinganalyses
arerequiredinordertoderiveimproveddesigns.Thepaperfocusesonstaticbucklingproblems.
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5166.
2Baltus,R.andMassonnet,C.,"UseofComputerProgramsBOSOR4and5intheStabilityAnalysisofTwoCivilEngineeringSteel
ShellStructures,"ProceedingsofStabilityofSteelStructures,Liege,Belgium,April1977,pp.609617.

3Vanderpitte,D.,"ModelInvestigationoftheCollapseofaSteelWaterTower,"ProceedingsofStabilityofSteelStructures,Liege,
Belgium,April1977,p.599607.
4Lagae,G.,LaboratoriumvoorModelonderzoek,Rijksuniversiteit,Ghent,Belgium,privatecommunicationtoD.Bushnell,
LockheedMissiles&SpaceCo.,PaloAlto,Calif.,Aug.8,1978.
5Bushnell, D.,"ComputerizedAnalysisofShellBuckling,"LockheedMissiles&SpaceCo.,Rept.LMSCD681517,Dec.1979.
6Shih,C.F.andBabcock,C.D.,"BucklingofCylindricalTankunderEarthquakeExcitation,"ASCEProceedingsofThird
EngineeringMechanicsConference,Sept.1979,pp.8184.
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EarthquakeEngineeringResearchCenterRept.UCB/EERC79/06,Feb.1979
8Seide,P,.Weingarten,V.I.,andMasri,S.F."BucklingCriteriaandApplicationofCriteriatoDesignofSteelContainmentShell,"
NUREGCR0793,March1979.
9Bushnell,D.,"Stress,StabilityandVibrationofComplexBranchedShellsofRevolution,"ComputersandStructures,Vol.4,1974,
pp.399435.
10Bushnell,D.,"CripplingandBucklingofCorrugatedRingStiffenedCylinders,"JournalofSpacecraftandRockets,Vol.9,May
1972,pp.357363.
11Brush,D.O.andAlmroth,B.O.,BucklingofBars,Plates,andShells,McGrawHillBookCo.,NewYork,1975.
12Almroth,B.O.,Burns,A.B.,andPittner,E.V.,"DesignCriteriaforAxiallyLoadedCylindricalShells,"JournalofSpacecraftand
Rockets,Vol.7,June1970,pp.714720.
13Koiter,W.T.,"TheNonlinearBucklingProblemofaCompleteSphericalShellunderUniformExternalPressure,"Nos.IIV,
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Pilkey,K.Saczalski,andH.Schaeffer,UniversityofVirginiaPress,Charlottesville,Va.,1974,pp.277358.
15Roorda,J.,"StabilityofStructureswithSmallImperfections,"ASCEJournalofEngineeringMechanicsDivision,Vol.91,No.
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16Hutchinson,J.W.andKoiter,W.T.,"PostbucklingTheory,AppliedMechanicsReviews,Vol.23,1970,pp.13531356.
17Tvergaard,V.,"BucklingBehaviorofPlateandShellStructures,"Proceedingsofthe14thInternationalCongressofTheoretical
andAppliedMechanics,editedbyW.T.Koiter,NorthHollandPublishingCo.,NewYork,1976,pp.233247.
18Hutchinson,J.W.,"PlasticBuckling,"AdvancesinAppliedMechanics,Vol.14,editedbyC.S.Yih,AcademicPress,NewYork,
1974,pp.67144.
19Bushnell,D.,"PlasticBuckling,"LockheedMissiles&SpaceCo.,Rept.LMSCD673763,April1979(toappearinASMEPVP
DecadeofProgress,1981).
20Pilkey,W.,Saczalski,K.,andSchaeffer,H.,(Eds.),StructuralMechanicsComputerPrograms:Surveys,Assessment,and
Availability,UniversityPressofVirginia,Charlottesville,1974.
21Bushnell,D.,"AComputerizedInformationRetrievalSystem,"StructuralMechanicsComputerPrograms:Surveys,Assessments,
andAvailability,UniversityPressofVirginia,Charlottesville,1974,pp.735804.
22Cohen,G.A.,"UserDocumentforComputerProgramsforRingStiffenedShellsofRevolution,"NASACR2086,1973;
"ComputerAnalysisofRingStiffenedShellsofRevolution,"NASACR2085,1973;"ComputerProgramforAnalysisof
ImperfectionSensitivityofRingStiffenedShellsofRevolution,"NASACR1801,1971.
23Kalnins,A.,"User'sManualforKSHELComputerPrograms,"1970,availablefromDr.Kalnins,LehighUniversity,Bethlehem,
Pa.,(alsosee"FreeVibration,StaticandStabilityAnalysisofThinElasticShellsofRevolution,"AFFDLTR68144,March1969).
24Svalbonas,V.,"NumericalAnalysisofStiffenedShellsofRevolution,"NASACR2273,1973.
25Koiter,W.T.,"OverdeStabiliteitvanhetElastichEvenwicht,"UniversityofDelftthesis,Paris,Amsterdam,1945(English
translation,NASARept.TTF10,1967).
26Biot,M.A.,MechanicsofIncrementalDeformations,JohnWileyandSons,NewYork,1965.
27Fung,Y.C.,FoundationsofSolidMechanics,PrenticeHall,EnglewoodCliffs,N.J.,1965.
28Washizu,K.,VariationalMethodsinElasticityandPlasticity,PergamonPress,NewYork,1968.
29Green,A.E.andZerna,W.,TheoreticalElasticity,2ndEd.,OxfordUniversityPress,LondonandNewYork,1968.
30Malvern,L.E.,IntroductiontotheMechanicsofaContinuousMedium,PrenticeHall,EnglewoodCliffs,N.J.,1969.
31Oden,J.T.,FiniteElementsofNonlinearContinua,McGrawHillBookCo.,NewYork,1972.
32Przemieniecki,J.S.,TheoryofMatrixStructuralAnalysis,McGrawHillBookCo.,NewYork,1968.

33Zienkiewicz,O.C.,TheFiniteElementMethodinEngineeringScience,McGrawHillBookCo.,London,1971.
34Desai,C.S.andAbel,J.F.,IntroductiontotheFiniteElementMethod,VanNostrandReinholdCo.,NewYork,1972.
35Martin,H.C.andCarey,G.F.,IntroductiontoFiniteElementAnalysis:TheoryandApplications,McGrawHillBookCo.,New
York,1973.
36Hoff,N.J.,"ThePerplexingBehaviorofThinCylindricalShellsinAxialCompression,"IsraelJournalofTechnology,Vol.4,No.
1,1966,pp.128.
37Donnell,L.H.andWan,C.C.,"EffectsofImperfectionsonBucklingofThinCylindersandColumnsunderAxialCompression,"
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38Lorenz,R.,"AchsensymmetrischeVerzerrungenindunnwandigenHohlzylindern,"ZeitschriftdesVereinesDeutscherIngenieure,
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39Timoshenko,S.P.,TheoryofElasticStability,McGrawHillBookCo.,NewYork,1936,p.439.
40Singer,J.andAbramovich,H.,"VibrationTechniquesforDefinitionofPracticalBoundaryConditionsinStiffenedShells,"AIAA
Journal,Vol.17,July1979,pp.762769.
41Ekstrom,R.E.,"BucklingofCylindricalShellsunderCombinedTorsionandHydrostaticPressure,"ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.
3,Aug.1963,p.192197.
42Harris,L.A.,Suer,H.S.,andSkene,W.T.,"ModelInvestigations ofUnstiffenedandStiffenedCircularShells,"Experimental
Mechanics,Vol.1,No.7,1961,pp.19.
43Kaplan,A.,"BucklingofSphericalShells,"ThinShellStructures:Theory,Experiment,andDesign,editedbyY.C.FungandE.E.
Sechler,PrenticeHall,EnglewoodCliffs,N.J.,1974,pp.248288.
44Horton,W.H.,BaileyS.C.,andMcQuilkinB.H.,AnIntroductiontoStability,"StanfordUniversityreportversionofPaper219
presentedatASTMAnnualMeeting,AtlanticCity,N.J.,June1966.
45Carlson,R.L.,Sendlebeck,R.L.,andHoff,N.J.,"ExperimentalStudiesoftheBucklingofCompleteSphericalShells,"
ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.7,1967,pp.281288.
46Koiter,W.T.,"ElasticStabilityandPostbucklingBehavior,"ProceedingsoftheSymposiumonNonlinearProblems,editedbyR.
E.Langer,UniversityofWisconsinPress,Madison,1963,pp.257275.
47Budiansky,B.andHutchinson,J.W.,"Buckling:ProgressandChallenge,"TrendsinSolidMechanics,1979,editedbyJ.F.
BesselingandA.M.A.vanderHeijden,SijthoffNoordhoff,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands,1980.
48Budiansky,B.,"TheoryofBucklingandPostbucklingBehaviorofElasticStructures,"AdvancesinAppliedMechanics,Vol.41,
AcademicPress,NewYork,1974,pp.165.
49Seide,P.,"AReexaminationofKoiter'sTheoryofInitialPostbucklingBehaviorandImperfectionsSensitivityofStructures,"
ThinShellStructures:Theory,Experiment,Design,editedbyY.C.FungandE.E.Sechler,PrenticeHall,EnglewoodCliffs,N.J.,
1974,pp.5980.
50Masur,E.F.,"BucklingofShellsGeneralIntroductionandReview,"Paper2000presentedatASCENationalStructural
EngineeringMeeting,SanFrancisco,April913,1973.
51Budiansky,B.andHutchinson,J.W.,"DynamicBucklingofImperfectionSensitiveStructures,"ProceedingsofXIInternational
CongressofAppliedMechanics,Munich,1964,SpringerVerlag,Berlin,1966,pp.636651.
52Budiansky,B.,"DynamicBucklingofElasticStructures:CriteriaandEstimates,"DynamicStabilityofStructures,Proceedingsof
anInternationalConference,1965,editedbyG.Herrmann,PergamonPress,NewYouk,1967,pp.83106
53Budiansky,B.andHutchinson,J.W.,"ASurveyofSomeBucklingProblems,"AIAAJournal,Vol.4,Sept.1966,pp.15051510.
54Koiter,W.T.,"TheNonlinearBucklingProblemofaCompleteSphericalShellunderUniformExternalPressure,"Nos.IIV,
KoninklikeNederlandischeAkademievonWetenshappen,Vol.B72,1969,pp.40123.
55Arbocz,J.,"TheEffectofInitialImperfectionsonShellStability,"ThinShellStructures:Theory,Experiment,andDesign,edited
byY.C.FungandE.E.Sechler,PrenticeHall,EnglewoodCliffs,N.J.,1974,pp.205245.
56Hutchinson,J.W.,"AxialBucklingofPressurizedImperfectCylindricalShells,"AIAAJournal,Vol.3,Aug.1965,pp.14611466.
57Arbocz,J.andBabcock,C.D.,"TheEffectofGeneralImperfectionsontheBucklingofCylindricalShells,"JournalofApplied
Mechanics,Vol.36,1969,pp.2838.
58Arbocz,J.andSechler,E.E.,"OntheBucklingofStiffenedImperfectCylindricalShells,"AIAAJournal,Vol.14,Nov.1976,pp.
16111617.
59Koiter,W.T.,"TheEffectofAxisymmetricImperfectionsontheBucklingofCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompression,"
KoninklikeNederlandischeAkademievanWetenshappen,Vol.B66,1963,pp.265279.
60Tennyson,R.C.andMuggeridge,D.B.,"BucklingofAxisymmetricImperfectCircularCylindricalShellsunderAxial
Compression,"AIAAJournal,Vol.7,Nov.1969,pp.21272131.
61Hutchinson,J.W.andAmazigo,J.C.,"ImperfectionSensitivityofEccentricallyStiffenedCylindricalShells,"AIAAJournal,Vol.

5,March1967,pp.392401.
62Hutchinson,J.W.andFrauenthal,J.C.,"ElasticPostbucklingBehaviorofStiffenedandBarreledCylindricalShells,"Journalof
AppliedMechanics,Vol.36,1969,pp.784790.
63Amazigo,J.C.andBudiansky,B.,"AsymptoticFormulasfortheBucklingStressesofAxiallyCompressedCylinderswith
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64Almroth,B.O.,Brogan,F.A.,andStanley,G.M.,"StructuralAnalysisofGeneralShells,Vol.II:UserInstructionsforSTAGSC,"
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Creep,"Computers&Structures,Vol.6,1976,pp.221239.
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68Tennyson,R.C.,Chan,K.H.,andMuggeridge,D.B.,"EffectofAxisymmetricShapeImperfectionsontheBucklingofLaminated
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69Kulkarni,S.V.andFrederick,D.,"BucklingofPartiallyDebondedLayeredCylindricalShells,"Paperpresentedat
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70Almroth,B.O.,"DesignofCompositeMaterialStructuresforBuckling,"LockheedMissiles&SpaceCo.,PaloAlto,Calif.,Rept.
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71Tennyson,R.C.,"BucklingofLaminatedCompositeCylinders:AReview,Composites,Vol.6,Jan.1975,pp.1724.
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75Tvergaard,V.andNeedleman,A.,"OntheBucklingofElasticPlasticColumnswithAsymmetricCrossSections,"International
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76Hutchinson,J.W.,OnthePostbucklingBehaviorofImperfectionSensitiveStructuresinthePlasticRange,"JournalofApplied
Mechanics,Vol.39,1972,pp.155162.
77Hutchinson,J.W.,"ImperfectionSensitivityinthePlasticRange,"JournalofMechanicsandPhysicsofSolids,Vol.21,1973,pp.
191204.
78Hutchinson,J.W.andBudiansky,B.,"AnalyticalandNumericalStudyoftheEffectsofInitialImperfectionsontheInelastic
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79Needleman,A.andTvergaard,V.,"AnAnalysisoftheImperfectionSensitivityofSquareElasticPlasticPlatesunderAxial
Compression,"InternationalJournalofSolidsStructures,Vol.12,1976,pp.185201.
80Tvergaard,V.,"BucklingofElasticPlasticCylindricalPanelunderAxialCompression,"InternationalJournalofSolidsStructures,
Vol.13,1977,pp.957970.
81Hill,R.,"AGeneralTheoryofUniquenessandStabilityinElastic/PlasticSolids,"JournalofMechanicsandPhysicsofSolids,
Vol.6,1958,pp.236249.
82Hill,R.,"SomeBasicPrinciplesintheMechanicsofSolidswithoutaNaturalTime,"JournalofMechanicsandPhysicsofSolids,
Vol.7,1959,pp.205225.
83Tvergaard,V.andNeedleman,A.,"ModeInteractioninanEccentricallyStiffenedElasticPlasticPanelunderCompression,"
BucklingofStructures,editedbyB.Budiansky,SpringerVerlag,Berlin,Heidelberg,NewYork,1976,pp.160171.
84Tvergaard,V.andNeedleman,A.,"BucklingofEccentricallyStiffenedElasticPlasticPanelsonTwoSingleSupportsorMultiply
Supported,"InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.11,1975,pp.647663.
85Lee,L.H.N.,"InelasticBucklingofInitiallyImperfectCylindricalShellsSubjecttoAxialCompression,"JournalofAerospace
Sciences,Vol.29,1962,pp.8795.
86Batterman,S.C.,"PlasticBucklingofAxiallyCompressedCylindricalShells,"AIAAJournal,Vol.3,Feb.1965,pp.316325.
87Sobel,L.H.andNewman,S.Z.,"PlasticBucklingofCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompression,"PaperpresentedatThirdU.S.
CongressonPressureVesselsandPiping,SanFrancisco,June2529,1979(seealso,ASMEJournalofPressureVesselTechnology,
Vol.102,Feb.1980,pp.4044).

88Sewell,M.J.,"ASurveyofPlasticBuckling,"Stability,editedbyH.Leipholz,Chap.5,UniversityofWaterlooPress,Ontario,
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89Ramsey,H.,"PlasticBucklingofConicalShellsunderAxialCompression,"InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.19,
1977,pp.252272.
90Gerard,G.,"CompressiveandTorsionalBucklingofThinWalledCylindersintheYieldRegion,"NACATN3726,Aug.1956.
91Murphy,L.M.andLee,L.H.N.,InelasticBucklingProcessofAxiallyCompressedCylindricalShellsSubjecttoEdge
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92Gellin,S.,"EffectofanAxisymmetricImperfectiononthePlasticBucklingofanAxiallyCompressedCylindricalShell,"Journal
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93Brazier,L.G.,OntheFlexureofThinCylindricalShellsandOther'Thin'Sections,"ProceedingsoftheRoyalSociety,SeriesA,
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94Seide,P.andWeingarten,V.I.,OntheBucklingofCylindricalShellsunderPureBending,"JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.
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95Stevens,W.B.,Starnes,J.H.Jr.,andAlmroth,B."CollapseofLongCylindricalShellsunderCombinedBendingandPressure
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96Bushnell,D.,"UseofBOSOR5fortheElasticPlasticBendingandBucklingAnalysisofPipesandElbows,"Computers&
Structures,Vol.13,1981,pp.241248.
97Almroth,B.O.andBrogan,F.A.,"BifurcationBucklingasanApproximationoftheCollapseLoadforGeneralShells,"AIAA
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98Mescall,J.,"StabilityofThinTorisphericalShellsunderUniformInternalPressure,"CollectedPapersonInstabilityofShell
Structures,NASATND1510,Dec.1962,pp.671692.
99Adachi,J.andBenicek,M.,"BucklingofTorisphericalShellsunderInternalPressure,"ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.4,Aug.
1964,pp.217222.
100Thurston,G.andHolston,A.A.Jr.,"BucklingofCylindricalShellEndClosuresbyInternalPressure,"NASACR540,July
1966.
101Brown,K.W.andKraus,H., "StabilityofInternallyPressurizedVesselswithEllipsoidalHeads,"Paperpresentedatthe2nd
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102Bushnell,D.andGalletly,G.D.,"ComparisonsofTestandTheoryforNonsymmetricElasticPlasticBucklingofShellsof
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103Bushnell,D.andGalletly,G.D.,"StressandBucklingofInternallyPressurizedElasticPlasticTorisphericalVesselHeads
ComparisonsofTestandTheory,"ASMEJournalofPressureVesselTechnology,Vol.99,Feb.1977,pp.3953.
104Lagae,G.andBushnell,D.,"ElasticPlasticBucklingofInternallyPressurizedTorisphericalVesselHeads,"NuclearEngineering
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105Galletly,G.D.,"InternalPressureBucklingofVeryThinTorisphericalShellsAComparisonofExperimentandTheory,"
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106Galletly,G.D.,"ElasticandElasticPlasticBucklingofInternallyPressurized2:1EllipsoidalShells,"ASMEJournalofPressure
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107Kirk,A.andGill,S.S.,"TheFailureofTorisphericalEndsofPressureVesselsduetoInstabilityandPlasticDeformationAn
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108Patel,P.R.andGill,S.S.,"ExperimentsontheBucklingunderInternalPressureofThinTorisphericalEndsofCylindrical
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110Ketter,R.L."TheInfluenceofResidualStressesontheStrengthofStructuralMembers,"WeldingResearchCouncilBulletin44,
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111Almen,J.O.andBlack,P.H.,ResidualStressesandFatigueinMetals,McGrawHillBookCo.,Chap.5,1963,pp.4647.
112Queener,C.A.andDeAngelis,R.J.,"ElasticSpringbackandResidualStressesinSheetMetalFormedbyBending,"ASM
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113Lunchick,M.E.,"InfluenceofResidualRollingStressesontheStrengthofCylindricalPressureVesselsunderExternal
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114Tacey,R.K.,"AComputerProgramforCalculationoftheResidualStressDistributionandtheEffectiveStressStrainCurveof
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115"NumericalModelingofManufacturingProcesses,"editedbyR.F.JonesJr.,H.Armen,andJ.T.Fong,PaperPVPPB025

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116Masubuchi,K.,"ReportonCurrentKnowledgeofNumericalAnalysisofStresses,StrainsandotherEffectsProducedby
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117Hibbitt,H.D.andMarcal,P.V.,ANumericalThermomechanicalModelfortheWeldingandSubsequentLoadingofa
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118Nickell,R.E.andHibbitt,H.D.,"ThermalandMechanicalAnalysisofWeldedStructures,"NuclearEngineeringandDesign,
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119Friedman,E.,"ThermomechanicalAnalysisoftheWeldingProcessUsingtheFiniteElementMethod,"ASMEJournalof
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120Chen,W.F.andRoss,D.A.,"AxialStrengthandBehaviorofCylindricalColumns,"Proceedingsof8thAnnualOffshore
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121Faulkner,D.,"EffectsofResidualStressesontheDuctileStrengthofPlaneWeldedGrillagesandofRingStiffenedCylinders,"
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122Krenzke,M.A.,"EffectsofInitialDeflectionsandResidualWeldingStressesonElasticBehaviorandCollapsePressureof
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1960.
123Bushnell,D.,"EffectofColdBendingandWeldingonBucklingofRingStiffenedCylinders,"ComputersandStructures,Vol.
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124Kirstein,A.F.andSlankard,R.C.AnExperimentalInvestigationoftheShellInstabilityStrengthofaMachined,RingStiffened
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125Slankard,R.C.,"TestsoftheElasticStabilityofaRingStiffenedCylindricalShell,ModelBR4SubjectedtoHydrostatic
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126VonMises,R.,"DerKritischeAussendruckFurAllseitsBelasteteZylindrischeRohre,"FestZurnal70GeburstagvonProf.A.
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127Nash,W.A.,"BucklingofThinCylindricalShellsSubjecttoHydrostaticPressure,"JournaloftheAeronauticalSciences,Vol.
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128Galletly,G.D.andBart,R.,"EffectsofBoundaryConditionsandInitialOutofRoundnessontheStrengthofThinWalled
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129Singer,J.,"TheEffectofAxialConstraintontheInstabilityofThinCylindricalShellsunderExternalPressure,"Journalof
AppliedMechanics,1960,pp.737739.
130Sobel,L.H.,"EffectsofBoundaryConditionsontheStabilityofCylindersSubjecttoLateralandAxialPressures,"AIAA
Journal,Vol.2,Aug.1964,pp.14371440.
131Nachbar,W.andHoff,N.J.,"TheBucklingofaFreeEdgeofanAxiallyCompressedCircularCylindricalShell,"Quarterly
JournalofAppliedMathematics,Vol.XX,1962,pp.267277.
132Stein,M.,"TheEffectontheBucklingofPerfectCylindersofPrebucklingDeformationsandStressesInducedbyEdge
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133Fischer,G.,"UberdenEinflussderGelenkigenLagerungaufdieStabilitatDunnwandigerKreiszylinderschalenunterAxiallast
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134Almroth,B.O.,"InfluenceofEdgeConditionsontheStabilityofAxiallyCompressedCylindricalShells,"AIAAJournal,Vol.4,
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135Hoff,N.J.andSoong,T.C.,"BucklingofCircularCylindricalShellsinAxialCompression,"SUDAERRept.204,Stanford,
Calif.,Aug.1964.
136Cohen,G.A.,"BucklingofAxiallyCompressedCylindricalShellswithRingStiffenedEdges,"AIAAJournal,Vol.4,Oct.1966,
pp.18591862.
137Leonard,R.W.,Anderson,M.S.,andHeard,W.L.Jr.,"DesignofaMarsEntryAeroshell,"BucklingofStructures(IUTAM
Symposium,Cambridge,Mass.,June1974),SpringerVerlag,Berlin,Heidelberg,NewYork,1976,pp.346364.
138Stuhlman,C.E.,Deluzio,A.,andAlmroth,B.,"InfluenceofStiffenerEccentricityandEndMomentonStabilityofCylindersin
Compression,"AIAAJournal,Vol.4,May1966,pp.872877.
139Weller,T.,Singer,J.,andBatterman,S.C.,"InfluenceofEccentricityofLoadingonBucklingofStringerStiffenedCylindrical
Shells,"ThinShellStructures:Theory,ExperimentandDesign,editedbyY.C.FungandE.E.Sechler,PrenticeHall,Englewood
Cliffs,N.J.,1974,pp.305324.
140Singer,J.andRosen,A.,"InfluenceofBoundaryConditionsontheBucklingofStiffenedCylindricalShells,"Bucklingof

Structures(ProceedingsofIUTAMSymposium,Cambridge,Mass.,June1974),SpringerVerlag,Berlin,Heidelberg,NewYork,
1976,pp.227250.
141Singer,J.andAbramovich,H.,"VibrationTechniquesforDefinitionofPracticalBoundaryConditionsinStiffenedShells,"
AIAAJournal,Vol.17,July1979,pp.762769.
142Wang,R.L.,"EffectsofEdgeRestraintontheStabilityofSphericalCaps,"AIAAJournal,Vol.4,April1966,pp.718719.
143Bushnell,D.,"BucklingandVibrationofRingStiffened,SegmentedShellsofRevolutionNumericalResults,"Proceedingsof
1stASMEInternationalPressureVesselConference,Part1:DesignandAnalysis,1969,ASME,NewYork,pp.255268.
144Reissner,E.,"TheEffectofTransverseShearDeformationontheBendingofElasticPlates,"JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.
12,June1945,pp.A69A77.
145Mindlin,R.D.,"InfluenceofRotaryInertiaandShearonFlexuralMotionsofIsotropicElasticPlates,"JournalofApplied
Mechanics,Vol.18,June1945,pp.3138.
146Srinivas,S.andRao,A.K.,"BucklingofThinRectangularPlates,"AIAAJournal,Vol.7,Aug.1969,pp.16451646.
147Noor,A.K.,"StabilityofMultilayeredCompositePlates,"FibreScienceandTechnology,Vol.8,1975,pp.8189.
148Sharifi,P.,"NonlinearBucklingAnalysisofCompositeShells,"AIAAJournal,Vol.13,June1975,pp.729734.
149Sharifi,P.andYates,D.N.,"NonlinearThermoElasticPlasticandCreepAnalysisbytheFiniteElementMethod,"AIAA
Journal,Vol.12,Sept.1974,pp.12101215.
150Kuhn,P.,StressesinAircraftandShellStructures,McGrawHillBookCo.,NewYork,1956.
151Skogh,J.andStern,P.,"PostbucklingBehaviorofaSectionRepresentativeoftheBlAftIntermediateFuselage,"AFFDLTTR
7363,May1973.
152Baruch,M.andSinger,J.,"EffectofEccentricityofStiffenersontheGeneralInstabilityofStiffenedCylindricalShellsunder
HydrostaticPressure,"JournalofMechanicalEngineeringScience,Vol.5,No.1,March1963,pp.2327.
153Bushnell,D.,"EvaluationofVariousAnalyticalModelsforBucklingandVibrationofStiffenedShells,"AIAAJournal,Vol.11,
Sept.1973,pp.12831291.
154Viswanathan,A.V.,Soong,T.C.,andMiller,R.E.Jr.,"BucklingAnalysisforAxiallyCompressedFlatPlates,Structural
Sections,andStiffenedPlatesReinforcedwithLaminatedComposites,"NASACR1887,1971.
155Wittrick,W.H.,"AUnifiedApproachtotheInitialBucklingofStiffenedPanelsinCompression,"TheAeronauticalQuarterly,
Aug.1968,pp.265283.
156Bushnell,D.,"Stress,Buckling,andVibrationofPrismaticShells,"AIAAJournal,Vol.9,Oct.1971,pp.20042013.
157Agarwal,B.andDavis,R.C.,"MinimumWeightDesignsforHatStiffenedCompositePanelsunderUniaxialCompression,"
NASATND7779,Nov.1974.
158Williams,F.W.,"ComputationofNaturalFrequenciesandInitialBucklingStressesofPrismaticPlateAssemblies,"Journalof
SoundandVibration,Vol.21,No.1,1972,pp,87106.
159Przemieniecki,J.S.,"FiniteElementStructuralAnalysisofLocalInstability,"AIAAJournal,Vol.11,Jan.1973,pp.3339.
160Carri,R.L.andHerring,W.H.,"CompressionStrengthofTitaniumAlloySkinStringerPanelsSelectivelyReinforcedwith
BoronAluminumComposite,"AIAAPaper72359,SanAntonio,Tex.,1972.
161Libove, C.,
"SurveyofRecentWorkontheAnalysisofDiscretelyAttachedCorrugatedShearWebs,"AIAAPaper72354,
SanAntonio,Tex.,1972.
162Wittrick,W.H.andWilliams,F.W.,"BucklingandVibrationofAnisotropicorIsotropicPlateAssembliesunderCombined
Loadings,"InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.16,April1974,pp.209239.
163Williams,J.G.andStein,M.,"BucklingBehaviorandStructuralEfficiencyofOpenSectionStiffenedCompositeCompression
Panels,"AIAAJournal,Vol.14,Nov.1976,pp.16181626.
164Anderson,M.S.andStroud,W.J.,"GeneralPanelSizingComputerCodeanditsApplicationtoCompositeStructuralPanels,"
AIAAJournal,Vol.17,Aug.1979,pp.892897.
165Vanderplaats,G.N.andMoses,F.,"StructuralOptimizationbyMethodofFeasibleDirections,"ComputersandStructures,Vol.
3,July1973,pp.739755.
166vanderNeut,A.,"OverallBucklingofZStiffenedPanelsinCompression,"DelftUniversityofTechnology,Delft,the
Netherlands,Rept.LR303,Aug.1980.
167Bushnell,D.,"PANDAInteractiveComputerProgramforPreliminaryMinimumWeightDesignofCompositeorElastic
Plastic,Stiffened,CylindricalPanelsandShellsunderCombinedLoads,"LockheedMissiles&SpaceCo.,PaloAlto,Calif.,Rept.
LMSCD767794,March1981.
168Tvergaard,V.,"BucklingBehaviorofPlateandShellStructures,"TheoreticalandAppliedMechanics,editedbyW.T.Koiter,
NorthHollandPublishingCo.,NewYork,1976,pp.233247.
169Bijlaard,P.P.andFisher,G.P.,"ColumnStrengthofHsectionsandSquareTubesinPostbucklingRangeofComponent

Plates,"NASATN2994,1953.
170Koiter,W.T.andSkaloud,M.,"Interventions,"ComportementPostcritiquedesPlaguesUtiliseesenConstructionMetallique,
Colloqueintern,al'UniversitedeLiege,MemoiresdelaSocieteRoyaledesSciencesdeLiege,5meserie,tomeVIII,fasc.5,1962,
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171vanderNeut,A.,"TheInteractionofLocalBucklingandColumnFailureofThinwalledCompressionMembers,"Proceedingsof
theTwelfthInternationalCongressofAppliedMechanics,editedbyM.HetenyiandW.G.Vincenti,SpringerVerlag,Berlin,
Heidelberg,NewYork,1969,pp.389399.
172Thompson,J.M.T.andLewis,G.M.,"OntheOptimumDesignofThinwalledCompressionMembers,"Journalofthe
MechanicsandPhysicsofSolids,Vol.20,1972,pp.101109.
173Crawford,R.F.andHedgepeth,J.M.,"EffectsofInitialWavinessontheStrengthandDesignofBuiltupStructures,"AIAA
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174Maquoi,R.andMassonnet,C.,"InteractionBetweenLocalPlateBucklingandOverallBucklinginThinwalledCompression
Members,"BucklingofStructures,editedbyB.Budiansky,SpringerVerlag,Berlin,Heidelberg,NewYork,1976,pp.365382.
175GravesSmith,T.R.,"TheEffectofInitialImperfectionsontheStrengthofThinwalledBoxColumns,"InternationalJournalof
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176Tvergaard,V.,"ImperfectionSensitivityofaWideIntegrallyStiffenedPanelunderCompression,"InternationalJournalofSolids
&Structures,Vol.9,1973,pp.177192.
177Tvergaard,V.,"InfluenceofPostBucklingBehavioronOptimumDesignofStiffenedPanels,"InternationalJournalofSolids&
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178Koiter,W.T.andPignataro,M.,AnAlternativeApproachtotheInteractionbetweenLocalandOverallBucklinginStiffened
Panels,"BucklingofStructures,editedbyB.Budiansky,SpringerVerlag,Berlin,Heidelberg,NewYork,1976,pp.133148(seealso,
"AGeneralTheoryfortheInteractionBetweenLocalandOverallBucklingofStiffenedPanels,"ProblemiAttualiDiMeccanica
TeoricaeApplicata,Torino,Italy,1977,pp.179222).
179vanderNeut,A.,"ModeInteractionwithStiffenedPanels,"BucklingofStructures,editedbyB.Budiansky,SpringerVerlag,
Berlin,Heidelberg,NewYork,1976,pp.117132.
180Thompson,J.M.T.,Tulk,J.D.,andWalker,A.C.,"AnExperimentalStudyofImperfectionSensitivityintheInteraction
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pp.149159.
181Byskov,E.andHutchinson,J.W.,"ModeInteractioninAxiallyStiffenedCylindricalShells,"AIAAJournal,Vol.15,July1977,
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182Harris,L.A.,Suer,H.S.,Skene,W.T.,andBenjamin,R.J.,"TheStabilityofThinWalledUnstiffenedCircularCylindersunder
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596.
183Almroth,B.O.,Burns,A.B.,andPittner,E.V.,"DesignCriteriaforAxiallyLoadedCylindricalShells,"LockheedMissiles&
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184Almroth,B.O.andBushnell, D.,
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185Bushnell,D.,"Stress,Buckling,andVibrationofHybridBodiesofRevolution,"Computers&Structures,Vol.7,1977,pp.517
537
186Bushnell,D.,Holmes,A.M.C.,andLoss,E.J.,"FailureofAxiallyCompressedFrangibleJointsinCylindricalShells,"
Proceedingsofthe20thAIAA/ASME
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alsoComputers&Structures,Vol.12,1980,pp.193210).
187Bushnell,D.andYamamura,T.T.,"BOSOR6AnalysisoftheSIUInterstageSuperZipJoint,"LockheedMissiles&SpaceCo.,
PaloAlto,Calif.,Rept.LMSCD626721,July1978.

ReidarBjorhovde(TheUniv.ofAlberta,Edmonton,Alberta,Canada),ResearchNeedsinStabilityofMetal
Structures,ASCEJournaloftheStructuralDivision,Vol.106,No.12,December1980,pp.24252442
ABSTRACT:Coveragehasbeengiventosubjectsdealingwiththestrengthandstabilityofcolumns,including
biaxiallyloadedmembersandtubularcomponents.Muchinformationisstilllackingaboutlaterally
unsupportedbeams,anddetailedresearchneedsareoutlinedfortheseaswellasforsteelbuildingframes.A
separatesectiondiscussunresolvedproblemsinthestabilityanalysisofshellsandshelllikestructures,someof

whichalsoarepertinenttolargesizetubularstructures.Theresearchneedsofthinwalled,lightgage
constructionarediscussedinonesection.Extensiveattentionispaidtothestabilityaspectsofplate,boxand
curvedgirders.Problemsrelatedtodynamicstabilityphenomenaareoutlined,asaretheneedsofcomposite
structures.Briefdataaregivenonneededresearchregrardingmaterialpropertiesofsteels,localbuckling
phenomena,andthebehaviorofstiffenedplates.
A.Pica(1)andR.D.Wogd(2)
(1)IstitutodiScienzedell'InformazioneUniversita'diPisa,Italy
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityCollegeofSwansea,Swansea,Wales,England
Postbucklingbehaviourofplatesandshellsusingamindlinshallowshellformulation,Computers&
Structures,Vol.12,No.5,November1980,pp.759768,doi:10.1016/00457949(80)901789
ABSTRACT:ThepaperpresentsafiniteelementMindlinshallowshellformulation.Comparedtoaprevious
flatplateformulationitisshownthattheadditionofashallowshellcapabilityaddsverylittleextra
computationaleffort.Resultsaregivenforthepostbucklingbehaviourofsquareandcircularplatessubjectto
directinplaneloadingandasquareplatesubjecttoinplaneshearloading.Examplesarealsopresentedofthe
analysesofashallowtrussandcylindricalandsphericalshells,allexhibitingsnapthroughbehaviour.
Agreementwithexistingsolutionsisgenerallygoodandwherepossibletheresultsarepresentednumerically.

NilsTerjeNordsve(1)andTorgeirMoan(2)
(1)DivisionofStructuralEngineering,SINTEF,Trondheim,Norway
(2)DivisionofMarineStructures,TheNorwegianInstituteofTechnology,Trondheim,Norway
Numericalcollapseanalysisofcompressionmembers,Computers&Structures,Vol.12,No.4,October
1980,pp.521531,doi:10.1016/00457949(80)901273
ABSTRACT:Abriefsurveyofweldinducedstressesanddeflectionsinsteelplatedstructuresisgiven.Afinite
elementapproachforanalyzingstiffenedpanelsispresented.Thestiffenerformulationaccountsfortorsional
buckling.Yieldingistakenintoaccountand,basedontheupdatedLagrangianformulation,theeffectoflarge
deflectionsisallowedfor.Byusingthesocalledvolumeapproachthedevelopmentofplasticzonescanbe
followed.Thenonlinearequationsaresolvedusingacombinedstepiterativeprocedure.Theexamples
presentedcompriseanunstiffenedrectangularplateunderbiaxialcompression,andtwostiffenedpanelsunder
uniaxialcompression.Theeffectofinitialdeflectionsandstressesisconsidered.
E.H.Lee(StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA94305,U.S.A.),Somecommentsonelasticplasticanalysis,
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.17,No.9,1981,pp.859872,
doi:10.1016/00207683(81)901013
ABSTRACT:Definitionsofplasticandelasticdeformationarediscussedwhicharedirectlyrelatedtothe
physicalcharacteristicsofthephenomenaandwhichprovideessentialuncouplingofelasticandplastic
variables.Usingfinitedeformationkinematicsandappropriatestrainratevariablesinordertocarryouttotal
incrementaltheory,analysisispresentedconcerningthefactthatthetotalstrainrateisnotequaltothesumof
elasticandplasticratesasisuniversallyassumed.Theconsequencesofthiscircumstanceareexamined.Itis

shownthataconflictingapproachtothefinitedeformationkinematicsofelasticplastictheorybyNemat
Nasser[4],whichgeneratessummableelasticandplasticstrainrates,exhibitsundesirablefeaturesandin
particulartheassociatedkineticsdoesnotpermitcompletionoftheobjectiveofdevelopinganelasticplastic
constitutiverelationonthisbasis.
Anonymous,ADINAAfiniteelementprogramforAutomaticDynamicIncrementalNonlinearAnalysis,
ADINAEngineering,1981
H.D.Hibbitt(Hibbitt,Karlsson,andSorensen,Inc.,35SouthAngellStreet,Providence,RhodeIsland02906,
USA),ABAQUS/EPGENAgeneralpurposefiniteelementcodewithemphasisonnonlinearapplications,
NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.77,No.3,February1984,Pages271297
doi:10.1016/00295493(84)901067
ABSTRACT:ThearticlecontainsasummarydescriptionofABAQUS,afiniteelementprogramdesignedfor
generaluseinnonlinearaswellaslinearstructuralproblems,inthecontextofitsapplicationtonuclear
structuralintegrityanalysis.Thearticlebeginswithadiscussionofthedesigncriteriaandmethodsuponwhich
thecodedevelopmenthasbeenbased.Theengineeringmodellingcapabilitiescurrentlyimplementedinthe
programelements,constitutivemodelsandanalysisproceduresarethendescribed.Finally,afew
demonstrationexamplesarepresented,toillustratesomeoftheprogram'sfeaturesthatareofinterestin
structuralintegrityanalysisassociatedwithnuclearpowerplants.
ANSYS,(2000),TheANSYSStructuralSoftwareSystem,ANSYSInc.http://www.ansys.com)
Webster,R.L.,Onthestaticanalysisofstructureswithstronggeometricnonlinearity,Comp.St.,Vol.11,
Nos.1and2,1980,pp.137145
YenShaoWen(DouglasAircraftCompany,McDonnellDouglasCorporation,LongBeach,CA90846,
U.S.A.),Bucklingofcylindricalshellswithspiralstiffenersunderuniformcompressionandtorsion,
Computers&Structures,Vol.11,No.6,June1980,pp.587595,doi:10.1016/00457949(80)900656
ABSTRACT:Thispaperinvestigatesthegeneralinstabilityofcylindricalshellsinwhichthestiffenersformed
spiralsalongthelengthandatanarbitraryanglewiththeaxis.Twoloadingconditionsareconsidered:uniform
axialandlateralcompressionsandtorsion.Thestressstrainrelationsofthestiffenersaredevelopedbyrotation
ofthestraintensor.Thebucklingdeterminateisobtainedbyintroducingintotheequilibriumequationsthe
admissibledisplacementfunctionsconsistentwiththeendconstraints,therebyenforcingequilibriumby
satisfyingthecharacteristicequations.Thebucklingequationsareprogrammedforacomputerwhichsearches
throughafinitesetofstressresultantsforassignedvaluesofspiralangleandmodesandprintedoutthe
bucklingload.Theoptimumstructureweightofthestiffenedshellisdeterminedbyiteratingthedesign
parametersattherequiredspiralanglesothatthebucklingloadapproachestheappliedloadasalimituntilthe
differencebetweentheseloadsarewithinthedesignallowance.
WolfgangZernaandIhsanMungan(WissenschaftlicherAngestellter,RuhrUniversitatBochum,Institutfur
KonstruktivenIngenieurbau,Bochum,WestGermany),ConstructionandDesignofLargeCoolingTowers,
ASCEJournaloftheStructuralDivision,Vol.106,No.2,February1980,pp.531544

ABSTRACT: Largenaturaldraftcoolingtowersarerequiredfordrytypecoolingofpowerplantshavinghigh
capacity.Throughthechoiceofanappropriateoffsetdistancebetweentheaxisofthehyperbolaandaxisof
rotationthestressdistributionaswellasbucklingandvibrationbehaviorcanbeinfluencedconsiderably.In
ordertokeeptherequiredbucklingsafetyandlowestnaturalfrequencyasthedimensionsofthecoolingtower
shellareincreasedstiffeningoftheshellbecomesindispensable.Numericalinvestigationsandtestscarriedout
showclearlythattheefficiencyofthestiffenersisdifferent,ringsbeingmoreeffectivethanmeridionalribs.
Stiffeningringscanbebuilteasilyafterslightmodificationoftheexistingclimbingformwork.Reinforced
concreteshellsstiffenedbyringscancompetewithcablenetworkstructures,evenbeyondaheightof200m
(656ft).
A.M.VinogradovandPeterG.Glockner(Dept.ofMech.Engrg.,Univ.ofCalgary,Calgary,Alberta,Canada),
BucklingofSphericalViscoelasticShells,ASCEJournaloftheStructuralDivision,Vol.106,No.1,January
1980,pp.5967
ABSTRACT: Thecreepbucklingofthinnonshallowsphericalshellsistreated,thematerialofwhichis
assumedtobeisotropicandlinearlyviscoelasticwithspecialtemperaturedependenceofitsmechanical
propertiessoastofitthethermorheologicallysimplebodymodel.Theshellissubjectedtouniformexternal
pressuresmallerthantheclassicalbucklingpressureforcorrespondingelasticshells.Theprebucklingstress
stateisassumedtobethemembranestate,andtotaldeflectionsarelessthanorequaltotheshellthickness.The
classicalstabilitycriteria,uniquenessofequilibrium,isusedinformulatingtheproblem,definedbyalinear
integrodifferentialequationintermsofdisplacementfieldW,anddescribingtheadjacentequilibrium
configuration,anditisassumedtobeafunctionofcoordinatesandtime.Afirststepapproximationtothe
governingequationisderivedandusedtodeterminetheexternalcriticalpressureloadingasafunctionof
temperature,time,andshellgeometry.Forashellmadeofathreeelementmodelmaterialasafeloadlimitis
established.
TomaszWiersbicki,TureAkerstromandClasJernstrom(MITDepartmentofOceanEngineering,Cambridge,
Massachusetts,USA),ShapeOptimizationofSheetMetalStructuresagainstCrash,ReportNo.8110,July
1981,DTICAccessionNo.ADA102024,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA102024
ABSTRACT:Atheoreticalandexperimentalstudywasundertakenintothecrushingbehaviorofaxially
compressedshortthinwalledopensectioncolumns.Theeffectofinitialgeometryofpanelsaswellas
distributionandmagnitudeofshapeimperfectionsontheefficiencyofenergyabsorptionwasexamined.
Resultsofmodelteston0.1mmthickaluminumfoilspecimenshaveshownthatthepanelscollapsinginthe
symmetricandasymmetricdeformationmodeproviderespectively,upperandlowerboundfortheenergy
absorbedinanyotherbucklingmode.Inbothoftheextremecases,thecrushresponseofthepanelwas
predictedtheoreticallywithareasonableaccuracy.Itisshownthatanoptimumdesignofcolumnsagainstcrush
canbeachievedbyintroducingabeneficialgeometricimperfectionsofaspecifiedmagnitudeshapesothatthe
structurewillbeforcedtocollapseinthemostenergyefficientdeformationmode.
WangZhenming,LiuGuoxiandLuMingshen(InstituteofMechanics,AcademiaSinica,China),Thefinite
deflectionequationsofanisotropiclaminatedshallowshells,AppliedMathematicsandMechanics,Vol.3,
No.1,1982,pp.4965,doi:10.1007/BF01897387

ABSTRACT:Inthispaper,basingonref.[1]weimprovedandextendedthatwhichisconcernedwithaviewof
investigatingthefinitedeflectionequationsofanisotropiclaminatedshallowshellssubjectedtostaticloads,
dynamicloadsandthermalloads.Wehaveconsideredthemostgeneralbendingstretchingcouplingsandthe
sheardeformationsinthethicknessdirection,andderivedtheequilibriumequations,boundaryconditionsand
initialconditions.Thedifferentialequationsexpressedintermsofgeneralizeddisplacementsu0,v0andware
obtained.Fromthem,wecouldsolvetheproblemsofstressanalysis,deformation,stabilityandvibration.For
somecommonlyencounteredcases,wederivedthesimplifiedequationsandmethods.

KuangHanChu(1),B.P.Jain(2)andT.L.Wang(1)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IllinoisInstituteofTechnology,Chicago,Illinois,USA
(2)Sargent&Lundy,Chicago,Illinois,USA
BucklingofCorrugatedOpenCylindricalShells,ASCEJournaloftheEngineeringMechanicsDivision,Vol.
108,No.5,September/October1982,pp.10041008
ABSTRACT:
lacitirchetm
nreitdeotsiudytsshitofeposurThe
lacindriylconpeofsertsngibkulc
dsgelnauditongilerfhw
toinsiugtarorc
orchetofonitcerdihetnionoim
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oonisicdehetotdaelonsitardeioncs
10,ot1otoitarR
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shaoitartsalThe36.0.ot040.
serL
ts^2/
ngofinga1eb0ku^5
lcT
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rheR
het.niserts
ofudem
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sm
arerpatellhesrheototvei90deg.
ottinseinda)
onidtuecrheto,itarhngetldhocr
nvegierastulserTheo.itaonrsP
ois
m
deentadiorsanteiciffoecngibkulchw
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.eusofm
beyasThi.asicbsasam
arerpate
T.Y.ChangandK.Sawamiphakdi(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,TheUniversityofAkron,Akron,OH
44325,U.S.A.),Largedeflectionandpostbucklinganalysisofshellstructures,ComputerMethodsin
AppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.32,Nos.13,September1982,pp.311326,
doi:10.1016/00457825(82)900743
ABSTRACT:Anonlinearformulationofthe9nodeshellelementisgivenforlargedeformationandpost
bucklinganalysisofshells.TheformulationisbasedonupdatedLagrangiandescriptionandfinitedeformation
constitutiveequations.ThepostbucklinganalysisisconductedviaeitherthemodifiedorfullNewtonRaphson
procedurewithaconstantdisplacementlengthmethodwhenthelimitloadofthestructureisreached.Several
numericalexamplesareincludedtodemonstratethepostbucklinganalysisprocedure.
V.Tvergaard,Effectofkinematichardeningonlocalizedneckinginbiaxiallystretchedsheets,International
JournalofMechanicalScience,Vol.20,1978,pp.651xxx

V.Tvergaard,Onlocalizationinductilematerialscontainingsphericalvoids,InternationalJournalof
Fracture,Vol.18,1982,pp.237xxx
J.W.HutchinsonandV.Tvergaard,Shearbandformationinplanestrain,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,Vol.17,1981,pp.451xxx
E.Reissner(UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,LaJolla,California92093,USA),Onfiniteaxisymmetrical
deformationsofthinelasticshellsofrevolution,ComputationalMechanics,Vol.4,No.5,1989,pp.387400,
doi:10.1007/BF00296541
ABSTRACT:Wederiveageneralizedversionoftheknownsystemoftwosimultaneoussecondorder
differentialequationsfortheproblemofaxisymmetrictorsionlessdeformationsofelasticshellsofrevolution,
forfinitedeformationsandincludingtransversesheardeformationsandmembranedrillingmoments.Our
generalization,whichinvolvestheintroductionofasemicomplementaryenergydensity,comesoutina
particularlysimpleandcompactform.Wefurthermoreconsidertheeffectoftransversenormalstress
deformationsanddiscoverthepossibilityofreducingthisproblemtoasystemofthreesimultaneoussecond
orderequations,withthesupplementarythirdequationharmoniouslyaddingitselftothetwoequationswithout
considerationoftransversenormalstressdeformationeffects.
J.T.BoyleandJ.Spence(DepartmentofMechanicsofMaterials,UniversityofStrathclyde,GlasgowG11XJ,
Scotland,UK),Inelasticanalysismethodsforpipingsystems,NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.57,
No.2,May1980,pp.369390,doi:10.1016/00295493(80)901120
ABSTRACT:Theanalysisofpipeworksystemswhichoperateinanenvironmentwherelocalinelasticstrains
areevidentisoneofthemostdemandingproblemsfacingthestressanalystinthenuclearfield.Thespatial
complexityofeventhemostmodestsystemmakesadetailedanalysisusingfiniteelementtechniquesbeyond
thescopeofcurrentcomputertechnology.Forthisreasontheemphasishasbeenonsimplifiedmethods.Itisthe
aimofthispapertoprovideareasonblycomplete,stateoftheartreviewofinelasticpipeworkanalysis
methodsandtoattempttohighlightareaswherereliableinformationislackingandfurtherworkisneeded.
J.T.Boyle(DepartmentofMechanicsofMaterials,UniversityofStrathclyde,Glasgow,Scotland),Thefinite
bendingofcurvedpipes,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.17,No.5,1981,pp.515529,
doi:10.1016/00207683(81)900585
ABSTRACT:UsingathinshelltheorydevelopedbyReissner,anonlinearmodelfortheinplanebendingofa
curvedpipeisdescribed.Itisshownhowclassicalthinshellmodelsofthiscomponentcanbededucedon
makingcertainsimplifyingassumptionsconcerningthemodeofdeformation.Bywayofanumericalnonlinear
analysistheproblemofBrazierbucklingofthecurvedpipeinpurebendingisexaminedandcomparedto
previoussimplifiedsolutions.
A.W.Leissa(DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,OhioStateUniversity,Columbus,Ohio,USA),Buckling
ofcompositeplates,CompositeStructures,Vol.1,No.1,1983,Pages5166,
doi:10.1016/02638223(83)900168

ABSTRACT:Thebucklingofcompositeplatesisaverycomplicatedsubjectaboutwhichatleast200
referencesarealreadyavailable.Thepresentpaperexaminesthecharacteristicsandparameterswhichmayneed
tobeconsidered,bothfrommathematicalandphysicalpointsofview,andprovidesperspectiveand
organizationtothesubject.Thefirstpartdealswithclassicalbifurcationbucklinganalysis,discussesthe
relevantplateequationsandtheirsolutions,andconsidersshapes,edgeconditionsandloadingswhichmay
arise.Thesecondparttreatsclassicalcomplicatingeffects(thosestillyieldinglineareigenvalueproblemswith
bifurcation)including:elasticfoundation,variablethickness,sheardeformation,hygrothermaleffectsand
inplaneheterogeneity.Thethirdparttakesupnonclassicalconsiderationspostbuckling,geometric
imperfections,parametricexcitation,followerforcesandinelasticmaterial.
ArthurW.Leissa(DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,UnitedStatesAirForceAcademy,ColoradoSprings,
Colorado,USA),Conditionsforlaminatedplatestoremainflatunderinplaneloading,CompositeStructures,
Vol.6,No.4,1986,pp.261270,doi:10.1016/02638223(86)90022X
ABSTRACT:Thereisconsiderableconfusionintheexistingliteratureastowhetheranunsymmetrically
laminated,compositeplatewillremainflatduetotheapplicationofinplanecompressiveorshearloads.Ifit
doesnotremainflat,thenbifurcationbucklingwouldnotnormallytakeplace,andtransversedisplacements
wouldoccurnomatterhowsmalltheinplaneloads.Thispaperinvestigatestheconditionsunderwhich
arbitrarilylaminatedandarbitrarilyloadedplatesremainflat,andthereforewhenbucklingcanoccur.Itis
demonstratedthatforuniformorlinearlyvaryinginplaneloadsnotransversepressureisnecessarytokeepa
plateflat,althoughedgemomentsortransverseforcesmayberequiredattheboundaries.
A.W.Leissa,InstabilityConsiderations,ASMInternational,EngineeredMaterialsHandbook.Vol.1:
Composites,pp.445449.1987
ABSTRACT:Someinformationonthebucklingofcompositelaminatedplatesissummarized.Loadingstresses
forbucklingorthotropicplateareplotted.Orthotropicplateshavefibersparalleltoeachotherandtotheedgeor
acrossplywithfibersinadjacentpliesorientedat90toeachother.Anisotropicandunsymmetriclaminate
instabilityarealsoreviewed.Uniaxialandshearstressbucklingparametersforgraphite/epoxyangleplyplates
areshowningraphs.Testdatashowthatsheardeformationeffectsdecreasethebucklingstressforplateswitha
lengthtothicknessratioof<30.Thebucklingcharacteristicofcircularshellpanelsdiffersconsiderablyfrom
thatofplates.Thebucklingloadincreaseswiththeshellcurvature,untilamaximumvalueisreached.Data
showthat,althoughashellpanelhasahighercriticalbucklingstressthantheplate,adecreasingcompressive
stressisrequiredtomaintainequilibrium.
B.BaharlouandA.W.Leissa(2)
(1)TrentonStateCollege,Trenton,NewJersey,U.S.A.
(2)UnitedStatesAirForceAcademy,ColoradoSprings,Colorado,U.S.A.
Vibrationandbucklingofgenerallylaminatedcompositeplateswitharbitraryedgeconditions,International
JournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.29,No.8,1987,pp.545555,doi:10.1016/00207403(87)900269
ABSTRACT:Amethodisdevelopedfortheanalysisoffreevibrationandbucklingofgenerallylaminated
compositeplateshavingarbitraryedgeconditions,suchasclamped,simplysupportedorfree.Theprocedureis
anextensionoftheRitzmethodutilizingastrainenergyfunctionalcontainingbothbendingandstretching

effectsandaccommodatingarbitraryplystackingsequences.Displacementfunctionsaretakenintheformof
polynomials,andanalgorithmforsatisfyingthegeometricboundaryconditionsispresented.Numericalresults
arecomparedwiththoseofotherresearchersinordertoestablishthecorrectnessandeffectivenessofthe
method.Someadditionalnewresultsarealsopresented.
M.S.Ewing,R.J.HingerandA.W.Leissa(USAirForceAcademy,ColoradoSprings,Colorado80840,USA),
Onthevalidityofthereducedbendingstiffnessmethodforlaminatedcompositeplateanalysis,Composite
Structures,Vol.9,No.4,1988,pp.301317,doi:10.1016/02638223(88)900505
ABSTRACT:Thereducedbendingstiffness(RBS)methodhasbeenusedonoccasionsinthepastasameans
ofsimplifyingtheanalysisoftheflexuralbehaviorofunsymmetricallylaminatedcompositeplates.However,
thevalidityofthemethodhasneverbeenestablished.Thispapermakesdirectcomparisonsbetweenrelatively
simple,exactsolutionsforthestaticdeflections,bucklingloadsandvibrationfrequenciesofsimplysupported
platesandthosearisingfromtheRBSmethod.Extensivecalculationsaremadeforwiderangesofthephysical
parametersinvolved(aspectratio,moduliratio,laminationorientationangle,numbersofplies).TheRBS
methodisfoundtoyieldsufficientaccuracyforcrossplyplates,buterrorsupto29%areobtainedforangleply
platesconstructedwithmaterialscurrentlyunderdevelopment.
A.W.Leissa(1)andA.F.Martin(2)
(1)DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,OhioStateUniversity,Columbus,Ohio43210,USA
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineeringTechnology,FranklinUniversity,Columbus,Ohio43215,USA
Vibrationandbucklingofrectangularcompositeplateswithvariablefiberspacing,CompositeStructures,
Vol.14,No.4,1990,pp.339357,doi:10.1016/02638223(90)900146
ABSTRACT:Thisisasummaryofthefirstknownworkwhichanalyzesthestructuralbehaviorofcomposite
plateshavingnonuniformlyspacedfibers.Thepresentinvestigationislimitedtosinglelayercompositeshaving
parallelfibers.Thisresultsinaplatewhichismacroscopicallyorthotropic,butnonhomogeneous.Thefree
vibrationsandbucklingofsuchplatessubjectedtoinplaneboundaryloadingsarestudied.Aplaneelasticity
problemmustfirstbesolvedtodeterminetheinplanestressescausedbytheappliedboundaryloading,and
thesestressesbecomeinputtothevibrationandbucklingproblem.BothproblemsaredealtwithbytheRitz
method.NumericalresultsareobtainedforsixnonuniformdistributionsofEglass,graphiteandboronfibersin
epoxymatricesinsimplysupported,squareplates.Theredistributionsareseentoincreasethebucklingloadby
asmuchas38%,andthefundamentalfrequencybyasmuchas21%.
M.S.Qatu(1)andA.W.Leissa(2)
(1)TestandAnalysisEngineer,JeffreyDivision,DresserIndustries,Columbus,OH,USA
(2)DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,TheOhioStateUniversity,Columbus,OH,USA
Effectsofedgeconstraintsuponshallowshellfrequencies,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.14,No.5,1992,
pp.347379,doi:10.1016/02638231(92)90008K
ABSTRACT:Theeffectsofchangingedgeconstraintsuponthefrequenciesofshallowshellswithrectangular
planformsarestudied.Attentionisfocuseduponasingleedge,withtheotherthreeedgesremainingcompletely
free.Forthatedgeclamped,simplysupported,andfreeedgeconditionsareimposed;however,eachofthese
hasfourpossibilitiesdependingupontheexistenceofeitherorbothtypesofmembraneconstraintalongthe

singleedge.TheRitzmethod,assumingalgebraicpolynomialsasdisplacementfunctions,isusedtoobtain
accurateresults.Frequenciesforthreetypesofshallowshells(circularcylindrical,spherical,hyperbolic
paraboloidal)areobtained,fortwoshallownessratiosandtwothicknessratioseach.Carefulattentionispaidto
thenumberofrigidbodymodes(zerofrequencies)present,fortheseenterquitestronglyintoconsiderationsof
theeffectsofchangingedgeconstraints.
ArthurW.Leissa(1)andJinyoungSo(2)
(1)OhioStateUniversity,155W.WoodruffAve.,Columbus,OH43210,U.S.A
(2)TeinEngineers,Inc.,Seoul,Korea
ThreeDimensionalVibrationsofTruncatedHollowCones,JournalofVibrationandControl,April1995,
vol.1,no.2,pp.145158,doi:10.1177/107754639500100202
ABSTRACT:Thisworkpresentsathreedimensional(3D)methodofanalysisfordeterminingthefree
vibrationfrequenciesandcorrespondingmodeshapesoftruncatedhollowconesofarbitrarythicknessand
havingarbitraryboundaryconditions.Italsosuppliesthefirstknownnumericalresultsfrom3Danalysisfor
suchproblems.TheanalysisisbasedupontheRitzmethod.Thevibrationmodesareseparatedintotheir
Fouriercomponentsintermsofthecircumferentialcoordinate.ForeachFouriercomponent,displacementsare
expressedasalgebraicpolynomialsinthethicknessandslantlengthcoordinates.Thesepolynomialssatisfythe
geometricboundaryconditionsexactly.Becausethedisplacementfunctionsaremathematicallycomplete,upper
boundvaluesofthevibrationfrequenciesareobtainedthatareasclosetotheexactvaluesasdesired.This
convergenceisdemonstratedforarepresentativetruncatedhollowconeconfigurationwheresixdigitexactitude
inthefrequenciesisachieved.Themethodisthenusedtoobtainaccurateandextensivefrequenciesfortwosets
ofcompletelyfree,truncatedhollowcones,onesetconsistingofthickconicalshellsandtheotherbeingtori
havingsquaregeneratingcrosssections.Frequenciesarepresentedforcombinationsoftwovaluesofapex
anglesandtwovaluesofinnerholeradiusratiosforeachsetofproblems.
A.W.LeissaandJ.D.Chang(DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,TheOhioStateUniversity,Columbus,
OH43210,USA),Elasticdeformationofthick,laminatedcompositeshells,CompositeStructures,Vol.35,
No.2,June1996,pp.153170,doi:10.1016/02638223(96)000281
ABSTRACT:Arigoroustheoryisderivedwhichgovernsthelinearlyelasticdeformationofshellsmadeof
laminatedcompositematerials,includingsheardeformationandrotaryinertiaeffects.Theequationspresented
areapplicabletostaticanddynamicproblemsforshellsofarbitrarycurvature,butconstantthickness.Non
principalshellcoordinates(alpha,beta)areusedinorderthatshellswithinitialtwist(Ralphabetanotequalto
inifinity)maybestraightforwardlyaccommodated.Equationsofmotion,boundaryconditionsandenergy
functionalsaregivenforlaminateswitharbitraryfiberstackingsequences.Anaccuratetheoryisdeveloped
basedupontheassumptionsthattermscontainingzeta2/RiRj(i,j=alpha,beta)aresmallincomparisonwith
unity,wherezetaisthethicknesscoordinate,andRalphaandRbetaareradiiofcurvature.Amoresimplebut
lessaccuratetheoryisalsogiven,correspondingtozera/Rimuchlessthan1(i=alpha,beta).Shallowshell
theoriesareobtainedbysettingtheLamparametersequaltounityandusingprojectedplanformcoordinates
(x,y)inplaceoftheshellcoordinates(alpha,beta).FurthersimplificationtoaDonnelltypeshallowshelltheory
isalsomade.

JaeHoonKang(1)andArthurW.Leissa(2)
(1)SchoolofConstructionalandEnvironmentalSystemEngineering,KyongjuUniversity,Kyongju,
Kyongbook,SouthKorea
(2)AppliedMechanicsProgram,TheOhioStateUniversity,Columbus,Ohio432101181
Threedimensionalvibrationsofhollowconesandcylinderswithlinearthicknessvariations,J.Acoust.Soc.
Am.,Vol.106,No.2,1999,pp.748755
ABSTRACT:Athreedimensionalmethodofanalysisispresentedfordeterminingthefreevibration
frequenciesandmodeshapesofhollowconesandcylinderswithvariablethickness.Displacementcomponents
us,uz,anduthetainthemeridional,normal,andcircumferentialdirections,respectively,aretakentobe
sinusoidalintime,periodicintheta,andalgebraicpolynomialsinthesandzdirections.Potential(strain)and
kineticenergiesoftheconesandcylindersareformulated,andupperboundvaluesofthefrequenciesare
obtainedbyminimizingthefrequencies.Asthedegreeofthepolynomialsisincreased,frequenciesconvergeto
theexactvalues.Novelnumericalresultsarepresentedforthick,linearlytapered,hollowconesandcylinders
withcompletelyfreeboundaries.Convergencetofourdigitexactitudeisdemonstratedforthefirstfive
frequenciesoftheconesandcylinders.Themethodisapplicabletothinconesandcylinders,aswellasthick
andverythickones.
ArthurW.Leissa(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,TheOhioStateUniversity,206West18thAvenue,
Columbus,OH432101181,USA),Singularityconsiderationsinmembrane,plateandshellbehaviors,
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.38,No.19,May2001,pp.33413353,
doi:10.1016/S00207683(00)002626
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdescribesthreetypesofsituationsinstructuralanalysiswheresingularitiesatpoints
cangreatlyinfluencetheglobalbehavioroftheconfiguration:(1)concentratedforcesactinguponflatorcurved
membranes,(2)concentratedmomentsactinguponplatesorshells,and(3)sharpcornersigularitiesinplates
andshells.Thesesingularitiesmayhavestrongeffectsuponstaticordynamicdeflections,freevibration
frequenciesandbucklingloads.Itisshownthattheconcentratedforcesactinguponflatorcurvedmembranes,
orconcentratedmomentsactinguponplatesandshells,areimpropermodels,andthatcorrecttheoretical
analysisindicatesthattheyaremeaningless.Examplesofsharpcornersdiscussedare(1)thereentrantcorner
ofacantileverskewplate,(2)afreecircularplatewithaVnotch,and(3)theobtusecornersofasimply
supportedparallelogramplate.
JaeHoonKang(1)andArthurW.Leissa(2)
(1)DepartmentofArchitecturalEngineering,CollegeofEngineering,ChungAngUniversity,Seoul,Korea
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,ColoradoStateUniversity,FortCollins,CO,USA
Threedimensionalvibrationanalysisofthickhyperboloidalshellsofrevolution,JournalofSoundand
Vibration,Vol.282,Nos.12,April2005,pp.277296,doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2004.02.031
ABSTRACT:Athreedimensional(3D)methodofanalysisispresentedfordeterminingthefreevibration
frequenciesandmodeshapesofthick,hyperboloidalshellsofrevolution.Unlikeconventionalshelltheories,
whicharemathematicallytwodimensional(2D),thepresentmethodisbaseduponthe3Ddynamicequations
ofelasticity.Displacementcomponentsur,utheta,anduzintheradial,circumferential,andaxialdirections,
respectively,aretakentobesinusoidalintime,periodicintheta,andalgebraicpolynomialsintherandz
directions.Potential(strain)andkineticenergiesofthehyperboloidalshellsareformulated,andtheRitzmethod

isusedtosolvetheeigenvalueproblem,thusyieldingupperboundvaluesofthefrequenciesbyminimizingthe
frequencies.Asthedegreeofthepolynomialsisincreased,frequenciesconvergetotheexactvalues.
Convergencetofourdigitexactitudeisdemonstratedforthefirstfivefrequenciesofthehyperboloidalshellsof
revolution.Numericalresultsaretabulatedfor18configurationsofcompletelyfreehyperboloidalshellsof
revolutionhavingtwodifferentshellthicknessratios,threevariantaxisratios,andthreetypesofshellheight
ratios.Poisson'sratio(nu)isfixedat0.3.Comparisonsaremadeamongthefrequenciesforthesehyperboloidal
shellsandoneswhicharecylindricalornearlycylindrical(smallmeridionalcurvature).Themethodis
applicabletothinhyperboloidalshells,aswellasthickandverythickones.
A.W.Leissa(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,ColoradoStateUniversity,FortCollins,CO805231374,
USA),ThehistoricalbasesoftheRayleighandRitzmethods,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.287,
Nos.45,November2005,pp.961978,doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2004.12.021
ABSTRACT:Rayleigh'sclassicalbookTheoryofSoundwasfirstpublishedin1877.Initaremanyexamples
ofcalculatingfundamentalnaturalfrequenciesoffreevibrationofcontinuumsystems(strings,bars,beams,
membranes,plates)byassumingthemodeshape,andsettingthemaximumvaluesofpotentialandkinetic
energyinacycleofmotionequaltoeachother.ThisprocedureiswellknownasRayleigh'sMethod.In1908,
Ritzlaidouthisfamousmethodfordeterminingfrequenciesandmodeshapes,choosingmultipleadmissible
displacementfunctions,andminimizingafunctionalinvolvingbothpotentialandkineticenergies.Hethen
demonstrateditindetailin1909forthecompletelyfreesquareplate.In1911,Rayleighwroteapaper
congratulatingRitzonhiswork,butstatingthathehimselfhadusedRitz'smethodinmanyplacesinhisbook
andinanotherpublication.Subsequently,hundredsofresearcharticlesandmanybookshaveappearedwhich
usethemethod,somecallingittheRitzmethodandotherstheRayleighRitzmethod.Thepresentarticle
examinesthemethodindetail,asRitzpresentedit,andasRayleighclaimedtohaveusedit.Itconcludesthat,
althoughRayleighdidsolveafewproblemswhichinvolvedminimizationofafrequency,thesesolutionswere
notbythestraightforward,directmethodpresentedbyRitzandusedsubsequentlybyothers.Therefore,
Rayleigh'snameshouldnotbeattachedtothemethod.
Whitcomb,J.D.(1981).Finiteelementanalysisofinstabilityrelateddelaminationgrowth.JournalofComposite
MaterialsVol.15,No.5,pp.403426,doi:1177/002199838101500502
ABSTRACT:Aparametricstudyofpostbuckledthroughwidthdelaminationsinlaminatedcouponswas
performed.Afiniteelementanalysiswasdevelopedtoanalyzethecouponsasacombinationoflinearand
geometricallynonlinearcomponents.Becausemostofthecouponconfigurationstudiedbehaveslinearly,the
mixedlinearandnonlinearanalysisgreatlyreducedcomputationalcosts.Theanalysiswasverifiedby
comparingnumericalwithexactsolutionsforsimplehypotheticalproblems.Inaddition,measuredlateral
deflectionsofpostbuckledthroughwidthdelaminationsinlaminatedcouponswerecomparedwithpredicted
deflections.Intheparametricstudy,stressdistributionsandstrainenergyreleaserateswerecalculatedfor
variousdelaminationlengths,delaminationdepths,appliedloads,andlateraldeflections.Also,asmallnumber
ofcouponswiththroughwidthdelaminationswerefatiguetestedtoobtaindelaminationgrowthdata.
Calculatedstrainenergyreleaserateswerecomparedwiththeobservedgrowthratestodeterminetherelative
importanceoftheModeIandModeIIcomponentsofenergyrelease.GIwasshowntodominatethegrowth

process.

K.N.ShivakumarandJ.D.Whitcomb(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia23665),Buckling
ofaSublaminateinaQuasiIsotropicCompositeLaminate,JournalofCompositeMaterials,January1985,
vol.19,no.1,pp.218,doi:10.1177/002199838501900101
ABSTRACT:Bucklingofadelaminatedregioncancausehighinterlaminarstresseswhich,inturn,leadto
delaminationgrowth.Hence,bucklingstrainisanimportantparameterinassessingthepotentialforstrength
lossduetothedelamination.Theobjectiveofthisstudywastopredictthebucklingofanellipticdelamination
embeddednearthesurfaceofathickquasiisotropiclaminate.Thethicknessofthedelaminatedplygroup(the
sublaminate)wasassumedtobesmallcomparedtothetotallaminatethickness.FiniteelementandRayleigh
Ritzmethodswereusedfortheanalyses.TheRayleighRitzmethodwasfoundtobesimple,inexpensive,and
accurate,exceptforhighlyanisotropicdelaminatedregions.Effectsofdelaminationshapeandorientation,
materialanisotropy,andlayuponbucklingstrainswereexamined.Resultsshowedthat(1)thestressstate
aroundthedelaminatedregionisbiaxial,whichmayleadtobucklingwhenthelaminateisloadedintension,(2)
bucklingstrainsformultidirectionalfibersublaminatesgenerallyareboundedbythoseforthe0degand90
degunidirectionalsublaminates,and(3)thedirectionofelongationofthesublaminatethathasthelowest
bucklingstraincorrelateswiththedelaminationgrowthdirection.

Whitcomb,J.D.(1989).Threedimensionalanalysisofapostbuckledembeddeddelamination.Journalof
CompositeMaterials23,862889.
Whitcomb,J.D.(1992).Analysisofalaminatewithapostbuckledembeddeddelamination.Journalof
CompositeMaterials26,15231533.
HymanGarnetandA.B.Pifko(GrummanResearchandDevelopmentCenter,Bethpage,NY11714,U.S.A.),
Anefficienttriangularplatebendingfiniteelementforcrashsimulation,Computers&Structures,Vol.16,
Nos.14,1983,pp.371379,doi:10.1016/00457949(83)901761
ABSTRACT:Computercostsforstructuraldynamics,riseanorderofmagnitudeoverthoseassociatedwith
staticanalysis.Toreducethesecostssignificantly,acomputationallyeconomicaltriangularplatebending
elementwasdeveloped.Thiselement,designatedastheTRP2element,whilesimplerthanexistinghighorder
accuracyelements,yieldsresultsthataresufficientlyaccurateforengineeringanalysis.TRP2isaneighteen
degreeoffreedomtriangle.Inglobalcoordinatesitpossessesthreetranslationsandthreerotationsateach
vertex.Theelementlinearelasticstiffnessmatrixwastakenfromtheexistingliterature.Additionalmatrices
weredevelopedtoaccountformassproperties,appliedloads,largedeflectionsandplasticity.Publishedresults
thatrangedoveraspectrumoflinearandnonlinearstaticanddynamicanalyseswereusedinanumerical
evaluationoftheelement.TheTRP2elementwasfoundtobecapableofyieldingresultsthatinmostcases
werecertainlyacceptable,andinsomecasesexcellent.

M.Stein,Nonlineartheoryforplatesandshellsincludingtheeffectsoftransverseshearing,AIAAJournal,
Vol.24,No.9,1986
E.OreandD.Durbanl(FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,Technion,Haifa32000,Israel),Elastoplastic
bucklingofaxiallycompressedcircularcylindricalshells,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,
Vol.34,No.9,September1992,pp.727742,doi:10.1016/00207403(92)900052
ABSTRACT:Bucklingofaxiallycompressedcircularcylindricalshellsisexaminedwithintheframeworkof
smallstrainelastoplasticity.AlinearbifurcationmodelisusedalongwiththeJ2flowanddeformationtheories.
Allfourpossibilitiesofsimplesupports(SS1SS4)andclampededges(CL1CL4)areconsidered.Ageneral
solutionisgivenwithspecialemphasisontheaxiallysymmetricmodes.Numericalresultsshowthatthe
weakeningeffectoftherelaxedsimplesupports(SS1SS2)isconsiderablyreducedintheplasticrange.A
detailedcomparisonwithavailableexperimentaldatapointsinfavourofthedeformationtheory.
J.M.T.ThompsonandJ.R.deSouza(CentreforNonlinearDynamicsanditsApplications,CivilEngineering
Building,UniversityCollegeLondon,GowerStreet,LondonWC1E6BT,UK,Suppressionofescapeby
resonantmodalinteractions:inshellvibrationandheaverollcapsize,Proceedings:Mathematical,Physical
and,Vol.452,No.1954,Nov.8,1996or1997?
G.H.M.vanderHeijdenandJ.M.T.Thompson(CentreforNonlinearDynamics,UniversityCollegeLondon,
LondonWC1E6BT,UK,email:g.heijden@ucl.ac.uk),PatternsofBifurcationSuppressingEscapeatInternal
Resonance,IUTAMSymposiumonChaoticDynamicsandControlofSystemsandProcessesinMechanics
SolidMechanicsandItsApplications,2005,Vol.122,No.1,pp.6978,doi:10.1007/1402032684_7
ABSTRACT:Foranarchetypaltwodegreeoffreedomforcedoscillator,relevanttoalargeclassofmechanical
problems,weexaminethepatternsofbifurcationthatgovemtheinternal1:2resonanceofthesystem.A
knowledgeofthesebifurcationsallowsthecounterintuitivesuppressionandcontrolofescapebyinternal
modalinteractions.Thebifurcationsexaminedincludesymmetrybreakingpitchforks,Neimarkbifurcations
(secondaryHopfbifurcations)toatoroidalattractor,andchaoticcriseswhichtriggerdangerouslargeamplitude
excursions.Weparticularlyfocusontheeffectthatasymmetrybreakingimperfectionhasonthesuppressionof
escape.
ZanE.Miller(DepartmentofOceanEngineeringMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,
Massachusetts,USA),HydrostaticTestingandAnalysisofGraphiteEpoxyCylinders,Mastersthesis,June,
1992,DTICAccessionNumber:ADA254862,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA254862
ABSTRACT:Anexperimentalstudywasconductedtoinvestigatetheuseofadvancedcompositematerialsin
unstiffenedthinwalledcylindricalstructuressubjectedtohydrostaticpressure.Specifically,graphite/epoxywas
lookedatforpotentialapplicationforsmallsubmersiblepressurehulls.Theinvestigationconcentratedonthe
fabrication,instrumentation,testing,andevaluationofseveral12plygraphite/epoxycylindersoffourdifferent
laminateconfigurations.Thetestspecimenswere18incheslongwithradiiof2.76inches,andeachwas
instrumentedwith8circumferentiallyand2axiallymountedstraingages.Datacollectedfromthestraingages
throughoutthetestswereusedinamodifiedSouthwelltypeanalysisandananalysistodeducethebuckling
modeshape.TheSouthwellanalysismethodwasshowntohaveavalidapplicabilitytothebucklingof
laminatedfiberreinforcedcompositepressurevessels.Amethodwasdevelopedtousethebendingstraindata

atlocationsaroundthecenterlineofthespecimentodeducethenumberof,circumferentialbucklingwaves.In
addition,1/2inchringspecimenwerecutfromtheexcessendsofeachspecimenandtestedundertwopoint
compression,yieldinginformationaboutthematerialpropertiesofthelaminatesasfabricated.Thehydrostatic
testsweredesignedtoverifytheresultsofananalyticalandnumericalstudythatwasconductedtodetermine
theoptimallaminatestackingsequencesforbucklingconsiderations.Thetestresultsindicatethattheclassical
solutionmethodpresentedbyR.M.Jonesproducedaccuratepredictionsofbucklingstrengthsandcorrect
relativerankingsofthedifferentlaminatetypes.
Referenceslistedattheendofthethesis:

1.Gorman,J.J.,"TechnicalPlanforDFY91CSRProjectC20:DeepSubmersibleStructures,"C.S.DraperLaboratory,Cambridge,
MA,August1990.
2.Smith,C.S.,DesignofMarineStructuresinCompositeMaterials,ElsevierSciencePublishersLtd.,London,1990.
3.Henault,MarkR.,"BucklingandStressAnalysisofaNonaxisymmetricPressureHull,"MechanicalEngineeringMastersThesis,
MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,MA,June,1991.
4.Garvey,R.E.,"HydrotestedThickCompositeCylinders,"Proceedingsofthe4thAnnualThickCompositesinCompression
Workshop,Knoxville,TN,1990.
5.Perry,ThomasG.,"LaminateOptimizationofAdvancedCompositeCylindricalShellstoImproveBucklingCharacteristicsUnder
ExternalPressure,"MechanicalEngineeringMastersThesis,UniversityofMassachusetts,Lowell,MA,1992.
6.Southwell,R.V.,"OntheAnalysisofExperimentalObservationsinProblemsofElasticStability,"ProceedingsoftheRoyal
Society,Vol.135A,1932.
7.Galletly,G.D.andReynolds,T.E.,"ASimpleExtensionofSouthwell'sMethodforDeterminingtheElasticGeneralInstability
PressureofRingStiffenedCylindersSubjecttoExternalHydrostaticPressure,"ProceedingsoftheSocietyforExperimentalStress
Analysis,LosAngeles,CA,April1955.
8.Camponeschi,EugeneT.,Jr.,"CompressionTestingofThickSectionCompositeMaterials,"STP1110,AmericanSocietyof
TestingMaterials,Philadelphia,PA,1991.
9.Rosen,B.W.,"MechanicsofCompositeStrengthening,"FiberCompositeMaterials,AmericanSocietyforMetals,MetalsPark,
OH,1964.
10.Greszczuk,L.B.,"MicrobucklingofLaminaReinforcedComposites,"CompositeMaterials:TestingandDesign(3rdConference),
STP546,AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials,Philadelphia,PA,1974.
11.Chaudhuri,ReazA.,"PredictionoftheCompressiveStrengthofThickSectionAdvancedCompositeLaminates,"Journalof
CompositeMaterials,Vol.25,October1991.
12.Shuart,M.J.,"ShortWavelengthBucklingandShearFailuresforCompressionLoadedCompositeLaminates,"NASATM
87640,NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA,June1986.
13.Irion,M.N.andAdams,D.F.,"CompressionCreepTestingofUnidirectionalCompositeMaterials,"Composites,Vol.12,No.2,
April1981.
14.Sohi,M.M.,Hahn,H.T.andWilliams,J.G.,"TheEffectofResinToughnessandModulusonCompressionFailureModesof
QuasiisotropicGraphite/EpoxyLaminates,"STP937,AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials,Philadelphia,PA,1987.
15.Sinclair,J.H.andChamis,C.C.,"CompressiveBehaviorofUnidirectionalFibrousComposites,"CompressionTestingof
HomogeneousMaterialsandComposites,STP808,AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials,Philadelphia,PA,1983.
16.Ross,C.T.F.,PressureVesselsUnderExternalPressure,StaticsandDynamics,ElsevierSciencePublishersLtd.,London,1990.
17.vonSanden,K.andGunther,K.,"TheStrengthofCylindricalShells,StiffenedbyFramesandBulkheads,UnderUniform
ExternalPressureonAllSides,"TranslatedbyE.N.Labouvie,DavidTaylorModelBasin,March1952.
18.Salerno,V.L.andPulos,J.G.,"StressDistributioninaCircularCylindricalShellunderHydrostaticPressureSupportedbyEqually
SpacedCircularRingFrames,"PolytechnicInstituteofBrooklyn,ReportNo.171A,June1951.
19.Timoshenko,StephenP.,TheoryofElasticStability,McGrawHillBookCompany,Inc.,NewYork,1961.
20.Koiter,W.,"OnthestabilityofElasticEquilibrium,"Thesis,Delft,H.J.,Paris,Amsterdam,1945;EnglishTranslationAFFDL
TR7025,February1970.
21.Kendrick,S.,TheStressAnalysisofPressureVesselsandPressureVesselComponents,PergamonPress,1970.
22.Jones,R.M.,"BucklingofCircularCylindricalShellswithMultipleOrthotropicLayersandEccentricStiffeners,"AIAAJournal,
Vol.6,No.12,December1968.

C.O.HorganandJ.G.Simmonds,Severeedgeeffectsandsimplecomplimentaryinteriorsolutionsforthin
walledanisotropicandcompositestructures(FinalReport,1Jan.199131Dec.1994,nopublisher,accession
number,dategiven,ProQuesttCSA)
ABSTRACT:ManyusefulthinwalledstructuresofinteresttotheU.S.Army,suchasriflebarrels,automotive
parts,rocketcasings,helicopterblades,driveshafts,andcontainmentvessels,areoftenconstructedoflayersof
anisotropic,filamentorfiberreinforcedmaterials.Whilemanyofthesestructuresaresubjecttosevere
mechanical,inertial,orthermalloads,theyoftenmustbedesignedtoremainelastic.Thismeansthatitis
particularlyimportanttobeabletocomputeaccuratelyglobalcharacteristics,suchasbucklingloadsandnatural
frequencies,aswellaslocalinformationsuchasstressesnearholesoredges.Twoimportant,complementary
regionsofsuchstructures,havebeenstudied,namely,theinteriorwheretherearenosteepstressgradients,and
theedgezone(s)wherestressgradientsarehigh.Forbothregions,simplified,costeffectiveasymptotic
methodshavebeendeveloped.Theseconsiderationsareparticularlyimportantinlayered,anisotropicstructures
becausemanyinvestigatorshave(1)claimedthathigherorder(andhencecomputationallyexpensive)beam,
plate,orshelltheoriesareneededforsuchstructuresand(2)notpaidsufficientattentiontotheparticularly
severeendeffects(breakdownofSaintVenant'sprinciple)suchstructuresengender.(DTIC)
Stephens,M.J.,Kulak,G.L.andMontgomery,C.J.,Localbucklingofthinwalledtubularsteelmembers,
StructuralEngineeringReportNo.103,Dept.ofCivilEngineering,UniversityofAlberta,February1982
Pinkney,R.B.,Stephens,M.J.,Murray,D.W.andKulak,G.L.,Inelasticbucklingofaxiallyloadedcylindrical
shells,Proceedings,AnnualConference,CSCE,May1982,Edmonton,Alberta
Pinkney,R.B.,Stephens,M.J.,Murray,D.W.andKulak,G.L.,Useofmeasuredimperfectionstopredict
bucklingofaxiallyloadedcylindricalshells,CanadianJournalofCivilEngineering,Vol.10,No.4,September
1983
Thorburn,L.J.,Kulak,G.L.andMontgomery,C.J.,Analysisofsteelplateshearwalls,StructuralEngineering
ReportNo.107,Dept.ofCivilEngineering,UniversityofAlberta,May1983
Timler,P.A.andKulak,G.L.,Experimentalstudyofsteelplateshearwalls,StructuralEngineeringReport
No.114,Dept.ofCivilEngineering,UniversityofAlberta,November1983
Krtzig,W.B.,Basar,Y.andWittek,U.,NonlinearbehaviourandelasticstabilityofshellsTheoretical
conceptsNumericalcomputationsResults,inBucklingofShells,editedbyE.Ramm,Proceedingsofa
stateoftheartcolloquium,UniversittStuttgart,Germany,May1982
Krtzig,W.B.,Wittek,U.andBasar,Y.,BucklingofgeneralshellsTheoryandnumericalanalysis,in
Collapse:thebucklingofstructuresintheoryandpractice,editedbyJ.M.T.ThompsonandG.W.Hunt,
CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,1983
Y.F.Dafalias,Corotationalratesforkinematichardeningatlargeplasticdeformations,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.
50,1983,pp.561xxx

E.H.Lee,R.L.MallettandT.B.Wertheimer,Stressanalysisforkinematichardeninginfinitedeformation
plasticity,J.Appl.Mech,Vol.50,1983,pp.554xxx
S.NematNasser,Onfiniteplasticflowofcrystallinesolidsandgeomaterials,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.50,1983,
pp.1114xxxx
M.Saje,J.PanandA.Needleman,Voidnucleationeffectsonshearlocalizationinporousplasticsolids,
InternationalJournalofFracture,Vol.19,1982,pp.163xxx
Chai,H.,Babcock,C.D.andKnauss,W.G.,Onedimensionalmodelingoffailureinlaminatedplatesby
delaminationbuckling,Int.J.SolidsStructures,Vol.17,1981,pp.10691083
Chai.H.andBabcock,C.D.,Twodimensionalmodelingoffailureindelaminatedlaminates,J.Composite
Materials,Vol.19,1985,pp.6798
J.G.Bennett,R.C.DoveandT.A.Butler(LosAlamosNationalLaboratory,P.O.Box1663,LosAlamos,NM
87545,USA),Aninvestigationofbucklingofsteelcylinderswithcircularreinforcedcutouts,Nuclear
EngineeringandDesign,Vol.69,No.2,May1982,pp.229239,doi:10.1016/00295493(82)902345
ABSTRACT:heeffectoftheuseoftheareareplacementmethod(ARM)ofreinforcingaroundcircular
penetrationsinacylindricalshellonthebucklingstrengthofthatshellunderauniformaxialcompressive
loadingconditionisstudiedbothexperimentallyandanalytically.Inshellsthatareofsuchqualitythatthe
penetrationreducesthebucklingstrength,theuseoftheARMwillincreasethebucklingstrengthoftheshell,
butwillnotincreaseittotheunpenetratedvalve.Inanycase,theconservativeknockdownfactorssuggested
forbucklingdesignbytheASMEBoilerandPressureVesselcodeshouldensureanadequatemargintofailure
underthisloadingcondition.
W.E.Baker(1),J.G.Bennett(2)andC.D.Babcock(3)
(1)UniversityofNewMexico,Albuquerque,N.M.87545
(2)LosAlamosNationalLaboratory,LosAlamos,N.M.
(3)CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,Pasadena,Calif.
ExperimentalBucklingInvestigationofRingStiffenedCylindricalShellsUnderUnsymmetricalAxialLoads,
J.PressureVesselTechnol.,Vol.105,No.4,November1983,pp.342346,doi:10.1115/1.3264291
ABSTRACT:Sixsteelshellshavingnuclearcontainmentlikefeatureswerefabricatedandloadedtofailurewith
anoffsetaxialload.Theshells(R/t=500)buckledplastically.Fouroftheshellshadreinforcedcircularcutouts.
Thesepenetrationsweresizedtocutnoringstiffener,asingle,twoorthreeringstiffeners.Reinforcingand
framingaroundthepenetrationswerebasedupontheareareplacementruleoftheapplicableportionofthe
ASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCodeandwereofadesigntosimulateactualpracticefornuclearsteel
containments.Priortotesting,imperfectionsweremeasuredandstraingageswereappliedtodetermine
informationonloaddistributionattheendsofthecylinderandstrainfieldsatareaslikelytobuckle.Buckling
loadsweredeterminedforanaxialloadappliedwithaneccentricityofR/2whereRisthecylinderradius.The
resultsshowedthatthebucklingloadandmodefortheshellhavingapenetrationthatdidnotcutaringstiffener

wereessentiallythesameasthosefortheunpenetratedshell.Thebucklingloadsforthepenetratedshellsin
whichstiffenerswereinterruptedwerelessthanthatfortheunpenetratedshells.Resultsofalltestsare
comparedtonumericalsolutionscarriedoutusinganonlinearcollapseanalysisandtothepredictionsofASME
CodeCaseN284.
W.E.BakerandJ.G.Bennett(LosAlamosNationalLaboratory,LosAlamos,NM87545,USA),Experimental
investigationofthebucklingofnuclearcontainmentlikecylindricalgeometriesundercombinedshearand
bending,NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.79,No.2,May1984,pp.211216,
doi:10.1016/00295493(84)902395
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdescribesthemethodforandresultsof,determiningthestaticbucklinginteraction
curvesforbothringstiffenedandunstiffenedcylindricalgeometriesthathaveradiustothickness(R/t)ratios
andotherparameterscharacteristicofnuclearsteelcontainments.Thepurposeofdevelopingthesetestmethods
andinteractioncurvesistohavethisinformationavailableforadynamicbucklingstudyonthesameorsimilar
shellsthatwillbedirectedatansweringquestionsregardingthefreezingintimeanalysismethod.
C.D.Babcock,W.E.Baker,J.FlyandJ.G.Bennett,Bucklingofsteelcontainmentshellsundertimedependent
loading,ReportNUREG/CR3742;LA10087MS,May1,1984,OSTIID:6693385;LegacyID:
DE84013745,NTIS,PCA03/MFA01GPO,ON:DE84013745
ABSTRACT:Theproblemofdynamiceffectsforsteelcontainmentshellssubjectedtotimedependentloadings
thatproducelargecompressivemembranestressesintheshellwallisconsidered.Loadingsontypical
containmentstructuresarereviewed,alongwithadescriptionofthecompletedynamicbucklingproblem.
Simplificationsandtheassumptionsthatarecurrentlyusedarecriticallyexaminedandreviewedwithrespectto
bucklinganalysis.Basedonthesereviews,threeprogramobjectivesaredefinedandthetasksthatcan
accomplishtheseobjectiveswithina2yeareffortatlevelfundingareoutlinedindetail.
T.A.Butler(1),W.E.Baker(1),J.G.Bennett(1)andC.D.Babcock(2)
(1)LosAlamosNationalLaboratory,LosAlamos,NM87545,USA
(2)CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,Pasadena,CA91109,USA
Investigationofsteelcontainmentbucklingunderdynamicloads,NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.94,
No.1,June1986,pp.3139,doi:10.1016/00295493(86)901512
ABSTRACT:Bucklingoffreestandingnuclearsteelcontainmentbuildingsfromdynamicbaseexcitationwas
investigatedinacombinedexperimental/numericalprogram.Apolycarbonatescalemodelofacontainment
buildingwasexcitedwithscaledearthquaketransientsandsinglefrequencyharmonictransientstodetermine
thepeakbaseaccelerationlevelsrequiredtoinducebuckling.Bucklingwasidentifiedusingrecordedsignals
fromstraingagesandaccelerometers,withhighspeedvideorecords,andbyaudibility.Experimentalresultsare
comparedwithnumericalresultsobtainedbyusingafreezingintimetechnique.Theresultsarepreliminary,
sinceseveralmoretestsaretobeperformed.However,thelimiteddataobtainedindicatethatthefreezingin
timetechniqueapproximatestherequiredaccelerationlevelsreasonablywell,althoughnotconservatively.
Additionalexperimentsaredescribedthatwilltakecontainmentasymmetriesintoaccount,aswellasuse
instrumentationthatwillprovidemoreaccuratemeasuresoftheoccurrenceofbuckling.

KlausjrgenBatheandSadBolourchi(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,MassachusettsInstituteof
Technology,Cambridge,MA02139,U.S.A.),Ageometricandmaterialnonlinearplateandshellelement,
Computers&Structures,Vol.11,Nos.12,February1980,pp.2348,doi:10.1016/00457949(80)901443
ABSTRACT:Adisplacementbasedversatileandeffectivefiniteelementispresentedforlinearandgeometric
andmaterialnonlinearanalysisofplatesandshells.Theelementisformulatedbyinterpolatingtheelement
geometryusingthemidsurfacenodalpointcoordinatesandmidsurfacenodalpointnormals.Atotalandan
updatedLagrangianformulationarepresented,thatallowverylargedisplacementsandrotations.Inlinear
analysisofplates,theelementreducestowellestablishedplatebendingelementsbasedonclassicalplate
theory,whereasinlinearanalysisofshellsandgeometricallynonlinearanalysisofplatesandshellsbyuseof
theelement,inessence,averygeneralshelltheoryisemployed.Theelementhasbeenimplementedasa
variablenumbernodeselementandcanalsobeemployedasafullycompatibletransitionelementtomodel
shellintersectionsandshellsolidregions.Inthepapervarioussamplesolutionsarepresentedthatillustratethe
effectivenessoftheelementinpracticalanalysis.
J.L.Batoz,K.J.Bathe,andL.W.Ho,Astudyofthreenodetriangularplatebendingelements,Int.J.
Numer.Meth.Eng.,Vol.15,pp.17711812,1980.
KlausJrgenBathe(1),EduardoDvorkin(1)andLeeW.Ho(2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,MA02139,
U.S.A.
(2)ADINAEngineering,Inc.,71EltonAvenue,Watertown,MA02172,U.S.A.
OurdiscreteKirchhoffandisoparametricshellelementsfornonlinearanalysisAnassessment,Computers
&Structures,Vol.16,Nos.14,1983,pp.8998,doi:10.1016/00457949(83)901505
ABSTRACT:Thetheoryanduseoftwoeffectiveshellelementsarebrieflysurveyed,assessedandcompared.
Theelementsconsideredareourhighorder(degenerate)isoparametricshellelementandoursimpleflat
triangularelement,whichbothcanbeemployedforanalysisoflargedisplacement/largerotationandplastic
responseofgeneralshellstructures.Specificemphasisisplacedonthetheoreticaldifferencesbetweenthe
elementsandsomeresultingpracticalconsequences.
KlausJrgenBathe(1),CarlosA.Almeida(2)andLeeW.Ho(3)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,MA02139,
U.S.A.
(2)PontificiaUniversidadeCatolica,Dpto.EngenhariaMecanicaR.MarquesdeSaoVicente209,Gavea,Rio
deJaneiro,Brazil
(3)ADINAEngineering,Inc.,71EltonAvenue,Watertown,MA02172U.S.A.
Asimpleandeffectivepipeelbowelementsomenonlinearcapabilities,Computers&Structures,Vol.17,
Nos.56,1983,pp.659667,doi:10.1016/00457949(83)900792
ABSTRACT:Insomeearliercommunicationswepresentedtheformulationofasimplepipeelbowelementfor
linearanalysis.Inthispaperweextendthisformulationtoincludesomenonlineareffects.Elasticplastic
conditionscanbemodeled,andsomekinematicnonlinearities(duetolargedisplacementbeambehavior)can
alsoberepresented.Theresultsofsomesamplesolutionsaregiventoillustratetheuseoftheelement.

E.N.DvorkinandK.J.Bathe,Acontinuummechanicsbasedfournodeshellelementforgeneralnonlinear
analysis,EngineeringComputations,Vol.1,pp.7788,1984.
K.J.BatheandE.N.Dvorkin,AfournodeplatebendingelementbasedonMindlin/Reissnerplatetheoryanda
mixedinterpolation,Int.J.NumericalMethodsinEngng.,Vol.22,pp.367383,1985.
K.J.BatheandE.N.Dvorkin,AformulationofgeneralshellelementsTheuseofmixedinterpolationof
tensorialcomponents,Int.J.NumericalMethodsinEngng.,Vol.22,pp.697722,1986.
PhillSeungLeeandKlausJrgenBathe(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,MassachusettsInstituteof
Technology,77MassachusettsAvenue,Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates),Insightintofiniteelement
shelldiscretizationsbyuseofthebasicshellmathematicalmodel,Computers&Structures,Vol.83,No.1,
January2005,pp.6990,doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2004.07.005
ABSTRACT:Theobjectiveofthispaperistogaininsightintofiniteelementdiscretizationsofshellsusingthe
basicshellmathematicalmodeland,inparticular,regardingthesourcesoflocking.Webrieflyreviewthe
basicshellmathematicalmodelandpresentaformulationofshellfiniteelementsbasedonthismodel.These
shellfiniteelementsareequivalenttothewidelyusedcontinuummechanicsbasedshellfiniteelements.We
considerafreehyperboloidshellproblem,whichisknowntobedifficulttosolveaccurately.Usingafinemesh
ofMITC9elementsbasedonthebasicshellmathematicalmodel,adetailedanalysisisperformedgivingthe
distributionsofallstrainterms.AsimilaranalysisusingtheMITC6shellelementshowswhythiselementlocks
whentheshellthicknessisverysmall.
O.M.Eidsheim(1)andP.K.Larsen(2)
(1)ConsultingEngineersB.Instanes,Bergen,Norway
(2)NorwegianInstituteofTechnology,UniversityofTrondheim,N7034Trondheim,Norway
Nonlinearanalysisofelastoplasticshellsbyhybridstressfiniteelements,ComputerMethodsinApplied
MechanicsandEngineering,Vol.34,Nos.13,September1982,pp.9891018,
doi:10.1016/00457825(82)900974
ABSTRACT:Anefficientprocedureforthenonlinearanalysisofelastoplasticshellsisobtainedbasedonan
incrementalvariationalfunctionaloftheHellingerReissnertype.Forcomputationalefficiencyanupdated
Lagrangiandescriptionisused,referringthekinematicalandmechanicalfieldvariablestolocalcorotated
coordinateframes.Theconstitutiveequationsaregivenintermsofincrementsofmidsurfacestrainsand
curvaturesandcorrespondingstressresultants,thusavoidingtheintegrationovertheshellthickness.Two
modelsareconsideredforthedescriptionofsubsequentyieldsurfaces,andmodificationsareintroducedto
representthebehaviourofhardeningmaterials.Theshellsurfaceisdescretizedbyflatelementsoftriangular
andquadrilateralshape.Relaxingtheinterelementalcontinuityrequirements,theresultingmodifiedhybrid
stresselementsareexpressedinthestandarddisplacementformatofthefiniteelementmethod.Thematerial
modelsareverifiedagainstresultsobtainedbynumericalintegrationthroughthethicknessforthespecialcase
ofbendingandstretchingofabeam.Comparativestudiesforarches,rectangularplatessubjectedtotransverse
andinplaneloadsandcylindricalshellssubjectedtogravityloadingindicatethattheaccuracycompares
favourablywiththeresultsobtainedbythetraditionaldisplacementformulationandnumericalintegration

throughthethickness.However,studiesontwoplasticbucklingofaxiallyloadedtubesrevealtheneedfor
furtherstudiesonthemodelsforhardeningmaterials.
LarsRnning,OddStureHopperstadandPerKristianLarsen(StructuralImpactLaboratorySIMLab,
DepartmentofStructuralEngineering,NorwegianUniversityofScienceandTechnology,N7491Trondheim,
Norway),Numericalstudyoftheeffectsofconstitutivemodelsonplasticbucklingofplateelements,
EuropeanJournalofMechanicsA/Solids,Vol.29,No.4,JulyAugust2010,pp.508522,
doi:10.1016/j.euromechsol.2010.02.001
ABSTRACT:Comparedwithexperiments,theJ2deformationtheoryofplasticityisknowntopredictplastic
bucklingwithbetteraccuracythanthemoreacceptedincrementalJ2flowtheory.Thisparadoxiscommonly
knownastheplasticbucklingparadox.Inanattempttoanalysethisdiscrepancy,thetwomentioned
constitutivemodelswereimplementedinanonlinearfiniteelementcode,alongwithathirdnonassociativeJ2
flowtheory.Thelattermodelincorporatesavertextypeplasticflowrule.Usingthesethreeconstitutivemodels,
thebucklingbehaviourofplateoutstandelementswasinvestigated.Comparisonsbetweenthebuckling
strengthsderivedarepresented.Thenonlinearstaticbucklingsimulationsshowthattheinstabilityintroduced
bythealternativeflowruleofthenonassociativemodelhassubstantialinfluenceonthebucklingbehaviour.
Theacceptanceofonlysmalldeparturesfromnormalitywasshowntoreducethepredictedultimatecapacityof
theplates.Furthermore,forplateswithsmallplateslendernessesitwasfoundthattheimperfectionsensitivity
wassignificantlyreducedwhenusingthenonassociativeflowrule.
A.KalninsandD.P.Updike(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,LehighUniversity,BethlehemPA18015,
USA),Plasticcollapseofjacketedpressurevessels,SMiRT12,editedbyK.Kussmaul,1993,Elsevier
SciencePublishers
ABSTRACT:Inthispapertheanalysisofplasticcollapseisexecutedforacomplicatedpressurevessel.Itis
shownthatthecollapseofthewholevesseldependsonthecollapseofitsdetails,whichareselectedinsucha
waythattheircollapsetakesplaceindependentlyfromeachother.Twokindsofcollapsemodesofthedetails
arerecognized:bybulgingandbyathreehingemechanism.Itisshownthatthecollapseofthelattercannotbe
approximatedreasonablybyelasticsolutions.Followingthisapproach,thecollapseofthewholevesselneed
notbeexecuted.Itisshownthatforajacketedconstructionthejacketcannotbetakenasaseparatedetail
becauseitsdeformationdependsonthestiffnessofthecomponenttowhichitisattached.Thecollapseofthe
jacketispursuedindetail.Allowablepressureswithrespectotplasticcollapsearecalcularedforasample
vessel.
RobertJones(EmeritusProfessorofEngineeringScienceandMechanics,VirginiaTech,Blacksburg,Virginia
240610219),ReflectionsontheImportanceofExperimentalResultstoAllMechanicists,Especially
Theoreticians,RecentAdvancesinExperimentalMechanics,Vol.7.,2004,pp.537550,
doi:10.1007/0306484102_51
ABSTRACT:Alltoooften,mechanicistsdividethemselvesintotwocamps,theoreticiansandexperimentalists.
Thisunfortunatestateofaffairsdeniesustheessentialtwosided,realisticviewofimportantphysicalproblems.
Wemustrealizethattheorycannotexistwithoutsuitableexperiments,andthatexperimentscannotbeproperly
designedorusedinengineeringpracticewithoutsomeformoftheory.Thoughtful,penetratinginteraction

betweentheoreticianandexperimentalistiscrucial.Thetrulyeffectiveexperimentalistmusthaveastrong
theoreticalbackground.Thetrulyeffectivetheoreticianmusthaveatleastarudimentary,ifnotastrong,
experimentalbackground.Ofcourse,theidealmechanicistwouldbeneitheratheoreticiannoran
experimentalist,butbothsimultaneously!Theimportantfactoriscrosstalkbetweenthetwopointsofviewwith
theobjectiveofachievingaunifiedviewofaphenomenonanditsmodelthatcanbeusedtotreatbehavior
beyondthatwhichwasobservedinexperiments.Thispaperisabouttheelementsthatgointomakingupthe
unifiedviewpoint.Thoseelementsincludeappreciationoftheactualcharacteristicsofthephenomenonstudied
asdeterminedbyexperimentaltechniquesandhowthosecharcteristicshelpdevelopandrefineeverytheory.
Thepointisthatexperimentisthedrivingforcebehindtheory.
RobertM.Jones(EngineeringScienceandMechanicsDepartment,VirginiaTech,Blacksburg,VA24061
0219,USA),Thermalbucklingofuniformlyheatedunidirectionalandsymmetriccrossplylaminatedfiber
reinforcedcompositeuniaxialinplanerestrainedsimplysupportedrectangularplates,CompositesPartA:
AppliedScienceandManufacturing,Vol.36,No.10,October2005,pp.13551367,SpecialIssueHonouring
JackVinsononhis75thBirthdayAlsotocommemorate40yearsofservicetotheprofessionandthe30year
anniversaryoftheUniversityofDelawareCenterforCompositeMaterials,
doi:10.1016/j.compositesa.2005.01.028
ABSTRACT:Geometricallyperfectplatesthatarerestrainedfrominplaneexpansionwhenslowlyand
uniformlyheatedgenerallydevelopcompressivestressesandthenbuckleataspecifictemperature.The
equivalentmechanicalloadingconceptisusedtostraightforwardlydevelopsolutionstoseveralfundamental
thermalbucklingproblemsinvolvingsimplelaminatedplateconfigurationsandthemostsimpleheating
environment,namelyuniformheatingthroughouttheplatevolume.Theanalysisisrestrictedtolinearelastic
stressstrainbehaviorandconstantorthotropiclaminamaterialpropertiesataspecifictemperature.Resultsare
obtainedforunidirectionalandsymmetriccrossplylaminatedfiberreinforcedcompositerectangularplatesthat
areuniaxiallyrestrainedintheirplaneontwoofthefouredges,buthavenoedgerotationalrestraintonany
edge.Thoseboundaryconditionsconstitutetwoofthefourpossibletypesofsimplysupportededgesthatdiffer
onlyintheirinplaneconditions.Theresultsarepresentedintheformofbucklingtemperaturechangefromthe
stressfreetemperature(atwhichnostressisgeneratedagainsttherestraint)versusplateaspectratiocurves
festoonedfordifferentbucklingmodeshapesforalllaminates.Anomalousexamplesincludeunidirectionally
laminatedplatesthatactuallybuckleuponcoolinginsteadofheatingandcrossplylaminatedplatesthatdonot
buckleirrespectiveofwhethertheyareheatedorcooled.Thoseexamplesareofinterestbecauseoftheir
intriguingpossibledesignapplications.
GhaziAbuFarsakh,ExperimentalbucklingofGRPcylindricalshells,ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.27,
No.1,1987,pp.19,doi:10.1007/BF02318856
ABSTRACT:Duringthesetupofanexperiment,errorsmayoccur.Sourcesofsucherrorsmaybedueto
severalfactorswhichsometimesaccumulateandthencauseerroneousresults.Anexperimentalinvestigationon
bucklingofGRP(glassreinforcedplastic)cylindricalshells,subjecttoaxialcompressionand/orexternal
pressureloading,hasbeencarriedout.Atthebeginningoftheexperiment,theinitialgeometricalimperfections
weremeasured.Becauseofthesmallsizeofthesequantitiesandthegreateffecttheseimperfectionshadon
bucklingloads,anysmallerrorsinthemeasurementproceduremayleadtounreasonableresults.Attemptshave

beenmadetodetecttheseerrors,andtoidentifyandminimizetheireffectonexperimentalresults.Tablesare
providedtoshowacomparisonbetweenthefinalexperimentalresultsandthecorrespondingtheoreticalones.
JohnForbesOlesenandEsbenByskov(DepartmentofStructuralEngineering,TechnicalUniversityof
Denmark,Lyngby,Denmark),Accuratedeterminationofasymptoticpostbucklingstressesbythefinite
elementmethod,Computers&Structures,Vol.15,No.2,1982,pp.157163,
doi:10.1016/00457949(82)900633
ABSTRACT:Koiter'smethodforinitialpostbucklingandimperfectionsensitivityanalysisofelasticstructures
isconvenientlyformulatedintermsoffiniteelements.Specialcaremust,however,betakeninthecomputation
ofthepostbucklingstressesandthepostbucklmgconstantdeterminingtheinitialcurvatureofthepostbuckling
path.Thecauseoftheproblemliesinthedifferentdegreeofapproximationofinplaneandlateral
displacementsandisinevitableinastandardcompatiblefiniteelementformulation.Itisshownthatonlya
minorchangeinthecomputationofthepostbucklingstressesisneeded.Theprocedureisextendedtocover
ByskovandHutchinson'smethodforcaseswithnearlysinultaneousbucklingmodes.
ZenonWaszczyszyn(TechnicalUniversityofCracow,ul.Warszawska24,31455,Krakw,Poland),
Numericalproblemsofnonlinearstabilityanalysisofelasticstructures,Computers&Structures,Vol.17,
No.1,1983,pp.1324,doi:10.1016/00457949(83)900238
ABSTRACT:Basicdefinitionsandrelationsforstabilityofelasticdiscretesystemsunderoneparameter
conservativeloadsarebrieflypresented.OnthebasisofthepotentialenergyfunctionaltheincrementalFEM
equationsarederived.Variousmethodsofcomputationofpathsofequilibriumarediscussed.Thesemethods
arerelatedtoevaluationofacurvilinearpatheitherintheconfigurationspaceR^Norintheloadconfiguration
spaceR^(N+1).ThebestmethodseemstoberelatedtocomputationinR^Nifthearctypeparameterand
vectortangenttotheequilibriumpathareused.Thismethodenablestoovercomeeasilythelimitpoints.
Differentstabilitycriteriaforcomputationofcriticalpointsarediscussed.Tracingofapostbifurcationpathof
equilibriumispointedout.
ZenonWaszczyszynandMarekBartczak(InstituteofComputerMethodsinStructuralEngineering,Cracow
UniversityofTechnology,Warszawska24,31155Krakw,Poland),Neuralpredictionofbucklingloadsof
cylindricalshellswithgeometricalimperfections,InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,Vol.37,
Nos.45,June2002,pp.763775,SpecialIssue:Stability&VibrationinThinWalledStructures,
doi:10.1016/S00207462(01)001111
ABSTRACT:ThepaperisacontinuationofWaszczyszynetal.(in:R.Tadeusiewicz,L.Rutkowski,J.Chojcan
(Eds.),ProceedingsoftheThirdNeuralNetworksandtheirApplications,TUCzestochowa,Poland,1997,p.
14),wherebackpropagationneuralnetworks(BPNNs)wereusedforpredictingthebucklingloadsforaxially
compressedcylindricalshellswithinitialgeometrical(manufacturing)imperfections.Thepaperwasbasedon
themeasuredimperfectionsandtestsonlaboratoryshellspecimens,gatheredintheImperfectionDataBankat
theDelftUniversityofTechnology(P.II,ReportLR559,TUDelft,FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,Delft,
1988).Inthepresentedpapertheideaofdatacompressionisexplored.TheapplicationofBPNNreplicators
enablesustosignificantlyreducethenumberofinputssothemasterBPNNformulatedforthebucklingload
predictionisconsiderablysmallerthanBPNNsdiscussedinWaszczyszynetal.(1997).Itisprovedthatthe

compressionofimperfectionparametersseemstobeanewefficienttoolfortheanalysisofexperimentaldataof
theproblemconsidered.
M.E.MearandJ.W.Hutchinson(DivisionofAppliedSciences,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,MA02138,
U.S.A),Influenceofyieldsurfacecurvatureonflowlocalizationindilatantplasticity,Mechanicsof
Materials,Vol.4,Nos.34,December1985,pp.395407,doi:10.1016/01676636(85)900353
ABSTRACT:Inthispaperafamilyofdilatantplasticitytheoriesisintroducedbyconsideringyieldsurfaces
whichchangeaccordingtoacombinationofisotropicexpansionandkinematictranslation.Onelimiting
memberofthefamilyisGurson's(1977)isotropichardeningmodel,andtheotherlimitingmemberisapure
kinematichardeningversion.Thefamilyofconstitutivelawsisconstructedsuchthatallversionscoincidefor
proportionalstressinghistories.Thedifferencesbetweenanytwoversionsshowuponlyundernonproportional
stressinghistories,suchasthoseencounteredinmanyplasticinstabilityphenomena.Undernonproportional
stressing,thekinematicversionissignificantlylessstiffthanGurson'sisotropichardeningmodelduetothe
relativelyhighercurvatureofthekinematicyieldsurface.Thiseffectisexploredinsomebasicshear
localizationcalculationsandisfoundtohavesubstantialinfluenceonthelocalizationpredictions.
M.M.CarrollandR.A.Carman(UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA94720,U.S.A.),Discussion:influence
ofyieldsurfacecurvatureonflowlocalizationindilatantplasticity,MechanicsofMaterials,Vol.4,Nos.34,
December1985,pp.409415,doi:10.1016/01676636(85)900365
ABSTRACT:Theresultsoffiniteelementcalculationsforahollowspheremicromodelareusedtoexaminethe
underlyingassumptionsandthespecificyieldfunctionsinthedilatantplasticitytheoriesofGurson(1977)and
MearandHutchinson.
ViggoTvergaard(DepartmentofSolidMechanics,TheTechnicalUniversityofDenmark,Lyngby,Denmark),
Effectofyieldsurfacecurvatureandvoidnucleationonplasticflowlocalization,JournaloftheMechanics
andPhysicsofSolids,Vol.35,No.1,1987,pp.4360,doi:10.1016/00225096(87)900275
ABSTRACT:Theeffectofvoidnucleationisincorporatedinarecentlyproposedmaterialmodelthataccounts
foracombinationofkinematichardeningandisotropichardeningofaporousductilematerial.Sinceeachof
plasticdilatancy,voidnucleationandyieldsurfacecurvaturehaveastronginfluenceonpredictionsofplastic
flowlocalization,thepresentmaterialmodelcanbeusedtostudytheinteractionoftheseeffects.Nucleation
controlledbytheplasticstrainaswellasnucleationcontrolledbythemaximumnormalstressontheparticle
matrixinterfacearemodelled.Thepredictionsofthematerialmodel,forvariouscombinationsofparameters,
areillustratedbyanalysesofshearbandformationunderplanestrainoraxisymmetricconditions,andby
analysesofneckinginbiaxiallystretchedsheets.
EsbenByskovandJ.CarstenHansen(StructuralResearchLaboratory,TechnicalUniversityofDenmark,
Lyngby,Denmark),PostbucklingandImperfectionSensitivityAnalysisofAxiallyStiffenedCylindricalShells
withModeInteraction,MechanicsBasedDesignofStructuresandMachines:AnInternationalJournal,Vol.8,
No.2,1980,pp.205224,doi:10.1080/03601218008907360

ABSTRACT:Interactionofnearlysimultaneousbucklingmodesinthepresenceofimperfectionsisstudied.
Theinvestigationisconcernedwithaxiallystiffenedcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression.Inthese
structures,twomodesareofparticularinterest,namelyanoveralllongwaveandalocalshortwavebuckling
mode.Numericalresultsshowthatinsomecasesbendingofthestringersinthelocalmodepostbuckling
solutionplaysanimportantrole.Exclusionofthiseffect,aswasdoneinapreviousstudybyByskovand
Hutchinson,mayleadtoanoverestimationofthecarryingcapacityoftheshell.Furthermore,itisfoundthat
apparentlyreasonableapproximationstothepostbucklingfieldsassociatedwithboththelocalandtheoverall
mode,aswellaswiththeoverallmodealone,mayleadtoinexactvaluesofthebucklingload.
EsbenByskov(DepartmentofStructuralEngineering,TechnicalUniversityofDenmark,Lyngby,Denmark),
ElasticBucklingwithInfinitelyManyLocalModes,MechanicsBasedDesignofStructuresandMachines:
AnInternationalJournal,Vol.15,No.4,1987,pp.413435,doi:10.1080/08905458708905127
ABSTRACT:Insomecases,asymptoticmethodspresentanappealingalternativetofullnonlinearanalyses.In
othercases,thevalueofanasymptoticanalysismaymerelybethat,inaqualitativeway,itcancharacterizethe
behaviorofastructure.Whetheranasymptoticmethodisappliedforoneortheotherpurposeitisofinterestto
attemptanestimationofitsrangeofvalidity.Thepresentpaperaddressesthisquestionforanasymptotic
methodtopredictimperfectionsensitivityofelasticstructureswithmodeinteraction.Theparticularstructure
thatisinvestigatedpossessesaninfinityofnearlysimultaneouslocalbucklingmodes.Itisfoundthatveryfew
ofthesemodesneedtobetakenintoaccount.
EsbenByskov,LarsDamkildeandKlausJacobJensen(DepartmentofStructuralEngineering,Technical
UniversityofDenmark,Lyngby,Denmark),MultimodeInteractioninAxiallyStiffenedCylindricalShells,
MechanicsBasedDesignofStructuresandMachines:AnInternationalJournal,Vol.16,No.3,1988,pp.387
405,doi:10.1080/08905458808960269
ABSTRACT:Anumberofstudiesshowthatnonlinearinteractionbetweenashortwavelocalpanelbuckling
modeandalongwaveoverallshellbucklingmodeusuallycausesstrongimperfectionsensitivityinstiffened
shells.Interactionisparticularlystrongforsimultaneousornearlysimultaneousmodes.Modeinteraction
betweentwooverallbucklingmodes,aswellasinteractionbetweentwooverallandonelocalmode,has
receivedmuchlessattention.Thepresentstudyindicatesthatforcertainimperfectioncombinations,suchmode
interactionsareimportant.Ontheotherhand,inmostcases,interactionbetweenoneoverallmodeandonelocal
modegoverns.
EsbenByskov(DepartmentofStructuralEngineering,TechnicalUniversityofDenmark,Building118,DK
2800Lyngby,Denmark),Smoothpostbucklingstressesbyamodifiedfiniteelementmethod,International
JournalforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.28,No.12,December1989,pp.28772888,
doi:10.1002/nme.1620281211
ABSTRACT:Exactpostbucklingstressesusuallyvaryfairlysmoothly.Unfortunately,finiteelement
postbucklingstressestendtobemuchlesswellbehaved.Theresultisthatsecondorderpostbucklingconstants
determinedbythefiniteelementmethodmaybehighlyinaccurate.Thereasonisthatinfiniteelementsolutions
transversedisplacementsassociatedwiththebucklingfieldsfurnishtoorapidlyvaryingpostbucklingstrain
contributions,whilethepostbucklingaxialormembranedisplacementscontributestraincomponentsthatare

sufficientlysmooth,thuscreatinganinternalpostbucklingstrainandstressmismatch.Thepresentstudy
suggestsamodifiedfiniteelementmethodthathandlestheproblem,whichisaspecialexampleofmembrane
locking,byintroducingthepostbucklingstrainsasindependentvariables.Ingeneral,themethodprovidesrather
complicatedfiniteelementexpressions.However,byasuitablechoiceofinterpolatingfunctions,theresulting
finiteelementequationsthemselvesmaybefoundtobetheusualones,andyetprovidesmoothpostbuckling
stressesandthereforegoodvaluesofthepostbucklingconstants.
Foster,C.G.(1)andTennyson,R.C.(2)
(1)DepartmentofCivilandMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofTasmania,G.P.O.Box252C,Hobart,7001,
Tasmania,Australia
(2)InstituteofAerospaceStudies,UniversityofToronto,2925DufferinSt.,Downsview,Ontario,M3H5T6,
Canada
UseoftheSouthwellmethodtopredictbucklingstrengthsofstringerstiffenedcylindricalshells,Strain,Vol.
19,No.2,1983,pp.6367.doi:10.1111/j.14751305.1983.tb00447.x
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentstheresultsofsometeststhatwereconductedonstringerstiffenedepoxy
cylindricalshells.TheobjectoftheinvestigationwastodetermineiftheSouthwelltechniqueforestimating
bucklingloadscouldreasonablybeusedforthenonlinearcollapseofcylindricalshells.Theresultsshowedthat
thetechniqueprovidesausefulestimateofthebucklingloadprovidedcareistakenininterpretingtheresults.In
someinstancestheestimateislikelytobegreaterthantheactualload.Wheretwobucklingmodesare
encounteredatthesametimetheSouthwelltechniqueappearstopredictthecriticalloadassociatedwitheither
modedependingonthedeflectionparameterbeingmeasuredaswellasontheinterpretationoftheresults.
R.C.TennysonandK.C.Chan(UniversityofToronto,InstituteforAerospaceStudies,Toronto,Ontario,
CanadaM3H5T6),Bucklingofimperfectsandwichcylindersunderaxialcompression,InternationalJournal
ofSolidsandStructures,Vol.26,Nos.910,1990,pp.10171036,doi:10.1016/00207683(90)90015N
ABSTRACT:Ananalyticalstudyhasbeencarriedouttodeterminetheeffectofaxisymmetricshape
imperfectionsonthecompressivebucklingstrengthofsandwichcylindershavingisotropicfacingsand
orthotropic,sheardeformablecores.Bucklingsolutionsarepresentedasafunctionofimperfectionamplitude,
wavelengthandthecoreshearflexibilitycoefficients.Nonsheardeformablecoreshavealsobeenconsidered
andresultscomparedtoisotropiccylindersbasedonanequivalentthicknessparameter.
S.KrishnakumarandR.C.Tennyson(UniversityofToronto,InstituteforAerospaceStudies,4925Dufferin
Street,Downsview,OntarioM3H5T6,Canada),Effectofimpactdelaminationsonaxialbucklingofcomposite
cylinders,inBucklingofshellstructures,onland,inthesea,andintheair,editedbyJ.F.Jullien,SponPress,
1991,ISBN1851667164
ABSTRACT:Thedevelopmentofdelaminationsinducedbylowvelocityimpactandtheireffectontheaxial
compressivebucklingstrengthofthinlaminatedcircularcylindricalshellswasinvestigatedexperimentally.
ImageEnhancedBacklightingandStructurealEmbeddedFiberOpticSensorswereemployedfordamage
assessment.Bucklingtestswerealsoconductedonshellswithimplanteddelaminationsforcomparison
purposesandasameansfordeterminingtheinfluenceofdelaminationareaonthereductioninbuckling
strength.

R.C.TennysonandS.Krishnakumar(UniversityofToronto,InstituteforAerospaceStudies,4925Dufferin
Street,NorthYork,Ontario,CanadaM3H5T6),Impactdamageanditseffectonthebucklingstrengthof
compositecylinders,ICCM/9,CompositesBehavior:proceedingsoftheNinthInternational...,VolumeV
editedbyAntonioMiravete,UniversityofZaragoza,1993,ISBN:1855731347
ABSTRACT:Thedevelopmentofdelaminationsinducedbylowvelocityimpactandtheireffectontheaxial
compressivebucklingstrengthofthinlaminatedcircularcylindricalshellswasinvestigatedexperimentally.
ImageEnhancedBacklightingandStructurallyEmbeddedFiberOpticSensorswereemployedfordamage
assessment.Bucklingtestswerealsoconductedonshellswithimplanteddelaminationsforcomparison
purposesandasameansfordetermingtheinfluenceofdelaminationareaonthereductioninbucklingstrength.
Resultsaredcomparedwithfinitedifferencesolutionsofthebucklingequationsandlinearstabilityanalysis
usingtheABSQUSfiniteelementpackage.
R.C.TennysonandC.G.Lamontagne,Highvelocityimpactdamagetopolymermatrixcomposites,inImpact
behaviouroffibrereinforcedcompositematerialsandstructures,editedbyS.R.ReidandGangZhou,
WoodheadPublishing,Ltd(ISBN1855734230),andCRCPress(ISBN084930847X),2000
PARTIALINTRODUCTION:Oneofthemajorconcernsinvolvingtheuseoflightweightfibrereinforced
compositesistheirsusceptibilitytoimpactdamage.Delamination(orinterlaminarfracture),surfacespallation
andlaminatepenetrationconstitutevariousmodesoffailureresultingfromimpactloads.Lowvelocityimpacts
areassociatedwithdelaminationdamage,especiallythatcausedbybluntheadedprojectiles.Thisinterlaminare
debondingprimarilyreducesthelocalbendingstiffnessandthuscaneffectthebendingandbucklingbehavior
ofthestructure.Inthelattercase,localbucklingcaninducefurtherdelaminationgrowthwhichcanleadto
overallglobalweakeningofthestructure..Asimpactenergyisincreased,delaminationcoupledwithsurface
spallationcanoccur,followedbypenetrationofthelaminate
R.CTennysonandCLamontagne(UniversityofTorontoInstituteforAerospaceStudies,4925DufferinStreet,
Toronto,Ontario,CanadaM3H5T6),Hypervelocityimpactdamagetocomposites,CompositesPartA:
AppliedScienceandManufacturing,Vol.31,No.8,August2000,pp.785794,
doi:10.1016/S1359835X(00)000294
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentstheresultsofhypervelocityimpacttestsconductedongraphite/PEEK
laminates.Bothflatplateandcircularcylindersweretestedusingaluminumspheresofvaryingsize,travelling
atvelocitiesfrom27km/s.Theexperimentswereconductedatseveralfacilitiesusinglightgasguns.Normal
andobliqueangleimpactswereinvestigatedtodeterminetheeffectofimpactangle,particleenergyand
laminateconfigurationonthematerialdamageandejectaplumes.Correlationswereestablishedbetweenan
energyparameterandtheimpactcratersize,spallationdamageanddebrisconeangle.Secondarydamage
resultingfromthedebrisplumeonadjacentcompositestructureswasstudiedusinghighspeedphotographyand
witnessplates.Itwasobservedthatforhypervelocityimpacts,thedebrisplumeparticleshavesufficientenergy
topenetrateadjacentstructuresandcausemajorstructuraldamageaswell.

C.T.Zhou,SomeBasicProblemsintheAnalysisofInstabilityforCompositeCylindricalShells,Sixth
InternationalConferenceonCompositeMaterialsandSecondEuropeanConferenceonCompositeMaterials
(ICCM&ECCM).Vol.5;London;UK;2024July1987.pp.5.1015.112.1987
ABSTRACT:Somebasicproblemsintheanalysisofnonlinearinstabilityformultilayeredcomposite
cylindricalshellsarediscussed.Theseproblemsare:theinfluencesofinitialimperfectionsandgeometrical
nonlinearitiesofshells;theeffectsofphysicalnonlinearitycausedbythematerialnonlinearityofshear
modulus;theinfluencesoftransverseshearingdeformationandtheeffectsofprebucklingdeformationson
bucklingandpostbucklingbehavioroflaminatedcompositecylindricalshellsundervariousboundary
conditions.Alltheseinfluencesarestudiedundervariousloadingconditions;e.g.axialcompression,
hydrostaticpressure,andtorsion.Ofcourse,theinteractionoftheseinfluencesisanimportantandcomplicated
problem.Thesyntheticanalysisoftheseinfluencesisreported,basedonaseriesofinvestigatedresultsinrecent
yearsonboronepoxycomposites.
V.Villhard,C.BpangandA.N.Palazotto(Dept.ofAeronauticsandAstronautics,AirForceInstituteof
Technology,WrightPattersonAFB,OH45433,U.S.A.),Instabilityofshortstiffenedcompositecylindrical
shellsunderbendingwithprebucklingdisplacements,Computers&Structures,Volu.16,No.6,1983,pp.773
775,doi:10.1016/00457949(83)900688
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsresultsforbucklingofastiffenedcylindricalshellwithcutoutsandboth
isotropicandcompositeshellswithoutcutoutsactingunderendbendingmoments.TheSTAGSCprogramhas
beenusedintheanalysis.
AnthonyN.PalazottoandAnthonyD.Straw(DepartmentofAeronauticsandAstronautics,AirForceInstitute
ofTechnology,WrightPattersonAirForceBase,OH45433,U.S.A.),Shearbucklingofcylindricalcomposite
panels,Computers&Structures,Vol.27,No.5,1987,pp.689692,doi:10.1016/00457949(87)90085X
ABSTRACT:Afiniteelementanalysisiscarriedoutonthebucklingofcompositecylindricalpanelsunder
shearloading.Deeppanelsareconsidered,thusrequiringahigherordershelltheory.Acomparisonismade
withaGalerkintechniquewhichincorporatedtheDonnellshelltheory.
S.T.DennisandA.N.Palazotto(AirForceInstituteofTechnology,WrightPattersonAFB,OH45433,U.S.A.),
Largedisplacementandrotationalformulationforlaminatedshellsincludingparabolictransverseshear,
InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,Vol.25,No.1,1990,pp.6785,
doi:10.1016/00207462(90)90039C
ABSTRACT:Thepaperpresentsanapproachforagenerallaminatedshellgeometrydescribablebyorthogonal
curvilinearcoordinates.Thetheoryincludesathroughthethicknessparabolicdistributionoftransverseshear
stress.Additionally,asimplifiedapproachthatallowslargedisplacementsandrotationsisincorporated.The
theoryiscastintoadisplacementbasedfiniteelementformulationandthenspecializedtoacylindricalshell
geometry.Thetheoryisthenappliedtotheproblemofatransverselyloadedisotropicdeeparch,andresults
showaslightlymoreflexibleresponsecomparedwithpublishedresultsthatarebaseduponinextensible
assumptions.Thisproblemalsoindicatesthattheusuallockingassociatedwithshellelementsisapparently
eliminated.

L.S.ChienandA.N.Palazotto(DepartmentofAeronauticsandAstronautics,AirForceInstituteofTechnology,
WrightPattersonAirForceBase,OH45433,U.S.A.),Dynamicbucklingofcompositecylindricalpanelswith
highordertransverseshearssubjectedtoatransverseconcentratedload,InternationalJournalofNonLinear
Mechanics,Vol.27,No.5,September1992,pp.719734,doi:10.1016/00207462(92)900297
ABSTRACT:Thecharacteristicsofdynamicbucklingofageometricallynonlinearcylindricallaminated
compositepanelsubjectedtoatransverseconcentratedsteploadappliedatthecenterisstudied.Attentionis
focusedonthedynamicstabilityofafiniteelementdiscretestructuralsystem.Thesufficientconditionfor
dynamicbuckling,fromtheenergytransferconsideration,isdefinedasthesmallestloadforwhichan
unboundedmotionisinitiatedatonegeneralizeddisplacement.Inotherwords,thedynamicbucklingload
associatedwiththatgeneralizedcoordinatecanbepredictedbytheintersectingpointonthestaticequilibrium
curveandthezeropotentialenergycurve.Thisdynamicbucklingcriterioncanalsobeobservedbythe
existenceofaninflectionpointonthegeneralizeddisplacementresponsecurve.Consideringthemultidegree
offreedomfortheentirestructurewithoutdamping,thedynamicbucklingcriterionusedinasingledegreeof
freedommodelgivesthelowerbounddynamicbucklingestimate,whichwillbeshownintheresultsofthe
dynamicbucklinganalysisforalaminatedcompositearch.Thepossibilityofparametricresonanceduetothe
transverseconcentratedsteploadonageometricallynonlinearsystemisdiscussed.Furthermore,thedynamic
effectsfordifferentloadingratesoftheappliedconcentratedloadareexamined.Finally,thestudyofthe
dampingeffect,whichraisesthedynamicbucklingload,isincluded.
Dennis,S.T.(1)andPalazotto,A.N.(2)
(1)DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,USAFAcademy,ColoradoSpringsCo80840,U.S.A.
(2)DepartmentofAeronauticsandAstronautics,AirForceInstituteofTechnology,WrightPattersonAFB,OH
45433,U.S.A.
Theeffectofnonlinearcurvaturestrainsonthebucklingoflaminatedplatesandshells,InternationalJournal
forNumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.36,1993,pp.595609.doi:10.1002/nme.1620360404
ABSTRACT:Aversatilegeometricallynonlinearcurvedshellfiniteelementformulationincludesexact
Green'sstraindisplacementfortheinplanestrainsandlinearstraindisplacementforthetransverseshearstrains.
Additionalcouplingresultsformembranebendingandmembranetransverseshearduetononlinearcurvature
straindisplacementrelations.Additionalnonlineartermsthatareafunctionoftheshell'sradiusofcurvature
arealsopresent.Theapproachisappliedtothebifurcationbucklingofaxiallycompressedflatplatesand
transverselypressureloadedcylindricalshellpanels.Themethodgivesamoreflexibleresultfortheplates
comparedtovonKrmnnonlinearity.Additionally,largerbucklingpressuresarefoundforshellpanels.The
effectsoftransverseshearflexibilityareevident.
S.T.Dennis(1),B.A.Horban(1)andA.N.Palazotto(2)
(1)DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,UnitedStatesAirForceAcademy,CO80840,USA
(2)DepartmentofAeronauticsandAstronautics,AirForceInstituteofTechnology,WrightPattersonAFB,OH
45433,USA
Instabilityinacylindricalpanelsubjectedtonormalpressure:Bifurcationvsnonlinearanalyses,Composites
Engineering,Vol.4,No.6,1994,pp.605607,609620.doi:10.1016/09619526(94)90104X

ABSTRACT:Cylindricalshellpanelssubjectedtoexternalpressureareseeninthinsemimonocoqueaerospace
applicationsandinthethickwallpressurehullsofdeepseasubmersibles.Bothcasesareweightsensitive
designs,andtherefore,laminatedconstructionsduetotheirhighstrengthandstiffnesstoweightratiosappear
advantageous.Inthispaper,bothlinearbifurcationandnonlinearanalysesarepresentedforawiderangeof
geometries.Forshellsofhighcurvature,i.e.aBatdorfparameter,Z,greaterthan100,thebifurcationload
predictstheonsetofinstabilityveryaccuratelyascomparedtoanonlinearanalysis.Ontheotherhand,shallow
shellsindicateabifurcationinstabilitywherenoneexistsinthenonlinearanalysis.Theresponseforsome
curvaturesissignificantlyalteredwheretransverseshearflexibilityapparentlyhasamajorinfluence.
ScottT.Dennis(AirForceAcademy,ColoradoSprings,Colorado,USA),AGalerkinSolutionto
GeometricallyNonlinearShallowShellEquations,FinalReport,USAFATR953,April1995
DTICAccessionNumber:ADA294792,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA294792
ABSTRACT:AlaminatedshallowshellapproachthatincludesvonKarmangeometricnonlinearityand
parabolictransversesheardeformationisposedindifferentialoperatorform.Trigonmetricseriesareassumed
foreachofthefiveshelldisplacementdegreesfreedomforthesubsequentnonlineargalerkinsolutionresulting
in5n2simultaneousalgebraicequationswherenisthenumberofdisplacementtermsassumedintheseries.
Thegalerkinnonlinearsolutioniscomputationallyintensive.Theresponseofseverallaminategeometries
subjectedtotransverseloadingsarefound.Thickerplatesandshellsgenerallyexhibitmoreflexibleresponse
comparedtothinnergeometriesinbothlinearandnonlinearanalyses.Thenondimensionalshellresponseis
examinedbyusingtheBatdorfSteinshellparameterforlaminatedconstructions.Quasiisotropicshallowshells
undergosignificanttransverseshearflexibilityinthethickergeometriesasgivenbythenondimensionalshell
crowndeflection.However,thenondimensionalcrowndeflectioninthedeepershellresponseisnotmuch
influencedbyshellthickness.Forflatplates,geometricnonlinearitylessenstheinfluenceoftransverseshear
flexibilitywhencomparedtolinearsolutionsduetomembranestretchingresistance.
RaoufA.RaoufandAnthonyN.Palazotto(DepartmentofAeronauticsandAstronautics,AirForceInstituteof
Technology,WrightPattersonAFB,OH45433,USA),Nonlineardynamicresponseofanisotropic,arbitrarily
laminatedshellpanels:Anasymptoticanalysis,CompositeStructures,Vol.18,No.2,1991,pp.163192,
doi:10.1016/02638223(91)900495
ABSTRACT:Anasymptoticprocedureisusedtoderivethenonlinearequationsofmotiongoverningtheforced
dynamicresponseofanarbitrarilylaminatedslightlycompressiblecompositeshellpanelincylindricalbending.
AcombinationoftheGalerkinprocedureandthemethodofmultipletimescalesisusedtoconstructa
uniformlyvalidasymptoticexpansionforthedynamicresponseofthepanelundernearresonantexternal
excitation,andinthepresenceofatwotooneinternalresonancecondition.Aqualitativeanalysisshowsthat
thereisathresholdvaluefortheamplitudeofexcitation,abovewhichthepanelexhibitsthesaturation
phenomenoninwhichtheamplitudeofthedirectlyexcitedmodesaturatesandthecoupledmodestartsto
respondnonlinearlyandeventuallydominatestheresponse.Theforceresponsecurvealsoexhibitsthejump
phenomenon.
RaoufA.Raouf(1)andAnthonyN.Palazotto(2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UnitedStatesNavalAcademy,Annapolis,Maryland,21402,USA

(2)DepartmentofAeronauticsandAstronautics,AirForceInstituteofTechnology,WrightPattersonAFB,
Ohio,45433,USA
Nonlinearfreevibrationsofsymmetricallylaminated,slightlycompressiblecylindricalshellpanels,
CompositeStructures,Vol.20,No.4,1992,pp.249257,doi:10.1016/02638223(92)90030G
ABSTRACT:Ageometricallynonlineardynamicshelltheorypresentedbytheauthorsinanearlierworkis
usedtostudythenonlinearfreevibrationsofsymmetricallylaminatedcylindricalshellpanels.Thetheory
accountsforarbitrarylaminationconstructions,anisotropy,andslightcompressionacrossthethickness.Inthis
paper,thistheoryisusedtoderivetheequationofmotionofthepanelwithquadraticandcubicnonlinearities
andsymmetriclaminationschemes.ThesymbolicmanipulatorMathematicaisusedtoperformtheRayleigh
Ritzprocedureandderiveasinglemodeapproximationtothevibrationofthepanel.TheLindstedtPoincare
perturbationtechniqueisusedtoanalyzetheresultingnonlineardifferentialequationofmotionandstudythe
effectsofnonlinearitiesonthedynamicsoffreevibrationsofthepanel.Anumericalexampleofa
symmetricallylaminatedgraphite/epoxyshellpanelisusedtodemonstratetheprocedure.Thenumerical
exampleshowsthatnonlinearitiesareofthehardeningtypeandaremorepronouncedforsmalleropening
angles.Moreover,itshowsthatthelargeramplitudemotionsaredominatedbythelowermodes.
RaoufA.Raouf(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UnitedStatesNavalAcademy,Annapolis,MD
21402,U.S.A.),Aqualitativeanalysisofthenonlineardynamiccharacteristicsofcurvedorthotropicpanels,
CompositesEngineering,Vol.3,No.12,1993,pp.11011110,doi:10.1016/09619526(93)90067T
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsaqualitativestudyofthenonlinearfreevibrationcharacteristicsofcurved,
simplysupportedorthotropicpanels.ThepanelsaremodeledusingtheDonnellMushtariVlasovshell
relationships.AnapproximatesolutiontotheresultingnonlinearequationsisconstructedusingtheGalerkin
procedureinthespatialdomainandtheLindstedtPoincarperturbationtechniqueinthetemporaldomain.The
combinationoftheseproceduresisimplementedusingthesymbolicmanipulatorMathematica.Theanalysis
showsthatalthoughthetransversedisplacementmaybeassumedtohaveasinglemode,thecompatibility
conditionforcestheinplanestressresultantstobemultimodal.Itisshownthatthetypeofnonlinearitythatthe
panelexhibitsisstrictlycubicifeitheroftheaxialorcircumferentialmodesisasymmetric.Ontheotherhand,
thenonlinearityisbothquadraticandcubicforaxisymmetricmodes.Numericalsimulationsusingvarious
geometricandmaterialpropertiesshowthatthereponseofthefirstmodesofthepanelcouldbeeither
hardeningorsofteningdependingonthegeometricandmaterialpropertiesofthepanel.Ontheotherhand,the
responseofthehighermodesforthestudiescasesisalwayshardening.Numericalresultsalsosuggestthatitis
possibletotailorthedynamicresponseofsomepanelstoproducesofteningorhardeningbehaviors.
KathleenV.Tighe(1)andAnthonyN.Palazotto(2)
(1)AeronauticalSystemsCenter,WrightPattersonAFB,Ohio45433,USA
(2)AeronauticsandAstronauticsDepartment,AirForceInstituteofTechnology,WrightPattersonAFB,Ohio
45433,USA
Higherordercylindricalpanelrelationshipsconsideringgeneralplylayups,CompositeStructures,Vol.27,
No.3,1994,pp.225242,doi:10.1016/02638223(94)900841
ABSTRACT:Ananalyticalstudywasperformedtodeterminethecriticalbucklingloadsandnatural
frequenciesforcompositecylindricalshells,includingtransversesheareffectsandconstantthroughthe
thicknessdirectstrain,epsilonz.AlinearizedformofSander'sshellequationsarederived,includingaparabolic

transverseshearstraindistribution.Higherorderlaminateconstitutiverelationsaredeveloped.Hamilton's
Principleisappliedtoderivefivepartialdifferentialequationsofmotionandtheassociatedboundary
conditions,whicharethensolvedusingtheGalerkintechnique.Plylayupsof[0/90]and[45/45]were
investigatedunderthreeboundaryconditions,simplysupported,clamped,andacombinationsimpleclamped.
Symmetricandnonsymmetriclaminateswereinvestigated.Curvatureisshowntohaveanimportanteffecton
allpanelsinvestigatedduetomembraneandbendingcoupling.Bucklingloadsfordeepershellsare
significantlyhigherthanforflatplates.Theeffectonfrequenciesisnotasgreat.Thebehaviorofthe
nonsymmetriclaminateswassomewhatunexpected.Someresultsindicatethenonsymmetriclaminatestobe
stifferthanthecorrespondingsymmetriclayup.
RaoufA.Raouf(1)andAnthonyN.Palazotto(2)(1)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UnitedStatesNavalAcademy,Annapolis,MD21402,U.S.A.
(2)DepartmentofAeronauticsandAstronautics,AirForceInstituteofTechnology,WrightPattersonAFB,
OH45433,U.S.A.
Onthenonlinearfreevibrationsofcurvedorthotropicpanels,InternationalJournalofNonLinear
Mechanics,Vol.29,No.4,July1994,pp.507514,doi:10.1016/00207462(94)900191
ABSTRACT:Thispaperstudiesthenonlinearfreevibrationsofsimplysupportedcurvedorthotropicpanels.
ThepanelsaremodeledusingtheDonnellMushtariVlasovshellrelationships.AcombinationoftheGalerkin
procedureandtheLindstedtPoincarperturbationtechniqueisusedtoconstructanapproximatesolutiontothe
resultingnonlinearequationsofmotion.Algebraicmanipulationsshowthatthepanelexhibitsanonlinear
responseonlywhenboththeinvolvedaxialandcircumferentialmodesareaxisymmetric.Numericalstudiesofa
Graphite/Epoxypanelshowthatitsresponseissoftening,i.e.thenonlinearnaturalfrequencydecreasesasthe
amplitudeofmotionincreases.Theyalsoshowthatthelowermodesaremorenonlinearthanthehigher,
mainlyflexuralmodes.Thepresentedresultsalsoshowthatforthestudiedpanels,thenonlineareffectsarethe
strongestforshallow,thin,andshortpanels.
ScottD.Dennis(DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,AirForceAcademy,ColoradoSprings,CO,USA),
TwoDimensionalLaminatedShellTheoryIncludingParabolicTransverseShear,FinalReport,USAFATR
896,October1989,DTICAccessionNumber:ADDA213817
ABSTRACT:Thereportpresentsanapproachforagenerallaminatedshellgeometrydescribablebyorthogonal
curvilinearcoordinates.Thetheoryincludesathroughthethicknessparabolicdistributionoftransverseshear
stress.Additionally,asimplifiedapproachthatallowslargedisplacementsandrotationsisincorporated.The
theoryiscastintoadisplacementbasedfiniteelementformulationandthenspecializedtoacylindricalshell
geometry.Linearresultsarecomparedtoexactelasticitysolutionsofalaminatedcylindricalshellincylindrical
bending.Theapproachpredictsdisplacementandstressfortheunidirectionalcasesverywellevenforthevery
thicklaminates.
S.T.Dennis(DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,USAFAcademy,CO80840,U.S.A.),AGalerkin
solutiontogeometricallynonlinearlaminatedshallowshellequations,Computers&Structures,Vol.63,No.5,
June1997,pp.859874,doi:10.1016/S00457949(96)00380X
ABSTRACT:AlaminatedshallowshellapproachforcircularcylindricalpanelsthatincludesvonKrmn
geometricnonlinearityandparabolictransversesheardeformationisposedindifferentialoperatorform.

Trigonometricseriesareassumedforeachofthefiveshelldisplacementdegreesoffreedomforthesubsequent
nonlinearGalerkinsolutionresultingin5n2simultaneousalgebraicequationswherenisthenumberof
displacementtermsassumedintheseries.Theresponsesofseverallaminategeometriessubjectedtotransverse
loadingsarefound.Thickerplatesandshellsgenerallyexhibitmoreflexiblenondimensionalresponse
comparedtothinnergeometriesinbothlinearandnonlinearanalyses.Thenondimensionalshellresponseis
examinedbyusingtheBatdorfSteinshellparameterforlaminatedconstructions.Quasiisotropicshallowshells
undergosignificanttransverseshearflexibilityinthethickergeometriesasgivenbythenondimensionalshell
crowndeflection.However,thenondimensionalcrowndeflectioninthedeepershellresponseisnotmuch
influencedbyshellthickness.Forflatplates,geometricnonlinearitylessenstheinfluenceoftransverseshear
flexibilitywhencomparedtolinearsolutionsduetomembranestretchingresistance.
JohannArbocz,Postbucklingbehaviourofstructuresnumericaltechniquesformorecomplicatedstructures,
BucklingandPostBucklingLectureNotesinPhysics,1987,Volume288/1987,83142,
doi:10.1007/BFb0009198
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdealswiththestabilityproblemofaxiallycompressedimperfectorthotropic
cylindricalshells.TheinitialimperfectionsarerepresentedbyadoubleFourierseries.Approximatesolutions
arederivedforasingleaxisymmetric,asingleasymmetric,a2modesandamultimodeimperfectionmodel.
Theeffectofboundaryconditionsisstudiedbyreducingthestabilityproblemtothesolutionofa2point
nonlinearboundaryvalueproblem.Areliabilitybasedstochasticstabilityapproachisdescribed,whichmakesit
possibletoincludetheresultsoftheImperfectionSensitivityTheorydirectlyintoanImprovedShellDesign
Procedure.
J.ArboczandJ.M.A.M.Hol(DelftUniversityofTechnology,TheNetherlands),Koiter'sstabilitytheoryina
computeraidedengineering(CAE)environment,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.26,Nos.
910,1990,pp.945973,doi:10.1016/00207683(90)90011J
ABSTRACT:ThedevelopmentofDISDECO,theDelftInteractiveShellDesignCodeisdescribed.The
purposeofthisprojectistomaketheaccumulatedtheoretical,numericalandpracticalknowledgeofthelast20
yearsreadilyaccessibletousersinterestedintheanalysisofbucklingsensitivestructures.Withthisopenended,
hierarchical,interactivecomputercodetheusercanaccessfromhisworkstationsuccessiveprogramsof
increasingcomplexity.IncludedaremodulesthatcontainKoiter'simperfectionsensitivitytheoryextendedto
anisotropicshellstructuresundercombinedloading.ThenonlinearDonnelltypeanisotropicshellequationsin
termsoftheradialdisplacementWandtheAirystressfunctionFareused.Thecircumferentialdependenceis
eliminatedbyFourierdecomposition.Theresultingsetsofordinarydifferentialequationsaresolved
numericallyviatheShootingMethod.Thusthespecifiedboundaryconditionscanbeenforcedrigorouslynot
onlyintheprebucklingbutalsointhebucklingandpostbucklingproblem.Initialresultsindicatethatinorder
toobtainreliableresultsforanisotropicshellsrigorousenforcingoftheedgerestraintandoftheboundary
conditionsisindeedamust.
J.ArboczandJ.M.A.M.Hol(DelftUniversityofTechnology,TheNetherlands),Onthenumericalsimulation
ofthebucklingofimperfectshells,inBucklingofshellstructures,onland,inthesea,andintheair,editedby

J.F.Jullien,1991,InternationalColloquiumonBucklingofShellStructures,Lyon,France,SponPress,2Park
Square,MiltonPark,Abingdon,Oxon,OX144RN,ISBN1851667164
ABSTRACT:ThedevelopmentofDISDECO,theDelftInteractiveShellDesignCode,isdescribed.The
purposeofthisprojectistomaketheaccumulatedtheoretical,numericalandpracticalknowledgeofthelast20
yearsreadilyaccessibletousersinterestedintheanalysisofbucklingsensitivestructures.Withtheopenended,
hierarchical,interactivecomputercodetheusercanaccessfromhisworkstationsuccessiveprogramsof
increasingcomplexity.IncludedaremodulesthatcontainKoitersimperfectionsensitivitytheoryextendedto
anisotropicshellstructuresundercombinedloading.ThenonlinearDonnelltypeshellequationsintermsofthe
radialdisplacementWandtheAirystressfunctionFareused.ThespatialdependenceiseliminatedbyFourier
decomposition.Theresultingsetsofalgebraicequationsformastandardmatrixeigenvalueproblem.Initial
resultsindicatethataninteractiveuseofthesesimplemodulescangreatlyfacilitatethesearchforanoptimal
layupofcompositeshellsundercombinedloading.
G.CederbaumandJ.Arbocz(DelftUniversityofTechnology,FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,Kluyverweg
1,2629HS,Delft,TheNetherlands),Reliabilityofshellsviakoiterformulas,ThinWalledStructures,
Vol.24,No.2,1996,pp.173187,doi:10.1016/02638231(95)000275
ABSTRACT:ProbabilisticmethodsarebeingappliedtoKoiterformulasinordertoderivethereliabilityof
imperfectionsensitiveshells,onthisoccasionbytakingintoaccounttherandomnessofbothparameters
appearingintheformulastheinitialimperfectionandtheallowableload.Theresultsindicatetheimportance
oftheloadingrandomness,implyingadramaticreductioninthereliabilitywithrespecttotraditionalderivations
whichconsideronlytherandomnessoftheinitialimperfections.
J.ArboczandJ.M.A.M.Hol(FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,DelftUniversityofTechnology,Delft,The
Netherlands),Collapseofaxiallycompressedcylindricalshellswithrandomimperfections,ThinWalled
Structures,Vol.23,Nos.14,1995,pp.131158,SpecialIssue:BucklingStrengthofImperfectionsensitive
Shells,doi:10.1016/02638231(95)000093
ABSTRACT:TheestablishmentofanInternationalImperfectionDataBankisdiscussed.Characteristicinitial
imperfectiondistributionsassociatedwithdifferentfabricationtechniquesareshown.Usingafirstorder,
secondmomentanalysis,astochasticmethodispresented,wherebythestabilityofisotropic,orthotropicand
anisotropicnominallycircularcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,externalpressureand/ortorsion
possessinggeneralnonsymmetricrandominitialimperfectionscanbeevaluated.Resultsofmeasurementsof
initialimperfectionsarerepresentedinFourierseriesandtheFouriercoefficientsareusedtoconstructthe
secondorderstatisticalpropertiesneeded.Thecomputationofthebucklingloadsisdonewithstandard
computercodesandincludesarigoroussatisfactionofthespecifiedboundaryconditions.Itisshownthatthe
proposedstochasticapproachprovidesameanstocombinethelatesttheoreticalfindingswiththepractical
experiencesspanningabout75yearsinanoptimalmannerviatheadvancedcomputationalfacilitiescurrently
available.
G.CederbaumandJ.Arbocz(DelftUniversityofTechnology,FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,Delft,The
Netherlands),Onthereliabilityofimperfectionsensitivelongisotropiccylindricalshells,StructuralSafety,
Vol.18,No.1,1996,pp.19,doi:10.1016/01674730(96)00001X

ABSTRACT:Thereliabilityofimperfectionsensitiveshellsisderived.TheKoiter(asymmetriccase)formula
isusedtoconstructthefailurecriterionforthecasewheretheimperfectionsurfaceisdescribedbytwotermsof
adoubleFourierserieswithrandomamplitudes.Theeffectofthecorrelationbetweenthesevariablesisalso
investigated.Insomecasesexactsolutionsarederived,whileinothers,approximatederivationsareobtained
withintheHasoferLindmethod.
J.Arbocz(DelftUniversityofTechnology,KoiterInstitute,Postbus5058,2600Delft,Netherlands),Theeffect
ofimperfectboundaryconditionsonthecollapsebehaviorofanisotropicshells,InternationalJournalofSolids
andStructures,Vol.37,Nos.4647,November2000,pp.68916915,doi:10.1016/S00207683(99)003194
ABSTRACT:Arigoroussolutionispresentedforthecaseofstiffenedanisotropicshellswithgeneral
imperfectionsundercombinedaxialcompression,internalorexternalpressureandtorsion.Donnelltype
equationsareusedtodescribethebehaviorofthelayeredcompositeshell.Thestiffenersarerepresentedby
smearedtheoryandforthediscreteendrings,Cohensringequationsareused.Thecircumferentialdependence
iseliminatedbyatruncatedFourierseries.Theresulting2pointboundaryvalueproblemissolvednumerically
viatheparallelshootingmethod.Thenonlinearcollapsebehaviorisstudiedusingdifferentcombinationsof
axisymmetricandasymmetricimperfections.ComparisonwithKoitertypeimperfectionpredictionsdisplaythe
rangeofvalidityoftheasymptoticresults.Itisshownthatbesidesinitialgeometricimperfectionsalso
nonuniformharmonicallyvaryingboundaryconditionscanhaveseveredegradingeffectontheloadcarrying
capacityofanisotropicshells.
J.Arbocz,J.M.A.M.HolandJ.deVries,PartIV.Theeffectofinitialimperfectionsonshellstability,in
Modernproblemsofstructuralstability,editedbyAlexanderP.SeyranianandIsaacElishakoff,ISBN3211
836977,2002,SpringerVerlag(CISMCoursesandLecturesNo.436,InternationalCentreforMechanical
Sciences)
ABSTRACT:ThedevelopmentofDISDECO,theDelftInteractiveShellDEsignCOde,isdescribed.The
purposeofthisprojectistomaketheaccumulatedtheoretical,numericalandpracticalknowledgeofthelast20
yearsreadilyaccessibletousersinterestedintheanalysisofbucklingofsensitivestructures.Withthisopen
ended,hierarchical,interactivecomputercodetheusecanaccesssuccessivelyfromhisworkstationprogramsof
increasingcomplexity.
J.Arbocz,Onahighfidelityhierarchicalapproachtobucklingloadcalculations,inNewapproachesto
structuralmechanics,shells,andbiologicalstructures,editedbyHoraceR.DrewandSergioPellegrino,Kluwer
AcademicPublishers,Dordrecht,TheNetherlands,2002.Specialvolumeproducedfortheretirementof
ProfessorChrisCalladine,2002,ISBN1402008627(cannotviewthesectionofthebookinwhichthearticle
byJ.Arboczappears)
Alsoavailableas:ProceedingsoftheEuropeanConferenceonSpacecraftStructures,MaterialsandMechanical
Testing2005(ESASP581).1012May2005,Noordwijk,TheNetherlands.EditedbyKarenFletcher.
PublishedonCDRom,#22.1
BibliographicCode:2005ESASP.581E..22A
Authorsemail:J.Arbocz@lr.tudelft.nl
ABSTRACT:Asasteptowardsdevelopinganewdesignphilosophy,onethatmovesawayfromthetraditional

empiricalapproachusedtodayindesign,towardsasciencebaseddesigntechnologyapproach,arecenttest
seriesof5compositeshellscarriedoutbyWaters[1]atNASALangleyResearchCenterisused.Itisshown
howthehierarchicalapproachtobucklingloadcalculationsproposedbyArboczetal[2]canbeusedtoperform
anapproachoftencalledhighfidelityanalysis,wheretheuncertaintiesinvolvedinadesignaresimulatedby
refinedandaccuratenumericalmethods.TheDelftInteractiveShellDesignCode(short:DISDECO)is
employedforthishierarchicalanalysistoprovideanaccuratepredictionofthecriticalbucklingloadofthe
givenshellstructure.ThisvalueisusedlaterasareferencetoestablishtheaccuracyoftheLevel3buckling
loadpredictions.Asafinalstepinthehierarchicalanalysisapproach,thecriticalbucklingloadandthe
estimatedimperfectionsensitivityoftheshellareverifiedbyconductingananalysisusingasufficientlyrefined
finiteelementmodelwithoneofthecurrentgenerationtwodimensionalshellanalysiscodeswiththeadvanced
capabilitiesneededtorepresentbothgeometricandmaterialnonlinearities.
(Referencesnotavailableatthissite)
J.Arbocz(1)andJ.H.StarnesJr(2)
(1)DelftUniversityofTechnology,FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,KoiterInstitute,Postbus5058,2600
Delft,TheNetherlands
(2)NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VAUSA
Futuredirectionsandchallengesinshellstabilityanalysis,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.40,No.9,September
2002,pp.729754,doi:10.1016/S02638231(02)000241
ABSTRACT:Recentadvancesinstructuralanalysisanddesigntechnologyforbucklingcriticalshellstructures
arediscussed.Theseadvancesincludeahierarchicalanalysisstrategythatincludesanalysesthatrangefrom
classicalanalysismethodstohighfidelitynonlinearfiniteelementanalysismethods,reliabilitybaseddesign
methods,thedevelopmentofimperfectiondatabases,andtheidentificationoftraditionalandnontraditional
initialimperfectionsforcompositeshellstructures.Whenusedjudiciously,theseadvancesprovidethebasisfor
aviablealternativetothetraditionalandconservativelowerbounddesignphilosophyofthe1960s.These
advancesalsohelpanswerthequestionofwhy,aftersomanyyearsofconcentratedresearcheffortto
understandthebehaviorofbucklingcriticalthinwalledshells,onehasnotbeenabletoimproveonthis
conservativelowerbounddesignphilosophyinthepast.
JohannArboczandJamesH.Starnes,BucklingLoadCalculationsoftheIsotropicShellA8UsingaHigh
FidelityHierarchicalApproach,TechnicalReport,43rdAIAA/AMSE/ASCE/AHSStructures,Stuctural
Dynamics,andMaterialsConference,2002
ABSTRACT:Asasteptowardsdevelopinganewdesignphilosophy,onethatmovesawayfromthetraditional
empiricalapproachusedtodayindesigntowardsasciencebaseddesigntechnologyapproach,atestseriesof7
isotropicshellscarriedoutbyAristocratandBabcockatCaltechisused.Itisshownhowthehierarchical
approachtobucklingloadcalculationsproposedbyArboczetalcanbeusedtoperformanapproachoften
called'highfidelityanalysis',wheretheuncertaintiesinvolvedinadesignaresimulatedbyrefinedandaccurate
numericalmethods.TheDelftInteractiveShellDEsignCOde(short,DISDECO)isemployedforthis
hierarchicalanalysistoprovideanaccuratepredictionofthecriticalbucklingloadofthegivenshellstructure.
ThisvalueisusedlaterasareferencetoestablishtheaccuracyoftheLevel3bucklingloadpredictions.Asa
finalstepinthehierarchicalanalysisapproach,thecriticalbucklingloadandtheestimatedimperfection
sensitivityoftheshellareverifiedbyconductingananalysisusingasufficientlyrefinedfiniteelementmodel

withoneofthecurrentgenerationtwodimensionalshellanalysiscodeswiththeadvancedcapabilitiesneeded
torepresentbothgeometricandmaterialnonlinearities.
M.P.Nemeth(StructuralMechanicsDivision,NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA,236810001),
Nondimensionalparametersandequationsforbucklingofanisotropicshallowshells,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.61,
September1994,pp.664669
ABSTRACT:Aprocedureforderivingnondimensionalparametersandequationsforbifurcationbucklingof
anisotropicshallowshellssubjectedtocombinedloadsispresented.First,theDonnellMushtariVlasov
equationsgoverningbucklingofsymmetricallylaminateddoublycurvedthinelasticshallowshellsare
presented.Then,therationaleusedtoperformthenondimensionalizationofthebucklingequationsispresented,
andfundamentalparametersareidentifiedthatrepresentmeasuresoftheshellorthotropyandanisotropy.In
addition,nondimensionalcurvatureparametersareidentifiedthatareanaloguesofthewellknownBatdorfZ
parameterforisotropicshells,andanaloguesofDonnellsandBatdorfsshellbucklingequationsarepresented.
Selectedresultsarepresentedforshearbucklingofbalancedsymmetriclaminatedshellsthatillustratethe
usefulnessofthenondimensionalparameters.
MichaelP.Nemeth,VickiO.Britt,TimothyJ.Collins,andJamesH.Starnes,Jr.(LangleyResearchCenter
Hampton,Virginia),NonlinearAnalysisoftheSpaceShuttleSuperlightweightExternalFuelTank,NASA
TechnicalPaper3616,December,1996.(AlsoseeJournalofSpacecraftandRockets,Vol.36,No.6,
NovemberDecember,1999,pp.788803)
ABSTRACT:ResultsofbucklingandnonlinearanalysesoftheSpaceShuttleexternaltanksuperlightweight
liquidoxygen(LO2)tankarepresented.Modelingdetailsandresultsarepresentedfortwoprelaunchloading
conditionsandfortwofullscalestructuralteststhatwereconductedontheoriginalexternaltank.Theresults
illustratethreedistinctlydifferenttypesofnonlinearresponseforthinwalledshellssubjectedtocombined
mechanicalandthermalloads.Thenonlinearresponsephenomenaconsistofbifurcationtypebuckling,short
wavelengthnonlinearbending,andnonlinearcollapseassociatedwithalimitpoint.Foreachcase,theresults
showthataccuratepredictionsofnonlinearbehaviorgenerallyrequirealargescale,highfidelityfiniteelement
model.Resultsarealsopresentedthatshowthatafluidfilledlaunchvehicleshellcanbehighlysensitiveto
initialgeometricimperfections.Inaddition,resultspresentedfortwofullscalestructuraltestsoftheoriginal
standardweightexternaltanksuggestthatthefiniteelementmodelingapproachusedinthepresentstudyis
sufficientforrepresentingthenonlinearbehaviorofthesuperlightweightLO2tank.
Referencescitedattheendofthepaper:
1.Brogan,FrankA.;Rankin,CharlesC.;andCabiness,HaroldD.:STAGSUserManual.LMSCP032594,June1994.
2.Stephens,WendellB.;Starnes,JamesH.,Jr.;andAlmroth,B.O.:CollapseofLongCylindricalShellsUnderCombinedBending
andPressureLoads.AIAAJ.,vol.13,no.1,Jan.1975,pp.2025.

MichaelP.NemethandJamesH.Starnes,Jr.(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia),The
NASAMonographsonShellStabilityDesignRecommendationsAReviewandSuggestedImprovements,
NASA/TP1998206290,January,1998
ABSTRACT:AsummaryoftheexistingNASAdesigncriteriamonographsforthedesignofbucklingresistant

thinshellstructuresispresented.Subsequentimprovementsintheanalysisfornonlinearshellresponseare
reviewed,andcurrentissuesinshellstabilityanalysisarediscussed.Examplesofnonlinearshellresponsesthat
arenotincludedintheexistingshelldesignmonographsarepresented,andanapproachforincluding
reliabilitybasedanalysisproceduresintheshelldesignprocessisdiscussed.Suggestionsforconductingfuture
shellexperimentsarepresented,andproposedimprovementstotheNASAshelldesigncriteriamonographsare
discussed.
Referencescitedattheendofthereport:

1.Anon.:BucklingofThinWalledCircularCylinders.NASASpaceVehicleDesignCriteria,NASASP8007,1965.
2.Anon.:BucklingofThinWalledTruncatedCones.NASASpaceVehicleDesignCriteria,NASASP8019,1968.
3.Anon.:BucklingofThinWalledDoublyCurvedShells.NASASpaceVehicleDesignCriteria/Structures.NASASP8032,1969.
4.Gerard,George;andBecker,Herbert:HandbookofStructuralStability:PartIIIBucklingofCurvedPlatesandShells.NACA
TN3783,1957.
5.Becker,Herbert:HandbookofStructuralStability:PartVIStrengthofStiffenedCurvedPlatesandShells.NACATN3786,
1958.
6.Gerard,George:HandbookofStructuralStability:SupplementtoPartIIIBucklingofCurvedPlatesandShells.NASATND
163,1959.
7.VonKrmn,Theodore;andTsien,HsueShen:TheBucklingofThinCylindricalShellsUnderAxialCompression.J.Aeronaut.
Sci.,vol.8,no.8,June1941,pp.303312.
8.Donnell,L.H.;andWan,C.C.:EffectofImperfectionsonBucklingofThinCylindersandColumnsUnderAxialCompression.J.
Appl.Mech.,vol.17,no.1,Mar.1950,pp.7383.
9.Koiter,WarnerTjardus:ATranslationofTheStabilityofElasticEquilibrium.AFFDLTR7025,U.S.AirForce,Wright
PattersonAirForceBase,Feb.1970.
10.Seide,P.;Weingarten,V.I.;andMorgan,E.J.:TheDevelopmentofDesignCriteriaforElasticStabilityofThinShellStructures.
STL/TR60000019425,U.S.AirForce,Dec.1960.
11.Vinson,JackR.:TheBehaviorofShellsComposedofIsotropicandCompositeMaterials.KluwerAcademicPubl.,1993.
12.Stein,Manuel:TheEffectontheBucklingofPerfectCylindersofPrebucklingDeformationsandStressesInducedbyEdge
Support.CollectedPapersonInstabilityofShellStructures1962,NASATND1510,1962,pp.217227.
13.Stein,Manuel.:TheInfluenceofPrebucklingDeformationsandStressesontheBucklingofPerfectCylinders.NASATRR190,
1964.
14.rbocz,J.:ComparisonofLevel1andLevel2BucklingandPostbucklingSolutions.FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,Report
LR700,DelftUniversityofTechnology,Delft,TheNetherlands,Nov.1992.
15.Sridharan,Srinivasan;andAlberts,Jessica:NumericalModelingofBucklingofRingStiffenedCylinders.AIAAJ.,vol.35,no.1,
Jan.1997,pp.187195.
16.Nemeth,MichaelP.;Britt,VickiO.;Collins,TimothyJ.;andStarnes,JamesH.,Jr.:NonlinearAnalysisoftheSpaceShuttle
SuperlightweightExternalFuelTank.NASATP3616,1996.
17.Brogan,F.A.;Rankin,C.C.;andCabiness,H.D.:STAGSUserManual.LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratoryReport,LMSC
P032594,1994.
18.Thurston,G.A.;Brogan,F.A.;andStehlin,P.:PostbucklingAnalysisUsingaGeneralPurposeCode.AIAAJ.,vol.24,no.6,
June1986,pp.10131020.
19.Blosser,MaxL.:BoundaryConditionsforAerospaceThermalStructuralTests.AerospaceThermalStructuresandMaterialsfora
NewEra:Volume168ProgressinAstronauticsandAeronautics,EarlA.Thornton,ed.,AIAA,1994,pp.119144.
20.Bushnell,D.:Stress,Stability,andVibrationofComplexBranchedShellsofRevolutionAnalysisandUsersManualfor
BOSOR4.NASACR2116,1972.
21.rbocz,J.;andHol,J.M.A.M.:KoitersStabilityTheoryinaComputerAidedEngineering(CAE)Environment.Int.J.Solids&
Struct.,vol.26,no.910,1990,pp.945973.
22.Nemeth,M.P.:NondimensionalParametersandEquationsforBucklingofAnisotropicShallowShells.J.Appl.Mech.,vol.61,
Sept.1994,pp.664669.

RichardD.Young,MichaelP.Nemeth,TimothyJ.Collins,andJamesH.Starnes,Jr.(NASALangleyResearch
CenterHampton,Virginia236810001),NonlinearAnalysisoftheSpaceShuttleSuperlightweightLO2Tank:

PartIBehaviorunderBoosterAscentLoads,AIAA39thStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterials
Conference,AIAA981838,1998
ABSTRACT:ResultsoflinearbifurcationandnonlinearanalysesoftheSpaceShuttlesuperlightweight
(SLWT)externalliquidoxygen(LO2)tankforanimportantearlyboosterascentloadingconditionare
presented.Theseresultsforthinwalledlinearelasticshellsthataresubjectedtocombinedmechanicaland
thermalloadsillustrateanimportanttypeofresponsemodethatmaybeencounteredinthedesignofother
liquidfuellaunchvehicles.Linearbifurcationanalysesarepresentedthatpredictseveralnearlyequal
eigenvaluesthatcorrespondtolocalbucklingmodesintheforwardogivesectionoftheLO2tank.Incontrast,
thenonlinearresponsephenomenonisshowntoconsistofshortwavelengthbendingdeformationsinthe
forwardogiveandbarrelsectionsoftheLO2tankthatgrowinamplitudeinastablemannerwithincreasing
load.Imperfectionsensitivityanalysesarepresentedthatshowthatthepresenceofseveralnearlyequal
eigenvaluesdoesnotleadtoaprematuregeneralinstabilitymodefortheforwardogivesection.Forthelinear
bifurcationandnonlinearanalyses,theresultsshowthataccuratepredictionsoftheresponseoftheshell
generallyrequirealargescale,highfidelityfiniteelementmodel.Resultsarealsopresentedthatshowthatthe
SLWTLO2tankcansupportloadsinexcessofapproximately2.6timesthevaluesoftheoperationalloads
considered.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

1Nemeth,M.P.,Britt,V.O.,Collins,T.J.,andStarnes,J.H.,Jr.,NonlinearAnalysisoftheSpaceShuttleSuperlightweightExternal
FuelTank,NASATP3616,December,1996.
2Brogan,F.A.,Rankin,C.C.,andCabiness,H.D.,STAGSUserManual,LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,ReportLMSC
P032594,1994.
3Young,R.D.andRankin,C.C.,"ModelingandNonlinearAnalysesofaLargeScaleLaunchVehicleUnderCombinedThermal
andMechanicalLoads,"Proceedingsofthe37thAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterials
Conference,SaltLakeCity,Utah,April1517,1996,pp.20232033.AIAAPaperNo.961551
4Bushnell,D.,"StaticCollapse:ASurveyofMethodsandModesofBehavior,"CollapseAnalysisofStructures,PVPVol.84,
ASME,1984,pp.3032.
5Stephens,W.B.,Starnes,J.H.,Jr.,andAlmroth,B.O.,"CollapseofLongCylindricalShellsUnderCombinedBendingand
PressureLoads,"AIAAJournal,Vol.13,No.1,1975,pp.2025.

MichaelP.NemethandStanleyS.Smeltzer,III(LangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia),Bending
BoundaryLayersinLaminatedCompositeCircularCylindricalShells,NASA/TP2000210549,November
2000
ABSTRACT:Ananalytical,parametricstudyoftheattenuationofbendingboundarylayersoredgeeffectsin
balancedandunbalanced,symmetricallyandunsymmetricallylaminatedthincylindricalshellsispresentedfor
ninecontemporarymaterialsystems.TheanalysisisbasedonthelinearSandersKoitershellequationsand
specializationstotheLoveKirchhoffshellequationsandDonnellsequationsareincluded.Two
nondimensionalparametersareidentifiedthatcharacterizeandquantifytheeffectsoflaminateorthotropyand
laminateanisotropyonthebendingboundarylayerdecaylengthinaverygeneralandencompassingmanner.A
substantialnumberofstructuraldesigntechnologyresultsarepresentedforawiderangeoflaminated
compositecylinders.Foralllaminateconstructionsconsidered,theresultsshowthatthedifferencesbetween
resultsthatwereobtainedwiththeSandersKoitershellequations,theLoveKirchhoffshellequations,and
Donnellsequationsarenegligible.Theresultsalsoshowthattheeffectofanisotropyintheformofcoupling
betweenpurebendingandtwistinghasanegligibleeffectonthesizeofthebendingboundarylayerdecay
lengthofthebalanced,symmetricallylaminatedcylindersconsidered.Moreover,theresultsshowthatcoupling
betweenthevarioustypesofshellanisotropieshasanegligibleeffectonthecalculationofthebending

boundarylayerdecaylengthinmostcases.Theresultsalsoshowthat,insomecases,neglectingtheshell
anisotropyresultsinunderestimatingthebendingboundarylayerdecaylengthand,inothercases,resultsinan
overestimation.Anexampleproblemisincludedinanappendixthatdemonstrateshowtoperformthe
calculationsthatwereusedtogeneratetheresultsofthepresentstudy.
Referenceslistedattheendofthereport:

1.Kraus,H.:ThinElasticShellsAnIntroductiontotheTheoreticalFoundationsandtheAnalysisofTheirStaticandDynamic
Behavior.JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,1967,pp.131142.
2.Pagano,N.J.;andWhitney,J.M.:GeometricDesignofCompositeCylindricalCharacterizationSpecimens.J.Compos.Mater.,
vol.4,July1970,pp.360378.
3.Dong,S.B.;Pister,K.S.;andTaylor,R.L.:OntheTheoryofLaminatedAnisotropicShellsandPlates.J.Aerosp.Sci.,Aug.1962,
pp.969975.
4.Reuter,RobertC.,Jr.:AnalysisofShellsUnderInternalPressure.J.Compos.Mater.,vol.6,Jan.1972,pp.94113.
5.Hennemann,JosCarlosFerraz:EffectofPrebucklingDeformationsonBucklingofLaminatedCompositeCircularCylindrical
Shells.Ph.D.Diss.,SouthernMethodistUniv.,Dallas,Texas,1975.
6.Cheng,Shun;andHe,F.B.:TheoryofOrthotropicandCompositeCylindricalShells,AccurateandSimpleFourthOrder
GoverningEquations.J.Appl.Mech.,vol.51,Dec.1984,pp.736744.
7.Sayir,M.:EdgeEffectsinRotationallySymmetricCompositeShells.LocalEffectsintheAnalysisofStructuresStudiesin
AppliedMechanics12,PierreLadeveze,ed.,ElsevierSci.Publ.Co.,Inc.,1985,pp.161180.
8.Chaudhuri,ReazA.;Balaraman,K.;andKunukkasseril,VincentX.:ArbitrarilyLaminated,AnisotropicCylindricalShellUnder
InternalPressure.AIAAJ.,vol.24,no.11,Nov.1986,pp.18511858.
9.Butler,T.A.;andHyer,M.W.:TheStructuralResponseofUnsymmetricallyLaminatedCompositeCylinders.Tech.Rep.892,
Dept.ofMechanicalEng.,Univ.ofMaryland,Aug.1989.
10.Hyer,M.W.;andParaska,P.J.:InnovativeDesignofCompositeStructures:AxisymmetricDeformationsofUnsymmetrically
LaminatedCylindersLoadedinAxialCompression.VPIE9010,VirginiaPolytechnicInst.,June1990.
11.Paraska,PeterJ.:AxisymmetricDeformationsandStressesofUnsymmetricallyLaminatedCompositeCylindersinAxial
CompressionWithThermallyInducedPreloadingEffects.CARDEROCKDIVUSSM6593/03,CarderockDiv.,NavalSurface
WarfareCenter,Mar.1993.
12.Vinson,J.R.:CompositeShellStructuresandTheirBehavior.ProceedingsoftheAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC38th
Structures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConference,Kissimmee,Florida,April710,1997,pp.24002406.
13.McDevitt,T.J.;andSimmonds,J.G.:ReductionoftheSandersKoiterEquationsforFullyAnisotropicCircularCylindricalShells
toTwoCoupledEquationsforaStressandaCurvatureFunction.J.Appl.Mech.,vol.66,Sept.1999,pp.593597.
14.Flgge,Wilhelm:StressesinShells.2nded.,SpringerVerlag,1973.
15.Goldenveizer,A.L.:TheoryofElasticThinShells.PergamonPress,1961.
16.Sanders,J.Lyell,Jr.:AnImprovedFirstApproximationTheoryforThinShells.NASATRR24,1959.
17.Koiter,W.T.:AConsistentFirstApproximationintheGeneralTheoryofThinElasticShells.TheoryofThinElasticShells,W.J.
Koiter,ed.,NorthHollandPubl.Co.,1960,pp.1233.
18.Jones,RobertM.:MechanicsofCompositeMaterials.2nded.,Taylor&Francis,Inc.,1999.
19.Zwillinger,Daniel,ed.:StandardMathematicalTablesandFormulae.30thed.,CRCPress,1996,
pp.133134.
20.Nemeth,M.P.;andAnderson,M.S.:AxisymmetricShellAnalysisoftheSpaceShuttleSolidRocketBoosterFieldJoint.NASA
TP3033,Jan.1991.
21.Nemeth,M.P.;andAnderson,M.S.:AxisymmetricShellAnalysisoftheSpaceShuttleSolidRocketBoosterFieldJoint.J.
Spacecr.&Rockets,vol.27,no.1,Jan.Feb.1990,pp.8592.
22.Jaunky,Navin;andKnight,NormanF.,Jr.:AnAssessmentofShellTheoriesforBucklingofCircularCylindricalLaminated
CompositePanelsLoadedinAxialCompression.Int.J.Solids&Struct.,vol.36,1999,pp.37993820.

Nemeth,M.P.,Young,R.D.,Collins,T.J.,andStarnes,J.H.,Jr.(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,
VA236812199,USA),"EffectsofInitialGeometricImperfectionsontheNonlinearResponseoftheSpace
ShuttleSuperlightweightLiquidOxygenTank,"InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,Vol.37,No.4
5,June,2002,pp.723744,SpecialIssue:StabilityandVibrationinThinWalledStructures,

doi:10.1016/S00207462(01)000956
ABSTRACT:Theresultsofananalyticalstudyoftheelasticbucklingandnonlinearbehavioroftheliquid
oxygentankforthenewSpaceShuttlesuperlightweightexternalfueltankarepresented.Selectedresultsthat
illustratethreedistinctlydifferenttypesofnonlinearresponsephenomenaforthinwalledshellswhichare
subjectedtocombinedmechanicalandthermalloadsarepresented.Theseresponsephenomenaconsistofa
bifurcationtypebucklingresponse,ashortwavelengthnonlinearbendingresponse,andanonlinearcollapse
orsnapthroughresponseassociatedwithalimitpoint.Theeffectsofinitialgeometricimperfectionsonthe
responsecharacteristicsareemphasized.Theresultsillustratethatthebucklingandnonlinearresponseofa
geometricallyimperfectshellstructuresubjectedtocomplexloadingconditionsmaynotbeadequately
characterizedbyanelasticlinearbifurcationbucklinganalysis,andthatthetraditionalindustrypracticeof
applyingabucklingloadknockdownfactorcanresultinanultraconservativedesign.Resultsarealso
presentedthatshowthatafluidfilledshellcanbehighlysensitivetoinitialgeometricimperfections,andthat
theuseabucklingloadknockdownfactorisneededforthiscase.
Nemeth,M.P.(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,USA),"BucklingBehaviorofLong
AnisotropicPlatesSubjectedtoFullyRestrainedThermalExpansion,"NASATP2003212131,February2003.
ABSTRACT:Anapproachforsynthesizingbucklingresultsandbehaviorforlong,balancedandunbalanced
symmetriclaminatesthataresubjectedtouniformheatingorcoolingandthatarefullyrestrainedagainst
thermalexpansionorcontractionispresented.Thisapproachusesanondimensionalanalysisforinfinitelylong,
flexurallyanisotropicplatesthataresubjectedtocombinedmechanicalloadsandisbasedonuseful
nondimensionalparameters.Inaddition,stiffnessweightedlaminatethermalexpansionparametersarederived
thatareusedtodeterminecriticaltemperaturechangesintermsofphysicallyintuitivemechanicalbuckling
coefficients,andtheeffectsofmembraneorthotropyandmembraneanisotropyareincluded.Manyresultsare
presentedforsomecommonlaminatesthatareintendedtofacilitateastructuraldesignerstransitiontotheuse
ofthegenericbucklingdesigncurvesthatarepresentedinthepaper.Severalgenericbucklingdesigncurvesare
presentedthatprovidephysicalinsightintothebucklingresponseinadditiontoprovidingusefuldesigndata.
Examplesarepresentedthatdemonstratetheuseofthegenericdesigncurves.Theanalysisapproachand
genericresultsindicatetheeffectsandcharacteristicsoflaminatethermalexpansion,membraneorthotropyand
anisotropy,andflexuralorthotropyandanisotropyinaverygeneralandunifyingmanner.
Referenceslistedattheendofthereport:

1.Nemeth,M.P.:BucklingBehaviorofLongSymmetricallyLaminatedPlatesSubjectedtoCombinedLoadings.NASATP3195,
1992.
2.Nemeth,M.P.:BucklingBehaviorofLongSymmetricallyLaminatedPlatesSubjectedtoCompression,Shear,andInplane
BendingLoads.AIAAJ.,vol.30,no.12,1992,pp.29592965.
3.Nemeth,M.P.:BucklingBehaviorofLongAnistropicPlatesSubjectedtoCombinedLoads.NASATP3568,1995.
4.Nemeth,M.P.:BucklingBehaviorofLongSymmetricallyLaminatedPlatesSubjectedtoShearandLinearlyVaryingAxialEdge
Loads.NASATP3659,1997.
5.Nemeth,M.P.:BucklingBehaviorofLongAnisotropicPlatesSubjectedtoRestrainedThermalExpansionandMechanicalLoads.
JournalofThermalStresses,vol.23,2000,pp.873916.
6.Nemeth,M.P.:ImportanceofAnisotropyonBucklingofCompressionLoadedSymmetricCompositePlates.AIAAJ.,vol.24,no.
11,1986,pp.18311835.
7.Whitney,J.M.:StructuralAnalysisofLaminatedAnisotropicPlates.TechnomicPublishingCo.,Inc.,Lancaster,Pennsylvania,
1987.
8.Hyer,M.W.:StressAnalysisofFiberReinforcedCompositeMaterials.WCB/McGrawHillPublishingCo.,Inc.,Boston,1998.
9.Romeo,G.;andFerrero,G.:Analytical/ExperimentalBehaviorofAnisotropicRectangularPanelsUnderLinearlyVarying
CombinedLoads.AIAAJ.,vol.39,no.5,2001,pp.932941.

10.Batdorf,S.B.;Stein,M.;andLibove,C.:CriticalCombinationsofLongitudinalandTransverseDirectStressforanInfinitely
LongFlatPlateWithEdgesElasticallyRestrainedAgainstRotation.NACAWRL49,1946.

MichaelP.Nemeth(LangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia),BucklingBehaviorofLongAnisotropic
PlatesSubjectedtoElasticallyRestrainedThermalExpansionandContraction,NASA/TP2004213512,
December2004
ABSTRACT:Anapproachforsynthesizingbucklingresultsandbehaviorforthinbalancedandunbalanced
symmetriclaminatesthataresubjectedtouniformheatingorcoolingandelasticallyrestrainedagainstthermal
expansionorcontractionispresented.Thisapproachusesanondimensionalanalysisforinfinitelylong,
flexurallyanisotropicplatesthataresubjectedtocombinedmechanicalloadsandisbasedonuseful
nondimensionalparameters.Inaddition,stiffnessweightedlaminatethermalexpansionparametersand
compliancecoefficientsarederivedthatareusedtodeterminecriticaltemperaturesintermsofphysically
intuitivemechanicalbucklingcoefficients.Theeffectsofmembraneorthotropyandmembraneanisotropyare
includedinthegeneralformulation.Manyresultsarepresentedforsomecommonlaminatesthatareintendedto
facilitateastructuraldesignerstransitiontotheuseofthegenericbucklingdesigncurves.Severalcurvesthat
illustratethefundamentalparametersusedintheanalysisarepresented,forninecontemporarymaterial
systems,thatprovidephysicalinsightintothebucklingresponseinadditiontoprovidingusefuldesigndata.
Examplesarepresentedthatdemonstratetheuseofthegenericdesigncurves.Theanalysisapproachand
genericresultsindicatetheeffectsandcharacteristicsofelasticallyrestrainedlaminatethermalexpansionor
contraction,membraneorthotropyandanisotropy,andflexuralorthotropyandanisotropyinaverygeneraland
unifyingmanner.
Referenceslistedattheendofthereport:

1.Nemeth,M.P.,"BucklingBehaviorofLongSymmetricallyLaminatedPlatesSubjectedtoCombinedLoadings,"NASATP3195,
May1992.
2.Nemeth,M.P.,"BucklingBehaviorofLongSymmetricallyLaminatedPlatesSubjectedtoCompression,Shear,andInplane
BendingLoads,"AIAAJournal,Vol.30,No.12,December1992,pp.29592965.
3.Nemeth,M.P.,"BucklingBehaviorofLongAnisotropicPlatesSubjectedtoCombinedLoads,"NASATP3568,November1995.
4.Nemeth,M.P.,"BucklingBehaviorofLongSymmetricallyLaminatedPlatesSubjectedtoShearandLinearlyVaryingAxialEdge
Loads,"NASATP3659,July1997.
5.Nemeth,M.P.,"BucklingBehaviorofLongAnisotropicPlatesSubjectedtoRestrainedThermalExpansionandMechanical
Loads,"AIAAPaperNo.991229,April1999.
6.Nemeth,M.P.,"BucklingBehaviorofLongAnisotropicPlatesSubjectedtoRestrainedThermalExpansionandMechanical
Loads,"JournalofThermalStresses,Vol.23,2000,pp.873916.
7.Nemeth,M.P.,"BucklingBehaviorofLongAnisotropicPlatesSubjectedtoFullyRestrainedThermalExpansion,"NASATP
2003212131,February2003.
8.Nemeth,M.P.,"ImportanceofAnisotropyonBucklingofCompressionLoadedSymmetricCompositePlates,"AIAAJournal,Vol.
24,No.11,November1986,pp.18311835.
9.Romeo,G.andFerrero,G.,"Analytical/ExperimentalBehaviorofAnisotropicRectangularPanelsUnderLinearlyVarying
CombinedLoads,"AIAAJournal,Vol.39,No.5,May2001,pp.932941.
10.Whitney,J.M.,StructuralAnalysisofLaminatedAnisotropicPlates,TechnomicPublishingCo.,Inc.,Lancaster,Pennsylvania,
1987.
11.Hyer,M.W.,StressAnalysisofFiberReinforcedCompositeMaterials,WCB/McGrawHillPublishingCo.,Inc.,Boston,1998.

MichaelP.Nemeth(LangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia),ALeonardSandersBudianskyKoiter
TypeNonlinearShellTheorywithaHierarchyofTransverseShearingDeformations,NASA/TP2013
218025,July2013

SUMMARY:Adetailedexpositiononarefinednonlinearshelltheorythatissuitablefornonlinearlimitpoint
bucklinganalysesofpracticallaminatedcompositeaerospacestructuresispresented.Thisshelltheoryincludes
theclassicalnonlinearshelltheoryattributedtoLeonard,Sanders,Koiter,andBudianskyasanexplicitproper
subsetthatisobtaineddirectlybyneglectingallquantitiesassociatedwithhigherordereffectssuchas
transverseshearingdeformation.Thisapproachisusedinordertoleveragetheexisitingexperiencebaseandto
makethetheoryattractivetoindustry.Inaddition,theformalismofgeneraltensorsisavoidedinorderto
exposethedetailsneededtofullyunderstandandusethetheoryinaprocessleadingultimatelytovehicle
certification.
Theshelltheorypresentedisconstructedaroundasetofstraindisplacementrelationsthatarebasedon"small"
strainsand"moderate"rotations.Noshellthinnessapproximationsinvolvingtheratioofthemaximum
thicknesstotheminimumradiusofcurvatureareusedand,asaresult,thestraindisplacementrelationsare
exactwithinthepresumptionsof"small"strainsand"moderate"rotations.Tofaciliatephysicalinsight,these
straindisplacementrelationsarepresentedintermsofthelinearreferencesurfacestrains,rotations,and
changesincurvatureandtwistthatappearintheclassical"best"firstapproximationlinearshelltheory
attributedtoSanders,Koiter,andBudiansky.Theeffectsoftransverseshearingdeformationsareincludedin
thestraindisplacementrelationsandkinematicequationsbyusinganalystdefinedfunctionstodescribethe
throughthethicknessdistributionsoftransverseshearingstrains.Thisapproachyieldsawiderangeof
flexibilitytotheanalystwhenconfrontedwithnewstructuralconfigurationsandtheneedtoanalyzebothglobal
andlocalresponsephenomena,anditenablesabuildingblockapproachtoanalysis.Thetheoryalsousesthe
threedimensionalelasticityformoftheinternalvirtualworktoobtainthesymmetricaleffectivestressresulants
thatappearinclassicalnonlinearshelltheoryattributedtoLeonard,Sanders,Koiter,andBudiansky.The
principleofvirtualwork,including"live"pressureeffects,andthesurfacedivergencetheoremareusedto
obtainthenonlinearequilibriumequationsandboundaryconditions.
Akeyelementoftheshelltheorypresentedhereinisthetreatmentoftheconstitutiveequations,whichinclude
thermaleffects.Theconstitutiveequationsforlaminatedcompositeshellsarederivedwithoutusinganyshell
thinnessapproximations,andsimplifiedformsandspecialcasesarediscussedthatincludetheuseoflayerwise
zigzagkinematics.Inaddition,theeffectsofshellthinnessapproximationsontheconstitutiveequationsare
presented.Itisnoteworthythatnoneoftheshellthinnessapproximationsappearoutsideoftheconstitutive
equations,whichareinherentlyapproximate.Lastly,theeffectsof"small"initialgeometricimperfectionsare
introducedinarelativelysimplemanner,andaresume?ofthefundamentalequationsaregiveninanappendix.
Overall,ahierarchyofshelltheoriesthatareamenabletothepredictionofglobalandlocalresponsesandtothe
developmentofgenericdesigntechnologyareobtainedinadetailedandunifiedmanner.
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NASA/TM2012217570,2012

MichaelP.Nemeth(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,USA),Bucklinganalysisfor
stiffenedanisotropiccircularcylindersbasedonSandersnonlinearshelltheory,NASA/TM2014218176,
March2014
SUMMARY:Nonlinearandlinearbifurcationbucklingequationsforelastic,geometricallyperfect,right
circularcylindricalshellssubjectedtocombinedloadsispresented.Theloadsincludecompression,shear,and
uniformexternalandhydrostaticpressure.Theanalysisincludesconstitutiveequationsthatareapplicableto
stiffenedorunstiffenedcylindersmadefromisotropicorlaminatedcompositematerials.Completesetsof
equationsarepresentedforthenonlinearboundaryvalueproblemofshellbucklingandthecorresponding
prebucklingandlinearbifurcationbucklingproblemsthatarebasedonSandersshelltheoryfor"small"strains
and"moderatelysmall"rotations.Basedontheseequations,athreeparameterapproximateRayleighRitz
solutionandaclassicalsolutiontothebucklingproblemarepresentedforcylinderswithsimplysupported
edges.Extensivecomparisonsofresultsobtainedfromthesesolutionswithpublishedresultsarealsopresented
forawiderangeofcylinderconstructions.Thesecomparisonsincludelaminatedcompositecylinderswitha
widevarietyofshellwallorthotropiesandanisotropies.Numerousresultsarealsogiventhatshowthe
discepanciesbetweentheresultsobtainedbyusingDonnellsequationsandvariantsofSandersequations.For
somecases,nondimensionalparametersareidentifiedand"master"curvesarepresentedthatfacilitatethe
conciserepresentationofresults.
Referenceslistedattheendofthereport:Cannotcutandpasteforsomereason.
A.J.M.Ferreira,J.T.Barbosa,A.T.MarquesandJ.C.DeS(DepartamentodeEngenhariaMecnicae
GestoIndustrial,FaculdadedeEngenhariadaUniversidadedoPorto,RuadosBragas,4099PortoCodex,
Portugal),Nonlinearanalysisofsandwichshells:theeffectofcoreplasticity,Computers&Structures,
Vol.76,Nos.13,June2000,pp.337346,doi:10.1016/S00457949(99)00156X
ABSTRACT:Anonlinearformulationforgeneral,arbitrary,sandwichshellsispresented.Theformulation
accountsforgeometricandmaterialnonlinearbehavioroftheshell.Thecoreplasticityisassessed.Thefirst
ordersheardeformationtheoryispresentedasfarasthekinematicsareconcerned.Theanalysisisbasedonthe
displacementformulationofthefiniteelementmethodandusestheAhmadshellelementwithfivedegreesof
freedompernode.Theapproachisdiscussed,particularlywithreferencetoacylindricalshellsubjectedto
transverseloadthatcausessnapbuckling.

A.J.M.FerreiraandJ.T.Barbosa(FaculdadedeEngenhariadaUniversidadedoPortoRuadosBragas,4050
123,Porto,Portugal),Bucklingbehaviourofcompositeshells,CompositeStructures,Vol.50,No.1,
September2000,pp.9398,doi:10.1016/S02638223(00)000908
ABSTRACT:Inthiswork,afiniteelementmodelispresentedforgeometricnonlinearanalysisofcomposite
shellstructures.ItadoptsalayeredformulationoftheMarguerreshellelement.Thematerialisassumedtohave
anorthotropicbehaviour.ThenonlinearincrementalequilibriumequationsaresetusingatotalLagrangian
displacementformulationofthefiniteelementmethodandthesolutionisaccomplishedusingthe
incremental/iterativeNewtonRaphsonmethodaswellasasphericalformulationofthearclengthmethods.
Thebucklingbehaviourofcompositeshellsisanalysedasafunctionofthematerialorientationandlaminate
stacking.
A.J.M.Ferreira,C.M.C.RoqueandR.M.N.Jorge(DepartamentodeEngenhariaMecnicaeGestoIndustrial,
FaculdadedeEngenhariadaUniversidadedoPorto,RuaDr.RobertoFrias,4200465Porto,Portugal),
Modellingcrossplylaminatedelasticshellsbyahigherordertheoryandmultiquadrics,Computers&
Structures,Vol.84,Nos.1920,July2006,pp.12881299,SpecialIssue:ComputationalModelsfor
MultilayeredStructuresandCompositeStructures,doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2006.01.021
ABSTRACT:ThehigherordersheardeformationtheoryoflaminatedorthotropicelasticshellsofVlasov
ReddyisamodificationofSanderstheoryandaccountsforparabolicdistributionofthetransverseshearstrains
throughthethicknessoftheshell.TheVlasovReddyshelltheoryallowsthefulfillmentofhomogeneous
conditions(zerovalues)atthetopandbottomsurfacesoftheshell.Thispaperdealswithameshlesssolutionof
theVlasovReddyhigherordershelltheory.Themeshlesstechniqueisbasedontheasymmetricglobal
multiquadricradialbasisfunctionmethodproposedbyHardyandKansa.Thispaperdemonstratesthatthistruly
meshlessmethodissuccessfulintheanalysisoflaminatedcompositeshells.
F.M.Mazzolani,DepartmentofStructuralEngineering,UniversityofNaplesFedericoII,Naples,Italy,
fmm@unina.it
A.Mandara,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,SecondUniversityofNaples,Italy,alberto.mandara@unina2.it
TheEC9ApproachforShellBuckling,CIMS2008FifthInternationalConferenceonCoupledInstabilitiesin
MetalStructuresSydney,Australia,2325June,2008
ABSTRACT:ThenewPart15ofEurocode9,developedwithintheactivityofCEN/TC250/SC9Committee
chairedbyF.M.Mazzolani,istheveryfirstissuespecificallydevotedtoshellstructuresmadeofaluminium
alloysinthefieldofEuropeancodification.Becauseofthis,itfillsupanimportantgapandmarksasignificant
advanceinthecodificationonshellsforbothcivilandindustrialapplications.Inthesameway,itrepresents
theendpointofthewholepathfollowedbytheEurocode9,whichhasnowreachedthestageofitsfull
development.Thispapersummarisesthebucklingissuesofthenewcodewhilecriticallypointingout,atthe
sametime,therelationshipwiththecorrespondingrulesgiveninEC3(prEN199316)forsteelshells.
Referencesattheendofthearticle:

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2004.

FedericoM.Mazzolani(1)andAlbertoMandara(2)
(1)DepartmentofStructuralAnalysisandDesign,UniversityofNaplesFedericoII,Naples,Italy
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,SecondUniversityofNaples,Aversa(CE),Italy
Inelasticbucklinganalysisofaluminiumshells,(nopublisherordategiveninthepdffile)
ABSTRACT:ThepapersummarisesapartoftheofactivityofCEN/TC250SC9Committee,devotedtothe
preparationofEurocode9DesignofAluminiumStructures.Theresultsofawideimperfectionsensitivity
F.E.M.analysis,dealingwithaluminiumcylinderssubjectedtoaxialload,uniformexternalpressureand
torsion,arediscussed.Numericalsimulationshavebeencarriedoutbyaccountingforawidegeometrical
imperfectionspectrum,inordertoconsiderthemostdangerousdistributions.Resultsofalmost6000F.E.M.
simulationrunshavebeenusedtodelineateanumericaldatasetforthedefinitionofbucklingcurvesfor
aluminiumalloysshells,tobeintroducedintothenewpartprEN199915ofEurocode9.Forthesakeof
homogeneity,thebasiclayoutofprEN199316hasbeenreferredtoasageneralframework.Nevertheless,itis
shownthatbucklingcurvesgiveninEC3cannotbeusedforaluminiumshells,butrequirepropermodification.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
[1]Rotter,J.M.(1998),Shellstructures:thenewEuropeanstandardandcurrentresearchneeds,ThinWalledStructures,31.
[2]SchmidtH.(2000),Stabilityofsteelshellstructures:GeneralReport,JournalofConstructionalSteelResearch,55.
[3]MazzolaniF.M.,MandaraA.(2003),StabilityofAluminiumAlloyCylinders:ReportofF.E.M.AnalysisandProposalof
BucklingCurvesforEuropeanCodification.ReportofCEN/TC250SC9Committee,PT11,FirstDraft,Munich,Seconddraft,
Naples.
[4]MazzolaniF.M.,MandaraA.,DiLauro(2003),ImperfectionSensitivityAnalysisofAluminiumCylinders,IIISettimanadelle
CostruzioniinAcciaio,Genova,Italy.
[5]MazzolaniF.M.,MandaraA.,DiLauro(2004),RemarksontheUseofEC3BucklingCurvesforAluminiumShells,Proc.ofthe
10thNordicSteelConstructionConference,Copenhagen,Denmark.
[6]MazzolaniF.M.,MandaraA.,DiLauroG.(2003),BucklingofAluminiumShells:ProposalforEuropeanCurves,Proc.ofInt.
Conf.onThinWalledStructures,Loughborough,U.K.
[7]MazzolaniF.M.(1995),AluminiumAlloyStructures,2ndEd.,Chapman&Hall,London.
[8]MandaraA.(1993),L'influenzadelleImperfezionisull'InstabilitElastoplasticadiGusciCilindrici,
PhDThesis(inItalian),
UniversityofNaples.
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withABAQUS,Proc.oftheInternationalABAQUSUsers'Conference,Aachen.
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Proc.oftheConf."StabilityofSteelStructures",Budapest.

F.M.Mazzolani(1),A.Mandara(2)andG.DiLauro(2)
(1)DepartmentofStructuralAnalysisandDesign,UniversityFedericoII,Naples,Italy,email:fmm@unina.it
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,SecondUniversityofNaples,Aversa,Italy,email:
alberto.mandara@unina2.it
Plasticbucklingofaxiallyloadedaluminiumcylinders:anewdesignapproach,CIMS2004,Fourth
InternationalConferenceonCoupledInstabilitiesinMetalStructures,Rome,Italy,2729September,2004
PARTIALABSTRACT:TheresultsofawideF.E.M.analysisontheimperfectionsensitivityofaxiallyloaded
aluminiumcylindersisusedtoinvestigatebucklingmodesoccurringincaseofrelativelythickcylinders(R/t<
200to250).Thecombinedeffectofgeometricalimperfections,inelasticbehaviourofmaterialandboundary
conditionsisconsideredinordertosetuparefinementofrulesgivenin.dealsingwithsteelshells
S.B.Filippov,D.N.Ivanov,N.V.Naumova,FreeVibrationsandBucklingofaThinCylindricalShellof
VariableThicknesswithCurvilinearEdge,TECHNISCHEMECHANIK,Band25,Heft1,(2005),18
Manuskripteingang:15.Januar2004
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Bathe,K.J.:FiniteElementProceduresinEngineeringAnalysis.PrenticeHallInc.,NewJersey(1984).
Bauer,S.M.;Filippov,S.B.;Smirnov,A.L.;Tovstik,P.E.:Asymptoticmethodsinmechanicswithapplications
tothinshellsandplates.Asymptoticmethodsinmechanics.CRMProc.andLect.NotesAMS,3,(1993),3142.
Eliseeva,L.S.;Filippov,S.B.:Bucklingandvibrationsofcylindricalshellofvariablethicknesswithslantededge
[inRussian].VestnikSanktPeterskogoUniversiteta,3,(2003),8491.
Kulikov,G.M.;Plotnikova,S.V.:Simpleandeffectiveelementsbasedupontimoshenkomindlinshelltheory.
ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,191,(2002),11731187.
Rikards,R.;Chate,O.,A.undOzolinsh:Analysisforbucklingandvibrationsofcompositestiffenedshellsand
plates.Compositestructures,51,(2001),361370.
Tovstik,A.L.,P.E.;Smirnov:AsymptoticMethodsintheBucklingTheoryofElasticShells.WorldScientific
PublishingCo.Ltd.,Singapore,NewJersey,London,HongKong(2001).

HerbertA.Mang,HelmutFloegl,FriedrichTrappelandHerbertWalter(InstituteofStructuralAnalysisand
StrengthofMaterials,TechnicalUniversityofVienna,Vienna,Austria),Windloadedreinforcedconcrete
coolingtowers:bucklingorultimateload?,EngineeringStructures,Vol.5,No.3,July1983,pp.163180,
doi:10.1016/01410296(83)900147
ABSTRACT:Windloadingsgovernthedesignofmostcoolingtowers.Untilnow,proofofsuffiecientsafety
againstbucklingunderwindloadhasbeenamajorconcernforthedesignersofsuchshells.Inthispaperitis
demonstratedthatatypicalcoolingtowermadeofreinforcedconcretewouldnotbuckleatleastnotinthe
classicalsenseoftheword.Failurewouldratherbeinitiatedbyrapidpropagationofcracksintensilezones
followedbytemporarystiffeningand,finally,byyieldingofthereinforcement.Thetheoreticalpartofthis
paperisrestrictedtoapresentationoftheconstitutivemodel,discussionoftheequationforincremental
iterativeultimateloadanalysisandoftheconditionforinstability.Thenumericalpartcontainsadetailedstudy
ofabuilthyperboliccoolingtower.Itisshownthat:(a),bucklingloadsresultingfromlinearandgeometrically
nonlinearprebucklinganalysesareconsiderablylargerthantheultimateload;and(b),resultsbasedonacertain
formofequivalentaxisymmetricpressureareontheunsafesideofcorrespondingresultsfromtheactual

windload.Itisalsodemonstratedthatthecrackload,representingalowerboundtotheultimateload,canbe
estimatedbymeansofalinearelasticnonaxisymmetricanalysisofthecoolingtower.
MatthiasAndres(1)andReinhardHarte(2)
(1)Dr.Ing.Wayss&FreytagIngenieurbauAG,FrankfurtamMain,
(2)Prof.atBergischeUniversitt,Pauluskirchstrasse7,42285Wuppertal,Germany
BucklingOfConcreteShells:ASimplifiedNumericalApproach,JournalOfTheInternationalAssociation
ForShellAndSpatialStructures:IASS,VOL.47(2006)
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BergischeUniversitt
Wuppertal,Germany(2004).
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[3]Bockhold,J.ModellbildungundnumerischeAnalysenichtlinearerKriechprozesseinStahlbetonkonstruktionenunter
Schdigungsaspekten,SchriftenreihedesInstitutsfrKonstruktivenIngenieurbau,Heft20056RuhrUniversittBochum,Germany
(2005).
[4]Curbach,M.,Hampel,T.,Speck,K.andScheerer,S.VersuchstechnischeErmittlungundmathematischeBeschreibungder
mehraxialenFestigkeitvonHochleistungsbetonbeizweiunddreiaxialerDruckfestigkeit,ZusammenfassungdesDFGProjektsCU
37/12,TUDresden,Germany(2000).
[5]Curbach,M.,Wagner,A.,Hegger,J.andWill,N.TextilbewehrterBetonEineinnovativeWerkstoffkombination,VDI
Ingenieurtag2003,FachkongressInnovativesPlanenundBauenBautechnikfrdieGesellschaftvonmorgenVDIGesellschaft
Bautechnik(2003),5170.
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ASCE103(EM2)(1977),229241.
[7]Deml,M.EinFiniteElementKonzeptzurTraglastanalyseimperfektionssensitiverSchalenstrukturen,Berichteausdem
KonstruktivenIngenieurbau,Nr.6/97,TUMnchen(1997).
[8]DIN10451TragwerkeausBeton,StahlbetonundSpannbetonTeil1:BemessungundKonstruktion,Berlin:BeuthVerlag
GmbH(2001).
[9]Eckstein,U.,Harte,R.,Krtzig,W.B.andWittek,U.Solutionstrategiesforlinearandnonlinearinstabilityphenomenafor
arbitrarilycurvedthinshellstructures.Proc.7thInt.Conf.onStructuralMechanicsinReactorTechnology.Amsterdam:North
Holland(1983),163170.
[10]Harte,R.andAndres,M.GrundsatzuntersuchungenzumStabilittsverhaltenvonSchalenkonstruktionenausHochleistungs
beton,AbschlussberichtdesProjektsHA1031/3(DFG),BergischeUniversittWuppertal,Germany(2004).
[11]Krtzig,W.B.Multilevelmodellingtechniquesforelastoplasticstructuralresponses.In:OwenD.R.J.,Onate,E.,Hinton,E.
(eds.):Computationalplasticity,part1.Barcelona:Int.CenterforNumericalMethodsinEngineering(1997),457468.
[12]Krtzig,W.B.,Petryna,Y.S.andStangenberg,F.Measuresofstructuraldamageforglobalfailureanalysis,Int.J.ofSolidsand
Structures37(2000),73937407.
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Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress(1983),377394.
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CarolinaStateUniversity,USA(1993).
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EngineeringStructures5(1983),163180.
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[17]Min,C.S.Astudyofinelasticbehaviorofreinforcedconcreteshells
usingsupercomputers,PHDThesis,NorthCarolinaState
University,USA(1992).
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Techn.Wiss.MitteilungNr.976,RuhrUniversittBochum,Germany(1997).
[19]Noh,S.Y.BeitragzurnumerischenAnalysederSchdigungsmechanismenvonNaturzugkhltrmen,Dissertation,RWTH
Aachen,Germany(2001).

[20]Plling,R.Einepraxisnahe,schdigungsorientierteMaterialbeschreibungvonStahlbetonfrStrukturanalysen,Dissertation,
RuhrUniversittBochum,Germany(2000).
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[22]Simo,J.C.,Hughes,T.J.R.OntheVariationalFormulationofAssumedStrainMethods,J.Appl.Mech.,53,5154(1986).
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[24]Zahlten,W.Acontributiontothephysicallyandgeometricallynonlinearcomputeranalysisofgeneralreinforcedconcreteshells.
TechnicalReport902,RuhrUniversittBochum,Germany(1990).

NikoKristanicandJozeKorelc(FacultyofCivilandGeodeticEngineering,UniversityofLjubljana,Slovenia),
Optimizationmethodforthedeterminationofthemostunfavorableimperfectionofstructures,Computational
Mechanics,Vol.42,No.6,2008,pp.859872,doi:10.1007/s0046600802889
ABSTRACT:Thepaperpresentsanoptimizationmethodfordirectdeterminationofthemostunfavorable
imperfectionofstructuresbymeansofultimatelimitstates.Whenanalyzingimperfectionsensitivestructuresit
turnsoutthatthechoiceoftheshapeandsizeofinitialimperfectionshasamajorinfluenceontheresponseof
thestructureanditsultimatestate.Withintheoptimizationalgorithmtheobjectivefunctionisconstructedby
meansofafullynonlineardirectandfirstordersensitivityanalysis.Themethodisnotlimitedtosmall
imperfectionsandalsoallowstheimpositionoftechnologicalconstraintsontheshapeoftheimperfection,
thusmakingitpossibletoavoidunrealisticallylowultimateloads.Whencarefullyconstructed,theobjective
functionandconstraintsremainlinearenablingtheuseofnumericallyefficientandreadilyavailablelinear
programmingalgorithms.Imperfectionanalysesareshownforthinwalledgirdersandacylindertodemonstrate
theapplicabilityandefficiencyoftheproposedmethod.
JozeKorelc,jkorelc@fgg.unilj.si,NikoKristanic,nkristan@fgg.unilj.si,Directdeterminationofinitial
imperfections:Themostunfavourableandmostfavourableinitialshape,8th.WorldCongresson
ComputationalMechanics(WCCM8)5th.EuropeanCongressonComputationalMethodsinAppliedSciences
andEngineering(ECCOMAS2008)June30July5,2008Venice,Italy
Referencesattheendofthearticle:
[1]M.DemlandW.Wunderlich,Directevaluationofthe'worst'imperfectionshapeinshellbuckling,ComputMethodApplM,
Vol.149,pp.201222,(1997).
[2]WT.Koiter,Overdestabiliteitvanhetelastischevenwicht,TechischeHoogeSchool,Delft.Englishtranslation:EdwardRiks
(1969),Thestabilityofelasticequilibrium.StanfordUniversity,(1945)
[3]J.Korelc,Multilanguageandmultienvironmentgenerationofnonlinearfiniteelementcodes,EngComputGermany,Vol18,
pp.312327,(2002).
[4]J.KorelcandN.Kristanic,EvaluationofDesignVelocityFieldbyDirectDifferentiationofSymbolicallyParameterizedMesh,
In:OnateE(ed)Plasticity:fundamentalsandapplications:proceedingsoftheeighthinternationalconferenceononcomputational
plasticity,Swansea:CIMNE,Barcelona,Spain,pp.380383,(2005).
[5]P.Michaleris,DA.TortorelliandCAVidal,TangentOperatorsandDesignSensitivityFormulationsforTransientNonlinear
CoupledProblemswithApplicationstoElastoplasticity,IntJNumerMethEng,Vol37,pp.24712499,(1994).
[6]K.WisniewskiandE.Turska,Warpingandinplanetwistparametersinkinematicsoffiniterotationshells,ComputMethod
ApplM,Vol190,pp.57395758,(2001).

L.Lazzeri(StructuralDepartment,AMN,ViaG.D'Annunzio113,Genoa,Italy),Anelastoplasticelbow
elementTheoryandapplications,InternationalJournalofPressureVesselsandPiping,Vol.8,No.3,May
June1980,pp.197213,doi:10.1016/03080161(80)900253

ABSTRACT:Anoriginalelastoplasticelbowelementhasbeenformulatedanddevelopedforinclusioninthe
libraryofafiniteelementcode.Themainfeaturesoftheelementarebasedonthefollowingtheoreticalaspects:
1.(a)Vlasov'sthinshelltheory13isusedtocorrelategeneralisedstrainsandmidthicknessdisplacements.
2.(b)ThedisplacementfieldisrepresentedbymeansofaFourierexpansioninthecircumferentialdirection,
whileafinitedifferencemethodisusedtocomputethederivativesofFouriercoefficientsalongtheazimuthal
direction.
3.(c)Theflowruleisgivenintermsofstressresultantsandgeneralisedstrains;informulatingthestressstrain
flowrule,theIliouchine14yieldlocustheoryisused,togetherwithanormalityrule.Therelativemeritsofthis
theory,comparedwiththemoreaccuratetreatmentsinvolvingGaussianpointsthroughthethickness,are
discussed.
4.(d)Localequilibriumequationsarewaivedandavirtualworkprocedureisusedtocomputethestiffness
matrixoftheelbowelement.
5.(e)Astaticcondensationprocedureisusedtoreducetheoverallstiffnessmatrixtoa(1212)matrix,where
externalgeneralisedforcesanddisplacementsarepresentedsothatcompatibilitywithadjacentelementsis
possible.
6.(f)Inordertoaccountforlargedisplacements,thegeometry(radiusofcurvatureandcentralangle)isre
evaluatedateachsothattheelementiscompatiblewitha_largedisplacements_(updatedLagrangian)
approach.
Comparisonswithpublishedresults,inboththeelasticandplasticfields,havebeenobtainedexperimentally
andalsobymeansofothercomputercodes(MARC,ADINA).
Acodeincorporatingthisspecialelbowelementhasbeenrunforanumberofpipewhipcasesandtheresults
havebeencomparedwiththoseobtainedbymeansoftheADINAandFRUSTAcodes.
M.Chiarelli,A.LanciottiandL.Lazzeri(DipartimentoIng.Aerospaziale,UniversityofPisa,ViaDiotisalvi2,
56126,Pisa,Italy),Compressionbehaviourofflatstiffenedpanelsmadeofcompositematerial,Composite
Structures,Vol.36,Nos.12,SeptemberOctober1996,pp.161169,doi:10.1016/S02638223(96)00075X
ABSTRACT:Incertainstructuralapplications,suchasstiffenedpanelsloadedincompression,abetterexploitation
ofthepropertiesofcompositematerialsrequiresthedevelopmentofdesignmethodologiesthatallowthecomponent
toworkinthepostcriticalrange.Thispaperdescribestheresultsofaresearchactivitywithsuchanobjective,
carriedoutattheDepartmentofAerospaceEngineeringoftheUniversityofPisaincollaborationwithAlenia
TransportAircraftGroup.Agroupoftestshasbeencarriedouton10flatstiffenedpanels,madeincomposite
material,andtheresultshavebeenanalysedwithtwocomputercodes,providingusefulinformationconcerningtheir
capabilities.

G.Forasassi,R.LoFrano(DepartmentofMechanical,NuclearandProductionEngineering,UniversityofPisa,
ViaDiotisalvi,n256126Pisa,Italy),Bucklingofthincylindricalshellsubjecttouniformexternalpressure,
Proceedingsofthe2006InternationalCongressonAdvancesinNuclearPowerPlantsICAPP06
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingofcylindricalshellsunderuniformexternalpressureloadinghasbeenwidely
investigated.Ingeneral,whentubesaresubjectedtoexternalpressure,collapseisinitiatedbyyielding,but
interactionwithinstabilityissignificant,inthatimperfectionsassociatedwithfabricationofshellsreducethe
loadbearingcapacitybyasignificantamountevenwhenthicknessisconsiderable.Aspecificbucklinganalysis
isusedtopredictcollapsefailureoflongpressurevesselsandpipelineswhentheyaresubjectedtoexternal
overpressure.Theproblemofbucklingforvariableloadconditionsisrelevantfortheoptimisationofseveral

NuclearPowerPlantapplicationsas,forinstance,theIRIS(InternationalReactorInnovativeandSecure)LWR
integratedSteamGenerator(SG)tubes.Inthispaper,weconsiderinadditiontotheusualassumptionsofthin
shell,homogeneousandisotropicmaterial,alsothetubegeometricimperfectionsandplasticdeformationsthat
mayaffectthelimitload.Whenallthoseconditionsareconsideredatpresent,acompletetheoreticalanalysis
wasnotfoundingtheliterature.AtPisaUniversityaresearchactivityisbeingcarriedoutonthebucklingofthin
walledmetalspecimen,withreferencetoseveralgeometriesandtwodifferentstainlesssteelmaterials.Atest
equipment(withthenecessarydataacquisitionfacility),suitableforcarryingoutmanytestonthisissue,aswell
asnumericalmodelsimplementedontheMARCFEMcode,weresetup.Inthisreport,theresultsofthe
performedanalysesofcriticalpressureloaddeterminationwithdifferentnumericalandexperimental
approachesarepresented.Thenumericalresultsobtainedarecomparedwiththeexperimentalresults,forthe
samegeometryandloadingconditions,showingagoodagreementbetweenthesetwoapproaches.
G.Forasassi,R.LoFrano(DepartmentofMechanical,NuclearandProductionEngineering,UniversityofPisa,
ViaDiotisalvi,n256126Pisa,Italy),Curvedthinshellbucklingbehaviour,JournalofAchievementsin
MaterialsandManufacturingEngineering,Vol.23,No.2August2007
Referencesattheendofthearticle:
[1]S.P.Timoshenko,J.M.Gere,Theoryofelasticstability,Chapter10,McGrawHillBook,NewYork,1961.
[2]M.D.Carelli,L.E.Conway,L.Oriani,B.Petrovicetal,ThedesignandsafetyfeaturesoftheIRISreactor,NuclearEngineering
andDesign230(2004)151167.
[3]W.Schneider,A.Brede,Consistentequivalentgeometricimperfectionsforthenumericalbucklingstrengthverificationof
cylindricalshellsunderuniformexternalpressure,ThinWalledStructures43(2005)175188.
[4]R.K.H.Ng,A.Yousefpour,M.UyemaandM.N.GhasemiNejhad,Design,Analysis,Manufacture,andTestofShallowWater
PressureVesselsUsingEGlass/EpoxyWovenCompositeMaterialforaSemiAutonomousUnderwaterVehicle,Journalof
CompositeMaterials36/21(2002)24432478.
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VesselandPiping81(2004)907912.
[6]G.Forasassi,R.LoFrano,Bucklingofimperfectcylindricalshellunderlateralpressure,JournalofAchievementsinMaterialsand
ManufacturingEngineering18(2006)287290.
[7]G.Forasassi,R.LoFrano,Bucklingofthincylindricalshellsubjecttouniformexternalpressure,ProceedingsoftheInternational
CongressonAdvancedinNuclearPowerPlantICAPP06,Reno,2006.
[8]S.A.Karamanos,Bendinginstabilitiesofelastictubes,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures39(2002)20592085.

R.LFranoandG.Forasassi(DepartmentofMechanical,NuclearandProductionEngineering,Universityof
Pisa,Italy),BucklingofImperfectThinCylindricalShellunderLateralPressure,Science&Technologyof
NuclearInstallations;2008,Vol.2008,http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/685805
Foranotherversionpublishedin2006withreversedorderofthetwoauthors,see:JournalofAchievementsin
MaterialsandManufacturingEngineering,Vol.18,Nos.11,SeptemberOctober2006
2008VERSIONABSTRACT:Thearticlepresentsastudyaboutthebucklingbehaviorofimperfectthin
cylindricalshellsunderlateralpressure.Itnotesthatthebehaviorofcylindricalshellsunderexternalpressureis
verysensitivetogeometricimperfections.Moreover,whenthinshellsaresubjectedtoexternalpressure,the
collapseisinitiatedbyyielding.Italsoemphasizesthatbucklingphenomenonoccurswhenmostofthestrain
energycanbeconvertedtothebendingenergywhichrequireslargedeflections.Inaddition,itdiscussesthe
majorfactorswhichaffectthecollapsepressureofpipessuchasthediametertothicknessratio,theyoung's

modulusandtheyieldstressofthematerialinthecircumferencedirection.Otherdetailsonthebuckling
behaviorofcylindricalshellsarediscussed.
2008VersionReferenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

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[8]R.K.H.Ng,A.Yousefpour,M.Uyema,andM.N.GhasemiNejhad,Design,analysis,manufacture,andtestofshallowwater
pressurevesselsusingEglass/epoxywovencompositematerialforasemiautonomousunderwatervehicle,JournalofComposite
Materials,vol.36,no.21,pp.24432478,2002.
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ChristopherJ.Stull,WilkinsAquinoandChristopherJ.Earls(SchoolofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,
CornellUniversity,220HollisterHall,Ithaca,NY14853,USA),APosterioriInitialImperfection
IdentificationInShellBucklingProblems,8th.WorldCongressonComputationalMechanics(WCCM8)5th
EuropeanCongressonComputationalMethodsinAppliedSciencesandEngineeering(ECCOMAS2008)June
30July5,2008Venice,Italy.Seealso:ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.198,
No.2,December2008,pp.260268,doi:10.1016/j.cma.2008.07.009
ABSTRACT:Thecurrentresearchseekstodemonstratethataninversesolutionapproach,leveragingnonlinear
finiteelementanalysiswithadivideandconquertypestochasticsearchalgorithm,canidentifythepresenceof
localizeddentingimperfectionsincylindricalshellstructures.Thisimperfectionfieldidentificationisachieved
usingrathersparsedisplacementmeasurementstakenatsafe,serviceloadingconditions.Boththeexistenceand
natureoftheimperfectionfieldpresentinagivenshellstructureinstancearedetermined.Theseinferred
imperfectionsaresubsequentlyusedtomakereasonablyaccuratepredictionsregardingtheactualshellstructure
strengthatultimateloading.
Referencesattheendofthearticle:

[1]Z.P.BazantandL.Cedolin.StabilityofStructures.OxfordUniversityPress,1991.
[2]C.A.Featherston.Imperfectionsensitivityofcurvedpanelsundercombinedcompression
andshear.InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,38:225238,2003.
[3]J.Singer,J.Arbocz,andT.Weller.BucklingExperiments,Volume2.JohnWileyandSons,Inc.2002.

ChristopherJ.Stull(1),JonathanM.Nichols(2)andChristopherJ.Earls(3)
(1)EngineeringInstitute,LosAlamosNationalLab.,LosAlamos,NM87545,USA
(2)NavalResearchLaboratory,OpticalSciencesDivision,4555OverlookAve.SW,Washington,DC20375,
USA
(3)Sch.ofCivilandEnv.Eng.,CornellUniversity,220HollisterHall,Ithaca,NY14853,USA
Stochasticinverseidentificationofgeometricimperfectionsinshellstructures,ComputerMethodsinApplied
MechanicsandEngineering,Vol.200,Nos.2528,June2011,pp.22562267,doi:10.1016/j.cma.2011.03.012
ABSTRACT:Itisnowwidelyknownthatthepresenceofgeometricimperfectionsinshellstructures
constitutesanimportantcontributiontothediscrepancybetweentheoreticalandexperimentallyrealizable
ultimateloadsgovernedbybuckling.Thepresentpaperdescribesamethodbywhichanactualinitial
imperfectionfieldmaybeestimatedusingtheserviceloadresponseofashellstructure.Theapproachrequires
solvingastochasticinverseproblemwhereinuncertaintyregardinginitialimperfectionpredictionsisexpressed
withinthecontextofaBayesianposteriordistribution.Theproposedapproachcouldbeappliedtocondition
assessmentandperformanceevaluationactivitiesinpractice.
G.W.HuntandB.A.Burgan(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,ImperialCollege,London,UK),Hidden
asymmetriesintheShanleymodel,JournaloftheMechanicsandPhysicsofSolids,Vol.33,No.1,1985,
pp.8394,doi:10.1016/00225096(85)900237
ABSTRACT:Thepapertakesaphenomenological(topological)lookattheShanleymodel.Allowableloading
sequencesofaperfectsystemarefirsttracedinclosedform.Byemployingthesmoothlyvaryingpropertiesof
anassociatedelasticpotentialfunction,comparisonsarethenmadebetweentheasymptoticpredictionsofa
standardperturbationprocedure,andanewschemedevelopedinaccordancewiththeunderlyingtopology.The
newschemeisfoundtoconvergerapidlytotheexactequilibriumpaths,indicatingcompatibilityinaglobalas
wellasalocalizedsense.
G.W.Hunt,K.A.J.WilliamsandR.G.Cowell(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,ImperialCollegeLondon,
LondonSW72BU,U.K.),Hiddensymmetryconceptsintheelasticbucklingofaxiallyloadedcylinders,
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.22,No.12,1986,pp.15011515,
doi:10.1016/00207683(86)900582
ABSTRACT:Therecognizedharmonicbucklingmodesfortheelasticaxiallyloadedcylinderarebynature
symmetric,equalandoppositeamplitudesgivingequalenergylevels.Ontheotherhand,incombinationthey
accountforconsiderableasymmetry,inwardsdeflectionbeingfundamentallydifferentfromoutwards;this
asymmetryisalsoapparentintheunderlyingdifferentialequations,andinthefinallargedeflectionYoshimura
pattern.Takingtheviewthatunderlyingsymmetriesarecloselylinkedtotheformofbifurcationexperienced
onbuckling,andhencetothegrossinstabilityofthephenomenon,thepaperthusexploresaclassicproblemin
anewlight.ThewellknownDonnellequationsarefirstemployed,theanalysisbeingneatlywrittenintermsof
thetwovariablesradialdisplacementwandstressfunctionphi.Anextensionisthenpresented,derivedfrom

thefullstraindisplacementequationsappropriatetogenuinelylargedeflections.Thismakesuseofasuiteof
computerprograms,writtenforasmallmicro,whichhandletherequiredmanipulationsofmultiplicationand
integrationofharmonicfunctionsinalgebraicratherthannumericalfashion.
G.W.Hunt,Bifurcationsofstructuralcomponents,ICEProceedings,Vol.87,No.4,1989,pp.443467,E
ISSN:17537789,doi:10.1680/iicep.1989.3772
ABSTRACT:Thepaperpresentsaselectivereviewofmodernbifurcationtheoryanditsrelationshipto
structuralinstability,withconsequentimplicationsforstructuraldesign.Inparticular,thecomplexnonlinear
analysisthatissometimesfoundinsuchworkisavoided,byconcentratinginsteadoneasilyrecognizable
symmetryproperties.Simplespringandrigidlinkmodels,suchasthewellknownShanleymodel,areusedto
aiddescription...
G.W.Hunt(1)andE.LucenaNeto(2)
(1)DepartmentorCivilEngineering,ImperialCollegeLondon,LondonSW72BU,U.K.
(2)InstitutoTecnolgicodeAeronutica,12225,SoJosdosCamposSP,Brazil
Localizedbucklinginlongaxiallyloadedcylindricalshells,JournaloftheMechanicsandPhysicsofSolids,
Vol.39,No.7,1991,pp.881894,doi:10.1016/00225096(91)90010L
ABSTRACT:Doublescaleperturbationanalysisofalongelasticcylindricalshellunderaxialcompression
revealsasecondordernonlineardifferentialequationforthebucklepatternamplitudeinslowspace.
Numericalsolutionthensuggeststhatthemosteasilytriggeredfailuremodeislocalizedalongthelength.The
methodisextendedtoincludemodeinteraction,givingthreecoupledsecondordernonlineardifferential
equationsinslowspace.Localizedsolutionsareagainfound,bycombiningfeaturesoftheLagrangianfunction
withasystematicnumericalsearchprocedure.Thepredictedextentofthelocalization,aboutoneandahalf
axialwavelengthswhenfullydeveloped,compareswellwithpublishedexperimentsonlongcylinders.
Moreover,incontrasttotheassociatedperiodicsolutions,squarewavesattheminimumcriticalloadare
denied;thepredominantwaveformturnsouttobelongaxially,againasseenexperimentally.
G.W.HuntandA.Blackmore(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,ImperialCollegeofScience,Technologyand
MedicineImperialCollegeRoad,LondonSW72BUU.K.),PrinciplesofLocalizedBucklingforaStrutonan
ElastoplasticFoundation,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.63,No.1,pp.234239,March1996,
DOI:10.1115/1.2787204
ABSTRACT:Localizationtheoryforlongcontinuousstructuresisextendedtothebucklingofathinelastic
strutsupportedbyabilinearelastoplasticmedium.Itisdemonstratedthattheformoflocalizationhasmuchin
commonwiththebucklingofstrutsonlinearandnonlinearelasticfoundationsinthatthelocalizedresponse,
whichisofthegreatestpracticalsignificance,isaccompaniedbyamyriadofassociatedlesssignificant
solutionsincludingperiodicones.Specialshootingtechniquesaredevelopedtodealwiththeproblemoffinding
thelocalizedsolutionsfromamongstallcompetingpossibilities.
G.J.Lord(1),A.R.Champneys(1)andG.W.Hunt(2)
(1)DepartmentofEngineeringMathematics,UniversityWalk,UniversityofBristol,BristolBS81TR,UK

(2)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofBath,BathBA27AY,UK
Computationoflocalizedpostbucklinginlongaxiallycompressedcylindricalshells,Phil.Trans.R.Soc.
LondonA,November1997,vol.355,no.1732,pp.21372150,doi:10.1098/rsta.1997.0114
ABSTRACT:Bucklingisinvestigatedofalongthincylindricalshellunderlongitudinalcompressionas
modelledbythevonKrmnDonnellequations.Evidenceisreviewedforthebucklingbeinglocalizedtosome
portionoftheaxiallength.Inaccordancewiththisobservedbehaviourtheequationsarefirstapproximated
circumferentiallybyaGalerkinprocedure,whereuponcrosssymmetrichomoclinicsolutionsoftheresulting
systemofordinarydifferentialequationsaresoughtintheaxialdirection.Resultsarecomparedwith
experimentalandothernumericaldata.Excellentagreementwithexperimentsisachievedwithfewer
approximatingmodesthanothermethods.
G.W.Hunt(1),G.J.Lord(2)andA.R.Champneys(3)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofBath,Bath,UK
(2)NationalPhysicalLaboratory,Teddington,UK
(3)DepartmentofEngineeringMathematics,UniversityofBristol,Bristol,UK
Homoclinicandheteroclinicorbitsunderlyingthepostbucklingofaxiallycompressedcylindricalshells,
ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.170,Nos.34,March1999,pp.239251,
doi:10.1016/S00457825(98)001972
ABSTRACT:Astructuralsystemwithanunstablepostbucklingresponsethatsubsequentlyrestabilizeshasthe
potentialtoexhibithomoclinicconnectionsfromthefundamentalequilibriumstatetoitselfoverarangeof
loads,andheteroclinicconnectionsbetweenfundamentalandperiodicequilibriumstatesoveradifferent
(smaller)rangeofloads.Itisarguedthatsuchequilibriumconfigurationsareimportantintheinterpretationof
observedbehaviour,andgoverntheminimumpossiblepostbucklingloads.Toillustratethis,theclassical
problemofalongthinaxiallycompressedcylindricalshellisrevisitedfromthreedifferentperspectives:
asymptoticconjecture,analogywithnonlineardynamics,andnumericalcontinuationanalysisofapartial
spectraldecompositionoftheunderlyingequilibriumequations.Thenonlineardynamicsanalogydemonstrates
thatthestructureoftheheteroclinicconnectionsismorecomplicatedthanthatindicatedbytheasymptotics:this
isconfirmedbythenumerics.However,whentheasymptoticportrayaliscomparedtothenumerics,itturnsout
tobesurprisinglyaccurateinitsMaxwellloadpredictionofthepracticallysignificantfirstminimumtoappear
inthepostbucklingregime.
G.J.Lord(1),A.R.Champneys(1)andG.W.Hunt(2)
(1)DepartmentofEngineeringMathematics,UniversityWalk,UniversityofBristol,Bristol,BS81TR,UK,
email:g.j.lord@bristol.ac.uk,a.r.champneys@bristol.ac.uk
(2)SchoolofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofBath,Bath,BA27AY,UK,email:g.w.hunt@bath.ac.uk
Theroleofhomoclinicbifurcationsinunderstandingthebucklingoflongthincylindricalshells,inSolid
MechanicsandIts(editorsandpublishernotgiveninthepdffile,Citeseer),1999
ABSTRACT:Experimentshaveshownthatlongcylindersbuckleintolocalizedpatternsaxially.Itisargued
thattraditionallinearornonlinearanalysisisunlikelytocapturesuchmodes,northeeffectivebucklingloadat
whichsuchresponsesstabilize.However,theinherenttranslationalindeterminacyoflocalizedbucklingiswell
capturedbyconsideringinfinitelylongcylindersandseekinghomoclinicsolutionsofthevonKrmnDonnell
equations.Thisexploitsthedynamicalanalogyofsuchstructuralproblems,sothatsymmetryargumentsand

numericaltechniquesdevelopedfordynamicalsystemsmaybeused.Themethodisillustratedbysuccessful
applicationtoacylinderwhichhaswelldocumentedexperimentalresults.
C.J.Budd,G.W.Hunt,R.Kuske,AsymptoticsofcellularbucklingclosetotheMaxwellload,TheRoyal
Society,ProceedingsA,Vol.457,No.2016,December2001,DOI:10.1098/rspa.2001.0843
ABSTRACT:WestudythedeformationofanelasticstrutonanonlinearWinklerfoundationsubjectedtoan
axialcompressiveloadP.Usingmultiscaleanalysisandnumericalmethodswedescribethelocalized,cellular,
postbuckledstateofthesystemwhenPisremovedfromthecriticalloadP=2.Thesolutions,andtheir
modulationfrequencies,differsignificantlyfromthosepredictedbyweaklynonlinearanalysisveryclosetoP=
2.Inparticular,whenPapproachestheMaxwellloadPM,thelocalizedsolutionsapproachalargeamplitude
heteroclinicconnectionbetweenanunbuckledsolutionandaperiodicsolution.Anasymptoticdescriptionof
PMintermsofthesystemparametersisgiven.Theagreementbetweenthenumericalcalculationsandthe
asymptoticapproximationsisstriking.
G.W.Hunt,CentreforNonlinearMechanicsUniversityofBath,BathBA27AY,UK
G.J.Lord,DepartmentofMathematics,HeriotWattUniversity,UK
M.A.Peletier,CentrumvoorWiskundeenInformaticaPOBox94079,1090GBAmsterdam,NL,Cylindrical
ShellBuckling:ACharacterizationOfLocalizationAndPeriodicity,DiscreteAndContinuousDynamical
SystemsSeriesBVol.3,No.4,November2003,pp.505518.
ABSTRACT:Ahypothesisforthepredictionofthecircumferentialwavenumberofbucklingofthethin
axiallycompressedcylindricalshellispresented,basedontheadditionofalengtheffecttotheclassical(Koiter
circle)criticalloadresult.Checksagainstphysicalandnumericalexperiments,bothbydirectcomparisonof
wavenumbersandviaascalinglaw,providestrongevidencethatthehypothesisiscorrect.
Referencesattheendofthearticle:

[1]J.ArboczandC.D.Babcock.Theeffectofgeneralimperfectionsonthebucklingofcylindricalshells.ASMEJ.Appl.Mech.,
36:2838,1969.
[2]W.BallerstedtandH.Wagner.Versucheu berdieFestigkeitdu nnerunversteifterZylinderunterSchubundL angskr aften.
Luftfahrtforschung,13:309312,1936.
[3]F.J.Bridget,C.CJerome,andA.B.Vosseller.Somenewexperimentsonbucklingofthinwallconstruction.Trans.ASMEAero.
Eng.,56:569578,1934.
[4]C.J.Budd,G.W.Hunt,andR.Kuske.AsymptoticsofcellularbucklingclosetotheMaxwellload.Proc.R.Soc.Lond.,A
457:29352964,2001.
[5]C.R.Calladine.Ashellbucklingparadoxresolved.InD.Durban,G.Givoli,andJ.G.Simmonds,editors,Advancesinthe
MechanicsofPlatesandShells,pages119134.KluwerAcademicPublishers,Dordrecht,2000.
[6]E.JDoedel,A.RChampneys,T.R.Fairgrieve,Yu.A.Kuznetsov,B.Sandstede,andX.J.Wang.AUTO97continuationand
bifurcationsoftwareforordinarydifferentialequations,1997.Availablebyanonymousftpfromftp.cs.concordia.ca,directory
pub/doedel/auto.
[7]L.H.Donnell.Anewtheoryforbucklingofthincylindersunderaxialcompressionandbending.Trans.ASMEAero.Eng.,AER
5612:795806,1934.
[8]M.ElingerandB.Geier.GerechneteNachbeullastenalsuntereGrenzederexperimentallenaxialenBeullastenvon
Kreiszylindern.DerStahlbau,41(12):353359,1972.
[9]P.R.EverallandG.W.Hunt.Modejumpinginthebucklingofstrutsandplates:acomparativestudy.Int.J.NonLinearMech.,
35:10671079,2000.
[10]G.W.Hunt,G.J.Lord,andA.R.Champneys.Homoclinicandheteroclinicorbitsunderlyingthepostbucklingofaxially
compressedcylindricalshells.Comput.MethodsAppl.Mech.Engng.,170:239251,1999.

[11]G.W.HuntandE.LucenaNeto.Maxwellcriticalloadsforaxiallyloadedcylindricalshells.ASMEJ.Appl.Mech.,60(3):702
706,1993.
[12]W.T.Koiter.Onthestabilityofelasticequilibrium.PhDthesis,TechnischeHogeschool,Delft(TechnologicalUniversityof
Delft),Holland,1945.EnglishtranslationissuedasNASA,Tech.Trans.,F10,833,1967.
[13]G.J.Lord,A.R.Champneys,andG.W.Hunt.Computationofhomoclinicorbitsinpartialdifferentialequations:anapplication
tocylindricalshellbuckling.SIAMJ.Sci.Comp.,21(2):591619,1999.
[14]E.Lundquist.Strengthtestsofthinwalledduralumincylindersincompression.Technicalreport,1933.NACARept473.
[15]K.Schweizerhof,R.Hauptmann,T.Rottner,andM.Raabe.Silobucklinganalysesconsideringnonuniformfillingdynamic
versusstaticanalysesusingLSDYNA.Proc.5thInt.LSDYNAConf.,Southfield,Michigan,1998.
[16]T.vonK arm an,L.G.Dunn,andH.S.Tsien.Theinfluenceofcurvatureonthebucklingcharacteristicsofstructures.J.Aero.
Sciences,7:276289,1940.
[17]M.KhurramWadee.Theelasticstrutonelasticfoundation:amodellocalizedbucklingproblem.InA.R.Champneys,G.W.
Hunt,andJ.M.T.Thompson,editors,Localizationandsolitarywavesinsolidmechanics,pages3153.WorldScientificPublishing,
Singapore,1999.
[18]S.YamadaandJ.G.A.Croll.Contributionstounderstandingthebehaviorofaxiallycompressedcylinders.ASMEJ.Appl.
Mech.,66:299309,1999.
[19]N.Yamaki.ElasticStabilityofCircularCylindricalShells,volume27ofAppliedMathematicsandMechanics.Elsevier,1984.

GilesW.Hunt(CentreforNonlinearMechanics,UniversityofBath,ClavertonDown,BathBA27AY,UK),
Reflectionsandsymmetriesinspaceandtime,IMAJApplMath(2011)76(1):226.
doi:10.1093/imamat/hxq063
ABSTRACT:Apersonalviewispresentedofdevelopmentsinthenonlinearmechanicsofstructuralbuckling
overmoreorlessthepastfourdecades.Theerahasbeenoneofunprecedentedchangeanddevelopmentinthe
worldofscienceasawhole,andthisisacknowledgedbydescribingwaysinwhichthefieldhasinteracted
stronglywithotherareasofstudy,includingmathematics,nonlineardynamicsandchaosandstructural
geology.Aframeworkisprovidedthroughtwokeyconferencesthathaveemergedaspivotalmomentsintime
whenideasseemedtotakeshapeinacollectivesenseratherthanjustwithindividuals.Throughoutmostofthe
paper,thebucklingoftheaxiallycompressedcylindricalshellisusedtoillustratekeyfeatures,includingthe
breakingofhiddensymmetry,localizationandsnakingsolutionsleadingtoaminimumenergyperiodicstate
thataccordswitharevitalizedMaxwellstabilitycriterion.Thepapercloseswithsomethoughtstothefuture,
includingthemodellingoflayeredstructuresingeologyandpotentialusesofmoderncomposites.
J.O.Hallquist,G.L.GoudreauandD.J.Benson(LawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratory,Universityof
California,Livermore,CA94550,U.S.A.),SlidinginterfaceswithcontactimpactinlargescaleLagrangian
computations,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.51,Nos.13,September1985,
pp.107137,doi:10.1016/00457825(85)900301
ABSTRACT:Thetwoandthreedimensionalcontactalgorithmsusedinthefiniteelementprogramsdeveloped
attheLawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratoryaredescribedinthispaper.Weareinterestedinbothstatic
contactanddynamicimpactproblemsand,consequently,havepursuedthedevelopmentoftwodifferent
algorithms.Thefirst,basedonthehydrocodetechnologyofthesixties,isimplementedinourtwoandthree
dimensionalexplicitfiniteelementcodes.Thesecond,asymmetricpenaltytreatment,isusedinourimplicit
codesandisoptionalintheexplicitcodes.Thepenaltymethodsareusedtoobtainsolutionstoalmostallofour
structuralproblemsbutwefindthatthehydrocodeapproachisvastlysuperiorifpressuresgreatlyexceedthe
yieldstrength.Examplesareprovidedtoshowpracticalapplicationsofbothapproaches.

DavidJ.Benson(1)andJohnO.Hallquist(2)
(1)DepartmentofAMESR011,UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,LaJolla,CA92093,U.S.A.
(2)LivermoreSoftwareTechnologyCorporation,2876WaverlyWay,Livermore,CA94550,U.S.A.
Asinglesurfacecontactalgorithmforthepostbucklinganalysisofshellstructures,ComputerMethodsin
AppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.78,No.2,January1990,pp.141163,
doi:10.1016/00457825(90)900987
ABSTRACT:Insomeofourapplicationsweareinterestedinhowastructurebehavesafteritbuckles.Whena
structurecollapsescompletely,asinglesurfacemaybuckleenoughthatitcomesintocontactwithitself.The
traditionalapproachofdefiningmasterandslavecontactsurfaceswillnotworkbecausewedonotknowa
priorihowtopartitionthesurfaceofthestructure.Thispaperpresentsacontactalgorithmthatrequiresonlya
singlesurfacedefinitionforitsinput.
BradleyN.Maker,RobertM.FerenczandJohnO.Hallquist,NIKE3DAnonlinear,implicit,three
dimensionalfiniteelementcodeforsolidandstructuralmechanicsUsersManual,April14,1995
ABSTRACT:Thisreportprovidesauser'smanualforNIKE3D,afullyimplicitthreedimensionalfinite
elementcodeforanalyzingthefinitestrainstaticanddynamicresponseofinelasticsolids,shells,andbeams.
Spatialdiscretizationisachievedbytheuseof8nodesolidelements,2nodetrussandbeamelements,and4
nodemembraneandshellelements.Overtwentyconstitutivemodelsareavailableforrepresentingawiderange
ofelastic,plastic,viscous,andthermallydependentmaterialbehavior.Contactimpactalgorithmspermitgaps,
frictionalsliding,andmeshdiscontinuitiesalongmaterialinterfaces.Severalnonlinearsolutionstrategiesare
available,includingFull,Modified,andQuasiNewtonmethods.Theresultingsystemofsimultaneouslinear
equationsiseithersolvediterativelybyanelementbyelementmethod,ordirectlybyafactorizationmethod,
forwhichcasebandwidthminimizationisoptional.Datamaybestoredeitherinoroutofcorememorytoallow
forlargeanalyses.
Referenceslistedattheendofthemanual:
Bathe,K.J.,andA.P.Cimento,"SomePracticalProceduresfortheSolutionofNonlinearFiniteElementEquations,"Comp.Meths.
Appl.Mechs.Eng.,22,pp.5985,1980.
Bathe,K.J.andE.L.Wilson,NumericalMethodsinFiniteElementAnalysis,PrenticeHall,Inc.,EnglewoodCliffs,NewJersey,
1976.
Belytschko,T.B.andC.S.Tsay,"ExplicitAlgorithmsforNonlinearDynamicsofShells,"Comp.Meths.Appl.Mechs.Eng.,43,pp.
251276,1984
Cook,R.D.ConceptsandApplicationsofFiniteElementAnalysis,JohnWileyandSons,Inc.,1974.
Crisfield,M.A.,"AFastIncremental/IterativeSolutionProcedurethatHandlesSnapThrough",ComputersandStructures,13,pp.55
62,1981
Dovey,D.,andT.E.Spelce,"GRIZ:FiniteElementAnalysisResultsVisualizationforUnstructuredGridsUserManual,"University
ofCalifornia,LawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratory,Rept.UCRLMA115696,1993.
Engelmann,B.E.andJ.O.Hallquist,"NIKE2D:ANonlinear,Implicit,TwoDimensionalFiniteElementCodeForSolid.Mechanics
User'sManual",UniversityofCalifornia,LawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratory,Reptforthcomming,1991
Engelmann,B.E.,R.G.Whirley,andG.L.Goudreau,"ASimpleShellElementFormulationforLargeScaleElastoplasticAnalysis,"
inAnalyticalandComputationalModelsofShells,CEDVol3,TheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers,NewYork,1989
Ferencz,R.M.,"ElementByElementPreconditioningTechniquesforLargeScale,VectorizedFiniteElementAnalysisinNonlinear
SolidandStructuralMechanics,"Ph.D.Thesis,StanfordUniversity,1989
Gerhard,M.A.,"SLIC:AnInteractive,GraphicMeshGeneratorforFiniteElementandFiniteDifferenceApplicationPrograms,"
UniversityofCalifornia,LawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratory,Rept.UCRL52823,1979.

Gibbs,N.E.,W.G.PooleJr.,andP.K.Stockmeyer,"AnAlgorithmforReducingtheBandwidthandProfileofaSparseMatrix,"
SIAMJ.Num.Anal.,Vol.13,1976.
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to:Int.J.Num.Meth.Eng.,1992
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UCID19401,1983.
Hallquist,J.O.,"NIKE3D:AnImplicit,FiniteDeformation,FiniteElementCodeforAnalyzingtheStaticandDynamicResponseof
ThreeDimensionalSolids,"UniversityofCalifornia,LawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratory,Rept.UCID18822,Rev.1,1984.
Hallquist,J.O.,"DYNA3DCourseNotes,"UniversityofCalifornia,LawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratory,Rept.UCID19899,
Rev.2,1987.
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15,No.9,pp.14131418,1980.
Hughes,T.J.R.,andE.Carnoy,"NonlinearFiniteElementShellFormulationAccountingforLargeMembraneStrains,"Nonlinear
FiniteElementAnalysisofPlatesandShells,AMDVol.48,AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers,pp.193208,1981a.
Hughes,T.J.R.,andW.K.Liu,"NonlinearFiniteElementAnalysisofShells:PartI.ThreeDimensionalShells,"Comp.Meths.Appl.
Mechs.Eng.,26,pp.331362,1981b.
Hughes,T.J.R.,andW.K.Liu,"NonlinearFiniteElementAnalysisofShells:PartII.TwoDimensionalShells,"Comp.Meths.Appl.
Mechs.Eng.,27,pp.167181,1981c.
Hughes,T.J.R.,W.K.Liu,andI.Levit,"NonlinearDynamicsFiniteElementAnalysisofShells,"NonlinearFiniteElementAnalysis
inStructuralMechanics,Editors:W.Wunderlich,E.Stein,andK.J.Bathe,SpringerVerlag,Berlin,pp.151168,1981d.
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Albuquerque,NewMexico,1972
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Int.J.Num.Meth.Eng.,37,1,pp118,1994.
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Matthies,H.andG.Strang,"TheSolutionofNonlinearFiniteElementEquations,"Int.J.Num.Meth.Eng.,14,11,pp16131626,
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CDC7600Version,"UniversityofCalifornia,LawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratory,UCID20338,p.40,1984
Nagtegaal,J.C.,D.M.Parks,andJ.R.Rice,"OnNumericallyAccurateFiniteElementSolutionsintheFullyPlasticRange,"Comp.
Meths.Appl.Mechs.Eng.,4,153,1974.
Oliver,J.,"AConsistentCharacteristicLengthofSmearedCrackingModels,"Int.J.Num.Meth.Eng.,28,pp461474,1989.
Puso,M.,Weiss,J.A.,"Finiteelementimplementationofanisotropicquasilinearviscoelasticityusingadiscretespectrum
approximation,"ASMEJournalofBiomechanicalEngineering.,toappear,1996.
Raboin,P.J.,"ASolidificationModelforNIKE2DandNIKE3D"UniversityofCalifornia,LawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratory,
UCRLID116849,1994

Ramm,E.,"StrategiesforTracingNonlinearResponseNearLimitPoints,"EuropeU.S.Workshop:NonlinearFiniteElement
AnalysisinStructuralMechanics,Eds.Bathe,Stein,andWunderlich,SpringerVerlag,Berlin,pp.6389,1980
Sackett,S.J.privatecommunication,UniversityofCalifornia,LawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratory,1977.
Shapiro,A.B.,"TOPAZ3DAThreeDimensionalFiniteElementHeatTransferCode,"UniversityofCalifornia,Lawrence
LivermoreNationalLaboratory,Rept.UCID20484,1985
Simo,J.C.,andR.L.Taylor,"QuasiIncompressibleFiniteElasticityinPrincipalStretches:ContinuumBasisandNumerical
Algorithms,"Comp.Meths.Appl.Mechs.Eng.,85,pp.273310,1991
Slater,J.H.,"MixedModelFiniteElementsforInelasticAnalysis,"Ph.D.Thesis,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,1982.
Spelce,T.,J.O.Hallquist,andB.E.Brown,"TAURUS:AnInteractivePostProcessorfortheAnalysisCodesNIKE3D,DYNA3D,
TOPAZ3D,andGEMINI,"UniversityofCalifornia,LawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratory,Rept.UCRLMA105401,1990.
Stillman,D.W.andJ.O.Hallquist,"INGRIDAThreeDimensionalMeshGeneratorforModelingNonlinearSystems,"Universityof
California,LawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratory,Rept.UCID20506,1985.
Storassli,O.O.,D.T.Nguyen,andT.K.Agarwal,"AParallelVectorAlgorithmforRapidStructuralAnalysisonHighPerformance
Computers,"NASATechnicalMemorandum102614,LangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA,236655225,1990.
Taylor,R.L.,P.J.Beresford,andE.L.Wilson,"ANonConformingElementforStressAnalysis,"Int.J.Num.Meth.Eng.,10,1211
1219,1976.
Taylor,R.L.,privatecommunication,U.C.Berkeley,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,1979.
Taylor,R.L.,E.L.Wilson,andS.J.Sackett,"DirectSolutionofEquationsByFrontalandVariableBandActiveColumnMethods,"
EuropeU.S.Workshop:NonlinearFiniteElementAnalysisinStructuralMechanics,Eds.Bathe,Stein,andWunderlich,Springer
Verlag,Berlin,pp.6389,1980
Walker,H.F.,"NumericalSolutionofNonlinearEquations,"UniversityofCalifornia,LawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratory,
Rept.UCID18285,1979.
Weiss,J.A."AConstutiveModelandFiniteElementRepresentationforTransverselyIsotropicSoftTissues,"Ph.D.Thesis,
DepartmentofBioengineering,TheUniversityofUtah,1994.
Whirley,R.G.andJ.O.Hallquist,"DYNA3D:ANonlinear,Explicit,ThreeDimensionalFiniteElementCodeForSolidAnd
StructuralMechanicsUser'sManual,"UniversityofCalifornia,LawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratory,Rept.
forthcomming,1991.
Whirley,R.G.andG.A.Henshall,"CreepDeformationStructuralAnalysisUsinganEfficientNumericalAlgorithm,"Universityof
California,LawrenceLivermoreNationalLaboratory,Rept.UCRLJC104747,1990.
Wilkins,M.L.andM.W.Guinan,"ImpactofCylindersonaRigidBoundary,"J.ofApp.Physics,44,1973

J.Bhm(InstitutfrMaschinenelementeundMaschinengestaltung,RWTHAachen,F.R.G.),Acomparisonof
differentcontactalgorithmswithapplications,Computers&Structures,Vol.26,Nos.12,1987,pp.207221,
doi:10.1016/00457949(87)902513
ABSTRACT:Areviewofcontactalgorithmsundertheaspectsofmathematicalexactnessandpractical
applicabilityisgiven.Thebasicassumptionsandpossibilitiesofsomeofthemainalgorithmsaredisplayed,and
recommendationsaregivenforasynthesisofdifferentapproaches.Numericalexperimentsandcomparisons
showtheefficiencyofexistingprograms.
MartinW.Heinstein(1),FrankJ.Mello(1),StephenW.Attaway(1)andTodA.Laursen(2)
(1)EngineeringMechanicsandMaterialModelingDepartment,SandiaNationalLaboratories,Sandia
Corporation,P.O.Box5800,Albuquerque,NM871850443,USA
(2)DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,DukeUniversity,Box90287,Durham,NC27708
0287,USA

Contactimpactmodelinginexplicittransientdynamics,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsand
Engineering,Vol.187,Nos.34,July2000,pp.621640,doi:10.1016/S00457825(99)003424
ABSTRACT:Inthisarticlewediscussthetreatmentofcontactimpactmodelinginalargedeformation
explicitdynamicsetting.Suchproblemsareposedmathematicallybydemandingtheusualsatisfaction
momentumbalanceequationsandboundaryconditionsforeachbodyseparately,whileimposinganadditional
setofconstraintsthatgoverntheinteractionofthesebodieswitheachother.Inapplyingsuchmethodsto
contactproblemsweemphasizetworequirements:first,thatthetreatmentofcontactshouldfollowfromthe
developmentofthelocal(weak)andglobal(strong)formsofthecontactequationsinthecontinuumsetting.
Algorithmsdevelopedfromthisframeworkareseentoreadilyhandlethethreedimensionalmultibodyfriction
case.Second,andequallyimportantespeciallyinlargeapplicationsisthepracticalaspectofcomputingthe
closestpointprojectionforcontactnodes,anessentialcomponentofdefiningthecontactconstraints.This
calculationisglobalinnature,accountingforthefactthatcontactimpactinvolvesmultiplebodiesinteracting
inunforeseeableways.Theserequirementshaveguidedthedevelopmentofalgorithmscapableoftreating
contactimpactinPRONTO3D(M.W.Heinstein,S.W.Attaway,J.W.Swegle,F.J.Mello,Ageneralpurpose
contactdetectionalgorithmfornonlinearstructuralanalysissodes,SAND922141,SandiaNational
Laboratories,Albuquerque,N87185,1992)arediscussedinthispaper.
P. Gaudenzi, On delamination buckling of composite laminates under compressive loading, Composite
Structures39(1),2130,1997
ABSTRACT:Theeffectsofthepresenceofadelaminationonthebucklingloadofcompositelaminatesunder
compressionareinvestigated.Thelinearizedbucklinganalysisfortwoandthreedimensionalsolidfinite
elementsisproposedasaneffectiveandpracticaltoolforthepredictionofthecriticalloadsbothforbi
dimensionalandfortridimensionalcases.Theaccuracyofthenumericalprocedureisassessedbycomparing
theresultswithexistinganalyticalsolutionsobtainedfromtheliteratureforsimplebidimensionalapplications.
Atridimensionalanalysisisthenpresentedforthecaseofasquareplatewithacirculardelamination.The
effectsofradiusanddepthofthedelaminationonthebucklingloadarealsoillustrated.
PaoloGaudenzi(1),PierluigiPerugini(2)andFernandoSpadaccia(1)
(1)DipartimentoAerospaziale,UniversitdiRomaLaSapienza,ViaEudossiana16,00184Roma,Italy
(2)C.I.R.A.,ItalianAerospaceResearchCenter,Capua,Italy
Postbucklinganalysisofadelaminatedcompositeplateundercompression,CompositeStructures,Vol.40,
Nos.34,December1997,pp.231238,doi:10.1016/S02638223(98)000130
ABSTRACT:Thepostbucklingbehaviourofcompressedcompositelaminatesinpresenceofathroughwidth
delaminationisconsidered.A2Dfiniteelementprocedureisproposedasaneffectiveandpracticaltoolforthe
nonlinearanalysisoftheexaminedstructure.Anincrementalanalysisisperformedwiththeintroductionof
contactconstrainstofullyaccountfortherealbehaviourofthestructure.Someillustratingexamplesarethen
presentedwhichshowtheeffectofthegeometryofdelaminationonthepostbucklingbehaviour.Localand
globalbuckledgeometriesofthedeformedstructuresarealsoshowncorrespondingtodifferentlevelsofthe
compressiveloading.
P.Gaudenzi(1),R.Barboni(1),G.Mormino(1)andP.Dinardo(2)
(1)DipartimentoAerospaziale,Universita'diRomaLaSapienza,ViaEudossiana16,00184Roma,Italy

(2)ConsorzioRicercheCompositi,ViaG.Bona85,00156Roma,Italy
Postbucklingbehaviourofthermoplasticmatrixcompositelaminatessubjectedtopureshear,Composite
Structures,Vol.46,No.4,1December1999,pp.381386,doi:10.1016/S02638223(99)001026
ABSTRACT:Thepresentstudyfocusesonthedeterminationofthebucklingloadandpostbucklingbehaviour
ofsimplysupportedlaminatedcompositerectangularpanelsloadedinshear.Thenonlinearstructuralresponse
isstudiedwithanonlinearfiniteelementapproach.Inordertodeterminetheaccuracyoftheprocedure,several
testshavebeenperformedcomparingthefiniteelementsolutionsforisotropicandlaminatedcomposite
rectangularpanelswithexistingones,adoptingdifferentsequencesoflaminationanddifferentlengthtowidth
ratios.Theanalysisthenconsidersthebehaviouroflaminatesproducedwithinnovativethermoplasticmatrix
compositesdevelopedintheframeofanationalresearchprogram.
PGaudenzi,PPerugini,ARiccio, Postbucklingbehaviorofcompositepanelsinthepresenceofunstable
delaminations,CompositeStructures51(3),301309,2001
ABSTRACT:Theanalysisofthenonlinearbehaviorofdelaminatedcompositespanelsundercompressionis
considered.Amodificationtotheincrementalcontinuationmethod(byRiks)fortheanalysisofthenonlinear
behaviorofdamagedcompositesisproposedtoimprovethenumericaltreatmentoftheanalysisofunstable
delaminationgrowth.Thetheoreticalformulationofthismodificationisfirstpresentedinconjunctionwitha
generalformulationofthecontinuationmethodandthemodifiedvirtualcrackclosuretechnique(MVCCT)for
theevaluationofdelaminationgrowth.Finally,numericalresultsfordelaminatedcompositeplatesthroughthe
widthandcirculardelaminationsarepresentedandcomparedwithexistingexperimentalandnumericaldata.
SakiyamaTakeshiandMatsuda,Hiroshi(DepartmentofStructuralEngineering,NagasakiUniversity,
Nagasaki,Japan),Elasticbucklingofrectangularmindlinplatewithmixedboundaryconditions,Computers
&Structures,Vol.25,No.5,pp.801808,1987
ABSTRACT:AnapproximatemethodforanalyzingtheelasticbucklingofMindlinplatesisproposed.The
solutionsofthedifferentialequationsofbucklingofMindlinplateareobtainedindiscreteformsbyapplying
numericalintegration.Thediscretesolutionsgivethetransverseshearforces,twistingmoment,bending
moments,rotationsanddeflectionatthealldiscretepointswhicharetheintersectionsoftheverticaland
horizontalequallydividinglinesontheplate.Inordertoconfirmtheconvergencyandaccuracyofnumerical
solutions,thebucklingloadsofsimplysupportedsquareMindlinplatesarecalculated,andtheresultsare
comparedwithotherpublishedfiniteelementsolutions.Asanapplication,thebucklingloadsandbuckling
modesofMindlinplateswithvarioustypesofmixedboundariesarecalculated.
Huang,M.;Ma,X.Q.;Sakiyama,T.;Matsuda,H.;Morita,C.,Naturalvibrationstudyonrectangularplates
withalinehingeandvariousboundaryconditions,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.322,No.12,pp.227
240,2008,DOI:10.1016/j.jsv.2008.11.006
ABSTRACT:Adiscretemethodisproposedforanalyzingthenaturalvibrationproblemofrectangularplates
withalinehinge.Thefundamentaldifferentialequationsandthesolutionsoftheseequationsarederivedfor
twopartsoftheplate,whichareobtainedbydividingtheplatealongthelinehinge.Bytransformingthese
equationsintointegralequations,andusingnumericalintegrationandthecontinuousconditionsalongtheline
hinge,thesolutionsofthewholeplatecanbeexpressedbytheunknownquantitiesontheboundaryandthe

quantitiesoftherotationalongthehinge.TheGreenfunctionofthedeflectionproblemisusedtoobtainthe
characteristicequationofthefreevibration.Theeffectsofthepositionofthelinehinge,theaspectratio,the
thicknessratioandtheboundaryconditiononthenaturalfrequencyparametersareconsidered.Bycomparing
thenumericalresultsobtainedbythepresentmethodwiththosepreviouslypublished,theefficiencyand
accuracyofthepresentmethodareinvestigated.
ZhuJufen(1),ZhangGang(1),W.P.Howson(2)andF.W.Williams(3)
(1)DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,DalianUniversityofTechnology,Dalian116023,China
(2)CardiffSchoolofEngineering,CardiffUniversity,P.O.Box925,CardiffCF240YF,UK
(3)DepartmentofBuildingandConstruction,CityUniversityofHongKong,Kowloon,HongKong
Referencesurfaceelementmodellingofcompositeplate/shelldelaminationbucklingandpostbuckling,
CompositeStructures,Vol.61,No.3,August2003,pp.255264,doi:10.1016/S02638223(03)000163
ABSTRACT:Arecentlydevelopedreferencesurfaceelementtechniqueisusedtomodelthebehaviourofthe
bucklingandpostbucklingofdelaminatedplatesandshells.Thetechniquecanbeeasilyincorporatedintoany
finiteelementanalysisprogrammeforwhichthebeam,plateandshellelementsetc.satisfytheReissner
Mindlinassumption.Inthispaper,thereferencesurfaceelementformulationofafournodeCoquadrilateral
membraneshearbendingelement(ZQUA24)ispresentedandnumericalinvestigationsareperformedfor
compositeplatesandshellswithvariousdelaminationshapes.Thenumericalresultsshowthatthepresent
techniqueissimple,reliableandabletomodeldelaminationbucklingandpostbucklingbehaviouroflaminated
platesorshells.Observationsofpracticalengineeringsignificanceareobtainedfromthestudy.
YuXieMukherjee(1),ZhichengXie(2)andAnthonyR.Ingraffea(3)
(1)DepartmentofTheoreticalandAppliedMechanics,CornellUniversity,ThurstonHall,Ithaca,NY14853
1503,U.S.A.
(2)DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing,P.R.China
(3)DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,U.S.A.
Delaminationbucklingoflaminatedplates,InternationalJournalforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.
32,No.6,October1991,pp.13211337,doi:10.1002/nme.1620320610
ABSTRACT:Thesubjectofthispaperisthebucklingoflaminatedplates,withapreexistingdelamination,
subjectedtoinplaneloading.EachlaminateismodelledasanorthotropicMindlinplate.Theanalysisiscarried
outbyacombinationofthefiniteelementandasymptoticexpansionmethods.Byapplyingthefiniteelement
method,plateswithgeneraldelaminationregionscanbestudied.Theasymptoticexpansionmethodreducesthe
numberofunknownvariablesoftheeigenvalueequationtothatoftheequationforasingleKirchhoffplate.
Numericalresultsforthecriticalbucklingloadarepresentedforseveralexamples.Theeffectsoftheshape,size
andpositionofthedelaminationonthebucklingloadarestudiedthroughtheseexamples.
M.DiSciuvaandE.Carrera(PolitecnicodiTorino,10129Turin,Italy),"Staticbucklingofmoderatelythick,
anisotropic,laminatedandsandwichcylindricalshellpanels",AIAAJournal,Vol.28,No.10(1990),pp.1782
1793,doi:10.2514/3.10474
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdealswiththedevelopmentofthelinearizedequationgoverningthebucklingbehavior
ofmoderatelythick,anisotropic,laminated,andsandwichcylindricalshellpanelsfacedwithfiberreinforced

plasticunderuniformshearandnormalmembraneforces.Theformulationtakesintoaccountthetransverse
shearflexibility.Twoapproachesfortheapproximatesolutionoftheelasticstabilityequationaredeveloped.
ThefirstapproachisananalyticalapproachoftheGalerkintypeandrestsupontheprincipleofvirtualwork.
Thesecondisafiniteelementdisplacementapproach.Somenumericalresultsarepresentedandcomparedwith
otherresultsfromtheopenliterature.
MarcoDiSciuva(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,PolitecnicodiTorino,CorsoDucadegliAbruzzi,24
10129Turin,Italy),Multilayeredanisotropicplatemodelswithcontinuousinterlaminarstresses,Composite
Structures,Vol.22,No.3,1992,pp.149167,doi:10.1016/02638223(92)90003U
ABSTRACT:Inarecentpaper,theauthorhasdevelopedtheequationsgoverningtheelastodynamicbehaviour
ofmoderatelythickmultilayeredanisotropicplatesbymakinguseofadisplacementfieldwhichallowsanon
linearvariationoftheinplanedisplacementsthroughthelaminatethicknessandfulfilsapriorithestaticand
geometriccontinuityconditions.Inthepresentpaper,theauthorspecializesthoseresultsbydevelopingathird
ordersheardeformationplatemodelwithcontinuousinterlaminarstresses.Toshowtheaccuracyandreliability
oftheproposedapproach,closedformsolutionsaregivenandcomparedwithresultsfromthreedimensional
elasticityandotherapproximatebidimensionalplatemodelswithandwithoutcontinuousinterlaminarstresses.
Basedonthenumericalinvestigationconducted,theproposedapproachappearstoworkverywell.
M.DiSciuva(1),U.Icardi(1)andL.Librescu(2)
(1)DepartmentofAerospaceEngineeringPolitecnicodiTorinoCorsoDucadegliAbruzzi2410129Torino
Italy
(2)VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversityEngngScienceandMechanicsDepartmentBlacksburg,
VA240610219,USA
Onmodelingoflaminatedcompositestructuresfeaturinginterlaminaeimperfections,StudiesinApplied
Mechanics,Vol.45,1997,pp.395404,SpecialIssue:AdvancedMethodsinMaterialsProcessingDefects,
doi:10.1016/S09225382(97)800414
PARTIALABSTRACT:Atheoryofmultilayeredanisotropicplatesfeaturinginterlaminaeimperfectionsinthe
formofinterlayerslipsispresented.Thetheoryrestsuponarepresentationofthedisplacementfieldwhich:i)
fulfillsapriorithetransverseshearstresscontinuityconditionsateachinterfaceofthelaminateandthefree
tractiononthetopandbottomexternalplanesoftheplate,ii)satisfiestherequirementofcontinuous
displacementsattheperfectlybondedinterfaces,andiii)allowsforjumpsintheinplanedisplacementswhen
sliptypeinterlayerimperfectionsarepresent.Numericalresultsillustratingtheirimplicationsuponthelinear
andnonlinearstaticresponseoflaminatedplatesaredisplayedandpertinentconclusionsare
T.E.Tay(1),F.Shen(1),K.H.Lee(1),A.Scaglione(2)andM.DiSciuva(2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanical&ProductionEngineering,NationalUniversityofSingapore,10KentRidge
Crescent,Singapore119260,Singapore
(2)DepartimentodiIngegneriaAeronauticaeSpaziale,PolitecnicodiTorino,CorsoDucaDegliAbruzzi,24,
10129,Torino,Italy

Meshdesigninfiniteelementanalysisofpostbuckleddelaminationincompositelaminates,Composite
Structures,Vol.47,Nos.14,December1999,pp.603611,SpecialIssue:TenthInternationalConferenceon
CompositeStructures,doi:10.1016/S02638223(00)000337
ABSTRACT:Theroleofmeshdesigninthepostbucklinganalysisofdelaminationincompositelaminatesis
addressedinthispaper.Thedeterminationofthestrainenergyreleaserate(SERR)alongthecrackfrontis
centraltotheanalysis.Frequently,theoreticalanalysisislimitedtotreatmentoftheproblemintwodimensions,
sinceconsiderablecomplexityisencounteredinextendingtheanalysistothreedimensions.However,many
practicalproblemsofembeddeddelaminationincompositelaminatesareinherentlythreedimensionalin
nature.Althoughinsuchcases,thefiniteelement(FE)methodcanbeemployed,therearesomeissuesthat
mustbeexaminedmorecloselytoensurephysicallyrealisticmodels.Oneoftheseissuesistheeffectofmesh
designonthedeterminationofthelocalSERRalongthedelaminationfront.Therearefewstudiesthatdeal
withthisaspectsystematically.Inthispaper,theeffectofmeshdesigninthecalculationofSERRintwo
dimensional(2D)andthreedimensional(3D)FEanalysesofthepostbucklingbehaviorofembedded
delaminationsisstudiedandsomeguidelinesonmeshdesignaresuggested.Twomethodsofcalculationofthe
SERRareconsidered:thevirtualcrackclosuretechnique(VCCT)andcrackclosuretechnique(CCT).The2D
analysesconfirmthatiftheneartipmeshissymmetricandconsistsofsquareelements,thentheevaluationof
theSERRisnotsensitivetomeshrefinement,andareasonablycoarsemeshisadequate.Despiteagreementin
theglobalpostbucklingresponseofthedelaminatedpart,theSERRcalculatedusingdifferentunsymmetrical
neartipmeshescouldbedifferent.Therefore,unsymmetricalneartipmeshesshouldbeavoided,as
convergenceoftheSERRwithmeshrefinementcouldnotbeassured.WhiletheresultsusingVCCTandCCT
for2Danalysesagreewellwitheachother,thesetechniquesyielddifferentquantitativeresultswhenappliedto
3Danalyses.Thereasonmaybeduetothewayinwhichthedelaminationgrowthismodeled.TheCCTallows
simultaneousdelaminationadvanceoverfinitecircumferentiallengths,butitisverydifficulttoimplementand
theresultsexhibitmeshdependency.Qualitatively,however,thetwosetsofresultsshowsimilardistributions
ofModeIandModeIIcomponentsoftheSERR.Thisisfortunate,sincetheVCCTisrelativelyeasyto
implement.
TongSeokHan(1),AniUral(1),ChuinShanChen(2),AlanT.Zehnder(3),AnthonyR.Ingraffea(1)and
SarahL.Billington(4),
(1)CornellFractureGroup,FrankRhodesHall,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY14853,U.S.A.Email:
han@stout.cfg.cornell.edu)
(2)ComputerAidedEngineering,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,NationalTaiwanUniversity,Taipei,
Taiwan
(3)DepartmentofTheoreticalandAppliedMechanics,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY14853,U.S.A.
(4)SchoolofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY14853,U.S.A.
Delaminationbucklingandpropagationanalysisofhoneycombpanelsusingacohesiveelementapproach,
InternationalJournalofFracture,Vol.115,No.2,2002,pp.101123,doi:10.1023/A:1016333709040
ABSTRACT:Thecohesiveelementapproachisproposedasatoolforsimulatingdelaminationpropagation
betweenafacesheetandacoreinahoneycombcorecompositepanel.Todeterminethecriticalenergyrelease
rate(Gc)ofthecohesivemodel,DoubleCantileverBeam(DCB)fracturetestswereperformed.Thepeak
strength(sigmac)ofthecohesivemodelwasdeterminedfromFlatwiseTension(FWT)tests.TheDCBcoupon
testwassimulatedusingthemeasuredfractureparameters,andsensitivitystudiesontheparametersforthe
cohesivemodeloftheinterfaceelementwereperformed.ThecohesivemodeldeterminedfromDCBtestswas

thenappliedtoafullscale,914x914mm(36x36in.)debondpanelunderedgecompressionloading,and
resultswerecomparedwithanexperiment.Itisconcludedthatthecohesiveelementapproachcanpredict
delaminationpropagationofahoneycombpanelwithreasonableaccuracy.
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ABSTRACT:Anenergyfunctionalforastructonanonlinearsofteningfoundationisworkedintotwodifferent
lagrangianforms,infastandslowspacerespectively.Thedevelopmentsoriginateindependentlyofthe
underlyingdifferentialequation,andcarrysomequitegeneralfeatures.Ineachcase,thekineticenergyisan
indefinitequadraticform.Infastspace,thisleadstoanescapephenomenonwithfractalproperties.Inslow
space,kineticenergyisaddedtoapotentialcontributionthatisfamiliarfrommodalformulations.Together,
andinconjunctionwitharecentsetofnumericalexperiments,theyillustratetheextracomplexitiesoflocalized,
asopposedtodistributedperiodic,buckling.
G.W.Hunt,M.A.Peletier,A.R.Champneys,P.D.Woods,M.AhmerWadee,C.J.BuddandG.J.Lord,
CellularBucklinginLongStructures,NonlinearDynamics,Vol.21,No.1,329,2000,
DOI:10.1023/A:1008398006403
ABSTRACT:Abstract.Alongstructuralsystemwithanunstable(subcritical)postbucklingresponsethat
subsequentlyrestabilizestypicallydeformsinacellularmanner,withlocalizedbucklesfirstformingandthen
lockingupinsequence.Asbucklingcontinuesoveragrowingnumberofcells,the...
MarcFischer,DavidKennedy(CardiffSchoolofEngineering,CardiffUniversity,POBox686,TheParade,
CardiffCF243TB,UnitedKingdomEmail:FischerM@cf.ac.uk),LocalPostbucklingAnalysisOfCurved
AerospaceStructures,ICAS2000Congress,nodateorpublishergiveninthepdffile,2000?
ABSTRACT:Minimummassdesignofaerospacestructuresisgreatlyenhancedbyallowingfortheir
postbucklingreserveofstrength,whichismainlyduetostressredistributionwithinthestructurefollowing
bucklinginalocalmode.Thepaperfirstoutlinesageometricallynonlinearanalysisforlongitudinally
compressedpanels,inwhichtheratioofpostbucklingtoprebucklingaxialstiffnessisestablishedbyaniterative
procedure,criticalbucklingloadsandmodeshapesbeingfoundbyanexactstripalgorithm.Theanalysisis
illustratedbyitsapplicationtoasimplysupported,curved,stiffenedpanel.Thepapernextdescribesan
incrementalapproachtothelocalpostbucklinganalysisoflongitudinallystiffenedcylindricalshellsloadedby
longitudinalcompressionand/orabendingmoment.Theshellismodelledasacollectionofskin/stiffener
portions,foreachofwhichthecriticalbucklingloadandstiffnessratioaredetermined.Nexttheaxialloadsin
eachportionduetotheappliedloadsarecalculatedunderlinearelasticassumptions,sothatitispossibleto
determinewhichportionwillbucklefirst.Thereafterthebuckledportionismodelledwithareducedstiffness,
sothatthelocationoftheshellsneutralaxischangesandisfoundbyaniterativeimprovementtoamethod
originallydevelopedbyBruhn.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
[1]PowellSM,WilliamsFW,AskarASandKennedyD.Localpostbucklinganalysisforperfectandimperfectlongitudinally
compressedplatesandpanels.Proc.of39thAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterials
Conference,LongBeach,CA,PartI,pp595603,1998.
[2]WilliamsFW,KennedyD,ButlerRandAndersonMS.VICONOPT:programforexactvibrationandbucklinganalysisordesign
ofprismaticplateassemblies.AIAAJournal,Vol.29,No.11,pp19271928,1991.
[3]BruhnEF.Analysisanddesignofflightvehiclestructures.1stedition,SRJacobs,1973.
[4]WittrickWHandWilliamsFW.Bucklingandvibrationofanisotropicorisotropicplateassembliesundercombinedloading.
InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.16,No.4,pp209223,1974.
[5]AndersonMS,WilliamsFWandWrightCJ.Bucklingandvibrationofanyprismaticassemblyofshearandcompressionloaded
anisotropicplateswithanarbitrarysupportingstructure.InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.25,No.8,pp585596,
1983.
[6]KarmanTvon.EnzyklopdiederMathematischenWissenschaften.Vol.IV,p349,1910.

MahdiDamghania,DavidKennedyandCarolFeatherston(CardiffSchoolofEngineering,QueensBuildings,
TheParade,CardiffCF243AA,UnitedKingdom),Criticalbucklingofdelaminatedcompositeplatesusing
exactstiffnessanalysis,Computers&Structures,Vol.89,Nos.1314,July2011,pp.12861294,
doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2011.04.003
ABSTRACT:Thecriticalbucklingofcompositeplateswiththroughthelengthdelaminationsisstudiedusing
exactstiffnessanalysisandtheWittrickWilliamsalgorithm.Computationalefficiencyisachievedbyavoiding
discretisationintoelements,makingthemethodsuitableforpreliminaryaircraftdesign.Numericalresultsfor
longitudinal,transverseandshearloadingshowatransitionfromglobaltolocalbucklingmodesasthe
delaminationwidthisincreased.Thecriticalbucklingstrengthisdramaticallyreducedasthedelaminationis
movedtowardstheplatesurface,butisrelativelyinsensitivetoitswidthwiselocationortotheedgeconditions.
Theresultsarecomparedwithfiniteelementanalysis.
RichardButler(UniversityofBath,Bath,UK),Theoptimisationofwingstructurestheoryorpractice?,
AircraftEngineeringandAerospaceTechnology,Vol.70,No.1,1998,pp.48
ABSTRACT: Computerprogramswhichmodelthestatic,dynamicandaeroelasticresponseofwingstructures,
andwhichpermitoptimisationofsuchstructures,havebeenunderdevelopmentformorethan30years.
However,theindustrialapplicationoftheseprogramsremainssmall.Thispaperprovidesanoverviewofsome
oftheexistingoptimisationmethodswhichmaybeappliedatvariousstagesduringthedesignofwing
structures.Anindicationofthevarietyofdesignvariables,constraintsandobjectivefunctionsavailablewithin
thesemethodsisgiven.Somegeneralconclusionsaredrawn,aboutboththelimitationsandpotential
applicationofsuchstructuraloptimisationtechniques.
M.Lillico(1),R.Butler(1),G.W.Hunt(1),A.Watson(2),D.Kennedy(2)andF.W.Williams(2)
(1)UniversityofBath,Bath,BA27AY,UK
(2)CardiffUniversity,Cardiff,WalesCF243TB,UK
Analysisandtestingofapostbuckledstiffenedpanel,AIAAJournal,Vol.40,No.5,2002,pp.9961000,
doi:INISTCNRS,CoteINIST:214,35400010064955.0230
ABSTRACT:Thesuitabilityofusingtheefficient,linearelasticdesignsoftwareVICONOPTfortheanalysisof
astiffenedpanelwithapostbucklingreserveofstrengthisinvestigated.Alongitudinallycompressedpanel,
whichinitiallybuckledinalocalskinmode,wasanalyzedwithallowancebeingmadefortheeffectsofan
initialoverallimperfection.ThepanelwasalsoanalyzedusingthenonlinearfiniteelementpackageABAQUS.
andfourlaboratoryspecimensthatrepresentthepanelweretestedtofailure.Thesimilarityoftheexperimental
failurewiththeVICONOPTandABAQUSpredictionsindicatesthatVICONOPTcangivesatisfactoryanalysis
resultsforuseinpreliminarydesign.
M.Lillico(1),R.Butler(1),G.W.Hunt(1),A.Watson(2)andD.Kennedy(2)
(1)UniversityofBath,Bath,BA27AY,UK
(2)CardiffUniversity,Cardiff,WalesCF243TB,UK

Postbucklingofstiffenedpanelsusingstrut,strip,andfiniteelementmethods,AIAAJournal,Vol.41,No.6,
2003,pp.11721179,doi:INISTCNRS,CoteINIST:214,35400011832418.0230
ABSTRACT:Postbucklingresultsarepresentedforisotropicstiffenedpanelsloadedincompression.
Comparisonsaremadebetweensinglebayanddoublebayfiniteelement(FE)models(wherebaydenotesa
repeatingportion,betweensupports,intheload/lengthdirection)andanewstrutmodel,followingaShanley
typeapproach,forsinglebayandmultibaypanels.Thestrutmodelhasbeenincorporatedwithinthestrip
programVIPASAwithCONstraintsandOPTimization(VICONOPT)todesignamultibayexamplepanelwith
postbucklingreserveofstrengthinitsskins,assuminglinearelasticmaterialproperties.Thepanelhasbeen
shownbyVICONOPTtohaveastiffenerbucklingfailuremodewhenanoverallsinusoidalimperfection
causingincreasedstiffenercompressionispresent.ThefailureisconfirmedbythedoublebayFEmodel,which
isshowntobeanimperfectrepresentationofthemultibaycase.Singlebayanalysisusingthestrutmodelshows
goodagreementwiththesinglebayFEresults.TheVICONOPTcodeisabletodesignametallicpanelof
realisticdimensionsandloadingusing50stripelements(comparedwiththe9600shellelementsrequiredbythe
finiteelementmodel)butcannotcorrectlyaccountformaterialnonlinearity.Theimportantphenomenological
differencebetweenpostbucklingofsingle,double,andmultibaypanelmodelsareindicated.
G.W.Hunt,B.Hu,R.Butler,D.P.Almond,J.E.Wright(UniversityofBath,Bath,BA27AY,UK),
Nonlinearmodelingofdelaminatedstruts,AIAAJournal,Vol.42,No.11,pp.23642372,2004
ABSTRACT:Aphenomenologicaloverviewofthebucklingandpostbucklingoffullyandpartially
delaminatedstrutsisdevelopedusingasimplefourdegreeoffreedomnonlinearRayleighRitzformulation.
Bifurcationanalysisindicatesthatinstabilityoccursingeneralatanasymmetricpointofbifurcation.After
bifurcation,realisticsolutionsareseentofollowthestablepartofthepostbucklingpath,withtheunstable
branchbeingdeniedbycontactbetweenthecontributinglaminates.Dependingonthegeometryandpositionof
thedelamination,thoroughlystable(thinfilm),effectivelyneutral(overall),orpotentiallyunstable(mixed
mode)bucklingcanoccurinthepostbucklingrange.Numericallyobtainedequilibriumsolutionsofthemodel
arefoundtocomparewellwiththoseobtainedusingthefiniteelementcodeABAQUS.Criticaldelamination
depths,wheretheresponseundergoesachangeinform,arediscoveredatpositionsofsecondarybifurcation.
Themultiplicityofequilibriumsolutionsthatariseatsuchpointsareseentocausepossibleproblemsofpath
selectionforstandardfiniteelementroutines.
W.Liu,R.Butler,A.R.MilehamandA.J.Green(UniversityofBath,BA27AYBath,UK),Bilevel
optimizationandpostbucklingofhighlystrainedcompositestiffenedpanels,AIAAJournal,Vol.44,No.11,
2006,pp.25622570,doi:INISTCNRS,CoteINIST:214,35400015886436.0150
ABSTRACT:Thepaperpresentsabilevelstrategyfortheefficientoptimumdesignofcompositestiffened
panelsusingVICONOPT,afastrunningoptimizationpackagebasedonlineareigenvaluebucklingtheory,and
embracingpracticalcompositedesignrules.Panelleveloptimizationfindsaminimumweightcrosssectional
geometrybasedonasubstitutionofequivalentorthotropicplatesforlaminatedplates.Optimizationatthe
laminatelevelfindsstackingsequencessatisfyinglaminatedesignrules.VICONOPTmodelsarevalidatedwith
ABAQUSfiniteelementmodels,andwithexperimentalcompressivetestingoftwobladestiffenedpanels.The
bucklingandpostbucklingbehaviorofthetwopanels,withinitialbucklinginthestiffenersandskin,
respectively,isinvestigatedinahighloadandhighstrainrange.Thebilevelstrategyisevaluatedbythedesign
ofarelativelyshortZstiffenedpanelwhichhasbeenmanufacturedandtested,andalsobydesignofalong

wingcoverpanelwithcombinedloads.Theweightsavingfromthewingcoverpanelis13%comparedwithan
existingdatumdesign.Thisdemonstratedthatthestrategyisefficient,reliable,andextendableintothelong
panelrange.
Petrov,M.B.andTesfa,B,ApplicationofLegendresassociatedequationtotheproblemofshellbuckling,
Sinet(ISSN03792897,Vo.17,No.2,pp125134,December,1994
DanilVandepitte(UniversityofGhent),Confrontationofshellbucklingresearchresultswiththecollapseofa
steelwatertower,
JournalofConstructionalSteelResearch,Vol.49,No.3,March1999,pp.303314
Noor,A.K.andMathers,M.D.(GeorgeWashingtonUniversityCenteratNASALangleyResearchCenter,
Hampton,Virginia.U.S.A.),Finiteelementanalysisofanisotropicplates,InternationalJournalforNumerical
MethodsinEngineering,Vol.11,No.2,1977,pp.289307.doi:10.1002/nme.1620110206
ABSTRACT:Twoaspectsofthefiniteelementanalysisofmidplanesymmetricallylaminatedanisotropic
platesareconsideredinthispaper.Thefirstpertainstoexploitingthesymmetriesexhibitedbyanisotropic
platesintheiranalysis.Thesecondaspectpertainstotheeffectsofanisotropyandsheardeformationonthe
accuracyandconvergenceofshearflexibledisplacementfiniteelementmodels.Numericalresultsarepresented
whichshowtheeffectsofincreasingtheorderofapproximatingpolynomialsandofusingderivativesof
generalizeddisplacementsasnodalparameters.
Noor,A.K.andPeters,J.M.(GeorgeWashingtonUniversityCenteratNASALangleyResearchCenter,
Hampton,Virginia,U.S.A.),Nonlinearanalysisviagloballocalmixedfiniteelementapproach,International
JournalforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.15,No.9,September1980,pp.13631380.
doi:10.1002/nme.1620150909
ABSTRACT:Acomputationalalgorithm,basedonthecombineduseofmixedfiniteelementsandclassical
RayleighRitzapproximation,ispresentedforpredictingthenonlinearstaticresponseofstructures;The
fundamentalunknownsconsistofnodaldisplacementsandforces(orstresses)andthegoverningnonlinear
finiteelementequationsconsistofboththeconstitutiverelationsandequilibriumequationsofthediscretized
structure.Thevectorofnodaldisplacementsandforces(orstresses)isexpressedasalinearcombinationofa
smallnumberofglobalapproximationfunctions(orbasisvectors),andaRayleighRitztechniqueisusedto
approximatethefiniteelementequationsbyareducedsystemofnonlinearequations.Theglobalapproximation
functions(orbasisvectors)arechosentobethosecommonlyusedinstaticperturbationtechnique;namelya
nonlinearsolutionandanumberofitspathderivatives.Theseglobalfunctionsaregeneratedbyusingthefinite
elementequationsofthediscretizedstructure.Thepotentialofthegloballocalmixedapproachandits
advantagesovergloballocaldisplacementfiniteelementmethodsarediscussed.Also,thehighaccuracyand
effectivenessoftheproposedapproacharedemonstratedbymeansofnumericalexamples.
Noor,A.K.(1)andAndersen,C.M.(2)
(1)GeorgeWashingtonUniversityCenteratNASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,U.S.A.

(2)CollegeofWilliamandMaryinVirginia,Williamsburg,Virginia,U.S.A.
Mixedmodelsandreduced/selectiveintegrationdisplacementmodelsfornonlinearshellanalysis,
InternationalJournalforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.18,No.10,October1982,pp.14291454.
doi:10.1002/nme.1620181002
ABSTRACT:Simplemixedmodelsaredevelopedforthegeometricallynonlinearanalysisofshells.Atotal
Lagrangiandescriptionoftheshelldeformationisused,andtheanalyticalformulationisbasedonaformofthe
nonlinearshallowshelltheorywiththeeffectsoftransversesheardeformationandbendingextensional
couplingincluded.Thefundamentalunknownsconsistofeightstressresultantsandfivegeneralized
displacementsoftheshell,andtheelementcharacteristicarraysareobtainedbyusingtheHellingerReissner
mixedvariationalprinciple.Thepolynomialinterpolation(orshape)functionsusedinapproximatingthestress
resultantsare,ingeneral,ofdifferentdegreethanthoseusedforapproximatingthegeneralizeddisplacements.
Thestressresultantsarediscontinuousattheelementboundariesandareeliminatedontheelementlevel.The
equivalenceandnearequivalencebetweenthemixedmodelsdevelopedhereinanddisplacementmodels
basedonreduced/selectiveintegrationofbothtransverseshearandextensionalenergytermsisdiscussed.The
useofreductionmethodsinconjunctionwiththemixedmodelsisoutlinedandtheadvantagesofmixedmodels
overdisplacementmodelsaredelineated.Analyticexpressionsarederivedfortherigidbodyandspurious(or
zeroenergy)modelsforthevariousmixedmodelsandtheirequivalentdisplacementmodels.Also,the
advantagesofmixedmodelsoverequivalentdisplacementmodelsareoutlined.Numericalresultsarepresented
todemonstratethehighaccuracyandeffectivenessofthemixedmodelsdeveloped,andtocomparetheir
performancewithothermixedmodelsreportedintheliterature.
AhmedK.NoorandJeanneM.Peters(GeorgeWashingtonUniversityCenteratNASALangleyResearch
Center,Hampton,VA23665,U.S.A.),Recentadvancesinreductionmethodsforinstabilityanalysisof
structures,Computers&Structures,Vol.16,Nos.14,1983,pp.6780,doi:10.1016/00457949(83)901487
ABSTRACT:Statusandsomerecentadvancesintheapplicationofreductionmethodstoinstabilityanalysisof
structuresaresummarized.Theaspectsofreductionmethodsdiscussedhereininclude:(a)multipleparameter
reductionmethodsforinstabilityanalysisofstructuressubjectedtocombinedloads;(b)useofmixedmodelsin
conjunctionwithreductionmethodsforinstabilityanalysis;and(c)applicationofreductionmethodsto
instabilityproblemswithdisplacementdependentandnonconservativeloadings.Numericalexamplesare
presentedtodemonstratetheeffectivenessofreductionmethodsininstabilityanalysis.Also,researchareas
whichhavehighpotentialforapplicationofreductionmethodsareidentified.
Noor,A.K.andPeters,J.M.(GeorgeWashingtonUniversityCenteratNASALangleyResearchCenter,
Hampton,Virginia,U.S.A),Multipleparameterreducedbasistechniqueforbifurcationandpostbuckling
analysesofcompositeplates,InternationalJournalforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.19,No.12,
December1983,pp.17831803.doi:10.1002/nme.1620191206
ABSTRACT:Amultipleparameterreducedbasistechniqueandaproblemadaptivecomputationalalgorithm
arepresentedforthebifurcationandpostbucklinganalysesofcompositeplatessubjectedtocombined
loadings.Thecomputationalalgorithmcanbeconvenientlydividedintothreedistinctstages.Thefirststageis
thatofdeterminingthestabilityboundary.Theplateisdiscretizedbyusingdisplacementfiniteelementmodels
andtheanalysisregionisreducedbyexploitingthespecialsymmetriesexhibitedbytheresponseoftheplate.
Thevectorofunknownnodaldisplacementsisexpressedasalinearcombinationofasmallnumberofpath

derivatives(derivativesofthenodaldisplacementswithrespecttopathparameters),andaRayleighRitz
techniqueisusedtoapproximatethefiniteelementequationsbyasmallsystemofalgebraicequations.The
reducedequationsareusedtodeterminethestabilityboundaryoftheplate.Inthesecondstage,anonllnear
solutioninthevicinityofthestabilityboundaryisobtainedbyusingabifurcationbucklingmodeasapredictor,
andasetofreducedequationsisgenerated.Inthethirdstage,thereducedequationsareusedtotracepost
bucklingpathscorrespondingtovariouscombinationsoftheloadparameters.Thepotentialoftheproposed
approachisdiscussedanditseffectivenessisdemonstratedbymeansofanumericalexampleoflaminated
compositeplatesubjectedtocombinedcompressiveandshearloadings.
Noor,A.K.(GeorgeWashingtonUniversityCenteratNASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,
U.S.A.),Reductionmethodforthenonlinearanalysisofsymmetricanisotropicpanels,InternationalJournal
forNumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.23,No.7,July1986,pp.13291341.
doi:10.1002/nme.1620230710
ABSTRACT:Reductionmethodandcomputationalproceduresarepresentedforreducingthesizeofthe
analysismodelandthenumberofdegreesoffreedomusedinpredictingthenonlinearresponseofsymmetric
anisotropicpanels.Thetwokeyelementsofthemethodare(a)operatorsplitting,ordecompositionofthe
characteristicarraysofthefiniteelementmodelintosumsoforthotropicandnonorthotropiccontributions,(b)
applicationofareductionmethodthroughthesuccessiveuseofthefiniteelementmethodandtheclassical
RayleighRitztechnique.Thefiniteelementmethodisfirstusedtogenerateasmallnumberofglobal
approximationvectors(ormodes).Thentheamplitudesofthesemodesarecomputedbyusingtheclassical
RayleighRitztechnique.Theglobalapproximationvectorsareselectedtobethosecommonlyusedinsingle(or
multiple)parameterperturbationtechniques,namelyanonlinearsolutioncorrespondingtozeronon
orthotropicarraysandanumberofitsderivativeswithrespecttoananisotropictracingparameter(andpossibly,
toaloadorarclengthparameterinthesolutionspace).Thesizeoftheanalysismodelusedingeneratingthe
globalapproximationvectorsisidenticaltothatofthecorrespondingorthotropicstructure.Theeffectivenessof
theproposedreductionmethodisdemonstratedbymeansofanumericalexample,anditspotentialforsolving
quasisymmetricnonlinearproblemsofanisotropicpanelsisdiscussed.
Noor,A.K.andPeters,J.M.(GeorgeWashingtonUniversityCenter,MS269,NASALangleyResearch
Center,Hampton,Virginia23665,U.S.A.),Preconditionedconjugategradienttechniquefortheanalysisof
symmetricanisotropicstructures,InternationalJournalforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.24,No.
11,November1987,pp.20572070.doi:10.1002/nme.1620241104
ABSTRACT:Anofficientpreconditionedconjugategradient(PCG)techniqueandacomputationalprocedure
arepresentedfortheanalysisofsymmetricanisotropicstructures.Thetechniqueisbasedonselectingthe
preconditioningmatrixastheorthotropicpartoftheglobalstiffnessmatrixofthestructure,withallthe
nonorthotropictermssetequaltozero.Thisparticularchoiceofthepreconditioningmatrixresultsinreducing
thesizeoftheanalysismodeloftheanisotropicstructuretothatofthecorrespondingorthotropicstructure.The
similaritiesbetweentheproposedPCGtechniqueandareductiontechniquepreviouslypresentedbytheauthors
areidentifiedandexploitedtogeneratefromthePCGtechniquedirectmeasuresforthesensitivityofthe
differentresponsequantitiestothenonorthotropic(anisotropic)materialcoefficientsofthestructure.The
effectivenessofthePCGtechniqueisdemonstratedbymeansofanumericalexampleofananisotropic
cylindricalpanel.

Noor,A.K.andPeters,J.M.(GeorgeWashingtonUniversity,NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,
Virginia,U.S.A.),Stressandvibrationanalysesofanisotropicshellsofrevolution,InternationalJournalfor
NumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.26,No.5,May1988,pp.11451167.doi:10.1002/nme.1620260510
ABSTRACT:Anefficientcomputationalstrategyispresentedforreducingthecostofthestressandfree
vibrationanalysesoflaminatedanisotropicshellsofrevolution.Theanalyticalformulationisbasedonaform
oftheSandersBudianskyshelltheoryincludingtheeffectsofboththetransversesheardeformationandthe
laminatedanisotropicmaterialresponse.Thefundamentalunknownsconsistoftheeightstraincomponents,the
eightstressresultantsandthefivegeneralizeddisplacementsoftheshell.Eachoftheshellvariablesis
expressedintermsoftrigonometricfunctions(Fourierseries)inthecircumferentialcoordinate,andathree
fieldmixedfiniteelementmodelisusedforthediscretizationinthemeridionaldirection.Theshellresponse
associatedwitharangeofFourierharmonicsisapproximatedbyalinearcombinationofafewglobal
approximationvectors,whicharegeneratedataparticularvalueoftheFourierharmonic,withinthatrange.The
fullequationsofthefiniteelementmodelaresolvedforonlyasingleFourierharmonic,andtheresponse
correspondingtotheotherFourierharmonicsisgeneratedusingareducedsystemofequationswith
considerablyfewerdegreesoffreedom.
Noor,A.K.andWhitworth,S.L.(GeorgeWashingtonUniversity,NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,
VA,U.S.A.),Reanalysisprocedureforlargestructuralsystems,InternationalJournalforNumericalMethods
inEngineering,Vol.26,No.8,August1988,pp.17291748.doi:10.1002/nme.1620260805
ABSTRACT:Anefficientprocedureispresentedforrepetitiveanalysisofstructures,withlargenumbersof
degreesoffreedomanddesignvariables,astheyareprogressivelymodifiedduringtheautomatedoptimum
designprocess.Thethreekeyelementsoftheprocedureare:(a)lumpingofthelargenumberofdesign
variablesintoasingletracingparameter;(b)operatorsplittingoradditivedecompositionofthedifferentarrays
inthegoverningfiniteelementequationsofthemodifiedstructureintothecorrespondingarraysoftheoriginal
structurepluscorrectionterms;and(c)applicationofareductionmethodthroughthesuccessiveuseofthe
finiteelementmethodandtheclassicalBubnovGalerkintechnique.Thereanalysisprocedureisappliedtothe
linearstaticandfreevibrationproblemsofframedstructures.Changesinboththesizingandshape
(configuration)designvariablesareconsidered.Forstaticproblemsthesimilaritiesbetweentheproposed
procedureandthepreconditionedconjugategradienttechniqueareidentifiedandareexploitedtoprovidea
physicalmeaningforthepreconditionedresidualvectors.Theeffectivenessoftheproposedprocedureis
demonstratedbymeansofnumericalexamples.
Noor,A.K.andPeters,J.M.(GeorgeWashingtonUniversity,MS269,NASALangleyResearchCenter,
Hampton,VA236655225,U.S.A.),Bucklingandpostbucklinganalysesoflaminatedanisotropicstructures,
InternationalJournalforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.27,No.2,September1989,pp.383401.
doi:10.1002/nme.1620270211
ABSTRACT:Areviewisgivenofrecentadvancesintwoaspectsofthenumericalsimulationofthebuckling
andpostbucklingresponsesofcompositestructures.Thefirstaspectisexploitingnontraditionalsymmetries
exhibitedbycompositestructures;andstrategiesforreducingthesizeofthemodelandthecostofthebuckling
andpostbucklinganalysesinthepresenceofsymmetrybreakingconditions(e.g.asymmetryofthematerial,

geometry,and/orloading).Thesecondaspectpertainstothepredictionofonsetoflocaldelaminationinthe
postbucklingrangeandaccuratedeterminationoftransverseshearstressesinthestructure.Theaccuracyand
effectivenessofthestrategiesdevelopedaredemonstratedbymeansofanumericalexample
AhmedK.NoorandW.ScottBurton(GeorgeWashingtonUniversity,MS269,NASALangleyResearch
Center,Hampton,Virginia236655225,USA),Assessmentofcomputationalmodelsformultilayered
anisotropicplates,CompositeStructures,Vol.14,No.3,1990,pp.233265,
doi:10.1016/02638223(90)90050O
ABSTRACT:Astudyismadeoftheeffectsofvariationinthelaminationandgeometricparametersof
multilayeredanisotropic(nonorthotropic)platesontheaccuracyofthestaticandvibrationalresponses
predictedbyeightmodelingapproaches,basedontwodimensionalsheardeformationtheories.Twokey
elementsdistinguishthepresentstudyfrompreviousstudiesreportedintheliterature:(1)thestandardof
comparisonistakentobetheexactthreedimensionalelasticitysolutions,and(2)quantitiescomparedarenot
limitedtogrossresponsecharacteristics(e.g.vibrationfrequencies,strainenergycomponents,averagethrough
thethicknessdisplacementsandrotations),butincludedetailedthroughthethicknessdistributionsof
displacements,stressesandstrainenergydensities.
AhmedK.Noor,KyunO.KimandJohnA.Tanner(GeorgeWashingtonUniversity,NASALangleyResearch
Center,Hampton,VA,U.S.A),Analysisofaircrafttiresviasemianalyticfiniteelements,FiniteElementsin
AnalysisandDesign,Vol.6,No.3,March1990,pp.217233,doi:10.1016/0168874X(90)90028D
ABSTRACT:Acomputationalprocedureispresentedforthegeometricallynonlinearanalysisofaircrafttires.
Thetirewasmodeledbyusingatwodimensionallaminatedanisotropicshelltheorywiththeeffectsof
variationinmaterialandgeometricparametersincluded.Thefourkeyelementsoftheprocedureare:(1)
semianalyticfiniteelementsinwhichtheshellvariablesarerepresentedbyFourierseriesinthecircumferential
directionandpiecewisepolynomialsinthemeridionaldirection;(2)amixedformulationwiththefundamental
unknownsconsistingofstrainparameters,stressresultantparameters,andgeneralizeddisplacements;(3)
multileveloperatorsplittingtoeffectsuccessivesimplifications,andtouncoupletheequationsassociatedwith
differentFourierharmonics;and(4)multileveliterativeproceduresandreductiontechniquestogeneratethe
responseoftheshell.
A.K.NoorandJ.M.Peters(CenterforComputationalStructuresTechnology,UniversityofVirginia,NASA
LangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,U.S.A.),Thermalpostbucklingofthinwalledcomposite
stiffeners,ComputingSystemsinEngineering,Vol.2,No.1,1991,pp.115,SpecialIssue:Computational
StructuresTechnology,doi:10.1016/09560521(91)900354
ABSTRACT:Astudyismadeofthethermalpostbucklingresponseofcompositestiffenerssubjectedto
prescribededgedisplacementandatemperaturerise.Theflangesandwebofthestiffenersaremodeledby
usingtwodimensionalplatefiniteelements.Amixedformulationisusedwiththefundamentalunknowns
consistingofthegeneralizeddisplacementsandthestressresultantsoftheplate.Areductionmethodisusedin
conjunctionwithmixedfiniteelementmodelsfordeterminingthepostbucklingresponseofthestiffeners.
Sensitivityderivativesareevaluatedandusedtostudytheeffectsofvariationsinthedifferentlaminationand

materialparametersofthestiffenersontheirpostbucklingresponsecharacteristics.Numericalstudiesare
presentedforanisotropicstiffenerswithZeeandchannelsections.
Noor,A.K.andPeters,J.M.(CenterforComputationalStructuresTechnology,UniversityofVirginia,NASA
LangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA23665,U.S.A.),Strategiesforlargescalestructuralproblemson
highperformancecomputers,CommunicationsinAppliedNumericalMethods,Vol.7,No.6,September
1991,pp.465478.doi:10.1002/cnm.1630070607
ABSTRACT:Novelcomputationalstrategiesarepresentedfortheanalysisoflargeandcomplexstructures.
Thestrategiesarebasedongeneratingtheresponseofthecomplexstructureusinglargeperturbationsfromthat
ofasimplermodel,associatedwithasimplerstructure(orasimplermathematical/discretemodeloftheoriginal
structure).Numericalexamplesarepresentedtodemonstratetheeffectivenessofthestrategiesdeveloped.
AhmedK.Noor,W.ScottBurtonandJeanneM.Peters(UniversityofVirginia,NASALangleyResearch
Center,Hampton,VA23665,U.S.A.),Assessmentofcomputationalmodelsformultilayeredcomposite
cylinders,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.27,No.10,1991,pp.12691286,
doi:10.1016/00207683(91)901629
ABSTRACT:Astudyismadeoftheeffectsofvariationinthelaminationandgeometricparametersof
multilayeredcompositecylindersontheaccuracyofthestaticandvibrationalresponsespredictedbyeight
modelingapproaches,basedontwodimensionalsheardeformationshelltheories.Thestandardofcomparison
istakentobetheexactthreedimensionalelasticitysolutions,andthequantitiescomparedincludeboththe
grossresponsecharacteristics(e.g.vibrationfrequencies,strainenergycomponents,averagethroughthe
thicknessdisplacementsandrotations):anddetailed,throughthethickness.distributionsofdisplacements,
stressesandstrainenergydensities.Basedonthenumericalstudiesconducted,apredictorcorrectorapproach,
usedinconjunctionwiththefirstordersheardeformationtheory(withfivedisplacementparametersinthe
predictorphase),appearstobethemosteffectiveamongtheeightmodelingapproachesconsidered.For
multilayeredorthotropiccylinderstheresponsequantitiesobtainedbythepredictorcorrectorapproachare
showntobeincloseagreementwiththeexactthreedimensionalelasticitysolutionsforawiderangeof
laminationandgeometricparameters.Thepotentialofthisapproachforpredictingtheresponseofmultilayered
shellswithcomplicatedgeometryisalsodiscussed.
Noor,A.K.andPeters,J.M.(CenterforComputationalStructuresTechnology,UniversityofVirginia,NASA
LangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA23665,U.S.A.),Postbucklingofmultilayeredcompositeplates
subjectedtocombinedaxialandthermalloads,FiniteElementsinAnalysisandDesign,Vol.11,No.2,June
1992,pp.91104,doi:10.1016/0168874X(92)90044D
ABSTRACT:Astudyismadeofthepostbucklingresponseofcompositeplatessubjectedtocombinedaxial
andthermalloadings.Theanalysisisbasedonafirstordersheardeformation,vonKrmntypenonlinearplate
theory.Amixedformulationisusedwiththefundamentalunknownsconsistingofthegeneralized
displacementsandthestressresultantsoftheplate.Anefficientreductionmethodisusedinconjunctionwith
mixedfiniteelementmodelsfordeterminingthestabilityboundaryandthepostbucklingresponseoftheplate.
Sensitivityderivativesareevaluatedandusedtostudythesensitivityofthepostbucklingresponsetovariations
inthedifferentlaminationandmaterialparametersoftheplate.Forquasiisotropicplates,numericalresultsare

presentedshowingtheeffectsofvariationsinthematerialcharacteristicsandfiberorientationofindividual
layersonthepostbucklingresponseoftheplate.
AhmedK.Noor(1),JamesH.Starnes,Jr.(2)andJeanneM.Peters(1)
(1)CenterforComputationalStructuresTechnology,UniversityofVirginia,MailStop210,Hampton,Virginia
23681,USA
(2)MailStop190,NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia23681,USA
Thermomechanicalbucklingandpostbucklingofmultilayeredcompositepanels,CompositeStructures,Vol.
23,No.3,1993,pp.233251,doi:10.1016/02638223(93)90225F
ABSTRACT:Astudyismadeofthethermomechanicalbucklingandpostbucklingresponsesofflatunstiffened
compositepanels.Thepanelsaresubjectedtocombinedtemperaturechangeandappliededgedisplacement.
Theanalysisisbasedonafirstordersheardeformation,vonKarmantypenonlinearplatetheory.Amixed
formulationisusedwiththefundamentalunknownsconsistingofthegeneralizeddisplacementsandthestress
resultantsoftheplate.Anefficientmultipleparameterreductionmethodisusedinconjunctionwithmixed
finiteelementmodels,fordeterminingthestabilityboundaryandpostbucklingresponse.Thereductionmethod
isalsousedforevaluatingthesensitivitycoefficientswhichmeasurethesensitivityofthebucklingand
postbucklingresponsestovariationsinthedifferentlaminationandmaterialparametersofthepanel.Numerical
resultsarepresentedshowingtheeffectsofvariationsinthelaminatestackingsequence,fiberorientation,
numberoflayersandaspectratioofthepanelsonthethermomechanicalbucklingandpostbucklingresponses
andtheirsensitivity.
AhmedK.Noorand(CenterforComputationalStructuresTechnology,UniversityofVirginia,NASALangley
ResearchCenter,Hampton,VA23681,USA),Finiteelementbucklingandpostbucklingsolutionsfor
multilayeredcompositepanels,FiniteElementsinAnalysisandDesign,Vol.15,No.4,February1994,pp.
343367,doi:10.1016/0168874X(94)900264
ABSTRACT:Astudyismadeofthebucklingandpostbucklingresponsesofflat,unstiffenedcompositepanels
subjectedtovariouscombinationsofmechanicalandthermalloads.Theanalysisisbasedonafirstordershear
deformationvonKrmntypeplatetheory.Amixedformulationisusedwiththefundamentalunknowns
consistingofthestraincomponents,stressresultantsandthegeneralizeddisplacementsoftheplate.The
stabilityboundary,postbucklingresponseandthesensitivitycoefficientsareevaluated.Thesensitivity
coefficientsmeasurethesensitivityofthebucklingandpostbucklingresponsestovariationsinthedifferent
laminationandmaterialparametersofthepanel.Numericalresultsarepresentedforbothsolidpanelsand
panelswithcentralcircularcutouts.Theresultsshowtheeffectsofthevariationsinthefiberorientationangles,
aspectratioofthepanel,andtheholediameter(forpanelswithcutouts)onthestabilityboundary,postbuckling
responseandsensitivitycoefficients.
AhmedK.Noor,W.ScottBurtonandJeanneM.Peters(CenterforComputationalStructuresTechnology,
UniversityofVirginia,NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA23681,USA),Hierarchicaladaptive
modelingofstructuralsandwichesandmultilayeredcompositepanels,AppliedNumericalMathematics,
Vol.14,Nos.13,April1994,pp.6990,doi:10.1016/01689274(94)900191
ABSTRACT:Somerecentadvancesinthehierarchicalmodelingstrategiesarereviewedwithspecialemphasis

onapplicationstomultilayeredcompositepanels.Discussionfocusesonthekeyelementsofhierarchical
adaptivemodeling;multimodelpredictorandcorrectormodelingprocedures;potentialforsolvinglarge
complexproblems;andtheneededdevelopmenttorealizethispotential.Numericalstudiesarepresentedfor
freevibrationsofthermallystressedmultilayeredcompositepanelsandstructuralsandwicheswithcomposite
facesheetsdemonstratingtheeffectivenessofthemultimodelpredictorcorrectormodelingapproaches.
Kulkarni,M.andNoor,A.K.(CenterforComputationalStructuresTechnology,UniversityofVirginia,NASA
LangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA,23681,U.S.A.),Sensitivityanalysisofthenonlineardynamic
viscoplasticresponseof2Dstructureswithrespecttomaterialparameters,InternationalJournalforNumerical
MethodsinEngineering,Vol.38,No.2,January1995,pp.183198.doi:10.1002/nme.1620380203
ABSTRACT:Acomputationalprocedureispresentedforevaluatingthesensitivitycoefficientsofthe
viscoplasticresponseofstructuressubjectedtodynamicloading.Astateofplanestressisassumedtoexistin
thestructure,avelocitystrainCauchystressformulationisused,andthegeometricnonlinearitiesarisingfrom
largestrainsareincorporated.TheJaumannrateisusedasaframeindifferentstressrate.Thematerialmodelis
chosentobeisothermalviscoplasticity,andanassociatedflowruleisusedwithavonMiseseffectivestress.
Theequationsofmotionemanatingfromafiniteelementsemidiscretizationareintegratedusinganexplicit
centraldifferenceschemewithanimplicitstressupdate.Thesensitivitycoefficientsareevaluatedusingadirect
differentiationapproach.Sincethedomainofintegrationisthecurrentconfiguration,thesensitivitycoefficients
ofthespatialderivativesoftheshapefunctionsmustbeincluded.Numericalresultsarepresentedforathin
platewithacentralcircularcutoutsubjectedtoaninplanecompressiveloading.Thesensitivitycoefficientsare
generatedbyevaluatingthederivativesoftheresponsequantitieswithrespecttoYoung'smodulus,andtwoof
thematerialparameterscharacterizingtheviscoplasticresponse.Timehistoriesoftheresponseandsensitivity
coefficients,andspatialdistributionsatselectedtimesarepresented.
W.ScottBurtonandAhmedK.Noor(CenterforComputationalStructuresTechnology,UniversityofVirginia,
NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA23681,USA),Assessmentofcomputationalmodelsfor
sandwichpanelsandshells,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.124,Nos.12,
June1995,pp.125151,doi:10.1016/00457825(94)00750H
ABSTRACT:Astudyismadeoftheeffectsofvariationinthematerialandgeometricparametersofcurved
sandwichpanelsontheaccuracyofthestaticresponsepredictedbyninedifferentmodelingappraochesbased
ontwodimensionalshelltheories.Thestandardofcomparisonistakentobetheexactthreedimensional
thermoelasticitysolutions,andthequantitiescomparedincludegrossresponsecharacteristics(e.g.strainenergy
components,averagethroughthethicknessdisplacementsandrotations);detailed,throughthethickness
distributionsofdisplacementsandstresses;andsensitivitycoefficientsoftheresponsequantities(derivativesof
responsequantitieswithrespecttomaterialandgeometricparametersofthesandwichstructure).Extensive
numericalstudiesareconductedtoassesstheaccuracyofboththeglobalanddetailedresponsecharacteristics
andtheirsensitivitycoefficientsobtainedbyninetwodimensionalmodelingapproaches.Foraccurate
determinationofdetailedthroughthethicknessdistributionssuchastransversestresses,eitherhighorder
discretethreelayermodelsorpredictorcorrectorapproachesarerequired.Thepotentialofpredictorcorrector
approachesforpredictingthethermomechanicalresponseofsandwichpanelsandshellswithcomplicated
geometryisalsodiscussed.

AhmedK.Noor(1),JamesH.Starnes,Jr.(2)andJeanneM.Peters(1)
(1)CenterforComputationalStructuresTechnology,UniversityofVirginia,MailStop210,Hampton,Virginia
23681,USA
(2)MailStop190,NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia23681,USA
Thermomechanicalpostbucklingofmultilayeredcompositepanelswithcutouts,CompositeStructures,Vol.
30,No.4,1995,pp.369388,doi:10.1016/02638223(94)000557
ABSTRACT:Theresultsofastudyofthedetailedthermomechanicalpostbucklingresponsecharacteristicsof
flatunstiffenedcompositepanelswithcentralcircularcutoutsarepresented.Thepanelsaresubjectedto
combinedtemperaturechangesandappliededgeloading(oredgedisplacements).Theanalysisisbasedona
firstordersheardeformationplatetheory.Amixedformulationisusedwiththefundamentalunknowns
consistingofthegeneralizeddisplacementsandthestressresultantsoftheplate.Thepostbuckling
displacements,transverseshearstresses,transverseshearstrainenergydensity,andtheirsensitivitycoefficients
areevaluated.Thesensitivitycoefficientsmeasurethesensitivityofthepostbucklingresponsetovariationsin
thedifferentlaminationandmaterialparametersofthepanel.Numericalresultsarepresentedshowingthe
effectsofthevariationsintheholediameter,laminatestackingsequence,fiberorientation,andaspectratioof
thepanelonthethermomechanicalpostbucklingresponseanditssensitivitytochangesinpanelparameters.
A.K.Noor,Finiteelementbucklingandpostbucklinganalyses,Chapter3inBucklingandpostbucklingof
compositeplates,editedbyG.J.TurveyandI.H.Marshall,Chapman&Hall,London,1995,
ISBN0412591200
PARTIALINTRODUCTION:Thephysicalunderstandingandnumericalsimulationofthebucklingand
posstbucklingresponsesoflaminatedanisotropicplateshavebeenthefocusofintenseeffortsbecauseofthe
extendeduseoffibrouscompositesinaerospace,automotive,shipbuildingandotherindustries,andtheneedto
establishthepracticallimitsoftheloadcarryingcapabilityofstructuresmadefromthesematerials.
AhmedK.Noor(UniversityofVirginia,NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia23681),Recent
advancesinthesensitivityanalysisforthethermomechanicalpostbucklingofcompositepanels,inAerospace
thermalstructuresandmaterialsforanewera,editedbyEarlArthurThornton,Volume168oftheProgressin
AstronauticsandAeronauticsseries,AIAA,1995
ABSTRACT:Threerecentdevelopmentsinthesensitivityanalysisforthethermomechanicalpostbuckling
responseofcompositepanelsarereviewed.Thethreedevelopmentsare:effectivecomputationalprocedurefor
evaluatinghierarchicalsensitivitycoefficientsofthevariousresponsequantitieswithrespecttothedifferent
laminate,layer,andmicromechanicalcharacteristics;applicationofreductionmethodstothesensitivity
analysisofthepostbucklingresponse;andaccurateevaluationofthesensitivitycoefficientsoftransverseshear
stresses.Samplenumericalresultsarepresentedtodemonstratetheeffectivenessofthecomputational
procedurespresented.Someofthefuturedirectionsforresearchonsensitivityanalysisforthe
thermomechanicalpostbucklingresponseofcompositeandsmartstructuresareoutlined.
YongH.KimandAhmedK.Noor(CenterforComputationalStructuresTechnology,UniversityofVirginia,
NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA23681,USA),Bucklingandpostbucklingofcompositepanels

withcutoutssubjectedtocombinedloads,FiniteElementsinAnalysisandDesign,Vol.22,No.2,June1996,
pp.163185,doi:10.1016/0168874X(95)00052U
ABSTRACT:Adetailedstudyismadeofthebucklingandpostbucklingresponsesofcompositepanelswith
centralcircularcutoutssubjectedtovariouscombinationsofmechanicalandthermalloads.Thepanelsare
discretizedbyusingatwofielddegeneratesolidelementwitheachofthedisplacementcomponentshavinga
linearvariationthroughthethicknessofthepanel.Thefundamentalunknownsconsistoftheaverage
mechanicalstrainsthroughthethickness,andthedisplacementcomponents.Theeffectsofgeometric
nonlinearitiesandlaminatedanisotropicmaterialbehaviorareincluded.Thestabilityboundary,postbuckling
responseandthehierarchicalsensitivitycoefficientsareevaluated.Thehierarchicalsensitivitycoefficients
measurethesensitivityofthebucklingandpostbucklingresponsestovariationsinthepanelstiffnesses,andthe
materialpropertiesofboththeindividuallayersandtheconstituents(fibersandmatrix).Extensivenumerical
resultsarepresentedforcompositepanelswithcentralcircularcutoutssubjectedtocombinededgeshortening,
edgeshearandtemperaturechange.Theresultsshowtheeffectsofvariationsintheholediameter;theaspect
ratioofthepanel;thelaminatestackingsequenceandthefiberorientationonthestabilityboundary,
postbucklingresponseandsensitivitycoefficients.
A.K.Noor,J.H.Starnes,JrandJ.M.Peters(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA23681,USA),
Nonlinearandpostbucklingresponsesofcurvedcompositepanelswithcutouts,CompositeStructures,Vol.
34,No.2,February1996,pp.213240,doi:10.1016/02638223(95)001476
ABSTRACT:Theresultsofadetailedstudyofthenonlinearandpostbucklingresponsesofcurvedunstiffened
compositepanelswithcentralcircularcutoutsarepresented.Thepanelsaresubjectedtoappliededge
displacementsandtemperaturechanges.TheanalysisisbasedonafirstordersheardeformationSanders
Budianskytypetheorywiththeeffectsoflargedisplacements,moderaterotations,transversesheardeformation
andlaminatedanisotropicmaterialbehaviorincluded.Amixedformulationisusedwiththefundamental
unknownsconsistingofthegeneralizeddisplacementsandthestressresultantsofthepanel.Thenonlinear
displacements,strainenergy,transverseshearstresses,transverseshearstrainenergydensity,andtheir
hierarchicalsensitivitycoefficientsareevaluated.Thehierarchicalsensitivitycoefficientsmeasurethe
sensitivityofthenonlinearresponsetovariationsinthreesetsofinterrelatedparameters;namely,thepanel
stiffnesses,thematerialpropertiesoftheindividuallayers,andthematerialpropertiesoftheconstituents
(fibers,matrix,interfaceandinterphase).Numericalresultsarepresentedforcylindricalpanelswithcentral
circularcutoutssubjectedtoedgeshorteninganduniformtemperaturechange,showingtheeffectsofvariations
inthepanelcurvature,holediameter,laminatestackingsequenceandfiberorientation,onthenonlinearand
postbucklingpanelresponses,andtheirsensitivitytochangesinthevariouspanel,layerandmicromechanical
parameters.
AhmedK.NoorandYongH.Kim(CenterforAdvancedComputationalTechnology,UniversityofVirginia,
NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA23681,U.S.A),Bucklingandpostbucklingofcomposite
panelswithcutoutssubjectedtocombinededgeshearandtemperaturechange,Computers&Structures,Vol.
60,No.2,July1996,pp.203222,doi:10.1016/00457949(95)003983
ABSTRACT:Theresultsofadetailedstudyofthebucklingandpostbucklingresponsesofcompositepanels
withcentralcircularcutoutsarepresented.Thepanelsaresubjectedtocombinededgeshearandtemperature
change.Thepanelsarediscretizedbyusingatwofielddegeneratesolidelementwitheachofthedisplacement

componentshavingalinearvariationthroughoutthethicknessofthepanel.Thefundamentalunknownsconsist
oftheaveragemechanicalstrainsthroughthethicknessandthedisplacementcomponents.Theeffectsof
geometricnonlinearitiesandlaminatedanisotropicmaterialbehaviorareincluded.Thestabilityboundary,
postbucklingresponseandhierarchicalsensitivitycoefficientsareevaluated.Thehierarchicalsensitivity
coefficientsmeasurethesensitivityofthebucklingandpostbucklingresponsestovariationsinthepanel
stiffnesses,andthematerialpropertiesofboththeindividuallayersandtheconstituents(fibersandmatrix).
Numericalresultsarepresentedforcompositepanelswithcentralcircularcutoutssubjectedtocombinededge
shearandtemperaturechange,showingtheeffectsofvariationsintheholediameter,laminatestacking
sequenceandfiberorientation,onthestabilityboundaryandpostbucklingresponseandtheirsensitivityto
changesinthevariouspanelparameters.
AhmedK.NoorandJeanneM.Peters(CenterforAdvancedComputationalTechnology,Universityof
Virginia,NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA,U.S.A.),Nonlinearandpostbucklinganalysesof
curvedcompositepanelssubjectedtocombinedtemperaturechangeandedgeshear,Computers&Structures,
Vol.60,No.6,July1996,pp.853874,doi:10.1016/00457949(95)004564
ABSTRACT:Theresultsofadetailedstudyofthenonlinearandpostbucklingresponsesofcurvedunstiffened
compositepanelswithcentralcircularcutoutsarepresented.Thepanelsaresubjectedtouniformtemperature
changeandanappliedinplaneedgeshearloading.Theanalysisisbasedonafirstordersheardeformation
SandersBudianskytypetheorywiththeeffectsoflargedisplacements,moderaterotations,transverseshear
deformationandlaminatedanisotropicmaterialbehaviorincluded.Amixedformulationisusedwiththe
fundamentalunknownsconsistingofthegeneralizeddisplacementsandthestressresultantsofthepanel.The
nonlineardisplacements,strainenergy,transverseshearstresses,transverseshearstrainenergydensity,and
theirhierarchicalsensitivitycoefficientsareevaluated.Numericalresultsarepresentedforcylindricalpanels
withcentralcircularcutoutsandaresubjectedtouniformtemperaturechangeandanappliedinplaneedge
shearloading.Theresultsshowtheeffectsofvariationsinthepanelcurvature,holediameter,laminatestacking
sequenceandfiberorientation,onthenonlinearandpostbucklingpanelresponses,andtheirsensitivityto
changesinthevariouspanel,layerandmicromechanicalparameters.
AhmedK.Noor,JamesH.Starves,Jr.andJeavveM.Peters(CenterforAdvancedComputationalTechnology,
UniversityofVirginia,NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA23681,USA),Thermomechanical
bucklingandpostbucklingresponsesofcompositepanelswithskewedstiffeners,FiniteElementsinAnalysis
andDesign,Vol.27,No.2,October1997,pp.193214,doi:10.1016/S0168874X(97)000140
ABSTRACT:Theresultsofadetailedstudyofthebucklingandpostbucklingresponsesofcompositepanels
withskewedstiffenersarepresented.Thepanelsaresubjectedtoappliededgedisplacementsandtemperature
changes.Afirstordersheardeformationgeometricallynonlinearshallowshelltheorythatincludestheeffects
oflaminatedanisotropicmaterialbehaviorisusedtomodeleachsectionofthestiffenersandtheskin.Amixed
formulationisusedintheanalysiswiththefundamentalunknownsconsistingofthegeneralizeddisplacements
andthestressresultantsofthepanel.Thenonlineardisplacements,strainenergy,transverseshearstresses,
transverseshearstrainenergydensity,andtheirhierarchicalsensitivitycoefficientsareevaluated.The
hierarchicalsensitivitycoefficientsmeasurethesensitivityofthebucklingandpostbucklingresponsesto
variationsinthreesetsofinterrelatedparameters;namely,thepanelstiffnesses;theeffectivematerialproperties
oftheindividuallayers;andtheconstituentmaterialparameters(fibers,matrix,interfaceandinterphase).

NumericalresultsarepresentedforrectangularpanelswithopensectionIstiffeners,subjectedtoedge
shorteninganduniformtemperaturechange.Theresultsshowtheeffectsofvariationsinthematerialproperties
oftheskinandthestiffeneronthebucklingandpostbucklingresponsesofthepanel,aswellasonthe
sensitivitycoefficients.
AhmedK.Noor(CenterforAdvancedComputationalTechnology,UniversityofVirginia,NASALangley
ResearchCenter,Hampton,VA23681,USA),Computationalstructurestechnology:leapfroggingintothe
twentyfirstcentury,Computers&Structures,Vol.73,Nos.15,October1999,pp.131,
doi:10.1016/S00457949(99)000759
ABSTRACT:Thehistory,recentdevelopmentsandtrendsincomputationalstructurestechnology(CST)are
summarized.DiscussionfocusesondevelopmentofCSTsoftwareandgoalsofCSTactivities.Somerecent
advancesinanumberofCSTareasaredescribed,includingdiscretizationtechniquesandelementtechnology;
computationalmaterialmodeling;modelingofcomposite,sandwichandsmartstructures;computationaltools
andmethodologiesforlifemanagement;transientresponseanalysis;numericalsimulationoffrictional
contact/impactresponse;articulatedstructuraldynamics;nondeterministicmodelingandanalysismethods;
qualitativeanalysisandsimulation;neurocomputing;hybridtechniques;errorestimationandadaptive
improvementstrategies;strategiesforsolutionofcoupledproblems;sensitivityanalysis;integratedanalysisand
design;strategiesandnumericalalgorithmsfornewcomputingsystems;modelgenerationfacilities;and
applicationofobjectorientedtechnology.ResearchareasinCSTthathavehighpotentialformeetingthefuture
technologicalneedsareidentified.
AhmedK.Noor(1),JamesH.Starnes,Jr.(2)andJeanneM.Peters(1)
(1)CenterforAdvancedComputationalTechnology,UniversityofVirginia,NASALangleyResearchCenter,
MailStop201,Hampton,VA23681,USA
(2)StructureandMaterialsCompetency,NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA,USA
Uncertaintyanalysisofcompositestructures,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,
Vol.185,Nos.24,May2000,pp.413432,doi:10.1016/S00457825(99)002698
ABSTRACT:Atwophaseapproachandacomputationalprocedurearepresentedforpredictingthevariability
inthenonlinearresponseofcompositestructuresassociatedwithvariationsinthegeometricandmaterial
parametersofthestructure.Inthefirstphase,hierarchicalsensitivityanalysisisusedtoidentifythemajor
parameters,whichhavethemosteffectontheresponsequantitiesofinterest.Inthesecondphase,themajor
parametersaretakentobefuzzyparameters,andafuzzysetanalysisisusedtodeterminetherangeofvariation
oftheresponse,associatedwithpreselectedvariationsinthemajorparameters.Theeffectivenessofthe
procedureisdemonstratedbymeansofanumericalexampleofacylindricalpanelwithfourTshapedstiffeners
andacircularcutout.
AhmedK.Noor(1),JamesH.Starnes,Jr.(2)andJeanneM.Peters(1)
(1)CenterforAdvancedComputationalTechnology,UniversityofVirginia,NASALangleyResearchCenter,
MailStop201,Hampton,VA23681,USA
(2)StructureandMaterialsCompetency,NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA,USA
Uncertaintyanalysisofstiffenedcompositepanels,CompositeStructures,Vol.51,No.2,February2001,pp.

139158,doi:10.1016/S02638223(00)001434
ABSTRACT:Astudyismadeofthevariabilityinthenonlinearresponseofthreestiffenedcompositepanels
associatedwithvariationsintheirgeometricandmaterialparameters.Thethreepanelshaveacylindricalskin
witheitherfourorfiveTshapedstiffeners.Twoofthepanelshaveanotchandthethirdpanelhasacircular
cutout.Hierarchicalsensitivityanalysisisusedtoidentifythemajorparametersatthemicromechanical,layer,
laminateandsubcomponentlevels.Themajorparametersarethentakentobefuzzyparameters,andafuzzy
setanalysisisusedtodeterminetherangeofvariationoftheresponseassociatedwithpreselectedvariationsin
themajorparameters.
Bailey,M.P.(1)andNoor,A.K.(2)
(1)UnitedStatesMarineCorps,OperationsAnalysisDivision,Quantico,Virginia,USA
(2)CenterforAdvancedEngineeringEnvironments,OldDominionUniversity,Norfolk,Virginia,USA
HumanInteractionwithSimulations,Chapter5inPrinciplesofModelingandSimulation:A
MultidisciplinaryApproach(edsJ.A.SokolowskiandC.M.Banks),2008,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Hoboken,
NJ,USA.doi:10.1002/9780470403563.ch5
MichaelF.CardandJamesH.Starnes,Jr.(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,USA),
CurrentresearchincompositestructuresatNASAsLangleyResearchCenter,Sadhana,Vol.11,Nos.34,
1987,pp.277298,doi:10.1007/BF02811358
ABSTRACT:ResearchonthemechanicsofcompositestructuresatnasasLangleyResearchCenteris
discussed.Theadvantagesandlimitationsofspecialpurposeandgeneralpurposeanalysistoolsusedinresearch
arereviewed.Futuredirectionsincomputationalstructuralmechanicsaredescribedtoaddressanalysisshort
comings.Researchresultsonthebucklingandpostbucklingofunstiffenedandstiffenedcompositestructures
arepresented.Recentinvestigationsofthemechanicsoffailureincompressionandsheararereviewed.
Preliminarystudiesofthedynamicresponseofcompositestructuresduetoimpactsencounteredduringcrash
landingsarepresented.Needsforfutureresearcharediscussed.
TheodoreF.JohnsonandMichaelF.Card(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,USA),
Effectsofstiffeningandmechanicalloadonthermalbucklingofstiffenedcylindricalshells,36th
AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamics&MaterialsConference.Vol.2,pp.1380
1388.1995
ABSTRACT:Astudyofthermalbucklingofstiffenedcylindricalshellswiththeproportionsofapreliminary
supersonictransportfuselagedesign(1970)ispresented.Thebucklinganalysisisperformedusingan
axisymmetricshellofrevolutioncode,BOSOR4.Theeffectsofcombinedmechanical(axialloading)and
thermalloading(heatedskins)areinvestigated.Resultsindicatethatthelocationoflongitudinaleccentric
stiffeninghasaverylargeeffectonthethermalbucklingstrengthoflongitudinallystiffenedshells,andon
longitudinallystiffenedshellswithrings.
Mandal,P.andCalladine,C.R.(DepartmentofEngineering,UniversityofCambridge,Cambridge,UK),
Bucklingofthincylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,

Vol.37,No.33,pp.45094525,August2000
DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S00207683(99)001602
ABSTRACT:Simpleexperimentsonselfweightbucklingofthin,opentop,fixedbase,smallscalesilicone
rubbercylindricalshellsarepresentedinthisarticle.Thebucklingheightswerefoundtobeproportionalto
thicknessraisedtothepowerofapproximately1.5,comparedto1.0asintheclassicaltheory.Anonlinear
finiteelementanalysisofselfweightbucklingshowedthatthereisapostbucklingplateauload
correspondingtotheexperimentalbucklingloads.Moreover,theresultsofthepresentexperimentsshowedvery
littlescatterinthebucklingheights,comparedtothelargescatterintheexperimentaldatafromtheliterature
onthebucklingofthincylindricalshellsunderaxialcompressiveload(whichalsohavebucklingstress
proportionaltothicknessraisedtothepowerofapproximately1.5),althoughthereweremeasurable
imperfectionsintermsofthicknessvariations.Theseobservationssomehowdefytheacceptedhypothesisof
imperfectionsensitivityinshellbuckling.Themostobviousexplanationofthedifferenceisthattheopen
toppedshellsofthepresentstudyarestaticallydeterminate,whereastheusualclosedendedshellsoftests
reportedintheliteraturearestaticallyindeterminate;thepossibilityofhighinitialstressesmayexplainthe
scatterintheexperimentalobservationsintheliterature.
ParthasarathiMandal,ManchesterCentreforCivil&ConstructionEngineering,UMIST,P.O.Box88,
Manchester,M601QD,U.K
SomeNewThoughtsontheBucklingofThinCylindricalShells,XXIICTAM,1521August2004,Warsaw,
Poland
Referencesattheendofthearticle:
[1]CalladineC.R.,BarberJ.N.:Simpleexperimentsonselfweightbucklingofopencylindricalshells.J.App.Mech,TransASME:
11501151,1970.
[2]MandalP.,CalladineC.R.:Bucklingofthincylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression.Int.J.SolidsandStructures:37:4509
4525,2000.
[3]ZhuE.,MandalP.,CalladineC.R.:Bucklingofthincylindricalshells:anattempttoresolveaparadox.Int.J.Mech.Sci.:44:1583
1601,2002.
[4]BrushD.O.,AlmrothB.O.:Bucklingofbars,platesandshells.McGrawHill,NY1975.
[5]Hibbit,Karlsson,SorensenInc:ABAQUS,Version5.8
[6]Vossos,P.:Bucklingofthincylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression.MscThesis,CivilEngineering,UMIST,UK,2003.

ZiaR.Tahir(1)andP.Mandal(2)
(1)MechanicalEngineeringDepartment,UniversityofEngineeringandTechnology,Lahore,Pakistan
(2)SchoolofMechanical,AerospaceandCivilEngineering,UniversityofManchester,UK.
ANewPerturbationTechniqueinNumericalStudyonBucklingofCompositeShellsunderAxial
Compression,WorldAcademyofScience,EngineeringandTechnology,Vol.70,pp.7786,2012
ABSTRACT:Anumericalstudyispresentedonbucklingandpostbucklingbehaviouroflaminatedcarbon
fiberreinforcedplastic(CFRP)thinwalledcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompressionusingasymmetric
meshingtechnique(AMT).Asymmetricmeshingtechniqueisaperturbationtechniquetointroducedisturbance
withoutchanginggeometry,boundaryconditionsorloadingconditions.Asymmetricmeshingaffectspredicted
bucklingload,bucklingmodeshapeandpostbucklingbehaviour.Linear(eigenvalue)andnonlinear(Riks)
analyseshavebeenperformedtostudytheeffectofasymmetricmeshingintheformofapatchonbuckling
behaviour.ThereductioninthebucklingloadusingAsymmetricmeshingtechniquewasobservedtobeabout

15%.Anisolateddimpleformednearthebifurcationpointandthesizeofwhichincreasedtoreachastable
stateinthepostbucklingregion.Theloaddisplacementcurvebehaviourapplyingasymmetricmeshingisquite
similartothecurveobtainedusinginitialgeometricimperfectionintheshellmodel.
Referenceslistedattheendofthispaper:
[1]H.Kim,K.T.Kedward,Amethodformodelingthelocalandglobalbucklingofdelaminatedcompositeplates,Composite
Structures,44(1999)4353.
[2]M.Cai,M.F.G.Holst,J.M.Rotter,Bucklingstrengthofthincylindricalshellsunderlocalizedaxialcompression,in:15thASCE
EngineeringMechanicsConference,ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork,NY,2002,pp.18.
[3]A.Tafreshi,Bucklingandpostbucklinganalysisofcompositecylindricalshellswithcutoutssubjectedtointernalpressureand
axialcompressionloads,InternationalJournalofPressureVesselsandPiping,79(2002)351359.
[4]H.Han,J.Cheng,F.Taheri,N.Pegg,Numericalandexperimentalinvestigationsoftheresponseofaluminumcylinderswitha
cutoutsubjecttoaxialcompression,ThinWalledStructures,44(2006)254270.
[5]H.E.Estekanchi,A.Vafai,Onthebucklingofcylindricalshellswiththroughcracksunderaxialload,ThinWalledStructures,35
(1999)255274.
[6]A.Vaziri,Onthebucklingofcrackedcompositecylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,CompositeStructures,80(2007)152
158.
[7]B.Prabu,A.V.Raviprakash,A.Venkatraman,Parametricstudyonbucklingbehaviourofdentedshortcarbonsteelcylindrical
shellsubjectedtouniformaxialcompression,ThinWalledStructures,48(2010)639649.
[8]R.M.Jones,BucklingofBars,Plates,andShells,BullRidgeCorporation,2006.
[9]A.B.Sabir,A.C.Lock,Theapplicationsoffiniteelementstolargedeflectiongeometricallynonlinearbehaviourofcylindrical
shells,in:C.A.Brebbia,H.Tottenham(Eds.)VariationalMethodsinEngineering,SouthamptonUniversityPress,Universityof
Southampton,Southampton,GB,1972.
[10]B.L.Wardle,Bucklinganddamageresistanceoftransverselyloadedcompositeshells,in:DepartmentofAeronauticsand
Astronautics,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,1998.
[11]B.L.Wardle,SolutiontotheIncorrectBenchmarkShellBucklingProblem,AIAAJournal,46(2008)381387.
[12]B.L.Wardle,P.A.Lagace,M.A.Tudela,Bucklingresponseoftransverselyloadedcompositeshells,Part2:NumericalAnalysis,
AIAAJournal,42(2004)14651473.
[13]T.Zhang,W.Gu,TheSecondaryBucklingandDesignCriterionofCompositeLaminatedCylindricalShells,AppliedComposite
Materials,19(2012)203217.
[14]Z.R.Tahir,P.Mandal,EffectofAsymmetricMeshingontheBucklingofCompositeLaminatedShells,in:International
ConferenceonAdvancedModelingandSimulation,Rawalpindi,Pakistan,2011,pp.5155.
[15]E.T.Hambly,C.R.Calladine,Bucklingexperimentsondamagedcylindricalshells,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,
33(1996)35393548.
[16]P.Mandal,C.R.Calladine,Bucklingofthincylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,37(2000)45094525.
[17]E.R.Lancaster,C.R.Calladine,S.C.Palmer,Paradoxicalbucklingbehaviourofathincylindricalshellunderaxialcompression,
InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,42(2000)843865.
[18]C.Bisagni,ExperimentalBucklingofThinCompositeCylindersinCompression,AIAAJournal,37(1999)276278.
[19]K.J.Bathe,FiniteElementProceduresinEngineeringAnalysis,PrenticeHall,NewJersey,1982.
[20]ABAQUS,Theoryanduser'smanuals,in:Hibbitt,Karlsson,Sorensen.(Eds.),Providence,2010.
[21]C.Bisagni,Numericalanalysisandexperimentalcorrelationofcompositeshellbucklingandpostbuckling,CompositesPartB:
Engineering,31(2000)655667.
[22]E.Riks,Anincrementalapproachtothesolutionofsnappingandbucklingproblems,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,15(1979)529551.
[23]E.Zhu,P.Mandal,C.R.Calladine,Bucklingofthincylindricalshells:anattempttoresolveaparadox,InternationalJournalof
MechanicalSciences,44(2002)15831601.

ZiaulRehmanTahirandParthasarathiMandal,NumericalStudyonBucklingBehaviourofComposite
CylindricalShellsunderAxialCompressiveLoadwithAsymmetricMeshingTechnique,AppliedMechanics

andMaterials,Vol.390,Chapter3:ComputationalTechniques,SimulationandNumericalAnalysis,pp.198
203,August2013,DOI:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.390.198
ABSTRACT:AMTisaperturbationtechniquetointroducedisturbanceinthemodelwithoutchanging
geometry,boundaryconditionsorloadingconditions.Asymmetricmeshingtechniqueisemployedintheform
ofabandalongcircumferentialdirectionoftheshellmodel.Theelementssizeinthebandisreducedas
comparedwiththerestofshelltoproduceasymmetryinthemeshingandfourmagnitudesofasymmetryin
meshingareused.Asymmetricmeshingaffectspredictedbucklingload,bucklingmodeshapeandpost
bucklingbehaviour.ThereductioninthebucklingloadusingAMTwasobservedtobeabout20%.Anisolated
dimpleformednearthebifurcationpointandthesizeofwhichincreasedtoreachastablestateinthepost
bucklingregion.Theloaddisplacementcurvebehaviourapplyingasymmetricmeshingisquitesimilartothe
curveobtainedbyintroducinginitialgeometricimperfectionintheshellmodel.
ZiaulRehmanTahirandParthasarathiMandal,Bucklingandpostbucklingofcompositeshellswith
asymmetricmeshinginformofaxialbandinnumericalmodel,Chapter9inComputationalTechniquesand
NumericalMethods,editedbyDashnorHoxha,FranciscoE.RiveraandIanMcAndrew,pp.790796,August
2014,DOI:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.1016.790
ABSTRACT:Asymmetricmeshingisaperturbationintroducedinthenumericalmodelwithoutchanging
geometry,loadingorboundaryconditions.Asymmetricmeshingisemployedintheformofabandalongaxial
directionoftheshellmodel,theelementssizeintheaxialbandisreducedascomparedwiththerestofshellto
produceasymmetryinthemeshingandfouramplitudesofasymmetryareusedinaparticularband.
Asymmetricmeshingaffectspredictedbucklingload,bucklingmodeshapeandpostbucklingbehaviour.The
reductioninthebucklingloadusingasymmetricmeshingwasobservedtobeabout18%,whichdependsmainly
onareaofasymmetricmeshingandlessondifferentmagnitudesofasymmetryinthesamearea.Theload
displacementcurvebehaviourusingasymmetricmeshingtechniqueisquitesimilartothecurveobtainedby
introducinggeometricimperfectionintheshellmodel.
ZiaR.TahirandP.Mandal,Numericalbucklingofcompositecylindricalshellsunderaxialcompressionusing
asymmetricmeshingtechnique(AMT),WorldAcademyofScience,EngineeringandTechnology
InternationalJournalofMechanical,Aerospace,IndustrialandMechatronicsEngineering,Vol.9,No.2,2015
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsthedetailsofanumericalstudyofbucklingandpostbucklingbehaviourof
laminatedcarbonfiberreinforcedplastic(CFRP)thinwalledcylindricalshellunderaxialcompressionusing
asymmetricmeshingtechnique(AMT)byABAQUS.AMTisconsideredtobeanewperturbationmethodto
introducedisturbancewithoutchanginggeometry,boundaryconditionsorloadingconditions.Asymmetric
meshingaffectsbothpredictedbucklingloadandbucklingmodeshapes.Cylindricalshellhavinglayup
orientation[0^o/+45^o/45^o/0^o]withradiustothicknessratio(R/t)equalto265andlengthtoradiusratio
(L/R)equalto1.5isanalysednumerically.Aseriesofnumericalsimulations(experiments)arecarriedoutwith
symmetricandasymmetricmeshingtostudytheeffectofasymmetricmeshingonpredictedbuckling
behaviour.Asymmetricmeshingtechniqueisemployedinbothaxialdirectionandcircumferentialdirection
separatelyusingtwodifferentmethods,firstbychangingtheshellelementsizeandvaryingthetotalnumber
elements,andsecondbyvaryingtheshellelementsizeandkeepingtotalnumberofelementsconstant.The
resultsoflinearanalysis(Eigenvalueanalysis)andnonlinearanalysis(Riksanalysis)usingsymmetricmeshing
agreewellwithanalyticalresults.Theresultsofnumericalanalysisarepresentedinformofnondimensional

loadfactor,whichistheratioofbucklingloadusingasymmetricmeshingtechniquetobucklingloadusing
symmetricmeshingtechnique.UsingAMT,loadfactorhasabout2%variationforlineareigenvalueanalysis
andabout2%variationfornonlinearRiksanalysis.Thebehaviourofloadendshorteningcurveforpre
bucklingissameforbothsymmetricandasymmetricmeshingbutforasymmetricmeshingcurvebehaviourin
postbucklingbecomesextraordinarilycomplex.Themajorconclusionsare:differentmethodsofAMThave
smallinfluenceonpredictedbucklingloadandsignificantinfluenceonloaddisplacementcurvebehaviourin
postbuckling;AMTinaxialdirectionandAMTincircumferentialdirectionhavedifferentinfluenceon
bucklingloadandloaddisplacementcurveinpostbuckling.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

[1]R.M.Jones,BucklingofBars,Plates,andShells,BullRidgeCorporation,2006.
[2]A.B.Sabir,A.C.Lock,Theapplicationsoffiniteelementstolargedeflectiongeometricallynonlinearbehaviourofcylindrical
shells,in:C.A.Brebbia,H.Tottenham(Eds.)VariationalMethodsinEngineering,SouthamptonUniversityPress,Universityof
Southampton,Southampton,GB,1972.
[3]B.L.Wardle,Bucklinganddamageresistanceoftransverselyloadedcompositeshells,in:DepartmentofAeronauticsand
Astronautics,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,1998.
[4]B.L.Wardle,SolutiontotheIncorrectBenchmarkShellBucklingProblem,AIAAJournal,46(2008)381387.
[5]B.L.Wardle,P.A.Lagace,M.A.Tudela,Bucklingresponseoftransverselyloadedcompositeshells,Part2:NumericalAnalysis,
AIAAJournal,42(2004)14651473.
[6]T.Zhang,W.Gu,TheSecondaryBucklingandDesignCriterionofCompositeLaminatedCylindricalShells,AppliedComposite
Materials,(2011)115.
[7]C.Bisagni,ExperimentalBucklingofThinCompositeCylindersinCompression,AIAAJournal,37(1999)276278.
[8]K.J.Bathe,FiniteElementProceduresinEngineeringAnalysis,PrenticeHall,NewJersey,1982.
[9]ABAQUS,Theoryandusersmanuals,in:Hibbitt,Karlsson,Sorensen.(Eds.),Providence,2010.
[10]C.Bisagni,Numericalanalysisandexperimentalcorrelationofcompositeshellbucklingandpostbuckling,CompositesPartB:
Engineering,31(2000)655667.
[11]E.Riks,Anincrementalapproachtothesolutionofsnappingandbucklingproblems,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,15(1979)529551.

C.Bisagni,Bucklingandpostbucklingbehaviourofcompositecylindricalshells,XXInternationalCouncil
oftheAeronauticalSciences(ICAS)Congress,Sorrento,Italy,1996
ChiaraBisagni(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,PolitecnicodiMilano,ViaGolgi40,20133,Milano,
Italy,eamil:chiara@aero.polimi.it),Bucklingtestsofcarbonepoxylaminatedcylindricalshellsunderaxial
compressionandtorsion,Paperno.A9831587,InternationalCounciloftheAeronauticalSciences(ICAS)98
4,4,1,21stICASCongress,1318September1998,Melbourne,Australia
PARTIALABSTRACT:Thispaperdescribesanexperimentalandnumericalstudythatispartofaresearch
projectaimingatimprovingtheknowledgeofbucklingbehaviourofcompositeshellstructures.The
experimentalequipmentandthemethodologiesforsystematicdataacquisitioninbucklingtestsoncomposite
cylindricalshellsunderaxialcompressionandtorsion,appliedindividuallyandincombination,aredescribed.
Typicalresultsofthefirsttestsperformedoncarbonepoxylaminatedcylindersarepresented,intermsof
diagrams,postbucklingpatternsandtwodimensionalFourieranalysis.
ChiaraBisagni(1)andRolfZimmermann(2)
(1)PolitecnicodiMilano,DipartimentodiIngegneriaAerospaziale,ViaGolgi40,20133,Milano,Italy,
email:chiara@aero.polimi.it
(2)DLR,InstitutfuerStrukturmechanik,Lilienthalplatz7,D38108,Braunschweig,Germany

email:rolf.zimmermann@dir.de
Bucklingofaxiallycompressedfibercompositecylindricalshellsduetoimpulsiveloading,inSpacecraft
structures,materialsandmechanicaltesting,ProceedingsofaEuropeanConferenceheldatBraunschweig,
Germany,46November1998.Paris:EuropeanSpaceAgency(ESA),ESASP,Vol.428,1999,
ISBN:9290927127.,p.557,doi:1999ESASP.428..557B
PARTIALABSTRACT:DynamicbucklingofthinwalledCFRPshellstructuresduetoimpulsiveloadingis
investigated.Computationsforaxiallycompressedcylindricalshellsareperformedbycommerciallyavailable
finiteelementcodes.Theeffectoflaminatesetuponthebucklingloadofcylindricalshells,theinfluenceof
boundaryconditionsandthesensitivitytogeometricimperfectionsareanalysedforstaticanddynamicbuckling
loads.Thetimehistoryofimpulsiveloadingwithfinitedurationandconstantinmagnitudeisvaried,andthe
correspondingdynamicbucklingloadsarerelatedtothequasistaticbucklingloads.
ChiaraBisagni,Experimentalbucklingofthincompositecylindersincompression,AIAAJournal,Vol.37,
No.2,pp.276278,1999
Bisagni,C.(DipartimentodiIngegneriaAerospaziale,PolitecnicodiMilano,ViaLaMasa34,20158Milan,
Italy),Numericalanalysisandexperimentalcorrelationofcompositeshellbucklingandpostbuckling.
CompositesPartB,Vol.31,No.8,2000,pp.655667,doi:10.1016/S13598368(00)000317
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdealswiththebucklingandpostbucklingbehaviourofcarbonfibrereinforcedplastic
cylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression.Thefiniteelementanalysisisusedtoinvestigatethisproblemand
threedifferenttypesofanalysisarecompared:eigenvalueanalysis,nonlinearRiksmethodanddynamic
analysis.Theeffectofgeometricimperfectionshapeandamplitudeoncriticalloadsisdiscussed.Anumerical
experimentalcorrelationisperformed,usingtheresultsofexperimentalbucklingtests.Thegeometric
imperfectionsmeasuredontherealspecimensareaccountedforinthefiniteelementmodel.Theresultsshow
thereliabilityofthemethodtofollowtheevolutionofthecylindershapefromthebucklingtothepostbuckling
fieldandgoodaccuracyinreproducingtheexperimentalpostbucklingbehaviour.
ChiaraBisagni(DipartimentodiIngegneriaAerospaziale,PolitecnicodiMilano,ViaLaMasa34,20158,
Milano,Italy),Crashworthinessofhelicoptersubfloorstructures,InternationalJournalofImpactEngineering,
Vol.27,No.10,November2002,pp.10671082,doi:10.1016/S0734743X(02)000155
ABSTRACT:Toimproveahelicopterdesignconcept,whichmeetsstructuralandcrashworthiness
requirements,aresearchprogramisundertakentostudytheenergyabsorptioncapabilityofasubfloorstructure.
Inparticular,crashtestsareperformedonthesubfloorstructureandontheintersectionelements,whichare
componentsofthestructureandcancreatehighdecelerationpeakloadsatthecabinfloorlevelcausing
dangerousinputstotheoccupants.Thenthestructuresareanalysedbyacommercialexplicitfiniteelement
code,PAMCRASH,usingdetailedgeometricalmodels,suitablematerialsmodelsandtheappropriate
definitionofcontactforcesandrivets.Theanalysisshowsthattheloadshorteningdiagramspresentagood
correlationtotheexperimentaldataandthatthestructuralcollapsepredictionscorrespondcloselytothe
observedbehaviourduringtheexperimentaltests.Consequentlythefiniteelementanalysiscanbeusedtoaid
thedesignersinevaluatingthecrashworthinessofdifferentstructuralconceptsandcanthereforebean
importantmeanofreducingdevelopmentcosts.

C.BisagniandL.Lanzi(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,PolitecnicodiMilano,ViaLaMasa34,20158,
Milan,Italy),Postbucklingoptimisationofcompositestiffenedpanelsusingneuralnetworks,Composite
Structures,Vol.58,No.2,November2002,pp.237247,doi:10.1016/S02638223(02)000533
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdealswiththedefinitionofapostbucklingoptimisationprocedureforthedesignof
compositestiffenedpanelssubjectedtocompressionloads.Theoptimisedstructuresarethencharacterisedbya
localskinbucklingbetweenthestiffenersandbyahighratiobetweenthecollapseloadandthebucklingload.
Toovercometooexpensiveanalysesfromacomputationalpointofview,anoptimisationprocedureis
developed.Itisbasedonaglobalapproximationstrategy,wherethestructureresponseisgivenbyasystemof
neuralnetworkstrainedbymeansoffiniteelementanalyses,andongeneticalgorithms,thatresultsparticularly
profitableduetothepresenceofintegervariables.Theoptimisationprocedurereducesconsiderablythe
computationalcosts,offersacompleteseparationbetweenthesystemmodellingandtheoptimisationproblem
andshowsthatalocalskinbucklingbetweenthestiffenersallowsaweightreductionequalto18%.
ChiaraBisagniDipartimentodiIngegneriaAerospaziale,PolitecnicodiMilanoViaLaMasa34,20156Milano,
Italy,Emailchiara.bisagni@polimi.it,DynamicBucklingTestsOfCylindricalShellsInComposite
Materials,24thInternationalCongressOfTheAeronauticalSciencesICAS2004
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdescribesanexperimentalinvestigationoftheelasticdynamicbucklingofcarbon
fiberreinforcedplasticcylindricalshellssubjectedtopulseaxialcompression.Thecriticalimpulseisapplied
usingahorizontalcrashsled,sotoobtainaxialcompressionshapesimilartoahalfsineanddurationofthe
impactloadofapproximately0.1s.Thetestresultsarereportedandanalyzed.Thedynamicbucklingloadof
theinitiallyimperfectshellisrelatedtoitsstaticbucklingloadandtheratioislessthanunity.Sincethe
commonpracticeistoassumethatdynamicbucklingloadsarehigherthanthestaticones,whichmeansthat
staticdesignissafe,extracautionandcarefuldesignisrecommended.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

[1]SimitsesGJ.DynamicstabilityofsuddenlyloadedStructures,SpringerVerlag,1990.
[2]JonesN.Recentstudiesonthedynamicplasticbehaviorofstructuresanupdate.AppliedMechanicsReview,Vol.49,No.10,pp
1127,1996.
[3]HutchinsonJWandBudianskyB.Dynamicbucklingestimates.AIAAJournal,Vol.4,No.3,pp525530,1966.
[4]HuyanXandSimitsesGJ.Dynamicbucklingofimperfectcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompressionandbendingmoment.AIAA
Journal,Vol.35,No.8,pp14041412,1997.
[5]EslamiMR,ShariyatMandShakeriM.Layerwisetheoryfordynamicbucklingandpostbucklingoflaminatedcomposite
cylindricalshells.AIAAJournal,Vol.36,No.10,pp18741882,1998.
[6]BisagniCandZimmermannR.Bucklingofaxiallycompressedfibercompositecylindricalshellsduetoimpulsiveloading.
ProceedingoftheEuropeanConferenceonSpacecraftStructures,MaterialsandMechanicalTesting,Braunschweig(Germany),pp
557562,1998.
[7]JansenEL.Nonstationaryflexuralvibrationbehaviourofacylindricalshell.InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,Vol.
37,pp937949,2002.
[8]AbramovichHandGrunwaldA.Stabilityofaxiallyimpactedcompositeplates.CompositeStructures,Vol.32,pp151158,1995.
[9]ZimcikDGandTennysonRC.Stabilityofcircularcylindricalshellsundertransientaxialimpulsiveloading.AIAAJournal,Vol.
18,No.6,pp691699,1980.
[10]CuiS,CheongHKandHaoH.Experimentalstudyofdynamicbucklingofplatesunderfluidsolidslamming. International
JournalofImpactEngineering,Vol.22,pp675691,1999.
[11]YaffeRandAbramovichH.Dynamicbucklingofcylindricalstringerstiffenedshells.ComputersandStructures,Vol.81,pp
10311039,2003.
[12]BisagniC.Bucklingtestsofcarbonepoxylaminatedcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompressionandtorsion.XXIICAS
Congress,Melbourne(Australia),1998.

[13]BisagniC.Experimentalbucklingofthincompositecylindersincompression.AIAAJournal,Vol.37,No.2,pp276278,1999.
[14]BisagniCandCordiscoP.AnexperimentalinvestigationintothebucklingandpostbucklingofCFRPshellsundercombined
axialandtorsionloading.CompositeStructures,Vol.60,No.4,pp.391402,2003.
[15]BisagniC.Numericalanalysisandexperimentalcorrelationofcompositeshellbucklingandpostbuckling.CompositesPartB:
Engineering,Vol.31,No.8,pp655667,2000.
[16]SAEJ211,SAERecommendedPractice,1988.

ChiaraBisagniandPotitoCordisco(DipartimentodiIngegneriaAerospaziale,PolitecnicodiMilano,ViaLa
Masa34,20156,Milano,Italy),AnexperimentalinvestigationintothebucklingandpostbucklingofCFRP
shellsundercombinedaxialandtorsionloading,CompositeStructures,Vol.60,No.4,June2003,pp.391
402,doi:10.1016/S02638223(03)000242
ABSTRACT:Theresultsofanexperimentalstudyofthebucklingandpostbucklingbehaviouroffour
unstiffenedthinwalledCFRPcylindricalshellsarepresented.Thetestequipmentallowsaxialandtorsion
loading,appliedseparatelyandincombination,usingapositioncontrolmode,andincludesalaserscanning
systemforthemeasurementinsituofthegeometricimperfectionaswellasoftheprogressivechangein
deformations.Theresultsidentifytheeffectoflaminateorientation,showthatthebucklingloadsareessentially
independentofloadsequenceanddemonstratethattheshellsareabletosustainloadinthepostbucklingfield
withoutanydamage.Themeasureddataarefundamentalforthedevelopmentandvalidationofanalyticaland
numericalmodelsandcontributetothedefinitionofapplicablestrengthdesigncriteriaofcompositecylindrical
shellsinthepostbucklingfield,withthefinalaimofalargerstructureweightsaving.
ChiaraBisagniandPotitoCordisco(DipartimentodiIngegneriaAerospaziale,PolitecnicodiMilano,ViaLa
Masa34,20156Milano,Italy),Postbucklingandcollapseexperimentsofstiffenedcompositecylindrical
shellssubjectedtoaxialloadingandtorque,CompositeStructures,Vol.73,No.2,May2006,pp.138149,
InternationalConferenceonBucklingandPostbucklingBehaviorofCompositeLaminatedShellStructures,
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.11.055
ABSTRACT:Experimentaldataobtainedfrombucklingandpostbucklingtestsperformeduntilcollapseon
threestiffenedcompositecylindricalshellsaredescribed.Theshells,differentintheskinandinthestiffeners
layup,wereexpresslydesignedforworkinginthepostbucklingfield.Theouterandinnersurfacesarescanned
beforethetests,inordertodeterminetheinitialgeometricimperfectionsandthethicknessvariations.Afterthat,
theshellsaretestedusingapositioncontrolmodeuntilcollapse,twoofthemunderaxialcompressionandone
undertorque.Thediagramsofaxialloadversusdisplacementandoftorsionversusrotationarerecordedinreal
timeduringthetests.Tomonitorthefirstbucklingloadandtheevolutionofthebucklingshape,fivelaser
displacementsensorsareemployed.Thetestresultsshowthestrengthcapacityofthesestructurestoworkinthe
postbucklingrange.Indeedneitherfailuremechanismsnoranyotherhazardsarevisibleinthepostbuckling
range.Ontheotherhand,thecollapse,duetothefailureofthestringers,issuddenanddestructive.
ChiaraBisagni(DipartimentodiIngegneriaAerospaziale,PolitecnicodiMilano,ViaLaMasa34,20156
Milano,Italy),Dynamicbucklingoffibercompositeshellsunderimpulsiveaxialcompression,ThinWalled
Structures,Vol.43,No.3,March2005,pp.499514,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2004.07.012
ABSTRACT:Thepaperdealswithdynamicbucklingduetoimpulsiveloadingofthinwalledcarbonfiber
reinforcedplastics(CFRP)shellstructuresunderaxialcompression.Theapproachadoptedisbasedonthe
equationsofmotion,whicharenumericallysolvedusingafiniteelementcode(ABAQUS/Explicit)andusing

numericalmodelsvalidatedbyexperimentalstaticbucklingtests.Tostudytheinfluenceoftheloadduration,
thetimehistoryofimpulsiveloadingisvariedandthecorrespondingdynamicbucklingloadsarerelatedtothe
quasistaticbucklingloads.Toanalysethesensitivitytogeometricimperfections,theinitialgeometric
imperfections,measuredexperimentallyontheinternalsurfaceofrealshells,areintroducedinthenumerical
models.Itisshownnumericallythattheinitialgeometricimperfectionsaswellasthedurationoftheloading
periodhaveagreatinfluenceonthedynamicbucklingoftheshells.Forshorttimeduration,thedynamic
bucklingloadsarelargerthanthestaticones.Byincreasingtheloadduration,thedynamicbucklingloads
decreasequicklyandgetsignificantlysmallerthanthestaticloads.Sincethecommonpracticeistoassumethat
dynamicbuckingloadsarehigherthanthestaticones,whichmeansthatstaticdesignissafe,carefuldesignis
recommended.Indeed,takingthestaticbucklingloadasthedesignpointfordynamicproblemsmightbe
misleading.
ChiaraBisagni,Bucklingandpostbucklingtestsonstiffenedcompositepanelsandshells,Chapter2in
BucklingandPostbucklingStructures:Experimental,AnalyticalandNumericalStudies(Computationaland
ExperimentalMethodsinStructures):EditedbyB.G.FalzonandM.H.Aliabadi,ImperialCollegePress,2008
ABSTRACT:First,thetestequipmentusedforvarioustypesofbucklingexperimentsintheDepartmentof
AerospaceEngineeringatthePolitecnicodiMilanoispresented.Itcanapplyaxialandtorsionloading,
separatelyandincombination,usingdisplacementcontrol.Then,theresultsofanexperimentalinvestigationon
stiffenedshellsandcurvedpanels,madefromgraphiteepoxyarepresented.Theexperimentaldataacquired
duringthefirstnondesgtructivebucklingtestsandduringthefinaldestructivefailuretestsdemonstrateclearly
thestrengthcapacityofthesestructurestoworkinthepostbucklingrange,allowingfurtherweightsavings.The
resultsshowthatthestructuresareabletosustainloadinthepostbucklingrangewithoutanydamage.Onthe
negativeside,thecollapseissuddenanddestructive.Themeasureddataarealsousefulforthedevelopmentand
validationofanalyticalandnumericalhighfidelitymethods.Thesevalidatedanalysistoolscanprovidedesign
criteriathatarelessconservativethantheexistingones.
Vescovini,RiccardoandBisagni,Chiara,BucklingOptimizationofStiffenedCompositeFlatandCurved
Panels,AIAA52ndStructures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConference,AIAAPaper2011xxxx,
Denver,CO,April,2011
ABSTRACT:Thisworkpresentsthebucklingoptimizationofcompositestiffenedpanelsloadedin
compressionandshear.Theprocedurereliesonthecoupleduseofananalyticalformulationforthestructural
analysistogetherwithanoptimizationbasedongeneticalgorithms.Theanalyticalformulationallowsthe
assessmentofthelocalbucklingbehaviorofpanelswithblade,J,Tandhatstiffenercrosssections.Theoutof
planebucklingdeflectionsontheskinandthestiffenerarerepresentedbytrigonometricshapefunctions,and
thegoverningequationsarederivedreferringtotheminimumpotentialenergyprincipleandthemethodofRitz.
Theformulationisusedtoobtainoptimalconfigurationsintermsofskinandstiffenerlayups,stiffenercross
sectionandgeometry.Constraintscanbeimposedonthestructuralresponseintermsofbucklingloadand
prebucklingstiffnessaswellasontechnologicalrequirements.Theoptimaldesignispresentedforthebuckling
loadmaximizationofaflathatstiffenedpanelloadedincompressionandshear,andfortheminimumweight
underbucklingconstraintsofacurvedpanelwithopensectionstringersloadedincompression.Analytical
resultsarethencomparedwithfiniteelementanalyses.
Referencelistedattheendofthepaper:
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CompositePanels,Computers&Structures,Vol.58,No.3,1996,pp.543555.
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PostbucklingStrengthbyGeneticAlgorithm,CompositeStructures,Vol.69,No.4,2005,pp.239246.
4Harrison,P.N.,LeRiche,R.,andHaftka,R.T.,DesignofStiffenedCompositePanelsbyGeneticAlgorithmandResponse
SurfaceApproximations,36thAIAA/ASME/SAEStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,AIAA19951163,
NewOrleans,LA,April10121995.
5Bisagni,C.andLanzi,L.,PostBucklingOptimisationofCompositeStiffenedPanelsUsingNeuralNetworks,Composite
Structures,Vol.58,No.2,2002,pp.237247.
6Lanzi,L.andGiavotto,V.,PostBucklingOptimizationofCompositeStiffenedPanels:ComputationsandExperiments,
CompositeStructures,Vol.73,No.2,2006,pp.208220.
7Rikards,R.,Abramovich,H.,Auzins,J.,Korjakins,A.,Ozolinsh,O.,Kalnins,K.,andGreen,T.,SurrogateModelsforOptimum
DesignofStiffenedCompositeShells,CompositeStructures,Vol.63,No.2,2004,pp.243251.
8Rikards,R.,Abramovich,H.,Kalnins,K.,andAuzins,J.,SurrogateModelinginDesignOptimizationofStiffenedComposite
Shells,CompositeStructures,Vol.73,No.2,2006,pp.244251.
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Panels,AIAAJournal,Vol.14,No.11,1976,pp.16181626.
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DynamicsandMaterialConference,AIAA19941496,Washington,DC,April18201994.
11Fujikubo,M.andYao,T.,ElasticLocalBucklingStrengthofStiffenedPlateConsideringPlate/StiffenerInteractionandWelding
ResidualStress,MarineStructures,Vol.12,No.910,1999,pp.543564.
12Bisagni,C.andVescovini,R.,AnalyticalFormulationforLocalBucklingandPostBucklingAnalysisofStiffenedLaminated
Panels,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.47,No.3,2009,pp.318334.
13Mittelstedt,C.,ExplicitLocalBucklingAnalysisofStiffenedCompositePlatesAccountingforPeriodicBoundaryConditionsand
StiffenerPlateInteraction,CompositeStructures,Vol.91,No.3,2009,pp.249265.
14Zhang,Y.andMatthews,F.L.,InitialBucklingofCurvedPanelsofGenerallyLayeredCompositeMaterials,Composite
Structures,Vol.1,No.1,1983,pp.330.
15Whitney,J.M.andAshton,J.E.,StructuralAnalysisofLaminatedAnisotropicPlates,CRCPress,BocaRaton,1987.
16Geier,B.,MeyerPiening,H.R.,andZimmermann,R.,OntheInfluenceofLaminateStackingonBucklingofComposite
CylindricalShellsSubjectedtoAxialCompression,CompositeStructures,Vol.55,No.4,2002,pp.467474.
17Kosteletos,S.,ShearBucklingResponseofLaminatedPlates,CompositeStructures,Vol.20,No.3,1992,pp.147154.
18Chai,G.B.andHoon,K.H.,BucklingofGenerallyLaminatedCompositePlates,CompositeScienceandTechnology,Vol.45,
No.2,1992,pp.125133.
19Nemeth,M.P.,BucklingofSymmetricallyLaminatedPlateswithCompression,Shear,andInPlaneBending,AIAAJournal,
Vol.30,No.12,1992,pp.29592965.
20Romeo,G.andFerrero,G.,Analytical/ExperimentalBehaviorofAnisotropicRectangularPanelsUnderLinearlyVarying
CombinedLoads,AIAAJournal,Vol.39,No.5,2001,pp.932941.
21Shufrin,I.,Rabinovitch,O.,andEisenberger,M.,ASemiAnalyticalApproachfortheNonLinearLargeDeflectionAnalysisof
LaminatedRectangularPlatesUnderGeneralOutofPlaneLoading,InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,Vol.43,No.4,
2008,pp.328340.
22Rastogi,N.,BucklingofLaminatedCompositePlatesSubjectedtoCombinedInPlaneBiAxialandShearLoads,50th
AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialConference,AIAA20092453,PalmSprings,CA,May
472009.
23Radloff,H.D.,Hyer,M.W.,andNemeth,M.P.,BucklingofCompositePlateswithTrapezoidalPlanform,36th
AIAA/ASME/SAEStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,AIAA19951397CP,NewOrleans,LA,April1012
1995.
24Jaunky,N.,Knight,N.F.,andAmbur,D.R.,OptimalDesignofGridStiffenedCompositePanelsUsingGlobalandLocal
BucklingAnalyses,JournalofAircraft,Vol.35,No.3,1998,pp.478486.
25Herencia,J.E.,Weaver,P.M.,andFriswell,M.I.,OptimizationofLongAnisotropicLaminatedFiberCompositePanelswithT
ShapedStiffeners,AIAAJournal,Vol.45,No.10,2007,pp.24972509.
26Bisagni,C.andVescovini,R.,FastToolforBucklingAnalysisandOptimizationofStiffenedPanels,JournalofAircraft,Vol.
46,No.6,2009,pp.20412053.

27Hyer,M.W.,StressAnalysisofFiberReinforcedCompositeMaterials,McGrawHill,NewYork,1998.
28Reddy,J.,MechanicsofLaminatedCompositePlatesandShells:TheoryandAnalysis,CRCPress,BocaRaton,2004.
29Goldberg,D.E.,GeneticAlgorithmsinSearch,OptimizationandMachineLearning,AddisonWesley,London,1989.
30Michalewicz,Z.,GeneticAlgorithms+DataStructures=EvolutionPrograms,SpringerVerlag,Berlin,1992.
31U.S.DepartmentofDefense,MilitaryHandbookMILHDBK173F.CompositeMaterialsHandbook,Volume3Polymer
MatrixCompositesMaterialsUsage,Design,andAnalysis,2002.
32Irisarri,F.X.,Bassir,D.H.,Carrere,N.,andMaire,J.F.,MultiobjectiveStackingSequenceOptimizationforLaminated
CompositeStructures,CompositesScienceandTechnology,Vol.69,No.78,2009,pp.983990.
33ABAQUS,version6.9,UsersManual,SIMULIAWorldHeadquarters,Providence,RI,USA,2009.

C.BisagniandR.Vescovini,FastToolforBucklingAnalysisandOptimizationofStiffenedPanels,
JournalofAircraft,Vol.46,No.6,NovemberDecember,2009,DOI:10.2514/1.43396
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsafasttoolthatcanbeusedduringthepreliminarydesignofisotropicand
compositestiffenedpanelssubjectedtoaxialcompression.Itconsistsoftwomodules,onefortheanalysisand
onefortheoptimization.Theanalysisisperformedbyimplementingananalyticalformulationtoobtainthe
linearizedbucklingloadandtostudythenonlinearpostbucklingfield.Inparticular,closedformsolutionsare
derivedforthelinearizedlocalandglobalbucklingloads,andasemianalyticalprocedureisimplementedfor
thestudyofthenonlinearlocalpostbucklingfield.Theoptimizationisbasedongeneticalgorithmsandallows
takingintoaccountbucklingandpostbucklingrequirementswithreducedcomputationaltime.Twoexamples
regardingtheminimumweightoptimizationofanisotropicpanelandacompositepanelarediscussedand
verifiedbymeansoffiniteelementeigenvalueandnonlinearanalyses.Thetotaltimerequiredfortheanalysis
andtheoptimizationisoftheorderofafewminutes,andthedifferencebetweentheanalyticalandnumerical
resultsisbelow9%forthebucklingloadandbelow3%forthepostbucklingstiffness.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

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CompositePanels,ComputersandStructures,Vol.58,No.3,1996,pp.543555.doi:10.1016/00457949(95)00160I
[6]Kang,J.H.,andKim,C.G.,MinimumWeightDesignofCompressivelyLoadedCompositePlatesandStiffenedPanelsfor
PostbucklingStrengthbyGeneticAlgorithm,CompositeStructures,Vol.69,No.2,2005,pp.239246.
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2004.07.001
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Vol.45,No.10,2007,pp.25202528.doi:10.2514/1.26910
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Structures,Vol.58,No.2,2002,pp.237247.doi:10.1016/S02638223(02)000533
[9]Lanzi,L.,andGiavotto,V.,PostBucklingOptimizationofCompositeStiffenedPanels:ComputationsandExperiments,
CompositeStructures,Vol.73,No.2,2006,pp.208220.doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.11.047
[10]Rikards,R.,Abramovich,H.,Kalnins,K.,andAuzins,J.,SurrogateModelinginDesignOptimizationofStiffenedComposite
Shells,CompositeStructures,Vol.73,No.2,2006,pp.244251.doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.11.046
[11]Herencia,J.E.,Weaver,P.M.,andFriswell,M.I.,OptimizationofLongAnisotropicLaminatedFiberCompositePanelswith
TShapedStiffeners,AIAAJournal,Vol.45,No.10,2007,pp.24972509.doi:10.2514/1.26321
[12]Jaunky,N.,Knight,N.F.,Jr.,andAmbur,D.R.,OptimalDesignofGridStiffenedCompositePanelsUsingGlobalandLocal
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[13]Baruch,M.,andSinger,J.,EffectofEccentricityofStiffenersontheGeneralInstabilityofStiffenedCylindricalShellsUnder

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[17]Lekhnitskii,S.G.,AnisotropicPlates,GordonandBreach,NewYork,1968.
[18]Pevzner,P.,Abramovich,H.,andWeller,T.,CalculationoftheCollapseLoadofanAxiallyCompressedLaminatedComposite
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WeldingResidualStress,MarineStructures,Vol.12,Nos.910,1999,pp.543564.
doi:10.1016/S09518339(99)000325
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LocalBuckling,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.40,No.11,2002,pp.925953.doi:10.1016/S02638231(02)000423
[23]Buermann,P.,Rolfes,R.,Tessmer,J.,andSchagerl,M.,ASemiAnalyticalModelforLocalPostBucklingAnalysisof
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Panels,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.47,No.3,2009,pp.318334.doi:10.1016/j.tws.2008.07.006
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[30]ABAQUS,6.5,SoftwarePackage,Ver.6.5,Hibbitt,Karlsson&Sorensen,Providence,RI,2005.

ChiaraBisagniandRiccardoVescovini(DipartimentodiIngegneriaAerospaziale,PolitecnicodiMilano,Via
LaMasa34,20156Milano,Italy),Analyticalformulationforlocalbucklingandpostbucklinganalysisof
stiffenedlaminatedpanels,ThinWalledStructures47(2009)318334
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsananalyticalformulationforthestudyoflinearizedlocalskinbucklingload
andnonlinearpostbucklingbehaviourofisotropicandcompositestiffenedpanelssubjectedtoaxial
compression.TheskinismodelledasathinplateintroducingDonnellVonKrmnandKirchhoffhypothesis
andapplyingclassicallaminationtheory,whilethestiffenersareconsideredastorsionbars.Thefirstpartofthe
workdealswiththestudyoflinearizedbucklingload,andtwoanalyticalsolutionsarepresented:oneisbased
onKantorovichmethodandtheotheroneonRitzmethod.Thesecondpartoftheworkregardsthedevelopment
ofasemianalyticThispaperpresentsananalyticalformulationforthestudyoflinearizedlocalskinbuckling

loadandnonlinearalformulationforthestudyofthepostbucklingfield,usingavariationalapproachand
applyingRitzmethod.Resultsarecomparedwithaserieoffiniteelementanalysis.Itisshownthatanalytical
bucklingloadsdifferfromnumericalonesforlessthan12%,andthatforcedisplacementcurvesarewell
predicted.Acomputerprogramcalledstiffenedpanelsanalysis(StiPAn)isdevelopedonthebasisofthe
presentedformulation.Itallowsquickanalysisofstiffenedlaminatedpanelsandissuitedtobeusedin
optimizationroutinesforpreliminarydesign.
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Orifici,AandBisagni,C2013,'Perturbationbasedimperfectionanalysisforcompositecylindricalshells
bucklingincompression',CompositeStructures,vol.106,pp.520528.DOI:10.1016/j.compstruct.2013.06.028
ABSTRACT:Anumericalinvestigationwasconductedintoaperturbationbasedanalysisapproachfor
assessingtheimperfectionsensitivityofcompositecylindricalshellsbucklingundercompressionloading.The
SinglePerturbationLoadAnalysis(SPLA)approachwasapplied,whichusesasinglelateralloadtointroducea
realistic,worstcaseandstimulatingimperfectionpattern.Finiteelementanalysiswasconductedforcylinders
ofbothmonolithiccompositelaminateandsandwichconstruction,withandwithoutsmallandlargecutouts.It
wasfoundthatusingaperturbationdisplacementequaltotheshellthicknessprovidesasuitabletechniquefor
estimatingthereductioninbucklingloadcausedbyimperfections.Predictionsofbucklingknockdownfactors
usingtheSPLAapproachshowedadvantagesovertheuseofeigenmodesastheSPLAapproachprovidesa
cleardesignpointanddoesnotrequireexperimentaldataforcalibration.Theeffectofsmallandlargecutouts
wasanalogoustotheeffectofsmallandlargeperturbationloads.Thelocationoftheperturbationload
influencedthebucklingknockdownfactorsforbothsmallandlargecutouts,andworstcaselocationswere
identifiedforbothconfigurations.
EivindSteen(DetnorskeVeritas,VMS261,Veritasvn1,1322,Hvik,Norway),Elasticbucklingand
postbucklingofeccentricallystiffenedplates,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.25,No.7,
1989,pp.751768,doi:10.1016/00207683(89)900115
ABSTRACT:Theelasticbucklingandpostbucklingbehaviourofeccentricallystiffenedplatesareevaluated
analytically.Theeffectsoflateralboundaryconditionsandofstiffenereccentricityrelativetotheplateplane
areemphasized.Attentionisconfinedtoglobalbuckling;localplateandlocalstiffenerbucklingeffectsare
neglected.AsimplifieddirectenergyapproachisusedtogetherwithMarguerre'splatetheory.Criticalbuckling
loadsarefoundwhicharegenerallyhigherthanthoseobtainedwithasimpleEulercolumnmodel.Asimple
closedformsolutionisfoundforthepostbucklingcurvewhichforsmallimperfectionlevelscoincideswiththe
classicalKoitersolution.Thebucklingbehaviourisfoundtobeasymmetricwithloadsgenerallyinexcessof
thecriticalloadintheadvancedpostbucklingregion.
EirikByklumandJrgenAmdahl(DepartmentofMarineStructures,NorwegianUniversityofScienceand
Technology,N7491,Trondheim,Norway),Nonlinearbucklinganalysisandultimatestrengthpredictionof
stiffenedsteelandaluminiumpanels,TheSecondInternationalConferenceonAdvancesinStructural
EngineeringandMechanics,Busan,Korea,August,2002
ABSTRACT:Acomputationalmodelforbucklingandpostbucklinganalysisofstiffenedpanelsisdeveloped.
Themodelprovidesfastandaccurateresultsforuseindesignofshipsandoffshorestructures.Theloads
consideredareinplanecompressionortension,shearforce,andlateralpressure.Deflectionsarerepresentedby
trigonometricfunctions,andtheprincipleofminimumpotentialenergyisapplied.Geometricalnonlinearities
areaccountedforusinglargedeflectionplatetheory.Materialnonlinearityisnottakenintoaccount,sincethe

onsetofyieldingistakenasthecapacitylimit.Variouscomputationshavebeenperformedforverificationof
theproposedmodel,andcomparisonsaremadewithnonlinearfiniteelementmethods.
EirikByklumandJrgenAmdahl(DepartmentofMarineStructures,NorwegianUniversityofScienceand
Technology,N7491,Trondheim,Norway),Asimplifiedmethodforelasticlargedeflectionanalysisofplates
andstiffenedpanelsduetolocalbuckling,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.40,No.11,November2002,pp.925
953,doi:10.1016/S02638231(02)000423
ABSTRACT:Acomputationalmodelforanalysisoflocalbucklingandpostbucklingofstiffenedpanelsis
derived.Themodelprovidesatoolthatismoreaccuratethanexistingdesigncodes,andmoreefficientthan
nonlinearfiniteelementmethods.Anycombinationofbiaxialinplanecompressionortension,shear,and
lateralpressuremaybeanalysed.Deflectionsareassumedintheformoftrigonometricfunctionseries.The
deformationsarecoupledsuchthatcontinuityofrotationbetweentheplateandthestiffenerwebisensured,as
wellaslongitudinalcontinuityofdisplacement.Theresponsehistoryistracedusingenergyprinciplesand
perturbationtheory.Theprocedureissemianalyticalinthesensethatallenergyformulationsarederived
analytically,whileanumericalmethodisusedforsolvingtheresultingsetofequations,andforincrementation
ofthesolution.ThestressincertaincriticalpointsarecheckedusingthevonMisesyieldcriterion,andtheonset
ofyieldingistakenasanestimateofultimatestrengthfordesignpurposes.
EivindSteen,EirikByklum,KjetilG.VilmingandTomK.stvold(TechnicalConsultancyServices,Det
NorskeVeritas,Hvik,Norway),ComputerizedBucklingModelsforUltimateStrengthAssessmentof
StiffenedShipHullPanels,2004(publishernotgiveninthepdffile)
ABSTRACT:DirectapplicationofgeometricalnonlinearplatetheoryisthemainconceptinthenewPanel
UltimateLimitState(PULS)stiffenedpanelmodelsrecentlyrecognizedbyDetNorskeVeritasaspartofthe
newrulesandstandardsforshipsandoffshoreconstructions.Thefocusisonassessmentoftheultimate
capacitylimit,ratherthanthemoretraditionalelasticbucklinglimit.Themethodisstreamlinedforrulesbased
onmodernultimatelimitstatedesignprinciples.ThemodelsarevalidatedagainstnonlinearFEanalysesand
laboratoryexperiments.ComparisonagainstexistingcodesusedbyClassificationSocietiesareincluded.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

Byklum,E,andAmdahl,J(2002A).Nonlinearbucklinganalysisandultimatestrengthpredictionofstiffenedsteelandaluminium
panels.TheSecondInt.ConferenceonAdvancesinStructuralEngineeringandMechanics,Busan,SouthKorea,2002.
Byklum,E,andAmdahl,J(2002B)Asimplifiedmethodforelasticlargedeflectionanalysisofplatesandstiffenedpanelsdueto
localbuckling.ThinWalledstructures,Vol.40(11),pp923951.
Byklum,E(2002C).Ultimatestrengthanalysisofstiffenedsteelandaluminiumpanelsusingsemianalyticalmethods.Phdthesis,
NorwegianUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Trondheim,Norway.
Byklum,E,Steen,E,andAmdahl,J(2004)Asemianalyticalmodelforglobalbucklingandpostbucklinganalysisofstiffened
panels.ThinWalledstructures,Vol.42(5),pp7017171.
DetNorskeVeritas(2004).RulesforClassificationofShips.
GermanisherLloyd(2003).ConstructionRulesforSeagoingShips.
Hayward,R(2003).ExperimentalandTheoreticalInvestigationsCarriedoutbyGermanischerLloyd.Preliminarydraftnote.
Marguerre,K.(1938).Zurtheoriedergekrmmtenplattegrosserformendrug,ProceedingsoftheFifthinternationalcongressfor
appliedmechanics,p.93101.
Steen,E,stvold,TKandValsgrd,S(2001).Anewdesignmodelforultimateandbucklingstrengthassessmentofstiffened
plates.PRADS2001,Shanghai.
Steen,E,Byklum,EandVilming,KG(2004A).PULSverificationmanualPULSVersion2.0,May2004.DNVReportNo.2003

0769,Rev.01.
Steen,E,Byklum,EandVilmingKG(2004),ComputerEfficientNonLinearBucklingModelsforCapacityAssessmentsof
StiffenedPanelsSubjectedtoCombinedLoads,ICTWS2004,UK.

EirikByklum(1),EivindSteen(1)andJrgenAmdahl(2)
(1)DetNorskeVeritas,MaritimeTechnologyandProductionCentre,Veritasveien1,N1322,Hvik,Norway
(2)DepartmentofMarineStructures,NorwegianUniversityofScienceandTechnology,N7491,Trondheim,
Norway
Asemianalyticalmodelforglobalbucklingandpostbucklinganalysisofstiffenedpanels,ThinWalled
Structures,Vol.42,No.5,May2004,pp.701717,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2003.12.006
ABSTRACT:Acomputationalmodelforglobalbucklingandpostbucklinganalysisofstiffenedpanelsis
derived.Theloadsconsideredarebiaxialinplanecompressionortension,shear,andlateralpressure.
Deflectionsareassumedintheformoftrigonometricfunctionseries,andtheprincipleofstationarypotential
energyisusedforderivingtheequilibriumequations.Lateralpressureisaccountedforbytakingthedeflection
asacombinationofaclampedandasimplysupporteddeflectionmode.Theglobalbucklingmodelisbasedon
Marguerresnonlinearplatetheory,byderivingasetofanisotropicstiffnesscoefficientstoaccountfortheplate
stiffening.Localbucklingistreatedinaseparatelocalmodeldevelopedpreviously.Theanisotropicstiffness
coefficientsusedintheglobalmodelarederivedfromthelocalanalysis.Together,thetwomodelsprovidea
toolforbucklingassessmentofstiffenedpanels.ImplementedinthecomputercodePULS,developedatDet
NorskeVeritas,localandglobalstressesarecombinedinanincrementalprocedure.Ultimatelimitstate
estimatesfordesignareobtainedbycalculatingthestressesatcertaincriticalpoints,andusingtheonsetof
yieldingduetomembranestressasthelimitingcriterion.
ElisabethSlettum(FacultyofMathematicsandNaturalSciences,UniversityofOslo),ASemiAnalytical
ModelforBucklingofStiffenedCylindricalShells,Mastersdegreethesis,June2013,(SupervisorAssociate
ProfessorLarsBrubak)
SUMMARY:Cylindricalshellsarecommonconfigurationswithinthetechnology.Thetransitionfromtheside
tothebottomonashiphastheshapeofafourthofacylindricalshell.Bothringandstringerstiffenerscanbe
addedtotheshellforsupport.Bucklingofthistypeofstructureisanimportantareaofinterest.Themain
purposeofthisthesishasbeentomakeasemianalyticalmodelthatcandescribehowaringstiffenedshelland
stringerstiffenedshellrespondduringbuckling.Avarietyofloadshavebeensubjectedtotheshellmodel.
Simpleanalyticalexpressionsdonotexistforclampedshellsorshellssubjectedtoshearandnumericalmethods
mustbeused.Thedevelopmentofthemodelhasbeendonebyuseoflinearbucklingtheoryandanenergy
method,theRayleighRitzmethod.ThemodelhasbeenprogrammedinFortran.Eigenvaluesandassociated
eigenmodeshavebeenfound.Thesemianalyticalmodelhasbeenverifiedagainstthefiniteelementanalysis
softwareAbaqus.Theresultsfromthemodelswereingoodagreementwitheachother.Theapplyofthesemi
analyticalmodelonabilgestructureshowedadeviationintheresults.Asmalldifferenceintheboundary
conditions,withtheelementmodelbeingstifferduetotheedgesbeingheldstraight,wascausingthedeviation.
Thedifferenceintheresultsfromthesemianalyticalmodelandtheelementmodelwassmallerforthering
stiffenedshellthanfortheunstiffenedshellandthestringerstiffenedshell.Thebucklingloadcalculatedby

thesemianalyticalmodelwereontheconservativesidecomparedwiththeelementmodel.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

[1]Ramm,E.andWall,W.A.(2004)ShellStructuresASensitiveInterrelationbetweenPhysicsandNumerics[Online]Availableat:
http://shellbuckling.com/papers/2004ramm.pdf(Accessed:15May2013).
[2]Bushnell,D.(1981)BucklingofShellsPitfallforDesigners,AIAAJournal,19(9),p.11831226.
[3]Brush,D.O.andAlmroth,B.O.(1975)BucklingofBars,Plates,andShells.NewYork:McgrawHillBookCompany,Inc.
[4]Bushnell,D.(1984)Computerizedanalysisofshellsgoverningequations,Computersandstructures,18(3),p.471536.
[5]Bergan,P.G.andSyvertsen,T.G.(1989)KnekningavSylerogRammer.2nded.Trondheim:Tapirtrykk.
[6]Cook,R.D.etal.(2002)ConceptsandApplicationofFiniteElementAnalysis.4thed.NewJersey:JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.
[7]Reddy,J.N.(2002)EnergyPrinciplesandVariationalMethodsinAppliedMechanics.2nded.NewJersey:JohnWiley&Sons,
Inc.
[8]Timoshenko,S.P.andGoodier,J.N.(1951)TheoryofElasticity.NewYork:McgrawHillBookCompany,Inc.
[9]Ventsel,E.andKrauthammer,T.(2001)ThinPlatesandShells.Theory,Analysis,andApplications.1sted.NewYork:Taylor&
Francis.
[10]Bushnell,D.(2011)Imperfectionsensitivity[Online]Availableat:http://shellbuckling.com/papers/imperfsensitivity.pdf
(Accessed:20November2012).
[11]Falzon,G.B.andHitchings,D.(2006)AnIntroductiontoModellingBucklingandCollapse.2nded.NAFEMS.
[12]Abaqus.(1998)AnalysisUsersManual,Version6.12.RhodeIsland:Hibbitt,KarlssonandSorensen,inc.USA
[13]DetNorskeVeritas.(2009)NonLinearFiniteElementCollapseAnalysesofStiffenedPanels.ProcedureDescription.DetNorske
Veritas,Veritasveien1,N1322Hvik,Norway.
[14]Timoshenko,S.P.andGere,J.M(1963)TheoryofElasticStability.NewYork:McgrawHillBookCompany,Inc.
[15]Brubak,L.(2003)Knekningavplaterogskalliskipskontruksjoner.Masterthesis.UniversityofOslo,Oslo.
[16]Batdorf,S.B.(1947)AsimplifiedmethodofelasticstabilityanalysisforthincylindricalshellsNACARep.874.

G.B.ChaiandK.H.Hoon(NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,SchoolofMechanical&Production
Engineering,NanyangAvenue,Singapore2263),Bucklingofgenerallylaminatedcompositeplates,
CompositesScienceandTechnology,Vol.45,No.2,1992,pp.125133,doi:10.1016/02663538(92)900352
ABSTRACT:AtotalpotentialenergyapproachhasbeenemployedinconjuctionwiththeRayleighRitz
methodtostudythestabilitybehaviourofgenerallylaminatedcompositeplateswithalledgessimplysupported
andsubjectedtoinplaneloadingconditions.Thoroughcomparisonwithexactsolutionsforsomeclassesof
laminatedcompositeplatessubjectedtouniaxialcompressionandbiaxialcompressionarepresentedtoverify
thetheoreticalpredictionofthepresentanalysis.Lastlyparametricstudiesonthecombinationofthevariousin
planeloads,i.e.biaxialcompressionanduniaxialcompressionwithshear,onpracticallaminatedcomposite
platesarepresented.Thebucklingresultsforasymmetricangleplylaminatedcompositeplatearealso
discussed.
C.W.Yap,G.B.ChaiandM.S.R.Parlapalli(SchoolofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineering,Divisionof
EngineeringMechanics,NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,Singapore),Effectofflexuralstiffnessestimates
onthebucklingloadofdelaminatedcompositebeams,ProceedingsoftheInstitutionofMechanicalEngineers,
PartL:JournalofMaterialsDesignandApplications,April2008,vol.222,no.2,pp.91102,
doi:10.1243/14644207JMDA162
ABSTRACT:Aclosedformexpressiontodeterminetheeffectiveflexuralmodulusforalaminatedcomposite
beamisderivedandpresentedinthispaper.AnapproachbasedontheestablishedEulerBernoullibeam
theorywiththeproposedeffectiveflexuralmodulustopredictthebucklingloadofthelaminatedcomposite
beamisalsopresentedindetail.Theproblemofalaminatedbeamwithnodelaminationandthatwithasingle
throughthewidthdelaminationisanalysed.Theresultsobtainedusingthecurrentexpressionarecompared

withthoseobtainedusingexistingexpressionsfoundintheliterature.Resultsfromanonlinearfiniteelement
analysisarealsopresentedandincludedinthecomparison.Theparametersinvestigatedincludeplyorientation,
numberoflayers,delaminationlength,supportconditions,andmaterialproperty.Thecomparisonofresults
showedthatthecurrentestimatedeffectiveflexuralstiffnessexpressionyieldsagoodlowerboundsolutionfor
predictingthebucklingloadofboththeperfectandthedelaminatedlaminatedcompositebeam.
G.B.Chai,C.W.YapandT.M.Lim(SchoolofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineering,Nanyang
TechnologicalUniversity,Singapore),Bendingandbucklingofagenerallylaminatedcompositebeam
column,ProceedingsoftheInstitutionofMechanicalEngineers,PartL:JournalofMaterialsDesignand
Applications,January2010,vol.224,no.1,pp.17,doi:10.1243/14644207JMDA285
ABSTRACT:Thisarticlereportsthestructuralresponsesofgenerallylaminatedcompositecolumnssubjected
touniaxialcompressionandtransverseload.Closedformexpressionsweredevelopedandarepresentedinthis
contributiontoanalysebucklingandbendingresponsesofgenerallylaminatedcompositebeamswithvarious
boundarysupports.TheexpressionsweredevelopedusingacombinationoftheEulerBernoullibeamandthe
classicallaminationtheory.Inaddition,theresultsofacomplementaryexperimentalstudyarepresentedand
areusedtovalidatetheanalyticalmodels.Thecomparisonoftheanalyticalresultswiththeexperimentalresults
showsgoodcorrelationingeneral.Someinterestingpreliminaryresultsobtainedintheanalysisofthebeam
columnarealsopresented,noted,anddiscussed.
GiulioRomeoandGiacomoFrulla(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,PolitecnicoDiTorino,C.soDuca
degliAbruzzi24,10129,Turin,Italy)PostBucklingBehaviourofGraphite/EpoxyStiffenedPanelswith
InitialImperfectionsSubjectedtoEccentricBiaxialCompressionLoading,InternationalJournalofNonLinear
Mechanics,Vol.32,No.6,1997,pp.10171033.doi:10.1016/S00207462(96)001369
ABSTRACT:Thepostbucklingbehaviourofanisotropicstiffenedpanelswithinitialimperfectionsis
investigated.Sincebucklingoftheskinbetweenthestiffenersoftenoccursfirst,anonlinearanalysisis
developedforsymmetricpanelsunderbiaxialcompressioninordertoobtaintheoutofplanepaneldeflection
inthepostbucklingrange.Thenonlineardifferentialequationsareexpressedintermsoftheoutofplane
displacementandtheAiryfunction.TheyaresolvedwiththeGalerkinmethodforvariousboundaryconditions
byimposinganedgedisplacementcontrol.Thetheoreticalandexperimentalresultsobtainedbythepresent
analysisshowthatthetransverseloadcangreatlyinfluencethebucklingloadsandhalfwavenumber.Sinceno
experimentalresultshavebeenfoundintheliterature,severaltestshavebeencarriedoutongraphite/epoxy
bladestiffenedpanels900mmlongand620mmwideapplyingsimultaneouslybiaxialcompressionloadswith
severalcombinedratios.Aneccentricityresultsbetweenlongitudinalandtransverseload,becausethe
longitudinalcompressionisappliedalongthecentroidalaxesofthestiffenedsectionwhilethetransverse
compressionisappliedtotheskinpanel.Thecorrelationbetweentheexperimentalandanalyticalresultshas
beenquitegood;theexperimentalresultsdemonstratetheinfluenceofeccentricityofthetransverseloadon
paneldeflectioninthepreandpostbucklingrange.
zgrzga,PurnenduK.DasandNigelBarltrop(DepartmentofNavalArchitectureandMarine
Engineering,UniversitiesofGlasgowandStrathclyde,HenryDyerBuilding,100MontroseStreet,GlasgowG4
0LZ,UK),Thenewsimpledesignequationsfortheultimatecompressivestrengthofimperfectstiffened

plates,OceanEngineering,Vol.34,No.7,May2007,pp.970986,doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2006.05.013
ABSTRACT:Thenewsimpledesignequationsforpredictingtheultimatecompressivestrengthofstiffened
plateswithinitialimperfectionsintheformofweldinginducedresidualstressesandgeometricdeflectionswere
developedinthisstudy.Anonlinearfiniteelementmethodwasusedtoinvestigateon60ANSYSelastic
plasticbucklinganalysesofawiderangeoftypicalshippanelgeometries.Reductionfactorsoftheultimate
strengthareproducedfromtheresultsof60ANSYSinelasticfiniteelementanalyses.Theproposeddesign
equationshavebeendevelopedbasedonthesereductionfactors.Fortherealshipstructuralstiffenedplates,the
mostgeneralloadingcaseisacombinationoflongitudinalstress,transversestress,shearstressandlateral
pressure.Thenewsimplifiedanalyticalmethodwasgeneralizedtodealwithsuchcombinedloadcases.The
accuracyoftheproposedequationswasvalidatedbytheexperimentalresults.Comparisonsshowthatthe
adoptedmethodhassufficientaccuracyforpracticalapplicationsinshipdesign.
AbderrazakMejdiandNoureddineAtalla(GAUS,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,Universityde
Sherbrooke,Sherbrooke,Que.,CanadaJ1K2R1),Dynamicandacousticresponseofbidirectionallystiffened
plateswitheccentricstiffenerssubjecttoairborneandstructureborneexcitations,JournalofSoundand
Vibration,Vol.329,No.21,October2010,pp.44224439,doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2010.04.007
ABSTRACT:Ananalyticalmethodbasedonthemodalexpansiontechniquewasdevelopedtopredictthe
vibroacousticresponseofbothunidirectionallyandbidirectionallystiffenedflatpanel.Thispaperpresentsthe
responsetodiffuseacousticfield(DAF)andturbulentboundarylayer(TBL)excitationsintermsoftheirjoint
acceptance.Numericalresultsforthedynamicandacousticresponsesarecomparedwithfiniteelementmethod
(FEM)andboundaryelement(BEM)resultsforstiffenedpanelwithcomplexandeccentricallyshaped
stiffenerssubjecttopointforceexcitation.Atheoreticalpredictionofthetransmissionloss(TL)isalso
comparedwithlaboratorymeasurementsconductedonflatpanelsrepresentingaircraftmodelsaswellaswith
hybridstatisticalenergyanalysis(SEA)FEMperiodicmodel.Theresultsconfirmthatthestiffenedpanelhas
thesameacousticresponseastheskinwithoutstiffenersatfrequencieswherethestructuralwavelengthsare
equaltothespacingbetweenthestiffeners.Inaddition,thetransmissionlossisloweredbythepresenceofthe
stiffenersatsomeparticularregionoffrequenciesbelowthecriticalfrequencywithrespecttotheunstiffened
panel.
Knight,NormanF,JrandStarnes,JamesH,Jr,Postbucklingbehaviorofaxiallycompressedgraphiteepoxy
cylindricalpanelswithcircularholes,AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers,JointPressureVesselsand
Piping/AppliedMechanicsConference,SanAntonio,TX;UnitedStates;1721June1984
ABSTRACT:Theresultsofanexperimentalandanalyticalstudyoftheeffectsofcircularholesonthe
postbucklingbehaviorofgraphiteepoxycylindricalpanelsloadedinaxialcompressionarepresented.The
STAGSC1generalshellanalysiscomputercodeisusedtodeterminethebucklingandpostbucklingresponse
ofthepanels.Theloaded,curvedendsofthespecimenswereclampedbyfixturesandtheunloaded,straight
edgesweresimplysupportedbyknifeedgerestraints.Thepanelsareloadedbyuniformendshorteningto
severaltimestheendshorteningatbuckling.Theunstableequilibriumpathofthepostbucklingresponseis
obtainedanalyticallybyusingamethodbasedoncontrollinganequilibriumpatharclengthparameterinstead
ofthetraditionalloadparameter.Theeffectsofholediameter,panelradius,andpanelthicknesson
postbucklingresponseareconsideredinthestudy.Experimentalresultsarecomparedwiththeanalyticalresults
andthefailurecharacteristicsofthegraphiteepoxypanelsaredescribed.

Knight,NF,Jr,Starnes,JH,JrAndWaters,WA,Jr,Postbucklingbehaviorofselectedgraphiteepoxy
cylindricalpanelsloadedinaxialcompression,AIAAStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterials
Conference,27th,SanAntonio,TX;USA;1921May1986.pp.142158.1986
ABSTRACT:Resultsofanexperimentalandanalyticalstudyofthepostbucklingbehaviorofselectedgraphite
epoxycylindricalpanelsloadedinaxialcompressionarepresented.Thepostbucklingresponseandfailure
characteristicsofthepanelsaredescribed.Thepostbucklingresponseofeachspecimenistypicalofaxially
compressedcylindricalshellsandcurvedpanelsinthataseverereductioninloadoccursatbuckling.Failureof
allpanelsinitiatednearregionswithseverelocalbendinggradients.Analyticalresultsfromanonlineargeneral
shellfiniteelementanalysiscomputercodecorrelatewellwithtypicalexperimentalresultsuptobuckling.
Measuredinitialgeometricimperfectionswereincludedinthepostbucklinganalysis.Analyticallydetermined
stressdistributionsinthepostbucklingresponsewereusedwithfailurecriteriatoidentifytheloadlevelandthe
locationoffirstplyfailure.
NormanF.KnightJr(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,OldDominionUniversity,Norfolk,Virginia),
Factorsinfluencingnonlinearstaticresponsepredictionandtestanalysiscorrelationforcompositepanels,
CompositeStructures,Vol.29,No.1,1994,pp.1325,doi:10.1016/02638223(94)900337
ABSTRACT:Factorsinfluencingthenonlinearresponsepredictionofcompositepanelsaredescribed.Therole
ofthesefactorsinperformingtestanalysiscorrelationforcompositepanelsisdiscussedanddemonstratedusing
selectedconfigurationsforwhichexperimentaldatahavebeenpreviouslypublished.Advancedformulations
andanalysismethodsareprovidingstructuralanalystswithbettertoolstoaidthedevelopmentofunderstanding
thecomplexitiesassociatedwithcompositestructuraldesignandanalysis.
NormanF.Knight,Jr.(1),StevenC.Macy(2)andSusanL.McCleary(2)
(1)DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,OldDominionUniversity,Norfolk,VA235290247,USA
(2)LockheedEngineeringandSciencesCompany,Hampton,VA236655225,USA
Assessmentofstructuralanalysistechnologyforstaticcollapseofelasticcylindricalshells,FiniteElementsin
AnalysisandDesign,Vol.18,No.4,January1995,pp.403431,doi:10.1016/0168874X(94)00066O
ABSTRACT:Thepredictionoftheultimateloadcarryingcapabilityforcompressivelyloadedshellstructures
isachallengingnonlinearanalysisproblem.Selectedareasoffiniteelementtechnologyresearchandnonlinear
solutiontechnologyareassessed.Herein,afiniteelementanalysisprocedureisappliedtofourcylindricalshell
collapseproblemswhichhavebeenusedbycomputationalstructuralmechanicsresearchersinthepast.This
assessmentwillfocusonanumberofdifferentshellelementformulationsandondifferentapproachesusedto
accountforgeometricnonlinearities.Theresultspresentedconfirmthattheseaspectsofnonlinearshellanalysis
canhaveasignificanteffectonthepredictednonlinearstructuralresponse.Allanalyseswereperformedusinga
singlesoftwaresystemwhichallowedaconvenientassessmentofdifferentelementformulationswitha
consistentapproachtosolvingthediscretizednonlinearequations.
Rengarajan,G.(1),Aminpour,M.A.(2)andKnight,N.F.(3),
(1)ClemsonUniversity,Clemson,SC296340921,U.S.A
(2)AnalyticalServicesandMaterials,Inc.,Hampton,VA23666,U.S.A.

(3)DepartmentofAerospaceEng.,OldDominionUniversity,Norfolk,VA235290247,U.S.A.
Improvedassumedstresshybridshellelementwithdrillingdegreesoffreedomforlinearstress,bucklingand
freevibrationanalyses,InternationalJournalforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,1995,38:19171943.
doi:10.1002/nme.1620381108
ABSTRACT:Animproved4nodequadrilateralassumedstresshybridshellelementwithdrillingdegreesof
freedomispresented.TheformulationisbasedonHellingerReissnervariationalprincipleandtheshape
functionsareformulateddirectlyforthe4nodeelement.Theelementhas12membranedegreesoffreedomand
12bendingdegreesoffreedom.Ithas9independentstressparameterstodescribethemembranestressresultant
fieldand13independentstressparameterstodescribethemomentandtransverseshearstressresultantfield.
Theformulationencompasseslinearstress,linearbucklingandlinearfreevibrationproblems.Theelementis
validatedwithstandardtestcasesandisshowntoberobust.Numericalresultsarepresentedforlinearstress,
buckling,andfreevibrationanalyses.
Knight,NormanF,Jr(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA236810001,USA),Assumedstress
hybridelementswithdrillingdegreesoffreedomfornonlinearanalysisofcompositestructures(FinalReport,
endingDec.31,1995)
ABSTRACT:Thegoalofthisresearchprojectistodevelopassumedstresshybridelementswithrotational
degreesoffreedomforanalyzingcompositestructures.Duringthefirstyearofthethreeyearactivity,theeffort
wasdirectedtofurtherassesstheAQ4shellelementanditsextensionstobucklingandfreevibrationproblems.
Inaddition,thedevelopmentofacompatible2nodebeamelementwastobeaccomplished.Theextensionsand
newdevelopmentswereimplementedintheComputationalStructuralMechanicsTestbedCOMET.An
assessmentwasperformedtoverifytheimplementationandtoassesstheperformanceoftheseelementsin
termsofaccuracy.Duringthesecondandthirdyears,extensionstogeometricallynonlinearproblemswere
developedandtested.Thiseffortinvolvedworkingwiththenonlinearsolutionstrategyaswellasthenonlinear
formulationfortheelements.Thisresearchhasresultedinthedevelopmentandimplementationoftwo
additionalelementprocessors(ES22forthebeamelementandES24fortheshellelements)inCOMET.The
softwarewasdevelopedusingaSUNworkstationandhasbeenportedtotheNASALangleyConvexnamed
blackbird.BothelementprocessorsarenowpartofthebaselineversionofCOMET.
N.Jaunky(1),N.F.KnightJr(1)andD.R.Ambur(2)
(1)OldDominionUniversity,DeptAerospaceEngineering,Norfolk,VA235290247,USA
(2)NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA236810001,USA
Formulationofanimprovedsmearedstiffenertheoryforbucklinganalysisofgridstiffenedcompositepanels,
CompositesPartB:Engineering,Vol.27,No.5,1996,pp.519526,doi:10.1016/13598368(96)000327
ABSTRACT:Animprovedsmearedstiffenertheoryforstiffenedpanelsispresentedthatincludesskinstiffener
interactioneffects.Theneutralsurfaceprofileoftheskinstiffenercombinationisdevelopedanalyticallyusing
theminimumpotentialenergyprincipleandstaticsconditions.Theskinstiffenerinteractionisaccountedforby
computingthebendingandcouplingstiffnessduetothestiffenerandtheskinintheskinstiffenerregionabout
ashiftintheneutralaxisatthestiffener.Bucklingloadresultsforaxiallystiffened,orthogrid,andgeneralgrid
stiffenedpanelsareobtainedusingthesmearedstiffnesscombinedwithaRayleighRitzmethodandare
comparedwithresultsfromdetailedfiniteelementanalyses.

Knight,NormanF,JrandNemeth,MichaelP(editors),StabilityAnalysisofPlatesandShells,NASAno.
19980019011.In:AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConference
ABSTRACT:ThisspecialpublicationcontainsthepaperspresentedatthespecialsessionshonoringDr.
ManuelSteinduringthe38thAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterials
ConferenceheldinKissimmee,Florida,Apdl710,1997.Thisvolume,andtheSDMspecialsessions,are
dedicatedtothememoryofDr.ManuelStein,amajorpioneerinstructuralmechanics,plateandshellbuckling,
andcompositestructures.ManyofthepaperspresentedaretheworkofManny'scolleaguesandcoworkersand
arearesult,directlyorindirectly,ofhisinfluence.Dr.SteinearnedhisPh.D.inEngineeringMechanicsfrom
VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversityin1958.HeworkedintheStructuralMechanicsBranchat
theNASALangleyResearchCenterfrom1943until1989.Followinghisretirement,Dr.Steincontinuedhis
involvementwithNASAasaDistinguishedResearchAssociate.
NormanF.Knight,JrandYunqianQi(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,OldDominionUniversity,
Norfolk,VA235290247,USA),Onaconsistentfirstordersheardeformationtheoryforlaminatedplates,
CompositesPartB:Engineering,Vol.28,No.4,1997,pp.397405,doi:10.1016/S13598368(96)000583
ABSTRACT:Thispapersystematicallystatestheconsistentfirstordersheardeformationtheoryforlaminated
platesrecentlyproposedbyQiandKnight.Itassumesthatonlyinanaveragesensedoesastraightline
originallynormaltothemidplaneremainstraightandrotaterelativetothenormalofthemidplane,andina
localsenseaslightdisplacementperturbationaroundtheaveragerotatedlineisalsopermittedafter
deformation.Sincethecurvedlineisveryshallow,thepresenttheorystillapproximateslinearinplaneand
constanttransversedisplacementsthroughthethicknessjustasReissnerandMindlin'sfirstordershear
deformationtheorydoes.ReissnerandMindlin'stheoryleadstouniformtransverseshearstraindistributionsby
employingpointwisestraindisplacementrelationships,andsatisfiesthetransverseshearconstitutive
relationshipsonlyinanaveragecorrectedform.Incontrast,QiandKnight'stheoryaccountsforvariable
transverseshearstraindistributionsbyenforcingpointwiseconstitutiverelationships,andrelatestransverse
shearstrainstokinematicunknownsonlyinaweightedaverageform.Throughthethicknesstransverseshear
strainsarethusconsistentwiththestresscounterpartsandtheirtransverseshearstressweightedaveragevalues
arejustthenominaluniformtransverseshearstrainswhichcorrespondtotheaveragerotations.Thenewtheory
combinestheadvantagesofseveralprevailing2Dlaminatedplatetheorieswhileovercomingtheirdrawbacks.
Numericalresultsforthecylindricalbendingproblemoforthotropiclaminatedplatesexhibitexcellent
agreementbetweenQiandKnight'stheoryandPagano's3Dexactelasticityresults.
NormanF.Knight,JrandYunqianQi(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,OldDominionUniversity,
Norfolk,Virginia235290247,U.S.A.),Restatementoffirstordersheardeformationtheoryforlaminated
plates,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.34,No.4,February1997,pp.481492,
doi:10.1016/S00207683(96)000327
ABSTRACT:Arestatementofthefirstordersheardeformationtheoryofplatesisofferedandverified
numericallybyexact3Delasticityresults.Basedonamoreappropriatephysicalassumption,therestated
theoryinnovativelyinterpretsitsvariablesandapplieselasticityequationsinamorepertinentmanner.It
assumesphysicallythatonlyinsomeaveragesensedoesastraightlineoriginallynormaltothemidplane
remainstraightandrotaterelativetothenormalofthemidplaneafterdeformation.Hencetheinplane

displacementisstillapproximated,inanaveragesense,aslinearandthetransversedeflectionasconstant
throughtheplatethickness.Theassociatednominaluniformtransverseshearstraindirectlyderivedfromthese
displacementfieldassumptionsisidentifiedastheweightedaveragetransverseshearstrainthroughtheplate
thickness,withthecorrespondingtransverseshearstressastheweightingfunction,whiletheactualtransverse
shearstrainispermittedtovarythroughthethicknessandsatisfiestheconstitutivelawwithitsstress
counterpart.Likewise,theaveragerotationofthelineisidentifiedasitsweightedaveragevalue,insteadofthe
oneevaluatedfromalinearregressionoftheinplanedisplacementwiththeleastsquaremethod.Examination
ofbendingenergyandtransverseshearenergysupportsthisinterpretation.Inaddition,aneffectivetransverse
shearstiffnessparameterisidentifiedandprovenappropriate.Thisrestatedfirstorder,sheardeformation
theoryyieldsaccuratelocalaswellasglobalresponsepredictionswithoutemployingashearcorrectionfactor.
Knight,NormanF,JrandStarnes,JamesH,Jr,DevelopmentsinCylindricalShellStabilityAnalysis,NASA
no.19980019015.StabilityAnalysisofPlatesandShells;UNITEDSTATES;1998
ABSTRACT:Todayhighperformancecomputingsystemsandnewanalyticalandnumericaltechniquesenable
engineerstoexploretheuseofadvancedmaterialsforshelldesign.Thispaperreviewssomeofthehistorical
developmentsofshellbucklinganalysisanddesign.Thepaperconcludesbyidentifyingkeyresearchdirections
forreliableandrobustmethodsdevelopmentinshellstabilityanalysisanddesign.
N.Jaunky(1),N.F.KnightJr(1)andD.R.Ambur(2)
(1)OldDominionUniversity,DeptAerospaceEngineering,Norfolk,VA235290247,USA
(2)NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA236810001,USA
Optimaldesignofgeneralstiffenedcompositecircularcylindersforglobalbucklingwithstrengthconstraints,
CompositeStructures,Vol.41,Nos.34,MarchApril1998,pp.243252,
doi:10.1016/S02638223(98)000208
ABSTRACT:Adesignstrategyforoptimaldesignofcompositegridstiffenedcylinderssubjectedtoglobaland
localbucklingconstraintsandstrengthconstraintswasdevelopedusingadiscreteoptimizerbasedonagenetic
algorithm.Animprovedsmearedstiffenertheorywasusedfortheglobalanalysis.Localbucklingofskin
segmentswereassessedusingaRayleighRitzmethodthataccountsformaterialanisotropy.Thelocalbuckling
ofstiffenersegmentswerealsoassessed.Constraintsontheaxialmembranestrainintheskinandstiffener
segmentswereimposedtoincludestrengthcriteriainthegridstiffenedcylinderdesign.Designvariablesused
inthisstudyweretheaxialandtransversestiffenerspacings,stiffenerheightandthickness,skinlaminate
stackingsequenceandstiffeningconfiguration,wherestiffeningconfigurationisadesignvariablethatindicates
thecombinationofaxial,transverseanddiagonalstiffenerinthegridstiffenedcylinder.Thedesign
optimizationprocesswasadaptedtoidentifythebestsuitedstiffeningconfigurationsandstiffenerspacingsfor
gridstiffenedcompositecylinderwiththelengthandradiusofthecylinder,thedesigninplaneloadsand
materialpropertiesasinputs.Theeffectofhavingaxialmembranestrainconstraintsintheskinandstiffener
segmentsintheoptimizationprocessisalsostudiedforselectedstiffeningconfigurations.
NavinJaunky(1),NormanF.Knight,Jr.(1),andDamodarR.Ambur(2)
(1)DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,OldDominionUniversity,Norfolk,VA235290247,USA
(2)StructuralMechanicsBranch,NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA236810001,USA

Optimaldesignofgridstiffenedcompositepanelsusingglobalandlocalbucklinganalyses,Journalof
Aircraft,1998,Vol.35,No.3,pp.478486,presentedatAIAA37thSDMConference,SaltLakeCity,UT
ABSTRACT:Adesignstrategyforoptimaldesignofcompositegridstiffenedpanelssubjectedtoglobaland
localbucklingconstraintsisdevelopedusingadiscreteoptimizer.Animprovedsmearedstiffenertheoryisused
fortheglobalbucklinganalysis.LocalbucklingofskinsegmentsisassessedusingaRayleighRitzmethodthat
accountsformaterialanisotropyandtransverseshearflexibility.Thelocalbucklingofstiffenersegmentsisalso
assessed.Designvariablesaretheaxialandtransversestiffenerspacing,stiffenerheightandthickness,skin
laminate,andstiffeningconfiguration,wherethestiffeningconfigurationishereindefinedasadesignvariable
thatindicatesthecombinationofaxial,transverse,anddiagonalstiffenersinthestiffenedpanel.Thedesign
optimizationprocessisadaptedtoidentifythelightestweightstiffeningconfigurationandstiffenerspacingfor
gridstiffenedcompositepanelsgiventheoverallpaneldimensions,inplanedesignloads,materialproperties,
andboundaryconditionsofthegridstiffenedpanel.
NavinJaunky(1),NormanF.Knight,Jr.(1),andDamodarR.Ambur(2)
(1)DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,OldDominionUniversity,Norfolk,VA235290247,USA
(2)StructuralMechanicsBranch,NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA236810001,USA
Bucklinganalysisofanisotropicvariablecurvaturepanelsandshells,CompositeStructures,Vol.43,No.4,
December1998,pp.321329,doi:10.1016/S02638223(98)001184
ABSTRACT:Abucklingformulationforanisotropicvariablecurvaturepanelsispresentedinthispaper.The
variablecurvaturepanelisassumedtoconsistoftwoormorepanelsofconstantcurvaturewhereeachpanel
mayhaveadifferentcurvature.BezierfunctionsareusedasRitzfunctions.Displacement(C0),andslope(C1)
continuitiesbetweensegmentsareimposedbymanipulationoftheBeziercontrolpoints.Afirstordershear
deformationtheoryisusedinthebucklingformulation.Resultsobtainedfromthepresentformulationare
comparedwiththosefromfiniteelementsimulationsandarefoundtobeingoodagreement.
NormanF.Knight,Jr.(AerospaceEngineeringDepartment,OldDominionUniversity,Norfolk,VA23529
0247)FiniteElementTechniquesforNonlinearPostbucklingandCollapseofElasticStructures,Chapter1in
StructuralDynamicSystems:ComputationalTechniquesandOptimization,EditedbyCorneliusT.Leondes,
GordonandBreachSciencePublishers,1998
PARTIALINTRODUCTION:Theobjectivesofthispaperaretopresentabriefoverviewofthefiniteelement
method,toreviewselectedfiniteelementanalysistechniquesasappliedtodeterminingthenonlinear
postbucklingandcollapseresponseofelasticstructures,andtodescribeselectedapplicationproblems.First,
someofthefundamentalconceptsassociatedwithfiniteelementapproximationsaredescribed.Second,the
basicequationsofnonlinearsolidmechanicsaregivenforthecaseofsmallstrain,largeelasticdeformation
includingabriefdiscussionoflaminationtheoryforcompositestructures.Third,differentvariational
formulationsarepresentedalongwiththeirfiniteelementmodels.Thensolutiontechniquesfornonlinear
systems(bothstaticanddynamic)arediscussed.Thetraditionalapproachofnonlinearfiniteelementanalysis
usingaNewtonRaphsonapproachisreviewed.Reductionmethodsfornonlinearproblemssuchastheglobal
functionapproachandthereducedbasisapproacharesummarized.Next,selectedapplicationsaredescribed,
andfinallysomeconcludingremarksaremade.

Bushnell,David(1),Jiang,Hao(2)andKnight,NormF.,Jr.(2)
(1)LockheedMartinAdvancedTechnologyCenter,PaloAlto,CA
(2)OldDominionUniv.,Norfolk,VA
AdditionalbucklingsolutionsinPANDA2,AIAA19991233,40thAIAAStructures,StructuralDynamics
andMaterialsConference,April1999
ABSTRACT:ThreenewbucklingmodelshavebeenincorporatedintoPANDA2,aprogramforminimum
weightdesignofstiffenedcompositepanelsandshells:(1)bucklingofunstiffenedpanelsorunstiffened
portionsofpanelswithuseofdoubletrigonometricseriesexpansionsforbucklingmodaldisplacement
components,u,v,w;(2)generalbucklingofcylindricalstiffenedpanelswithbothringsandstringerstreatedas
discretebeams;and(3)interringbucklingofcylindricalpanelsbasedonadiscretizedsinglemodulemodel
containingdiscretizedringsegmentsandadiscretizedskinsmearedstringercylindricalsurfacetowhichthe
ringisattached.Examplesareprovidedofbucklingofcertainisotropicandlaminatedcompositeflatand
cylindricalunstiffenedandstiffenedpanelsandshellsforwhichthepredictionsfromthemodifiedPANDA2,
formerlyunacceptablyinaccurate,arecomparedwithpredictionsfromSTAGS,ageneralpurposefinite
elementcode.ThenewcomparisonsdemonstratethatthemodifiedPANDA2isnowwellqualifiedfor
preliminarydesigninparticularcasesforwhichitpreviouslyyieldedunreliabledesignsanddesignsthatwere
overlyconservative.Theoptimumdesignofacompositeringandstringerstiffenedcylindricalshellderivedby
PANDA2isevaluatedwiththeuseofSTAGS.Theoptimumdesignofanisotropichydrostaticallycompressed
internallyTringstiffenedcylindricalshelloptimizedbyPANDA2isevaluatedwiththeuseoftheshellof
revolutioncodeBOSOR4.ThereisgoodagreementbetweenPANDA2predictionsandSTAGSandBOSOR4
predictionsforbucklingoftheoptimizeddesigns.
NavinJaunkyandNormanF.KnightJr.(OldDominionUniversity,Norfolk,VA235290247,USA),An
assessmentofshelltheoriesforbucklingofcircularcylindricallaminatedcompositepanelsloadedinaxial
compression,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.36,No.25,September1999,pp.37993820,
doi:10.1016/S00207683(98)001772
ABSTRACT:BucklingloadsofcircularcylindricallaminatedcompositepanelsareobtainedusingSanders
Koiter(e.g.Sanders,1959;Koiter,1959),Love(e.g.Love,1927)andDonnell(e.g.Loo,1957)shelltheories
withafirstorder,sheardeformationapproachandaRayleighRitzmethodthataccountsfordifferentboundary
conditionsandmaterialanisotropy.ResultsobtainedusingSandersKoiter,Love,Donnellshelltheoriesare
comparedwiththoseobtainedfromfiniteelementsimulations,wherethecurvedpanelsaremodeledusingnine
nodequadrilateralcontinuumbasedshellelementsthatareindependentofanyshelltheory.Comparisonswith
finiteelementresultsindicatethatDonnellstheorycouldbeinerrorforsomelaminationschemesand
geometricalparameters.
NormanF.KnightJr.(1),CharlesC.Rankin(2)andFrankA.Brogan(2)
(1)VeridianSystemsDivision,Fairfax,VA,USA
(2)LockheedMartinAdvancedTechnologyCenter,PaloAlto,CA,USA
STAGScomputationalprocedureforprogressivefailureanalysisoflaminatedcompositestructures,
InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,Vol.37,Nos.45,June2002,pp.833849,Specialissue:
Stability&VibrationinThinWalledStructures,doi:10.1016/S00207462(01)001019
ABSTRACT:Nonlinearanalysesaredifficultsimulationstoperformandplaceincreaseddemandsnotonlyon

thecomputationalsystemsbutalsoontheanalyst.Thenumberofpossibleproblemsand/ordifficulties
increasessignificantlycomparedtothoseforlinearelasticanalyses.Combinedmaterialandgeometricnon
linearitieschallengetheanalystandthesolutionalgorithms.Progressivefailureanddamagepropagationfor
compositestructuresresultinevenmorecomplexitiesduetothediscrete,abruptchangesinlocalmaterial
stiffness.Analystsneedtointerrogatethecomputedsolutionscarefullybasedontheirunderstandingof
structuralmechanics,materialbehavior,computationalproceduresandnonlinearphenomenatodistillcorrect
physicsfromsuchsimulations.ThispaperdescribesthecomputationalstrategyincorporatedintotheSTAGS
nonlinearfiniteelementanalysiscodewithspecialemphasisonprogressivefailureanalysisoflaminated
compositestructures.ResultsforselectedlaminatedcompositestructuresareusedtodemonstratethePFA
capability.
NormanF.Knight,Jr.,andThomasJ.Stone(VeridianSystemsDivision,Chantilly,Virginia),RapidModeling
andAnalysisTools:Evolution,Status,NeedsandDirections,NASA/CR2002211751,2002
ABSTRACT:Thedesignprocessisrapidlyevolvingasthetwentyfirstcenturybegins.Advancedaerospace
systemsarebecomingincreasinglymorecomplex,andcustomersaredemandinglowercost,higher
performance,andhighreliability.Increaseddemandsareplacedonthedesignengineerstocollaborateand
integratedesignneedsandobjectivesearlyinthedesignprocesstominimizerisksthatmayoccurlaterinthe
designdevelopmentstage.TheMarsSampleReturn/EarthEntryVehiclehasstringentdesignrequirements
imposedduetomissionobjectives.Theserequirementsinturnnecessitatethemitigationofuncertaintiesand
riskassociatedwiththesystemdesignandmission.Characterizationofmaterialresponseaccountingfor
damage,delaminations,andmanufacturingflaws,andunderstandingtheirinfluenceonstructuralintegrityto
meetmissionobjectivesarecritical.Extremeenvironmentloadingconditionsduetoreentryandimpactonthe
earthssurfaceusingapassiveimpactenergymanagementsystemrequiredetailedmathematicalmodelsand
advancedanalysistoolsbasedonverifiedconstitutivemodels.Thedesignprocessbecomesabalancingprocess
betweenriskandconsequences.Highperformancesystemsrequirebetterunderstandingofsystemsensitivities
muchearlierinthedesignprocesstomeetthesegoals.Thisunderstandingisdevelopedthroughenhanced
conceptselections,reduceduncertainty,andenhancedanalyticaltools.However,thecornerstoneofthedesign
processisthedesignengineer.Theknowledge,skills,intuition,andexperienceofanindividualdesignengineer
willneedtobeextendedsignificantlyforthenextgenerationofaerospacesystemdesigns.Thenacollaborative
effortinvolvingthedesigner,rapidandreliableanalysistoolsandvirtualexpertsrepresentingtheknowledge
captureoftechnicaldisciplines,manufacturingprocesses,missionprofile,and/orsystemperformancewill
resultinadvancedaerospacesystemsthataresafe,reliable,andefficient.Thispaperdiscussestheevolution,
status,needsanddirectionsforrapidmodelingandanalysistoolsforstructuralanalysis.First,theevolutionof
computerizeddesignandanalysistoolsisbrieflydescribed.Next,thestatusofrepresentativedesignand
analysistoolsisdescribedalongwithabriefstatementontheirfunctionality.Thentechnologyadvancementsto
achieverapidmodelingandanalysisareidentified.Finally,potentialfuturedirectionsincludingpossible
prototypeconfigurationsareproposed.
Someofthemorethan200referencesattheendofthereport(onlythosepertainingtothebucklingofshells):
11.Bushnell,David,BucklingofShells:PitfallforDesigners,AIAAPaperNo.800665,1980.
12.Bushnell,David,StaticCollapse:ASurveyofMethodsandModesofBehavior,FiniteElementsinAnalysisandDesign,Vol.1,
No.2,1985,pp.165205.
13.Starnes,J.H.,Jr.,Hilburger,M.W.,andNemeth,M.P.,TheEffectofInitialImperfectionsontheBucklingofComposite
CylindricalShells,inCompositeStructures:TheoryandPractice,ASTMSTP1383,P.GrantandC.Q.Rousseau(editors),American
SocietyforTestingMaterials,WestConshohocken,PA,2000,pp.529550.

14.Young,R.D.andRankin,C.C.,ModelingandNonlinearStructuralAnalysisofaLargeScaleLaunchVehicle,Journalof
SpacecraftandRockets,Vol.36,No.6,NovemberDecember1999,pp.804811.
118.Stein,M.andHedgepeth,J.M.,AnalysisofPartlyWrinkledMembranes,NASATechnicalNoteD813,July1961.
119.Adler,A.L.,Mikulas,M.M.,andHedgepeth,J.M.,StaticandDynamicAnalysisofPartiallyWrinkledMembraneStructures,
AIAAPaperNo.20001810,April2000.
146.Riks,Eduard,Rankin,CharlesC.,andBrogan,FrancisA.,OntheSolutionofModeJumpingPhenomenainThinWalledShell
Structures,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.136,No.12,September1996,pp.5992.
196.Bushnell,D.,PANDA2:ProgramforMinimumWeightDesignofStiffened,Composite,LocallyBuckledPanels,Computersand
Structures,Vol.25,No.4,1987,pp.465605.
197.Bushnell,D.andBushnell,W.D.,MinimumWeightDesignofaStiffenedPanelviaPANDA2andEvaluationoftheOptimized
PanelviaSTAGS,ComputersandStructures,Vol.50,No.4,1994,pp.569602.
198.Bushnell,D.,Rankin,C.C.,andRiks,E.,OptimizationofStiffenedPanelsinwhichModeJumpingisAccountedfor,AIAA
PaperNo.971141,April1997.
199.Arbocz,J.andHol,J.M.A.M.,ShellStabilityAnalysisinaComputerAidedEngineering(CAE)Environment,AIAAPaper
No.931333,April1993.
200.Arbocz,J.,Starnes,J.H.,andNemeth,M.P.,AHierarchicalApproachtoBucklingLoadCalculations,AIAAPaperNo.99
1232,April1999.

NormanF.Knight,Jr.(GeneralDynamicsAdvancedInformationSystems,Chantilly,Virginia),Bearing
LoadModelingandAnalysisStudyforMechanicallyConnectedStructures,NASA/CR2006214529,NASA
LangleyResearchCenter,December2006
ABSTRACT:Bearingloadresponseforapinloadedholeisstudiedwithinthecontextoftwodimensional
finiteelementanalyses.Pinloadedholeconfigurationsarerepresentativeofmechanicallyconnectedstructures,
suchasastiffenerfastenedtoaribofanisogridpanel,thatareidealizedaspartofalargerstructural
component.Withinthiscontext,thelargerstructuralcomponentmaybeidealizedasatwodimensionalshell
finiteelementmodeltoidentifyloadpathsandhighstressregions.Fastenermodelingwithintheseanalysis
modelsisoftenoflowfidelityandlimitationsneedtobeassessed.Finiteelementmodelingandanalysisaspects
ofapinloadedholeareconsideredinthepresentpaperincludingtheuseoflinearandnonlinearspringsto
simulatethepinbearingcontactcondition.Forarepeatingunitofasquaredomainwithacentercircularhole,
theeffectsofholediameteranddegreeofelasticrestraintprovidedbymaterialsurroundingtheholeare
considered.Theseeffectsarefoundtoaffectthelocalresponsebychangingitfromabearingdominated
responseforsmallholestoaplanestressdominatedligamentresponseforlargerholes.ForaTshapedcoupon
specimenconfiguration,thepinloadedholecaseresultedinhigherlocalstressesaroundthehole,whilethe
openholecasegeneratedhighstressesalongthemajorityofthefreeedgeoftheTspecimenweb.Simulating
pinconnectedstructureswithinatwodimensionalfiniteelementanalysismodelusingnonlinearspringorgap
elementsprovidesaneffectivewayforaccuratepredictionofthelocaleffectivestressstateandpeakforces.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1.Bickford.J.H.,AnIntroductiontotheDesignandBehaviorofBoltedJoints,MarcelDekker,Inc.,NewYork,1981.
2.Hyer,M.W.,Perry,J.C.,andLightfoot,M.C.,LoadTransferinCompositeBoltedJoints,AIAAPaperNo.800779CP,
presentedattheAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS21stStructures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConference,Seattle,WA,May1214,
1980.
3.Crews,Jr.J.H.andNaik,R.A.EffectofBoltHoleContactonBearingDamageOnsetStrength,inFirstNASAAdvanced
CompositesTechnologyConference,JohnG.DavisandHermanL.Bohn(compilers),October29November1,1990,Seattle,WA,
NASACP3104,part2,1993.
4.Newman,J.A.,Smith,S.W.,Piascik,R.S.,Johnston,W.M.,Willard,S.A.,andDawicke,D.S.,FractureTestingofIntegral
StiffenedStructures,NASATM2006xxxxxxx,2006.
5.Rankin,C.C.,Brogan,F.A.,Loden,W.A.,andCabiness,H.D.,STAGSUsersManualVersion5.0,LockheedMartin,Report

LMSCP032594,PaloAlto,CA,January2005.
6.Knight,N.F.,Jr.andRankin,C.C.,STAGSExampleProblemsManual,NASACR2006214281,March2006.
7.Rankin,C.andBrogan,F.,TheComputationalStructuralMechanicsTestbedStructuralElementProcessorES5:STAGSShell
Element,NASACR4358,May1991.
8.Rankin,C.C.andBrogan,F.A.,AnElementIndependentCorotationalProcedurefortheTreatmentofLargeRotations,ASME
JournalofPressureVesselTechnology,Vol.108,1986,pp.165174.
9.White,G.N.,Jr.,ApplicationoftheTheoryofPerfectlyPlasticSolidstoStressAnalysisofStrainHardeningSolids,Technical
ReportNo.51,GraduateDivisionofAppliedMechanics,BrownUniversity,Providence,RI,August1950.
10.Besseling,J.F.,ATheoryofElastic,Plastic,andCreepofanInitiallyIsotropicMaterialShowingAnisotropicStrainHardening,
CreepRecovery,andSecondaryCreep,ASMEJournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.25,No.4,December1958,pp.529536.
11.Almroth,B.,EvaluationofAvailableTechnologyforPredictionofPlasticStrain,inConstitutiveEquationsforViscoplasticity:
ComputationalandEngineeringAspects,J.A.StricklinandK.J.Saczalski(editors),ASMEAMDVol.20,1976,pp.201211.
12.Bushnell,D.,PlasticBuckling,inPressureVesselsandPiping:DesignTechnology1982:ADecadeofProgress,S.Y.Zamrik
andD.Dietrich(editors),ASME,NewYork,1982,pp.47117.
13.Pian,T.H.H.,MechanicalSublayerModelforElasticPlasticAnalyses,ComputationalMechanics,Vol.2,No.1,1987,pp.26
30.
14.Crisfield,M.A.,NonlinearFiniteElementAnalysisofSolidsandStructuresVolume2AdvancedTopics,JohnWileyandSons,
Ltd.,Chichester,England,1997.
15.Anon.,MetallicMaterialsandElementsforAerospaceVehicleStructures,MILHDBK5H,DepartmentofDefense,December1,
1998.

JamesH.Starnes,Jr.,DamodarR.Ambur,RichardD.Young,andCharlesE.Harris(NASALangleyResearch
Center,Hampton,VA236812199,USA),Experimentalverificationoftheanalyticalmethodologytopredict
theresidualstrengthofmetallicshellstructure,SocietyforExperimental.(1999cs.odu.edu)
ABSTRACT:Experimentalandanalysisresultsforacurved,stiffenedaluminumfuselagepaneltestedina
combinedloadstestmachinewithcombinedinternalpressure,axialcompression,andtorsonalshearloadsare
described.Theexperimentalandanalyticalstrainresultsforthepanelwithandwithoutdiscretesourcedamage
arepresented.Theeffectofnotchtipgeometryoncrackgrowthpredictionsisaddressed.Thecrackgrowth
trajectorypredictionsforthepanelarepresentedfortheappliedloadingconditionsatfailure.(Unfortunately,
thepdffiledoesnotpermitcuttingandpastingthe10referenceslistedattheendofthe4pagefile.)
JamesH.Starnes,Jr.andCherylA.Rose(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,USA),
Bucklingandstabletearingresponsesofunstiffenedaluminumshellswithlongcracks,AIAA981991,39th
AIAAStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,1998
ABSTRACT:Theresultsofananalyticalandexperimentalstudyofthenonlinearresponseofthin,unstiffened,
aluminumcylindricalshellswithalonglongitudinalcrackarepresented.Theshellsareanalyzedwitha
nonlinearshellanalysiscodethataccuratelyaccountsforglobalandlocalstructuralresponsephenomena.
Resultsarepresentedforinternalpressureandforaxialcompressionloads.Theeffectofinitialcracklengthon
theinitiationofstabletearingandunstablecrackgrowthintypicalshellssubjectedtointernalpressureloadsis
predictedusinggeometricallynonlinearelasticplasticfiniteelementanalyses.Theresultsoftheseanalysesand
oftheexperimentsindicatethatthepressurerequiredtoinitiatestabletearingandunstabletearinginashell
subjectedtointernalpressureloadsdecreasesasthecracklengthincreases.Theeffectsofcracklengthonthe
prebuckling,bucklingandpostbucklingresponsesoftypicalshellssubjectedtoaxialcompressionarealso
described.Forthisloadingcondition,thecracklengthisheldconstant.Theresultsoftheanalysesillustratethe
influenceofcracklengthonshellbucklinginstabilities.Theexperimentalandanalyticalresultscorrelatewell.

RichardD.Young,CherylA.Rose,andJamesH.Starnes,Jr.(NASALangleyResearchCenter
Hampton,Virginia236812199),Skin,Stringer,andFastenerLoadsinBuckledFuselagePanels,AIAA42nd
Structures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,AIAA20011326,2001
ABSTRACT:Theresultsofanumericalstudytoassesstheeffectofskinbucklingontheinternalload
distributioninastiffenedfuselagepanel,withandwithoutlongitudinalcracks,arepresented.Inaddition,the
impactofchangesintheinternalloadsonthefatiguelifeandresidualstrengthofafuselagepanelisassessed.A
genericnarrowbodyfuselagepanelisconsidered.Theentirepanelismodeledusingshellelementsand
considerabledetailisincludedtorepresentthegeometricnonlinearresponseofthebuckledskin,crosssection
deformationofthestiffeningcomponents,anddetailsoftheskinstringerattachmentwithdiscretefasteners.
Resultsarepresentedforafixedinternalpressureandvariouscombinationsofaxialtensionorcompression
loads.Resultsillustratingtheeffectofskinbucklingonthestressdistributionintheskinandstringer,and
fastenerloadsarepresented.Resultsarepresentedforthepristinestructure,andforcaseswheredamageis
introducedintheformofalongitudinalcrackadjacenttothestringer,orfailedfastenerelements.Theresults
indicatethataxialcompressionloadsandskinbucklingcanhaveasignificanteffectonthecircumferential
stressintheskin,andfastenerloads,whichwillinfluencedamageinitiation,andacomparableeffectonstress
intensityfactorsforcaseswithcracks.Theeffectsonstressintensityfactorswillinfluencedamagepropagation
ratesandtheresidualstrengthofthepanel.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

1Folias,E.S.,AnAxialCrackinaPressurizedCylindricalShell,InternationalJournalofFractureMechanics,Vol.1,No.2,1965,
pp.104113.
2Copely,L.G.,andSanders,J.L.,Jr.,ALongitudinalCrackinaCylindricalShellunderInternalPressure,InternationalJournalof
FractureMechanics,Vol.5,No.2,June1969,pp.117131.
3Erdogan,F.,andKibler,J.J.,CylindricalandSphericalShellswithCracks,InternationalJournalofFractureMechanics,Vol.5,
No.3,September1969,pp.229237.
4Riks,E.,BulgingCracksinPressurizedFuselages:ANumericalStudy,NLRReportNLRMP87058U,NLRNationalAerospace
Laboratory,TheNetherlands,1978.
5Riks,E.,Brogan,F.A.,andRankin,C.C.,BulgingCracksinPressurizedFuselages:AProcedureforComputation,inAnalytical
andComputationalModelsofShells,Noor,A.K.,Belytschko,T.,andSimo,J.C.,eds.,TheAmericanSocietyofMechanical
Engineers,ASMECED,Vol.3,1989.
6Jeong,D.Y.,andTong,P.,NonlinearBulgingFactorBasedonRCurveData,ProceedingsoftheFAA/NASAInternational
SymposiumonAdvancedStructuralIntegrityMethodsforAirframeDurabilityandDamageTolerance,September1994,pp.327338.
7Bakuckas,J.G.,Jr.,Nguyen,P.V.,Bigelow,C.A.,andBroek,D.,BulgingFactorsforPredictingResidualStrengthofFuselage
Panels,PresentedattheInternationalConferenceonAeronauticalFatigue,Edinburgh,Scotland,June1820,1997.
8Budiman,H.T.,andLagace,P.A.,NondimensionalParametersforGeometricNonlinearEffectsinPressurizedCylinderswith
AxialCracks,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.64,1997,pp.401407.
9Young,R.D.,Rose,C.A.,andStarnes,J.H.,Jr.,NonlinearLocalBendingResponseandBulgingFactorsforLongitudinaland
CircumferentialCracksinPressurizedShells,Proceedingsofthe3rdJointFAA/DoD/NASAConferenceonAgingAircraft,
Albuquerque,NM,September2023,1999.
10Chen,D.,BulgingofFatigueCracksinaPressurizedAircraftFuselage,Ph.D.Thesis,DelftUniversityofTechnology,Delft,
TheNetherlands,ReportLR647,October1990.
11Starnes,J.H.,Jr.,andRose,C.A.,NonlinearResponseofThinCylindricalShellswithLongitudinalCracksandSubjectedto
InternalPressureandAxialCompressionLoads,AIAAPaperNo.971144,April1997.
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CylindricalShellsSubjectedtoCombinedLoads,AIAAPaperNo.20001514,April2000.
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Mechanics,Vol.11,1979,pp.585593.
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panelssubjectedtoCombinedLoads,AIAAPaperNo.961555,April1996.
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toImproveDamageTolerance,AeronauticalJournal,January1979.
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RivetedLapJoints,NASA/TM2000210106,May2000.
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987,7,2,September1998.
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&SpaceCo.,Inc.,ReportLMSCP032594,March1999.
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JamesH.Starnes,Jr.,JamesC.Newman,Jr.,CharlesE.Harris,RobertS.Piascik,RichardD.Youngand
CherylA.Rose(NASALangleyResearchCenterMailStop190Hampton,VA236812199,USA),Advances
inStructuralIntegrityAnalysisMethodsforAgingMetallicAirframeStructureswithLocalDamage,RTO
AVTSpecialistsMeetingonLifeManagementTechniquesforAgeingAirVehicles,heldinManchester,
UnitedKingdom,811October2001,publishedinRTOMP079(II).
ABSTRACT:Analysismethodologiesforpredictingfatiguecrackgrowthfromrivetholesinpanelssubjected
tocyclicloadsandforpredictingtheresidualstrengthofaluminumfuselagestructureswithcracksand
subjectedtocombinedinternalpressureandmechanicalloadsaredescribed.Thefatiguecrackgrowthanalysis
methodologyisbasedonsmallcracktheoryandaplasticityinducedcrackclosuremodel,andtheeffectofa
corrosiveenvironmentoncrackgrowthrateisincluded.Theresidualstrengthanalysismethodologyisbasedon
thecriticalcracktipopeninganglefracturecriterionthatcharacterizesthefracturebehaviorofamaterialof
interest,andageometricandmaterialnonlinearfiniteelementshellanalysiscodethatperformsthestructural
analysisofthefuselagestructureofinterest.Themethodologieshavebeenverifiedexperimentallyfor
structuresrangingfromlaboratorycouponstofullscalestructuralcomponents.Analyticalandexperimental
resultsbasedonthesemethodologiesaredescribedandcomparedforlaboratorycouponsandflatpanels,small
scalepressurizedshells,andfullscalecurvedstiffenedpanels.Theresidualstrengthanalysismethodologyis
sufficientlygeneraltoincludetheeffectsofmultiplesitedamageonstructuralbehavior.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1.
Newman,J.C.,Jr.,FASTRANIIAFatigueCrackGrowthStructuralAnalysisProgram,NASATM104159,1992.
2.
Harris,C.E.,Newman,J.C.,Jr.,Piascik,R.S.,andStarnes,J.H.,Jr.,"AnalyticalMethodologyforpredictingtheOnsetof
WidespreadFatigueDamageinFuselageStructure,"JournalofAircraft,Vol.35,No.2,1998,pp.307317.
3.
Newman,J.C.,Jr.,AnElasticPlasticFiniteElementAnalysisofCrackInitiation,StableCrackGrowth,andInstability,
ASTMSTP833,1984,pp.93117.
4.
Dawicke,D.S.,Sutton,M.A.,Newman,J.C.,Jr.,andBigelow,C.A.,MeasurementandAnalysisofCriticalCTOAforan
AluminumAlloySheet,NASATM109024,September1993.
5.
Rankin,C.C.,Brogan,F.A.,Loden,W.A.,andCabiness,H.D.,"STAGSUserManual,Version3.0,"LockheedMartin
MissilesandSpaceCo.,Inc.,AdvancedTechnologyCenter,ReportLMMSP032594,June1998.
6.
Newman,J.C.,Jr.,"AdvancesinFatigueandFractureMechanicsAnalysesforMetallicAircraftStructures,"Structural

IntegrityfortheNextMillennium,Vol.1,Proceedingsofthe20thSymposiumoftheInternationalCommitteeonAeronautical
Fatigue,J.L.RuddandR.M.Bader,eds.,Bellingham,WA,July1416,1999,pp.340.
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Piascik,R.S.,andWillard,S.A.,TheGrowthofSmallCorrosionFatigueCracksinAlloy2024,FatigueandFractureof
EngineeringMaterialsandStructures,Vol.17,No.11,1994,pp.12471259.
8.
Starnes,J.H.,Jr.,andRose,C.A.,"StableTearingandBucklingResponseofUnstiffenedAluminumShellswithLong
Cracks,"ProceedingsoftheSecondJointNASA/FAA/DODConferenceonAgingAircraft,Williamsburg,VA,August31September
3,1998.NASA/CP1999208982/Part1,January1999,pp.610626.
9.
Young,R.D.,Rouse,M.,Ambur,D.R.,andStarnes,J.H.,Jr.,"ResidualStrengthPressureTestsandNonlinearAnalysesof
StringerandFrameStiffenedAluminumFuselagePanelswithLongitudinalCracks,"ProceedingsoftheSecondJoint
NASA/FAA/DODConferenceonAgingAircraft,Williamsburg,VA,August31September3,1998.NASA/CP1999208982/Part1,
January1999,pp.408426.
10.Dawicke,D.S.,Newman,J.C.,Jr.,Starnes,J.H.,Jr.,Rose,C.A.;Young,R.D.,andSeshadri,B.R.,"ResidualStrengthAnalysis
Methodology:LaboratoryCouponstoStructuralComponents,"ProceedingsoftheThirdJointFAA/DOD/NASAConferenceon
AgingAircraft,Albuquerque,NM,September2023,1999.
11.Ambur,D.R.,Rouse,M.,Young,R.D.,andPerezRamos,C.,"EvaluationofanAluminumPanelwithDiscreteSourceDamage
andSubjectedtoCombinedLoadingConditions,"Proceedingsorthe40thAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,Structural
Dynamics,andMaterialsConference,St.Louis,MO,April1215,1999.AIAAPaperAIAA991439,1999.
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Programme,AGARDR732,1988.
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SmallFatigueCracks,R.O.RitchieandJ.Lankford,eds.,1986,pp.427452.
14.Swain,M.H.,Everett,R.A.,Newman,J.C.,Jr.,andPhillips,E.P.,TheGrowthofShortCracksin4340SteelandAluminum
Lithium2090,AGARDR767,P.R.EdwardsandJ.C.Newman,Jr.,eds.,1990,pp.7.17.30.
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16.Furuta,S.,Terada,H.,andSashikuma,H.,FatigueStrengthofFuselageJointStructuresunderAmbientandCorrosive
Environment,FatigueinNewandAgeingAircraft,R.CookandP.Poole,eds.,EMAS,Ltd.,1997,pp.231249.
17.Shivakumar,K.N.,andNewman,J.C.,Jr.,"ZIP3DAnElasticPlasticFiniteElementAnalysisProgramforCrackedBodies,"
NASATM102753,1990.
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inaThinSheetMaterial,InFractureMechanics:26thVolume,ASTMSTP1256,1995,pp.223242.
19.Newman,J.C.,Jr.,"FiniteElementAnalysesofFatigueCrackPropagationIncludingtheEffectsofCrackClosure,"Ph.D.
Thesis,VirginiaPolytechnicinstituteandStateUniversity,Blacksburg,VA,May1974.
20.Young,R.D.,Rose,C.A.,Dvila,C.G.,Starnes,J.H.,Jr.,andRankin,C.C.,CrackGrowthandResidualStrength
CharacteristicsofSelectedFlatStiffenedAluminumPanels,ProceedingsoftheFirstJointDOD/FAA/NASAConferenceonAging
Aircraft,Ogden,UT,July,1997.
21.Seshadri,B.R.,Newman,J.C.,Jr.,Dawicke,D.S.,andYoung,R.D.,"FractureAnalysisoftheFAA/NASAWideStiffened
Panels,"ProceedingsoftheFAANASASymposiumontheContinuedAirworthinessofAircraftStructures,"DOT/FAA/AR92/2,
1997,pp.513524.

J.C.Newman,Jr.(1),M.A.James(2)andU.Zerbst(3)
(1)DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,MississippiStateUniversity,314CWalkerEngineeringLaboratory,
HardyStreet,MississippiState,MS39762,USA
(2)ICASE,NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA23681,USA
(3)GKSSResearchCenter,Geeshtacht,Germany
AreviewoftheCTOA/CTODfracturecriterion,EngineeringFractureMechanics,Vol.70,Nos.34,
FebruaryMarch2003,pp.371385,doi:10.1016/S00137944(02)00125X
ABSTRACT:Thecracktipopeningangleordisplacement(CTOA/CTOD)fracturecriterionisoneofthe
oldestfracturecriteriaappliedtofractureofmetallicmaterialswithcracks.Duringthepasttwodecades,theuse
ofelasticplasticfiniteelementanalysestosimulatefractureoflaboratoryspecimensandstructuralcomponents

usingtheCTOAcriterionhasexpandedrapidly.Buttheearlyapplicationswererestrictedtotwodimensional
analyses,assumingeitherplanestressorplanestrainbehavior,whichleadtogenerallynonconstantvaluesof
CTOA,especiallyintheearlystagesofcrackextension.Later,thenonconstantCTOAvaluesweretracedto
inappropriatestateofstress(orconstraint)assumptionsinthecrackfrontregionandseverecracktunnelingin
thinsheetmaterials.Morerecently,theCTOAfracturecriterionhasbeenusedwiththreedimensionalanalyses
tostudyconstrainteffects,cracktunneling,andthefractureprocess.TheconstantCTOAcriterion(fromcrack
initiationtofailure)hasbeensuccessfullyappliedtonumerousstructuralapplications,suchasaircraftfuselages
andpipelines.ButwhydoestheconstantCTOAfracturecriterionworksowell?Thispaperreviewsthe
resultsfromseveralstudies,discussestheissuesofwhyCTOAworks,anddiscussesitslimitations.
J.C.Newman,Jr.(MechanicsandDurabilityBranch,NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,
USA23681),AdvancesinFatigueandFractureMechanicsAnalysesforAircraftStructures,Proc.ICAF,
2003(publishernotgiven)
ABSTRACT:Thispaperreviewssomeoftheadvancesthathavebeenmadeinstressanalysesofcracked
aircraftcomponents,intheunderstandingofthefatigueandfatiguecrackgrowthprocess,andintheprediction
ofresidualstrengthofcomplexaircraftstructureswithwidespreadfatiguedamage.Finiteelementanalysesof
crackedstructuresarenowusedtodetermineaccuratestressintensityfactorsforcracksatstructuraldetails.
Observationsofsmallcrackbehavioratopenandrivetloadedholesandthedevelopmentofsmallcracktheory
hasleadtothepredictionofstresslifebehaviorforcomponentswithstressconcentrationsunderaircraft
spectrumloading.Fatiguecrackgrowthundersimulatedaircraftspectracannowbepredictedwiththecrack
closureconcept.Residualstrengthofcrackedpanelswithsevereoutofplanedeformations(buckling)inthe
presenceofstiffenersandmultiplesitedamagecanbepredictedwithadvancedelasticplasticfiniteelement
analysesandthecriticalcracktipopeningangle(CTOA)fracturecriterion.Theseadvancesarehelpingto
assurecontinuedsafetyofaircraftstructures.
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[66]Newman,J.C.,Jr.,FractureAnalysisofVariousCrackedConfigurationsinSheetandPlateMaterials,ASTMSTP605,1976,
pp.104123.
[67]Newman,J.C.,Jr.,EffectsofConstraintonCrackGrowthunderAircraftSpectrumLoading,FatigueofAircraftMaterials,A.

Beukersetal,eds.,DelftUniversityPress,1992,pp.83109.
[68]Minakawa,K.andMcEvily,A.J.,OnNearThresholdFatigueCrackGrowthinSteelsandAluminumAlloys,Proceedingsof
theInternationalConferenceonFatigueThresholds,Vol.2,1981,pp.373390.
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[71]Poe,C.C.,Jr.,StressIntensityFactorforaCrackedSheetwithRivetedandUniformlySpacedStringers,NASATRR358,May
1971.
[72]Chen,C.,Privatecommunication,TheBoeingCompany,LongBeach,CA.,February1999.
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75035U,TheNetherlands,1975.
[74]Kanninen,M.F.;Rybicki,E.F.;Stonesifer,R.B.,Broek,D.;Rosenfield,A.R.;Marschall,
C.W.andHahn,G.T.,ElasticPlasticFractureMechanicsforTwoDimensionalStableCrackGrowthandInstabilityProblems,
ElasticPlasticFracture,ASTMSTP668,AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials,Philadelphia,PA,1979,pp.121150.
[75]Shih,C.F.;deLorenzi,H.G.andAndrews,W.R.,StudiesonCrackInitiationandStableCrackGrowth,ElasticPlasticFracture,
ASTMSTP668,AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials,Philadelphia,PA,1979,pp.65120.
[76]Newman,J.C.,Jr.,AnElasticPlasticFiniteElementAnalysisofCrackInitiation,StableCrackGrowthandInstability,ASTM
STP833,AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials,Philadelphia,PA,1984,pp.93117.
[77]Newman,J.C.,Jr.;Booth,B.C.andShivakumar,K.N.,AnElasticPlasticFiniteElementAnalysisoftheJResistanceCurve
usingaCTODCriterion,FractureMechanics:EighteenthSymposium,ASTMSTP945,D.T.ReadandR.P.Reed,eds.,American
SocietyforTestingandMaterials,Philadelphia,PA,1988,pp.665685.
[78]Newman,J.C.,Jr.;Bigelow,C.A.andDawicke,D.S.,FiniteElementAnalysesandFractureSimulationinThinSheet
AluminumAlloy,DurabilityofMetalAircraftStructures,S.N.Atlurietal,eds.,W.H.WolfeAssociates,Alpharetta,GA.,1992,pp.
167186.
[79]Newman,J.C.,Jr.;Dawicke,D.S.;Sutton,M.A.;andBigelow,C.A.,AFractureCriterionforWidespreadCrackinginThin
SheetAluminumAlloys,DurabilityandStructuralIntegrityofAirplanes,Vol.I,A.F.Blom,ed.,EMASLtd.,1993,pp.443468.
[80]Potyondy,D.O.;Wawrzynek,P.A.;andIngraffea,A.R.,DiscreteCrackGrowthAnalysisMethodologyforThroughCracksin
PressurizedFuselageStructures,NASACP3274,C.E.Harris,ed.,1994,pp.581602.
[81]Dawicke,D.S.;Newman,J.C.,Jr.andTan,P.W.,FAA/NASAWidePanelFractureTestsPartIExecutiveSummary,
NASATP(inprogress),1999.
[82]Dawicke,D.S.;Sutton,M.A.;Newman,J.C,Jr.andBigelow,C.A.,MeasurementandAnalysisofCriticalCTOAforan
AluminumAlloySheet,FractureMechanics:TwentyFifthVolume,ASTMSTP1220,F.Erdogan,ed.,1995,pp.358379.
[83]Dawicke,D.S.;Newman,J.C.andBigelow,C.A.,ThreeDimensionalCTOAandConstraintEffectsduringStableTearingina
ThinSheetMaterial,FractureMechanics:26thVolume,ASTMSTP1256,W.G.Reuter,J.H.UnderwoodandJ.C.Newman,Jr.,
eds.,1995,pp.223242.
[84]Eichenberger,T.W.,FractureResistanceDataSummary,ReportDA20947,TheBoeingCompany,June1992.
[85]Dawicke,D.S.;Gullerud,A.S.;Dodds,R.H.,Jr.;andHampton,R.W.,ResidualStrengthPredictionswithCrackBuckling,The
SecondJointNASA/FAA/DoDConferenceonAgingAircraft,C.E.Harris,ed.,NASACP208982,1999,pp.565574.
[86]Seshadri,B.R.andNewman,J.C.,Jr.,AnalysisofBucklingandStableTearinginThinSheetMaterials,FatigueandFracture
Mechanics:29thVolume,ASTMSTP1332,T.L.PanontinandS.D.Sheppard,eds.,AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials,
1998,pp.114134.
[87]Johnston,W.M.,FractureTestsonThinSheet2024T3AluminumAlloyforPanelswithandwithoutBuckling,NASA/CR(in
progress),1999.
[88]Young,R.D.;Rouse,M.;Ambur,D.R.;andStarnes,J.H.,ResidualStrengthPressureTestsandNonlinearAnalysesofStringer
andFrameStiffenedAluminumFuselagePanelswithLongitudinalCracks,TheSecondJointNASA/FAA/DoDConferenceon
AgingAircraft,C.E.Harris,ed.,NASACP208982,1999,pp.408426.
[89]Seshadri,B.R.;Newman,J.C.,Jr.;Dawicke,D.S.andYoung,R.D.,FractureAnalysisoftheFAA/NASAWideStiffened
Panels,TheSecondJointNASA/FAA/DoDConferenceonAgingAircraft,C.E.Harris,ed.,NASACP208982,1999,pp.513524.

JamesH.Starnes,JrandCherylA.Rose(NASALangleyResearchCenter),Stabletearingandbuckling

responsesofunstiffenedaluminumshellswithlongcracks,http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=887529,1998
NASATechnicalReport(Numbernotgiven),NASALangleyTechnicalReportServer
ABSTRACT:Theresultsofananalyticalandexperimentalstudyofthenonlinearresponseofthin,unstiffened,
aluminumcylindricalshellswithalonglongitudinalcrackarepresented.Theshellsareanalyzedwitha
nonlinearshellanalysiscodethataccuratelyaccountsforglobalandlocalstructuralresponsephenomena.
Resultsarepresentedforinternalpressureandforaxialcompressionloads.Theeffectofinitialcracklengthon
theinitiationofstablecrackgrowthandunstablecrackgrowthintypicalshellssubjectedtointernalpressure
loadsispredictedusinggeometricallynonlinearelasticplasticfiniteelementanalysesandthecracktipopening
angle(CTOA)fracturecriterion.Theresultsoftheseanalysesandoftheexperimentsindicatethatthepressure
requiredtoinitiatestablecrackgrowthandunstablecrackgrowthinashellsubjectedtointernalpressureloads
decreasesastheinitialcracklengthincreases.Theeffectsofcracklengthontheprebuckling,bucklingand
postbucklingresponsesoftypicalshellssubjectedtoaxialcompressionloadsarealsodescribed.Forthis
loadingcondition,thecracklengthwasnotallowedtoincreaseastheloadwasincreased.Theresultsofthe
analysesandoftheexperimentsindicatethattheinitialbucklingloadandcollapseloadforshellsubjectedto
axialcompressionloadsdecreaseastheinitialcracklengthincreases.Initialbucklingcausesgeneralinstability
orcollapseofashellforshorterinitialcracklengths.Initialbucklingisastablelocalresponsemodeforlonger
initialcracklengths.Thisstablelocalbucklingresponseisfollowedbyastablepostbucklingresponse,whichis
followedbygeneraloroverallinstabilityoftheshell.
CherylA.Rose,RichardD.Young,andJamesH.Starnes,Jr.(NASALangleyResearchCenterHampton,
Virginia236812199),TheNonlinearResponseofCrackedAluminumShellsSubjectedtoCombinedLoads,
AIAA42ndStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,AIAA20011395,2001
ABSTRACT:Theresultsofanumericalstudyofthenonlinearresponseofthinunstiffenedaluminum
cylindricalshellswithalongitudinalcrackarepresented.Theshellsareanalyzedwithanonlinearshellanalysis
codethataccuratelyaccountsforglobalandstructuralresponsephenomena.Theeffectsofinitialcracklength
ontheprebuckling,bucklingandpostbucklingresponsesofatypicalshellsubjectedtoaxialcompressionloads,
andsubjectedtocombinedinternalpressureandaxialcompressionloadsaredescribed.Bothelasticandelastic
plasticanalysesareconducted.Numericalresultsforafixedinitialcracklengthindicatethatthebucklingload
decreasesasthecracklengthincreasesforagivenpressureload,andthatthebucklingloadincreasesasthe
internalpressureloadincreasesforagivencracklength.Furthermore,resultsindicatethatpredictionsfroman
elasticanalysisfortheinitialbucklingloadofacrackedshellsubjectedtocombinedaxialcompressionand
internalpressureloadscanbeunconservative.Inaddition,theeffectofcrackextensionontheinitialbuckling
loadispresented.
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CherylA.RoseNASALangleyResearchCenterHampton,VA23681
DavidF.MooreLockheedMartinEngineeringandSciencesCompanyHampton,VA23681
NormanF.Knight,Jr.VeridianSystemsDivisionChantilly,VA20151
CharlesC.RankinLockheedMartinAdvancedTechnologyCenterPaloAlto,CA94304
FiniteElementModelingoftheBucklingResponseofSandwichPanels,AIAA43rdStructures,Structural
DynamicsandMaterialsConference,AIAA20021517,2002
ABSTRACT:Acomparativestudyofdifferentmodelingapproachesforpredictingsandwichpanelbuckling
responseisdescribed.Thestudyconsiderssandwichpanelswithanisotropicfacesheetsandaverythickcore.
Resultsfromconventionalanalyticalsolutionsforsandwichpaneloverallbucklingandfacesheetwrinkling
typemodesarecomparedwithsolutionsobtainedusingdifferentfiniteelementmodelingapproaches.Finite
elementsolutionsareobtainedusinglayeredshellelementmodels,withandwithouttransverseshearflexibility,
layeredshell/solidelementmodels,withshellelementsforthefacesheetsandsolidelementsforthecore,and
sandwichmodelsusingarecentlydevelopedspecialtysandwichelement.Convergencecharacteristicsofthe
shell/solidandsandwichelementmodelingapproacheswithrespecttoinplaneandthroughthethickness
discretization,aredemonstrated.Resultsofthestudyindicatethatthespecialtysandwichelementprovidesan
accurateandeffectivemodelingapproachforpredictingbothoverallandlocalizedsandwichpanelbuckling
response.Furthermore,resultsindicatethatanisotropyofthefacesheets,alongwiththeratioofprincipleelastic
moduli,affectthebucklingresponseandtheseeffectsmaynotberepresentedaccuratelybyanalyticalsolutions.
Modelingrecommendationsarealsoprovided.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1.Allen,HowardG.,SandwichConstructionTodayandTomorrow,inSandwichConstruction1,KarlAxelOlssonandRonnalP.

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DeformationsinThickCompositesandSandwichLaminates,CompositeStructures,Vol.52,2001,pp.6784.
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andI.H.Marshall(editors),ChapmanandHall,1995,pp.157189.
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ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.190,2001,pp.51975213.
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ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.190,2001,pp.52155231.
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Vautrin(editor),ProceedingsoftheEUROMECH360ColloquiumheldinSaintEtienne,France,1315May1997,KluwerAcademic
Publishers,Dordrecht,1998,pp.112.
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CompressionPanel,AIAAPaper20011323,April2001.
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ShellElement,NASACR4358,1991.
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28.Dawe,D.J.andPeshkam,V.,BucklingandVibrationofFiniteLengthCompositePrismaticPlateStructureswithDiaphragm
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DamodarR.Ambur(1)andNavinJaunky(2)
(1)NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA236812199,USA
(2)EagleAeronauticsInc.,NewportNews,Hampton,VA23606,USA
Optimaldesignofgridstiffenedpanelsandshellswithvariablecurvature,CompositeStructures,Vol.52,No.
2,May2001,pp.173180,doi:10.1016/S02638223(00)001653
ABSTRACT:Adesignstrategyforoptimaldesignofcompositegridstiffenedstructureswithvariable
curvaturesubjectedtoglobalandlocalbucklingconstraintsisdevelopedusingadiscreteoptimizer.An
improvedsmearedstiffenertheoryisusedfortheglobalbucklinganalysis.Localbucklingofskinsegmentsis
assessedusingaRayleighRitzmethodthataccountsformaterialanisotropyandtransverseshearflexibility.
Thelocalbucklingofstiffenersegmentsisalsoassessed.Designvariablesaretheaxialandtransversestiffener
spacing,stiffenerheightandthickness,skinlaminate,andstiffeningconfiguration.Stiffeningconfigurationis
hereindefinedasadesignvariablethatindicatesthecombinationofaxial,transverseanddiagonalstiffenersin
thestiffenedpanel.Thedesignoptimizationprocessisadaptedtoidentifythelightestweightstiffening
configurationandstiffenerspacingforgridstiffenedcompositepanelsgiventheoverallpaneldimensions,in
planedesignloads,materialproperties,andboundaryconditionsofthegridstiffenedpanelorshell.
DamodarR.Ambur(1),NavinJaunky(2)andMarkW.Hilburger(1)
(1)MechanicsandDurabilityBranch,NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA236812199,USA
(2)NationalInstituteofAerospace,Hampton,VA23666,USA
Progressivefailurestudiesofstiffenedpanelssubjectedtoshearloading,CompositeStructures,Vol.65,
No.2,August2004,pp.129142,doi:10.1016/S02638223(03)001533
ABSTRACT:Experimentalandanalyticalresultsarepresentedforprogressivefailureofstiffenedcomposite
panelswithandwithoutanotchandsubjectedtoinplaneshearloadingwellintothepostbucklingregime.
Initialgeometricimperfectionsareincludedinthefiniteelementmodels.Plydamagemodessuchasmatrix
cracking,fibermatrixshear,andfiberfailurearemodeledbydegradingthematerialproperties.Experimental
resultsfromthetestincludestrainfullfielddatafromavideoimagecorrelationsysteminadditiontoother
strainanddisplacementmeasurements.Resultsfromnonlinearfiniteelementanalysesarecomparedwith
experimentaldata.Goodagreementbetweenexperimentaldataandnumericalresultsisobservedforthe
stitchedstiffenedcompositepanelsstudied.
DamodarR.Ambur(1)NavinJaunky(2),MarkHilburger(1)andCarlosG.Dvila(3)
(1)MechanicsandDurabilityBranch,NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA236812199,USA
(2)NationalInstituteofAerospace,Hampton,VA23666,USA
(3)AnalyticalandComputationalMethodsBranch,NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA23681
2199,USA
Progressivefailureanalysesofcompressionloadedcompositecurvedpanelswithandwithoutcutouts,

CompositeStructures,Vol.65,No.2,August2004,pp.143155,doi:10.1016/S02638223(03)001843
ABSTRACT:Progressivefailureanalysesresultsarepresentedforcompositecurvedpanelswithandwithouta
circularcutoutandsubjectedtoaxialcompressionloadingwellintotheirpostbucklingregime.Plydamage
modessuchasmatrixcracking,fibermatrixshear,andfiberfailurearemodeledbydegradingthematerial
properties.Resultsfromfiniteelementanalysesarecomparedwithexperimentaldata.Goodagreementbetween
experimentaldataandnumericalresultsareobservedformostpartoftheloadingrangeforthestructural
configurationsconsidered.Modelingofinitialgeometricimperfectionsmayberequiredtoobtainaccurate
analysisresultsdependingontheratioofthecutoutwidthtopanelwidth.
VinayK.Goyal(1),NavinR.Jaunky(2),EricR.Johnson(1)andDamodarR.Ambur(3)
(1)DepartmentofAerospaceandOceanEngineering,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,215
RandolphHall,MS0203,Blacksburg,VA240610203,USA
(2)NASALangleyResearchCenter,MS190,8WestTaylorSt.,Hampton,VA236812199,USA
(3)NASALangleyResearchCenter,MS188E,2WestReidSt.,Hampton,VA236812199,USA
Intralaminarandinterlaminarprogressivefailureanalysesofcompositepanelswithcircularcutouts,
CompositeStructures,Vol.64,No.1,April2004,pp.91105,doi:10.1016/S02638223(03)002174
ABSTRACT:Aprogressivefailuremethodologyisdevelopedanddemonstratedtosimulatetheinitiationand
materialdegradationofalaminatedpanelduetointralaminarandinterlaminarfailures.Initiationofintralaminar
failurecanbebyamatrixcrackingmode,afibermatrixshearmode,andafiberfailuremode.Subsequent
materialdegradationismodeledusingdamageparametersforeachmodetoselectivelyreducelaminamaterial
properties.Theinterlaminarfailuremechanismsuchasdelaminationissimulatedbypositioninginterface
elementsbetweenadjacentsublaminates.Anonlinearconstitutivelawispostulatedfortheinterfaceelement
thataccountsforamultiaxialstresscriteriatodetecttheinitiationofdelamination,amixedmodefracture
criteriafordelaminationprogression,andadamageparametertopreventrestorationofapreviouscohesive
state.Themethodologyisvalidatedusingexperimentaldataavailableintheliteratureontheresponseand
failureofquasiisotropicpanelswithcentrallylocatedcircularcutoutsloadedintothepostbucklingregime.
Verygoodagreementbetweentheprogressivefailureanalysesandtheexperimentalresultsisachievedifthe
failureanalysisincludestheinteractionofintralaminarandinterlaminarfailures.
HusamAlQablan(1),HazimDwairi(1),NasimShatarat(1),TalebRosan(1)andTamaraAlQablan(2)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,HashemiteUniversity,13115Zarqa,hqablan@hotmail.com
(2)DepartmentofInformationTechnology,AlHusonUniversityCollege,AlBalqaAppliedUniversity,50Al
Huson,Jordan
StabilityAnalysisofCompositePanelswithStiffenersandCircularCutouts,JordanJournalofCivil
Engineering,Volume4,No.2,2010
ABSTRACT:Bucklingofsimplysupportedsquareorthotropicplateswithmultibladestiffenersisaddressed
herein.Anapproximate,semianalyticalmodelforsuchplatessubjectedtoinplaneloadingisderived.The
optimalbucklingloadofsimplysupportedlaminatedcompositebladestiffenedpanelswithcircularcutoutsis
predictedusingFiniteElementAnalysis.Inthisoptimization,thedesignvariableswerethecutoutsize,cutout
location,fiberorientationangles,numberandlocationsofstiffeners.Threetypesofinplaneloadingwere
considered;namely,uniaxial,biaxialandshearloading.Basedonthemodelstudies,thetotalincreaseinthe

bucklingloadduetothepresenceofcutoutsandstiffenerscanreachupto5timesinuniaxialloading,7timesin
biaxialloadingand2timesinshearloadingcomparedtoperfectplates.Severalotherimperativefindingsare
identifiedbaseduponthevariousparametersinfluencingthebucklingbehavior.Guidelinesfortheoptimal
stiffeners'configurationsandcutouts'proportioningaredeveloped.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
Alinia,M.2005.Astudyintooptimizationofstiffenersinplatessubjectedtoshearloading,ThinWalledStruct.,43:815845.
Anil,V.,Upadhyay,C.S.andIyengar,N.G.R.2007.Stabilityanalysisofcompositelaminatewithandwithoutrectangularcutout
underbiaxialloading,CompositeStructures,80:92104.
Bisagni,C.andLanzi,L.2002.Postbucklingoptimizationofcompositestiffenedpanelsusingnetworks,CompositeStructures,58:
237247.
Ghannadpour,S.A.M.,Najafi,A.andMohammadi,B.2006.Onthebucklingbehaviorofcrossplylaminatedplatesdueto
circular/ellipticalcutouts,CompositeStructures,75:36.
HKSABAQUSUsersManual:TheoreticalManual,ABAQUSPostManualandExampleProblem,Version6.5.
Iyengar,N.G.R.andChakraborty,A.2004.Studyofinteractioncurvesforcompositelaminatesubjectedtoinplaneuniaxialandshear
loading,CompositeStructures,64:307315.
Jain,P.andKumar,A.2004.Postbucklingresponseofsquarelaminateswithacentralcircular/ellipticalcutout,CompositeStructures,
65:179185.
Kang,J.andKim,C.2005.Minimumweightdesignofcompressivelyloadedcompositeplatesandstiffenedpanelsforpostbuckling
strengthbygeneticalgorithm,CompositeStructures,69:239246.
Kim,K.D.1996.Bucklingbehaviorofcompositepanelsusingthefiniteelementsmethod,CompositeStructures,36:3343.
Kolakowski,Z.andKubiak,T.2005.Loadcarryingcapacityofthinloadwalledcompositestructures,CompositeStructures,67:417
426.
Kong,C.W.,Hong,C.S.andKim,C.G.2001.Postbucklingstrengthofcompositeplatewithahole,Reinforced
PlasticsCompos.,20:466481.
Larsson,P.1987.Onbucklingoforthotropiccompressedplateswithcircularholes,CompositeStructures,7:102121.
Mallela,U.andUpadhyay,A.2006.Bucklingoflaminatedcompositestiffenedpanelssubjectedtoinplaneshear:aparametricstudy,
ThinWalledStructures,44:354361.
Nemeth,M.P.1997.Bucklingbehavioroflongsymmetricallylaminatedplatessubjectedtoshearandlinearlyvaryingaxialedge
loads,TP3659:NASA.
Pecce,M.andCosenza,E.2000.LocalbucklingcurvesforthedesignofFRRprofiles,ThinWallStructures,37:207227.
Perry,C.A.,Gurdal,Z.andStarnes,J.H.1997.Minimumweightdesignofcompressivelyloadedstiffenedpanelsforpostbuckling
response,EngineeringOptimization,28:175197.

J.SingerandJ.Prucz(DepartmentofAeronauticalEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,Haifa,
Israel),Influenceofinitialgeometricalimperfectionsonvibrationsofaxiallycompressedstiffenedcylindrical
shells,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.80,No.1,January1982,pp.117143,
doi:10.1016/0022460X(82)903960
ABSTRACT:Thevibrationsofstiffenedcylindricalshellshavingaxisymmetricorasymmetricinitial
geometricalimperfectionsandaxialpreloadareanalyzed.Theanalysisisbasedonasolutionofthevon
KrmanDonnellnonlinearshellequations,anexactsolutionofthecompatibilityequation,andafirstorder
approximationbytheGalerkinmethodoftheequilibriumequation.Thestiffenersarecloselyspacedand
smearedstiffenertheoryisemployed.Theresultsofanextensiveparametricstudycarriedoutonshells
similartothoseusedinvibrationandbucklingtestsattheTechnionshowthatstiffeningoftheshellwilllower
theimperfectionsensitivityofitsfreevibrations,butthedecreasedependsonthetypeofstiffening(stringersor
rings),themodeshapesofthevibrationandtheimperfection,thestiffenerstrengthandeccentricity.The
imperfectionsensitivitydecrease,causedbythestiffeners,isgreaterforvibrationmodeshapeswithhigh
imperfectionsensitivitythanforothervibrationmodeshapes.Thesensitivitydifferencesbetweenstringerand

ringstiffenedshellsdependespeciallyonthevibrationandtheimperfectionmodeshapes,andontheir
coupling.Smallimperfectionschangethenaturalfrequenciesofstiffenedshellsinthesamedirectionsasfor
isotropicshells,buttoasmallerextent.Thefrequencydependenceontheexternalloadisalsostronglyaffected
bytheimperfectionmodeshape.Theresultscorrelatewellwithearlieronesforisotropicshells.
I.Elishakoff(1),V.Birman(2)andJ.Singer(3)
(1)DepartmentofAerospaceandMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofNotreDame,NotreDame,Indiana
46556,U.S.A.
(2)SchoolofNavalArchitectureandMarineEngineering,UniversityofNewOrleans,NewOrleans,Louisiana
70148,U.S.A.
(3)DepartmentofAeronauticalEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,Haifa32000,Israel
Smallvibrationsofanimperfectpanelinthevicinityofanonlinearstaticstate,JournalofSoundand
Vibration,Vol.114,No.1,1987,pp.5763,doi:10.1016/S0022460X(87)80233X
ABSTRACT:Nonlinearstaticdeformation,combinedwithsmallvibrationsinitsvicinity,ofanimperfect
cylindricalpanelunderaxialloading,isstudiedwithinasingledegreeoffreedomtreatment.Thefrequencyof
thesmallvibrationsvanishesatthelimitload.Thisconclusionisprovedtobevalidforasystemwithanyother
nonlinearityaswell.Specialemphasisisplacedontheinfluenceofinitialimperfectionsonthevibration
frequencies.
IsaacElishakoff(1)andYakovBenHaim(2)
(1)CenterforAppliedStochasticsResearchandDepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FloridaAtlantic
University,BocaRaton,FL334310991,U.S.A.
(2)FacultyofMechanicalEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,Haifa32000,Israel
Dynamicsofathincylindricalshellunderimpactwithlimiteddeterministicinformationonitsinitial
imperfections,StructuralSafety,Vol.8,Nos.14,July1990,pp.103112,
doi:10.1016/01674730(90)90033L
ABSRACT:Thisstudydealswiththedynamicsandfailureofathincircularcylindricalshellwith
axisymmetricinitialimperfections.Incontrasttoearlierstudies,theuncertaintyinvolvedintheinitial
imperfectionsisdescribedbyconvexmodelling:anonprobabilistic,settheoreticalapproach.This
methodologyisusefulwhenonlylimitedinformationisavailableonthedistributionoftheuncertainevents.
ThemostsignificantNFouriercoefficientsareassumedtofallinanellipsoidalsetinNdimensionalEuclidean
space.Weevaluatethemaximumtotaldisplacementasafunctionoftheshapeoftheellipsoid.
IsaacElishakoff(1and2)andPierluigiColombi(3)
(1)CenterforAppliedStochasticsResearchBocaRaton,FL334310991,USA
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FloridaAtlanticUniversity,BocaRaton,FL334310991,USA
(3)DipartamentodiMeccanicaStrutturale,Dell'UniversitadiPavia,ViaAbbiategrasso211,27100Pavia,Italy
Combinationofprobabilisticandconvexmodelsofuncertaintywhenscarceknowledgeispresentonacoustic
excitationparameters,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.104,No.2,April
1993,pp.187209,doi:10.1016/00457825(93)901976
ABSTRACT:Thispaperisdevotedtoafundamentalproblemofaccountingforparameteruncertaintiesin

randomvibrationsofstructures.Incontrasttotheoverwhelmingmajorityofrandomvibrationstudieswhere
perfectknowledgeisassumedfortheparametersoftheexcitation,thiscrucialconjectureisdispensedwith.The
probabilisticcharacteristicsoftheexcitationareassumedtobegivenasdependingonsomeparameterswhich
arenotknowninadvance.Wepostulatethatsomeimpreciseknowledgeisavailable;namely,thatthese
parametersbelongtoabounded,convexset.Inthecasewherethisconvexsetisrepresentedbyanellipsoid,
closedformsolutionsaregivenfortheupperandlowerboundsofthemeansquaredisplacementofthe
structures.Forthefirsttimeintheliteraturethesystemuncertaintyintherandomvibrationsisdealtwithasan
antioptimizationproblemoffindingtheleastfavorablevaluesofthemeansquareresponse.Theapproach
developedhereopensanewavenuefortacklingparameteruncertaintywhichisoftenencounteredinvarious
branchesofengineering.
I.Elishakoff(1),G.Q.Cai(1)andJ.H.StarnesJr.(2)
(1)CenterforAppliedStochasticsResearchandDepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FloridaAtlantic
University,BocaRaton,FL334310991,U.S.A.
(2)NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA236645225,U.S.A.
Nonlinearbucklingofacolumnwithinitialimperfectionviastochasticandnonstochasticconvexmodels,
InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,Vol.29,No.1,January1994,pp.7182,
doi:10.1016/00207462(94)900531
ABSTRACT:Bucklingofinitialimperfectionsensitivestructurecolumnonanonlinearelasticfoundation
isinvestigated.Acriterionbasedontheconceptofmodalbucklingloadisproposedtodeterminewhich
modesshouldbeincludedintheanalysiswhentheweightedresidualsmethodisutilizedtocalculatethelimit
loadmaximumloadthestructurecansupportforagiveninitialdeflection.Forstochasticanalysis,a
randomfieldmodelissuggestedfortheuncertaininitialimperfection,andMonteCarlosimulationsare
performedtoobtaintheprobabilitydensityofthebucklingloadandthereliabilityofthecolumn.Finally,anon
stochasticconvexmodelofuncertaintyisemployedtodescribeasituationwhenonlylimitedinformationis
availableonuncertaininitialdeflection,andtheminimumbucklingloadisobtainedforthismodel.Theresults
fromboththestochasticandthenonstochasticapproachesarederivedandcriticallycontrasted.
G.Q.CaiaandI.Elishakoff(CenterforAppliedStochasticsResearchandDepartmentofMechanical
Engineering,FloridaAtlanticUniversity,BocaRaton,FL33431,USA),Refinedsecondorderreliability
analysis,StructuralSafety,Vol.14,No.4,July1994,pp.267276,doi:10.1016/01674730(94)900159
ABSTRACT:Arefinedsecondordermethodispresentedforstructuralreliabilityanalysis.Exactand
approximatereliabilitysolutionsareobtainedforacircularshaftsubjecttorandombendingmomentsanda
randomtorque.Thecomparisonoftheapproximateresultswithexactonesshowsthatthefirstorder
approximationisonlyapplicabletothecasewherethefailuresurfaceisfarfromtheorigin,whilethe
suggestedsecondorderapproximationyieldsquiteaccurateresultsevenifthefailuresurfaceisclosetothe
origin.
I.Elishakoff(1),R.T.Haftka(2)andJ.Fang(1)
(1)CenterforAppliedStochasticsResearch,andDepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FloridaAtlantic
University,BocaRaton,FL334310991,U.S.A.

(2)DepartmentofAerospaceandOceanEngineering,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,
Blacksburg,VA240610203,U.S.A.
StructuraldesignunderboundeduncertaintyOptimizationwithantioptimization,Computers&Structures,
Vol.53,No.6,December1994,pp.14011405,doi:10.1016/00457949(94)904057
ABSTRACT:Inmanycasespreciseprobabilisticdataarenotavailableonuncertaintyinloads,butthe
magnitudeoftheuncertaintycanbebound.Thispaperproposesadesignapproachforstructuraloptimization
withuncertainbutboundedloads.Theproblemofidentifyingcriticalloadsisformulatedmathematicallyasan
optimizationprobleminitself(calledantioptimization),sothatthedesignproblemisformulatedasatwolevel
optimization.Forlinearstructuralanalysisitisshownthattheantioptimizationpartislimitedtoconsideration
oftheverticesoftheloaduncertaintydomain.Anexampleofatenbartrussisusedtodemonstratethatwe
cannotreplacetheantioptimizationprocessbyconsideringthelargestpossibleloads.
Y.W.Li(1),I.Elishakoff(1)andJ.H.StarnesJr(2)
(1)CenterforAppliedStochasticsResearchandDepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FloridaAtlantic
University,BocaRaton,FL334310991,USA
(2)NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA236645225,USA
Bucklingmodelocalizationinamultispanperiodicstructurewithadisorderinasinglespan,Chaos,Solitons
&Fractals,Vol.5,No.6,June1995,pp.955969,doi:10.1016/09600779(94)002118
ABSTRACT:Thispaperinvestigatesthebucklingmodelocalizationintheperiodicmultispanbeamwith
disorderoccurringinanarbitrarysinglespan.Theanalyticalfinitedifferencecalculusisusedinconjunction
withtheconventionaldisplacementmethodtoderivethetranscendentalequationsfromwhichbucklingloadis
calculated.Theunderlyingtreatmentisgeneralandthesolutionthusobtainedisexact.Numericalresultsshow
thatthebucklingmodeishighlylocalizedinthevicinityofthedisorderedspanofthebeam.
Y.W.Li(1),I.Elishakoff(1),J.H.Starnes,Jr(2)andM.Shinozuka(3)
(1)CenterforAppliedStochasticsResearchandDevelopmentofMechanicalEngineering,FloridaAtlantic
University,P.O.Box3091,BocaRaton,FL334310991,U.S.A.
(2)NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA236645225,U.S.A.
(3)DepartmentofCivilEngineeringandOperationsResearch,PrincetonUniversity,Princeton,NJ08544,
U.S.A.
Nonlinearbucklingofastructurewithrandomimperfectionandrandomaxialcompressionbyaconditional
simulationtechnique,Computers&Structures,Vol.56,No.1,July1995,pp.5964,
doi:10.1016/00457949(94)005317
ABSTRACT:Thisinvestigationdealswiththebucklingproblemofacolumnwithrandomgeometric
imperfection,restingonanonlinearelasticfoundation.Incontrasttomostoftheearlierstudies,itisassumed
thatthecolumnissubjectedtoarandomaxialcompression.Therandominitialimperfectionisexpressedin
termsofbucklingmodeswithcoefficientsobeyingthetruncatednormaldistribution.Theexternalloadis
modeledasarandomvariablewiththeextremevaluedistribution.Animprovedsimulationtechniquewithhigh
computationalefficiencyisemployedtoobtaintheprobabilityoffailureofthestructure.Statisticalanalysisof
thesimulationdataisproposed,andthefinalresultisgivenintheformofconfidenceinterval,whichcanbe
useddirectlyinengineeringdesign.

I.Elishakoff(CollegeofEngineering,FloridaAtlanticUniversity,P.O.Box3091,BocaRaton,FL334310991,
U.S.A),Essayonuncertaintiesinelasticandviscoelasticstructures:FromA.M.Freudenthal'scriticismsto
modernconvexmodeling,Computers&Structures,Vol.56,No.6,September1995,pp.871895,
doi:10.1016/00457949(94)00499S
ABSTRACT:Stochasticapproachandnonstochastic,convexmodelingofuncertaintyarecriticallycontrasted.
Firstsomedrawbacksoftheprobabilisticmethodsarediscussed,attributabletolackofsufficientlyaccurate
data;thentheeffectofhumanerrorinconstructingaprobabilisticmodelforinputquantitiesiselucidated.
ExtensivequotationsfrompertinentworksofFreudenthal,whoisrightfullyconsideredasanarchitectof
modernreliabilitytheory,areutilizedtoexplainsomedoubtshehimselfexperiencedaboutprobabilistic
methods.Hishintsarerealizedinmodernconvexmodelingofuncertainty,whichthewriterisadvocatingand
advancing.Asettheoretical,convexdescriptionofuncertaintyisdiscussedindetail.Uncertaintyisdescribedas
asetofconstraintsunliketheclassicalprobabilisticapproach.Moreover,insteadofconventionaloptimization
studies,wheretheminimumpossibleresponsesaresought,hereanuncertaintymodelingisdevelopedasan
antioptimizationproblemoffindingtheleastfavorableresponseundertheconstraintswithintheset
theoreticaldescription.Thequestionofhowtheoutputquantitiesofsuchanantioptimizationprocessvary
whentheglobalknowledgeontheuncertaintiesincreasesisconsideredindetail.Responsevariabilityof
viscoelasticstructuresisevaluated.Combinedprobabilisticconvexmodelingisproposedforsituationswhere
theinputquantitiesshouldbemodeledasstochasticones,butsomeoftheirprobabilisticcharacteristicsare
unknownbutbounded.
I.Elishakoff(1),S.Marcus(2)andJ.H.Starnes,Jr(3)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FloridaAtlanticUniversity,BocaRaton,FL334310991,U.S.A.
(2)DepartmentofMathematics,IsraelInstituteofTechnology,Haifa32000,Israel
(3)NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA236645225,U.S.A.
OnvibrationalimperfectionsensitivityofAugusti'smodelstructureinthevicinityofanonlinearstaticstate,
InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,Vol.31,No.2,March1996,pp.229236,
doi:10.1016/00207462(95)000542
ABSTRACT:Inthispaperwepresentaclosedformsolutionforvibrationalimperfectionsensitivitytheeffect
ofsmallimperfectionsonthevibrationalfrequenciesofperturbedmotionaroundthestaticequilibriumstateof
Augusti'smodelstructure(arigidlink,pinnedatoneendtoarigidfoundationandsupportedattheotherbya
linearextensionalspringthatretainsitshorizontalityasthesystemdeflects).Wealsotreatamodifiedversionof
thatmodelwithattendantslightlydifferentdynamics.Itisdemonstratedthatthevibrationalfrequency
decreasesastheinitialimperfectionsincrease.
Y.W.Li(1),I.Elishakoff(1),J.H.Starnes,Jr.(2)andM.Shinozuka(3)
(1)MechanicalEngineeringDepartmentFloridaAtlanticUniversity,BocaRaton,FL334310991
(2)NASALangleyResearchCenter,HamptonVirginia,236645225
(3)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofSouthernCalifornia,LosAngeles,CA900890242
Predictionofnaturalfrequencyandbucklingloadvariablilityduetouncertaintyinmaterialpropertiesby
convexmodeling,inNonlineardynamicsandstochasticmechanics,editedbyWolfgangKliemann,WilliamF.
LangfordandNavaratnamSriNamachchivaya,FieldsInstituteCommunications,Vol.9,1996,American

MathematicalSociety
(cannotcutandpasteabstract)
I.Elishakoff(1),Y.W.Li(1)andJ.H.StarnesJr(2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FloridaAtlanticUniversity,FL334310991,USA
(2)NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA236655225,USA
ImperfectionsensitivityduetotheelasticmoduliintheRoordaKoiterframe,Chaos,Solitons&Fractals,
Vol.7,No.8,August1996,pp.11791186,doi:10.1016/09600779(96)897785
ABSTRACT:Inthisstudy,itisdemonstratedthroughasimpleexampleoftheRoordaKoiterframethatthe
unavoidabledissimilarityinthedistributionofelasticmodulimayfurtherreducetheloadcarryingcapacityin
additiontothewellrecognizedeffectofinitialgeometricimperfections.
I.Elishakoff(1),Y.W.Li(1)andJ.H.StarnesJr(2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FloridaAtlanticUniversity,BocaRaton,FL334310991,USA
(2)NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA236645225,USA
PassivecontrolofbucklingdeformationviaAndersonlocalizationphenomenon,Chaos,Solitons&Fractals,.
Vol.8,No.1,January1997,pp.5975,doi:10.1016/S09600779(96)000574
ABSTRACT:Bucklingproblemsoftwotypesofmultispanelasticplateswithtransversestiffenersare
consideredusingamethodbasedonthefinitedifferencecalculus.Thediscretenessofthestiffenersis
accountedfor.Itisfoundthatthetorsionalrigidityofthestiffenerplaysanimportantroleinthebucklingmode
pattern.Whenthetorsionalrigidityisproperlyadjusted,thestiffenercanactasanisolatorofdeformationfor
thestructureatbucklingsothatthedeflectionisonlylimitedtoasmallarea.
IsaacElishakoff(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FloridaAtlanticUniversity,777GladesRoad,Boca
Raton,FL334310991,USA),ElasticStability:FromEulertoKoiterThereWasNoneLikeKoiter,
Meccanica,Vol.35,No.4,2000,pp.375380,doi:10.1023/A:1010337500839
(cannotcutandpast)
IsaacElishakoff(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FloridaAtlanticUniversity,777GladesRoad,Boca
Raton,FL334310991,USA),Uncertainbuckling:itspast,presentandfuture,InternationalJournalofSolids
andStructures,Vol.37,No.4647,November2000,pp.68696889,doi:10.1016/S00207683(99)003182
ABSTRACT:AnauthoritativereviewonstochasticbucklingofstructureswaswrittenbyAmazigosome
quartercenturyago.Thepresentreviewsummarizessomeofthedevelopmentswhichtookplacesincethen.A
briefoverviewoftheeffectofuncertaintyintheinitialgeometricimperfections,elasticmoduli,appliedforces,
andthicknessvariationisgiven.Forthebenefitofthethoughtfulreader,thereviewisofcriticalnature.
FulvioTonon(1),AlbertoBernardini(2)andIsaacElishakoff(3)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofColoradoatBoulder,Campusbox428,Boulder,CO80309
0428,USA

(2)DipartimentodiCostruzionieTrasporti,UniversitdiPadova,ViaMarzolo,9,I35131Padova,Italy
(3)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FloridaAtlanticUniversity,P.O.Box3091,BocaRaton,FL33431
0991,USA
Hybridanalysisofuncertainty:probability,fuzzinessandantioptimization,Chaos,Solitons&Fractals,
Vol.12,No.8,June2001,pp.14031414,doi:10.1016/S09600779(00)00103X
ABSTRACT:Thispaperelucidatesthatforrigorousanalysisofmanyengineeringstructures,threeseemingly
unrelatedconcepts,namelyprobability,fuzzinessandantioptimization,oughttobeutilized.Thisisinorderto
takeintoaccounttheuncertaintyintheactualvaluesofthebasicvariablesoronthemodelsemployedto
evaluatethestructureexpectedbehaviour.Inthiscase,itispossibleandreasonabletousethethreeparadigms
inacombinedmanner.Someexamplesaregiventoillustratetheseideas.
I.Elishakoff(1)andM.Zingales(2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FloridaAtlanticUniversity,777GladesRoad,BocaRaton,FL
334310991,USA
(2)DepartmentofStructuralandGeotechnicalEngineering,IngegneriaStrutturaleeGeotecnica,Universitdi
Palermo,VialedelleScienze,I90128,Palermo,Italy
Contrastingprobabilisticandantioptimizationapproachesinanappliedmechanicsproblem,International
JournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.40,No.16,August2003,pp.42814297,SpecialIssueinhonourof
Arthur.W.Leissaonhis70thBirthday,doi:10.1016/S00207683(03)001963
ABSTRACT:Probabilisticandnonprobabilistic,antioptimizationanalysesofuncertaintyarecontrastedinthis
study.Specifically,thecomparisonofthesetwocompetingapproachesisconductedforanuniformcolumn,
withinitialgeometricimperfection,subjectedtoanimpactaxialload.Thereliabilityofthecolumnisderived
forthecaseswhentheinitialimperfectionsposseseither(a)uniformprobabilitydensity,(b)truncated
exponentialdensityor(c)generictruncatedprobabilitydensity.Theproblemisalsoanalyzedinthecontextof
anintervalanalysis.Itisshownthatin,themostimportantnearunityreliabilityrangethesetwoapproaches
tendtoeachother.Sincetheintervalanalysisconstitutesamuchsimplerprocedurethantheprobabilistic
approach,itisarguedthattheformerisadvantageousoverthelatterinsomecircumstances.
IsaacElishakoff(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FloridaAtlanticUniversity,777GladesRoad,Boca
Raton,FL334310991,USA),EssayontheContributorstotheElasticStabilityTheory,
Meccanica,2005,Vol.40,No.1,75110,doi:10.1007/s110120042199y
ABSTRACT:Thispaperrevisitsthehistoricalaspectsofthecontributionsmadeintotheelasticstabilitytheory
fromthestructuralengineeringpointofview.Extensivequotationsarebroughtinordertosubstantiatethe
claimsmade.Itishopedthatthereviewconstitutesacontributiontotheidentificationofthemainideas
pertinenttoengineeringmechanics.
IsaacElishakoff(1)andBarbaraFerracuti(2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FloridaAtlanticUniversity,777GladesRoad,BocaRaton,FL
334310991,USA
(2)DipartimentodiIngegneriadelleStrutture,deiTrasporti,delleAcque,delRilevamentodelTerritorio
(DISTART),StructuralEngineering,UniversityofBologna,VialeRisorgimento2,Bologna,Italy

Fuzzysetsbasedinterpretationofthesafetyfactor,FuzzySetsandSystems,Vol.157,No.18,September
2006,pp.24952512,doi:10.1016/j.fss.2006.06.009
ABSTRACT:Safetyfactorisauniversallyutilizedconceptinseveralbranchesofengineering.Ononehand,
mostengineers,asitwere,neglectuncertainty,butontheotherhand,theallowablestresslevelwasintroduced
longtimeagoasaratiooftheyieldstresstothesocalledsafetyfactortoprovidetheregionforthesafe
utilizationofthestructure.Thustheuncertaintyisintroducedintopracticebythebackdoor.Thisobservation
ledtoaconsiderableliteraturededicatedtotheprobabilisticinterpretationofthesafetyfactor.Thepresent
paperdealswiththenovelaspectofelucidationoftheconceptofsafetyfactorthroughthetheoryoffuzzysets,
apparentlyforthefirsttimeintheliterature.Theaimofthepaperistopresentthesafetyfactorthatisuniformly
employedbyengineers,butinthenewlight.Thesafetyfactorinthefuzzysettingisintroduced.Theideasare
illustratedontwostrengthofmaterialproblems;simpleexamplesarechosensoastoallowforclearer
illustrationofideas.
I.ElishakoffandD.Pentaras(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FloridaAtlanticUniversity,777Glades
Road,BocaRaton,FL,USA),Somemodernproblemsinstructuralengineeringdynamics,Shockand
Vibration,Vol.17,Nos.45,2010,pp.331348,doi:10.3233/SAV20100530
ABSTRACT:Thisreviewpaperdealswithtwoproblemsinstructuralengineeringdynamics;oneis
deterministic,theotherisofstochasticnature.Oneproblemislinear,theotherisnonlinear.Authorshavea
biasedpreferentialviewontheseproblemsbecauseoftheiractiveinvolvementinthediscussedresearchtopics.
Still,thesetwoproblemsreflect,atleastinasmallmanner,somedevelopmentsinthisvastandfascinating
field.Thefirstpartdealswithdeterministiclinearvibrationsofdoublewalledcarbonnanotubeseitherin
classicalorrefinedsetting;thesecondpartisdevotedtothenonlinearrandomvibrationsofstructures.
IsaacElishakoff(1)andSimonBucas(2)
(1)Dept.ofMechanicalEngineering,FloridaAtlanticUniversity,BocaRaton,FL
(2)FrenchInstituteforAdvancedMechanics,Aubiere,63175cedex,France,email:simon.bucas@ifma.fr
BucklingofaClampedFreeDoubleWalledCarbonNanotubebytheBubnovGalerkinMethod,Journalof
AppliedMechanics,Vol.80,No.1,011004(5pages),October2012,DOI:10.1115/1.4006937
ABSTRACT:ThisstudydealswiththeBubnovGalerkinmethodappliedtothebucklingofclampedfree
doublewalledcarbonnanotubes(DWCNTs)subjectedtoaconcentratedcompressiveloadatthefreeend.It
wasfoundthatatleastfourcomparisonfunctionsareneededinordertoobtainaccurateresults.
SamuelKidane(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,LouisianaStateUniversity,BatonRouge,LA70803,
USA),Bucklinganalysisofgridstiffenedcompositecylinders,(MasterofSciencethesis),April2002
PARTIALABSTRACT:Duetotheirhighstiffnesstomassratio,stiffenedcylindricalcompositeshellsare
majorcomponentsofAerospaceandAircraftindustries.Thesestructuresareemployedinfuselageandfueltank
applications,andareusuallysubjectedtocombinationsofcompressive,shearortransverseloads.Usuallythe
failuremodeassociatedwiththesestructuresisbuckling.Thisfailuremodeisfurthersubdividedintolocalskin
and/orstiffenerbuckling,anduniversalbuckling.Inthispaperbucklinginvestigationofagridstiffened
compositecylinderispresentedusinganalyticalmodel,Finiteelementsmodelandexperimentation.The
cylinderunderdiscussionhasorthotropicstiffenersintegrallymadewithanorthotropicshell.Allthebuckling

analysisisbasedonauniaxialcompressiveloadcondition.
Referenceslistedattheendofthethesis:
1.HelmsJE,LiG,SmithBH.AnalysisofGridStiffenedCylinders.ASME/ETCE2001.
2.BrushDO,AlmrothBO.BucklingofBars,Plates,andShells.McGrawHillBookCompany,NewYork,NY1975.
3.BruhnEF.AnalysisandDesignofFlightVehicleStructures.JacobsPublishing,Inc.,Carmel,INJune1973
4.NavinJ,NormanFK,DamodarR.FormulationofAnImprovedSmearedStiffenerTheoryofBucklingAnalysisofGridStiffened
CompositePanels.NASAtechnicalMemorandum110162,June1995.
5.RammE.BucklingofShells.SpringerVerlag,Berlin1982.
6.GerdonG,GurdalZ.OptimalDesignofGeodesicallyStiffenedCompositeCylindricalShells.AIAAJournal,November1985;
23(11):17531761.
7.TroiskyMS.StiffenedPlates,Bending,StabilityandVibrations.Elsevier,1976.
8.PhillipsJL,GurdalZ.StructuralAnalysisandOptimumDesignofGeodesicallyStiffenedCompositePanels.ReportNASACCMS
9050,(VPIE9008),GrantNAG1643,July1990.
9.WhitneyJM.StructuralAnalysisofLaminatedAnisotropicPlates.Technomic,1987.
10.AgarwalBD,BroutmanLJ.AnalysisandPerformanceofFiberComposites.JohnWileyandSons,1990.
11.DowNF,LiboveC,HubkaRE.FormulasforElasticConstantsofPlateswithIntegralWafflelikeStiffening.NACARML53L1
3a,August1953.

SamuelKidane(1),GuoqiangLi(1),JackHelms(1),SuSengPang(1)andEyassuWoldesenbet(2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,LouisianaStateUniversity,BatonRouge,LA70803,USA
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,SouthernUniversity,BatonRouge,LA70813,USA
Bucklingloadanalysisofgridstiffenedcompositecylinders,CompositesPartB:Engineering,Vol.34,No.1,
January2003,pp.19,doi:10.1016/S13598368(02)000744
ABSTRACT:Stiffenedcylindricalshellsarethemajorcomponentsofaerospacestructures.Inthisstudyglobal
bucklingloadforagenerallycrossandhorizontalgridstiffenedcompositecylinderwasdetermined.Thiswas
accomplishedbydevelopingananalyticalmodelfordeterminationoftheequivalentstiffnessparametersofa
gridstiffenedcompositecylindricalshell.Thiswasperformedbytakingoutaunitcellandsmearingtheforces
andmomentsduetothestiffenersontotheshell.Basedonthisanalysistheextensional,couplingandbending
matrices(A,BandDmatrices,respectively)associatedwiththestiffenersweredetermined.Thisstiffness
contributionofthestiffenerswassuperimposedwiththestiffnesscontributionoftheshelltoobtainthe
equivalentstiffnessparametersofthewholepanel.Makinguseoftheenergymethodthebucklingloadwas
solvedforaparticularstiffenerconfiguration.Bucklingtestwasalsoperformedonastiffenedcomposite
cylinderandcomparedwithanalyticalresults.Finally,usingtheanalyticalmodeldeveloped,parametric
analysisofsomeoftheimportantdesignvariableswasperformedandbasedontheseresultsconclusionswere
drawn.
EyassuWodesenbet,SamuelKidaneandSuSengPang(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,Louisiana
StateUniversity,BatonRouge,LA70803,USA),Optimizationforbucklingloadsofgridstiffenedcomposite
panels,CompositeStructures,Vol.60,No.2,May2003,pp.159169,doi:10.1016/S02638223(02)00315X
ABSTRACT:Animprovedsmearedmethodisdevelopedtomodelthebucklingproblemofanisogridstiffened
compositecylinder.Inthismodelthestiffnesscontributionsofthestiffenersiscomputedbyanalyzingtheforce
andmomenteffectofthestiffeneronaunitcell.Theequivalentstiffnessofthestiffener/shellpaneliscomputed
bysuperimposingthestiffnesscontributionofthestiffenersandtheshell.Theequivalentstiffnessparameters
arethenusedtocalculatethebucklingloadofthestiffenedcylinder.A3Dfiniteelementsmodelisalsobuilt

thattakesintoconsiderationtheexactgeometricconfigurationandtheorthotropicpropertiesofthestiffeners
andtheshell.Experimentalanalysisisalsoperformedtocomplimentthetwoanalyticalmethodsusedto
determinethebucklingloadofthestiffenedcylinder.Resultsofthethreetypesofanalysesmethodsare
compared.Finallyaparametricstudyiscarriedoutandgeneralconclusionsaredrawnregardingoptimum
configurationsofthedifferentparametersofthegridstiffenedcylinder.
ReferencestakenfromKidanes2002Mastersthesis):

1.JaunkyN.,KnightN.F.,AmburD.R.,OptimalDesignofGeneralStiffenedCompositeCircularCylindersforGlobalBuckling
WithStrengthConstraints,CompositeStructures,March1998.
2.HelmsJ.E.,LiG.,SmithB.H.,AnalysisofGridStiffenedCylinders,ASME/ETCE2001.
3.BlackS.,AGridStiffenedAlternativetoCoredLaminates,HighPerformanceComposites,March2002.
4.JaunkyN.,KnightN.F.,AmburD.R.,FormulationofAnImprovedSmearedStiffenerTheoryofBucklingAnalysisof
Grid
Stiffened
Composite Panels,NASAtechnicalMemorandum110162,June1995.
5.PhillipsJ.L.,GurdalZ.,StructuralAnalysisandOptimumDesignofGeodesicallyStiffenedCompositePanels,NASAReport
CCMS9005,July1990.
6.GerdonG.,GurdalZ.,OptimalDesignofGeodesicallyStiffenedCompositeCylindricalShells,AIAAJournal,November1985;
23(11):17531761.
7.JaunkyN.,KnightN.F.,AmburD.R.,OptimalDesignofGridStiffenedCompositePanelsUsingGlobalandLocalBuckling
Analysis,JournalofAircraft,Vol.35,No.3,MayJune1998.
8.WangJ.T.S.,HsuT.M.,DiscreteAnalysisofStiffenedCompositeCylindricalShells,AIAAJ.1995,23,17531761.
9.KnightN.F.,StarnesJ.H.,DevelopmentinCylindricalShellStabilityAnalysis,NASAreport,1997.
10.GrahamJ.,PreliminaryAnalysisTechniquesforRingandStringerStiffenedCylindricalShells,NASAreportTM108399,
March1993.
11.HilburgerM.W.,NonlinearandBucklingBehaviorofCompressionloadedCompositeShells,Proceedingsofthe6thAnnual
TechnicalConferenceoftheAmericanSocietyforComposites,Virginia2001.
12.ANSYSTHEORYREFERENCE.
http://www1.ansys.com/customer/content/documentation/60/ch01.html
13.HyerM.W.,RiddickJ.C.,EffectofImperfectionsofBucklingandPostbucklingResponseofSegmentedCircularComposite
Cylinders,Proceedingsofthe6thAnnualTechnicalConferenceoftheAmericanSocietyforComposites,Virginia2001.
14.WhitneyJ.M.,StructuralAnalysisofLaminatedAnisotropicPlates,Technomic,1987.
15.AgarwalB.D.,BroutmanL.J.,AnalysisandPerformanceofFiberComposites,JohnWileyandSons,1990.
16.BrushD.O.,AlmrothB.O.,BucklingofBars,Plates,andShells,McGrawHillBookCompany,NewYork,NY1975.
17.BruhnE.F.,AnalysisandDesignofFlightVehicleStructures.JacobsPublishing,Inc.,Carmel,INJune1973.
18.RammE.,BucklingofShells,SpringerVerlag,Berlin1982.
19.DowN.F.,LiboveC.,HubkaR.E.,FormulasforElasticConstantsofPlateswithIntegralWafflelikeStiffening,NACARM
L53L13a,August1953

HsuanTehHuandSuSuWang(NationalCenterforCompositeMaterialsResearch,CollegeofEngineering,
UniversityofIllinois,Urbana,Illinois61801,USA),Optimizationforbucklingresistanceoffibercomposite
laminateshellswithandwithoutcutouts,CompositeStructures,Vol.22,No.1,1992,pp.313,
doi:10.1016/02638223(92)90034A
ABSTRACT:Asequentiallinearprogrammingmethodwithasimplemovelimitstrategyisusedtoinvestigate
thefollowingthreeimportantbucklingoptimizationproblemsofcompositeshells:(1)optimizationoffiber
orientationsformaximizingbucklingresistanceofcompositeshellswithoutcutouts;(2)optimizationoffiber
orientationsformaximizingbucklingresistanceofcompositeshellswithcircularcutouts;and(3)optimization
ofcutoutgeometryformaximizingbucklingresistanceofacompositeshell.Fromtheresultsofoptimization
study,ithasbeenshownthat,givenastructuralgeometry,loadingconditionandmaterialsystem,thebuckling
resistanceofacylindricalcompositeshellisstronglyinfluencedbyfiberorientations,endconditions,the
presenceofcutoutandthegeometryofcutout.

HsuanTehHu(DepartmentofCivilEngineeringNationalChengKungUniversity1UniversityRoadTainan,
TaiwanRepublicofChina),Bucklinganalysesoffibercompositelaminateplateswithmaterialnonlinearity,
inICCM/9:Compositespropertiesandapplications,VolumeVI,editedbyAntonioMiravete,Universityof
Zaragoza,WoodheadPublishing,1993,ISBN:1855731398
ABSTRACT:Anonlinearmaterialconstitutivemodel,includinganonlinearinplaneshearformulationanda
failurecriterionforfibercompositelaminatematerials,isemployedtocarryoutfiniteelementbuckling
analysesforcompositeplatesunderuniaxialcompressiveloads.Ithasbeenshownthatthenonlinearinplane
sheartogetherwiththefailurecriterionhavesignificantinfluenceonthebucklingbehaviorofcomposite
laminateplates.
HsuanTehHu(DepartmentofCivilEngineeringNationalChengKungUniversity1UniversityRoadTainan,
TaiwanRepublicofChina),InfluenceofInPlaneShearNonlinearityonBucklingandPostbucklingResponses
ofCompositePlatesandShells,JournalofCompositeMaterials,1993,vol.27,no.2,pp.138151,
doi:10.1177/002199839302700202
ABSTRACT:Basedonlinearandnonlinearinplaneshearformulationsforfibercompositelaminate
materials,finiteelementbucklinganalysesforcompositeplatesunderuniaxialcompressionandbiaxial
compressionandforcompositeshellsunderendcompressionandhydrostaticcompressionarepresented.Ithas
beenshownthatthenonlinearinplaneshearhassignificantinfluenceonthebucklingandpostbuckling
responsesofcompositeplatesandshells,speciallyforthosewith[45/45]2Slayup.
HsuanTehHu(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,NationalChengKungUniversity,Tainan,Taiwan70301,
R.O.China),Bucklinganalysesoffibercompositelaminateshellswithmaterialnonlinearity,Journalof
CompositesTechnology&Research,JCTRER,Vol.15,No.3,Fall1993,pp.202208
ABSTRACT:Anonlinearmaterialconstitutivemodel,includinganonlinearinplaneshearformulationanda
failurecriterionforfibercompositelaminatematerialsisemployedtocarryoutfiniteelementbuckling
analysesforcompositeshellsunderhydrostaticcompressiveloads.Ithasbeenshownthatthenonlinearinplane
sheartogetherwiththefailurecriterionhavesignificantinfluenceonthebucklingbehaviorofcompositeshells.
H.T.Hu(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,NationalChengKungUniverstiy,Tainan,Taiwan70101Rebublic
ofChina),Bucklingoptimizationoffibercompositelaminateshellsconsideringinplaneshearnonlinearity,
StructuralandMultidisciplinaryOptimization,Vol.8,Nos.23,1994,pp.168173,doi:10.1007/BF01743314
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingstrengthsoffibercompositelaminateshellswithagivenmaterialsystemare
maximizedwithrespecttofiberorientationsusingasequentiallinearprogrammingmethodtogetherwitha
simplemovelimitstrategy.WhileamodifiedRiksnonlinearsolutionalgorithmisutilizedtoanalysethe
bucklingandpostbucklingbehaviourofcompositeshells,bothlinearandnonlinearinplaneshearformulations
areemployedtoformthefiniteelementconstitutivematrixforfibercompositelaminae.Resultsofthe
optimizationstudyforsimplysupportedcompositecylindricalshellsusingbothlinearandnonlinearinplane
shearformulationsarepresented.

HsuanTehHu(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,NationalChengKungUniversity,Tainan,Taiwan70101,
ROC),Bucklinganalysesoffibercompositelaminateplateswithmaterialnonlinearity,FiniteElementsin
AnalysisandDesign,Vol.19,No.3,April1995,pp.169179,doi:10.1016/0168874X(95)00009I
ABSTRACT:Anonlinearmaterialconstitutivemodel,includinganonlinearinplaneshearformulationanda
failurecriterion,forfibercompositelaminatematerialsisemployedtocarryoutfiniteelementbuckling
analysesforcompositeplatesunderuniaxialcompressiveloads.Ithasbeenshownthatthenonlinearinplane
sheartogetherwiththefailurecriterionhavesignificantinfluenceonthebucklingbehaviorofcomposite
laminateplates.
HsuanTehHu(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,NationalChengKungUniversity,Tainan,Taiwan70101,
ROC),Bucklinganalysesoffibercompositelaminateplateswithmaterialnonlinearity,FiniteElementsin
AnalysisandDesign,Vol.19,No.3,April1995,pp.169179,doi:10.1016/0168874X(95)00009I
ABSTRACT:Anonlinearmaterialconstitutivemodel,includinganonlinearinplaneshearformulationanda
failurecriterion,forfibercompositelaminatematerialsisemployedtocarryoutfiniteelementbuckling
analysesforcompositeplatesunderuniaxialcompressiveloads.Ithasbeenshownthatthenonlinearinplane
sheartogetherwiththefailurecriterionhavesignificantinfluenceonthebucklingbehaviorofcomposite
laminateplates.
HsuanTehHuandBorHorngLin(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,NationalChengKungUniversity,1
UniversityRoad,Tainan701,Taiwan),Bucklingoptimizationofsymmetricallylaminatedplateswithvarious
geometriesandendconditions,CompositesScienceandTechnology,Vol.55,No.3,1995,pp.277285,
doi:10.1016/02663538(95)001050
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingresistanceofsymmetricallylaminatedplateswithagivenmaterialsystemand
subjectedtouniaxialcompressionismaximizedwithrespecttofiberorientationsbyusingasequentiallinear
programmingmethodtogetherwithasimplemovelimitstrategy.Significantinfluenceofplatethicknesses,
aspectratios,centralcircularcutoutsandendconditionsontheoptimalfiberorientationsandtheassociated
optimalbucklingloadsofsymmetricallylaminatedplatesareshown.
HsuanTehHuandZhongZhiChen(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,NationalChengKungUniversity,
Tainan,Taiwan701,R.O.C.),Bucklingoptimizationofunsymmetricallylaminatedplatesundertransverse
loads,StructuralEngineeringandMechanics,Vol.7,No.1,1999,pp.1933
ABSTRACT:Thecriticalbucklingloadsofunsymmetricallylaminatedrectangularplateswithagivenmaterial
systemandsubjectedtocombinedlateralandinplaneloadsaremaximizedwithrespecttofiberorientationsby
usingasequentiallinearprogrammingmethodtogetherwithasimplemovelimitstrategy.Significantinfluence
ofplateaspectratios,centralcircularcutouts,lateralloadsandendconditionsontheoptimalfiberorientations
andtheassociatedoptimalbucklingloadsofunsymmetricallylaminatedplateshasbeenshownthroughthis
investigation.
H.T.Hu(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,NationalChengKungUniversity,Tainan701,Taiwan,R.O.C.),

Bucklinganalysisofskewlaminateplatessubjectedtouniaxialinplaneloads,ThinWalledStructures,
Vol.38,No.1,September2000,pp.5377,doi:10.1016/S02638231(00)00029X
ABSTRACT:Elasticstabilityofskewcompositelaminateplatessubjectedtouniaxialinplanecompressive
forceshasbeenstudied.Thecriticalbucklingloadsoftheskewlaminateplatesarecarriedoutbythe
bifuricationbucklinganalysisimplementedinfiniteelementprogramABAQUS.Theeffectsofskewangles,
laminatelayups,plateaspectratios,platethicknesses,centralcircularcutouts,andedgeconditionsonthe
bucklingresistanceofskewcompositelaminateplatesarepresented.
HsuanTehHuandJiingSenYang(DepartmentofCivilEngineeringandSustainableEnvironmentResearch
Center,NationalChengKungUniversity,1UniversityRoad,Tainan701,Taiwan,ROC),Buckling
optimizationoflaminatedcylindricalpanelssubjectedtoaxialcompressiveload,CompositeStructures,Vol.
81,No.3,December2007,pp.374385,doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2006.08.025
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingresistanceoffiberreinforcedlaminatedcylindricalpanelswithagivenmaterial
systemandsubjectedtouniaxialcompressiveforceismaximizedwithrespecttofiberorientationsbyusinga
sequentiallinearprogrammingmethodtogetherwithasimplemovelimitstrategy.Thesignificantinfluencesof
panelthicknesses,curvatures,aspectratios,cutoutsandendconditionsontheoptimalfiberorientationsandthe
associatedoptimalbucklingloadsoflaminatedcylindricalpanelshavebeenshownthroughthisinvestigation.
H.T.HuandJ.Y.Tsai(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,NationalChengKungUniversity,Tainan,Taiwan,
701,R.O.C.),MaximizationoftheFundamentalFrequenciesofLaminatedCylindricalShellswithRespectTto
FiberOrientations,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.225,No.4,August1999,pp.723740,
doi:10.1006/jsvi.1999.2261
ABSTRACT:Thefundamentalfrequenciesoffiberreinforcedlaminatedcylindricalshellswithagiven
materialsystemaremaximizedwithrespecttofiberorientationsbyusingthegoldensectionmethod.The
significanteffectsofshellthickness,shelllength,cutoutandendconditiononthemaximumfundamental
frequenciesandtheassociatedoptimalfiberorientationsaredemonstrated.

HsuanTehHu,ChiaHaoYangandFuMingLin(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,NationalChengKung
University,Tainan,Taiwan701,ROC),Bucklinganalysesofcompositelaminateskewplateswithmaterial
nonlinearity,CompositesPartB:Engineering,Vol.37,No.1,January2006,pp.2636,
doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2005.05.004
ABSTRACT:Anonlinearmaterialconstitutivemodel,includinganonlinearinplaneshearformulationandthe
TsaiWufailurecriterion,forfibercompositelaminatematerialsisemployedtocarryoutfiniteelement
bucklinganalysesforcompositelaminateskewplatesunderuniaxialcompressiveloads.Theinfluencesof
laminatelayup,plateskewangleandplateaspectratioonthebucklingresistanceofcompositelaminateskew
platesarepresented.Comparingwiththelinearizedbucklingloadsoftheskewplates,onecanobserverthatthe
nonlinearinplanesheartogetherwiththefailurecriterionhavesignificantinfluenceontheultimateloadsofthe
compositelaminateskewplateswith[theta]10Sand[theta/90/0]5Slayupsbutnotthe[alpha/0]10Slayup.

PANDA2references
[1]Bushnell,D.,etal(A)"PANDA2Programforminimumweightdesignofstiffened,composite,locally
buckledpanels",ComputersandStructures,Vol.25(1987)pp.469605.Seealso:(B)"Theoreticalbasisofthe
PANDAcomputerprogramforpreliminarydesignofstiffenedpanelsundercombinedinplaneloads",
ComputersandStructures,v.27,No.4,pp541563,1987;(C)"Optimizationofcomposite,stiffened,imperfect
panelsundercombinedloadsforserviceinthepostbucklingregime",ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanics
andEngineering,Vol.103,pp43114,1993;(D)"RecentenhancementstoPANDA2"37thAIAAStructures,
Dynamics,andMaterials(SDM)Conference,April1996;(E)"Approximatemethodfortheoptimumdesignof
ringandstringerstiffenedcylindricalpanelsandshellswithlocal,interring,andgeneralbucklingmodal
imperfections",ComputersandStructures,Vol.59,No.3,489527,1996,withW.D.Bushnell;(F)"Optimum
designviaPANDA2ofcompositesandwichpanelswithhoneycomborfoamcores",AIAAPaper971142,
AIAA38thSDMConference,April1997;(G)"AdditionalbucklingsolutionsinPANDA2",AIAA40thSDM
Conference,p302345,April1999,withH.JiangandN.F.Knight,Jr.;(H)"Minimumweightdesignofa
stiffenedpanelviaPANDA2andevaluationoftheoptimizedpanelviaSTAGS",ComputersandStructures,
Vol.50,569602(1994);(I)"Optimizationofperfectandimperfectringandstringerstiffenedcylindricalshells
withPANDA2andevaluationoftheoptimumdesignswithSTAGS",AIAAPaper20021408,pp15621613,
Proceedingsofthe43rdAIAASDMMeeting,April,2002,withC.Rankin;(J)Optimumdesignofstiffened
panelswithsubstiffeners,AIAAPaper20051932,AIAA46thSDMConference,April2005,withC.Rankin;
(K)Difficultiesinoptimizationofimperfectstiffenedcylindricalshells,AIAAPaper20061943,AIAA47th
SDMConference,April2006,withC.Rankin;(L).../panda2/doc/panda2.news,acontinuallyupdatedfile
distributedwithPANDA2thatcontainsalogofallsignificantmodificationstoPANDA2from1987on;(M)
OptimizationofStiffenedPanelsinWhichModeJumpingisAccountedFor,AIAAPaperNo.AIAA97
1141,AIAA38thSDMConference,April1997,withC.RankinandE.Riks.;(N)GlobalOptimumDesignOf
ExternallyPressurizedIsogridStiffenedCylindricalShellsWithAddedTRings,InternationalJournalofNon
LinearMechanicsVol.37,pp.801831,2002;(O)Optimizationofanaxiallycompressedringandstringer
stiffenedcylindricalshellwithageneralbucklingmodalimperfection,AIAAPaperNo.AIAA20072216,
AIAA48thSDMConference,April,2007;(P)"OptimizationofpanelswithrivetedZshapedstiffenersvia
PANDA2",inAdvancesintheMechanicsofPlatesandShells,Durban,D,Givoli,D.,andSimmonds,J.G.,
Eds,KluwerAcademicPublishers,pp79102,2001;(Q)GlobalOptimumDesignOfExternallyPressurized
IsogridStiffenedCylindricalShellsWithAddedTRings,InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanicsVol.
37,pp.801831,2002.
ReferencestostiffenedpanelandshellprogramsotherthanPANDA2
[2](A)Dickson,J.N.,Biggers,S.B.,andWang,J.T.S.,"Preliminarydesignprocedureforcompositepanels
withopensectionstiffenersloadedinthepostbucklingrange,"in:AdvancesinCompositeMaterials,A.R.
Bunsell,etal,editors,PergamonPressLtd.,Oxford,England,1980,pp812825.Alsosee:(B)Dickson,J.N.
andBiggers,S.B.,"POSTOP:Postbuckledopenstiffenedoptimumpanels,theoryandcapability",NASA
LangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Va.,NASAContractorReportfromNASAContractNAS115949,May
1982.
[3](A)Butler,R.andWilliams,F.W.,"OptimuamdesignfeaturesofVICONOPT,anexactbucklingprogram

forprismaticassembliesofanisotropicplates,"AIAAPaper901068CP,Proceedings31stAIAA/ASME
Structures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterials(SDM)Meeting,pp12891299,1990.Alsosee:(B)Williams,
F.W.,Kennedy,D.,Anderson,M.S.,"AnalysisfeaturesofVICONOPT,anexactbucklingandvibration
programforprismaticassembliesofanisotropicplates,",AIAAPaper900970CP,Proceedings31st
AIAA/ASMEStructures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsMeeting,pp920929,1990.
Stroud,W.Jefferson(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia),Experimentalandtheoretical
deflectionsandnaturalfrequenciesofaninflatablefabricplate,NASATechnicalNoteD931,1961
Stroud,W.Jefferson(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia),Elasticconstantsforbendingand
twistingofcorrugationstiffenedpanels,NASATechnicalReportR166,1963
W.JeffersonStroudandGeorgeW.Zender,Experimentalinvestigationtodetermineutilityoftensionshell
concept,NASATMX1211,March1966
W.JeffersonStroudandNancyP.Sykes (NASA LangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia),Stresses
causedbyaninplaneloadusedtorotateathinwalledsphericalsatellite,NASATND4425,1968
Stroud,W.Jefferson,Minimummassisotropicshellsofrevolutionsubjectedtouniformpressureandaxial
load,NASATechnicalNoteD6121,1971
W.J.Stroud,NancyAgranoff,andMelvinS.Anderson(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia),
MinimumMassDesignofFilamentaryCompositePanelsUnderCombinedLoads:DesignProcedureBased
on a Rigorous Buckling Analysis, NASA Technical Note TN D8417, July 1977, Accdession Number:
ADA301714,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA301714,SeealsoNASATND8257.
ABSTRACT:Aprocedureispresentedfordesigninguniaxiallystiffenedpanelsmadeofcompositematerial
and subjected to combined inplane loads. The procedure uses a rigorous buckling analysis and nonlinear
mathematicalprogramingtechniques.Designstudiescarriedoutwiththeprocedureconsiderhatstiffenedand
corrugated panels made of graphiteepoxy material. Combined longitudinal compression and shear and
combinedlongitudinalandtransversecompressionaretheloadingsusedinthestudies.Thecapabilitytotailor
thebucklingresponseofapanel(i.e.,designapanelsothatitwillhavespecifiedbucklingloadsatvarious
bucklingwavelengths)isalsoexplored.Finally,theadequacyofanother,simpler,analysisdesignprocedureis
examined.Thereportdemonstratesthatapaneldesignprocedurewithahighqualitybucklinganalysisandwith
completegeneralityofconstraintsispractical.Suchaprocedurecanbeusedtoavoidfailurefromcomplex
bucklingmodes and todetermine mass andproportions ofpanels formultiple designload conditions and
constraints.
Referenceslistedattheendofthereport:
1.Peterson,JamesP.,StructuralEfficiencyofAluminum MultiwebBeamsandZStiffenedpanelsreinforcedwithfilamentary
boronepoxycomposite,NASATND5856
2.Williams,JerryGandStein,Manuel,Bucklingbehaviorandstructuralefficiencyofopensectionstiffenedcompositecompression
panels,AIAAJ.,Vol.14,No.11,November1976,pp.16181626
3. Wittrick, W. H. and Williams, F. W., Buckling and vibration of anisotropic or isotropic plate assemblies under combined
loadings,Int.J.Mech.Sci.,Vol.16,No.4,April1974,pp.209239
4.Plank,R.J.andWilliams,F.W.,Criticalbucklingofsomestiffenedpanelsincompression,shearandbending,Aeronautical
Quarterly,Vol.XXV,pt.3,August1974,pp.165179

5.Tripp.L.L.,Tamekuni,M.andViswanathan,A.V.,UsersManualBUCLASP2:Acomputerprogramforinstabilityanalysisof
biaxiallyloadedcompositestiffenedpanelsandotherstructures,NASACR112226,1973
6.Viswanathan,A.V.andTamekuni,M.,Elasticbucklinganalysisforcompositestiffenedpanelsandotherstructuressubjectedto
biaxialinplaneloads,NASACR2216,1973
7.Schmit,L.A.,Jr.andFarshi,B.,Someapproximationconceptsforstructuralsynthesis,AIAAJ.,Vol.12,No.5,May1974,pp.
692699
8.Schmit,LucienA.,Jr.andMiura,Hirokazu,Approximationconceptsforefficientstructuralsynthesis,NASACR2552,1976
9.Haftka,RaphaelT.,Automatedprocedurefordesignofwingstructurestosatisfystrengthandflutterrequirements,NASATND
7264,1973
10.Vanderplaats,GarretN.,CONMINAFortranprogramforconstrainedfunctionminimizationUsesrsManual,NASATM
X62,282,1973
11.Stroud,W.JeffersonandAgranoff,Nancy,Minimummassdesignoffilamentarycompositepanelsundercombinedloads:
Designprocedurebasedonsimplifiedbucklingequations,NASATND8257,1976
12Anderson,MelvinS.,Hennessy,KatherineW.andHeard,WalterL.,Jr.,AddendumtoUsersguidetoVIPASA(Vibrationand
InstabilityofPlateAssembliesIncludingShearandAnisotropy),NASATMX73914,1976

W.J. Stroud and M.S. Anderson (NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Virginia, USA), PASCO:
Structuralpanelanalysisandsizingcode,capabilityandanalyticalfoundations,1980(publishernotgiven;
perhapsaNASATechnicalNote?,ProQuestCSA)
ABSTRACT:AcomputercodedenotedPASCOwhichcanbeusedforanalyzingandsizinguniaxially
stiffenedcompositepanelsisdescribed.Bucklingandvibrationanalysesarecarriedoutwithalinkedplate
analysiscomputercodedenotedVIPASA,whichisincorporatedinPASCO.Sizingisbasedonnonlinear
mathematicalprogrammingtechniquesandemploysacomputercodedenotedCONMIN,alsoincorporatedin
PASCO.Designrequirementsconsideredareinitialbuckling,materialstrength,stiffness,andvibration
frequency.ThecapabilityofthePASCOcomputercodeandtheapproachusedinthestructuralanalysisand
sizingaredescribed.
W.JeffersonStroud,WilliamH.GreeneandMelvinS.Anderson,Currentresearchonshearbucklingand
thermalloadswithPASCO:Panelanalysisandsizingcode,NASATM83206,September1981
ABSTRACT:Thestiffenedcompositestructuralpanelanalysisandsizingcodedesignated'PASCO'
encompassesboththegeneralityrequiredfortheexploitationofcompositematerials'designflexibilityandan
accuratebucklinganalysisforthedetectionofcomplexbucklingmodes.PASCOcanaccordinglydesignfor
buckling,frequency,materialstrength,andpanelstiffnessrequirements.Attentionisgiventoanadditional
thermalloadingdesigncapability.Designstudiesillustratetheimportanceofthemultipleloadcondition
capabilitywhenthermalloadsarepresent.
[4](A)Anderson,M.S.andStroud,W.J.,"Generalpanelsizingcomputercodeanditsapplicationtocomposite
structuralpanels,"AIAAJournal,17,(1979)pp.892897.Alsosee:(B)Stroud,W.J.andAnderson,M.S.,
"PASCO:Structuralpanelanalysisandsizingcode,capabilityandanalyticalfoundations,"NASATM80181,
NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Va.,1981;(C)Stroud,W.J.,Greene,W.H.,andAnderson,M.S.,
"Bucklingloadsofstiffenedpanelssubjectedtocombinedlongitudinalcompressionandshear:Resultsobtained
withPASCO,EAL,andSTAGScomputerprograms,"NASATP2215,NasaLangleyResearchCenter,
Hampton,Va.,January1984.

W.JeffersonStroud(NASALangleyResearchCenter),Computationalmethodsforstructuralmechanicsand
dynamics:proceedingsofaworkshopsponsoredbytheNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministrationand
heldatNASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,June1921,1985,NASAconferencepublication
3034,1985
W.JeffersonStroud,Optimizationofcompositestructures,NASATM84544,August1982
W.JeffersonStroud(NASALangleyResearchCenter),Reliabilityofstiffenedstructuralpanels:two
examples,NASATechnicalMemorandum,107687,1992
JoanneWalsh,W.JeffersonStroud,HenryDunn,JeanFrancoisBarthelemy,RobertWeston(NASALangley
ResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia),MinimumweightstructuraldesignofthreealternateHSCTconcepts,
9thAIAA/ISSMOSymposiumonMultidisciplinaryAnalysisandOptimization,AIAAPaperAIAA20025407,
September2002
DahnYin,V.U.M.TranandPatrickM.Swift(NASALangleyResearchCenter),Localstiffenerandskin
pocketbucklingpredictionbyspecialPASCOmodelingtechnique:Correlationtotestdata,N89246261839,
1989,pp.1321
ABSTRACT: LocalstiffenerandskinpocketbucklingpredictionbyspecialPASCOmodelingtechnique:
Correlationtotestdata
YIN,DAHN|TRAN,VUM|SWIFT,PATRICKM
NASA,LangleyResearchCenter,ResearchinStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterials,1989p1321
(SEEN89246261839);UNITEDSTATES;1989
ABSTRACT:WafflepanelsareoftenusedonfuselagestructuressuchasthatoftheSpaceShuttle.Thewaffle
paneldesignisanefficientdesignforcarryingbiaxial,inplane,andshearloads.TheWAFFLEprogramwas
designedforapplicationonwafflepanels.ThePanelAnalysisandSizingCode(PASCO)programwas
designedforanalyzingandsizinguniaxiallystiffenedpanels.TheapplicationofthePASCOprogramin
conjunctionwiththeWAFFLEprogramisdiscussedtoaccountforboththefilletradiusandthepresenceof
stiffnessinbothdirections.Theresultsofthetestsareusedtoverifythattheseadjustmentsarevalidand
necessaryifaccurateanalysisofthewafflepanelistobeachieved.
SomereferencesfrompapersbyDavidBushnell
[5]Brush,D.O.andAlmroth,B.O.,BucklingofBars,Plates,andShells,,McGrawHill,NewYork,1975
[6]Jones,RobertM.,BucklingofBars,Plates,andShells,BullRidgePublishing,Blacksburg,VA,2006
[7]Singer,J.,Arbocz,J.,andWeller,T.,BucklingExperimentsExperimentalMethodsinBucklingof
ThinWalledStructures,JohnWiley&SonsInc.,2002
[8]Bushnell,D.,ComputerizedBucklingAnalysisofShells,publishedbyNijhoff,TheNetherlands,1985,
reprintedbyKluwerAcademicPublishers,1989
[10]Koiter,W.T.,OverdeStabiliteitvanhetelastichevenwickt,thesis,TechnicalInstituteDelft,H.J.Paris,

Amsterdam,1945;Englishtranslations:OntheStabilityofElasticEquilibrium,NASATTF10833,March
1967andAFFDLTR7025,February1970
[11]Hutchinson,J.W.andAmazigo,J.C.,Imperfectionsensitivityofeccentricallystiffenedcylindrical
shells,AIAAJ.,Vol.5,No.3,pp.392401,1967
[14]Bushnell,D.,"TrusscoresandwichdesignviaPANDA2",ComputersandStructures,Vol.44,No.5,pp
10911119(1992)
[15]Bushnell,D.,Holmes,A.M.C.,Flaggs,D.L.,McCormick,P.J.,"Optimumdesign,fabricationandtestof
graphiteepoxycurved,stiffened,locallybuckledpanelsloadedinaxialcompression",inBUCKLINGOF
STRUCTURES,editedbyI.Elishakoff,etal,Elsevier,Amsterdam,pp61131,1988
[34]Wong,K.F.W.andWeaver,P.M.(UniversityofBristol,BristolBS81TR,UK),Approximatesolution
forthecompressionbucklingoffullyanisotropiccylindricalshells,45thAIAAStructures,Structural
Dynamics&MaterialsConference,April2004,PalmSprings,California
doi:INISTCNRS,CoteINIST:214,35400013443834.0200
ABSTRACT:Thecircularcylindricalthinwalledshellisafundamentalbuildingblockofmanystructures,
suchasaircraftfuselages.Whenusedwithlaminatedcomposites,highlyefficientstructurescanbedesigned.As
aresult,theanalyticaltreatmentofcylindricalshellshasreceivedsignificantattentionoverrecentdecades.
However,mostoftheworkscarriedoutinthisareaconcernisotropicmaterialsororthotropiclaminates,thatis,
thosewithnocouplings.Thepresentanalysisdevelopsaclosedform,yetsimplesolutionforthelinear
bucklingoflaminatedcircularcylindricalshell,fromtheDonnell'smodel,includingallavailablecouplings.
Althoughtheusefulnessofalinearsolutionforpredictingbucklingloadsisquestionable,itsworthisininitial
sizingandlayqpselectionduringtheearlystagesofdesign.Theresultingmodelcouldbeusedtoexaminethe
usefulnessofdifferentcouplingsthatarenotyetwellunderstood.Itisfoundthatextension/shearcoupling
resultsintorsionalmovementofthecylinder,which,whenrestricted,inducesasecondarytorsionalloadingon
thecylinder,thusreducingitsoverallbucklingloadbyupto50%.Whennotrestricted,extension/shear
couplingsgenerallyincreasebucklingloads.
[35]Weaver,P.M.,Onoptimisationoflonganisotropicflatplatessubjecttoshearbucklingloads,45thAIAA
SDMConference,April2004
[36]Diaconu,C.G.andWeaver,P.M.,Approximatesolutionandoptimumdesignforpostbucklingofinfinite
laminatedcompositeplatessubjectedtocompressionloading,45thAIAASDMConference,April2004
GeraldA.Cohen(StructuresResearchAssociates,LagunaBeach,California,USA),FASORaprogramfor
stress,bucklingandvibrationofshellsofrevolution,AdvancesinEngineeringSoftware(1978),Vol.3,No.4,
October1981,pp.155162,doi:10.1016/01411195(81)900139
ABSTRACT:FASOR(FieldAnalysisofShellsofRevolution)isauserorientedcodefortheanalysisof
stiffened,laminatedaxisymmetricshells.Verygeneralshellgeometriesareallowedinthatthereferencesurface
meridianmayformabranched,multicircuitfigure.Modesofresponsetreatedarelinearasymmetricand

geometricallynonlinearaxisymmetricprebuckling,andasymmetricbucklingandvibrationunderstatic
axisymmetricloads.Bifurcationbucklingunderasymmetricloadsisalsotreatedbyusingasymmetrized
prebucklingstatebasedonthelinearresponseofauserspecifiedmeridian.Foreachmodeofresponse,theuser
mayspecifyanycombinationoforthotropicoranisotropicmaterialpropertieswithclassicalortransverseshear
deformationshelltheories.FASORemploysanumericalintegrationmethod(calledthefieldmethod)whereby
anumericallyunstablelinearboundaryvalueproblem(allmodesofresponsereducetoasequenceofsuch
problems)isconvertedintotwosuccessivenumericallystableinitialvalueproblems.Inthiscontext,numerical
stabilitymeansthatroundofferrorsintroducedateachstepoftheintegrationprocesstendtodecayout.Asa
consequence,solutionaccuracyiscontrolledessentiallybyasinglenumber,thetruncationerrortolerance,
whichissatisfiedbyautomaticallyadjustingthesizeofeachintegrationstep.Thefieldmethodthuseliminates
theneedformeshgenerationrequiredbyfiniteelementandfinitedifferencemethods,andtheassociated
problemofnumericalconvergence.Italsoprovidesforautomaticdeterminationofresponsestoragepointssoas
toobtainauniformlyvaliddiscreteapproximationofthecontinuousresponse.Inthispaperthefieldmethodis
brieflydescribed,basicaspectsofthemathematicalmodelarediscussed,theorganizationofinputdatais
presented,andinputandplotoutputaregivenforspecificexamples.
GeraldA.Cohen(StructuresResearchAssociates,LagunaBeach,California,U.S.A.),FASORAsecond
generationshellofrevolutioncode,Computers&Structures,Vol.10,Nos.12,April1979,pp.301309,
doi:10.1016/00457949(79)900993
ABSTRACT:AnintegratedcomputerprogramentitledFieldAnalysisofShellsofRevolution(FASOR)
currentlyunderdevelopmentforNASAisdescribed.Whencompleted,thiscodewilltreatprebuckling,
buckling,initialpostbucklingandvibrationsunderaxisymmetricstaticloadsaswellaslinearresponseand
bifurcationunderasymmetricstaticloads.Althoughthesemodesofresponsearetreatedbyexistingprograms,
FASORextendstheclassofproblemstreatedtoincludegeneralanisotropyandtransversesheardeformations
ofstiffenedlaminatedshells.Atthesametime,aprimarygoalistodevelopaprogramwhichisfreeoftheusual
problemsofmodeling,numericalconvergenceandillconditioning,laboriousproblemsetup,limitationson
problemsizeandinterpretationofoutput.Thefieldmethodisbrieflydescribed,theshelldifferentialequations
arecastinasuitableformforsolutionbythismethodandessentialaspectsoftheinputformatarepresented.
Numericalresultsaregivenforbothunstiffenedandstiffenedanisotropiccylindricalshellsandcomparedwith
previouslypublishedanalyticalsolutions.
GeraldA.Cohen(StructuresResearchAssociatesLagunaBeach,California),EffectofTransverseShear
DeformationonAnisotropicPlateBuckling,JournalofCompositeMaterials,1982,vol.16,no.4,pp.301
312,doi:10.1177/002199838201600404
ABSTRACT:Criticalinplanenormalandshearloadsofrectangularanisotropiclaminatedplatesarepresented.
ThesewerecalculatedusingtheshellcodeFASOR,whichincludestheeffectoftransversesheardeformation.
Forsimplysupportedorthotropiclaminateswithmidplanesymmetrynormalbucklingloadsareverifiedbya
closedformsolutionderivedfromtransversesheardeformationplatetheory.Resultsarecomparedto
previouslypublishedsolutionsfromthreedimensionalelasticitytheoryandclassicalplatetheory.
DavidBushnell,AlanM.C.Holmes,andEdwardJ.Loss(LockheedMissiles&SpaceCompany,Inc.,Palo

Alto,CA94304,U.S.A.),Failureofaxiallycompressedfrangiblejointsincylindricalshells,Computers&
Structures,Vol.12,No.2,August1980,pp.193210,doi:10.1016/00457949(80)900061
ABSTRACT:Acomputerprogramfortheanalysisofstress,nonlinearcollapseandbifurcationbucklingof
hybridbodiesofrevolution(BOSOR6)isusedforthepredictionoffailureofaxiallycompressedcylinders
containingfrangiblejoints.Plasticityandmoderatelylargedeflectionsareincludedintheanalyticalmodels.
Thestructureintheimmediateneighborhoodsofthefrangiblejointnotchesismodeledwithuseofeightnode
solidisoparametricfiniteelementsofrevolutionandtherestofthestructureismodeledwithuseof
computationallyefficientthinshellelements.Theoreticalpredictionsarecomparedtotestresults.Certain
aspectsofthetestspecimensandboundaryconditionsremainunknown,andparametersintheanalyticalmodels
areestablishedandvariedinordertorevealwhatthesetestconditionsmusthavebeen.Forreasonablevaluesof
theseparameters,theoreticalandexperimentaljointfailureloadsagreetowithin2%.
DavidBushnell(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,3251HanoverSt.,PaloAlto,CA94304,U.S.A.),
Effectofcoldbendingandweldingonbucklingofringstiffenedcylinders,Computers&Structures,Vol.12,
No.3,September1980,pp.291307,doi:10.1016/00457949(80)900280
ABSTRACT:TheBOSOR5computerprogramforelasticplasticbucklingofshellsofrevolutionisusedfor
calculationofbifurcationbucklingofcoldbentandweldedringstiffenedcylindersunderexternalpressure.
Residualstressesanddeformationsfromcoldbendingandweldingareincludedinthemodelforbucklingunder
serviceloadsbyintroductionofthesemanufacturingprocessesasfunctionsofatimelikeparameterwhich
ensuresthatthematerialintheanalyticalmodelexperiencesthepropersequenceofloadingpriortoandduring
applicationoftheserviceloads.Thecoldbendingprocessisfirstsimulatedbyathermalloadingcycleinwhich
thetemperaturevarieslinearlythroughtheshellwallthickness,initiallyincreasingintimetosimulatecold
bendingaroundadieandthendecreasingintimetosimulatespringbacktoafinalsomewhatlargerdesign
radius.Theweldingprocessissubsequentlysimulatedbytheassumptionthatthematerialintheimmediate
neighborhoodsoftheweldsiscooledbelowtheambienttemperaturebyanamountthatleadstoweldshrinkage
amplitudestypicalofthoseobservedintests.Bucklingloadsarecalculatedforaconfigurationincludingand
neglectingthecoldbendingandweldingprocesses.Thesepredictionsarecomparedtovaluesobtainedfrom
testsontwonominallyidenticalspecimens,onecarefullymachinedandtheotherfabricatedbycoldbendingthe
shellandthenweldingmachinedringstiffenerstoit.
DavidBushnell(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,3251HanoverSt.,PaloAlto,CA94304,U.S.A.),
ComputerizedBucklingAnalysisofShells,LockheedMissiles&SpaceCoFinalreport,June1981,
Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA112069
ABSTRACT:Thepurposeofthemanyexamplesofbucklingpresentedhereistogivethereaderaphysicalfeel
forshellbuckling.Section1containsabriefdescriptionoftwokindsofbuckling,collapseandbifrucation.
Section2concernsshellstructuresinwhichthecauseoffailureisnonlinearcollapseduetoeitherlarge
deflectionsortobothlargedeflectionsandnonlinearmaterialbehavior.Section3givesexamplesof
axisymmetricshellsinwhichfailureisduetobifurcationbuckling.Section4providesexamplesthatillustrate
theeffectsofboundaryconditionsandeccentricloadingonbifurcationbucklingofshellsofrevolution.Section
5isdevotedtocombinedloadingofcylindricalshellsandnonsymmetricloadingofshellsofrevolution.Section
6isonbifurcationbucklingandcollapseofringstiffenedshellswithemphasisgiventocylindricalshells.
Section7containsseveralillustrationsofbucklingofprismaticshellsandpanels,thatis,structuresthathavea

crosssectionthatisconstantinoneofthecoordinatedirections.Section8focusesonthesensitivityofpredicted
bucklingloadstoinitialgeometricalimperfections.Section9demonstratesaxisymmetriccollapseand
bifurcationbucklingofbodiesofrevolutionthatconsistofcombinationsofthinshellsegmentsandsolid
segmentstowhichshelltheorycannotbeappliedwithsufficientaccuracy.
DavidBushnell(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,3251HanoverSt.,PaloAlto,CA94304,U.S.A.),
Elasticplasticbendingandbucklingofpipesandelbows,Computers&Structures,Vol.13,Nos.13,June
1981,pp.241248,doi:10.1016/00457949(81)901310
ABSTRACT:Asummaryofpreviousworkisfirstpresented.Thenanaxisymmetricmodelispresentedin
whichthebendingofaninfinitestraightorcurvedpipewithexternalorinternalpressureissimulatedby
thermalloading.Themodelincludesgeometricandmaterialnonlinearityintheprebucklinganalysisand
bifurcationbucklingfromthenonlinearprebuckledstate.Comparisonswithtestsonstraightpipesandelbows
aregiven.ThecalculationsareperformedwithuseofaslightlymodifiedversionoftheBOSOR5computer
program.Qualitativeagreementwithtestresultsisdemonstrated.
Meller,E.andBushnell,D.,Bucklingofsteelcontainmentshells.Task2.Elasticplasticcollapseof
nonuniformlyaxiallycompressedringstiffenedcylindricalshellswithreinforcedopenings.Finalreport,25
August198030September1982,NUREG/CR2836Vol.2;LMSCD812950Vol.2,December1982,
OSTIIdentifier:OSTIID:6586037;LegacyID:DE83900982
ABSTRACT:Resultsofnonlinearfiniteelementanalysisofseveralaxiallycompressed,ringstiffened,steel,
cylindricalshellsarepresented,includingcomparisonswithtestsconductedattheLosAlamosNational
Laboratory.Thespecimens,allwithradiustothicknessratioofabout450,havereinforcedcircularopenings
thatcutacrossvariousnumbersofringstiffeners.Thecylindersareloadedbyenforcedaxialdisplacement
appliedtothickendplateshalfwaybetweentheaxisofrevolutionandthecylindricalshellwall.Measured
imperfectionsareincludedintheanalysisofaringstiffenedspecimenwithoutanycutout.Inclusionofthe
imperfectionfieldreducesthepredictedcollapseloadbyonlyeightpercent.Reinforcedopeningsthatcutone,
twoandthreeringsreducethecollapseloadby14,21,and22percent,respectively.
DavidBushnell(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,3251HanoverSt.,PaloAlto,CA94304,U.S.A.),
PandaInteractiveprogramforminimumweightdesignofstiffenedcylindricalpanelsandshells,Computers
&Structures,Vol.16,Nos.14,1983,pp.167185,doi:10.1016/00457949(83)90158X
ABSTRACT:Ananalysisandaninteractivecomputerprogramaredescribedthroughwhichminimumweight
designsofcomposite,elasticplastic,stiffened,cylindricalpanelscanbeobtainedsubjecttogeneralandlocal
bucklingconstraintsandstressandstrainconstraints.Thepanelsaresubjectedtoarbitrarycombinationsofin
planeaxial,circumferentialandshearresultants.Nonlinearmaterialeffectsareincludedifthematerialis
isotropicorhasstiffnessinonlyonedirection(asdoesadiscreteorasmearedstiffener).Severaltypesof
generalandlocalbucklingmodesareincludedasconstraintsintheoptimizationprocess,includinggeneral
instability,panelinstabilitywitheitherstringersorringssmearedout,localskinbuckling,localcripplingof
stiffenersegments,andgeneral,panelandlocalskinbucklingincludingtheeffectsofstiffenerrolling.Certain
stiffenerrollingmodesinwhichthepanelskindoesnotdeformbutthecrosssectionofthestiffenerdoes
deformarealsoaccountedfor.TheinteractivePANDAsystemconsistsofthreeindependentlyexecuted

modulesthatsharethesamedatabase.Inthefirstmoduleaninitialdesignconceptwithrough(notnecessarily
feasibleoraccurate)dimensionsareprovidedbytheuserinaconversationalmode.Inthesecondmodulethe
userdecideswhichofthedesignparametersoftheconceptaretobetreatedbyPANDAasdecisionvariablesin
theoptimizationphase.Inthethirdmoduletheoptimizationcalculationsarecarriedout.Examplesareprovided
inwhichoptimumdesignsobtainedbyPANDAarecomparedtothoseintheliterature.
DavidBushnell(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,3251HanoverSt.,PaloAlto,CA94304,U.S.A.),
Computerizedanalysisofshellsgoverningequations,Computers&Structures,Vol.18,No.3,1984,pp.471
536,doi:10.1016/00457949(84)900683
ABSTRACT:Thispaperopenswithageneraldiscussionoftermsinanenergyfunctionalwhichmightbethe
basisfromwhichequationsgoverningstress,stability,andvibrationanalysesarederived.Theenergy
expressionincludesstrainenergyoftheshellanddiscretestiffeners,kineticenergyoftheshellandstiffeners,
constraintconditionswithLagrangemultipliers,andothertermsarisingfromthechangeindirectionofapplied
loadsduringdeformation.Briefdiscussionsareincludedofthecouplingeffectbetweenbendingand
extensionalenergyneededfortheanalysisoflayeredcompositeshellsorelasticplasticshells,nonlinearterms,
andtheformthattheenergyexpressiontakesupondiscretizationofthestructure.Asectionfollowsinwhich
theenergyformulationforstress,stability,andvibrationanalysesofanelasticcurvedbeamisgiven,including
thermaleffects,moderatelylargerotations,boundaryconditions,anddistributedandconcentratedloads.The
matrixnotationandtypeofdiscretizationareintroducedherewhichwilllaterbeusedfortheanalysisofshells
ofrevolution.Termsinthelocalelementstiffness,mass,andloadgeometricmatricesarederivedintermsof
nodalpointdisplacements,anditisshownhowtheselocalmatricesareassembledintoglobalmatrices.The
purposeofthesectionistodemonstratetheprocedureforderivationoftheanalogousequationsandquantities
forshellsofrevolutionormorecomplexstructures.Thenextsectionisonelasticshellsofrevolution.Itopens
withasummaryofwhatcomputerprogramsexistforstress,buckling,andstabilityanalysesofsuchstructures.
Theassumptionsonwhichtheseprogramsarebasedarelistedandthevariouscomponentsoftheenergy
functional,suchasstrainenergyoftheshellanddiscreterings,areidentifiedandderivedintermsofnodal
pointdisplacements.Includedareaderivationoftheconstitutivelawforanisotropicshellwallsanda
formulationofnonlinearconstraintconditions,whicharerequiredforthetreatmentofsegmentedorbranched
shellswithmeridionaldiscontinuitiesbetweensegmentsorbranches.Derivationsoftermsintheglobalstiffness
andloadgeometricmatricesandtheforcevectoraregiven,withtablestracingtheoriginofeachterm.The
computationalstrategyforcalculationofcriticalbifurcationbucklingloadsinthepresenceofprebuckling
nonlinearitiesisgiven,withanexampleofbucklingunderaxialcompressionofaverythincylinder.Thisisa
simpleproblemtoformulatebutadifficultonetosolvenumerically,owingtotheexistenceofcloselyspaced
eigenvaluescorrespondingtononsymmetricbucklingatloadsclosetotheloadcorrespondingtononlinear
axisymmetriccollapse.Adescriptionofvariouspitfallsencounteredinthesearchforthelowestbifurcation
bucklingloadisgiven,includingestimatesofthecriticalnumberofcircumferentialwavesinthebuckling
mode.Computerizedformulationsandruntimesarecomparedforvariousdiscretizationmethods,including
finitedifferenceenergymodelsandstandardfiniteelementmodels,withanexampleshowingcomparisonsof
rateofconvergencewithincreasingnodalpointdensityandcomputertimesrequiredtoformstiffnessmatrices.
Hybridbodiesofrevolutionarediscussednext.Byhybridismeantabodyofrevolutionwithbothone
dimensionallyandtwodimensionallydiscretizedregions.Theformulationisparticularlyusefulforthestress,
buckling,andvibrationanalysesofbranchedshellsorringstiffenedshellsinwhichoneisparticularly
interestedinlocaleffectswithinadistanceequaltoashellwallthicknessofabranchorring.Anappropriate

strategyforthesolutionofnonlinearproblemswithsimultaneousgeometricnonlinearityandpathdependent
materialpropertiesisdescribed,includingthedevelopmentoftheincrementalconstitutivelawforthetangent
stiffnessmethodoftreatmentofelasticplasticstructures.Thetwodimensionallydiscretizedregionsare
modeledwithuseof8nodeisoparametricquadrilateralsofrevolution.Detailsarepresentedontheformulation
ofconstraintconditionsforcompatibilityatjunctionsbetweenrotationallysymmetricshellsegments(one
dimensionallydiscretizedregions)andsolidsegments(twodimensionallydiscretizedregions).Thepaper
closeswithasummaryoflinearequationsforgeneralshells.Surfacecoordinates,thefirstandsecond
fundamentalforms,andthedefinitionofashellareintroduced,andtheassumptionscorrespondingtoLove's
firstapproximationareidentified.Thedifferencesincommonlyusedorreferencedformulationsarelisted,
includingdifferenceswithregardtokinematicrelations,expressionsfortotalstrainanywhereinthethicknessof
theshellwall,andexpressionsforstressandmomentresultants.Commentsareofferedonwhichtheoryisthe
mostsuitableforengineeringestimates.
DavidBushnell(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,3251HanoverSt.,PaloAlto,CA94304,U.S.A.),
TheoreticalbasisofthePANDAcomputerprogramforpreliminarydesignofstiffenedpanelsundercombined
inplaneloads,Computers&Structures,Vol.27,No.4,1987,pp.541563,
doi:10.1016/00457949(87)90280X
ABSTRACT:Atheorybasedonminimumpotentialenergyforthebifurcationbucklingofelasticorelastic
plasticisotropicorelasticcomposite,flatorcylindrical,ringandstringerstiffenedpanelssubjectedto
combinedinplaneloadsisderived.Equationsaregivenforgeneralinstability,panelinstabilityandlocal
instabilityofpanelswithfullypopulated6x6thicknessintegratedconstitutivematrices.Alsoderivedare
equationsforcripplingandrollingofstiffeners.Thetheoryhasbeenimplementedinuserfriendly,interactive
computerprogramscalledPANDAandPANDA2fortheminimumweightdesignofpanels.Theseprograms
havebeendescribedinpreviouspapers.
DavidBushnell(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,3251HanoverSt.,PaloAlto,CA94304,U.S.A.),
PANDA2Programforminimumweightdesignofstiffened,composite,locallybuckledpanels,Computers
&Structures,Vol.25,No.4,1987,pp.469605,doi:10.1016/00457949(87)902677
ABSTRACT:PANDA2findsminimumweightdesignsoflaminatedcompositeflatorcurvedcylindricalpanels
orcylindricalshellswithstiffenersinoneortwoorthogonaldirections.Thepanelsorshellscanbeloadedbyas
manyasfivecombinationsofinplaneloadsandnormalpressure.Theaxialloadcanvaryacrossthepanel.
Constraintsonthedesignincludecrippling,localandgeneralbuckling,maximumtensileorcompressivestress
alongthefibersandnormaltothefibersineachlamina,andmaximuminplaneshearstressineachlamina.
Localandgeneralbucklingloadsarecalculatedwiththeuseofeitherclosedformexpressionsordiscretized
modelsofpanelcrosssections.Ananalysisbranchexistsinwhichlocalpostbucklingofthepanelskinis
accountedfor.Inthisbranchaconstraintconditionthatpreventsstiffenerpopoffisintroducedintothe
optimizationcalculations.MuchofthispaperrepresentsatutorialrunthroughthePANDA2processorsfora
hatstiffenedpanelundercombinedaxialcompression,inplaneshearandnormalpressure.Examplesfollowin
whichresultsfromPANDA2arecomparedwiththoseintheliteratureandthoseobtainedwiththeSTAGSand
EALcomputerprograms.Resultsofanextensivestudyaregivenforanoptimized,bladestiffenedpaneldesign
sothatitbuckleslocallyatabout10%ofthedesignload.Theaxiallystiffenedpanelissubjectedtopureaxial
compression,purenormalpressure,combinedaxialcompressionandnormalpressure,andcombinedaxial

compressionandresidualstressesanddeformationsthatarisefromasimulatedcuringprocess.Anexampleis
providedofadesignprocessappliedtoaringandstringerstiffenedcylindricalshellsimilaringeometryand
loadingtothe2/3interstageoftheARIANE4booster.
DavidBushnell(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,3251HanoverSt.,PaloAlto,CA94304,U.S.A.),
Nonlinearequilibriumofimperfect,locallydeformedstringerstiffenedpanelsundercombinedinplane
loads,Computers&Structures,Vol.27,No.4,1987,pp.519539,doi:10.1016/00457949(87)902793
ABSTRACT:Atheorybasedonminimumpotentialenergyforthenonlinearequilibriumofcomposite,
stringerstiffened,imperfectpanelssubjectedtocombinedinplaneloadsisderived.Thenormaldisplacement
w(x,y)isassumedtohavetheformW(Y)sin[_(x"_my)/L]inwhichxisthecoordinatealongtheaxisofthe
stringers,Yisthecoordinateintheplaneofthepanelskinandnormaltox,fmistheslopeofthenodallinesin
thelocalbucklingpatterninthepanelskin,andListhehalfwavelengthofthelocalbifurcationbucklingmode.
ThefunctionW(y)isobtainedfromaseriesexpansionofthebucklingmodalnormaldisplacementfield
obtainedfromamodelinwhichthecrosssectionofapanelmoduleisdiscretizedasintheBOSOR4analysisof
shellsofrevolution.Nonlinearstraindisplacementrelationsanalogoustothosedevelopedin1946byKoiterfor
perfectpanelsareextendedtohandlepanelswithimperfectionsintheformofthecriticallocalbifurcation
bucklingmode.ThetheoryisincorporatedintothePANDA2computerprogramforminimumweightdesign.
Thenonlineartheoryforthepredictionofbehavioroflocallyimperfectpanelsappearstobeproperly
implementedinPANDA2,sincethereisexcellentagreementbetweenPANDA2andSTAGSforthecaseofa
uniformlyaxiallycompressed,imperfect,rectangular,isotropicpanelloadedtofourtimesthelocalbifurcation
bucklingload.Thetheorycapturesreasonablywellthenonlinearmodalinteractioneffectdescribedinmany
paperspublishedbyKoiter,Hutchinson,Thompson,Tvergaardandothersinthe1970s.Thereisgood
agreementbetweentheseprevioustheories,PANDA2resultsandtests.Locallyandgloballyimperfectpanels
canbeautomaticallyoptimizedwithPANDA2,asdemonstratedforthecaseofabladestiffened,imperfect,
aluminumpanel.Theinclusionoflocalandglobalimperfectionswithamplitudeslikelytooccurinpractice
doesnotappeartoaffectdramaticallythebehaviornortheoptimumdesignofaxiallystiffenedpanelsthat
behaveapproximatelyaswidecolumnsinthegeneralinstabilitymodeoffailure.Optimumdesignsofimperfect
blade,teeandhatstiffenedpanelsarecompared.SomerecentmodificationstothePANDA2computer
programarebrieflydescribed.
DavidBushnell(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,3251HanoverSt.,PaloAlto,CA94304,U.S.A.),
ImprovedoptimumdesignofDEWARsupports,Computers&Structures,Vol.29,No.1,1988,pp.156,
doi:10.1016/00457949(88)901708
ABSTRACT:Anumberofstrutsorstrapssupportarigid,delicatemass(dewar)whichmustbesuccessfully
launchedandmaintainedinorbitforalongtimeataverylowtemperature.Thesupportsystemmustbe
designedsothattheheatflowintothemassisminimizedsubjecttoconstraintsonminimumallowablenatural
frequencyofthemassduringlaunch,minimumnaturalfrequencyofthemassinorbit,maximumallowable
stressinanysupportmemberduringlaunch,andnobucklingorslackeningofanysupportmemberduring
launch.AuserfriendlysystemofcomputerprogramscalledDEWARisdescribedbymeansofwhichoptimum
designscanbeobtainedforasupportsystemconsistingofsimpletensionstrapsorsimpletubes,orsupport
systemswithapassivethermaldisconnectfeaturethroughwhichthethermalconductanceisgreatlyreduced
duringthetransitionfromthelaunchconditiontotheorbitalcondition.Mostofthepresentpaperconsistsofa

samplecaseinwhichDEWARisusedinthetutorialmode.
DavidBushnell(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,3251HanoverSt.,PaloAlto,CA94304,U.S.A.),
GENOPTaprogramthatwritesuserfriendlyoptimizationcode,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,Vol.26,Nos.910,1990,pp.11731210,SpecialIssueinhonorofC.D.Babcock,
doi:10.1016/00207683(90)90023O
ABSTRACT:ThepurposeofGENOPT(GENeralOPTimization)istoenableanengineertocreateauser
friendlysystemofprogramsforanalyzingand/oroptimizinganything.TheapplicationofGENOPTisnot
limitedtothefieldofstructuralmechanics.GENOPTisdesignedtohandleproblemswithsmalldatabases,not
largefiniteelementmodels,althoughitmightwellbeusedtoprovideauserfriendlyshellwithinwhichany
analysiscouldbedone.GENOPTisidealforgeneratingprogramsforoptimizingobjectsthebehavior(stress,
buckling,vibration,etc.)ofwhichcanbeexpressedbyrelativelysimpletablesorformulassuchasthosethat
appearinhandbooks,orforoptimizingobjectsthebehaviorofwhichhasbeenpreviouslyencodedinexisting
subroutines.TheoptimizerusedinGENOPT,createdbyVanderplaats,iscalledADS.Twoexamplesare
presented,onerelativelysimple,theothermorecomplex.
DavidBushnell(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,3251HanoverSt.,PaloAlto,CA94304,U.S.A.),
TrusscoresandwichdesignviaPANDA2,Computers&Structures,Vol.44,No.5,August1992,pp.1091
1119,doi:10.1016/00457949(92)90332T
ABSTRACT:ThecomputerprogramPANDA2forminimumweightdesignofcomposite,stiffenedcylindrical
orflatpanelsmadeofcompositematerialisdescribed.ThecapabilityofPANDA2hasbeenexpandedtohandle
trusscoresandwichpanels.Thenewcapabilityisdemonstratedinthispaperwithanexample:minimumweight
designofatrusscoresandwichpanelunderaxialcompression,inplaneshear,andnormalpressure.Atthe
designloadthepanelisinalocallypostbuckledstate.
DavidBushnell(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,3251HanoverSt.,PaloAlto,CA94304,U.S.A.),
Optimizationofcomposite,stiffened,imperfectpanelsundercombinedloadsforserviceinthepostbuckling
regime,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.103,Nos.12,March1993,pp.43
114,doi:10.1016/00457825(93)90041U
ABSTRACT:Localbucklingandpostbucklingofpanelsstiffenedbystringersandringsandsubjectedto
combinedinplaneloadsisexploredwiththeuseofasinglemodulemodelthatconsistsofonestringeranda
widthofpanelskinequaltothestringerspacing.Thecrosssectionoftheskinstringermoduleisdiscretized
andthedisplacementfieldisassumedtovarytrigonometricallyintheaxialdirection.Localimperfectionsinthe
formoflocalbucklingmodesandoverallinitialaxialbowingofthepanelareincludedinthenumericalmodel.
Thelocalpostbucklingtheory,basedonearlyworkofKoiter,isformulatedintermsofbucklingmodal
coefficientsderivedfromintegralsofproductsofthediscretizeddisplacementfieldanditsderivatives.The
principleofminimumpotentialenergyisusedtoderivenonlinearalgebraicequilibriumequationsintermsof
fourunknowns,theamplitudefofthepostbucklingdisplacementfield,apostbucklingflatteningparametera,
theslopemofthenodallinesinthepostbucklingdisplacementfield,andanaxialwavelengthparameterN.The
nonlinearequationsaresolvedbyNewton'smethod.Anelaboratestrategyisintroducedinwhichtheincidence
ofnonconvergenceisminimizedbyremovalandreintroductionoftheunknownsf,a,m,Nonaonebyone

basis.ThisnonlineartheoryhasbeenimplementedinthePANDA2computerprogram,whichfindsminimum
weightdesignsofstiffenedpanelsmadeofcompositematerials.PANDA2isusedtofindtheminimumweight
ofacylindricalpanelmadeofisotropicmaterialwithrectangularstringersmountedonthickenedbases.The
panelisoptimizedforthreeloadsets,axialcompressionwithnegativeaxialbowing,axialcompressionwith
positiveaxialbowing,andcombinedaxialcompressionandinplaneshearwithnoaxialbowing.Theoptimum
designisloadedwellbeyondlocalbucklingforeachloadset.Criticalmarginsoftheoptimizeddesigninclude
maximumallowableeffectivestress,bendingtorsionbucklingandgeneralinstability.Theoptimumdesignis
evaluatedbyapplicationofageneralpurposefiniteelementprogram,STAGS,tofiniteelementmodels
generatedbyPANDA2foreachofthethreeloadsets.TheagreementofresultsbetweenPANDA2andSTAGS
isgoodenoughtoqualifyPANDA2asapreliminarydesigntool.
D.BushnellandW.D.Bushnell(Department9330,Building251,LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,
3251HanoverSt.,PaloAlto,CA94304,U.S.A.),MinimumweightdesignofastiffenedpanelviaPANDA2
andevaluationoftheoptimizedpanelviaSTAGS,Computers&Structures,Vol.50,No.4,February1994,pp.
569602,doi:10.1016/00457949(94)900280
ABSTRACT:AminimumweightdesignofaTstiffenedpanelisfoundwiththePANDA2program.Thepanel,
subjectedtoaxialcompression,inplaneshear,andnormalpressure,isdesignedforserviceinitslocally
postbuckledstate.AprogramcalledSTAGSMODELhasbeenwrittenfortransformingoutputfromPANDA2
toinputforSTAGS,ageneralpurposenonlinearfiniteelementcode.STAGSisthenusedtoevaluatethe
optimumdesign.AgreementbetweenresultsobtainedwithPANDA2andSTAGSisreasonableforthisvery
complex,verynonlinearproblem.Therefore,PANDA2qualifiesasapreliminarydesigntoolforpanels
operatingintheirlocallypostbuckledstates.
D.BushnellandW.D.Bushnell(Department9330,Building251,LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,
3251HanoverSt,PaloAlto,CA94304,U.S.A.),Optimumdesignofcompositestiffenedpanelsunder
combinedloading,Computers&Structures,Vol.55,No.5,June1995,pp.819856,
doi:10.1016/00457949(94)004208
ABSTRACT:MinimumweightdesignsofTstiffenedandhatstiffenedpanelsmadeoflaminatedcomposite
materialarefoundwiththePANDA2program.Thepanels,subjectedtoaxialcompression,inplaneshear,and
normalpressure,aredesignedforserviceintheirlocallypostbuckledstates.AprogramcalledSTAGSMODEL
isusedfortransformingoutputfromPANDA2toinputforSTAGS,ageneralpurposenonlinearfiniteelement
code.STAGSisthenusedtoevaluatetheoptimumdesigns.Agreementbetweenresultsobtainedwith
PANDA2andSTAGSisreasonablefortheseverycomplex,verynonlinearproblems.Therefore,PANDA2
appearstoqualifyasapreliminarydesigntoolforcompositepanelsoperatingintheirlocallypostbuckled
states.
DavidBushnell(LockheedMartinPaloAltoResearchLab.,CA),RecentenhancementstoPANDA2
(computerprogramforminimumweightstructuraldesign),37thAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,
StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConferenceandExhibit,AIAA19961337,1996
ABSTRACT:PANDA2isacomputerprogramfortheminimumweightdesignofstiffened,composite,flator
cylindrical,perfectorimperfectpanelsandshellssubjectedtomultiplesetsofcombinedinplaneloads,normal

pressure,edgemoments,andtemperature.Thepanelscanbelocallypostbuckled.RecentadditionstoPANDA2
includeimplementationof:SanderstypeshellequationsasauserspecifiedchoiceinadditiontotheDonnell
equations,a'global'optimizerprocessor,SUPEROPT,whichinasinglelongrunfindsoptimumdesignsfrom
severaldifferentstartingdesigns,andArbocz'(1993)extensionofKoiter's(1963)specialtheoryfor
computationofbucklingloadfactorsforperfectanisotropiccylindricalshellsandknockdownfactorsfor
axisymmetricallyimperfectshells.Alsoincorporatedaretheabilitytohandleanewtrusscoresandwich
configurationandisogridstiffenedpanelsandshells.Examplesgiven.
D.BushnellandW.D.Bushnell(Department9330,255,LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,3251
HanoverSt,PaloAlto,CA94394,U.S.A.),Approximatemethodfortheoptimumdesignofringandstringer
stiffenedcylindricalpanelsandshellswithlocal,interring,andgeneralbucklingmodalimperfections,
Computers&Structures,Vol.59,No.3,May1996,pp.489527,doi:10.1016/00457949(95)002642
ABSTRACT:ThePANDA2computerprogramforminimumweightdesignofstiffenedcompositepanelsis
expandedtohandleoptimizationofringandstringerstiffenedcylindricalpanelsandshellswiththreetypesof
initialimperfectionsintheformofbucklingmodes,anycombinationofwhichmaybepresent:local(buckling
betweenadjacentstringersandrings),interring(bucklingbetweenringswithstringersbendingwiththepanel
skin),andgeneral(bucklinginwhichbothstringersandringsbendwiththepanelskin).Stressesandbuckling
loadfactorsoftheimperfectpanelsarecomputedwithuseoftheassumptionthattheamplitudesofthebuckling
modalimperfectionsgrowhyperbolicallywithincreasingloadfactoraccordingtotheformulaAMP(i)=EIG(i)/
(EIG(i)1),inwhichAMP(i)isafactortobemultipliedbytheinitialbucklingmodalimperfectionandEIG(i)
representsthecriticalloadfactorfortheithtypeofbucklingmode(i=1=localbuckling,i=2=interring
buckling,i=3=generalbuckling).Bucklingloadfactorscorrespondingtolocal,interring,andgeneral
bucklingoftheimperfectpanelarecomputedwithuseofthemaximumradiusofcurvaturethatdevelopsin
whateverportionofthepanel(betweenstiffeners,interring,overall)isbeingconsideredinthecalculationsand
includingredistributionofstressresultantsoverpanelskinandstiffenercrosssectionscausedbyprebuckling
bending.Stressconstraintsintheoptimizationproblemarecomputedincludinglocal,interring,andgeneral
bendingstressesgeneratedbythegrowthoftheinitiallocal,interring,andgeneralimperfections.Thesebending
stressesareaddedtothestressesfromothersources(thermal,inplaneloading,normalpressure,curing,
redistributionofmembranestressesfromoverallprebucklingbendingoftheimperfectpanel).Minimumweight
designsforvariousimperfectunstiffenedandstiffenedcylindricalshellsderivedbyPANDA2areevaluated
withuseoftheSTAGSgeneralpurposefiniteelementcode.TheagreementofresultsfromPANDA2and
STAGSappearstoqualifyPANDA2forthepreliminarydesignofimperfect,stiffened,compositecylindrical
shells.
D.Bushnell(LockheedMartinAdvancedTechology,3251HanoverStreet,PaloAlto,California,USA),
AutomatedOptimumDesignofShellsofRevolutionwithApplicationtoRingStiffenedCylindricalShells
withWavyWalls,41stAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterials
ConferenceandExhibit,AIAA20001663,2000
ABSTRACT:GENOPT,aprogramthatwritesuserfriendlyoptimizationcode,andBOSOR4,aprogramfor
stress,buckling,andvibrationanalysisofsegmentedbranchedstiffenedshellsofrevolution,arecombinedto
createacapabilitytooptimizespecificclassesofshellsofrevolution.GENOPTandBOSOR4andrecent
improvementstothemaredescribed.Anexampleisprovidedofanaluminumcylindricalshellwithawavywall

andwithringstiffeners.Intheexampletheobjectiveoftheoptimizationisminimumweight,andthedesign
constraintsincludestress,buckling,andmodalvibration.Inthereportfromwhichthispaperiscondensedan
Appendixisprovidedinwhichaverysimpleexampleisemployedtodemonstrateindetailhowausercan
createacapabilitytooptimizeanyshellofrevolution.
D.Bushnell(LockheedMartinAdvancedTechology,3251HanoverStreet,PaloAlto,California,USA),
OptimizationofPanelswithRivetedZshapedStiffenersviaPANDA2,inAdvancesintheMechanicsof
PlatesandShells,SolidMechanicsandItsApplications,editedbyD.Durbanetal,Vol.88,2002.pp.79102,
doi:10.1007/0306469545_6
ABSTRACT:ThePANDA2computerprogramhasbeenmodifiedtopermitminimumweightdesignof
imperfectpanelswithrivetedZshapedstiffenersforserviceinaloadregimeinwhichthepanelisinitslocally
postbuckledstate.PerfectandimperfectpanelsoptimizedwithPANDA2areevaluatedvianonlinearSTAGS
analyses.TheagreementbetweenpredictionsbyPANDA2andSTAGSissufficienttoqualifyPANDA2asa
preliminarydesigntoolforpanelswithrivetedZshapedstringers.OptimumdesignsforpanelswithZshaped
stringersarecomparedtothosewithJshapedandTshapedstringers.
DavidBushnell(DepartmentL924,Building204,LockheedMartinAdvancedTechnologyCenter,3251
HanoverSt.,PaloAlto,CA943041911,USA),Globaloptimumdesignofexternallypressurizedisogrid
stiffenedcylindricalshellswithaddedTrings,InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,Vol.37,Nos.
45,June2002,pp.801831,SpecialIssue:Stability&VibrationinThinWalledStructures,
doi:10.1016/S00207462(01)001007
ABSTRACT:PANDA2isacodefortheminimumweightdesignofperfectandimperfectelasticstiffened
panelsandshellsmadeofcompositelaminatesandsubjectedtomultiplesetsofinplaneloads,edgemoments,
normalpressure,andtemperature.ThescopeofPANDA2isincreasedtoincludeglobaloptimizationandthe
capabilitytohandleisogridstiffening.Theenhancedprogramisusedtofindglobaloptimumdesignsof
internallyTisogridandinternallyTringstiffenedperfectandimperfectisotropiccylindricalshellsunder
uniformexternalpressure.Forthecasesstudied,itisfoundthatfortheperfectoptimizedshellstheisogrid
stiffeningisimportantbuttheringsarenot,whereastheoppositeholdsfortheoptimizedshellswithaninitial
generalbucklingmodalimperfectionofamplitudeequaltoonepercentoftheshellradius
DavidBushnell(retiredinPaloAlto,California),OptimizationofanAxiallyCompressedRingandStringer
StiffenedCylindricalShellwithaGeneralBucklingModalImperfection,48thAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC
Structures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConference,Honolulu,Hawaii,AIAA20072216,2007
ABSTRACT:PANDA2,acomputerprogramfortheminimumweightdesignofelasticperfectandimperfect
stiffenedcylindricalpanelsandshellsundermultiplesetsofcombinedloads,isusedtoobtainoptimumdesigns
ofuniformlyaxiallycompressedelasticinternalTringandexternalTstringerstiffenedcylindricalshellswith
initialimperfectionsintheformofthegeneralbucklingmode.TheoptimumdesignsgeneratedbyPANDA2are
verifiedbySTAGSelasticandelasticplasticfiniteelementmodelsproducedautomaticallybyaPANDA2
processorcalledSTAGSUNIT.PredictionsfromSTAGSagreewellwiththosefromPANDA2.Improvements
toPANDA2duringthepastyeararesummarized.SevendifferentoptimumdesignsareobtainedbyPANDA2
undervariousconditions.ThemostsignificantconditioniswhetherornotPANDA2ispermittedautomatically

tomaketheinitialuserspecifiedamplitudeofthegeneralbucklingmodalimperfectiondirectlyproportionalto
theaxialhalfwavelengthofthecriticalgeneralbucklingmode.Asurveyisconductedover(m,n)spaceto
determinewhetherornotthecriticalgeneralbucklingmodalimperfectionshapecomputedbyPANDA2with
(m,n)critical(m=axial,n=circumferential)halfwavesisthemostharmfulimperfectionshape.Itisfoundthat
indeed(m,n)criticalis,forallpracticalpurposes,themostharmfulimperfectionmodeshapeifPANDA2is
permittedautomaticallytomakethegeneralbucklingmodalimperfectionamplitudedirectlyproportionaltothe
axialhalfwavelengthofthecriticalgeneralbucklingmode(inverselyproportionaltom).Itisconcludedthatfor
axiallycompressed,stiffened,globallyimperfectcylindricalshellstheoptimumdesignsobtainedwiththe
conditionthatPANDA2isNOTallowedtochangetheinitialuserspecifiedimperfectionamplitudeare
probablytooheavy.Oneofthecasesinvestigateddemonstratesthattheoptimumdesignofaperfectshell
obtainedviathecommonlyusedconditionthatalikelyinitialimperfectionbereplacedbyanincreaseinthe
appliedloadbyafactorequaltotheinverseofatypicalknockdownfactoristooheavy.Anewinputindex,
ICONSV,isintroducedintoPANDA2bymeansofwhichoptimumdesignsofvariousdegreesof
conservativenesscanbegenerated.OptimumdesignsareobtainedwithICONSV=1,0,and+1,which
representincreasingdegreesofconservativenessinthePANDA2model.Itisconcludedthat,whenobtaining
optimumdesignswithPANDA2,itisbesttoallowPANDA2toenteritsbranchinwhichlocalpostbuckling
behaviorisdetermined,therebyavoidingthegenerationofdesignsthatmaybeunsafebecauseofexcessive
localbendingstressesinthepanelskinandstiffenerparts.Inmostcasesbothnonlinearstaticandnonlinear
dynamicanalysesarerequiredinordertoobtaincollapseloadswithSTAGS.Atableisincludedthat
demonstrateshowtouseSTAGStoevaluateanoptimumdesignobtainedbyPANDA2.Inmostcasesthe
elasticSTAGSmodelspredictcollapseinoneoftheringbaysnearestanendofthecylindricalshell.Withthe
effectofelasticplasticmaterialbehaviorincludedintheSTAGSmodels,collapsemostoftenoccursinan
interiorringbaywherethefiniteelementmeshisthemostdense.
D.Bushnell(LockheedMartinAdvancedTechology,3251HanoverStreet,PaloAlto,California,USA),A
ShortenedVersionOfTheReportOnMinimumWeightDesignOfImperfectIsogridStiffenedEllipsoidal
ShellsUnderUniformExternalPressure,AIAA50thStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterials
Conference,AIAA20092702,May47,2009
ABSTRACT:GENOPT,aprogramthatcanbeusedtooptimizeanything,andBIGBOSOR4,aprogramfor
stress,buckling,andvibrationanalysisofsegmented,branched,stiffened,elasticshellsofrevolution,are
combinedtoacapabilitytooptimizeaspecifickindofshellofrevolution:aninternallyisogridstiffenedelastic
ellipsoidalshellsubjectedtouniformexternalpressure.Optimumdesignsareobtainedforisogridstiffenedand
unstiffenedaxisymmetricallyimperfectandperfecttitanium2:1ellipsoidalshells.Thedecisionvariablesarethe
shellskinthicknessatseveraluserselectedmeridionalstations,theheightoftheisogridstiffenersatthesame
meridionalstations,thespacingoftheisogridstiffeners(constantovertheentireshell),andthethicknessofthe
isogridstiffeners(alsoconstantovertheentireshell).Thedesignconstraintsinvolvemaximumstressinthe
isogridstiffeners,maximumstressintheshellskin,localbucklingofanisogridstiffener,localbucklingofthe
shellskinbetweenisogridstiffeners,generalnonlinearbifurcationbuckling,nonlinearaxisymmetriccollapse,
andmaximumnormaldisplacementattheapexofthedome.OptimumdesignsfirstobtainedbyGENOPTare
subsequentlyevaluatedbytheuseofSTAGS,ageneralpurposefiniteelementcomputerprogram.Itisfound
thatinordertoobtainreasonablygoodagreementbetweenpredictionsfromBIGBOSOR4andSTAGSitis
necessarytomodeltheellipsoidalshellasan"equivalent"ellipsoidalshellconsistingofasphericalcapanda
seriesoftoroidalshellsegmentsthatcloselyapproximatesthetrueellipsoidalmeridionalshape.Theequivalent

ellipsoidalshellisoptimizedwithuptofouraxisymmetricbucklingmodalimperfections,eachimperfection
shapeassumedtobepresentbyitself.Computationsincludebothplusandminusaxisymmetricbucklingmodal
imperfectionshapes.Ateachdesigncycleandfortheplusandminusversionofeachaxisymmetric
imperfectionshapethefollowinganalysesareconducted:1.lineargeneralaxisymmetricbifurcationbuckling
analysis(inordertoobtaintheaxisymmetriclinearbucklingmodalimperfectionshapes),2.nonlinear
axisymmetricstressanalysisatthedesignpressure,3.nonlinearaxisymmetriccollapseanalysis,and4.
nonlinearnonaxisymmetricbifurcationbucklinganalysis.Foreachaxisymmetricimperfectionshapethe
designmarginsincludeanaxisymmetriccollapsemargin,ageneralbucklingmargin,amargininvolvingthe
normaldisplacementoftheapexoftheshell,andlocalskinandstiffenerstressmarginsandlocalskinand
stiffenerbucklingmarginswithintwoapproximatelyequalmeridionalregionsoftheequivalentellipsoidal
shell.ThereisgenerallygoodagreementofthepredictionsfromSTAGSandfromBIGBOSOR4fortheelastic
behavioroftheperfectstiffenedandunstiffenedoptimizedshellsandforthebehavioroftheimperfectstiffened
optimizedshellswithaxisymmetricbucklingmodalimperfections.Optimizationwiththeuseofonly
axisymmetricbucklingmodalimperfectionshasadisadvantageinthecaseoftheunstiffenedimperfectshell
undercertainconditions:theoptimumdesignoftheaxisymmetricallyimperfectunstiffenedshellevolvesin
suchawaythat,accordingtopredictionsfromSTAGS,anonaxisymmetricbucklingmodalimperfectionwith
thesameamplitudeasanaxisymmetricbucklingmodalimperfectioncausescollapseoftheshellatanexternal
pressurefarbelowthedesignpressure.Thisdisadvantageiseasilyovercomeif,duringoptimizationcycles,the
unstiffenedshellwallintheneighborhoodoftheapexisforcedtoremainthickenoughsothatlocal
axisymmetricbucklingdoesnotoccurprimarilyatandneartheapexbutinsteadoccursprimarilyinthe
remainderoftheshell.Anextensivestudyofsomeofthepreviouslyoptimizedelasticshellsisconductedwith
STAGSincludingelasticplasticmaterialproperties.Theeffectoncollapsepressureofinitialimperfectionsin
theformofoffcenterresidualdentsproducedbyloadcyclesappliedbeforeapplicationoftheuniformexternal
pressureisdeterminedandcomparedwiththeeffectoncollapsepressureofimperfectionsintheformofnon
axisymmetricandaxisymmetriclinearbucklingmodes,especiallythenonaxisymmetriclinearbucklingmodal
imperfectionwithn=1circumferentialwave,whichseemstobethemostharmfulimperfectionshapefor
optimizedexternallypressurizedellipsoidalshells.Fortheoptimizedunstiffenedshellitisfoundthataresidual
dentthatlocallyresemblesthen=1linearbucklingmodalimperfectionshapeisjustasharmfulastheentiren=1
linearbucklingmodalimperfectionshape.
Bushnell,D.andRankin,C.C.:UseofGENOPTandBIGBOSOR4toobtainoptimumdesignsofanaxially
compressedcylindricalshellwithacompositetrusscoresandwichwall,AIAAPaperNo.AIAA20111811,
52ndAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConference,Denver,
Colorado,April47,2011.
ABSTRACT:GENOPT/BIGBOSOR4isappliedtotheproblemofanaxiallycompressedperfectelastic
cylindricalshellthewallofwhichisacompositetrusscoresandwich.Thetrusscoresandwichisconstructedof
trapezoidalcoretubesthataresandwichedbetweentwofacesheets.Atthejunctionofthecorewebsandthe
facesheetsarenoodleregionsthatarefilledwithunidirectionalcompositematerial.Thedesignconstraints
arelocalbuckling,generalbuckling,andfivestressconstraintsforeachmaterial.Localandgeneralbuckling
arecomputedfromBIGBOSOR4modelsinwhichthe"hugetorus"prismaticrepresentationofthecylindrical
shellisemployed.Inboththelocalandgeneralbucklingmodelsthe"hugetorus"representationofthe
cylindricalshellconsistsofanumberofidenticalmodulesofthecrosssectionofthetrusscoresandwichwall
thatarestrungtogetheralongthecurvedmeridianofthe"hugetorus".Theratherelaborate22segmentmodule

usedforlocalbucklingincludessmallcurvedandstraightsegmentsthatoccuratthecornersofthetrapezoidal
toolaroundwhichthetrusscoreiswrappedduringthefabricationprocess.Thepresenceof"noodles"thatfill
theprismatictriangularlikegapsbetweenadjacenttrapezoidsisaccountedfor.
DavidBushnellandCharlesC.Rankin,UseofGENOPTandBIGBOSOR4toObtainOptimumDesignsof
MultiWalledInflatableSphericalandCylindricalVacuumChambers,AIAAPaper20121416,53rdAIAA
Structures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsMeeting,Honolulu,Hawaii,April2012
ABSTRACT:GENOPT/BIGBOSOR4isappliedtotheproblemofperfectelasticsphericalorcylindrical
shellsthecomplexinflatablewallofwhichisawebbedsandwich.Thesphericalorcylindricalshellis
stabilizedbyuniformpressureappliedbetweenitsinnerandouterwallsandsubjectedtouniformpressure
appliedtoitsoutermostwall.Thispaperisanalogousto[1].Thedistancebetweentheinnerandouterwallsof
theoptimizedsphericalballoonsissmallerthanthatfortheoptimizedcylindricalballoons.Theprebuckling
behaviorofthesphericalballoonsiscrankier(morenonlinear)thanthatofthecylindricalballoonswiththe
resultthatcertainspecialstrategieshavetobeintroducedinordertopermitthegenerationofoptimumdesigns
viatheGENOPTprocessorcalledSUPEROPT.Generalbucklingmodesofthetypeobservedinoptimized
cylindricalballoonshavesofarnotbeenobservedinanysphericalballoons,optimizedornot.Localbuckling
modesincludebothaxisymmetricmodesandnonaxisymmetricmodeswithmanycircumferentialwaves.Since
[1]waswrittennewversionsoftheballoonsoftware,behavior.balloonandbosdec.balloon,havebeencreated
bymeansofwhichbothcylindricalandsphericalballoonsandballoonswitheitherradialwebsortrusslike
(slanted)webscanallbeoptimizedandanalyzedwithuseofthesameballoonsoftware.Since[1]was
producedanewbehavioralconstrainthasbeenaddedthatinvolvesaloadfactorcorrespondingtotheinitialloss
oftensioninanyofthesegmentsoftheballoonwall.Thisnewbehavioralconstraintisrelatedtoinitial
wrinklingoftheballoon,whichisatypeofbucklingthatpertainstobothcylindricalandsphericalballoons.
Optimumdesignsarefoundforballoonsmadeofpolyethyleneterephthalate,whichhasamaximumallowable
stressof10000psiandweightdensity,0.1lb/in3,andforballoonsmadeofamuchstrongerandlighter
fictitiouscarbonfibercloth,whichhasmuchhighermaximumallowabletensileandcompressivestresses,
75600psiand59600psi,respectively,andlowerweightdensity,0.057lb/in3.Theoptimizedweightsofthe
balloonsmadeofthemuchstrongerandlighterfictitiouscarbonfiberclothare15to20timeslighterthanthose
madeofpolyethyleneterephthalate.Asectionisincludedshowingoptimizeddesignsofcylindricalballoons
madeofthefictitiouscarbonfibercloth,whichisnotincludedasamaterialoptionin[1].Somepeculiaritiesof
theprebucklingdeformationsandgeneralbucklingmodesofoptimizedsphericalandcylindricalballoons
madeoffictitiouscarbonfiberclotharedisplayed.Theseoptimizedballoons,whichhavemuchthinnerwalls
thantheoptimizedballoonsmadeofpolyethyleneterephthalate,exhibitsignificantspuriouslocalzigzag
componentsofprebucklingandbifurcationbucklingmodaldisplacements.Convergencestudieswithrespect
tothenumberofnodalpointsusedforeachsegmentoftheballoonsindicatethatthisspuriouslocalzigzag
characteristicdoesnothaveamajorinfluenceonthepredictionoftheoverallbehavioroftheballoons.
Therefore,itappearsthattheoptimizeddesignsarevaliddespitethespuriouslocalzigzagcharacteristic,
whichdisappearswithincreasingnumbersofnodalpointsusedineachsegmentofaballoonwall.
DavidBushnell,Fellow,AIAA,semiretired,PaloAlto,CA94303USA,MichaelS.Jacoby,SeniorStaff
Engineer,LockheedMartinMissilesandSpace,PaloAlto,CA94304,AIAAMember,andCharlesC.Rankin,
RhombusConsultantsGroup,Inc.,1121SanAntonioRoad,PaloAlto,CA94303,AIAAAssociatefellow,

OptimizationofPropellantTanksSupportedbyOptimizedLaminatedCompositeTubularStruts,AIAA
Paper20131479,AIAA54thStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsMeeting,April812,2013,
Boston,Massachusetts
ABSTRACT:Thepropellanttankisashellofrevolutioncompletelyfilledwithliquidhydrogen(LH2).This
propellanttankistobelaunchedintospace.Duringlaunchitissubjectedtohighaxialandlateralaccelerations.
Thetankissupportedbyasystemofstrutsthatconsistmainlyoftubeswithlaminatedcompositewalls.This
strutsupportedtanksystemisoptimizedviaGENOPT/BIGBOSOR4inthepresenceoftwoloadingcases:(1)
10gaxialaccelerationand0glateralaccelerationand(2)0gaxialaccelerationand10glateralacceleration.In
additiontothegloadingthetankhas25psiinternalullagepressureandthetankwallis200degreescoolerthan
thewallofthelaunchvehiclefromwhichitissupportedbythestruts.IntheBIGBOSOR4modalvibration
modelthemassofthepropellantis"lumped"intothetankwall,aconservativemodel.Thetank/strutsystemis
optimizedinthepresenceofthefollowingconstraints:(1)theminimummodalvibrationfrequencymustbe
greaterthanagivenvalue;(2)fivestresscomponentsineachplyofthelaminatedcompositewallofthestrut
tubesshallnotexceedfivespecifiedallowables;(3)nostruttubeshallbuckleasacolumn;(4)nostruttube
shallbuckleasathincylindricalshell;(5)themaximumeffective(vonMises)stressinthetankwallshallnot
exceedaspecifiedvalue;(6)thetankwallshallnotbuckle;(8)themaximumforceinastrutduringthelaunch
holdphaseofamissionshallnotexceedaspecifiedvalue.Theobjectivetobeminimizedisingenerala
weightedcombinationofthenormalizedmassoftheemptytankplusthenormalizedconductanceofthesupport
system:Objective=Wx(normalizedemptytankmass)+(1W)x(normalizedstrutconductance),inwhichW
isauserselectedweightbetween0.0and1.0.Twopropellanttank/strutsystemsareoptimized:(1)alongtank
withtwo"rings"ofstruts,anaftringandaforwardring,and(2)ashorttankwithonlyone"ring"ofstruts.Itis
emphasizedthatthetank/strutcombinationisoptimizedasasinglesystem.Theflexibilityofthepropellanttank
isaccountedforandfoundtobesignificantforoptimizedtank/strutsystems.Theflexibilityofthelaunch
vehicletowhichthetank/strutsystemisattachedisneglected:theendsofthesupportingstrutsattachedtothe
launchvehicleareassumedtobeattachedtorigid"ground".Parameterstudiesareconductedinwhichoptimum
designsareobtainedasafunctionofthenumberofstrutpairsattachedtothetank.Duringoptimizationlinear
theoryisusedthroughout.Predictionsforcertainoftheoptimizedtank/strutdesignsobtainedherearecompared
withthosefromthegeneralpurposefiniteelementcode,STAGS.Theagreementbetweenthepredictionsof
GENOPT/BIGBOSOR4andSTAGSqualifiestheuseofGENOPT/BIGBOSOR4forpreliminarydesigninthe
particularcasesstudiedhere.
DavidBushnell,Fellow,AIAA,semiretired,PaloAlto,CA94303USA,MichaelS.Jacoby,SeniorStaff
Engineer,LockheedMartinMissilesandSpace,PaloAlto,CA94304,AIAAMember,andCharlesC.Rankin,
RhombusConsultantsGroup,Inc.,1121SanAntonioRoad,PaloAlto,CA94303,AIAAAssociatefellow,
OptimizationofPropellantTanksSupportedbyOneorTwoOptimizedLaminatedCompositeSkirts,AIAA
Paper20131480,AIAA54thStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsMeeting,April812,2013,
Boston,Massachusetts
ABSTRACT:Thepropellanttankisashellofrevolutioncompletelyfilledwithliquidhydrogen(LH2).This
propellanttankistobelaunchedintospace.Duringlaunchitissubjectedtohighaxialandlateralaccelerations.
Thetankissupportedbyoneortwoconicalskirtseachofwhichconsistsoffivesegments:twoshortsegments
neareachendoftheskirtandacentrallongsegmentthathasalaminatedcompositewall.Eachoftheshort
segmentsnearesttheendsoftheskirthasanisotropiconelayeredwallwithtaperedthickness.Eachshort
segmentnexttoeachshortendsegmentismultilayeredwiththeextremelayersconsistingoftaperedisotropic

materialandtheremaininginternal,containedlayersconsistingofthesamelaminatedcompositewallasthe
longcentralsegment.Thistank/skirtsystemisoptimizedviaGENOPT/BIGBOSOR4inthepresenceoftwo
loadingcases:(1)10gaxialaccelerationand0glateralaccelerationand(2)0gaxialaccelerationand10g
lateralacceleration.Inadditiontothegloadingthetankhas25psiinternalullagepressure,thetankwallis200
degreescoolerthanthewallofthelaunchvehiclefromwhichitissupportedbytheconicalskirt(s),andthere
existsaxisymmetricmeridionallynonuniformcoolingoftheskirts.IntheBIGBOSOR4modalvibrationmodel
themassofthepropellantis"lumped"intothetankwall,aconservativemodel.Thetank/skirtsystem,amulti
segmentbranchedshellofrevolution,isoptimizedinthepresenceofthefollowingconstraints:(1)the
minimummodalvibrationfrequencyofthetank/skirt(s)systemmustbegreaterthanagivenvalue;(2)five
stresscomponentsineachplyofthelaminatedcompositewalloftheconicalskirt(s)shallnotexceedfive
specifiedallowables;(3)theconicalskirt(s)shallnotbuckle;(4)themaximumeffective(vonMises)stressin
thetankwallshallnotexceedaspecifiedvalue;(5)thetankwallshallnotbuckle.Theobjectivetobe
minimizedisingeneralaweightedcombinationofthenormalizedmassoftheemptytankplusthenormalized
conductanceofthesupportsystem:Objective=Wx(normalizedemptytankmass)+(1W)x(normalizedstrut
conductance),inwhichWisauserselectedweightbetween0.0and1.0.Twopropellanttank/skirtsystemsare
optimized:(1)alongtankwithonlyonesupportingskirtjoinedtothetankatthemidlengthofthetankand(2)
thesamelongtankwithtwosupportingskirts,anaftskirtandaforwardskirt.Itisemphasizedthatthe
tank/skirt(s)combinationisoptimizedasasinglebranchedshellofrevolution.Theflexibilityofthelaunch
vehicletowhichthetank/skirt(s)systemisattachedisneglected:theendsofthesupportingskirt(s)attachedto
thelaunchvehicleareassumedtobeattachedtorigid"ground".Lineartheoryisusedthroughout.Predictions
fortheoptimizedtank/skirtdesignsobtainedherearecomparedwiththosefromthegeneralpurposefinite
elementcode,STAGS.TheagreementbetweenthepredictionsofGENOPT/BIGBOSOR4andSTAGS
qualifiestheuseofGENOPT/BIGBOSOR4forpreliminarydesignintheparticularcasesstudiedhere.
DavidBushnell,Fellow,AIAA,semiretired,PaloAlto,CA94303USA,MichaelS.Jacoby,SeniorStaff
Engineer,LockheedMartinMissilesandSpace,PaloAlto,CA94304,AIAAMember,Minimumweight
designofanaxiallycompressedisotropicprismaticpanelconsistingofaseriesofcylindricalsegmentsand
verificationbySTAGS,AIAAPaper20140844,AIAA55thStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterials
Meeting,January1317,2014,NationalHarbor,Maryland(PartofSCITECH2014Conference)
ABSTRACT:Wewanttodeterminetheminimumamountofmaterialrequiredtospanadistanceofwidth=
WIDTHforanaxiallycompressed,unstiffened,prismaticmetallicwallorpaneloflength=LENGTH.The
prismaticpanelhasacomplexcorrugatedcrosssection.Thewidthofthecomplexcorrugatedpanelis
composedofanumberofmajorcylindricalsegments,eachofwhichmaybedividedintoanumberof
cylindricalsubsegments.Eachsegmentandeachsubsegmentisasectorofalittlecylindricalshellthe
generatorsofwhichrunintheaxialdirection.Inadditionthereexistsanoverallarchingovertheentirewidthof
thepanel.Theseverallittlecylindricalsegments/subsegmentsarejoinedgeneratortogeneratorinseries.The
entireunstiffenedcorrugatedpanelcanbefabricatedwithoutanywelding.Halfofthewidthofthepanelis
includedintheBIGBOSOR4modelusedforoptimization,withsymmetryandantisymmetryconditions
imposedatitsmidwidth,WIDTH/2.TheGENOPT/BIGBOSOR4systemisusedtobuildthemodelandto
performtheoptimization.Theminimumweightofthepanelisdeterminedinthepresenceofthefollowing
behavioralconstraints:1.Thepanelshallnotbucklelocally,2.Thepanelshallnotbuckleinageneralmode
thatissymmetricattheplaneofsymmetry,3.Thepanelshallnotbuckleinageneralmodethatisanti
symmetricattheplaneofsymmetry,4.Eachlittlecylindricalsegmentofthepanelshallnotbuckleina

classicalmode,and5.Themaximumstressinthewallofthepanelshallbelessthanaspecifiedvalue.The
numericalanalysisisextendedtoflatorcurvedpanelsofanywidthwithrepeatingcomplexcrosssections.An
optimizedcrosssectionprofilewithreflectedandmultiplerepeatingcomplexsectionsismappedontoa
cylindricalsurface,andthebucklingcharacteristicsandweightofthiscomplexlycorrugatedcylindricalshell
arecomparedwiththoseofanoptimizedequivalentcylindricalshellwithexternalTshapedstringers,an
equivalentoptimizedcylindricalshellwithatrusscoresandwichwall,andanoptimizedequivalent
cylindricalshellwithuniformcorrugations.Itisfoundthattheoptimizedcomplexlycorrugatedcylindricalshell
weighslessthantheseotherthreeoptimizedequivalentcylindricalshellsthathavedifferentwall
constructions.Optimizedcomplexlycorrugatedpanelswithcylindricalsegmentsthegeometryofwhichvaries
acrossitswidthweighabout1214percentlessthanoptimizeduniformlycorrugatedpanels,suchasastandard
corrugatedpanel.Theexistenceofsubsegmentsdoesnotleadtopanelsthatweighlessthanpanelswithout
subsegments.ThegradientbasedoptimizerusedintheGENOPT/BIGBOSOR4system(ADSby
Vanderplaats)hasdifficultyfindingglobaloptimumdesignsforpanelswithmanycylindricalsegments.
SeveraloftheoptimizeddesignsdeterminedwithGENOPT/BIGBOSOR4areverifiedbycomparisonwith
predictionsfromthegeneralpurposecomputerprogramSTAGS.Theagreementbetweenthepredictionsof
GENOPT/BIGBOSOR4andSTAGSqualifiestheuseofGENOPT/BIGBOSOR4foroptimizationinthe
particularcasesstudiedhere.Thebehaviorofoptimizedconfigurationswithcorners(discontinuousslopein
thewidthwisedirection)betweenmajorcylindricalsegmentsarecomparedwiththatofconfigurationsin
whichthesecornershavebeensmoothedbytheintroductionoftransitionalfairingsegments.Aprogram
calledHUGEBOSOR4isdevelopedtohandlecaseswithupto2950segments.
Almroth,B.,Rankin,C.,andBushnell,D.(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLabs,CA,USA),Bucklingofsteel
containmentshells.Task3.Parameterstudies.Finalreport,NUREG/CR2836Vol.3;LMSCD812950Vol.3,
30September1982,Availability:NTIS,PCA04/MFA01GPO
ABSTRACT:Thecontentofthisvolumeisrelatedtothechoiceofknockdownfactorstobeusedinthedesign
ofcontainmentvessels.Thepresentlyuseddesignrecommendationsarebasedonexperimentalresults
pertainingtoshellssubjectedtouniformstaticloading.Relativelyfewexperimentshavebeenperformedon
fabricatedshellstypicalofcivilengineeringstructures.Avarietyoffactorshavesomeeffectonthe
imperfectionsensitivityofshellstructures,suchasratiosbetweenbasicdimensions,degreeofstiffening,
inelasticdeformation,durationanduniformityofloading.Therefore,itishardlypossibletocollectsufficient
empiricalinformationtoallowforthedevelopmentoftrulysatisfactorydesignprocedures.Itissuggestedhere
thatthesituationcanbegreatlyimprovedifnumericalexperimentationbasedoncomputeranalysisofshells
withrandomimperfectionsisusedtoenlargethebasisfortheprocedures.Adistinctionismadebetweenmore
orlessdeterministicimperfectionsinherentinthemanufacturingprocessandtrulyrandomimperfections.The
utilizationofnumericalresultstoverifyormodifycoderecommendationsisdemonstratedforringstiffened
inelasticshellsegments.Someeffectsonbucklingofnonuniformityinloadingarediscussed.
K.C.ParkandC.C.Rankin,ASemiImplicitDynamicRelaxationAlgorithmforStaticNonlinearStructural
Analysis,NASA.LangleyResearchCenterRes.inStruct.andSolidMech,1982p110(SEEN823373924
39);UnitedStates;1982
ABSTRACT:Asemiimplicitdynamicrelaxationtechniqueforsolutionofthenonlinearstructuralequlibrium
equationispresented.Apreviouslypresentedbasictransientresponseanalysisalgorithmisemployed,

permittinguseofonesolutionmethodandonesoftwaremoduleforbothstaticanddynamicanalyses.A
theoreticalcomparisonofthemethodwithexplicitdynamicrelaxationtechniquesshowsthatitoffersa
substantiallyimprovedconvergencepropertywithoutadditionalcomputationaloverhead.
CharlesC.RankinandPeterStehlin,AnalysisofStructuralCollapsebytheReducedBasisTechniqueUsinga
MixedLocalGlobalFormulation,LMSCF035663,LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,PaloAlto,CA,
May,1986,presentedatthe27thAIAA/ASME/ASCEStructures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterials
Conference,SanAntonio,May,1986.
CharlesC.RankinandFrancisA.Brogan(AppliedMechanicsLaboratory,LockheedPaloAltoResearch
Laboratory,PaloAlto,Calif.94304,USA),Anelementindependentcorotationalprocedureforthetreatment
oflargerotations,ASMEJ.PressureVesselTechnology,Vol.108,No.2,May1986.pp.165174
doi:10.1115/1.3264765
ABSTRACT:Anewcorotationalprocedureisdevelopedwhichenablesexistingfiniteelementformulationsto
beusedinproblemsthatcontainarbitrarilylargerotations.Throughtheuseofanonsingularlargerotation
vector,thecontributionoftherigidbodymotionoftheelementtothetotaldisplacementfieldisremovedbefore
elementcomputationsareperformed,withtheresultthatalmostanyelementcanbeeasilyupgradedtohandle
largerotations.Thispapercontainsaderivationofthetheory,anoutlineoftheimplementationintotheSTAGS
code,andademonstrationofperformanceforproblemsinvolvinglargerotationsandmoderatestrains.
(Referencedbyotherresearchers144timesasofAugust2011)
C.C.RankinandB.NourOmid(ComputationalMechanicsSection,LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,
PaloAlto,CA94304,U.S.A.),Theuseofprojectorstoimprovefiniteelementperformance,Computers&
Structures,Vol.30,Nos.12,1988,pp.257267,doi:10.1016/00457949(88)902313
ABSTRACT:Anewapproachforenforcinginvariancetorigidbodymotionisintroduced.Thisinvariance
propertyisderivedintermsofaprojectionmatrix,P,whichdependsontherigidbodymodesandactsonnodal
forces,f,independentoftheelementformulation.Theinvariancepropertytakestheformf=P(transpose)f.
Moreover,thesametransformationenforcesequilibriumoftheelementinternalforcevectorwhenitisnot
initiallysatisfied.AnequivalenttransformationusingPisalsoderivedfortheelementstiffnessmatrix.This
approachhasbeenappliedtoanumberofestablishedelements,andisusedtosolvetwotextexamplesthat
exposedeficienciesofelements.Numericalresultsindicatemarkedimprovementintheperformanceofthe
elementstested.
(Referencedbyotherresearchers66timesasofAugust2011)
JohnA.DeRuntzandCharlesC.Rankin,ApplicationsoftheUSASTAGSCFACodetoNonlinearFluid
StructureInteractionProblemsinUnderwaterShockofSubmergedStructures,Proceedingsofthe60thShock
andVibrationSymposium,Vol.1,VirginiaBeach,VA,Nov.1989,pp121138.
Riks,E.,Brogan,F.A.,andRankin,C.C.:BulgingofCracksinPressurizedFuselages:AProcedurefor
Computation.InAnalyticalandComputationalModelsofShells,Noor,A.K.,Belytschko,T.,andSimo,J.C.,
Editors,TheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers,ASMECEDVol.3,1989.

B.NourOmidandC.C.Rankin(ComputationalMechanicsSection,LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,
Palo),Finiterotationanalysisandconsistentlinearizationusingprojectors,ComputerMethodsinApplied
MechanicsandEngineering,Vol.93,No.3,December1991,pp.353384,
doi:10.1016/00457825(91)902485
ABSTRACT:Asystematicprocedureispresentedthatmaybeusedtoextendthecapabilitiesofanexisting
linearfiniteelementtoaccomodatefiniterotationanalysis.Thisprocedureisageneralizationofthework
presentedinComputersandStructures,Volume30,pp.257267.Thebasisofourapproachistheelement
independentcorotationalalgorithm,wheretheelementrigidbodymotion(translationsandrotations)is
separatedfromthedeformationalpartofitstotalmotion.Thevariationofthiscorotationalrelationresultsina
projectormatrix,withthepropertythataconsistentinternalforcevectorisinvariantunderitsaction.The
consistenttangentstiffnessmatrixisshowntodependonthisinvarianceconditionthroughthederivativeofthe
projector.Thisresultsinanunsymmetrictangentmatrixwhoseantisymmetricpartdependsontheoutof
balanceforcevector.Inthispaperweprovethatusingthesymmetricpartofthetangentmatrix,theNewton
iterationretainsitsquadraticrateofconvergence.Thisapproachhasbeenusedtosolveanumberoflarge
rotationtestexampleproblems.Theresultsdemonstratethatitispossibletoanalyzestructuresundergoinglarge
rotationswithinageneralcorotationalframework,usingsimpleandeconomicalfiniteelements.Theresulting
improvementsintheperformanceofthesesimpleelementsarebroughtaboutthroughtheuseofconvenient
softwareutilitiesaspreandpostprocessorstotheelementroutines.
E.RiksandC.C.Rankin,BucklingandPostbucklingBehaviorofCrackedPlatesinTension,inBucklingof
ShellStructures,onLand,intheSeaandintheAir,J.F.Jullien,ed.,ElsevierAppliedSciencePublishingCo.,
Inc.,NewYork,1991(notallowedtoseethesectionofthebookwherethispaperexists.)
CharlesC.Rankin,DamagePropagationinStiffenedFuselageShellsContainingCracks,presentedat
InternationalWorkshoponStructuralIntegrityofAgingAirplanes,April,1992.
E.Riks(1),C.C.Rankin(2)andF.A.Brogan(2)
(1)FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,TechnicalUniversityofDelft,Delft,TheNetherlands
(2)AppliedMechanicsLaboratory,LockheedMissiles&SpaceCompany,PaloAlto,CA,U.S.A.
Thenumericalsimulationofthecollapseprocessofaxiallycompressedcylindricalshellswithmeasured
imperfections,DelftUniversityAerospaceEngineeringReportLR705,1992,
uuid:c94a0f5d7d624e079edabd22fff6b5e2
ABSTRACT:Anumericalcomputationofthecollapseprocessofacylindricalshellunderprescribededge
displacementisdiscussed.Theshellchosenforthecomputationalexperimentwasmanufactured,measured,
andtestedsometwentyyearsago.Thepurposeofthestudyistocomputethestatic,precollapseloadingpath
andthesubsequentsnap(dynamicprocess)tothepostbucklingstate.Thetestspecimenisanintegrally
machinedstringerstiffenedcylindricalshell.Thewavepatternintheprecollapsestatewasobservedtobe
dominatedbyamodeofonehalfwaveintheaxialdirectionand9wavesinthecircumferentialdirection.Inthe
postbucklingstateafterthesnap,onehalfwaveintheaxialdirectionandtenfullwavesinthecircumferential
directionwereobserved.Thesimplificationsappliedinthemodelconcerntheadaptationofsymmetryinthe
imperfectionpatternanddeformationaftertheloadisapplied.
E.Riks(1),C.C.Rankin(2)andF.A.Brogan(2)

(1)FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,TechnicalUniversityofDelft,Delft,TheNetherlands
(2)AppliedMechanicsLaboratory,LockheedMissiles&SpaceCompany,PaloAlto,CA,U.S.A.
Thebucklingbehaviorofacentralcrackinaplateundertension,EngineeringFractureMechanics,Vol.43,
No.4,November1992,pp.529548,doi:10.1016/00137944(92)90197M
ABSTRACT:Afiniteelementprocedureispresentedfortheanalysisofthebucklingandpostbuckling
behaviorofcracksinplatesloadedintension.Theprocedureproposedisappliedtotheproblemofthecentrally
crackedplateintensionwheretheloadingdirectionisperpendiculartothecrackfaces.Theresultsofthe
analysisshowthatthebucklingdeformationscancauseaconsiderableamplificationofthestressintensity
aroundthecracktip.Thiseffect,whichisduetoaredistributionofthestressfieldintheplate,increaseswith
thelengthofthecrack.
E.Riks(AerospaceEngineering,DelftUniversityofTechnology,TheNetherlands),ComputationalMechanics
attheFacultyofAerospaceEngineering,DelftUniversityofTechnology,MemorandumM675,October,
1993
Rankin,C.C.,Brogan,F.A.,andRiks,E.:SomeComputationalToolsfortheAnalysisofThroughCracksin
StiffenedFuselageShells.ComputationalMechanics,SpringerInternational,Vol.13,No.3,December1993,
pp.143156.
ABSTRACT:Amethodforcomputingtheenergyreleaserateforcracksofvaryinglengthinatypicalstiffened
metallicfuselageundergeneralloadingconditionsispresented.Reliableanalyticalmethodsthatpredictthe
structuralintegrityandresidualstrengthofaircraftfuselagestructurescontainingcracksareneededtohelpto
understandthebehaviorofpressurizedstiffenedshellswithdamage,todeterminethesafelifeofsuchashell.
Themodelsusedinthesimulationarederivedfromanextensiveanalysisofafuselagebarrelsectionsubjected
tooperationalflightloads.Energyreleaseratesarecomputedasafunctionofthelengthofthecrack,its
location,andthecrackpropagationmode.
Brogan,F.A.,Rankin,C.C.,andCabiness,H.D.:STAGSUserManual.LockheedPaloAltoResearch
Laboratory,ReportLMSCP032594,1994.
CharlesC.RankinandWilliamLoden,SimulationofPropagatingInstabilitiesinStructuresusingtheSTAGS
FiniteElementCode,presentedattheAMDMDSummerConference,UCLA,(1995)
Starnes,JamesH.,Jr.,Britt,VickiO.,andRankin,CharlesC.:NonlinearResponseofDamagedStiffened
ShellsSubjectedtoCombinedInternalPressureandMechanicalLoads.AIAAPaper951462,April1995.
EduardRiks(1),CharlesC.Rankin(2)andFrancisA.Brogan(2)
(1)DelftUniversityofTechnology,FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,Kluyverweg1,NL2600GB,Delft,The
Netherlands
(2)LockheedMartin,3251HanoverStreet,PaloAlto,CA943041192,USA
Onthesolutionofmodejumpingphenomenainthinwalledshellstructures,ComputerMethodsinApplied
MechanicsandEngineering,Vol.136,Nos.12,September1996,pp.5992,
doi:10.1016/00457825(95)009701
ABSTRACT:Thispaperisaninvestigationintothemeritsofanhybridprocedureforthenumericalsimulation

oftransientbucklingproblems.Theprocedureconsistsofthecombinationofaclassicalpathfollowingmethod
withatransientintegrationmethodwherethefirstmethodisusedforthequasistatic(stable)partsofthe
simulationandthesecondmethodforthepartsofthesimulationthatbelongtothetransientdomain.Itisshown
thatthesuccessoftheprocedureisguaranteedbyaproperformulationofthesocalledmatchingconditionsthat
definethetransitionfromonemodeofoperationtotheother.Thechosenstrategyturnsouttobeveryrobust
andithasasanaddedadvantagethatitcanbeappliedwithrelativeease.Thepoweroftheapproachis
demonstratedwiththepresentationoftwosimulations:Themodejumpingproblemofaplatestripandthe
collapseofathinwalledcompositecylinderincompression.
C.C.Rankin,Onchoiceofbestpossiblecorotationalelementframe,inModelingandSimulationBased
Engineering,editedbyS.N.AtluriandP.E.ODonoghue,TechSciencePress,Palmdale,CA,1998.
EduardRiks(SMRBiel,eduard.riks@mac.com),OnthePurposeandLimitationsofBucklingAnalysis,
cocomat.de(nodateorpublishergiven;mostrecentreferencecitedis2003.)
ABSTRACT:Thediscussioninthispresentationisrestrictedtomechanicalsystemsthatareconservativeor
quasiconservative.Byquasiconservativewemeanthatthenotionofconservatismholdsaslongasthechanges
ofstateoccurinfinitelyslow.Ifchangesofstateoccurwithafiniterateofdeformation,dissipativeforcesmay
comeintoplay.
Classicelasticstabilitytheorystudiesthebehaviorofengineeringstructuresundertheinfluenceoftheirservice
loadswithaspecialfocusonthedeterminationofthe(maximum)loadthesestructurescancarry.This
maximumloadisdeterminedbygeometricaleffectsthatresultfromthestateofdeformationandnot(inthefirst
place)bymaterialfailuremechanisms.Itisimportanttorealizethattheclassicaltheoryisrestrictedtoquasi
staticloadingconditions.Theloadcarryingcapacityinthissettingisreachedatthedeformationstateatwhich
anyfurtherincreaseoftheloadingwillresultinthedestructionofthestructure.Thestatewherethischangeis
abouttooccuriscalledthecollapsestate,thelimitstate,orthestateoflossofstability.Thetheorycategorizes
thesestatesalsoas(proper)limitpointsandunstablebifurcationpoints.
Inearlyapplicationsofthetheory,theactualcollapseprocesscalledsnapthroughorsnapbucklingwasnot
deemedtobeofparticularinterestandsimplynotconsidered.Itshouldbeaddedthattheanalyticaltoolsin
thosedayswerenotcapableofsolvingthenonlinearpartialdifferentialequationsofmotionsothatthis
transientphenomenoncouldbecalculated.Infact,mostapplicationsremainedrestrictedtothesolutionofthe
quasinonlinearbucklingequationsthatarisewhentheprebucklingstatecanbetakentobealinearfunctionof
theloadintensity.
Thusbeforetheageofcomputationalmechanics,inthebeginningofthe20thcentury,applicationsof
stabilitytheoryremainedrestrictedtoproblemsthatexhibitedaninitiallylinearprebucklingstate.Thisstateof
affairsdidnotchangewiththeappearanceoftheperturbationtheoryofelasticstabilityconceivedbyKoiter1.A
milestoneinthedevelopmentoftheconceptofbuckling,thisdevelopmentofferedaconsiderablegainin
understandingofthewaystabilityislostormaintainedatabifurcationpoint.Itexplainedtheconsequencesof
thesepropertiesforthebehaviourofstructuresloadedintotheneighborhoodofsuchapoint.Italsoprovideda
systematicderivationofanorderedsequenceoflinearizedequationsthatdeterminetheshapeofthemost
importantbifurcationsthatcanbeencountered.However,withtheanalyticalmeansavailableatthattime,these
equationswerenomoreaccessibletocomputationthanthewellestablishedlinearizedbucklingequations.Asa
consequence,applicationsofKoitersgeneraltheoryremainedalsorestrictedtoproblemswithalinearpre
bucklingstate.Itwastheadventofthecomputerandthesurgeofthenumericaltreatmentoftheclassical
theoriesofsolidmechanicsthatgraduallyofferedpossibilitiesincomputationthatnobodywouldorcouldhave

dreamedofbefore.Thisrevolutionopenedanapproachinthesolutionofnonlinearequationsthatremovedthe
necessitytorestricttheanalysistoinitiallinearbehavior.Italsoremovedtherestrictiontostaticanalysis
only.Thismeansthatthetraditionalassessmentoftheloadcarryingcapacityonthebasisofaquasistatic
loadingprocesscanpresentlybeamendedbytransientanalysisandevenreplacedbyit.Moreover,these
advanceshavenowalsopavedthewaytoconsidernonclassicaldefinitionsofstabilityloss.Inparticular,
bucklinginducedbytransientloadingofshortdurationispresentlystudiedasapossiblepotentialcritical
loadingcaseforcertainbucklingproblemsthatareencounteredinpractice.
C.C.Rankin,F.A.BroganandE.Riks,Somecomputationaltoolsfortheanalysisofthroughcracksin
stiffenedfuselageshells,ComputationalMechanics,Vol.13,No.3,1993,pp.143156,
doi:10.1007/BF00370132
ABSTRACT:Reliableanalyticalmethodsthatpredictthestructuralintegrityandresidualstrengthofaircraft
fuselagestructurescontainingcracksareneededtohelptounderstandthebehaviorofpressurizedstiffened
shellswithdamage,sothatitbecomespossibletodeterminethesafelifeofsuchashell.Ofspecialimportance
istheabilitytodetermineunderwhatconditionslocalfailure,onceinitiated,willpropagate.Inthispaperwe
shallpresentareliableandefficientmethodforcomputingtheenergyreleaserateforcracksofvaryinglength
inatypicalstiffenedmetallicfuselageundergeneralloadingconditions.Themodelsusedinthesimulationare
derivedfromanextensiveanalysisofafuselagebarrelsectionsubjectedtooperationalflightloads.Energy
releaseratesarecomputedasafunctionofthelengthofthecrack,itslocation,andthecrackpropagationmode.
DavidBushnell(1),CharlesC.Rankin(1)andEduardRiks(2)
(1)LockheedMartinPaloAltoResearchlab
(2)DelftUniversityofTechnology,Netherlands
Optimizationofstiffenedpanelsinwhichmodejumpingisaccountedfor,38thAIAAStructures,Structural
Dynamics,andMaterialsConference,AIAA19971141,April1997
ABSTRACT:PANDA2isacomputerprogramfortheminimumweightdesignofstiffenedcomposite,flator
cylindrical,perfectorimperfectpanelsandshellssubjecttomultiplesetsofcombinedinplaneloads,normal
pressure,edgemomentsandtemperature.STAGSisageneralnonlinearfiniteelementcodethatisspecifically
designedtoanalyzeespeciallydifficultstabilityproblemsinshellstructures.Weightoptimizationofstiffened
panelscanbeparticularlytroublesomewhenlocalbucklingisallowedtooccurintheprecollapsestate.For
thesesystems,designsmaybeaffectedbyinteractionbetweenlocalmodes,amechanismthatmanifestsitselfas
modejumpingandisdifficulttocharacterize.InthispaperwedescribehowinPANDA2modejumpingis
detectedandsuppressedinoptimizedpanels.Twoaxiallycompressedbladestiffenedpanelsoptimizedby
PANDA2forserviceinthefarpostbucklingregimewerenumericallytestedbySTAGS.Modejumpingwas
permittedtooccurbelowthedesignloadinthefirstpanelandsuppressedinthesecond.Resultsobtainedby
STAGSareinreasonablygoodagreementwithpredictionsbyPANDA2.Thefirstpanelexhibitsmodejumping
wellbelowthedesignload.ApplicationofSTAGStothispanelrevealsthateventhoughthemodejump
involveslittlechangeinpotentialenergyitgenerateslargeamplitudeoscillatingstresseswithsignificantstress
reversalthatmightwellcausefatigueanddelamination.
E.RiksandC.C.Rankin,Computersimulationofthebucklingbehaviorofthinshellsunderquasistatic

loads,ArchivesofComputationalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.4,No.4,1997,pp.325351,
DOI:10.1007/BF02737118
ABSTRACT:Thispaperconcernsthetheoryandimplementationofanumericalprocedurethatiscapableof
solvingthecollapseprocessofastructurewhenitisloadedpastitsultimatecarryingstrength.Theprocedureis
acombinationoftwogenerallyavailablemethods:Apathfollowingmethodforthequasistaticpartofthe
solutionsandatransientmethodforthedynamicpart.Thesimulationofacompressiontestonathinwalled
cylindicalshellwithalocalimperfectionisprovidedtodemonstratetheeffectivenessofthestrategyemployed.
Rankin,C.C.,Chien,L.S.,Loden,W.A.,andSwenson,L.W.,Jr.(LockeedMartinAdvancedTechnology
Center,PaloAlto,California,USA),Linetolinecontactbehaviorofshellstructures,AIAA40thStructures,
StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,AIAA19991237,1999
ABSTRACT:Obliquelinecontactalgorithmsaredevelopedinthisresearchtosimulatelocalbucklingarounda
crackduetocrackedgescontacting.Thecontactalgorithmsarebasedonalargedisplacementand
geometricallynonlinearresponse.Apenaltyfunctionintermsoftheminimumdistancebetweentwocontacting
linesisintroducedintheproposedmethodtodeterminethecontactconditions.TheSTAGSfiniteelementcode
isemployedtoshowtheresultsoftwocantileveredbeamsthatexperiencelinetolinecontact.
EduardRiks(FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,Kluyverweg1,TechnicalUniversityofDelft,NL2600GB
Delft,Netherlands),Bucklingandpostbucklinganalysisofstiffenedpanelsinwingboxstructures,
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.37,Nos.4647,November2000,pp.67956824,
doi:10.1016/S00207683(99)003157
ABSTRACT:Thefinitestripmethodhassuccessfullybeenappliedforthecalculationofthebucklingloadof
stiffenedpanelsinwingboxstructures.Thisarticledescribesanimplementationofthefinitestripmethodthat
extendsthescopeoftheanalysisofthedeterminationofthepostbucklingstiffnessofthesepanels.
EduardRiks(Villaole,Manosque,France),BucklinginEncyclopediaofComputationalMechanics,edited
byErwinStein,ReneDeBorst,andThomasJ.R.Hughes,2004,ISBN:9780470091357,RiksBuckling
article:Doi:10.1002/0470091355.ecm027,publishedonline:15November,2004
ABSTRACT:AlthoughthefirstknownsolutionofabucklingproblemwasgivenbytheoutstandingSwiss
naturalphilosopherLeonhardEuler(1744),bucklingtheoryasanengineeringsubjectisanoutgrowthofa
developmentthatwasestablishedduringthelastcentury.Theoverviewofthepresentknowledgeregardingthe
computationalanalysisofbucklingproblemsisheregiveninthecontextofthetheory'smostimportant
historicaldevelopments.

GuipingZou(1)andPizhongQiao(2)
(1)Formerly,PostDoctoralResearchAssociate,Dept.ofCivilEngineering,TheUniv.ofAkron,Akron,OH
443253905.
(2)AssociateProfessor,Dept.ofCivilEngineering,TheUniv.ofAkron,Akron,OH443253905.
HigherOrderFiniteStripMethodforPostbucklingAnalysisofImperfectCompositePlates,ASCEJ.Engrg.

Mech.Vol.128,2002,pp.10081015,doi:10.1061/(ASCE)07339399(2002)128:9(1008)
ABSTRACT:Postbucklinganalysisisessentialtopredictthecapacityofcompositeplatescarrying
considerableadditionalloadbeforetheultimateloadisreached,andmanufacturinginducedgeometric
imperfectionsoftenreducetheloadcarryingcapacityofcompositestructures.Ahigherorderfinitestrip
methodbasedonthehigherordersheardeformationplatetheoryisdevelopedforpostbucklinganalysisof
laminatedcompositeplateswithinitialgeometricimperfectionsubjectedtoprogressiveendshortening.The
arbitrarynatureofinitialgeometricimperfectioninducedduringmanufacturingisaccountedforintheanalysis.
NonlinearequilibriumequationsaresolvedbyaNewtonRaphsonprocedure.Examplesofpostbuckling
analysesofunsymmetriccrossply,angleply,andarbitrarylaminatesarepresented,andtheaccuracyand
performanceofthemethodareexamined.Thenumericalhigherorderfinitestripmethodpresentedcanbeused
asanaccurateandefficienttoolforpostbucklinganalysisofimperfectcompositeplates.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

Arbocz,J.,andHol,J.M.A.M.
5
1995.Collapseofaxiallycompressedcylindricalshellswithrandom
imperfections.ThinWalledStruct.,2314,131158.
34
Chryssanthopoulos,M.K.,Baker,M.J.,andDowling,P.J.
1
1991.Imperfectionmodellingforbuckling
analysisofstiffenedcylinders.J.Struct.Eng.,1177,19982017.
77
Dawe,D.J.,Wang,S.,andLam,S.S.E.
5
1995.Finitestripanalysisofimperfectlaminatedplatesunder
endshorteningandnormalpressure.Int.J.Numer.MethodsEng.,3824,41934205.
84
Hutchinson,J.W.,Tennyson,R.C.,andMuggeridge,D.B.
1
1971.Effectsoflocalaxisymmetric
imperfectiononthebucklingbehaviourofacylindricalshellunderaxialcompression.AIAAJ.,9,4852.Imbert,J.
1
1971?.Theeffectofimperfectionsonthebucklingofcylindricalshells.PhDthesis,AeronauticalEngineering,
CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,Pasadena,Calif.
Kapania,R.K.,andYang,T.Y.
6
1986.Formulationofanimperfectquadrilateraldoublycurvedshell
elementforpostbucklinganalysis.AIAAJ.,242,310311.
42
Koiter,W.T.
5
1945.Onthestabilityofelasticequilibrium.Thesis,Delft,H.J.Paris,Amsterdam,
h
inDutch?.
Lam,S.S.E.,andZou,G.P.
0
2000.Loadincrementprocedureforpostbucklinganalysisoflaminated
platesunderinplaneloadsbyfinitestripmethod.Int.J.Numer.MethodsEng.,496,797810.
96
Lam,S.S.E.,andZou,G.P.
1
2001.Higherordersheardeformablefinitestripfortheflexureanalysisof
compositelaminates.Eng.Struct.,232,198201.
32
Little,G.H.
a
1987a.Efficientlargedeflectionanalysisofrectangularorthotropicplatesbydirectenergy
minimisation.Comput.Struct.,265,871884.
65
Little,G.H.
b
1987b.Anefficientcomputerprogramforthelargedeflectionanalysisofrectangular
orthotropicplates.Comput.Struct.,274,467482.
74
Mallikarjuna,andKant,T.
3
1993.Acriticalreviewandsomeresultsofrecentlydevelopedrefinedtheories
offiberreinforcedlaminatedcompositesandsandwiches.Compos.Struct.,234,293312.
34
Romeo,G.,andFrulla,G.
7
1997.Postbucklingbehaviorofgraphite/epoxystiffenedpanelswithinitial
imperfectionssubjectedtoeccentricbiaxialcompressionloading.Int.J.NonLinearMech.,3 26,
26
10171033.
Saigal,S.,Kapania,R.K.,andYang,T.Y.
6
1986.Geometricallynonlinearfiniteelementanalysisof
imperfectlaminatedshells.J.Compos.Mater.,202,197214.
02
Turvey,G.J.,andMarshall,I.H.
5
1995.Bucklingandpostbucklingofcompositeplates,Chapman&Hall,
NewYork.
Yamaki,N.
9
1959.Postbucklingbehaviourofrectangularplateswithsmallinitialcurvatureloadedinedge
compression.ASMETrans.J.Appl.Mech.,26,407414.
Yamaki,N.
0
1960.Postbucklingbehaviourofrectangularplateswithsmallinitialcurvatureloadedinedge
-d
compression-continued.ASMETrans.J.Appl.Mech.,27,335342.

PizhongQiaoandGuipingZou(De;artmentofCivilEngineering,TheUniversityofAkron,Akron,Ohio

443253905),LocalBucklingofCompositeFiberReinforcedPlasticWideFlangeSections,ASCEJournalof
StructuralEngineering,Vol.129,No.1,2003,pp,125129,doi:10.1061/(ASCE)07339445(2003)129:1(125)
ABSTRACT:Anexplicitelasticstabilityanalysisforlocalbucklingoffiberreinforcedplastic(FRP)structural
shapesispresented.FlangeofpultrudedFRPwideflangesectionsismodeledasadiscretepanelwithelastic
restraintatoneunloadededgeandfreeattheotherunloadededge[restrainedfree(RF)condition]andsubjected
touniformdistributedaxialinplaneforcealongsimplysupportedloadededges.Byconsideringalinear
combinationofsimplysupportedfreeandclampedfreeboundarydisplacementfieldsasaninterpolation
functionoftheRFbuckling,avariationalformulationoftheRitzmethodisusedtoestablishaneigenvalue
problem,andaflangecriticallocalbucklingcoefficientisdetermined.Anexplicitsolutionisobtainedforlocal
compressivebucklingstrengthoforthotropicpanelswiththeRFconditionandisexpressedintermofthe
coefficientofelasticrestraintbasedontheflexibilityofflangewebconnection.Theexplicitpredictionsarein
goodagreementswithexperimentaldata,exacttranscendentalsolutions,andfiniteelementanalysesforlocal
bucklingofFRPwideflangecolumns.Theformulationdevelopedinthispaperisthefirstattemptinthe
literatureforexplicitbucklinganalysisoforthotropicplateswithRFconditionandcanfacilitatethelocal
bucklinganalysisanddesignofopenFRPstructuralprofiles(e.g.,Iandchannelshapes).
Bushnell,DavidandRankin,CharlesC.,(LockheedMartinAdvancedTechnologyCenter,PaloAlto,
California,USA),Optimiztionofperfectandimperfectringandstringerstiffenedcylindricalshellswith
PANDA2andevaluationoftheoptimumdesignswithSTAGS,AIAA43rdStructures,StructuralDynamics
andMaterialsConference,AIAA20021408,2002
ABSTRACT:Ringandstringerstiffenedperfectandimperfectangleplycylindricalshellsundercombined
axialcompressionandinplaneshearareoptimizedwithaprogramcalledPANDA2fortheminimumweight
designofstiffenedpanels,andtheoptimumdesignsarethenevaluatedwithuseofageneralpurposefinite
elementcodecalledSTAGS.ThegoodagreementbetweenPANDA2andSTAGSpredictionsforthenonlinear
collapseofimperfectstiffenedshellsjustifiestheuseofPANDA2forpreliminarydesign.AnewPANDA2
processorcalledSTAGSUNITautomaticallygeneratesSTAGSinputfilesforcylindricalpanelsandshellswith
bothstringersandringsthathavevariousopencrosssectionssuchasBlades,Zees,Jays,TeesandIs.In
STAGSUNITtheedgeconditionsareformulatedsothatSTAGSmodelsofsubdomainsofalongcylindrical
shellwithmanystiffenerscanbeconstructedthatdonothaveartificialprebucklingstressconcentrationsnear
theedgesthatmightsignificantlyaffectpredictionsofbifurcationbucklingandnonlinearcollapseofthe
subdomain.ManySTAGSmodelsofoptimizedshellsandsubdomainsofshellswithBlade,Zee,andTee
stiffeningaregeneratedandexplored,bothwithrespecttolinearbifurcationbucklingandnonlinearcollapse.
Thebehaviorofshellswithaninitialimperfectionintheformofageneralbucklingmodeoftheimperfectshell
isdescribedfromaphysicalpointofview.Somedifficultiesencounteredduringthisprojectaredescribed.
Bushnell,DavidandRankin,CharlesC.,(LockheedMartinAdvancedTechnologyCenter,PaloAlto,
California,USA),DifficultiesinOptimizationofImperfectStiffenedCylindricalShells,AIAA47th
Structures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,AIAA20061943,2006
ABSTRACT:ThePANDA2computerprogramgeneratesminimumweightdesignsofringandstringer
stiffenedflatorcylindricalcompositepanelssubjectedtomultiplesetsofloadcombinations.PANDA2is
describedwithemphasisonthemanydifferentstressandbucklingconstraintsthatcanaffecttheevolutionofa
designduringoptimizationcycles,onthewaythatimperfectionsaretreated,oncertaindifficultiesthat

imperfectionsmaycauseduringoptimizationcycles,andondifficultiesencounteredduringattemptstoevaluate
optimumdesignswiththeuseoftheSTAGSgeneralpurposefiniteelementprogram.Detailsaregivenonhow
PANDA2determinestheeffectofaninitialbucklingmodalimperfectionontheloadbearingcapabilityofa
ringandstringerstiffenedcylindricalshell.Numericalresultspertaintoametalliccylindricalshellwithexternal
TshapedstringersandexternalTshapedringssubjectedtocombinedaxialcompression,externalpressureand
inplaneshear(torque).Themaximumallowablestressissetveryhighsothatstressconstraintsdonotaffect
theevolutionoftheglobaloptimumdesigninthisexample.Minimumweightdesignsaredeterminedforthis
shellwithaninitialimperfectionintheformofthecriticalgeneralbucklingmode.ModificationstoPANDA2
aredescribedwhichovercomesomeofthedifficultiesassociatedwiththedeterminationofaglobaloptimum
designinthepresenceofaninitialgeneralbucklingmodalimperfection.FurthermodificationstoPANDA2are
describedwhichleadtolessconservativeglobaloptimumdesignsthanwaspreviouslythecase.Theoptimum
designsobtainedbyPANDA2areevaluatedbycomparisonswithpredictionsfromSTAGSforvariousfinite
elementmodelsgeneratedautomaticallywithaPANDA2processorcalledSTAGSUNIT.Theagreement
betweenPANDA2andSTAGSpredictionsforaglobaloptimumdesignobtainedbyPANDA2isgoodenough
toqualifyPANDA2fortheoptimumdesignofimperfectstiffenedcylindricalpanelsandshellsundercombined
loads.
JamesH.Starnes,Jr.,andCherylA.Rose(NASALangleyResearchCenterHampton,VA236810001)
CharlesC.Rankin(LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratoryPaloAlto,CA943041191),Effectsof
CombinedLoadsontheNonlinearResponseandResidualStrengthofDamagedStiffenedShells,pp.183xxx,
in:ProceedingsoftheFAANASASymposiumontheContinuedAirworthinessofAircraftStructures,Atlanta,
GeorgiaUSA,August2830,1997,ReportDOT/FAA/AR97/2,I,July1997,OfficeofAviationResearch,
Washington,D.C.20591
ABSTRACT:Theresultsofananalyticalstudyofthenonlinearresponseofstiffenedfuselageshellswithlong
cracksarepresented.Theshellsaremodeledwithahierarchicalmodelingstrategyandanalyzedwitha
nonlinearshellanalysiscodethatmaintainstheshellinanonlinearequilibriumstatewhilethecrackisgrown.
Theanalysisaccuratelyaccountsforglobalandlocalstructuralresponsephenomena.Resultsarepresentedfor
variouscombinationsofinternalpressureandmechanicalloads,andtheeffectsofcrackorientationontheshell
responsearedescribed.Theeffectsofcombinedloadingconditionsandtheeffectsofvaryingstructural
parametersonthestressintensityfactorsassociatedwithacrackarepresented.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

1.Riks,E.:BulgingCracksinPressurizedFuselages:ANumericalStudy.NLRMP87058U,NLRNationalAerospaceLaboratory,
TheNetherlands,September1987.
2.Rankin,C.C.,Brogan,F.A.,andRiks,E.:SomeComputationalToolsfortheAnalysisofThroughCracksinStiffenedFuselage
Shells.ComputationalMechanics,SpringerInternational,Vol.13,No.3,December1993,pp.143156.
3.Starnes,JamesH.,Jr.,Britt,VickiO.,andRankin,CharlesC.:NonlinearResponseofDamagedStiffenedShellsSubjectedto
CombinedInternalPressureandMechanicalLoads.AIAAPaper951462,April1995.
4.Brogan,F.A.,Rankin,C.C.,andCabiness,H.D.:STAGSUserManual.LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,ReportLMSC
P032594,1994.
5.Riks,E.:SomeComputationalAspectsoftheStabilityAnalysisofNonlinearStructures.ComputationalMethodsinApplied
MechanicsandEngineering,Vol.47,pp.219259,1984.
6.Riks,E.,Brogan,F.A.,andRankin,C.C.:BulgingofCracksinPressurizedFuselages:AProcedureforComputation.InAnalytical
andComputationalModelsofShells,Noor,A.K.,Belytschko,T.,andSimo,J.C.,Editors,TheAmericanSocietyofMechanical
Engineers,ASMECEDVol.3,1989.
7.Potyondy,D.O.:ASoftwareFrameworkforSimulatingCurvilinearCrackGrowthinPressurizedThinShells.Ph.D.Dissertation,
CornellUniversity,Ithaca,NY,1993.

Young,RichardD.(1)andRankin,CharlesC.(2)
(1)LockheedMartinEngineeringandScienceServices,Hampton,Virginia
(2)LockheedMartinMissilesandSpaceCompany,PaloAlto,California
Modelingandnonlinearstructuralanalysisofalargescalelaunchvehicle,AIAAJournalofSpacecraftand
Rockets,Vol.36,No.6,pp.804811,1999
ABSTRACT:Advancedmodelingandanalysiscapabilitiesofastateoftheartgeneralpurposefiniteelement
code,developedfornonlinearstructuralanalysisoflaunchvehicles,aredescribed.Inparticular,theapplication
ofthesecapabilitiestononlinearanalysesofthenewSpaceShuttlesuperlightweightexternalliquidoxygen
tankarepresentedthatcanbeusedasaguideforconductingsimilaranalysesonfuturelaunchvehicles.A
typicalprelaunchloadingconditionwithcombinedthermalandmechanicalloadsisconsidered,and
applicationsoftheadvancedmodelingandanalysiscapabilitiestolinearbifurcationbucklingandnonlinear
staticanalysesarepresented.Theresultsforthisproblemillustratealocalizedshortwavelengthbending
response,andshowthatahighfidelitymodelisrequiredtorepresentthebehavioraccurately.Amesh
refinementstrategyispresentedthatisbasedonthelinearbifurcationbucklinganalysesanddoesnotrequire
respecificationoftheshellwallpropertiesandload.Specifically,meshrefinementissimplifiedbyusinguser
writtensubroutinestodescribethespatialdistributionofcomplexshellwallpropertiesandloadingconditions.
EduardRiks(1)andCharlesC.Rankin(2)
(1)SMRCompany,Biel,Switzerland
(2)AdvancedTechnologyCenter,LockheedMartin,PaloAlto,CA,USA
Sandwichmodelingwithanapplicationtotheresidualstrengthanalysisofadamagedcompressionpanel,
InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,Vol.37,Nos45,June2002,pp.897908,SpecialIssue:
Stability&VibrationinThinWalledStructures,doi:10.1016/S00207462(01)001044
ABSTRACT:Finiteelementmodelsofsandwichstructuresareoftenbasedonclassicalsandwichtheorywhich
reducestheessentiallythreedimensionalcompositeacombinationoftwohighstrengthfacesseparatedbya
lightweightcoretoatwodimensional,deformablereferencesurfacetowhichcertainappropriatestiffness
propertiesagainststretch,bendingandtransverseshearareattached.Thesimplificationintroducedinthisway
iswellestablished,butitsuffersfromanumberofdrawbacksthatrestrictsitsrangeofapplicabilityrather
severely.Thedrawbacksconcernamongothers,thekinematicanddynamicboundaryconditionsthatprohibita
realisticapplicationoftheloadingalongtheedges.Theyalsoconcerntheinabilityofthismodeltostudylocal
effectssuchasbucklingofthefaces.Inthepresentpaper,wedemonstratehow,witharelativelysimplemeans,
asandwichmodelcanbeintroducedthatdoesnotsufferfromthedeficienciesmentionedabove.Moreover,this
improvedmodelprovidesthepossibilitytostudythedetrimentaleffectofdelaminationofthefaces,and/or,
decohesionzonesbetweenthecoreandfaces,onthebucklingstrengthofsandwichcompressionpanels.The
modificationproposedheremakesuseofexistingshellfiniteelementsthatarestandardinmanyfiniteelement
codes.Theseshellelementsareusedtomodelthedeformationofthefacesofthesandwich,whilethecoupling
betweenthetwoshellcomponentsiscarriedoutbyapplyinganappropriatepenaltyfunctionthatrepresentsthe
deformationofthecore.Inthispaper,wedescribethismodelinsomedetailandsolveanexampleproblem
involvingthebucklingofasandwichplatewithapartiallydebondedfaceplate.

P.J.DenrijerandE.Riks,Afiniteelementanalysisofcracksinathinwalledcylinderunderinternalpressure,
(nopublisherordategivenbyProQuestCSA,1987?)
ABSTRACT:Finiteelementmodelsfortheanalysisofthebehavioroflongitudinalcracksinapressurizedthin
walledcylindricalshellweredefinedwiththeSTAGSC1finiteelementcodeandusedtostudythepossibilities
ofananalysisofcrackspresentinstiffenedcylinders.Incontrasttotheproblemofacrackinaflatplatein
tension,theproblemofacrackinacylinderisgovernedbygeometricalnonlineareffectsfromtheonset.Thisis
clearlybroughtoutbytheanalysisresults.Theyshowthatforcrackswithalargeaspectratio,thelineartheory
grosslyoverestimatestheintensityofthecracktipsingularity.Theresultsalsoshowthatthefiniteelement
methodholdsconsiderablepromiseinthisareaofcrackmechanics.Thisisillustratedbythesolutionofa
problemwhichconcernsacentrallycrackedplateloadedinthepostbucklingrange.
EduardRiks(1)andCharlesC.Rankin(2)
(1)SMRCompany,Biel,Switzerland
(2)AdvancedTechnologyCenter,LockheedMartin,PaloAlto,CA,USA
Toolsfortheevaluationoftheresidualstrengthofcrackedpressurizedfuselageshells,presentedattheFifth
JointNASA/FAA/DoDAgingAircraftConference,2001?
ABSTRACTandPARTIALINTRODUCTION:
Thispaperdiscussessomecomputationaltools,recentlydeveloped,thatareusefulintheassessmentofthe
residualstrengthoffuselageshellsdamagedbythroughcracks.
1.Introduction
Fuselagescanaccumulatedamageintheformofthroughcracksintheoutercontainmentshell.Theprediction
ofthewaythesecrackspropagateunderserviceloadsisthereforeanimportantissueintheassessmentofthe
residualstrengthofsuchashell.Thispaperisfocusedonsomeofthetoolsofanalysisrecentlydevelopedthat
arecapabletoassesstheeffectofthistypeofdamage.
Athroughcrackinapressurizedshellisknowntobedominatedbythefollowinginfluencefactors:(i)the
curvature,whichistheprincipalreasonthecrackfacesbulgeout;(ii)ageometricallynonlineareffectthat
usually,butnotalways,alleviatescracktiploading1;and,(iii)theductilityofthematerial,sothataplasticzone
developsinfrontofthecracktipandabsorbsapartoftheenergythatmustbesuppliedtoforcethecrackto
advance.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
[1]RiksE.,BroganF.A.,&RankinC.C.(1989),BulgingCracksinPressurizedFuselages:AProcedureforComputation,
DecemberMeetingASME,SanFrancisco,.In:AnalyticalandComputationalModelsofShells,ProceedingsWinterAnnualMeeting
ASME(A.K.Noor,T.Belytschko,J.C.Simoeds.),C.E.D.Volume3,TheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers.
[2]..StarnesJ.H.Jr.andRoseC.A.(1997),NonlinearResponseofThinCylindricalShellswithLongitudinalCracksth
andSubjectedtoInternalPressureandAxialCompression,PaperAIAA97,1144,38 AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC,Structural
DynamicsandMaterialsConference,Kissimee,Florida,April710.
[3].StarnesJ.H.Jr.,RoseC.A.,YoungR.D.,andRankinC.C.(1997),EffectsofCombinedLoadsontheNonlinearResponseof
StiffenedShellswithLongCracks,Int.CommitteeonAeronauticalFatigueSymposium,June1820,Edinburgh,ScotlandUK.
[4]StarnesJ.H.Jr.andRoseC.A.(1998),BucklingandStableTearingResponsesofUnstiffenedAluminumShellswithLongCracks,
AIAA/ASME/ASH/ASC39thStuctures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,AIAAPaperNo.981991.(Alsopresented
at:DoD/FAA/NASAConferenceonAgingAircraftWilliamsburg,September14,VA,USA).
[5]YoungR.D.,RouseM,AmburD.R.,andStarnesJ.H.Jr.,(1998),ResidualStrengthPressureTestsandNonlinearAnalysisof
StringerandFrameStiffenedAluminumFuselagePanelswithLongitudinalCracks,secondDoD/FAA/NASAConferenceonAging
Aircraft,Williamsburg,September14,VA,USA.
[6]RoseC.A.,YoungR.D.,andStarnesJ.H.Jr.,(1999),NonlinearLocalBendingResponseandBulgingFactorsforLongitudinal
CracksinPressurizedCylindricalShells,AIAA/ASME/ASH/ASC40thStuctures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,

AIAAPaperNo.991412.
[7]YoungR.D.,RoseC.A.,andStarnesJ.H.Jr.,(2000),NonlinearBulgingFactorsforLongitudinalandCircumferentialCracksin
CylindricalShellsSublectedtoCombinedLoads,AIAA/ASME/ASH/ASC41thStuctures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterials
Conference,Atlanta,AIAAPaperNo.20001514.
[8]CowenAmyL.,DvilaC.G.,JohnsonnE.R.andStarnesJ.H.Jr.,(2000),CrackPathBifurcationataTearStrapinaPressurized
Shell,AIAA/ASME/ASH/ASC41thStuctures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,Atlanta,AIAA,PaperNo.20001517
[9]RankinC.C.,BroganF.A.,LodenW.andCabinessH.,StructuralAnalysisofGeneralShells,STAGS,Usermanual,version3.0,
LMMSP032594,AdvancedTechnologyCenter,LockheedMartin,Febr.1998.PaloAlto,California.
[10]RankinC.C.andRiksE.,(2000)OntheSimulationofCrackPropagationinPressurizedFuselages,AIAA/ASME/ASH/ASC
41thStuctures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,Atlanta,AIAAPaperNo.20001594.
[11]FoliasE.S.,(1965)AnAxialCrackinaPressurizedCylindricalShell,Int.J.ofFract.Mech.,Vol.1,pp.10411.
[12]RankinC.C.,BroganF.A.(1984),AnElementIndependentCorotationalProcedurefortheTreatmentofLargeRotations,in:
L.H.SobelandK.Thomas,eds.CollapseAnalysisofStructures,ASME,NewYork.
[13]RankinC.C.andNourOmidB.(1988).TheUseofProjectorstoImproveFiniteElementPerformance,Comp.&Structures,Vol.
10,No1/2,pp.257267.
[14]AbacusTheorymanual,Version5.5,Hibbit,Karlsson,Sorensson,1995
[15]BesselingJ.F.,&vanderGiessenE.,MathematicalModelingofInelasticDeformation,Chapman&Hall,26BoundaryRow,
LondonSEI8HN,UK,1994.
[16]Crisfield,M.A.,NonlinearFiniteElementAnalysisofSolidsandStructures,JohnWiley&Sons,1991.
[17]RankinC.C,BroganF.A.andRiksE.(1993),"SomeComputationalToolsfortheAnalysisofThroughCracksinStiffened
FuselageShells",TheJournalofComputationalMechanics,Vol.13,No.3,pp.143156.
[18]GullerudA.S.,DoddsR.H.Jr.,HamptonR.W.andDawickeD.S.,(1999),Threedimensionalmodelingofductileinthinsheet
metals:computationalaspectsandvalidation,J.Engrg.Fract.Mechs.,Vol.63,pp.347374.
[19]Riks.E,RankinC.CandBroganF.A.(1992).TheBucklingBehaviorofaCentralCrackinaPlateunderTension,Engineering
FractureMechanics,Vol.43,No.4,pp.529548

DavidBushnellandCharlesC.Rankin,OptimumDesignOfStiffenedPanelsWithSubstiffeners,46th
AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConference;Austin,TX;USA;
1821Apr.2005.pp.154.2005
ABSTRACT:ThecapabilityofthecomputerprogramPANDA2togenerateminimumweightdesignsof
stiffenedpanelsandcylindricalshellsisenhancedtopermittheaddingofsubstiffenerswithrectangularcross
sectionsbetweenadjacentmajorstringersandrings.Asaresultmanynewbucklingmarginsexistthatgovern
bucklingovervariousdomainsandsubdomainsofthedoublystiffenedpanelorshell.Thesegenerallyinfluence
theevolutionofthedesignduringoptimizationcycles.Thesubstiffenersmaybestringersand/orringsormay
formanisogridpattern.Theeffectsoflocal,interring,andgeneralbucklingmodalimperfectionscanbe
accountedforduringoptimization.PerfectandimperfectcylindricalshellswithexternalTshapedstringersand
Tshapedringsandwithandwithoutsubstringersandsubringsandundercombinedaxialcompression,external
pressure,andinplaneshearareoptimizedbymultipleexecutionsofa"global"optimizercalledSUPEROPT.It
isfoundthatfromthepointofviewofminimumweightthereislittleadvantageofaddingsubstiffeners.
However,withsubstiffenerspresentthemajorstringersandringsarespacedfartherapartattheoptimumdesign
thanissowhentherearenosubstiffeners.Theweightofacylindricalshellwithsubstiffenersismuchless
sensitivetothespacingofthemajorTshapedstringersthanisthecaseforacylindricalshellwithout
substiffeners.TheoptimumdesignsobtainedbyPANDA2areevaluatedbycomparisonswithbucklingloads
obtainedfromageneralpurposefiniteelementprogramcalledSTAGS.PredictionsfromSTAGSagreewell
withthosefromPANDA2.

[37]Hilburger,M.W.,Nemeth,M.P.,Riddick,J.C.,andThornburgh,R.P.(MechanicsandDurability
Branch,NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia236810001),Effectsofelasticedgerestraints
andinitialprestressonthebucklingresponseofcompressionloadedcompositepanels,45thAIAASDM
Conference,April2004
ABSTRACT:Aparametricstudyoftheeffectsoftestfixtureinducedinitialprestressandelasticedgerestraints
ontheprebucklingandbucklingresponsesofacompressionloaded,quasiisotropiccurvedpanelispresented.
Thenumericalresultswereobtainedbyusingageometricallynonlinearfiniteelementanalysiscodewithhigh
fidelitymodels.Theresultspresentedshowthatawiderangeofprebucklingandbucklingbehaviorcanbe
obtainedbyvaryingparametersthatrepresentcircumferentialloadededgerestraintandrotationalunloaded
edgerestraintprovidedbyatestfixtureandthatrepresentthemismatchinspecimenandtestfixtureradiiof
curvature.Foracertainrangeofparameters,thepanelsexhibitsubstantialnonlinearprebucklingdeformations
thatyieldbucklingloadsnearlytwicethecorrespondingbucklingloadpredictedbyatraditionallinear
bifurcationbucklinganalysisforshallowcurvedpanels.Incontrast,theresultsshowanotherrangeof
parametersexistforwhichthenonlinearprebucklingdeformationseitherdonotexistorarerelativelybenign,
andthepanelsexhibitbucklingloadsthatarenearlyequaltothecorrespondinglinearbifurcationbucklingload.
Overall,theresultsshouldalsobeofparticularinteresttoscientists,engineers,anddesignersinvolvedin
simulatingflighthardwareboundaryconditionsinstructuralverificationandcertificationtests,involvedin
validatingstructuralanalysistools,andinterestedintailoringbucklingperformance.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1.Hilburger,M.W.,Starnes,J.H.Jr.,EffectsofImperfectionsontheBucklingResponseofCompositeShells,ThinWalled
Structures,Vol.42,2004,pp.369397.
2.Snell,M.B.andMorley,N.T.,TheCompressionBucklingBehaviourofHighlyCurvedPanelsofCarbonFibreReinforced
Plastic,ProceedingsoftheFifthInternationalConferenceonCompositeMaterials,ICCMVol.5,1985,pp.13271354.
3.Leissa,A.W.,BucklingofLaminatedCompositePlatesandShellPanels,ReportAFWALTR853069,AFWrightAeronautical
Laboratories,June1985.
4.Hui,D.,AsymmetricPostbucklingofSymmetricallyLaminatedCrossplyShortCylindricalPanelsUnderCompression,
CompositeStructures,Vol.3,1985,pp.8195.
5.Khot,N.S.,andBauld,N.R.,Jr.,ANumericalandExperimentalInvestigationoftheBucklingBehaviorofCompositePanels.
ComputersandStructures,Vol.15,No.4,1982,pp.393403.
6.Wilkins,D.J.,CompressionBucklingTestsofLaminatedGraphiteEpoxyCurvedPanels,AIAAJournal,Vol.13,No.4,1975,
pp.465470.
7.Knight,N.F.andStarnes,J.H.Jr.,PostbucklingBehaviorofSelectedGraphiteEpoxyCylindricalPanelLoadedIn
Compression,ProceedingsoftheAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS27thStructures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConference,AIAA
paper860881CP,1986.
8.Hilburger,M.W.,Britt,V.O.,andNemeth,M.P.,BucklingBehaviorofCompressionLoadedQuasiIsotropicCurvedPanels
WithaCircularCutout,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.38,2001,pp.14951522.
9.Librescu,L.,Nemeth,M.P.,Starnes,J.H.,Jr.,andLin,W.,"NonlinearResponseofFlatandCurvedPanelsSubjectedto
ThermomechanicalLoads,"JournalofThermalStresses,Vol.23,2000,pp.549582.
10.Rankin,C.C.,Brogan,F.A.,Loden,W.A.,andCabiness,H.D.,"STAGSUsersManual,Version4.0,"LockheedMartinMissiles
&SpaceCo.,Inc.,AdvancedTechnologyCenter,ReportLMSCP032594,May2001.
11.Brush,D.O.,andAlmroth,B.,O.,BucklingofBars,Plates,andShells,McGrawHill,1975,p.97.

[39]Arbocz,J.,TheeffectofinitialimperfectionsonshellstabilityAnupdatedreview,DelftUniversity
FacultyofAerospaceEngineeringReportLR695,September1992,especiallyEq.(3.61)
[40]Arbocz,J.andHol,J.M.A.M.,Onthereliabilityofbucklingloadpredictions,AIAAPaper941371,
Proc.35thAIAAStructures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConference,HiltonHeadSC,514527(1993).

[41]Arbocz,J.andHol,J.,Shellstabilityanalysisinacomputeraidedengineering(CAE)environment,AIAA
Paper93133,Proc.34thAIAAStructures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConference,LaJolla,CA,300
314(1993).
ABSTRACT:ThedevelopmentofDISDECO,theDelftInteractiveShellDEsignCOdeisdescribed.The
purposeofthisprojectistomaketheaccumulatedtheoretical,numericalandpracticalknowledgeofthelast25
yearsorsoreadilyaccessibletousersinterestedintheanalysisofbucklingsensitivestructures.Withthisopen
ended,hierarchical,interactivecomputercodetheusercanaccessfromhisworkstationsuccessivelyprograms
ofincreasingcomplexity.ThecomputationalmodulescurrentlyoperationalinDISDECOprovidethe
prospectiveuserwithfacilitiestocalculatethecriticalbucklingloadsofstiffenedanisotropicshellsunder
combinedloading,toinvestigatetheeffectsthevarioustypesofboundaryconditionswillhaveonthecritical
load,andtogetacompletepictureofthedegradingeffectsthedifferentshapesofpossibleinitialimperfections
mightcause,allinoneinteractivesession.Onceadesignisfinalized,itscollapseloadcanbeverifiedby
runningalargerefinedmodelremotelyfrombehindtheworkstationwithoneofthecurrentgeneration2
dimensionalcodes,withadvancedcapabilitiestohandlebothgeometricandmaterialnonlinearities.
[42]Stein,M,Thephenomenonofchangeofbucklingpatternsinelasticstructures,NASATechnicalreportR
39,NASA(1959)
[44]R.R.ArnoldandJ.C.Parekh,Buckling,postbuckling,andfailureofflatandshallowcurved,edge
stiffenedcompositeplatessubjecttocombinedaxialcompressionandshearloads,Presentedat27thSDM
Meeting,SanAntonio,TX.,April1986,AIAAPaperNo.861027CP,1986,Proceedingspp.769782.
[45]J.H.Starnes,Jr.,N.F.Knight,Jr.andM.Rouse,Postbucklingbehaviorofselectedflatstiffenedgraphite
epoxypanelsloadedincompression,AIAAPaper820777,presentedatAIAA23rdStructures,Structural
Dynamics,andMaterialsConference,NewOrleans,May,1982.Seealso,AIAAJ.,23,(8)(1985)pp.1236
1246.
KailasamSatyamurthy(1),NarendraS.Khot(2)andNelsonR.Bauld,Jr.(3)
(1)EngineeringMechanicsDepartment,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,Blacksburg,
Virginia,U.S.A.
(2)StructuralMechanicsDivision,AirForceFlightDynamicsLaboratory,WrightPattersonA.F.B.,Ohio,
U.S.A.
(3)MechanicalEngineeringDepartment,ClemsonUniversity,Clemson,SouthCarolina,U.S.A.
Anautomated,energybased,finitedifferenceprocedurefortheelasticcollapseofrectangularplatesand
panels,Computers&Structures,Vol.11,No.3,March1980,pp.239249,
doi:10.1016/00457949(80)901649
ABSTRACT:AFORTRANIV,largecapacity,computerprogramhasbeendevelopedtodeterminecollapse
loadsandbifurcationloadsforlinearandnonlinearprebucklingbehaviorforfiberreinforced,laminated,
rectangularplatesandpanelsundergeneralloadingsystemsandboundaryconditions.Theprogramisbasedon
theprincipleoftotalpotentialenergyandusesfinitedifferencesinthediscretizationprocess.Wholestation
spacinghasbeenusedtocalculatethestrainenergyassociatedwithanareaelementandanorthogonalfinite
differencegridthatprovidesforvariablespacingsinperpendiculardirectionsisincorporated.Numericalresults
arepresentedthatcomparefavorablywithresultsobtainedviathegeneralcomputerprogramSTAGS.Other

numericalresultsarepresentedthatillustratethetypesofboundaryconditions,appliedloads,cutoutsand
initialgeometricimperfectionsthatcanbehandledbythepresentprogram.Abriefstudyoftheeffectofpanel
constructionandinitialgeometricimperfectionsonthebucklingbehavioroffiberreinforcedpanelsis
presented.
[48]N.R.Bauld,Jr.andN.S.Khot,Anumericalandexperimentalinvestigationofthebucklingbehaviorof
compositepanels,ComputersandStructures,15(1982)pp.393403.
[49]N.S.KhotandN.R.Bauld,Jr.,Furthercomparisonofthenumericalandexperimentalbucklingbehaviors
ofcompositepanels,ComputersandStructures,17,(1983)pp.6168.
[51]Stoll,F.andGurdal,Z.,"Nonlinearanalysisofcompressivelyloadedlinkedplatestructures,AIAAPaper
900968CP,Proceedings31stAIAA/ASMEStructures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsMeeting,pp903
913(1990).
Swanson,G.D.,Grdal,Z.,andStarnes,J.H.,StructuralEfficiencyStudyofGraphiteEpoxyAircraftRib
Structures,JournalofAircraft,Vol.27,No.12,Dec.1990,pp.10111020.
ABSTRACT:Attentionisgiventothestructuralefficienciesobtainablewithoptimallydesignedgraphite/epoxy
wingribpanelconfigurationsthatarepotentiallyeconomicallymanufacturable.Someribsarecommonlyused
asfuelcellcloseoutpanels,andareaccordinglysubjectedtooutofplanepressureloadsinadditiontothein
planeaxialcompressiveandshearloadsresultingfromthewingloading.Thepresentminimumweightpanel
designssatisfybucklingandstrengthconstraintsforwingribpanelssubjectedtoawiderangeofcombinedload
conditions.
[52]Stoll,F.andGurdal,Z.,andStarnes,J.H.,Jr.,Amethodforthegeometricallynonlinearanalysisof
compressivelyloadedprismaticcompositestructures,"VIPSUCenterforCompositeMaterialsandStructures
ReportCCMS9103(VPIE9101),February,1991
[53]Shin,D.K.,Gurdal,Z.,andGriffin,O.H.,Jr.,Minimumweightdesignoflaminatedcompositeplatesfor
postbucklingperformance,AIAAPaper910969CP,Proceedings32ndAIAA/ASMEStructures,Structural
Dynamics,andMaterialsMeeting,pp257266(1991)
[54]Ley,R.P.,Gurdal,Z.,andJohnson,E.R.(1993).Optimaldesignofimperfect,anisotropic,ringstiffened
cylindersundercombinedloads.AIAAPaper931526CP,Proceedingsof34thAIAAStructures,Structural
Dynamics,andMaterialsConference,Part4,pp18811889.Seealso:StructuralandMultidisciplinary
Optimization,Vol.9,Nos.34,1995,pp.160167,doi:10.1007/BF01743965
ABSTRACT:Developmentofanalgorithmtoperformtheoptimalsizingofbucklingresistant,imperfect,
anisotropicringstiffenedcylinderssubjectedtoaxialcompression,torsion,andinternalpressureispresented.
Anaxisymmetric,geometricallynonlinearprebucklingequilibriumconfigurationisassumedandbothstress
andstabilityconstraintsareconsidered.Theenforcementofstabilityconstraintsistreatedinawaythatdoesnot
requireanyeigenvalueanalysis.Casestudiesperformedusingacombinationofpenaltyfunctionandfeasible
directionoptimizationmethodsindicatethatthepresenceoftheaxisymmetricinitialimperfectioninthe
cylinderwallcansignificantlyaffecttheoptimaldesigns.Weightsavingsassociatedwiththeadditionoftwo

ringstotheunstiffenedcylinderand/ortheadditionofinternalpressureissubstantialwhentorsionmakesupa
significantfractionofthecombinedloadstate.
[55]Ley,R.P.,Johnson,E.R.,andGurdal,Z.(1992).Bucklingofimperfect,anisotropic,ringstiffened
cylindersundercombinedloads.AIAAPaper922232CP,Proceedingsof33rdAIAAStructures,Structural
Dynamics,andMaterialsConference,Part1,pp8694.
[56]Nagendra,S.,Haftka,R.T.,andGurdal,Z.(1992).Stackingsequenceoptimizationofsimplysupported
laminateswithstabilityandstrainconstraints.AIAAPaper922310CP,Proceedingsof33rdAIAAStructures,
StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConference,Part5,pp.25262535,1992.
ZaferGrdalandRaphaelT.Haftka(DepartmentofAerospaceandOceanEngineering,VirginiaPolytechnic
InstituteandStateUniversity,Blacksburg,Virginia24061,U.S.A.),Designofstiffenedcompositepanelswith
afractureconstraint,Computers&Structures,Vol.20,Nos.13,1985,pp.457465,
doi:10.1016/00457949(85)90094X
ABSTRACT:Anautomatedprocedurefordesigningminimumweightcompositepanelssubjecttoalocal
damageconstraintundertensileloadingwasdeveloped.Afiniteelementprogrambasedonlinearelastic
fracturemechanicsforcalculatingstressintensityfactors(SIF)wasincorporatedinthedesigncycle.Panel
fracturetoughnesswasobtainedbyusingastrainbasedcriterion.Ageneralpurposemathematicaloptimization
algorithmwasusedfortheweightminimization.AnalyticalsensitivityderivativesoftheSIFemployingthe
adjointvariabletechniquewasusedtoenhancethecomputationalefficiencyoftheprocedure.Designresultsfor
bothunstiffenedandstiffenedplatesarepresented.
S.Nagendra(1),Z.Grdal(1),R.T.Haftka(1)andJ.H.StarnesJr(2)
(1)DepartmentofEngineeringScience&Mechanics,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,
Blacksburg,Virginia24061,USA
(2)NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia23681,USA
Bucklingandfailurecharacteristicsofcompressionloadedstiffenedcompositepanelswithahole,Composite
Structures,Vol.28,No.1,1994,pp.117,doi:10.1016/02638223(94)900027
ABSTRACT:Anexperimentalandanalyticalstudywascarriedouttoinvestigatethebucklingandfailure
characteristicsofstiffenedcompressionloadedpanelswithholes,andtoassessthevalidityofanalyticalmodels
usedforthedesignofsuchpanels.Graphiteepoxypanelswithfourequallyspacedbladestiffenerswere
fabricatedwithalaminatestackingsequenceoptimallydesignedforstiffenedpanelswithoutholes.Panelswith
differentholesizesandpanelswithoutholesweretested.Failureofallpanelsinitiatedatornearthestiffeners,
inregionswithseverelocalbendinggradients.Finiteelementanalysisusingaquarterpanelmodelwith
boundaryconditionstosimulatetheexperimentwasusedtopredicttheprebucklingandbucklingbehavior.
Analyticalresultscorrelatewellwithexperimentalresults.
K.ChaunceyWu(1),ZaferGurdal(2)andJamesH.Starnes,Jr.(1)
(1)NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia

(2)VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,Blacksburg,Virginia
StructuralResponseofCompressionLoaded,TowPlaced,VariableStiffnessPanels,AIAA43rdStructures,
StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,AIAA20021512,2002
ABSTRACT:Resultsofananalyticalandexperimentalstudytocharacterizethestructuralresponseoftwo
compressionloadedvariablestiffnesscompositepanelsarepresentedanddiscussed.Thesevariablestiffness
panelsareadvancedcompositestructures,inwhichtowsarelaiddownalongprecisecurvilinearpathswithin
eachplyandthefiberorientationanglevariescontinuouslythroughouteachply.Thepanelsaremanufactured
fromAS4/9773graphiteepoxyprepregmaterialusinganadvancedtowplacementsystem.Bothvariable
stiffnesspanelshavethesamelayup,butonepanelhasoverlappingtowbandsandtheotherpanelhasa
constantthicknesslaminate.Abaselinecrossplypanelisalsoanalyzedandtestedforcomparativepurposes.
Testsperformedonthevariablestiffnesspanelsshowalinearprebucklingloaddeflectionresponse,followed
byanonlinearresponsetofailureatloads
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

1.Evans,D.O.,Vaniglia,M.M.,andHopkins,P.C.,FiberPlacementProcessStudy,34thInternationalSAMPESymposium,Vol.
34,Book2,May1989,pp.18221833.
2.Grdal,Z.,andOlmedo,R.,InPlaneResponseofLaminateswithSpatiallyVaryingFiberOrientations:VariableStiffness
Concept,AIAAJournal,Vol.31,No.4,April1993,pp.751758.
3.Olmedo,R.,andGrdal,Z.,BucklingResponseofLaminateswithSpatiallyVaryingFiberOrientations,Proceedingsof34th
AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConference,April1921,1993,LaJolla,CA,pp.
22612269.AvailableasAIAA931567.
4.Waldhart,C.,Grdal,Z.,andRibbens,C.,AnalysisofTowPlaced,ParallelFiber,VariableStiffnessLaminates,Proceedingsof
37thAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC
Structures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConference,April1517,1996,SaltLake
City,UT.AvailableasAIAA961569.
5.Langley,P.T.,FiniteElementModelingofTowPlacedVariableStiffnessCompositeLaminates,M.S.Thesis,Virginia
PolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,1999.
6.TattingB.F.,andGrdal,Z.,DesignandManufactureofTowPlacedVariableStiffnessCompositeLaminateswith
ManufacturingConsiderations,Proceedingsof13thU.S.NationalCongressofAppliedMechanics,June2126,1998,Gainesville,
FL.
7.Wu,K.C.andGrdal,Z.,ThermalTestingofTowPlaced,VariableStiffnessPanels,Proceedingsofthe42nd
AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,Seattle,Washington,April1619,2001.
AvailableasAIAA20011190.
8.Moore,T.C.,Sr.,RecommendedStrainGageApplicationProceduresforVariousLangleyResearchCenterBalancesandTest
Articles,NASATM110327,March1997.
9.Rankin,C.C.,etal.,STAGSUserManual,version4.0,LockheedMartinMissiles&SpaceCo.,Inc.,PaloAlto,CA.June2000.
10.Foldager,J.P.,Hansen,J.S.,andOlhoff,N.,OptimizationoftheBucklingLoadforCompositeStructuresTakingThermal
EffectsintoAccount,StructuralandMultidisciplinaryOptimization,Vol.21,SpringerVerlag,2001,pp.1431.

AhmadAlhajahmad,MostafaM.AbdallaandZaferGrdal(DelftUniversityofTechnology,2629HSDelft,
TheNetherlands),OptimalDesignofTowPlacedFuselagePanelsforMaximumStrengthwithBuckling
Considerations,AIAAJournalofAircraft,Vol.47,No.,3,MayJune2010,doi:10.2514/1.40357
ABSTRACT:Theintroductionofadvancedtowplacementmachineshasmadeitpossibletofabricatenovel
variablestiffnesscompositestructureswherethefiberorientationanglevariescontinuouslywithineachplyand
throughoutthestructure.Thismanufacturingcapabilityallowsdesignersofcompositestousethefiber
orientationangleasdesignvariableintheiranalysis,notonlyforeachplyaswithconventionalcomposites,but
ateachpointwithinaply.Consequently,beyondtheimprovementsthatcanbeaccomplishedwithtraditional

compositeswithstraightfibers,thedirectionalmaterialpropertiesofcompositescanbefullyexploitedto
improvethelaminateperformance.Inthispaper,designtailoringforthepressurepillowingproblemofa
fuselagepanelboundedbytwoframesandtwostringersisaddressedusingtowplacedsteeredfibers.Thepanel
ismodeledasatwodimensionalplateloadedbyoutofplanepressureandinplaneloads.APythonABAQUS
scriptisdevelopedtoperformthelinearandgeometricallynonlinearfiniteelementanalysesofvariable
stiffnesspanels.Thedesignobjectiveistodeterminetheoptimalfiberpathswithineachplyofthelaminatefor
maximumloadcarryingcapacityandformaximumbucklingcapacity.Simulatedannealingalgorithmisusedto
solvetheoptimizationproblems.Optimaldesignsareobtainedfordifferentloadingcasesandboundary
conditions.Asabasisofcomparison,apracticalconstantstiffnessquasiisotropicdesignisused.Numerical
resultsindicatethatbyplacingthefibersintheiroptimalspatialorientationswithineachply,theloadcarrying
capacityandthebucklingloadofthestructurecanbesubstantiallyimprovedcomparedwithtraditionalstraight
fiberdesigns.Itisshownthatlaminatesoptimizedformaximumfailureloadhavebucklingloadsthatarehigher
thanthoseforquasiisotropiclaminates.Ontheotherhand,laminatesoptimizedformaximumbucklingload
failatloadlevelslowerthanlaminatesoptimizedformaximumfailureload.However,thefailureloadsofthose
laminatesmaystillbehigherthanthosefortheirquasiisotropiccounterparts.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
[1]Biggers,S.B.,andSrinivasan,S.,CompressionBucklingResponseofTailoredRectangularCompositePlates,AIAAJournal,
Vol.31,No.3,1993,pp.590596.doi:10.2514/3.61543
[2]Biggers,S.B.,andPageau,S.S.,ShearBucklingResponseofTailoredRectangularCompositePlates,AIAAJournal,Vol.32,
No.5,1994,pp.11001103.doi:10.2514/3.12107
[3]Hyer,M.W.,andCharette,R.F.,TheUseofCurvilinearFiberFormatinCompositeStructureDesign,Proceedingsofthe
AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC30thStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,AIAA,NewYork,1989.
[4]Nagendra,S.,Kodiyalam,S.,Davis,J.E.,andParthasarathy,V.N.,OptimizationofTowFiberPathsforCompositeDesign,
ProceedingsoftheAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC36thStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,AIAA,New
York,April1995,pp.10311041;alsoAIAAPaper951275.
[5]Grdal,Z.,andOlmedo,R.A.,InPlaneResponseofLaminateswithSpatiallyVaryingFiberOrientations:VariableStiffness
Concept,AIAAJournal,Vol.31,No.4,1993,pp.751758.doi:10.2514/3.11613
[6]Olmedo,R.A.,andGrdal,Z.,BucklingResponseofLaminateswithSpatiallyVaryingFiberOrientations,Proceedingsofthe
AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC34thStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,AIAA,NewYork,April1993,pp.
22612269;alsoAIAAPaper931567.
[7]Waldhart,C.,Grdal,Z.,andRibbens,C.,AnalysisofTowPlaced,ParallelFiber,VariableStiffnessLaminates,Proceedingsof
theAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC37thStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,AIAA,NewYork,April1996,
pp.22102220;alsoAIAAPaper961569.
[8]Parnas,L.,Oral,S.,andCeyhan,U.,OptimumDesignofCompositeStructureswithCurvedFibers,CompositesScienceand
Technology,Vol.63,2003,pp.10711082.doi:10.1016/S02663538(02)003123
[9]Boitnott,R.L.,Starnes,J.H.,Jr.,andJohnson,E.R.,NonlinearResponseandFailureofPressurizedCompositeCurvedPanels,
JournalofAerospaceEngineering,Vol.8,No.3,July1995,pp.129138.
doi:10.1061/(ASCE)08931321(1995)8:3(129)
[10]Alhajahmad,A.,Abdalla,M.M.,andGrdal,Z.,DesignTailoringforPressurePillowingUsingTowPlacedSteeredFibers,
38thInternationalSAMPETechnicalConference,SocietyfortheAdvancementofMaterialandProcessingEngineering,Covina,CA,
Nov.2006.
[11]Alhajahmad,A.,Abdalla,M.M.,andGrdal,Z.,DesignTailoringforPressurePillowingUsingTowPlacedSteeredFibers,
JournalofAircraft,Vol.45,No.2,2008,pp.630640.doi:10.2514/1.32676
[12]ABAQUSVersion6.7Documentation.ABAQUS,Inc.,2007.
[13]Goffe,W.L.,Ferrier,G.D.,andRogers,J.,GlobalOptimizationofStatisticalFunctionswithSimulatedAnnealing,Journalof
Econometrics,Vol.60,Nos.12,Jan.Feb.1994,pp.6599.
doi:10.1016/03044076(94)900388

[14]Jones,R.M.,MechanicsofCompositeMaterials,2nded.,TaylorandFrancis,Philadelphia,1998,Chap.2.
[15]Hyer,M.W.,andLee,H.H.,TheUseofCurvilinearFiberFormattoImproveBucklingResistanceofCompositePlateswith
CentralCircularHoles,CompositeStructures,Vol.18,No.3,1991,pp.239261.doi:10.1016/02638223(91)90035W
[16]Grdal,Z.,Haftka,R.T.,andHajela,P.,DesignandOptimizationofLaminatedCompositeMaterials,Wiley,NewYork,1998.

DanWANGandMostafaABDALLA(DelftUniversityofTechnology,2629HSDelft,TheNetherlandse
mail:d.wang@tudelft.nl,m.m.abdalla@tudelft.nl),Bucklinganalysisofgridstiffenedcompositeshells,11th
WorldCongressonComputationalMechanics(WCCMXI)5thEuropeanConferenceonComputational
Mechanics(ECCMV)6thEuropeanConferenceonComputationalFluidDynamics(ECFDVI)E.Oate,J.
OliverandA.Huerta(Eds)
ABSTRACT:Thereisarenewedinterestingridstiffenedcompositestructures;theyarenotonlycompetitive
withconventionalstiffenedconstructionsandsandwichshellsintermsofweightbutalsoenjoysuperior
damagetoleranceproperties.Inthispaper,bothglobalandlocalstructuralinstabilitiesareinvestigatedfor
gridstiffenedcompositepanelsusinghomogenizationtheory.Characteristiccellconfigurationswithperiodic
boundaryconstraintsareemployedfororthogridandisogridstiffenedshellsinordertosmearthestiffened
panelintoanequivalentunstiffenedshell.Homogenizedpropertiescorrespondingtoclassicallamination
theoryareobtainedbymatchingthestrainenergyofthestiffenedandequivalentcells.Globalbucklinganalysis
iscarriedoutbasedonthehomogenizedshellproperties.Blochwavetheoryisadoptedtocalculatethelocal
bucklingloadofgridstiffenedshells,wheretheinteractionofadjacentcellsisfullytakenintoaccount.
Moreover,insteadofconsideringskinbucklingandstiffenercripplingseparately,asiscommonlydone,theskin
andstiffenersareassembledtogetheratthelevelofthecharacteristiccell.Thecriticalinstabilitiescanbe
capturedwhethertheyarerelatedtotheskinorstiffenerortheirinteraction.Theproposedcombinationof
global/localmodelscanalsobeusedtopredictthematerialfailureofastructure.Numericalexamplesof
orthogridandisogridstiffenedisotropicpanelsshowthatthelocalbucklingloadspredictedbytheproposed
methodmatchfiniteelementcalculationsbetterthansemianalyticalmethodsbasedonassumptionsand
idealisations.Theproposedmethodisfurthervalidatedusingtypicalconfigurationsofflatcompositepanelsand
circularcompositecylinders.
Referencescitedattheendofthepaper:
[1]Higgins,P.E.J.,Wegner,P.,Viisoreanu,A.andSanford,G.E.Designandtestingoftheminotauradvancedgridstiffenedfairing.
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J.P.Foldager,J.S.HansenandN.Olhoff,Optimizationofthebucklingloadforcompositestructurestaking
thermaleffectsintoaccount,StructuralandMultidisciplinaryOptimization,Vol.21,No.1,2001,pp.1431,
doi:10.1007/s001580050164

ABSTRACT:Thispaperdealswithoptimizationofthebucklingloadforlaminatedcompositestructures.A
newmethodologyhasbeendevelopedwherethermalresidualstressesintroducedinthemanufacturingprocess
areincludedinthebucklinganalysis.Thethermaleffectsarealsoincludedinthecalculationofthebuckling
loadsensitivities,anditisthereforepossibletotailorthethermalresidualstressesinordertoincreasethe
bucklingload.Rectangularplatesandcircularcylindricalshellssubjectedtoaxialcompressionareconsidered.
Thestructuresareoptimizedtwice;thefirsttimethethermalresidualstressesareignoredintheoptimization,
andthesecondtimethethermalresidualstressesareincludedintheoptimization.Thesetwosetsof
optimizationsgivetwoimportantresults.Firstly,itispossibletoincreasethebucklingloadforthestructures
significantlywhenthethermalresidualstressesaretakenintoaccount.Secondly,structureswhichhavebeen
optimizedignoringtheeffectsofthermalresidualstresses,mayhaveabucklingloadwhichismuchlessthan
expectedwhentheeffectsofthethermalresidualstressesareincluded.
JornS.Hansen(UniversityofToronto,Downsview,Ontario,Canada),Bucklingofcompositestructures,
Chapter6inComputeraideddesignofpolymermatrixcompositestructures,editedbySuongVanHoa,Marcel
Dekker,1995,ISBN082479558X
PARTIALINTRODUCTION:Whenconsideringastructuralsystem,perhapsoneofthecrucialproblems
facingthedesigneristheidentificationofthosephenomenathatareimportant.Forexample,therearequite
differentconcernsifthepredominantloadsarecompressiveratherthantensile;compressiveloadsmayleadto
crushing,whereastensileloadmayleadtoneckingphenomena.Ifmaterialsareductileorbrittlethereare
differentconcerns;questionsofyieldingandflowmaydominateforductilematerials,whereasflawsensitivity
maydominateforbrittlematerials.Thisisthecontextwithinwhichbucklingorstabilityconsiderationsshould
betaken.Theconditionsthatalwaysgivethewarningwhenastabilityanalysismaybenecessarycanbe
summarizedquiteeasily:thestructuremustbesubjectedtocompressiveloads,andthestructruremustbethin.
Ascontradictoryasitmayseem,thesecriteriaareverypreciseandyetoftenambiguous.Althoughthinnessis
absolutelyessentialforbuckling,howthinisthinmaybedebatable.Inasimilarmanner,identifying
compressiveloadingsituationsmayseemstraightforward.Howerver,somecaremustbeexercisedbecausea
varietyofloadingsituationsmayleadtocompression.Forexample,shearbucklingisquitecommon;interms
ofprincipalstressesapureshearresultsinabiaxialstressstatewithtensileandcompressiveprincipalnormal
stresses.Itisthecompressivecomponentthatcausesbuckling.
M.KataokaFilho(1)andJ.S.Hansen(2)
(1)NationalInstituteforSpaceResearch,Brazil)
(2)InstituteforAerospaceStudies,UniversityofToronto,Ontario,Canada
Optimizationofnonhomogeneousfacesheetsincompositesandwichplates,StructuralandMultidisciplinary
Optimization,Vol.17,Nos.23,1999,pp.199207,doi:10.1007/BF01195944
ABSTRACT:Theoptimaldesignofcompositesandwichplatesinwhichthefacesheetsarecomposedofa
carbonfiber/epoxynetisconsidered.Theobjectiveoftheworkistoobtainminimummassdesignswhile
maintainingconstraintsonthefirstnaturalfrequencyandselectedfacesheetstresscomponents.Thefacesheets
areassumedtobecomposedofanorthotropicnetofunidirectionalcompositefiberstripsandtheoptimal
design(theleastmassdesign)isachievedbychangingthestripwidthsandthespacingsbetweenthem.Itis
demonstratedthatvaryingthespatialfiberstripdistributioncanleadtosignificantstructuraladvantages;inthe
examplepresented,a32%facesheetmassreductionisachieved.

RobertoVitali(1),OungPark(1),RaphaelT.Haftka(1),BhavaniV.Sankar(1)andCherylA.Rose(2)
(1)UniversityofFloridaDepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,MechanicsandEngineeringScience231
AerospaceBuilding,P.O.Box116250Gainesville,FL326116250
(2)NASALangleyResearchCenterHampton,VA236810001
StructuralOptimizationofaHatStiffenedPanelByResponseSurfaceTechniques,38thAIAAStructures,
StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,1997
ABSRACT:Thepaperdescribesadesignstudyforthestructuraloptimizationofatypicalbayofablended
wingbodytransport.Ahatstiffenedlaminatedcompositeshellconceptisusedinthedesign.Thegeometryof
thedesignisdeterminedwiththePANDA2program,butduetothepresenceofvaryingaxialloads,more
accurateanalysisprocedureisneeded.ThisisobtainedbycombiningtheSTAGSfiniteelementanalysis
programwithresponsesurfaceapproximationsforthestressesandthebucklingloads.Thedesignprocedure
resultsinweightsavingsofmorethan30percent,albeitattheexpenseofamorecomplexdesign.Theresponse
surfaceapproximationsalloweasycouplingofthestructuralanalysisprogramtotheoptimizationprogramin
thewidelyavailableMicrosoftEXCELspreadsheetprogram.Theresponsesurfaceprocedurealsoallowsthe
optimizationtobecarriedoutwithareasonablenumberofanalyses.Inparticular,itallowscombiningalarge
numberofinexpensivebeamanalysisstresscalculationswithasmallnumberofthemoreaccurateSTAGS
analyses.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1.Mason,R.T.HaftkaandE.R.JohnsonAnalysisandDesignofCompositeChannelsFramesAIAAPaper944364CP,
Proceedings,AIAA/NASA/USAF/ISSMO5thSymposiumonMultidisciplinaryAnalysisandOptimization,PanamaCity,Florida,
September79,1994Vol.2pp.10231040
2.NASAACTpreforms
3.BushnellD.PANDAInteractiveprogramforminimumweightdesignofstiffenedcylindricalpanelsandshellsComputersand
Structures,16,1983,pp.167185.
4.F.A.Brogan,C.C.RankinandH.D.CabinessStructuralAnalysisofGeneralShellversion2.0,LockheedResearchLaboratory,
PaloAltoCa.June1994.
5.MicrosoftCorporation,EXCEL5.0
6.MyersR.H.,andD.C.Montgomery,ResponseSurfaceMethodology,Wiley,NewYork1995.
7.SASInstitute,JMPversion3.1,CaryNC,February1995.

R.T.Haftka,R.Vitali,andB.V.Sankar(AerospaceEngineering,UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,Florida),
Optimizationofcompositestructuresusingresponsesurfaceapproximations,inMechanicsofcomposite
materialsandstructures,editedbyCarlosA.MotaSoares,CristovaoM.MotaSoaresandManuelJ.M.Freitas,
pp.409430,1999(publishedbyKluwerAcademicPublishers,TheNetherlands).
(cannotcutandpasteabstract)
OungPark(1),RaphaelT.Haftka(1),BhavaniV.Sankar(1),JamesH.Starnes,Jr.(2),andSomanath
Nagendra(3)
(1)UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,Florida326116250
(2)NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia23681
(3)GeneralElectricCorporateResearch&DevelopmentCenter,Schenectady,NewYork12309

AnalyticalExperimentalCorrelationforaStiffenedCompositePanelLoadedinAxialCompression,39th
AIAAStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,AIAA981993,April1998
ABSTRACT:Acombinedanalyticalandexperimentalstudyofabladestiffenedcompositepanelsubjectedto
axialcompressionwasconducted.Thestudyfirstexaminedtheeffectsofthedifferencesbetweenasimple
modelusedtodesignthepanelandtheactualexperimentalconditions.Itwasfoundthatthelargeimperfection
usedinthedesignprocesscompensatedforthesimplifyingassumptionsofthedesignmodel,andthe
experimentalfailureloadwasonly10%higherthanthedesignload.Next,finiteelementanalyseswere
performedinordertocorrelateanalyticalandexperimentalresults.Thebucklingloadsfromfiniteelement
analysesagreedwellwiththeexperimentalfailureloads.However,substantialdifferenceswerefoundinthe
outofplanedisplacementsofthepanel.Finiteelementsimulationsofnonuniformloadintroductionwith
generalcontactdefinitionsimprovedcorrelationbetweenthemeasuredandpredictedoutofplane
deformations.
Referencelistedattheendofthepaper
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NASATM80181,1981.
2Bushnell,D.,PANDA2ProgramforMinimumWeightDesignofStiffened,Composite,LocallyBuckledPanels,Computersand
Structures,Vol.25,No.4,1987,pp.469605.
3Nagendra,S.,Haftka,R.T.,Gurdal,Z.,andStarnes,J.H.,Jr.,DesignofStiffenedCompositePanelswithaHole,Composite
Structures,Vol.18,1991,pp.195219.
4Whetstone,J.D.,EISIEALEngineeringLanguageReferenceManual,EISIEALSystemLevel2091,EngineeringInformation
SystemsInc.,Saratoga,CA,July1983.
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StiffenedCompositePanelswithahole,CompositeStructures,Vol.28,1994,pp.117.
6Nagendra,S.,Jestin,D.,Gu rdal,Z.,Haftka,R.T.,andWatson,L.T.,ImprovedGeneticAlgorithmfortheDesignofStiffened
CompositePanels,ComputersandStructures,Vol.58,No.3,1996,pp.543555.
7Brogan,F.A.,Rankin,C.C.,andCabiness,H.D.,STAGSUsersManual,LMSCP032594,Version2.0,LockheedPaloAlto
ResearchLab.,PaloAlto,CA,June1995.
8Bushnell,D.,OptimizationofComposite,Stiffened,ImperfectPanelsUnderCombinedLoadsforServiceinthePostbuckling
Regime,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.103,1993,pp.43114.
9Bushnell,D.,andBushnell,W.D.,MinimumWeightDesignofaStiffenedPanelviaPANDA2andEvaluationoftheOptimized
PanelviaSTAGS,ComputersandStructures,Vol.50,No.4,1994,pp.569602.
10Anon.,P3/PATRANUserManual,TheMacNealSchwendlerCo.,LosAngeles,CA,May1995.
11ABAQUS/StandardUsersManual,Hibbit,Karlsson&Sorensen,Inc.1996.
12Park,O.,Haftka,R.T.,Sankar,B.V.,andNagendra,S.,AnalyticalandExperimentalStudyofaBladeStiffenedPanelinAxial
Compression,AIAAPaper981993,April1998.
13Hilburger,M.W.,NumericalandExperimentalStudyoftheCompressionResponseofCompositeCylindricalShellswith
Cutouts,Ph.D.Dissertation,AerospaceEngineeringDept.,Univ.ofMichigan,1998.

XueyongQuandRaphaelT.Haftka,(UniversityofFlorida),ReliabilityBasedDesignOptimizationof
StiffenedPanels,4thInternationalSymposiumonUncertaintyModellingandAnalysis,CollegePark,
Maryland,September2003,ISBN:0769519970,
http://doi.ieeecomputersociety.org/10.1109/ISUMA.2003.1236176
ABSTRACT:Thispaperexploresreliabilitybaseddesignsofisogridstiffenedpanels.Uncertaintiesinmaterial
propertiesandgeometricmanufacturinguncertaintiesarerepresentedbyrandomvariables.Duetothemultiple
failuremodesinthestiffenedpanels,polynomialresponsesurfaceapproximationarefittothemostcritical
safetymarginsinthepanel.ProbabilityoffailureiscalculatedbyMonteCarlosimulationusingthepolynomial

responsesurfaces.Aprobabilisticsufficiencyfactorapproachisemployedtofacilitatethedesignoptimization.
SatchithanandamVenkataraman,Modeling,analysisandoptimizationofcylindricalstiffenedpanelsfor
reusablelaunchvehiclestructures,PhDDissertation,UniversityofFlorida,December,1999
ABSTRACT:Thedesignofreusablelaunchvehiclesisdrivenbytheneedforminimumweightstructures.
Preliminarydesignofreusablelaunchvehiclesrequiresmanyoptimizationstoselectamongcompeting
structuralconcepts.Accuratemodelsandanalysismethodsarerequiredforsuchstructuraloptimizations.
Model,analysis,andoptimizationcomplexitieshavetobecompromisedtomeetconstraintsondesigncycle
timeandcomputationalresources.Stiffenedpanelsusedinreusablelaunchvehicletanksexhibitcomplex
bucklingfailuremodes.Usingdetailedfiniteelementmodelsforbucklinganalysisistooexpensivefor
optimization.Manyapproximatemodelsandanalysismethodshavebeendevelopedfordesignofstiffened
panels.Thisdissertationinvestigatestheuseofapproximatemodelsandanalysismethodsimplementedin
PANDA2softwareforpreliminarydesignofstiffenedpanels.PANDA2isalsousedforatradestudyto
compareweightefficienciesofstiffenedpanelconceptsforaliquidhydrogentankofareusablelaunchvehicle.
Optimumweightsofstiffenedpanelsareobtainedfordifferentmaterials,constructionsandstiffenergeometry.
ThestudyinvestigatestheinfluenceofmodelingandanalysischoicesinPANDA2onoptimumdesigns.
Complexstructuresusuallyrequirefiniteelementanalysismodelstocapturethedetailsoftheirresponse.
Designofcomplexstructuresmustaccountforfailuremodesthatarebothglobalandlocalinnature.Often,
differentanalysismodelsorcomputerprogramsareemployedtocalculateglobalandlocalstructuralresponse.
Integrationofdifferentanalysisprogramsiscumbersomeandcomputationallyexpensive.Responsesurface
approximationprovidesaglobalpolynomialapproximationthatfiltersnumericalnoisepresentindiscretized
analysismodels.Thecomputationalcostsaretransferredfromoptimizationtodevelopmentofapproximate
models.Usingthisprocess,theanalystcancreatestructuralresponsemodelsthatcanbeusedbydesignersin
optimization.Itallowseasyintegrationofanalysismodelsinoptimization.Thedissertationinvestigatesuseof
responsesurfaceapproximationsforintegratingstructuralresponseobtainedfromaglobalanalysisinthelocal
optimizationofstiffenedpanels.Inaddition,responsesurfacesareusedforcorrectingstructuralresponse
predictionsfromalowfidelitymodelwithafewexpensivedetailedfiniteelementanalyses.
Referenceslistedattheendofthedissertation:

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ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,HiltonHead,SouthCarolina,April1994,pp.
14061412.
134.Zabinsky,Z.B.,Graesser,D.L.,Tuttle,M.E.,andKim,G.I.,GlobalOptimizationofCompositeLaminatesUsingImproving
HitandRun,RecentAdvancesinGlobalOptimization(editorsFloudas,C.,andPardalos,P.),PrincetonUniversityPress,Princeton,
1992,pp.343368.

Lamberti,L.(1),Venkataraman,S.(2),Haftka,R.T.(3)andJohnson,T.F.(4)
(1)DipartimentodiProgettiazoneeIngegneriaMeccanicaeGestionale,PolitecnicodiBari,Bari70126,Italy
(2)DepartmentofAerospaceEngineeringandEngineeringMechanics,SanDiegoStateUniversity,SanDiego,
CA921821308,U.S.A.
(3)DepartmentofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineering,UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,FL326116250,
U.S.A.
(4)MechanicsandDurabilityBranch,NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA23681,U.S.A.
Preliminarydesignoptimizationofstiffenedpanelsusingapproximateanalysismodels.InternationalJournal
forNumericalMethodsinEngineering,57:13511380.2003,doi:10.1002/nme.781
ABSTRACT:Preliminarysizingofstructuralcomponentsintheconceptualdesignphaseofnewaerospace
vehiclesrequiresalargenumberofstructuraloptimizations.Useofdetailedfiniteelementmodelsforglobal
optimizationofstiffenedshellstructuresisnotaffordable.Designershavetocompromisebetweenthe
complexityinthestructuralanalysismodel(e.g.smallmodelsorlinearanalysis)andthatoftheoptimization
method(localversusglobaloptimization).Whendesigningnewconceptswheregoodinitialdesignsarenot
available,globaldesignoptimizationneedstobeperformed,andthisisnotcurrentlypossiblewithcomplex

models.Inthispaper,wediscusstheuseofsimpleanalysismethodsforperformingglobaloptimizationof
stiffenedshellstructures.Wedemonstratetheefficiencyofusingapproximateanalysismodelsbyusing
PANDA2forapracticaldesigntradestudy.Oftenapproximatemodelsarebasedonassumptionsthatarenot
satisfiedthroughoutthedesignspace.Hence,suchmodelsrequireconstraintsthatwillkeepthedesignsin
regionswheretheanalysisassumptionsarevalid.Weillustratewithexamplessituationswheresuchdesign
constraintsresultinsuboptimaldesigns.Weconcludethatperformingglobaloptimizationusingapproximate
methodscanpermitagreaterexplorationofthedesignspacethantheuseoflocaloptimizationwithcomplex
models.
S.VenkataramanandR.T.Haftka,Structuraloptimizationcomplexity:whathasMooreslawdoneforus?,
StructuralandMultidisciplinaryOptimization,Vol.28,No.6,2004,pp.375387,
doi:10.1007/s001580040415y
ABSTRACT:Rapidincreasesincomputerprocessingpower,memoryandstoragespacehavenoteliminated
computationalcostandtimeconstraintsontheuseofstructuraloptimizationfordesign.Thisisduetothe
constantincreaseintherequiredfidelity(andhencecomplexity)ofanalysismodels.Anecdotalevidenceseems
toindicatethatanalysismodelsofacceptableaccuracyhaverequiredatleastsixtoeighthoursofcomputertime
(anovernightrun)throughoutthelastthirtyyears.Thisposesaseverechallengeforglobaloptimizationor
reliabilitybaseddesign.Inthispaper,wereviewhowincreasesincomputerpowerwereutilizedinstructural
optimization.Weresolveproblemcomplexityintocomponentsrelatingtocomplexityofanalysismodel,
analysisprocedureandoptimizationmethodology.Weexplorethestructuraloptimizationproblemsthatwecan
solveatpresentandconcludethatwecansolveproblemswiththehighestpossiblecomplexityinonlytwoof
thethreecomponentsofmodel,analysisprocedureoroptimization.Weuseexamplesofoptimumdesignof
compositestructurestoguidethediscussionduetoourfamiliaritywithsuchproblems.However,theseare
supplementedwithotherstructuraloptimizationexamplestoillustratetheuniversalityofthemessage.
PalaniappanRamu(1),SamyMissoum(2)andRaphaelT.Haftka(1)
(1)UniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,USA
(2)EcoleSuprieuredIngnieursLonarddeVinci,ParisLaDfense,France
AConvexHullApproachfortheReliabilityBasedDesignOptimizationofTransientDynamicProblems,
AIAA20044618,10thAIAA/ISSMOMultidisciplinaryAnalysisandOptimizationConferenced,30August1
September2004,Albany,NewYork
ABSTRACT:Nonlinearproblemssuchastransientdynamicproblemsexhibitstructuralresponsesthatcanbe
discontinuousduetonumerousbifurcations.Thishindersgradientbasedorresponsesurfacebased
optimization.Thispaperproposesanovelapproachtosplitthedesignspaceintoregionswheretheresponseis
continuous.Thismakestraditionaloptimizationviable.Aconvexhullapproachisadoptedtoisolatethepoints
correspondingtounwantedbifurcationsinthedesignspace.Theproposedapproachisappliedtoatube
impactingarigidwallrepresentingatransientdynamicproblem.Sincenonlinearbehaviorishighlysensitiveto
smallvariationsindesign,reliabilitybaseddesignoptimizationisperformed.Theproposedmethodprovides
thedesigneranoptimaldesignwithaprescribeddynamicbehavior.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
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MathematicalSoftware22(4),469483.
Braibant,V.,M.Bulik,M.Liefvendahl,S.Molinier,R.Stocki,andC.Wauquiez(2002,2527November).Stochasticsimulationof

highlynonlineardynamicsystemsusingtheMXploreextensionoftheRADIOSSsoftware.InProceedingsoftheWorkshopon
OptimalDesign,LaboratoireDeMcaniqueDesSolides,EcolePolytechnique91128Palaiseau.
Butler,A.N.(2001).Optimalandorthogonallatinhypercubedesignsforcomputerexperiments.Biometrika88(3),847857.
Crisfield,M.A.(1994).Nonlinearfiniteelementanalysisofsolidsandstructures.Volume1.JohnWileyandSons.
Gu,L.(2001,912September).Acomparisonofpolynomialbasedregressionmodelsinvehiclesafetyanalysis.InASMEDesign
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Kharmanda,G.,A.Mohamed,andM.Lemaire(2002).Efficientreliabilitybaseddesignoptimizationusingahybridspacewith
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Koch,P.N.andL.Gu(2001,1819June).AddressinguncertaintyusingtheIsightprobabilisticdesignenvironment.InFirstAnnual
ProbabilisticMethodsConference,NewportBeach,CA.
Kutaran,H.,A.Eskandarian,D.Marzougui,andN.E.Bedewi(2002).Crashworthinessdesignoptimizationusingsuccessiveresponse
surfaceapproximations.ComputationalMechanics29,409421.
Madsen,H.O.,S.Krenk,andN.C.Lind(1986).Methodsofstructuralsafety,PrenticeHall,EnglewoodCliffs,NJ.
Missoum,S.,S.Benchaabane,andB.Sudret(2004,1922April).Handlingbifurcationsintheoptimaldesignoftransientdynamic
problems.In45thAIAA/ASME/ASC/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamics&MaterialsConference,PalmSprings,CA.
Qu,X.andR.T.Haftka(2004).Reliabilitybaseddesignoptimizationusingprobabilisticsufficiencyfactor.Paperacceptedfor
publicationbyJournalofStructuralandMultidisciplinaryOptimization
Royset,J.O.,A.D.Kiureghian,andE.Polak(2003).Successiveapproximationsforthesolutionofoptimaldesignproblemswith
probabilisticobjectiveandconstraints.InDerKiureghian,MadanatandPestana(Eds.),ApplicationsofStatisticsandProbabilityin
CivilEngineering,pp.10491056,Millpress,Rotterdam,ISBN9059660048.
SobieszczanskiSobieski,J.,S.Kodiyalam,andR.J.Yang(2001).Optimizationofcarbodyunderconstraintsofnoise,vibration,and
harshness(NVH),andCrash.StructuralandMultidisciplinaryOptimization22(4),295306.
Sudret,B.andA.D.Kiureghian(2000).Stochasticfiniteelementmethodsandreliability.Astateoftheartreport.ReportNo.
UCB/SEMM2000/08.DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering.UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley.
Sues,R.H.,D.R.OakleyandG.S.Rhodes(1996).Portableparallelcomputingformultidisciplinarystochasticoptimizationof
aeropropulsioncomponents.FinalReport,NASAContractNAS327288
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JournalofMechanicalDesign125,210220.
Yang,R.J.,N.Wang,C.H.Tho,andJ.P.Bobineau(2001,912September).Metamodelingdevelopmentforvehiclefrontalimpact
simulation.InASMEDesignEngineeringTechnicalConferencesDesignAutomationConference(DAC),Pittsburgh,PA,ASME,
PaperNo.DETC2001/DAC21012.
Youn,B.D.,K.K.Choi,R.J.Yang,andL.Gu(2004).Reliabilitybaseddesignoptimizationforcrashworthinessofvehicleside
impact.StructuralandMultidisciplinaryOptimization26,272283.

SamyMissoum(1),PalaniappanRamu(2)andRaphaelT.Haftka(2)
(1)AerospaceandMechanicalEngineeringDepartment,TheUniversityofArizona,Tucson,AZ85741,USA
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineering,TheUniversityofFlorida,Gainesville,FL32661,
USA
Aconvexhullapproachforthereliabilitybaseddesignoptimizationofnonlineartransientdynamicproblems,
ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.196,Nos.2930,May2007,pp.28952906,
doi:10.1016/j.cma.2006.12.008
ABSTRACT:Nonlineartransientdynamicproblemsexhibitstructuralresponsesthatmightbediscontinuous
duetonumerouscriticalpoints.Thediscontinuousbehaviorhindersclassicalgradientbasedorresponse
surfacebasedoptimization.However,thesediscontinuitieshelptoclassifythesystemsresponsesandidentify
regionsofthedesignspacecorrespondingtodistinctdynamicbehaviors.Inthispaper,dataminingtechniques
areemployedtogrouptheresponsesintoclusters.Theregionsofthedesignspacecorrespondingtotheclusters
ofunwantedbehaviorsaredelimitedwithconvexhulls.Thisallowsanexplicitdefinitionoftheboundariesof

thefailureregionintermsofthedesignvariables.Inaddition,theidentificationofresponseclusters,within
whichtheresponsesmightbeconsideredcontinuous,enablestheuseoftraditionalresponsesurface
approximationforoptimization.Theproposedapproachisappliedtothereliabilitybaseddesignofatube
impactingarigidwall,whichisoptimizedforaprescribeddynamicbehavior.
ChristianGogu,BenjaminP.Smarslok,RaphaelT.HaftkaandBhavaniV.Sankar(DepartmentofMechanical
andAerospaceEngineering,UniversityofFlorida,POBox116250,Gainesville,FL326116250,USA),
Worstcaseeffectsonthermalbucklingofspatialvariabilityinmaterialproperties,(publisheranddatenot
given;however,thecoverpagecontainedthestring:SENDPAPERTO:asc2007...Doesthatmeanthe
paperwastobepresentedatameetingoftheAmericanSocietyofCompositesin2007?)
ABSTRACT:Spatialvariabilityinmaterialpropertiesandinthecoefficientofthermalexpansion(CTE)in
particularcanhavedetrimentaleffectsonthermallyinducedbucklingbyloweringthebucklingload.Worst
caseeffectsofthisvariabilitywerestudiedbyantioptimizationonaplatesubjectedtothermalloadingforupto
20%variationinCTEaroundafixedmean.Finiteelementanalyseswereusedtoconstructaresponsesurface
approximationofthebucklingeigenvaluesasfunctionofthespatialvariationsoftheCTE.Optimizingthe
spatialvariationsforlowestbucklingeigenvalueledtoworstcaseCTEdistributionswithrespecttothethermal
bucklingstudied.ItwasfoundthatforthesameCTEmeanthesedistributionscouldleadtoupto10%lower
eigenvalues.SuchantioptimaldistributionstendtoleadtohigherthanaverageCTEalongthecenterlineofthe
plate,whichincreasestheprebucklingstressesinthoseareawhichfromthebucklingpointofviewarethe
mostsensitivetohighstresses.Forcomposites,CTEvariationswerealsoassumedtobecausedbyvariationsin
fibervolumefraction,whichwouldalsoaffectmoduliandPoissonratio.Theworstdistributionoffibervolume
fractionledtoareductionineigenvaluesofonlyabout4.3%,meaningthatfibervolumefractioninducedCTE
variationshavemuchmildereffectsonthermalbucklingthanindependentCTEvariations,duetotheeffectsof
individualmaterialpropertiesvariationspartiallycancellingeachotherout.
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[57]LeRiche,R.andHaftka,R.T.(1992).Optimizationoflaminatestackingsequenceforbucklingload
maximizationbygeneticalgorithm.AIAAPaper922314CP,Proceedingsof33rdAIAAStructures,Structural
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andMaterialsConference,Part5,pp.25522563.
[59]Librescu,L.andChang,M.Y.(1993).Effectsofgeometricimperfectionsonvibrationofcompressed
sheardeformablelaminatedcompositecurvedpanels.ActaMechanica,96,203224.
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[61]Librescu,L.andStein,M.(1991).Ageometricallynonlineartheoryoftransverselyisotropiclaminated
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ABSTRACT:Ahigherorder,geometricallynonlineartheoryoftransverselyisotropicsymmetricallylaminated
compositeplatesisformulatedandtheirpostbucklingbehaviorisanalysed.Thenumericalillustrations
emphasizetheroleplayedbytransversesheardeformation,transversenormalstress,higherordereffectsand
thecharacterofinplaneboundaryconditions.Theresultsobtainedwithinthepresenthigherordertheoryare
comparedwiththoseoffirstordertransversesheardeformationandclassical(Kirchhoff)theory,and
conclusionsontheirrangeofapplicabilityandtheinfluenceofvariousparametersareoutlined.
[62]GravesSmith,T.R.andSridharan,S.,Afinitestripmethodforthepostlocallybuckledanalysisofplate
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[63]Peng,MHandSridharan,S.,Optimizeddesignofstiffenedpanelssubjecttointeractivebuckling,AIAA
Paper901067CP,Proceedings31stAIAA/ASMEStructures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsMeeting,pp
12791288
[64]Meyers,C.A.andHyer,M.W.(1992).Thermallyinduced,geometricallynonlinearresponseof

symmetricallylaminatedcompositeplates,AIAAPaper922539CPProceedingsof33rdAIAAStructures,
StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConference,Part2,pp.10271037.Seealso,CompositesEngineering,Vol.
2,No.1,January1992,pp.320,doi:10.1016/09619526(92)90014W
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdiscussesthethermallyinducedgeometricallynonlinearresponseofsymmetrically
laminatedcompositeplates.Theplateresponseisduetoatemperatureincreasethatisuniformintheplaneof
theplatebuthasaslightgradientthroughthethickness.Thecaseofacompletelyuniformtemperatureincrease
butwithaninitialoutofplaneimperfectionintheplateisalsoconsidered.Becausetheyarecloselyallied
problems,thermalbucklingandpostbucklingarediscussed.Usingvariationalmethodsinconjunctionwitha
RayleighRitzformulation,theseresponsesareinvestigatedfortwolaminates,a(45/0/90)sanda
[+45/45/02]sundertwodifferentsimplesupportconditions,fixedandsliding.Theeffectsoftheprincipal
materialaxesnotbeingalignedwiththeedgesoftheplate,referredtohereasmaterialaxisskewing,arealso
investigated.Thestudyconcludesthatwhiledifferencesbetweenbucklingtemperaturesforthetwosupport
conditionsaresmall,supportconditionscanhavealargeinfluenceonthethermallyinducednonlinearresponse.
Ingeneral,plateswithfixedsimplesupportsdeflectoutofplanemorethanplateswithslidingsimplesupports.
Inaddition,supportconditionscaninfluencemodalinteraction.Skewingofthematerialaxesdecreasesthe
bucklingtemperaturesofbothlaminatesand,likefixedsupportconditions,causesincreaseddeflections.
Skewingalsoinfluencesmodalinteraction.
[65]Majeed,M.A.andHyer,M.W.,Mechanicalbehaviorofinplaneloadedunsymmetricallylaminatedplates,
CollectedPapersinStructuralMechanicsHonoringDr.JamesH.Starnes,Jr.,NASA/TM2006214276,
compiledbyNormanF.Knight,Jr.,MichaelP.Nemeth,andJohnB.Malone,pp.289323,February2006
[66]Dano,ML.andHyer,M.,Snapthroughbehaviorofunsymmetriccompositelaminates,InternationalJ.of
Solids&Structures,Vol.39,No.1,pp.21012120(2002)
M.W.Hyer(VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniveristy,Blacksburg,Virginia,USA),LaminatedPlate
andShellTheory,Chapter1.17inComprehensiveCompositeMaterials,Vol.1,pp.479510,nodategiven,
doi:10.1016/B0080429939/000541
Hyer,M.W.,Calculationsoftheroomtemperatureshapesofunsymmetriclaminates.JournalofComposite
Materials,Vol.15,1981,pp.175194.
M.W.Hyer(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineeringUniversityofMarylandCollegePark,MD20742),
HydrostaticResponseofThickLaminatedCompositeCylinders,JournalofReinforcedPlasticsand
Composites,July1988,vol.7,no.4,pp.321340,doi:10.1177/073168448800700402
ABSTRACT:Thisstudydiscussestheresultsofalayerbylayeranalysisofathickwalledcrossplygraphite
epoxycylindersubjectedtoexternalhydrostaticpressure.Theanalysis,whichisvalidawayfromtheendsof
thecylinderandisbasedonageneralizedplanedeformationelasticitysolutionforeachlayer,considersinter
andintralaminarstresses.Cylinderswith102layersandradiustowallthicknessratiosof5and10arestudied.
Theinfluenceofcuringstressesareevaluated.Forpossibleapplicationtotesting,theresponseofathicklami
natedringiscomparedtotheresponseofacylinder.Theideaofsmearingthe102layersintoanequivalent
singlelayerisdiscussedandtheresultsofasmearedanalysisarecomparedwiththelayerbylayeranalysis.
Finally,theresponsesofglassepoxyandmetalliccylindersarecomparedwiththeresponseofthegraphite
epoxycylinder.Theprimaryfindingsofthestudyare:(1)theradialstraindistributionthroughthethicknessof

thegraphiteepoxycylinderchangesfromextensionattheinnerradiustocompressionattheouterradius.This
isdifferentthantheradialstraindistributionsthroughtheglassepoxyandmetalliccylinders.Theradialstrains
forthesecylindersareeverywhereextensional.(2)Themagnitudeofthecuringstressesaremuchsmallerthan
thestressesduetohydrostaticpressure.(3)Thesmearingtechniqueworksverywell,theresponsepredictedby
thesinglelayeranalysisbeingindistinguishablefromtheresponsepredictedbythelayerbylayeranalysis.(4)
Thehighleveloforthotropyofthegraphiteepoxycausesahigherfiberloadingthanoccursforglassepoxy.
Thiseffectcouldamplifyanyimperfections,e.g.,fiberwaviness,inthecompressivelyloadedfibersandcould
leadtoprematurefailure.
M.W.HyerandR.F.Charette,Useofcurvilinearfiberformatincompositestructuredesign,AIAAJournal,
Vol.29,No.6,pp.10111015,June1991.
M.W.HyerandH.H.Lee(DepartmentofEngineeringScienceandMechanics,VirginiaPolytechnicInstitute
andStateUniversity,Blacksburg,Virginia240610219,USA),Theuseofcurvilinearfiberformattoimprove
bucklingresistanceofcompositeplateswithcentralcircularholes,CompositeStructures,Vol.18,No.3,1991,
pp.239261,doi:10.1016/02638223(91)90035W
ABSTRACT:Thispaperexploresthegainsinbucklingperformancethatcanbeachievedbydeviatingfromthe
conventionalstraightlinefiberformatandconsideringthesituationwherebythefiberorientationinalayer,ora
groupoflayers,canvaryfrompointtopointintheplaneoftheplate.Theparticularsituationstudiedisa
simplysupportedsquareplatewithacentrallylocatedholeloadedincompression.Byusingbothasensitivity
analysisandagradientsearchtechnique,fiberorientationinanumberofregionsoftheplateareselectedsoas
toincreasethebucklingloadrelativetobaselinestraightlinedesigns.Thesensitivityanalysisisusedto
determinewhichregionsoftheplatehavethemostinfluenceonbucklingload,andthegradientsearchisused
tofindthedesignthatisbelievedtorepresenttheabsolutemaximumbucklingloadfortheconditions
prescribed.Convergencestudiesandsensitivityofthefinaldesignarediscussed.Byexaminingthestress
resultantcontours,itisshownhowthecurvilinearfibersmovetheloadawayfromtheunsupportedholeregion
oftheplatetothesupportededges,thusincreasingthebucklingcapacity.Thetensilecapacityoftheimproved
bucklingdesignisinvestigated,anditisshownthatbothtensilecapacityandbucklingcapacitycanbe
improvedwiththecurvilinearfiberconcept.
HannesP.FuchsandMichaelW.Hyer,Thenonlinearbendingresponseofthinwalledlaminatedcomposite
cylinders,AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,33rd,
Dallas,TX;UNITEDSTATES;1315Apr.1992.pp.7078.1992.(Seealso,CompositeStructures,Vol.22,
No.2,1992,pp.87107,doi:10.1016/02638223(92)90070S)
ABSTRACT:ThegeometricallynonlinearDonnellshelltheoryisappliedtotheproblemofstablebendingof
thinwalledcircularcylinders.Responsesarecomputedforcylinderswitharadiustothicknessratioof50and
lengthtoradiusratiosof1and5.Fourlaminatedcompositecylindersandanaluminumcylinderare
considered.Criticalmomentestimatesarepresentedforshortcylindersforwhichcompressiontypebuckling
behaviorisimportant,andforverylongcylindersforwhichthecrosssectionflattening,i.e.,Braziereffect,is
important.Afiniteelementanalysisisusedtoestimatethecriticalendrotationinadditiontoestablishingthe
rangeofvalidityoftheprebucklinganalysis.Theradialdisplacementresponseshowsthatthecharacterofthe
boundarylayerissignificantlyinfluencedbythegeometricnonlinearities.Applicationofafirstplyfailure

analysisusingthemaximumstresscriterionsuggeststhatinnearlyallinstancesmaterialfailureoccursbefore
buckling.Failureofthecompositecylinderscanbeattributedtofiberbreakage.Strikingsimilaritiesareseen
betweentheprebucklingdisplacementsofthebendingproblemandaxialcompressionproblemforshort
cylinders.
Fuchs,J.P.;Hyer,M.W.;Starnes,J.H.,Jr.,Numericalandexperimentalinvestigationofthebending
responseofthinwalledcompositecylinders,InterimReportNo.95,Aug.1988Sep.1993Virginia
PolytechnicInst.andStateUniv.,Blacksburg.Dept.ofEngineeringScienceandMechanics.(PostedonThe
Smithsonian/NASAAstrophysicsDataSystem)
ABSTRACT:Anumericalandexperimentalinvestigationofthebendingbehaviorofsixeightplygraphite
epoxycircularcylindersispresented.Bendingisinducedbyapplyingaknownendrotationtoeachendofthe
cylinders,analogoustoabeaminbending.Thecylindershaveanominalradiusof6inches,alengthtoradius
ratioof2and5,andaradiustothicknessratioofapproximately160.A(+/45/0/90)Squasiisotropiclayup
andtwoorthotropiclayups,(+/45/0sub2)Sand(+/45/90sub2)S,arestudied.Ageometricallynonlinear
specialpurposeanalysis,basedonDonnell'snonlinearshellequations,isdevelopedtostudytheprebuckling
responsesandgaininsightintotheeffectsofnonidealboundaryconditionsandinitialgeometricimperfections.
Ageometricallynonlinearfiniteelementanalysisisutilizedtocomparewiththeprebucklingsolutionsofthe
specialpurposeanalysisandtostudythebucklingandpostbucklingresponsesofbothgeometricallyperfect
andimperfectcylinders.Theimperfectcylindergeometriesarerepresentedbyananalyticalapproximationof
themeasuredshapeimperfections.Extensiveexperimentaldataareobtainedfromquasistatictestsofthe
cylindersusingatestfixturespecificallydesignedforthepresentinvestigation.Adescriptionofthetestfixture
isincluded.Theexperimentaldataarecomparedtopredictionsforbothperfectandimperfectcylinder
geometries.Prebucklingresultsarepresentedintheformofdisplacementandstrainprofiles.Bucklingend
rotations,moments,andstrainsarereported,andpredictedmodeshapesarepresented.Observedandpredicted
momentvs.endrotationrelations,deflectionpatterns,andstrainprofilesareillustratedforthepostbuckling
responses.Itisfoundthatageometricallynonlinearboundarylayerbehaviorcharacterizestheprebuckling
responses.Theboundarylayerbehaviorissensitivetolaminateorthotropy,cylindergeometry,initialgeometric
imperfections,appliedendrotation,andnonidealboundaryconditions.Bucklingendrotations,strains,and
momentsareinfluencedbylaminateorthotropyandinitialgeometricimperfections.Measuredbucklingresults
correlatewellwithpredictionsforthegeometricallyimperfectspecimens.Thepostbucklinganalysespredict
equilibriumpathswithanumberofscallopshapedbranchesthatcorrespondtouniquedeflectionpatterns.<The
observedpostbucklingdeflectionpatternsandmeasuredstrainprofilesshowstrikingsimilaritiestothe
predictionsinsomecases.&Ultimatefailureofthecylindersisattributedtoaninterlaminarshearfailuremode
alongthenodallinesofthepostbucklingdeflectionpatterns.
H.P.Fuchs(1),J.H.Starnes(2)andM.W.Hyer(1)
(1)VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,Blacksburg,Virginia240610219,USA
(2)NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia236810001,USA
Prebucklingandcollapseresponseofthinwalledcompositecylinderssubjectedtobendingloads,in
MiraveteA,editor.Proc9thIntConfCompMat(ICCM9),Composites:PropertiesandApplications,Vol.VI,
Cambridge:Woodhead,1993.pp.410417.
ABSTRACT:Anumericalandexperimentalstudyofthebehaviorofunstiffenedthinwalledgraphiteepoxy

cylindricalshellssubjectedtobendingloadsispresented.Eightplyquasiisotropicandorthotropicshellswere
subjectedtobendinginaspecialtestfixture.Theexperimentalprebuckling,buckling,andpostbuckling
responsesarecomparedtopredictionsfromgeometricallynonlinearanalyses.Itisfoundthatageometrically
nonlinearboundarylayerbehaviorcharacterizestheprebucklingresponses.Discrepanciesbetweenpredicted
andobservedstrainamplitudesindicatethatshapeimperfectionsandotherlocalizedimperfectionsinfluencethe
prebucklingresponses,causingareductioninthepredictedbucklingresistance.Ultimatefailureisattributedto
excessivepostbucklingdeformations.
H.P.Fuchs(1)andM.W.Hyer(2)
(1)BodyEngineering&IntegrationDepartment,GeneralMotorsResearch&DevelopmentCenter,Warren,MI
480909055,USA
(2)DepartmentofEngineeringScience&Mechanics,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,
Blacksburg,VA240610219,USA
Thenonlinearprebucklingresponseofshortthinwalledlaminatedcompositecylindersinbending,
CompositeStructures,Vol.34,No.3,March1996,pp.309324,doi:10.1016/02638223(95)001522
ABSTRACT:ThegeometricallynonlinearDonnellshelltheoryisusedtodeterminetheprebucklingresponse
ofshortthinwalledlaminatedcircularcylindersinbending.Bendingisinducedbyaknownrotationofthe
clampedcylinderends.Theequilibriumequationsandstraindisplacementequationsaremanipulatedsothe
governingpartialdifferentialequationsareinfirstorderform.Usingtheseparationofvariablestechnique,
alongwithaharmonicexpansioninthecircumferentialdirection,thesefirstorderpartialdifferentialequations
areconvertedtofirstorderordinarydifferentialequations.Theseequationsaresolvednumericallyusinga
finitedifferenceprocedureandprebucklingresponsesarecomputedforcylinderswitharadius:thicknessratio
of160andlength:radiusratiosof2and5.Therangeofvalidityoftheprebucklingsolutionislimitedbythe
critical,orprevioustermbuckling,nexttermendrotation,whichisestimatedbythesimpleclassicalmethod.
Theuseoftheclassicalestimateisjustifiedbycomparingitwithmorerigorousapproaches.Threelaminated
compositecylindersareconsidered:anaxiallystiff[minusorplus45/02]slayup,acircumferentiallystiff
[minusorplus45/902]slayup,andaquasiisotropic[minusorplus45/0/90]slayup.Thedisplacement
responseisdiscussedforeachcylinderasafunctionofaxialandcircumferentiallocation,withparticular
emphasisonthecharacteroftheradialdisplacementandtheboundarylayerassociatedwiththenonlinear
response.Comparisonswithageometricallylinearanalysisaremade.Ananalogwiththeaxialcompression
problemisdevelopedandvaluableinformationaboutboundarylayerlengthasafunctionoflaminatematerial
propertiesandappliedendrotationispresented.Inaddition,theroleofthelaminatePoisson'srationu(xtheta)
onthedisplacementbehaviorisdiscussed.
C.A.Meyers(1);MW.Hyer(2)
(1)MaterialsScienceCorp,FortWashington,Pennsylvania,USA
(2)DepartmentofEngineeringScienceandMechanics,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,
Blacksburg,Virginia,USA
ResponseOfEllipticalCompositeCylindersToInternalPressureLoading,MechanicsofAdvancedMaterials
andStructures,Vol.4,No.e4,1997,pp.317343,doi:10.1080/10759419708945887
ABSTRACT:Theresultsfromsemianalyticalpredictionsandexperimentsareusedtostudytheresponseof
compositecylinderswithellipticalcrosssectionshadedwithinternalpressure.Theresultsforellipsesare

contrastedtothecaseofcircularcylinders.ThesemianalyticalapproachisbasedonthemethodsofMarguerre,
RayleighRitz,andKantorovich,theradiusofcurvatureendthedisplacementsbeingapproximatedby
expansionsinharmonicseriesinthecircumferentialarclengthcoordinate,andthecoefficientsofthe
displacementseriesbeingunknownfunctionsofxthataresolvedforusingthefinitedifferencemethod.The
experimentsaredescribedandresultsforacircularandanellipticalquasiisotropiccylinderloadedto1aim
internalpressurearecomparedwithpredictions.Correlationsbetweenthepredictionsandtheexperimentsare,
ingeneral,quitegood.
MichaelHyer,EricJohnson,ScottHendricksSaadRagab,ScottA.Ragon,DevelopmentofaGlobal/Local
ApproachandaGeometricallyNonlinearLocalPanelAnalysisforStructuralDesign(1998),(nopublisheror
conferencegiven),http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd923
ABSTRACT:Acomputationallyefficientanalysiscapabilityforthegeometricallynonlinearresponseof
compressivelyloadedprismaticplatestructureswasdeveloped.Botha"full"finitestripsolutionprocedureand
a"reduced"solutionprocedurewereimplementedinaFORTRAN90computercode,andcomparisonswere
madewithresultsavailableinthetechnicalliterature.Boththefullandreducedsolutionprocedureswere
demonstratedtoprovideaccurateresultsfordisplacementandstrainquantitiesthroughmoderatelylargepost
bucklingloads.Thefullmethodisanonlinearnitestripanalysisofthesemianalytical,multitermtype.
Individualfinitestripsaremodeledasbalancedandsymmetriclaminatedcompositematerialswhichare
assumedtobehaveorthotropicallyinbending,andthestructureisloadedinuniaxialorbiaxialcompression.
Theloadedendsofthestructureareassumedtobesimplysupported,andgeometricshapeimperfectionsmay
bemodeled.Thereducedsolutionmethodmakesuseofareducedbasistechniqueinconjunctionwiththefull
nitestripanalysis.Here,thepotentiallylargesetofnonlinearalgebraicequationsproducedbythefinitestrip
methodarereplacedbyasmallsetofsystemequations.Inthepresentimplementation,thebasisvectorsconsist
ofsuccessivederivativesofthenonlinearsolutionvectorwithrespecttoaloadingparameter.Dependingon
thenatureoftheproblem,...
RichardD.Young(1),MichaelW.Hyer(2)andJamesH.Starnes,Jr.(1)
(1)NASALangleyResearchCenterHampton,Virginia236812199
(2)VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversityBlacksburg,Virginia24061
PrebucklingandPostbucklingResponseofTailoredCompositeStiffenedPanelswithAxialShearCoupling,
AIAAPaper20001459,41stAIAAStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,2000
ABSTRACT:Resultsofanumericalparametricstudyoftheprebucklingandpostbucklingresponseoftailored
compositestiffenedpanelswithaxialshearcouplingarepresented.Inthestiffenedpanels,axialshearstiffness
couplingiscreatedbyrotatingthestiffenerorientationandtailoringtheskinlaminateanisotropy.Thepanels
areloadedinaxialcompressionandtheeffectsofstiffenerorientationandskinanisotropyonthepanel
stiffness,bucklingparameters,andaxialshearcouplingresponsearedescribed.Resultsareobtainedfroma
nonlineargeneralshellfiniteelementanalysiscomputercode.Theprebucklingandpostbucklingresponsescan
beaffectedbyboththestiffenerorientationandskinlaminateanisotropy,andtheeffectsaredifferentandload
dependent.Theresultshelpidentifydifferentmechanismsforaxialshearcoupling,andshowthataload
dependentstructuralresponsecanbecontrolledbyselectingappropriatestiffenerandskinparameters.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1Starnes,J.H.,Jr.,Knight,N.F.,Jr.,andRouse,M.,PostbucklingBehaviorofSelectedFlatStiffenedGraphiteEpoxyPanels
LoadedinCompression,AIAAJournal,Vol.23,No.8,August1985,pp.12361246.

2Dickson,J.N.,Biggers,S.B.,andStarnes,J.H.,Jr.,StiffenerAttachmentConceptsforGraphiteEpoxyPanelsDesignedfor
PostbucklingStrength,AFWALTR853094,June1985,pp.v(a)95v(a)109.
3Gimmestad,D.,AnAeroelasticOptimizationProcedureforCompositeHighAspectRatioWings,AIAAPaperNo.790726,
April1979.
4Mansfield.E.H.,SomeStructuralParametersforAeroIsoclinicWings,AircraftEngineering,Vol.24,No.283,September1952,
pp.263264.
5Young,R.D.,Starnes,J.H.,Jr.andHyer,M.W.,EffectsofSkewedStiffenersandAnisotropicSkinsontheResponseof
CompressionLoadedCompositePanels,ProceedingsoftheTenthDoD/NASA/FAAConferenceofFibrousCompositesinStructural
Design,HiltonHeadIsland,SC,November14,1993,NavalAirWarfareCenterReportNo.NAWACADWAR94096060,Vol.1,
April1994,pp.II109toII123.
6Young,R.D.,Starnes,J.H.,Jr.,andHyer,M.W.,AccurateModelingofthePostbucklingResponseofCompositePanelswith
SkewedStiffeners,AIAAPaperNo.971306,April1997.
7Young,R.D.,PrebucklingandPostbucklingBehaviorofStiffenedCompositePanelswithAxialshearStiffnessCoupling,Ph.D.
thesis,DepartmentofEngineeringScienceandMechanics,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,Blacksburg,VA,1996.
8Rankin,C.C.,Brogan,F.A.,W.A.Loden,andCabiness,H.D.,"STAGSUserManual,Version3.0,"LockheedMartinMissiles&
SpaceCo.,Inc.,Rept.LMSCP032594,March1999.
9Rankin,C.C.,andBrogan,F.A.,"TheComputationalStructuralMechanicsTestbedStructuralElementProcessorES5:STAGS
ShellElement,"NASAContractorReport4358,May1991.
10Chia,C.Y.,NonlinearAnalysisofPlates,McGrawHill,NewYork,1980.
11Nemeth,M.P.,ImportanceofAnisotropyonBucklingofCompressionLoadedSymmetricCompositePlates,AIAAJournal,
Vol.24,No.11,November1986,pp.18311835.
12Jensen,D.W.,andLagace,P.A.,InfluenceofMechanicalCouplingsontheBucklingandPostbucklingBehaviorofAnisotropic
Plates,AIAAPaperNo.860880,May1986.
13Stein,M.,PostbucklingofLongOrthotropicPlatesinCombinedShearandCompression,AIAAPaperNo.830876,May1983.

T.T.OchineroandM.W.Hyer(DepartmentofEngineeringScienceandMechanics,VirginiaPolytechnic
InstituteandStateUniversity,Blacksburg,VA24061,USA),ManufacturingDistortionsofCurvedComposite
Panels,JournalofThermoplasticCompositeMaterials,March2002,vol.15,no.2,pp.7987,
doi:10.1177/0892705702015002445
ABSTRACT:Thispaperbrieflydiscussestheinfluencesofthroughthicknessthermalexpansion,amisaligned
ply,andaresinrichslightlythickerplyonthedeformationsofacurvedcompositelaminateduringcooldown
fromthecuretemperature.Bothtwodimensionalandthreedimensionallevelfiniteelementanalysesareused.
Thedeformationsarecategorizedastoradialandtangentialdeformationsandtwist,andforeachofthethree
influences,thesedeformationsarequantified.Anadditionaloutcomeofthestudyisanindicationofthelevelof
analysisneededtostudyeachofthesethreeinfluences.
JaretC.Riddick(1)andMichaelW.Hyer(2)
(1)U.S.ArmyResearchLaboratory,Hampton,Virginia23681,USA
(2)VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,Blacksburg,Virginia24061,USA
Postbucklingbehaviorofsegmentedcircularcompositecylinders,AIAA42ndStructures,Structures,
StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConference,Seattle,Washington,Seealso,AIAAJ.,Vol.42,No.1,2004,
pp.185195,doi:214,35400011902823.0200
ABSTRACT:Theresponsecharacteristicsofcompositecylindersconstructedinfourcircumferentialsegments
arediscussed.Twocylinderconfigurations,referredtoasaxiallystiffandcircumferentiallystiffcylinders,are
studied.NumericalresultsfromSTAGSfiniteelementanalysesarepresentedandincludepredictedradial
displacementsandselectedstressresultants.Compressiveloadingintothepostbucklingrangebyanaxial

endshorteningisconsidered.Theresultsshowthat,astheendshorteningincreasestowardthebucklingvalue,
somesegmentsofthecylindersbegintodevelopaxialwrinkles,whereasothersegmentsremainrelatively
unwrinkled.Forthetwocylindersconsideredhere,thewrinklingofthesegmentsiscorrelatedwiththelevelof
axialstressresultantsupportedinthesegment.Loaddropsof20and57%fortheaxiallystiffand
circumferentiallystiffcylinders,respectively,arepredictedforlevelsofendshorteningbeyondthebuckling
values.Thepostbuckledcylindersarecharacterizedbyregionsoflargelocalizedinwarddimplesandoutward
ridgesintheradialdisplacementpattern.Theseregionsaresitesoflargemagnitudeaxialandtransverseshear
stressresultants.
MaurizioPaschero(1)andMichaelW.Hyer(2)
(1)UniversitadiRoma
(2)VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity
Improvementofaxialbucklingloadofellipticalcylindersbyvaryingwallthickness,AIAAPaper20092555,
AIAA50thStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,April2009,PalmSprings,California
ABSTRACT:Byvaryingthethicknessofthecylinderwallwithcircumferentialposition,theaxialbuckling
capacitiesofhomogeneous,isotropiccylindricalshellswithellipticalcrosssectionsareimproved.Theclassic
bucklingstressrelationforauniformthicknesshomogeneous,isotropiccircularcylindricalshellisappliedto
cylinderswithellipticalcrosssections.Itisassumedthatthisrelationcanbeusedtodesignthewallthicknesses
ofellipticalcylindersasafunctionofcircumferentiallocationtocompensateforthenegativeeffectsofthe
variationoftheradiusofcurvaturewithcircumferentiallocation.Threevariablethicknessellipticalcylinder
designsareproposed,andanalyticalexpressionsforthethicknessvariation,crosssectionalarea,axialbuckling
stress,axialbucklingstressresultant,andaxialbucklingloadforeachdesignarederived.Predictionsfromthe
analyticaldevelopmentarethencomparedwithfiniteelementanalysesofthethreedesigns.Socalledsmalland
largecylinderswiththreevaluesofeccentricityareconsidered.Thecomparisonsbetweenthefiniteelement
resultsandtheanalyticpredictionsarequitegood.Itisshownthatconsiderableimprovementinaxialbuckling
capacitycanbeachievedwiththethicknesstailoringtechnique,andinsomecasestheaxialcapacityofthe
circularcylinderwiththesamecircumferenceisachieved.
MaurizioPascheroandMichaelW.Hyer(VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,Departmentof
EngineeringScienceandMechanics,Blacksburg,VA24061,USA),Axialbucklingofanorthotropiccircular
cylinder:Applicationtoorthogridconcept,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.46,No.10,
May2009,pp.21512171,SpecialIssueinHonorofProfessorLiviuLibrescu,
doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2008.08.033
ABSTRACT:Anovelredefiningoftheorthotropicmaterialpropertiesintermsofasocalledassociated
geometricmeanisotropic(GMI)materialisusedtodevelopathoroughbucklinganalysisofanaxiallyloaded
orthotropiccircularcylinder.Amembraneprebucklingconditionisassumedandanexpressionforthebuckling
stressisderivedintermsofcylindergeometry,orthotropicmaterialproperties,andthenumberofwavesinthe
bucklingdeformationpatternintheaxialandcircumferentialdirections.Byassumingthenumberofwavesin
eachdirectionarerealvaluedvariables,asopposedtointegers,conditionswhichresultinstationaryvaluesof
thebucklingstressaresought,andoncefound,examinedfortheircharacterasregardsrepresentingminima,
maxima,orsaddlepoints.Threequitedifferentbucklingcharacteristicsarepredicted,theparticularsdepending
ontheshearmodulusoftheorthotropicmaterialrelativetothatoftheassociatedGMImaterial.Itisshownthat

iftheshearmodulusoftheorthotropicmaterialisgreaterthantheshearmodulusoftheassociatedGMI
material,thecylinderbucklesintoauniqueaxisymmetricdeformationpattern.Iftheshearmodulusofthe
orthotropicmaterialislessthantheshearmodulusoftheassociatedGMImaterial,thecylinderbucklesintoa
uniquenonaxisymmetricdeformationpattern.Iftheshearmodulusoftheorthotropicmaterialisexactlyequal
totheshearmodulusoftheassociatedGMImaterial(thisisthesituationforanisotropiccylinder),thecylinder
canbuckleintoeitheraxisymmetricornonaxisymmetricdeformationpatterns.Moreoveritisshownthat,inthis
case,thereexistsanumberofdeformationpatterns,allatessentiallythesamestresslevel.Closedformlower
boundexpressionsforthebucklingstressaredevelopedusingtheadoptednotation,thevalueoftheshear
modulusrelativetotheshearmodulusoftheGMImaterialdeterminingwhichexpressionisapplicable.The
resultsofthisanalysisareappliedtoacircularcylinderconstructedofalatticestructureconsistingofhelical
andcircumferentialribs,asocalledorthogridlatticecylinder,whereitisassumedthattheribsofthelattice
structurearedenseenoughtobeabletorepresenttheelasticpropertiesofthelatticewithanequivalent
homogenizedorthotropicmaterial.Anisogridcylinder,wherethehelicalribangleis30relativetotheaxial
direction,isaspecialcase.Theorthotropiccylinderanalysisisreformulatedintermsofthematerialproperties
oftheribsandtheangleofthehelicalribs.ForthissituationtheisogridcaseistheGMImaterial,andtherib
angledetermineswhethertheshearmodulusoftheequivalentorthotropicmaterialisgreaterthanorlessthan
theGMImaterial.Thistranslatesintothecharacterofthebucklingdeformationsdependingdirectlyontherib
angle.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

Baker,E.H.,1964.Stabilityofcircumferentiallycorrugatedsandwichcylindersundercombinedloads.AIAAJournal2(12),2142
2149.
Block,D.L.,Card,M.F.,Mikulas,M.M.,1965.Bucklingofeccentricallystiffenedorthotropiccylinders.Tech.Rep.D2960,NASA,
Washington,DC.
Dow,N.F.,Rosen,B.W.,1966.Structuralefficiencyoforthotropiccylindricalshellssubjectedtoaxialcompression.AIAAJournal4
(3),481485.
Jones,R.,2006.BucklingofBars,Plates,andShells.BullRidgePublishing,Blacksburg,Virginia,USA,ISBN0978722302.chap.
4.
Jones,R.M.,Morgan,H.S.,1975.Bucklingandvibrationofcrossplylaminatedcircularcylindricalshells.AIAAJournal13(5),664
671.
Knight,N.,Starnes,J.,1997.Developmentsincylindricalshellstabilityanalysis,19331948,AIAAPaperNo.971076,1801
AlexanderBellDrive,Suite500,
Reston,VA201914344.
Reese,C.D.,Bert,C.W.,1974.Bucklingoforthotropicsandwichcylindersunderaxialcompressionandbending.JournalofAircraft
11(4),207212.
Stein,M.,Mayers,J.,1952.Compressivebucklingofsimplysupportedcurvedplatesandcylindersofsandwichconstruction.
Technicalnote2601,NACA.
Takano,A.,2008.ImprovementofFlggesequationsforbucklingofmoderatelythickanisotropiccylindricalshells.AIAAJournal
46(4),903911.
Vasiliev,V.,1993.Mechanicsofcompositestructures.Taylor&Francis,Washington,DC.
Vasiliev,V.V.,Barynin,V.A.,Rasin,A.F.,2001.Anisogridlatticestructuressurveyofdevelopmentandapplications.Composite
Structures54,361370.
Weaver,P.M.,2002.Anisotropyinducedspiralbucklingincompressionloadedcylindershell.AIAAJournal40(5),10011007.
Wong,K.F.W.,Weaver,P.M.,2005.Approximatesolutionforthecompressionbucklingoffullyanisotropiccylindricalshells.AIAA
Journal43(12),26392645.

SabihI.Hayek(1)andJeffreyE.Boisvert(2)
(1)DepartmentofEngineeringScienceandMechanics,PennStateUniversity,UniversityPark,Pennsylvania

168026812
(2)NavalSeaSystemsCommandDivisionNewport,Newport,RhodeIsland028415047
Vibrationofellipticcylindricalshells:Higherordershelltheory,J.Acoust.Soc.Am.,Vol.128,No.3,2010,
pp.10631072,http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3466873
ABSTRACT:Theequationsforthefreevibrationofanellipticcylindricalshellofconstantthicknesswere
derivedusingaRitzapproach.Ahigherordershelltheoryisemployedthatincludestheeffectsofshear
deformation,rotaryinertia,andsymmetricandantisymmetricthicknessstretchdeformations.Thefrequency
wavenumberspectrumhassevenbranches:flexural,extensional,torsional,twothicknessshear,andtwo
thicknessstretch.Theresultingsevencoupledalgebraicequationsaresymmetricandpositivedefinite.Theshell
hasaconstantthickness,h,finitelength,L,andissimplysupportedatitsends,(z=0,L),wherezistheaxial
coordinate.Theellipticcrosssectionisdefinedbytheshapeparameter,a,andthehalflengthofthemajoraxis,
I.Themodalsolutionsareexpandedinadoublyinfiniteseriesofcomparisonfunctionsintermsofcircular
functionsintheangularandaxialcoordinates.Numericalresultsforthenaturalfrequencieswereobtainedfor
twovaluesofh/IandL/I,andvariousshapeparameters,includingthelimitingcaseofasimplysupported
cylindricalshell(a?100).
MaurizioPaschero,Improvementoftheaxialbucklingcapabilityofellipticalcylindricalshells,Dissertation
submittedtoVirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,March2008(Seealso,AIAAJournal,Vol.47,
No.1,2009,pp.142156)
ABSTRACT:Aratherthoroughandnovelbucklinganalysisofanaxiallyloadedorthotropiccircular
cylindricalshellisformulated.Theanalysisassumesprebucklingrotationsarenegligibleandusesauniquere
definingoftheorthotropicmaterialpropertiesintermsofasocalledgeometricmeanisotropic(GMI)material.
Closedformexpressionsforthebucklingstressintermsofcylindergeometryandorthotropicmaterial
propertiesarepresented,theparticularclosedformdependingonthespecificcharacteroftheorthotropic
materialrelativetotheGMImaterial.Withtheformulation,thespecificcharacterofthebucklingdeformations
e.g.,axisymmetricornonaxisymmetric,thenumberofaxialandcircumferentialwavescanbeestablished.
Byusingthemaximumradiusofcurvatureofanellipticalcrosssectioninthisformulation,theanalysisisused
todemonstratethedetrimentaleffectsofanellipticalcrosssectiononaxialbucklingcapacitywhencomparedto
acircularcrosssectionwiththesamecircumference.Usingthecircumferentiallyvaryingradiusofcurvatureof
anellipticalcrosssection,theanalysisisthenfurtherusedasthebasisfordevelopingtwomethodsfor
improvingtheaxialbucklingcapacityofellipticalcylinders.Thefirstapproachinvolvesvaryingthewall
thicknessofanisotropicellipticalcylinderwithcircumferentialposition.Uniformlystableellipticalcross
sectionswhichpreservethesamecriticalstress,criticalload,orvolumeofanaxiallyloadedcircularcylinderof
thesamecircumferencearedesignedwiththeformulation.Thesecondapproachinvolvesmaintaininga
uniformwallthicknessbutvaryingtheorthotropicmaterialpropertieswithcircumferentialposition.This
approachisappliedtoacylindricallatticestructurewhereitisassumedthattheribsaredenseenoughtobeable
todescribethelatticestructurebymeansofanequivalenthomogenizedmaterial.Theorthotropicpropertiesof
thehomogenizedmaterialarevariedbyvaryingthelatticeribanglewithcircumferentialposition.Considerable
recoveryoftheaxialbucklingcapacityofthevariableribangledesignellipticalcylindercomparedtothesame
cylinderconstructedinisogridfashionisdemonstrated.Infact,recoveryrelativetoanisogridcircularcylinder
ofthesamecircumferenceisdemonstrated.Forbothapproachesconfirmingfiniteelementmodelsareusedto
verifythefindings.Thetwodifferentapproachesarecompared,andfinallythetwoapproachesarerecognized
asspecialcasesofamoregeneraldesignphilosophy.

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NicoleL.Breivik(email:n.l.breivik@larc.nasa.gov),ThermalandMechanicalResponseofCurved
CompositePanels,PhDDissertation,DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,VirginiaPolytechnicInstitute
andStateUniversity,Blacksburg,Virginia,USA,June1997,
URN:etd06112003202738
ABSTRACT:Curvedpanelsconstructedoflaminatedgraphiteepoxycompositematerialareofpotential
interestinairframefuselageapplications.Anunderstandingofstructuralresponseatelevatedtemperaturesis
requiredforanticipatedfuturehighspeedaircraftapplications.Thisstudyconcentratesontheresponseof
unstiffened,curvedcompositepanelssubjectedtocombinationsofthermalandmechanicalloadingconditions.
Mechanicalloadingisduetocompressiveendshorteningandthermalloadingisduetoauniformtemperature
increase.Thermalstresses,whichareinducedbymechanicalrestraintsagainstthermalexpansionsor
contractions,causebucklingandpostbucklingpanelresponses.Panelswiththreedifferentlaminationsequences
areconsidered,includingaquasiisotropiclaminate,anaxiallysoftlaminate,andanaxiallystifflaminate.
Thesepanelswerechosenbecausetheyexhibitarangeofstiffnessesandawidevariationinlaminate
coefficientsofthermalexpansion.Thepanelshavedimensionsof10in.by10in.withabaseradiusof60in.
Thebaseboundaryconditionsareclampedalongthecurvedends,andsimplysupportedalongthestraight
edges.Threemethodsareemployedtostudythepanelresponse,includingageometricallynonlinearRayleigh
Ritzsolution,afiniteelementsolutionusingthecommerciallyavailablecodeSTAGS,andanexperimental
program.Theeffectsofinplaneboundaryconditionsandradiusofcurvaturearestudiedanalytically,alongwith
considerationoforderofapplicationincombinedloading.Asubstantialdifferenceisnotedinthenonlinear
loadvs.axialstrainresponsesofpanelsloadedinendshorteningandpanelsloadedwithuniformtemperature
change,dependingonthespecificlaminationsequence,boundaryconditions,andradiusofcurvature.
Experimentsareconductedandresultsarepresentedforbothroomtemperatureendshorteningtestsand
elevatedtemperaturetestswithaccompanyingendshortening.Thebasefiniteelementmodelismodifiedto
includemeasuredpanelthicknesses,boundaryconditionsrepresentativeoftheexperimentalapparatus,
measuredinitialgeometricimperfections,andmeasuredtemperaturegradients.Withthesemodifications,and
includinganinherentenddisplacementofthepanelpresentduringthermalloading,goodcorrelationisobtained
betweentheexperimentalandnumericallypredictedloadvs.axialstrainresponsesfrominitialloadingthrough
postbuckling.
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63.Brush,D.O.andAlmorth,B.O.,BucklingofBars,Plates,andShells,McGrawHill,Inc.,1975.
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N.L.Breivik(1)andM.W.Hyer(2)
(1)NationalResearchCouncil,NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA236810001
(2)DepartmentofEngineeringScienceandMechanics,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,
Blacksburg,VA240610219
BucklingandPostbucklingBehaviorofCurvedCompositePanelsDuetoThermalandMechanicalLoading,
ReinforcedPlastics&Composites,February2011,Vol.30,No.4,pp.
doi:10.1177/073168449801701404
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingandpostbucklingresponsesofunstiffenedcylindricallycurvedcompositepanels
arestudiedusingthefiniteelementcodeSTAGSandageometricallynonlinearRayleighRitzsolution.Loading
iseitherthroughaxialendshorteningatafixedspatiallyuniformtemperature,oritistemperatureinduceddue
tothethermalstressesthatarisewhenthespatiallyuniformtemperatureisincreasedwhileaxialend
displacementisrestrainedtobezero.Comparisonsaremadebetweentwosetsofboundaryconditionsandthree
laminates.Bucklingandpostbucklingresponsesarefoundtobestronglydependentonmaterialorthotropyand
aresubstantiallyaffectedbytheamountofcircumferentialrestraintalongthestraightedgeboundaries.
[67]Nemeth,M.P.(1992).Bucklingbehavioroflongsymmetricallylaminatedplatessubjectedtocompresion,
shear,andinplanebendingloads.AIAAPaper922286CP,Proceedingsof33rdAIAAStructures,Structural
Dynamics,andMaterialsConference,Part2,pp.274282.
MichaelP.Nemeth(LangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia),BucklingBehaviorofLongSymmetrically
LaminatedPlatesSubjectedtoShearandLinearlyVaryingAxialEdgeLoads,NASATechnicalPaper3659,

July1997
ABSTRACT:Aparametricstudyofthebucklingbehaviorofinfinitelylongsymmetricallylaminated
anisotropicplatesthataresubjectedtolinearlyvaryingedgeloads,uniformshearloads,orcombinationsof
theseloadsispresented.Thestudyfocusesontheeffectsoftheshapeoflinearlyvaryingedgeloaddistribution,
plateorthotropy,andplateflexuralanisotropyonplatebucklingbehavior.Inaddition,thestudyexaminesthe
interactionoflinearlyvaryingedgeloadsanduniformshearloadswithplateflexuralanisotropyandorthotropy.
Resultsobtainedbyusingaspecialpurposenondimensionalanalysisthatiswellsuitedforparametricstudies
ofclampedandsimplysupportedplatesarepresentedfor[theta]sthingraphiteepoxylaminatesthatare
representativeofspacecraftstructuralcomponents.Also,numerousgenericbucklingdesignchartsare
presentedforawiderangeofnondimensionalparametersthatareapplicabletoabroadclassoflaminate
constructions.Thesechartsshowexplicitlytheeffectsofflexuralorthotropyandflexuralanisotropyonplate
bucklingbehaviorforlinearlyvaryingedgeloads,uniformshearloads,orcombinationsoftheseloads.The
mostimportantfindingofthepresentstudyisthatspeciallyorthotropicandflexurallyanisotropicplatesthatare
subjectedtoanaxialedgeloaddistributionthatistensiondominatedcansupportshearloadsthatarelargerin
magnitudethantheshearbucklingload.
Referenceslistedattheendofthereport:
1.Nemeth,M.P.:BucklingBehaviorofLongSymmetricallyLaminatedPlatesSubjectedtoCombinedLoadings.NASATP3195,
1992.
2.Nemeth,M.P.:BucklingofSymmetricallyLaminatedPlatesWithCompression,Shear,andInPlaneBending.AIAAJ.,vol.30,
no.12,Dec.1992,pp.29592965.
3.Zeggane,Madjid;andSridharan,Srinivasan:BucklingUnderCombinedLoadingofShearDeformableLaminatedAnisotropic
PlatesUsingInfiniteStrips.Int.J.Numer.MethodsinEng.,vol.31,May1991,pp.13191331.
4.Zeggane,M.;andSridharan,S.:StabilityAnalysisofLongLaminateCompositePlatesUsingReissnerMindlinInfiniteStrips.
Comput.&Struct.,vol.40,no.4,1991,pp.10331042.
5.Nemeth,MichaelP.:BucklingBehaviorofLongAnisotropicPlatesSubjectedtoCombinedLoads.NASATP3568,1995.
6.Nemeth,MichaelP.:ImportanceofAnisotropyofBucklingofCompressionLoadedSymmetricCompositePlates.AIAAJ.,vol.
24,no.11,Nov.1986,pp.18311835.
7.Rockey,K.C.:ShearBucklingofThinWalledSections.ThinWalledStructures,A.H.Chilver,ed.,JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,
1967,pp.261262.
8.Oyibo,G.A.:TheUseofAffineTransformationsintheAnalysisofStabilityandVibrationsofOrthotropicPlates.Ph.D.Thesis,
RensselaerPolytechnicInst.,1981.
9.Brunnelle,E.J.;andOyibo,G.A.:GenericBucklingCurvesforSpeciallyOrthotropicRectangularPlates.AIAAJ.,vol.21,no.8,
Aug.1983,pp.11501156.
10.Timoshenko,StephenP.;andGere,JamesM.:TheoryofElasticStability,Seconded.McGrawHillBookCo.,1961,pp.373379.
11.Bulson,P.S.:TheStabilityofFlatPlates.AmericanElsevierPubl.Co.Inc.,1969,pp.6377.
12.Bleich,Friedrich:BucklingStrengthofMetalStructures.McGrawHillCo.,Inc.,1952,pp.399413.
13.Galambos,TheodoreV.,ed.:GuidetoStabilityDesignCriteriaforMetalStructures.JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,1988,p.103.

CarlR.Schultheisz(1)andAnthonyM.Waas(2)
(1)PolymersDivision,NIST,Gaithersburg,MD20899,U.S.A.
(2)AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,UniversityofMichigan,FXBBldg,AnnArbor,
MI481092118,U.S.A.
Compressivefailureofcomposites,partI:Testingandmicromechanicaltheories,ProgressinAerospace

Sciences,Vol.32,No.1,1996,pp.142,doi:10.1016/03760421(94)000023
ABSTRACT:Whenstructuresmadeofcompositematerialsaredesignedtobeusedinloadbearing
applications,aprimaryconsiderationistheevaluationoftheirloadcarryingcapacityincompression.Tothis
end,avastnumberofresearchinvestigations,whosemainobjectiveislinkedtoascertainingthecompressive
strengthofacompositestructurehasbeencarriedoutand/oriscurrentlybeingperformed.Apartfromits
practicalsignificance,thecomplexityassociatedwiththetaskofpredictingcompressionstrengthisthemain
reasonfortheovertattentionthisproblemisreceiving.Onesuchdifficultyhasbeenassociatedwithtesting.
Whenlaboratorytestsarecarriedouttodeterminecompressionstrength,structuralinstabilitiesdictatedbythe
geometryofthestructuremayinterferewithmaterialstrengthdictatedbythemechanicalpropertiesofthe
constituentsandtheiralignmentandgeometry(neededtodescribethemicrostructureofthematerial).In
additionstressconcentrationsmayoccuratundesirablelocations.InPartI,issuespertainingtocompression
testingandmicromechanicalfailuretheoriesarereviewed.
AnthonyM.Waas(1)andCarlR.Schultheisz(2)
(1)AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,UniversityofMichigan,FXBBldg,AnnArbor,
MI481092118,U.S.A.
(2)PolymersDivision,NIST,Gaithersburg,MD20899,U.S.A
Compressivefailureofcomposites,partII:Experimentalstudies,ProgressinAerospaceSciences,Vol.32,
No.1,1996,pp.4378,doi:10.1016/03760421(94)000034
ABSTRACT:InPartIofthistwopartsequence,issuesrelatedtocompressiontestingofcompositesand
micromechanicalfailuremodelswerereviewed.Thepresentpaper(PartII)iswrittenwithafocuson
understandingexperimentalstudiesthathavebeencarriedouttoilluminatethosemicromechanicalinfluences
thataffectcompressionstrength.Theuseofmodelcompositestostudycompressionfailureisdiscussed.The
advantagesanddisadvantagesofthemanydifferentexperimentaltechniquestomeasurefiberstrengthsare
presented.Manysuggestionsforfutureinvestigationsaregiven.
RoyanJ.DMello,SophiaGuntupali,LucasR.HansenandAnthonyM.Waas,Dynamicaxialcrushresponse
ofcircularhoneycombs,WeMay2012,RoyalSocietyPublishing,
http://royalsocietypublishing.org/content/early/2012/05/22/rspa.2011.0722DOI:10.1098/rspa.2011.0722
ABSTRACT:Thedynamicaxialcrushresponseofcircularcellpolycarbonatehoneycombswasstudiedfor3
celland7cellspecimensexperimentallyandthroughfiniteelement(FE)simulation.Theexperimentswere
conductedusingtwoloadingmethods:(i)thewaveloadingdevice(WLD)methodand(ii)thedirectimpact
method(DIM).Thespecimensweresubjectedtocrushvelocitiesofabout12000mmpersecondintheWLD
methodand5000mmpersecondintheDIM.Thetwomethodswereusedtoobtainafairlywiderangeofinput
velocities.Thecollapsesequenceanddisplacementinformationofthespecimenswerecapturedusingahigh
speedcamera.Themodeofcollapsewasthroughprogressiveconcertinadiamondfoldformationoverafairly
constantstateofload,whichisreferredtoasthecrushload.ThecrushingwassimulatedusinganexplicitFE
analysisusingABAQUS,withgeometricallyimperfect3celland7cellhoneycombmodelsthatincorporated
theratedependentpropertiesofpolycarbonate.TheFEresultswerefoundtoagreewellwiththeexperimental
resultsintermsofoverallforcedisplacementplots,thusprovidingabasistoextractenergyabsorptionestimates
fromthemodelsandtodrawcomparisonsbetweenthe3celland7cellresponsebehaviour.Moreover,the
dynamiccrushresultswerecomparedagainstaquasistaticaxialcrushresponsetodemonstratethepresenceof

rateeffects.
WooseokJi(1),AnthonyM.Waas(1)andZdenekP.Bazant(2)
(1)DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,CompositeStructuresLaboratory,UniversityofMichigan,Ann
Arbor,MI48109
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,NorthwesternUniversity,Evanston,IL60208
Ontheimportanceofworkconjugacyandobjectivestressratesinfinitedeformationincrementalfinite
elementanalysis,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.80,04102419,Joly2013,DOI:10.1115/1.4007828
ABSTRACT:Thispaperisconcernedwithtwoissuesthatariseinthefiniteelementanalysisof3Dsolids.The
firstissueexaminestheobjectivityofvariousstressratesthatareadoptedinincrementalanalysisofsolids.In
doingso,itisrevealedthatlargeerrorsareincurredbyanimproperchoiceofstressrate.Anexampleproblem
ispresentedtoshowtheimplicationsofthechoiceofstressrate.Thesecondissueaddressestheneedto
maintainworkconjugacyinformulatingandsolvingbifurcationbucklingproblemsof3Delasticsolids.Four
popularcommercialcodesareusedtoobtainbucklingloadsofanaxiallycompressedthicksandwichpanel,and
itisshownthatlargeerrorsinbucklingloadpredictionsareincurredasaresultofviolatingtherequirementof
workconjugacy.Remediestofixtheerrorsinthenumericalsolutionstrategyaregiven.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

[1]Bazant,Z.P.,1971,CorrelationStudyofFormulationsofIncrementalDeformationandStabilityofContinuousBodies,ASME
J.Appl.Mech.,38(4),pp.919928.
[2]Bazant,Z.P.,andCedolin,L.,1991,StabilityofStructures:Elastic,Inelastic,FractureandDamageTheories,OxfordUniversity
Press,NewYork.
[3]Hill,R.,1959,SomeBasicPrinciplesinMechanicsofSolidsWithoutNaturalTime,J.Mech.Phys.Solids,7(3),pp.209225.
[4]Ji,W.,Waas,A.M.,andBazant,Z.P.,2010,ErrorsCausedbyNonWorkConjugateStressandStrainMeasuresandNecessary
CorrectionsinFiniteElementPrograms,ASMEJ.Appl.Mech.,77(4),p.044504.
[5]Bazant,Z.P.,Gattu,M.,andVorel,J.,2012,WorkConjugacyErrorinCommercialFiniteElementCodes:ItsMagnitudeand
HowtoCompensateforIt,Proc.R.Soc.A,468(2146),pp.30473058.
[6]Dienes,J.K.,1979,OntheAnalysisofRotationandStressRateinDeformingBodies,ActaMech.,32(4),pp.217232.
[7]Lin,R.,2002,NumericalStudyofConsistencyofRateConstitutiveEquationsWithElasticityatFiniteDeformation,Int.J.
Numer.MethodsEng.,55,pp.10531077.
[8]Johnson,G.C.,andBammann,D.J.,1984,ADiscussionofStressRatesinFiniteDeformationProblems,Int.J.SolidsStruct.,
20(8),pp.725737.
[9]Rivlin,R.S.,1948,LargeElasticDeformationsofIsotropicMaterials.IV.FurtherDevelopmentsoftheGeneralTheory,Philos.
Trans.R.Soc.London,Ser.A,241,pp.379397.
[10]Ji,W.,andWaas,A.M.,2009,2DElasticAnalysisoftheSandwichPanelBucklingProblem:BenchmarkSolutionsand
AccurateFiniteElementFormulations,Z.Angew.Math.Phys.,61(5),pp.897917.
[11]Ji,W.,andWaas,A.M.,2012,AccurateBucklingLoadCalculationsofaThickOrthotropicSandwichPanel,Compos.Sci.
Technol.,72(10),pp.11341139.
[12]Fagerberg,L.,2004,WrinklingandCompressionFailureTransitioninSandwichPanels,J.SandwichStruct.Mater.,6(2),pp.
129144.
[13]Bazant,Z.P.,andBeghini,A.,2006,StabilityandFiniteStrainofHomogenizedStructuresSoftinShear:SandwichorFiber
CompositesandLayeredBodies,Int.J.SolidsStruct.,43(6),pp.15711593.

WooseokJiandAnthonyM.Waas(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,CompositeStructuresLaboratory,
UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,MI48109),Thetwodimensionalelasticitysolutionforthebucklingofa
thickorthotropicringunderexternalopressureloading,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.81,011005112,
January2014,DOI:10.1115/1.4023682

ABSTRACT:Thispaperisconcernedwiththe2Delasticitysolutionforthebucklingofathickorthotropicring
underexternalhydrostaticpressureloading.Thebifurcationbucklingproblemisfirstformulatedusingtwo
methods,distinguishedbythemannerinwhichtheexternalworkdonebythepressureloadingduringthe
bucklingtransitionistreated.Indoingso,thecorrectbucklingequationsandassociatedtractionboundary
conditionsarederived.Theresultingsetsofequationsandassociatedboundaryconditionsarethencastina
weakform,amenabletoanumericalsolutionusingthefiniteelementmethod.Thenecessityofusingthecorrect
pairsofenergeticallyconjugatestressandstrainmeasuresforthebucklingproblemispointedout.Errorsin
usingtheincorrecttractionboundaryconditionandtermsthatinfluencethebucklingloadandthathavebeen
omittedinpopularcommercialcodesarepointedoutandtheirsignificanceininfluencingthebucklingloadis
identified.Resultsfromthepresenttwodimensionalanalysistopredictthecriticalpressurearecomparedwith
previoustheoreticalresults.Theformulationandresultspresentedherecanbeusedasthecorrectbenchmark
solutiontoestablishtheaccuracyincomputingthebucklingloadofthickorthotropiccompositestructures,of
contemporaryinterest,duetotheincreaseduseofthickwalledcompositeshelltypestructuresindiverse
engineeringapplications.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
[1]Brush,D.O.,andAlmroth,B.O.,1975,BucklingofBars,Plates,andShells.McGrawHill,NewYork.
[2]Carrier,G.F.,1947,OnBucklingofElasticRings,J.Math.Phys.,26(2),pp.94103.
[3]Koiter,W.T.,1963,ElasticStabilityandPostbucklingBehavior,Langer,R.E.,ed.,ProceedingsoftheSymposiumon
NonlinearProblems,UniversityofWisconsinPress,pp.257275.
[4]Thompson,J.M.T.,1969,AGeneralTheoryfortheEquilibriumandStabilityofDiscreteConservativeSystems,Z.Angew.
Math.Phys.,20(6),pp.797846.
[5]Budiansky,B.,1974,TheoryofBucklingandPostbucklingBehaviorofElasticStructures,Adv.Appl.Mech.,14(2),pp.165.
[6]Kardomateas,G.A.,1993,BucklingofThickOrthotropicCylindricalShellsUnderExternalPressure,ASMEJ.Appl.Mech.,
60(1),pp.195202.
[7]Novozhilov,V.V.,1953,FoundationsoftheNonlinearTheoryofElasticity,Graylock,Rochester,NY.
[8]Fu,L.,andWaas,A.M.,1995,InitialPostbucklingBehaviorofThickRingsUnderUniformExternalHydrostaticPressure,
ASMEJ.Appl.Mech.,62(2),pp.338345.
[9]Sewell,M.J.,1967,OnConfigurationDependentLoading,Arch.Ration.Mech.An.,23(5),pp.327351.
[10]Bodner,S.R.,1958,OntheConservativenessofVariousDistributedForceSystems,J.Aeronaut.Sci.,25(2),pp.132133.
[11]Bazant,Z.P.,1971,ACorrelationStudyofFormulationsofIncrementalDeformationandStabilityofContinuousBodies,
ASMEJ.Appl.Mech.,38(4),pp.919928.
[12]Bazant,Z.P.,andCedolin,L.,1991,StabilityofStructures:Elastic,Inelastic,FractureandDamageTheories,OxfordUniversity
Press,NewYork.
[13]Singer,J.,andBabcock,C.D.,1970,OnBucklingofRingsUnderConstantDirectionalandCentrallyDirectedPressure,
ASMEJ.Appl.Mech.,37(1),pp.215218.
[14]Bower,A.F.,2010,AppliedMechanicsofSolids,CRCPress,BocaRaton,FL.
[15]Ji,W.,andWaas,A.M.,2009,2DElasticAnalysisoftheSandwichPanelBucklingProblem:BenchmarkSolutionsand
AccurateFiniteElementFormulations,Z.Angew.Math.Phys.,61(5),pp.897917.
[16]Ji,W.,andWaas,A.M.,2010,ErrorsCausedbyNonWorkConjugateStressandStrainMeasuresandNecessaryCorrections
inFiniteElementPrograms,ASMEJ.Appl.Mech.,77(4),p.044504.
[17]Ji,W.,andWaas,A.M.,2012,AccurateBucklingLoadCalculationsofaThickOrthotropicSandwichPanel,Compos.Sci.
Tech.,72(10),pp.11341139.
[18]Ji,W.,Waas,A.M.,andBazant,Z.P.,2012,OntheImportanceofWorkConjugacyandObjectiveStressRatesinFinite
DeformationIncrementalFiniteElementAnalysis,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.80,04102419,Joly2013,DOI:
10.1115/1.4007828
[19]Hibbitt,H.D.,1979,SomeFollowerForcesandLoadStiffness,Int.J.Numer.Meth.Eng.,14(6),pp.937941.
[20]Mang,H.A.,1980,SymmetricabilityofPressureStiffnessMatricesforShellsWithLoadedFreeEdges,Int.J.Numer.Meth.
Eng.,15(7),pp.981990.
[21]Schweizerhof,K.,andRamm,E.,1984,DisplacementDependentPressureLoadsinNonlinearFiniteElementAnalyses,
Comput.Struct.,18(6),pp.10991114.

[22]Simo,J.C.,Taylor,R.L.,andWriggers,P.,1991,ANoteonFiniteElementImplementationofPressureBoundaryLoading,
Commun.Appl.Numer.M.,7(7),pp.513525.
[23]Zienkiewicz,O.C.,andTaylor,R.L.,2000,TheFiniteElementMethod,ButterworthHeinemann,Oxford,Boston.
[24]Kardomateas,G.A.,2000,EffectofNormalStrainsinBucklingofThickOrthotropicShells,J.Aerosp.Eng.,13(3),pp.8591.

MarkW.Hilburger,JamesH.Starnes,Jr.andAnthonyM.Waas,Theresponseofcompositecylindricalshells
withcutoutsandsubjectedtointernalpressureandaxialcompressionloads,AIAA39thStructures,Structural
DynamicsandMaterialsConference,AIAA19981768,1998,http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/76299
(cannotcutandpasteabstractfromthepdffile.)
MarkW.Hilburger,JamesH.Starnes,Jr.andAnthonyM.Waas(1998)."Anumericalandexperimentalstudy
oftheresponseofselectedcompressionloadedcompositeshellswithcutouts"AIAA19981988,
AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConferenceandExhibit,39th,
andAIAA/ASME/AHSAdaptiveStructuresForum,LongBeach,CA,Apr.2023,1998,Collectionof
TechnicalPapers.Pt.3(A98252380639).http://hdl.handle.net/2027.42/76998
(cannotcutandpasteabstractfromthepdffile.)
MarkW.Hilburger,MichaelP.NemethandJamesH.Starnes,Jr.(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,
Virginia),EffectiveWidthsofCompressionLoadedPlateswithaCutout,NASA/TP2000210538,October
2000
ABSTRACT:Resultsfromastudyoftheeffectsofcutoutsandlaminateconstructionontheprebucklingand
initialpostbucklingstiffnesses,andtheeffectivewidthsofcompressionloadedlaminatedcompositeand
aluminumsquareplatesarepresented.Aneffectivewidthconceptisderivedforplateswithandwithout
cutouts,andexperimentalandnonlinearfiniteelementanalysisresultsarepresented.Behavioraltrendsare
comparedforsevenplatefamiliesandforcutoutdiametertoplatewidthratiosupto0.66.Ageneralcompact
designcurvethatcanbeusedtopresentandcomparetheeffectivewidthsforawiderangeoflaminate
constructionsisalsopresented.Adiscussionofhowtheresultscanbeusedandextendedtoincludecertain
typesofdamage,cracks,andotherstructuraldiscontinuitiesordetailsisgiven.Severalbehavioraltrendsare
describedthatinitiallyappeartobenonintuitive.Theresultsdemonstrateacomplexinteractionbetweencutout
sizeandplateorthotropythataffectstheaxialstiffnessandeffectivewidthofaplatesubjectedtocompression
loads.
Referenceslistedattheendofthereport:
1.VonKrmn,T.,Sechler,E.E.,andDonnell,L.H.,TheStrengthofThinPlatesinCompression,ASMETransactions,APM54
5,Vol.54,No.2,January30,1932,pp.5357.
2.Bengston,H.W.,ShipPlatingUnderCompressionandHydrostaticPressure,presentedattheannualmeetingoftheSocietyof
NavalArchitectsandMarineEngineers,NewYork,NY,November1617,1939,PaperNo.1.
3.Steinbacher,F.R.andGerard,G.,AircraftStructuralMechanics,PitmanPublishingCorp.,1952,pp.289294.
4.Hu,P.C.,Lundquist,E.E.,andBatdorf,S.B.,EffectofSmallDeviationsFromFlatnessonEffectiveWidthandBucklingof
PlatesinCompression,NACATechnicalNoteNo.1124,September1946.
5.Nemeth,M.P.,BucklingandPostbucklingBehaviorofLaminatedCompositePlatesWithaCutout,NASATechnicalPaper
3587,July1996.
6.Nemeth,M.P.,BucklingandPostbucklingBehaviorofSquareCompressionLoadedGraphiteEpoxyPlatesWithCircularCut
outs,NASATechnicalPaper3007,August1990.
7.Nemeth,M.P.,BucklingandPostbucklingBehaviorofCompressionLoadedIsotropicPlatesWithCutouts,NASATechnical

Paper3024,September1990.
8.Rankin,C.C.,Brogan,F.A.,Loden,W.A.andCabiness,H.D.,STAGSUsersManual,LockheedPaloAltoResearchLaboratory,
ReportLMMSP032594,1999.
9.Dym,C.L.,StabilityTheoryandItsApplicationstoStructuralMechanics,NoordhoffInternational,Leyden,TheNetherlands,
1974.
10.Vilnay,O.andRockey,K.C.,AGeneralizedEffectiveWidthMethodforPlatesLoadedinCompression,J.ConstructionalSteel
Research,Vol.1,No.3,1981,pp.312.
11.Mayers,J.andBudiansky,B.,AnalysisandBehaviorofSimplySupportedFlatPlatesCompressedBeyondtheBucklingLoad
intothePlasticRange,NACATechnicalNoteNo.3368,February1955.

MarkW.HilburgerandJamesH.StarnesJr.(NASALangleyResearchCenter,MechanicsandDurability
Branch,MS190,Hampton,Virginia23681001,USA),Bucklingbehaviorofcompressionloadedcomposite
cylindricalshellswithreinforcedcutouts,InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,Vol.40,No.7,
September2005,pp.10051021,doi:10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2005.02.001
ABSTRACT:Resultsfromanumericalstudyoftheresponseofthinwalledcompressionloadedquasiisotropic
laminatedcompositecylindricalshellswithunreinforcedandreinforcedsquarecutoutsarepresented.The
effectsofcutoutreinforcementorthotropy,size,andthicknessonthenonlinearresponseoftheshellsare
described.Ahighfidelitynonlinearanalysisprocedurehasbeenusedtopredictthenonlinearresponseofthe
shells.Theanalysisprocedureincludesanonlinearstaticanalysisthatpredictsstableresponsecharacteristics
oftheshellsandanonlineartransientanalysisthatpredictsunstabledynamicbucklingresponsecharacteristics.
Theresultsillustratethecomplexnonlinearresponseofacompressionloadedshellwithanunreinforced
cutout.Inparticular,alocalbucklingresponseoccursintheshellnearthecutoutandiscausedbyacomplex
nonlinearcouplingbetweenlocalshellwalldeformationsandinplanedestabilizingcompressionstressesnear
thecutout.Ingeneral,reinforcementaroundacutoutinacompressionloadedshellcanretardoreliminatethe
localbucklingresponsenearthecutoutandincreasethebucklingloadoftheshell.However,resultsare
presentedthatshowhowcertainreinforcementconfigurationscancauseanunexpectedincreaseinthe
magnitudeoflocaldeformationsandstressesintheshellandcauseareductioninthebucklingload.Specific
casesarepresentedthatsuggestthattheorthotropy,thickness,andsizeofacutoutreinforcementinashellcan
betailoredtoachieveimprovedbucklingresponsecharacteristics.
MarkW.Hilburger(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia236812199,USA),Bucklingand
failureofcompressionloadedcompositelaminatedshellswithcutouts,OneoftheAIAAStructuresMeetings
after2005(datenotgiveninthepdffile;latestreferenceisdated2005)
ABSTRACT:Resultsfromanumericalandexperimentalstudythatillustratetheeffectsoflaminateorthotropy
onthebucklingandfailureresponseofcompressionloadedcompositecylindricalshellswithacutoutare
presented.Theeffectsoforthotropyontheoverallresponseofcompressionloadedshellsisdescribed.In
general,preliminarynumericalresultsappeartoaccuratelypredictthebucklingandfailurecharacteristicsofthe
shellconsideredherein.Inparticular,someoftheshellsexhibitstablepostlocalbucklingbehavior
accompaniedbyinterlaminarmaterialfailuresnearthefreeedgesofthecutout.Incontrastanothershellwitha
differentlaminatestackingsequenceappearstoexhibitcatastrophicinterlaminarmaterialfailureattheonsetof
localbucklingnearthecutoutandthisbehaviorcorrelateswellwithcorrespondingexperimentalresults.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1.Starnes,J.H.,Jr.,Hilburger,M.W.,andNemeth,M.P.,"TheEffectsofInitialImperfectionsontheBucklingofComposite
Shells,"CompositeStructures:TheoryandPractice,ASTMSTP1383,P.GrantandC.Q.Rousseau,Eds.,AmericanSocietyfor

TestingandMaterials,2000,pp.529550.
2.Hilburger,M.H.,andStarnes,J.H.,Jr.,"EffectsofImperfectionsontheBucklingResponseofCompressionloadedComposite
Shells,"InternationalJournalofNonlinearMechanics,Vol.37,2002,pp.623643.
3.Hilburger,M.W.,andNemeth,M.P.,andStarnes,J.H.,Jr.,ShellBucklingDesignCriteriaBasedonManufacturingImperfection
Signatures,NASA/TM2004212659,May,2004.
4.Tennyson,R.C.,TheEffectsofUnreinforcedCircularCutoutsontheBucklingofCircularCylindricalShells,''Journalof
EngineeringforIndustry,TransactionsoftheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers,Vol.90,November1968,pp.541546.
5.Brogan,F.A.andAlmroth,B.O.,BucklingofCylinderswithCutouts,''AIAAJournal,Vol.8,No.2,February1970,pp.236
240.
6.Starnes,J.H.,Jr.,TheEffectofaCircularHoleontheBucklingofCylindricalShells,''Ph.D.Dissertation,CaliforniaInstituteof
Technology,Pasadena,California,1970.
7.Jenkins,W.C.,BucklingofCylinderswithCutoutsunderCombinedLoading,MDCReportG2476,October1971,McDonnell
DouglasAstronauticsCo.
8.Almroth,B.O.andHolmes,A.M.C.,"BucklingofShellswithCutouts,ExperimentandAnalysis,"InternationalJournalofSolids
andStructures,Vol.8,1972,pp.10571071.
9.Starnes,J.H.,Jr.,EffectofaSlotontheBucklingLoadofaCylindricalShellwithaCircularCutout,''AIAAJournal,Vol.10,
No.2,February1972,pp.227229.
10.Almroth,B.O.,Brogan,F.A.,andMarlowe,M.B.,StabilityAnalysisofCylinderswithCircularCutouts,AIAAJournal,Vol.
11,No.11,1973,pp.15821584.
11.Starnes,J.H.,Jr.,TheEffectsofCutoutsontheBucklingofThinShells,''ThinShellStructures:Theory,Experiment,and
Design,editedbyY.C.FungandE.E.Sechler,PrenticeHall,Inc.,EnglewoodCliffs,NewJersey,1974,pp.289304.
12.Almroth,B.O.,Meller,E,andBrogan,F.A.,ComputerSolutionsforStaticandDynamicBucklingofShells,Bucklingof
Structures,editedbyB.Budiansky,IUTAMSymposium,Cambridge,Massachusetts,1974,pp.5266.
13.Toda,S,"BucklingofCylinderswithCutoutsUnderAxialCompression,"ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.3,1983,pp.414417.
14.Janisse,T.C.andPalazotto,A.N.,CollapseAnalysisofCompositePanelsWithCutouts,Proceedingsofthe
AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS24thStructures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConference,AIAApaper830875,1983.
15.Knight,N.F.andStarnes,J.H.,Jr.,PostbucklingBehaviorofSelectedGraphiteEpoxyCylindricalPanelLoadedin
Compression,ProceedingsoftheAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS27thStructures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConference,AIAA
paper860881CP,1986.
16.Knight,N.F.andStarnes,J.H.,Jr.,PostbucklingBehaviorofAxiallyCompressedGraphiteEpoxyCylindricalPanelswith
CircularHoles,Proceedingsofthe1984ASMEJointPressureVesselsandPiping/AppliedMechanicsConference,1984.
17.Lee,C.E.andPalazotto,A.N.,NonlinearCollapseAnalysisofCompositeCylindricalPanelsWithSmallCutoutsorNotches,
ProceedingsoftheAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS25thStructures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConference,AIAApaper840889,
1984.
18.Madenci,E.andBarut,A.,PreandPostbucklingResponseofCurved,Thin,CompositePanelswithCutoutsUnder
Compression,InternationalJournalforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.37,1994,pp.14991510.
19.Hilburger,M.W.,"NumericalandExperimentalStudyoftheCompressionResponseofCompositeCylindricalShellswith
Cutouts,"Ph.D.Dissertation,UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,Michigan,1998.
20.Hilburger,M.W.,Waas,A.M.,andStarnes,J.H.,Jr.,ResponseofCompositeShellswithCutoutsSubjectedtoInternalPressure
andCompressionLoads,AIAAJournal,Vol.32,No.2,1999,pp.232237.
21.Hilburger,M.W.,Starnes,J.H.,Jr.,andWaas,A.M."ANumericalandExperimentalStudyoftheResponseofSelected
CompressionloadedCompositeShellswithCutouts,"Proceedingsofthe39thAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,Structural
Dynamics,andMaterialsConference,LongBeach,CA,AIAAPaperNo.981768,1998.
22.Jullien,J.F.andLimam,A.,EffectsofOpeningsontheBucklingofCylindricalShellsSubjectedtoAxialCompression,Thin
WalledStructures,Vol.31,1998,pp.187202.
22.Nemeth,M.P.andStarnes,J.H.,Jr.,TheNASAMonographsonShellStabilityDesignRecommendations:AReviewand
SuggestedImprovements,NASA/TP1998206290,January1998.
23.Hilburger,M.W.,Britt,V.O.,andNemeth,M.P.,BucklingBehaviorofCompressionLoadedQuasiIsotropicCurvedPanels
withaCircularCutout,,"InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.38,2001,pp.14951522.
24.Tafreshi,A.,BucklingandPostbucklingAnalysisofCompositeCylindricalShellswithCutoutsSubjectedtoInternalPressure
andAxialCompressionLoads,InternationalJournalofPressureVesselsandPiping,Vol.79,2002,pp.351359.
25.Madenci,E.andBarut,A.,TheInfluenceofGeometricIrregularitiesontheLinearBucklingofCylindricalShellswithan
EllipticalCutout,Proceedingsofthe44thAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterials

Conference,Norfolk,VA.AIAAPaperNo.20031929,2003.
26.Cervantes,J.A.andPalazotto,A.N.,"CutoutReinforcementofStiffenedCylindricalShells,"JournalofAircraft,Vol.16,No.3,
1979,pp.203208.
27.Hilburger,M.W.,andStarnes,J.H.,Jr.,"BuckingofCompressionloadedCompositeCylindricalShellswithReinforced
Cutouts,"ProceedingsoftheAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC43rdStructures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConference,
Denver,CO.AIAAPaperNo.20021516,2002.
28.Hilburger,M.W.,andStarnes,J.H.,Jr.,"BuckingofCompressionloadedCompositeCylindricalShellswithReinforced
Cutouts,"NASA/TM2004212656,September2004.
29.Jaunky,N.,Ambur,D.R.,Davila,C.G.,andHilburger,M.W.,ProgressiveFailureStudiesofCompositePanelswithand
withoutCutouts,NASA/CR2001211223,September2001.
30.Vinay,K.G.,Jaunky,N.,Johnson,E.R.,andAmbur,D.R.,"IntralaminarandInterlaminarProgressiveFailureAnalysesof
CompositePanelswithCircularCutouts,"ProceedingsoftheAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC43rdStructures,StructuralDynamics,
andMaterialsConference,Denver,CO.AIAAPaperNo.20021745,2002.
31.Rankin,C.C.,Brogan,F.A.,Loden,W.A.,andCabiness,H.D.,STAGSUsersManual,Version5.0,LockheedMartinMissiles
&SpaceCo.,Inc.,AdvanceTechnologyCenter,ReportLMSCP032594,2005.
32.Hashin,Z.,FailureCriteriaforUnidirectionalFiberComposites,JournalofAppliedMechanics,47,1980,pp.329334.
33.Chang,F.K.,andLessard,L.,DamageToleranceofLaminatedCompositesContaininganOpenHoleandSubjectedto
CompressiveLoadings:PartIAnalysis,JournalofCompositeMaterials,25,1991,pp.243.

[68]Hilburger,M.W.andNemeth,M.P.,Bucklingandfailureofcompressionloadedcompositecylindrical
shellswithreinforcedcutouts,CollectedPapersinStructuralMechanicsHonoringDr.JamesH.Starnes,Jr.,
NASA/TM2006214276,compiledbyNormanF.Knight,Jr.,MichaelP.Nemeth,andJohnB.Malone,pp.
363386,February2006
ErolSenocakandAnthonyM.Waas(CompositeStructuresLaboratory,DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,
UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,MI481092140,U.S.A.),Optimallyreinforcedcutoutsinlaminated
circularcylindricalshells,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.38,No.2,February1996,
pp.121140,doi:10.1016/00207403(95)00046Z
ABSTRACT:Theproblemofdesigningacutoutinaloadbearingstructuralmemberintheformofashell,such
thatthecutstructuremaintainsitsstressstatewithaminimaldeparturefromthestressstateoftheuncut
structureisaddressedherein.Symmetricallylaminatedcompositecircularcylindricalshellsunderhydrostatic
compressionandaxialpressureareconsidered.Shallowthinshell(Donnellshelltheory)laminationtheoryis
utilized.Theoriginal(uncut)stiffnessoftheshellstructuresisrecoveredconsiderablybyappropriately
designinganedgereinforcementaroundthecutout.Thebucklingloadofthedesignedshellsareanalyzedvia
thefiniteelementmethod.Anexperimentalinvestigationhasbeencarriedouttoverifysomeoftheresults
obtainedfromthefiniteelementanalysis.Intheworkpresented,thereinforcementismodeledasaone
dimensionalrod/beamtypestructuralelement.
MarkW.Hilburger,Chapter4:Thedevelopmentofshellbucklingdesigncriteriabasedoninitialimperfection
signatures,inBucklingandPostbucklingStructures:Experimental,AnalyticalandNumericalStudies
(ComputationalandExperimentalMethodsinStructures):EditedbyB.G.FalzonandM.H.Aliabadi,Imperial
CollegePress,ISBN:1860947948|20080523,2008
ABSTRACT:Ananalysisbasedapproachfordevelopingshellbucklingdesignfactorsforcylindricalshells
thataccuratelyaccountsfortheeffectsofinitialgeometricimperfectionsispresented.Todevelopthisapproach,

measuredinitialgeometricimperfectiondatafromsixlaboratoryscalegraphiteepoxyshellsareusedto
determineamanufacturingprocessspecificimperfectionsignaturefortheseshells.Thisimperfectionsignature
isthenusedasinputintononlinearfiniteelementanalyses.Theimperfectionsignaturerepresentsafirst
approximationmeanimperfectionshapethatissuitablefordevelopingpreliminarydesigndata.Comparisons
oftestdataandanalyticalresultsobtainedbyusingseveraldifferentimperfectionshapesarepresentedfor
selectedshells.Theseimperfectionshapesincludetheactualmeasuredimperfectionshapeofthetest
specimens,afirstapproximationmeanimperfectionshapewithplusorminusonestandarddeviationinthe
shape,andalinearbifurcationmodeimperfectionshape.Inaddition,bucklinginteractioncurvesforcomposite
shellssubjectedtocombinedaxialcompressionandtorsionloadingarepresentedthatwereobtainedbyusing
thevariousimperfectionshapesintheanalyses.Adiscussiononthedevelopmentofexperimentallyvalidated
nonlinearfiniteelementanalysesisalsopresented.Overall,theresultsindicatethattheproposedanalysisbased
approachpresentedherein,fordevelopingreliablepreliminarydesigncriteria,hasthepotentialtoprovide
improved,lessconservativebucklingloadestimates,andtoreducetheweightandcostofdevelopingbuckling
resistantshellstructures.
Hilburger,M.W.(1and3),Britt,V.O.(2),andNemeth,M.P.(3)
(1)NationalResearchCouncil,Washington,DC20418,USA
(2)GulfStreamAerospaceCorp.,Savannah,GA314022206,USA
(3)NASALangleyResearchCenter,MS190,Hampton,VA236810001,USA,
email:m.w.hilburger@larc.nasa.gov
BucklingBehaviorofCompressionLoadedQuasiIsotropicCurvedPanelsWithaCircularCutout,
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.38,2001,pp.14951522,
doi:10.1016/S00207683(00)001141
ABSTRACT:Resultsfromanumericalandexperimentalstudyoftheresponseofcompressionloadedquasi
isotropiccurvedpanelswithacentrallylocatedcircularcutoutarepresented.Thenumericalresultswere
obtainedbyusingageometricallynonlinearfiniteelementanalysiscode.Theeffectsofcutoutsize,panel
curvatureandinitialgeometricimperfectionsontheoverallresponseofcompressionloadedpanelsare
described.Inaddition,resultsarepresentedfromanumericalparametricstudythatindicatetheeffectsofelastic
circumferentialedgerestraintsontheprebucklingandbucklingresponseofaselectedpanelandthese
numericalresultsarecomparedtoexperimentallymeasuredresults.Theserestraintsareusedtoidentifythe
effectsofcircumferentialedgerestraintsthatareintroducedbythetestfixturethatwasusedinthepresent
study.Itisshownthatcircumferentialedgerestraintscanintroducesubstantialnonlinearprebuckling
deformationsintoshallowcompressionloadedcurvedpanelsthatcanresultinasignificantincreaseinbuckling
load.
Hilburger,M.W.(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA,USA).StaticBucklingTestsof
AerospaceVehicleStructures.EncyclopediaofAerospaceEngineering,2010,
doi:10.1002/9780470686652.eae178
ABSTRACT:Guidelinesonthedevelopmentofasuccessfultestplanforlargescale,aerospacevehicleshell
bucklingtestswithparticularattentiongiventodefiningtestobjectivesandrequirementsarepresented.In
addition,someofthemorechallengingaspectsoftestplanning,testoperations,testarticle,andtestapparatus
designarediscussed,andrecommendationsoninstrumentationandcontrolsystemsetupforbucklingtestsand

includingstateoftheartmeasurementapproachesandtechnologiesareprovided.Inmanycases,actual
examplesaregiven.Thischapterisintendedtoprovidethefirsttimeaswellastheexperiencedtestengineeror
projectmanagerwithexperiencesandlessonslearnedfromrecentlargescaleaerospacevehicledevelopment
testactivitiesatNASA.
MarkW.Hilburger(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA,USA),Developingthenextgeneration
shellbucklingdesignfactorsandtechnologies,AIAAPaperAIAA20121686,53rdAIAAStructures,
StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsMeeting,Honolulu,Hawaii,April2012
ABSTRACT:NASAsShellBucklingKnockdownFactor(SBKF)Projectwasestablishedinthespringof2007
bytheNASAEngineeringandSafetyCenter(NESC)incollaborationwiththeConstellationProgramand
ExplorationSystemsMissionDirectorate.TheSBKFprojecthasthecurrentgoalofdevelopingless
conservative,robustshellbucklingdesignfactors(a.k.a.knockdownfactors)anddesignandanalysis
technologiesforlightweightstiffenedmetalliclaunchvehicle(LV)structures.Preliminarydesignstudies
indicatethatimplementationofthesenewknockdownfactorscanenablesignificantreductionsinmassand
massgrowthinthesevehiclesandcanhelpmitigatesomeofNASAsLVdevelopmentandperformancerisks.
Inparticular,itisexpectedthattheresultsfromthisprojectwillhelpreducetherelianceontesting,provide
highfidelityestimatesofstructuralperformance,reliability,robustness,andenableincreasedpayload
capability.TheSBKFprojectobjectivesandapproachusedtodevelopandvalidatenewdesigntechnologiesare
presented,andprovideaglimpseintothefutureofdesignofthenextgenerationofbucklingcriticallaunch
vehiclestructures.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

1.vonKrmn,T.andTsien,H.S.,"TheBucklingofThinCylindricalShellsUnderAxialCompression,"JournaloftheAeronautical
Science,Vol.8,No.8,June1941,pp.303312.
2.Donnell,L.H.andWan,C.C.,"EffectofImperfectionsonBucklingofThinCylindersandColumnsUnderAxialCompression.,"
JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.17,No.1,March1950,pp.7383.
3.Koiter,W.T.,OntheStabilityofElasticEquilibrium.(inDutch),H.J.Paris,Amsterdam,Holland,1945;translationavailableas
AFFDLTR7025,February,1970,WrightPattersonAirForceBase.
4."BucklingofThinWalledCircularCylinders,"NASASpaceVehicleDesignCriteria,NASASP8007,September1965(Revised
1968).
5."BucklingofThinWalledTruncatedCones,"NASASpaceVehicleDesignCriteria,NASASP8019,September1968.
6."BucklingofThinWalledDoublyCurvedShells,"NASASpaceVehicleDesignCriteria,NASASP8032,August1969.
7.Peterson,JamesP.:BucklingofStiffenedCylindersinAxialCompressionandBendingAReviewofTestData.NASATND
5561.1969.
8"IsogridDesignHandbook,"NASACR124075,February1973.
9.Hilburger,M.W.;Nemeth,M.P.;Starnes,J.H.,Jr.:ShellBucklingDesignCriteriaBasedonManufacturingImperfectionSignatures,
AIAAJournal,vol.44,no.3,March2006.
10.Huhne,C.;Rolfes,R.;Breitbach,E.;andTessmer,J.:RobustDesignofCompositeCylindricalShellsUnderAxialCompression
SimulationandValidation,ThinWalledStructures,vol.46,no.79,pp.947962,2008.
11.Degenhardt,R.;etal.:InvestigationsonImperfectionSensitivityandDeductionofImprovedKnockdownFactorsforUnstiffened
CFRPCylindricalShells,CompositeStructures,vol.92,no.8,pp.19391946,2010.
12.SpaceEngineeringBucklingofStructures,EuropeanCooperationforSpaceStandardization,HandbookECSSEHB3224A,
ECSSSecratariat,ESAESTECRequirementsandStandardsDivision,March2010.
13.Dickson,J.N.;Brolliar,R.H.:TheGeneralInstabilityofRingStiffenedCorrugatedCylindersUnderAxialCompression.NASA
TND3089,1966.
14.Meyer,R.R.:BucklingofRingStiffenedCorrugatedCylindersSubjectedtoUniformAxialCompressionLoadandBending.
Rept.DAC60698,DouglasAircraftCo.,1967.
15.Peterson,J.P.;Dow,M.B.:CompressionTestsonCircularCylindersStiffenedLongitudinallybyCloselySpacedZSection
Stringer.NASAMemo21259L,1959.

16.Peterson,J.P.;Whitley,R.O.;Deaton,J.W.:StructuralBehaviorandCompressiveStrengthofCircularCylinderswith
LongitudinalStiffening.NASATND1251,1962.
17.Becker,H.;Gerard,G.;andWinter,R.:ExperimentsonAxialCompressiveGeneralInstabilityofMonolithicRingStiffened
Cylinders.AIAAJ.,vol1,no7,July1963,pp.16141618.
18.Card,M.F.;Jones,R.M.:ExperimentalandTheoreticalResultsforBucklingofEccentricallyStiffenedCylinders.NASATND
3639,1966.
19.Milligan,R.;Gerard,G.;andLakshinikanthan,C.:GeneralInstabilityofOrthotropicallyStiffenedCylindersUnderAxial
Compression.AIIJ.,vol4,no.11,1966,pp.19061913.
20.Singer,J.:TheInfluenceofStiffenerGeometryandSpacingontheBucklingofAxiallyCompressedCylindricalandConical
Shells.PreliminaryPreprintPaper,2ndIUTAMSymposiumontheTheoryofThinShells,Copenhagen,1967.
21.Meyer,R.R.:Bucklingof45oEccentricStiffenedWaffleCylinders.J.Roy.Aeronaut.Soc.(TechNotes)vol.71,no.679,1967,
pp.516520.
22.Peterson,J.P.;andAnderson,J.K.:BendingTestsofLargeDiameterRingStiffenedCorrugatedCylinders.NASATND3336,
1966.
23.Anderson,J.K.:BendingTestsofTwoLargeDiameterCorrugatedCylinderswithEccentricRingStiffeners,NASATND3702,
1966.
24.Card,M.F.:BendingTestofLargeDiameterStiffenedCylindersSusceptibletoGeneralInstability,NASATND2200,1964.
25.Lovejoy,AndrewE.,Chunchu,PrasadB.,andHilburger,MarkW.."AresVDesignStudy:TheEffectsofBucklingKnockdown
Factors,InternalPressure,andMaterials."NASA/TM2011217061,February,2011.
26.Lovejoy,AndrewE.,Chunchu,PrasadB.,andHilburger,MarkW.."AresIUpperStageDesignStudy:TheEffectsofBuckling
KnockdownFactorsandInternalPressure."NASA/TM2010216848,October,2010.
27.Lovejoy,AndrewE.,Hilburger,MarkW.,andChunchu,PrasadB."EffectsofBucklingKnockdownFactor,InternalPressure
andMaterialontheDesignofStiffenedCylinders."AIAA20102778,51stAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,Structural
Dynamics,andMaterialsConference,Orlando,Florida,Apr.1215,2010.
28.Haynie,WaddyT.,andHilburger,MarkW.,ComparisonofMethodstoPredictLowerBoundBucklingLoadsofCylinders
UnderAxialCompression,AIAAPaper20102532,51stAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamics,and
MaterialsConference,1215April2010,Orlando,Florida.
29.Haynietobepresentedatthe53rdAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConference,
Honolulu,HI,Apr.2326,2012.
30.Hilburger,M.W.:ShellBucklingKnockdownFactor1stAnnualWorkshop1415October,2009,NASA/TM2010216850,
October,2010.(Distributionlimited)
31.Hilburger,M.W.;Starnes,J.H.,Jr.:EffectsofImperfectionsontheBucklingResponseofCompressionLoadedCompositeShells,
InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,vol.37,no.45,pp.623643,2002.
32.Hilburger,M.W.:StaticBucklingTestsofAerospaceVehicleStructures,NASA/TM2010216849,October,2010.33.Geier,B.;
Klein,H.;andZimmermann,R.:ExperimentsontheBucklingofCFRPCylindricalShellsUnderNonUniformAxialLoad,presented
attheInternationalConferenceonCompositeEngineering,NewOrleans,LA,1994,pp.2831.
34.Huhne,C.;Zimmermann,R.;Rolfes,R.;andGeier,B.:SensitivitiestoGeometricalandLoadingImperfectionsonBucklingof
CompositeCylinricalShells,presentedattheEuropeanConferenceonSpacecraftStructures,MaterialsandMechancialTesting,
Toulouse,France,2002.
35.Kriegesmann,B.;Hilburger,M.W.;andRolfes,R.:TheEffectsofGeometricandLoadingImperfectionsontheResponseand
LowerBoundBucklingLoadofaCompressionLoadedCylindricalShell,tobepresentedatthe53rdAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC
Structures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConference,Honolulu,HI,Apr.2326,2012.

SaulloG.P.Castro(1,2),RolfZimmermann(3),MarianoA.Arbelo(1),ReginaKhakimova(3),MarkW.
Hilburger(4)andRichardDegenhardt(3)
(1)PrivateUniversityofAppliedSciencesGttingen,AirbusStrasse6,Stode21684,Germany
(2)EMBRAER,BrazilianAerospaceCompany,Brazil
(3)GermanAerospaceCenterDLR,Lilienthalplatz7,Braunschweig38108,Germany
(4)NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia23681,USA
Geometricimperfectionsandlowerboundmethodsusedtocalculateknockdownfactorsforaxially

compressedcompositecylindricalshells,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.74,pp118132,2014,
DOI:10.1016/j.tws.2013.08.011
ABSTRACT:Theimportantroleofgeometricimperfectionsonthedecreaseofthebucklingloadforthin
walledcylindershadbeenrecognizedalreadybythefirstauthorsinvestigatingthetheoreticalapproacheson
thistopic.However,therearecurrentlynoclosedformsolutionstotakeimperfectionsintoaccountalready
duringtheearlydesignphases,forcingtheanalyststouselowerboundmethodstocalculatetherequiredknock
downfactors(KDF).LowerboundmethodssuchastheempiricalNASASP8007guidelinearecommonly
usedintheaerospaceandspaceindustries,whiletheapproachesbasedontheReducedStiffnessMethod(RSM)
havebeenusedmostlyinthecivilengineeringfield.Since1970saconsiderablenumberofexperimentaland
numericalinvestigationshavebeenconductedtodevelopnewstochasticanddeterministicmethodsfor
calculatinglessconservativeKDFs.Amongthedeterministicapproaches,thesingleperturbationloadapproach
(SPLA),proposedbyHhne,willbefurtherinvestigatedforaxiallycompressedfibercompositecylindrical
shellsandcomparedwithfourothermethodscommonlyusedtocreategeometricimperfections:linearbuckling
modeshaped,geometricdimples,axisymmetricimperfectionsandmeasuredgeometricimperfectionsfromtest
articles.Thefiniteelementmethodusingstaticanalysiswithartificialdampingisusedtosimulatethe
displacementcontrolledcompressiontestsuptothepostbuckledrangeofloading.Theimplementationofeach
methodisexplainedindetailsandthedifferentKDFsobtainedarecompared.ThestudyispartoftheEuropean
Union(EU)projectDESICOS,whoseaimistocombinestochasticanddeterministicapproachestodevelopless
conservativeguidelinesforthedesignofimperfectionsensitivestructures.
Britt,VickiOwen,Assessmentofpreliminarydesignapproachesformetallicstiffenedcylindricalshell
instabilityproblems,ProQuestDissertationsAndTheses;Thesis(Ph.D.)OldDominionUniversity,2007.;
PublicationNumber:AAI3272616;ISBN:9780549122470;Source:DissertationAbstractsInternational,Vol.
6807,Section:B,page:4619.;231p.
ABSTRACT:Apreliminarydesigntoolformetallicstiffenedfuselagecylindricalpanelssubjectedto
longitudinalcompressionhasbeendevelopedandvalidatedbycomparisontotestresults.Several
methodologiesforstiffenedpanelbucklingandfailurepredictionswereexaminedandevaluated.An
appropriatelevelofanalysisfidelitywasdeterminedfordifferentfailuremodesanddesigndetails.Resultsfrom
paneltestsconductedtoverifyanalyticalmethodsusedtodesigntheGulfstreamVaircraftwerepresented.The
panelswererepresentativeoffourgeneralskin/stringerconfigurationsontheaircraft.FiniteElementanalyses
andstandardanalyticalmethodswereusedtopredictpanelfailureloads.Theaccuracyofthefiniteelement
analysispredictionswasdependentuponthelevelofdetailincludedinthemodel.Theinclusionofsuchdetails
asfastenershadasignificanteffectonthepredictedfailureload.Theomissionofsuchcomplexitiesfromthe
finiteelementmodelledtounconservativefailurepredictions.Standardanalyticalmethodswerefoundtobe
moreefficientthanfiniteelementmethodsandproducedconservativepanelfailureloads.Improvementsfora
preliminarydesigntoolwereidentifiedtoreduceconservatisminfailurepredictionsandtherebyreduce
structuralweight.
Starnes,JamesH.,Jr.;Hillburger,MarkW.,UsingHighFidelityAnalysisMethodsandExperimentalResults
toAccountfortheEffectsofImperfectionsontheBucklingResponseofCompositeShellStructures,March
2003,http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADP014170
ABSTRACT:Theresultsofanexperimentalandanalyticalstudyoftheeffectsofinitialimperfectionsonthe
bucklingresponseofunstiffenedthinwalledcompressionloadedgraphiteepoxycylindricalshellsare

presented.Theanalyticalresultsincludetheeffectsoftraditionalandnontraditionalinitialimperfectionsand
uncertaintiesinthevaluesofselectedshellparametersonthebucklingloadsoftheshells.Thenonlinear
structuralanalysisresultscorrelateverywellwiththeexperimentalresults.Thehighfidelitynonlinearanalysis
procedureusedtogeneratetheanalyticalresultscanalsobeusedtoformthebasisofanewshelldesign
procedurethatcouldreducethetraditionaldependenceonempiricalresultsintheshelldesignprocess.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

1.Anon.,BucklingofThinWalledCircularCylinders.NASASpaceVehicleDesignCriteria,NASASP8007,September1965.
2.Koiter,W.T.,"OntheStabilityofElasticEquilibrium,"(inDutch),H.J.Paris,Amsterdam,Holland,1945;translationavailableas
AFFDLTR7025,February1970,WrightPattersonAirForceBase.
3.Hilburger,M.W.,andStarnes,J.H.,Jr.,"HighfidelityAnalysisofCompressionloadedCompositeShells,"Proceedingsofthe
42ndAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConference,Seattle,WA,2001.AIAAPaper
No.20011394,April2001.
4.Hilburger,M.W.,andStarnes,J.H.,Jr.,"EffectsofImperfectionsontheBucklingResponseofCompressionLoadedComposite
Shells."InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,Vol.37,2000,pp.623643.
5.Rankin,C.C.,Brogan,F.A.,Loden,W.A.,andCabiness,H.D.,"STAGSUsersManual,Version3.0,"LockheedMartinMissiles
&SpaceCo.,Inc.,AdvancedTechnologyCenter,PaloAlto,CA,ReportLMSCP032594,1999.

[69]Hilburger,M.W.andStarnes,J.H.,Jr.,Effectsofimperfectionsonthebucklingresponseofcompression
loadedcompositeshells,InternationalJ.ofNonlinearMechanics,Vol.37pp.623643(2002),SpecialIssue:
StabilityandVibrationinThinWalledStructures,doi:10.1016/S00207462(01)000889
ABSTRACT:Theresultsofanexperimentalandanalyticalstudyoftheeffectsofinitialimperfectionsonthe
bucklingandpostbucklingresponseofthreeunstiffenedthinwalledcompressionloadedgraphiteepoxy
cylindricalshellswithdifferentorthotropicandquasiisotropicshellwalllaminatesarepresented.Theresults
identifytheeffectsoftraditionalandnontraditionalinitialimperfectionsonthenonlinearresponseand
bucklingloadsoftheshells.Thetraditionalimperfectionsincludethegeometricshellwallmidsurface
imperfectionsthatarecommonlydiscussedintheliteratureonthinshellbuckling.Thenontraditional
imperfectionsincludeshellwallthicknessvariations,localshellwallplygapsassociatedwiththefabrication
process,shellendgeometricimperfections,nonuniformappliedendloads,andvariationsintheboundary
conditionsincludingtheeffectsofelasticboundaryconditions.Ahighfidelitynonlinearshellanalysis
procedurethataccuratelyaccountsfortheeffectsofthesetraditionalandnontraditionalimperfectionsonthe
nonlinearresponsesandbucklingloadsoftheshellsisdescribed.Theanalysisprocedureincludesanonlinear
staticanalysisthatpredictsstableresponsecharacteristicsoftheshellsandanonlineartransientanalysisthat
predictsunstableresponsecharacteristics.
MarkW.HilburgerandJamesH.Starnes,Jr.(NASALangleyResearchCenter,MS190,Hampton,VA23681
2199,USA),Effectsofimperfectionsofthebucklingresponseofcompositeshells,ThinWalledStructures
Vol.42,No.3,March2004,pp.369397,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2003.09.001
ABSTRACT:Theresultsofanexperimentalandanalyticalstudyoftheeffectsofinitialimperfectionsonthe
bucklingresponseandfailureofunstiffenedthinwalledcompressionloadedgraphiteepoxycylindricalshells
arepresented.Theshellsconsideredinthestudyhavesixdifferentshellwalllaminatestwodifferentshell
radiustothicknessratios.Theshellwalllaminatesincludefourdifferentorthotropiclaminatesandtwo
differentquasiisotropiclaminates.Theshellradiustothicknessratiosincludeshellradiustothicknessratios
equalto100and200.Thenumericalresultsincludetheeffectsoftraditionalandnontraditionalinitial
imperfectionsandselectedshellparameteruncertainties.Thetraditionalimperfectionsincludethegeometric

shellwallmidsurfaceimperfectionsthatarecommonlydiscussedintheliteratureonthinshellbuckling.The
nontraditionalimperfectionsincludeshellwallthicknessvariations,localshellwallplygapsassociatedwith
thefabricationprocess,shellendgeometricimperfections,nonuniformappliedendloads,andvariationsinthe
boundaryconditionsincludingtheeffectsofelasticboundaryconditions.Thecylinderparameteruncertainties
consideredincludeuncertaintiesingeometricimperfectionmeasurements,laminafibervolumefraction,fiber
andmatrixproperties,boundaryconditions,andappliedendloaddistribution.Resultsthatincludetheeffectsof
thesetraditionalandnontraditionalimperfectionsanduncertaintiesonthenonlinearresponsecharacteristics,
bucklingloadsandfailureoftheshellsarepresented.Theanalysisprocedureincludesanonlinearstaticanalysis
thatpredictsthestableresponsecharacteristicsoftheshells,andanonlineartransientanalysisthatpredictsthe
unstableresponsecharacteristics.Inaddition,acommonfailureanalysisisusedtopredictmaterialfailuresin
theshells.
[70]Hilburger,M.W.,Nemeth,M.P.,andStarnes,J.H.,Jr.(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,
Virginia),Shellbucklingdesigncriteriabasedonmanufacturingimperfectionsignatures,NASA/TM2004
212659,May2004
ABSTRACT:Ananalysisbasedapproachfordevelopingshellbucklingdesigncriteriaforlaminatedcomposite
cylindricalshellsthataccuratelyaccountfortheeffectsofinitialgeometricimperfectionsispresented.Withthis
approach,measuredinitialgeometricimperfectiondatafromsixgraphiteepoxyshellsareusedtodeterminea
manufacturingprocessspecificimperfectionsignaturefortheseshells.Thisimperfectionsignatureisthenused
asinputintononlinearfiniteelementanalyses.Theimperfectionsignaturerepresentsa"firstapproximation"
meanimperfectionshapethatissuitablefordevelopingpreliminarydesigndata.Comparisonsoftestdataand
analyticalresultsobtainedbyusingseveraldifferentimperfectionshapesarepresentedforselectedshells.
Theseshapesincludetheactualmeasuredimperfectionshapeofthetestspecimens,the"firstapproximation"
meanimperfectionshape,withandwithoutplusorminusonestandarddeviation,andthelinearbifurcation
modeimperfectionshape.Inaddition,bucklinginteractioncurvesforcompositeshellssubjectedtocombined
axialcompressionandtorsionloadingarepresentedthatwereobtainedbyusingthevariousimperfection
shapesintheanalyses.Adiscussionofthenonlinearfiniteelementanalysesisalsopresented.Overall,the
resultsindicatethattheanalysisbasedapproachpresentedfordevelopingreliablepreliminarydesigncriteria
hasthepotentialtoprovideimproved,lessconservativebucklingloadestimates,andtoreducetheweightand
costofdevelopingbucklingresistantshellstructures.
[71]Li,Y.W.,Elishakoff,I.,andStarnes,J.H.,Jr.,Axialbucklingofcompositecylindricalshellswithperiodic
thicknessvariation,Computers&Structures,Vol.56,No.1,pp.6574(1995)
doi:10.1016/00457949(94)00527A
ABSTRACT:Thisstudyaddressestheeffectofthicknessvariationonthestabilityofthecompositecylindrical
shellsunderaxialcompression.Variouslaminationconfigurationsandthreecommonlyusedcomposite
materialsareconsidered.Numericalresultsshowthatcertaintypesofthicknessvariationpatternscangreatly
reducetheclassicalbucklingload.Resultsindicatethatthemostdetrimentaleffectofthethicknessvariation
occurswhenthewavenumberofthethicknessvariationistwicethatoftheclassicalbucklingmode.Forthis
case,anasymptoticformulaisestablishedbyuseofacomputeralgebra,whichrelatesthebucklingload
reductionratetothethicknessvariationparameter.

[72]Li,Y.W.,Elishakoff,I.,Starnes,J.H.,Jr.,andShinozuka,M.,Predictionofnaturalfrequencyand
bucklingloadvariabilityduetouncertaintyinmaterialpropertiesbyconvexmodeling,FieldsInstitute
Communications,AmericanMathematicalSociety,Vol.9,pp.139154(1996)
[73]Elishakoff,I.,Li,Y.W.,andStarnes,J.H.,Jr.,NonclassicalProblemsintheTheoryofElasticStability,
CambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork,January2001
[74]Abramovich,H.,Weller,T.,andBisagni,C.,Bucklingbehaviorofcompositelaminatedstiffenedpanels
undercombinedshearandaxialcompression,CollectedPapersinStructuralMechanicsHonoringDr.James
H.Starnes,Jr.,NASA/TM2006214276,compiledbyNormanF.Knight,Jr.,MichaelP.Nemeth,andJohnB.
Malone,pp.213229,February2006
H.Abramovich,etal,Bucklingandpostbucklingbehavioroflaminatedcompositestringerstiffenedcurved
panelsunderaxialcompression,2ndInt.ConferenceonBuckling,2008,msp.Berkeley.edu(notpermittedto
seeabstractorpublisherwithoutsubscription)
H.Abramovich(TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,Israel,email:haim@aerodyne.technion.ac.il),
Experimentalstudiesofstiffenedcompositepanelsunderaxialcompression,torsionandcombinedloading,
Chapter1inBucklingandPostbucklingStructures:Experimental,AnalyticalandNumericalStudies
(ComputationalandExperimentalMethodsinStructures):EditedbyB.G.FalzonandM.H.Aliabadi,Imperial
CollegePress,2008
PARTIALABSTRACT:Experimentalresultsonthebehaviorofninesinglepanelsandoffourtorsionboxes,
eachcomprisingoftwostringerstiffenedcylindricalgraphiteepoxycompositepanelsarepresented.These
weretestedunderaxialcompression,torsionandcombinedloading.Thebucklingandpostbucklingbehaviorof
thesesinglepanelsandtorsionboxesdemonstratedconsistentresults.Priortoperformingthebucklingtests,the
initialgeometricimperfectionsofthepanelsandboxeswerescannedandrecorded.Thetestswere
complementedbyfiniteelementcalculations,whichwereperformedforeachpanelandbox.Thesedetailed
calculationshavealsoassistedinidentifyingcriticalregionsoftheboxesandtheboxeswerereinforced
accordinglytoavoidprematurefailure.Theinvestigationonthesinglepanelsrevealedagoodcorrelation
betweenthepredictionsofthefiniteelementcodesandtheexperimentalresults
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[75]Singer,J.,Arbocz,J.,andWeller,T.,BucklingExperimentsExperimentalMethodsinBucklingof
ThinWalledStructures,JohnWiley&SonsInc.,2002
G.D.GalletlyandR.W.Aylward(AppliedMechanicsDivision,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,
UniversityofLiverpool,Liverpool,GreatBritain),Bucklingunderexternalpressureofcylinderswitheither
torisphericalorhemisphericalendclosures,InternationalJournalofPressureVesselsandPiping,Vol.1,No.2,
April1973,pp.139154,doi:10.1016/03080161(73)900197
ABSTRACT:Inanumberofapplications,theactualboundaryconditionsattheendsofacylinderarenottaken
intoaccountproperlywhenthestructureisbeingdesignedagainstbuckling.Forexample,inthedesignof
submersiblestheoldertheoreticaltreatmentsassumethatbulkheadsarepresentattheendsofthecylinders,
whereasthisformofconstructionisnotalwaysused.Thepurposeoftheinvestigationdescribedhereistostudy
theeffectofrealisticboundaryconditionsontheelasticbucklingpressureofunstiffenedcylinderswith
torisphericalorhemisphericalendclosures.Inthepresentstudyonlyperfect,initiallystressfree,structuresare
consideredandtheirtheoreticalbucklingpressuresareobtainedfromavariationalfinitedifferenceprogram
writtenforthedigitalcomputer.Thenumericalresultspresentedwereobtainedfromalimitedparametric
surveyoftheproblem.Inthemain,linearbucklingtheorywasused.However,asisshown,thiscansometimes

leadtounsafepredictions.Thebucklingpressuresforthecylinderswithhemisphericalendclosures,as
predictedbythevariationalfinitedifferencetechnique,arealsocomparedwithamodifiedvonMisesformula
withcorrectionsfortheendclosures.Theagreementbetweenthetwosetsofpredictionswasgoodwithinthe
rangeofthesurvey.
G.D.Galletly(TheUniversityofLiverpool,Liverpool,England),ElasticandElasticPlasticBucklingof
InternallyPressurized2:1EllipsoidalShells,JournalofPressureVesselTechnology,Vol.100,No.4,pp.335
343,November1978,DOI:10.1115/1.3454478
ABSTRACT:Elasticandelasticplasticbucklingpressuresforinternallypressurized2:1ellipsoidalshellswith
diameterthicknessratiosintherange750<D/t<1500aregiveninthepaper.Theeffectsofsigmayp,Eand
linearstrainhardeningonthebucklingpressureswereinvestigatedandbothflowanddeformationtheories
utilized.Someexperimental/theoreticalcorrelationsarealsogiven.Theelasticpcr_sdifferfromsomewhich
havebeenpublishedrecentlyandtheelasticplasticpcr_sarebelievedtobenew.Forsteelshells,flowand
deformationtheoriessometimesgavecontradictorybucklingpredictionsbutthiswasnotthecasewiththe
aluminumshellswhichwereinvestigated.
G.D.Galletly(1)andS.K.Radhamohan(2)
(1)UniversityofLiverpool,England
(2)StructuresDivision,C.S.S.C.,Trivandrum,India
ElasticPlasticBucklingofInternallyPressurizedThinTorisphericalShells,JournalofPressureVessel
Technology,Vol.101,No.3,pp.216225,August1979,DOI:10.1115/1.3454626
ABSTRACT:Theelasticplasticbucklingofinternallypressurizedtorisphericalshellsisconsideredinsome
detailinthepaper.Theeffectsofgeometricparameters(r/D,RS/DandD/t)andmaterialproperties(sigmayp,
Eandthestrainhardeningcoefficient)ontheelasticplasticinternalbucklingpressureswereinvestigatedusing
theBOSOR5program.Basedontheresultsoftheparametricstudy,approximateformulasforpredictingthe
elasticplasticinternalbucklingpressuresaresuggested.Theseshouldbeusefultodesigners.
R.W.AylwardandG.D.Galletly(AppliedMechanicsDivision,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,
UniversityofLiverpool,Liverpool,GreatBritain),Elasticbucklingof,andfirstyieldingin,thintorispherical
shellssubjectedtointernalpressure,InternationalJournalofPressureVesselsandPiping,Vol.7,No.5,
September1979,pp.321336,doi:10.1016/03080161(79)900255
ABSTRACT:WiththeaidofthenonlinearshellbucklingcomputerprogramBOSOR4,theinternalpressures
atwhichelasticcircumferentialbuckling(orwrinkling)takeplaceinthintorisphericalshellshavebeen
calculated.Themaximumequivalent(oreffective)stressesintheshellsintheaxisymmetricprebuckledstate
werealsoobtained
GDGalletly(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool),Plasticbucklingof
torisphericalandellipsoidalshellssubjectedtointernalpressure,ProceedingsoftheInstitutionofMechanical
Engineers18471996,Volume195/1981,pp.329345,doi:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1981_195_034_02
ABSTRACT:Thinmetallictorisphericalshellsareusedfrequentlyinmanyindustriesasendclosureson

cylinderssubjectedtointernalpressureand,forthosetorisphereswhichhavediameter/thicknessratiosgreater
than400,elasticplasticinternalpressurebucklingmayoccur.Asyet,however,coderulestoassistthedesigner
withthisbucklingproblemarenotavailableineithertheUKortheUSAandoneoftheaimsofthispaperisto
helptocorrectthissituation.Elasticplasticinternalbucklingpressures,forarangeofperfecttorispherical
geometriesandobtainedwiththeaidofasophisticatedcomputerprogram,aregiveninthefirstpartofthe
paper.Thesepcr'sarethenutilized(a)todeveloparelativelysimpleequationforpredictingtheinternal
bucklingpressuresoftorisphericalshellsand(b)toassesstheaccuracyofanother,evensimpler,approximate
bucklingequationwhichwassuggestedrecently.
G.D.GalletlyandJ.Blachut(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool),Plastic
BucklingofShortVerticalCylindricalShellsSubjectedtoHorizontalEdgeShearLoads,JournalofPressure
VesselTechnology,Vol.107,No.2,pp.101106,May1985,DOI:10.1115/1.3264420
ABSTRACT:Verticalliquidfilledcylindricalshellswhicharesubjectedtohorizontalseismicloadscanfailby
bucklinginshear.Oneexamplewherethismightariseinthenuclearindustryiswiththeprimaryvesselinafast
breederreactor(LMFBR)anddesigncriteriaare,therefore,neededtopreventitsoccurrence.Inthepresent
paper,thestaticanalogueoftheforegoingproblemisconsideredandexperimentalresultsontheplastic
bucklingofshort,steelcantileveredcylindricalshellssubjectedtotransverseedgeshearingloadsarepresented.
Inaddition,asimplequadraticequationissuggestedforpredictingtheplasticshearbucklingloads.The
agreementbetweentheexperimentalshearloadsattheinceptionofbucklingandthepredictionsoftheproposed
designequationisexcellentforthelimitedrangeofgeometriesinvestigated.
GDGalletlyandJBlachut(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool),Torispherical
shellsunderinternalpressurefailureduetoasymmetricplasticbucklingoraxisymmetricyielding,
ProceedingsoftheInstitutionofMechanicalEngineers18471996,Vol.199,No.C3/1985,pp.225238,
DOI:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1985_199_117_02
ABSTRACT:Inthediametertothicknessrange250<D/t<1000,internallypressurizedtorisphericalshells
canfaileitherbyplasticbucklingorbyaxisymmetricyielding.However,thepresentCoderulescateronlyfor
theaxisymmetricyieldingmodeandtheyalsorestricttheD/tratiostobeinglessthan500.Therulesarebased
onlimitanalysisresultsandthesecanbeconservativeforthisproblem.Withregardtointernalpressure
buckling,thereareasyetnodesignrulesineithertheAmericanortheBritishpressurevesselCodestoprevent
itsoccurrence.Toprovideguidanceforamoreaccurateformulationofdesignrulesforbothofthesefailure
modesovertherange300<D/t<1500,theauthorshavemadeaseriesofcalculationstodeterminethevalues
ofPcr(theinternalbucklingpressure)andPc(theaxisymmetricyieldingpressure)forperfecttorispherical
shells.Theavailabilityoftheseresults,obtainedwithafinitedeflectionshelltheory,enablescurvestobedrawn
showingwhenbucklingisthecontrollingfailuremodeandwhenaxisymmetricyieldcontrols.
GDGalletly,KPemsing(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool),Interactive
bucklingtestsoncylindricalshellssubjectedtoaxialcompressionandexternalpressureacomparisonof
experiment,theoryandvariouscodes,ProceedingsoftheInstitutionofMechanicalEngineers18471996,Vol.
199,No.C4,1985,pp.259280,doi:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1985_199_123_02
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingofweldedsteelcylindricalshellsunderthecombinedactionofexternalpressure

andaxialcompressiveloadsisofconsiderableinteresttotheoffshoreoilandnuclearindustries.However,test
resultsonthissubjectarescarceandsomedesignruleswhichhavebeenproposedrecentlyhavenotbeen
validatedexperimentally,especiallyintheplasticbucklingregion.Inordertochecktheserules,andsuggest
others,interactivebucklingtestswereconductedatLiverpoolUniversityoncylindricalshellshavingR/t"H
100.Oneseriesoftestsconsistedof19machinedandstressrelievedsteelmodelshavingL/Rratiosof0.33,
0.74and1.45.Theresultsobtainedonthesenearperfectmachinedmodelswerecomparedwiththeoretical
predictionsofthebehaviourofperfectcylindricalshellsandtheagreementbetweenthetwowasgood.The
otherseriesconsistedof21weldedsteelmodelsandhadgeometricratioswhichweresimilartothemachined
ones.ThelinearinteractionequationSp+Sx=1wasusedtopredictthefailureloadsoftheseweldedsteel
modelsandthepredictionsweresafeinallcases.However,forsomecombinedloadingcasesthelinear
equationwasratherconservativeand,inconsequence,somenonlinearinteractionequationswereinvestigated.
Theseseempromisingfordesignpurposes.Irrespectiveofwhetheralinearoranonlinearequationischosen
fordesign,moretestswillbeneededtoestablishthescatterbandsoftheinteractivebucklingcurvesforvarious
valuesofR/t.Sometestswerealsocarriedouton(a)theeffectoftheloadingpathonthefailureloadsand(b)
modelswithlocalizeddents.Othertopicsdiscussedinthepaperare:theeffectsofresidualstressesandinitial
geometricimperfections,thegeneralprocedureadoptedbyCodestopredictbucklingloadsandsome
discrepanciesbetweenthepredictionsofvariousCodes.
GDGalletly(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool),Designequationsfor
preventingbucklinginfabricatedtorisphericalshellssubjectedtointernalpressure,Proceedingsofthe
InstitutionofMechanicalEngineers18471996,Volume200,NumberA2/1986,pp.127139,
doi:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1986_200_018_02
(cannotcutandpastetheabstract)
G.D.Galletly(1),J.Blachut(1)andJ.Kruzelecki(2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool
(2)TechnicalUniversityofKrakow,Poland
Plasticbucklingofimperfecthemisphericalshellssubjectedtoexternalpressure,Proceedingsofthe
InstitutionofMechanicalEngineers18471996,Vol.201,No.C3/1987,pp.153170,
doi:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1987_201_103_02
ABSTRACT:Plasticbuckling/collapsepressuresforexternallypressurizedimperfecthemisphericalshellswere
calculatedforseveralvaluesoftheyieldpoint,theradiusthicknessratio,andtheamplitudeoftheinitial
imperfectionsatthepole.Thewellknownelasticplasticshellbucklingprogram,BOSOR5,wasusedinthe
calculations,andtwoaxisymmetricinitialimperfectionshapeswerestudied,alocalizedincreasedradiustype
andaLegendrepolynomial.
G.D.Galletly(1),J.Kruzelecki(2),D.G.Moffat(1),B.Warrington(1)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool
(2)TechnicalUniversityofKrakow,Poland
Bucklingofshallowtorisphericaldomessubjectedtoexternalpressureacomparisonofexperiment,theory,
anddesigncodes,TheJournalofStrainAnalysisforEngineeringDesign,Vol.22,No.3,1987,pp.163175,

doi:10.1243/03093247V223163
ABSTRACT:Thetestresultsobtainedon24externallypressurisedtorisphericalsteelshellsaregiveninthis
paper.Theknuckleradiustodiameterratioofthedomesvariedfrom0.06to0.18andthesphericalcapradius
tothicknessratioswerebetween75and335.Initialshapeandthicknessmeasurementswerecarriedoutonall
thetorispheresandasummaryofthisinformationisgiven.TheBOSOR5shellbucklingprogramwas
employedtopredictthebuckling/collapsepressuresofallthedomes;bothperfectdomesandthosewith
axisymmetricimperfectionswereconsidered.Thecorrelationbetweenthetheoreticalpredictionsandthe
experimentalresultswas,ingeneral,verygood.Themainconclusionsofthepresentinvestigationare:(i)that
someoftheexperimentalbucklingpressureswerelowerthanthoseobtainedbymultiplyingtheBS5500design
valuesbyasafetyfactorof1.5,and(ii)thatthosetorisphereswithsharpknuckleradiifailedbyplasticcollapse
intheknuckleregionandthecollapsepressureswerenotverysensitivetoinitialgeometricimperfections.It
thusappearsthattheBS5500rulesrelatingtothestrengthofshallowtorispheressubjectedtoexternalpressure
needtobeamended,andthatthetolerancesongeometricshapeforcaseswhicharelikelytobeimperfection
insensitiveshouldbereconsidered.
GDGalletlyandJBlachut(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool),Elastic
bucklingofinternallypressurizedcylinderbulkheadcombinations,ProceedingsoftheInstitutionof
MechanicalEngineers18471996,Vol.201,No.C4,1987,pp.259262,
doi:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1987_201_118_02
ABSTRACT(cannotcutandpasteabstract)
J.BlachutandG.D.Galletly(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool),Clamped
torisphericalshellsunderexternalpressuresomenewresults,TheJournalofStrainAnalysisforEngineering
Design,Vol.23,No.1,1988,pp.924,doi:10.1243/03093247V231009
ABSTRACT:Perfectclampedtorisphericalshellssubjectedtoexternalpressureareanalysedinthepaperusing
theBOSOR5shellbucklingprogram.Variousvaluesoftheknuckleradiustodiameterratio(r/D)andthe
sphericalcapradiustothicknessratio(Rs/t)werestudied,aswellasfourvaluesofsigmayp,theyieldpointof
thematerial.Buckling/collapsepressures,modesoffailureandthedevelopmentofplasticzonesintheshell
wallweredetermined.Asimplediagramispresentedwhichenablesthefailuremodeintheseshellstobe
predicted.Thecollapsepressures,pc,werealsoplottedagainsttheparameter.
GDGalletlyandAMuc(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool),Bucklingof
fibrereinforcedplasticsteeltorisphericalshellsunderexternalpressure,ProceedingsoftheInstitutionof
MechanicalEngineers18471996,Vol.202,No.C6,1988,pp.409420,
doi:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1988_202_143_02
ABSTRACT:(cannotcutandpasteabstract)
GDGalletlyandAMuc(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool),Bucklingof
externallypressurizedcompositetorisphericaldomes,ProceedingsoftheInstitutionofMechanicalEngineers
18471996,Vol.203,No.E1,1989,pp.4156,doi:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1989_203_187_02

ABSTRACT:(cannotcutandpasteabstract)
GDGalletly,JBlachut,DNMoreton(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool),
Internallypressurizedmachineddomedendsacomparisonoftheplasticbucklingpredictionsofthe
deformationandflowtheories,ProceedingsoftheInstitutionofMechanicalEngineers18471996,Vol.204,
No.C3,1990,pp.169186,doi:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1990_204_093_02
ABSTRACT:(cannotcutandpaste)
GDGalletly(1),DNMoreton(1),AMuc(2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool
(2)InstituteofMechanicsandMachineDesign,TechnicalUniversityofKrakow,Poland.
Bucklingofslightlyflatteneddomedendsreinforcedlocallywithfibrereinforcedplastic,Proceedingsofthe
InstitutionofMechanicalEngineers18471996,Vol.204,No.E1,1990,pp.1524,
doi:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1990_204_161_02
ABSTRACT:(cannotcutandpaste)
GDGalletlyandJBlachut(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,TheUniversityofLiverpool),Stability
ofcompletecircularandnoncirculartoroidalshells,ProceedingsoftheInstitutionofMechanicalEngineers
18471996,Vol.209,No.C4,1995,pp.245255,doi:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1995_209_151_02
ABSTRACT(cannotcutandpasteabstract)
J.BlachutandG.D.Galletly(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool,POBox147,
Liverpool,UK,L693BX),Bucklingstrengthofimperfectsteelhemispheres,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.
23,Nos.14,1995,pp.120,SpecialIssue:BucklingStrengthofImperfectionsensitiveShells,
doi:10.1016/02638231(95)00001T
ABSTRACT:Experimentalandnumericalresultsonseven580mmdiameter,spunsteel,hemisphericalshells
subjectedtoexternalpressurearediscussedinthepaper.Theaveragewallthicknessoftheshellsvariedfrom
037mmto25mm.Carefulshapeandthicknessmeasurementsonalltheshellswereobtainedandutilisedin
severaltypesofanalysis(2DFiniteElement,bestfitaxisymmetric,axisymmetricwithalocalfattening,etc.).
Noneoftheanalysistechniquesemployedprovedtobeentirelyreliableinsofaraspredictingthecollapse
strengthofthespunsteelhemispheres.Forexample,theratiosoftheexperimentaltothe2DFEnumerical
collapsepressureswerebetween056and121.ThetestresultswerealsocomparedwiththeECCSdesign
curveanditisshownthatoneshouldusetheminimumshellthicknessfordesignpurposesandnotrelyonthe
averagewallthickness(threetestresultsplottedbelowthedesigncurvewhentheaveragewallthicknesswas
used).
JBlachut,GDGalletly,SJames(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,TheUniversityofLiverpool),On
theplasticbucklingparadoxforcylindricalshells, ProceedingsoftheInstitutionofMechanicalEngineers
18471996,Vol.210,No.C5,1996,pp.477488,doi:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1996_210_221_02

ABSTRACT:(cannotcutandpastabstract)
G.D.Galletly(1)andD.A.Galletly(2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool,POBox147,LiverpoolL693BX,U.K.
(2)DeparmmentofEngineering,UniversityofCambridge,CambridgeCB21PZ,U.K.
Bucklingofcomplextoroidalshellstructures,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.26,No.3,November1996,
pp.195212,doi:10.1016/02638231(96)000237
ABSTRACT:Arecentinnovationinthedesignofsubmersiblesistheemploymentofaseriesofcircularpipes
toformpartofthepressurehull.Thesepipesserveasstorageforgaseousoxygen,whichismixedwithfueloil
todriveadieselengineinaclosedcyclemode.Oneofthestructuraldesignproblemswiththesevesselsisthe
calculationofthelocalbucklingpressureofthehullandinthispaperthisistackledbyisolatingashortsection
ofthevessel.Twoadjacenttoroidswereconsideredfirst,togetherwiththeirconnectingannularsegments.Then
threetoroidswereconsidered.Theloadingwasexternalpressureontheexternalsurfaceofthevesselplusthe
axialthrustcausedbythepressureontheendclosures.Thestressdistributions,elasticplasticbuckling
pressuresandmodeshapesweredeterminedusingthevariationalfinitedifferenceBOSOR5program.Factors
investigatedforthe2toruscasewere:theshapeoftheconnectingsegments,theconstraintconditionsatthe
contactpointbetweenthetoroidsandtheinfluenceoftheyieldstress.Theresultsoftheinvestigationshowed
that:(i)thelocalbucklingpressureofthe3torusstructurewasalmostthesameasthatofthe2toruscase;and
(ii)cylindricalconnectingsegmentsgaveahigherbucklingpressurethancirculartoroidalones.Asimple
approximatemethodforcalculatingthelocalbucklingpressureofthe2torusshellstructurewasalsochecked.
Itturnedouttobeconservative,givingabucklingpressurewhichwasaboutthreequartersoftheBOSOR5
value.
G.DGalletly(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineeringTheUniversityofLiverpool,BrownlowStreet,Liverpool
L693GH,UK),Elasticbucklingofimperfectcirculartoroidalshellsunderexternalpressure, Proceedingsof
theInstitutionofMechanicalEngineers,PartE:JournalofProcessMechanicalEngineering,Volume212,No.
3,1998,pp.197209,doi:10.1243/0954408981529411
ABSTRACT:Whenperfect,externallypressurizedcompletecirculartoroidalshellsbuckle,theminimum
bucklingpressurepcrusuallyoccursintheaxisymmetricn=0mode,withpcrforn=2beingonlyslightly
larger.Inthepresentpaper,theeffectsofaxisymmetricinitialgeometricimperfectionsonreducingpcrforthe
perfectshellareinvestigated.Varioustypesofimperfectionarestudied,i.e.localizedflatspots,smooth
dimples,sinusoidsandbucklingmodeshapes.TheprincipalgeometryinvestigatedwasR/b=10,b/t=100,
althoughothergeometrieswerealsoconsidered.Themaximumdecreaseinbucklingresistance.
G.DGalletly(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineeringTheUniversityofLiverpool,BrownlowStreet,Liverpool
L693GH,UK),Elasticbucklingofcompletetoroidalshellsofellipticalcrosssectionsubjectedtouniform
internalpressure,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.30,Nos.14,January1998,pp.2334,
doi:10.1016/S02638231(97)00030X
ABSTRACT:Itwaspredictedrecentlythatsomecompletetoroidalshellsofellipticalcrosssectionwould
bucklewhensubjectedtointernalpressure.Asyetthereisnoexperimentalevidenceforthis,sotwo
independentshellbucklingprograms(BOSORandINCA)wereemployedtocalculatetheinternalbuckling

pressuresforsometestcases.Theagreementbetweentheresultsofthetwoprogramsisverygood,withboth
programspredictingthatbucklingoccurs.CalculationswerealsocarriedoutbyusingBOSORoncomplete
toroidshavingcrosssectionsintheformofprolate(k=a/b>1.0)ellipses.Therangesoftheparameterswere:
R/b=4and10,b/t=50,100and200,and1.3<k<2.5.Theshellswereassumedtobeperfect,madefromsteeland
tobehaveelastically.Thebucklingpressuresandcircumferentialwavenumbersaregivenintabularformand
someareplottedgraphically.Thedeformedshapesofsometypicalcrosssectionspriortobucklingarealso
illustrated,alongwiththebucklingmodes.
GerardD.Galletly(DepartmentofEngineering,TheUniversityofLiverpool,LiverpoolL693GH,UK),
ElasticBucklingofExternallyPressurizedImperfectToroidalShells,Int.J.Str.Stab.Dyn.,01,31(2001).
DOI:10.1142/S0219455401000081
ABSTRACT:Thispapersummarizestheresultsofnumericalstudiesintotheeffectsofinitialgeometric
imperfectionsontheelasticbucklingbehaviourofsteelcircularandelliptictoroidalshellssubjectedto
followertypeexternalpressure.Thetypesofinitialimperfectionstudiedare(a)axisymmetriclocalizedones
and(b)sinusoidalbucklingmodes.Theprincipallocalizedimperfectionsstudiedare(i)circularincreased
radius"flatspots"and(ii)smoothdimples.Thebucklingpressurespcrofcirculartoroidalshellswerenotvery
sensitivetoinitialimperfections.Withelliptictoroids,whethertheshellwassensitivetoinitialimperfectionsor
notdependedontheratiok(a/b)ofmajortominorradiiofthesection.Theshellsontheascendingpartofthe
pcrversuskcurvebehavedlikecirculartoroidalshells,i.e.theywerenotsensitivetoinitialimperfections.
However,thebehaviourofelliptictoroidsonthedescendingpartoftheversuskcurvewasverydifferent.The
numericalresultsquotedinthepaperareforlimitedrangesofthegeometricparameters.Itwouldbeusefulto
extendtheseranges,toexploretheeffectsofplasticityandtoconductmodeltestsonimperfectsteelmodelsto
verifytheconclusionsofthenumericalstudies.
J.Blachut(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool,P.O.Box147,LiverpoolL69
3BX,UK),Externallypressurizedfilamentwounddomesscopeforoptimization,Computers&Structures,
Vol.48,No.1,July1993,pp.153160,doi:10.1016/00457949(93)90466Q
ABSTRACT:Optimalmeridionalshapeandthicknessdistributionsinafilamentwounddomeclosurewere
investigatedinordertoincreaseshellbucklingstrengthunderstaticexternalpressure.Themeridionalshape
wassoughtamongstgeneralizedellipses.Thevariablethicknessprofilewasobtainedthroughappropriate
stackingsequenceofcontinuouslywoundprepregcarboninpolarmode.Significantincreasesinthecollapse
pressureswereobtainedforsomeanalysedconfigurations.Thecollapsestrengthofoptimallywounddomes
wasthencomparedwithquasiisotropiclayupofwovenandvacuumbaggedclosureshavingthesamemass
andmeridionalshape.Thelattermodelswere,inmanycases,strongerthantheirwoundcounterparts.The
complexmethodofBoxwasusedasanoptimizer.Bifurcationbuckling,axisymmetricsnapthroughandfirst
plyfailurewereincludedintheevaluationprocedure.
J.BlachutandP.Wang,BucklingofBarreledShellsSubjectedtoExternalHydrostaticPressure,J.Pressure
VesselTechnology,Vol.123,No.2,May2001,232(8pages),doi:10.1115/1.1357160
ABSTRACT:Thepaperconsidersbarrelingofamildsteelcylindricalshellasawayofimprovingitsload
carryingcapacitywhensubjectedtostaticexternalpressure.Numericalresultsshowthattheloadcarrying

capacitycanbeincreasedfrom1.4to40timesabovetheloadcapacityofmassequivalentcylinders.Theeffect
ofendboundaryconditionsontheultimateloadisexaminedtogetherwithsensitivityofbucklingloadstoinitial
geometricimperfections.
Blachut,J,Optimalbarrelshapedshellsunderbucklingconstraints,AIAAJournal,Vol.25,pp.186188,Jan.
1987
ABSTRACT:Aneffortismadetoparametricallyestablishthemaximalcompressiveaxialbucklingloadofa
'bowedout'shellwhosewallthicknessandshellvolumearemaintainedconstant.Bucklingloadincreaseisdue
tothechangeintheshellmeridionalcurvature.Whilethereisnodramaticincreaseinthebucklingload,gains
ofupto20percentcanbeachievedthroughcurvatureshapingofthekindpresentlyemployed.

J.Blachut(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool,P.O.Box147,LiverpoolL69
3BX,U.K.),CombinedaxialandpressurebucklingofshellshavingoptimalpositiveGaussiancurvature,
Computers&Structures,Vol.26,No.3,1987,pp.513519,doi:10.1016/00457949(87)900514
ABSTRACT:Theoptimalcurvatureofamonocoquetoroidal,clampedclampedshellunderaxialcompression
andexternalpressureissoughtunderstaticstabilityconstraints.Thematerialisassumedtobeeitherelasticor
elasticplasticandnonlinearprebucklingeffectsareincluded.Theresultsofthisparametricstudyarepresented
forlength/radiusratiosvaryingfrom0.5to4.0andradius/thicknessvaryingfrom100to1000.
J.Blachut(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool,P.O.Box147,LiverpoolL69
3BX,U.K.),Optimallyshapedtorisphereswithrespecttobucklingandtheirsensitivitytoaxisymmetric
imperfections,Computers&Structures,Vol.29,No.6,1988,pp.975981,
doi:10.1016/00457949(88)903239
ABSTRACT:Adiscreteversionofdynamicprogrammingisusedtooptimiseelasticplasticexternally
pressurisedtorispheres.Stepwiseredistributionofmassalongthemeridianisallowedwithanarbitrarynumber
ofsegments.Theoptimallyshapedtorispheresseemtobesensitivetoinitialaxisymmetricgeometrical
imperfectionstothesameextentassphericalcaps/hemispheresunliketorisphereswithuniformthickness.The
fulladvantageof1550%increaseinbucklingpressurerequiresshapecontroltoaconsiderabledegreeof
accuracy.
J.Blachut(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool,P.O.Box147,LiverpoolL69
3BX,U.K.),Searchforoptimaltorisphericalendclosuresunderbucklingconstraints,InternationalJournalof
MechanicalSciences,Vol.31,No.8,1989,pp.623633,doi:10.1016/00207403(89)900696
ABSTRACT:Theoptimalgeometriesofexternallypressurizedtorisphericalendclosures,havingaprescribed
weight,aresoughtunderstaticstabilitycriteria.Endclosuresareobtainedwhichwillwithstandmaximumor
minimumbucklingpressures.Theirresponsetoinitialaxisymmetricimperfectionsisexaminedandcompared
tothatofhemisphericalclosuresofthesameweightandmaterialproperties.Adirectsearchtechnique,known
asthecomplexmethodofBox(Comput.J.8,4552,1965),isusedtogetherwiththeBOSOR5Codeasa
solver.

J.Blachut,Influenceofmeridionalshapingonthecollapsestrengthoffrpdomes,EngineeringOptimization,
Vol.19,No.1,1992,pp.6580,doi:10.1080/03052159208941221
ABSTRACT:Parabolicandcubicsplinestogetherwithcirculararcsareusedtoapproximatethemeridional
shapesofmultisegmental,axisymmetric,externallypressurizeddomes.Bifurcationbuckling,axisymmetric
collapseandfibrefirstplyfailureareconsideredaspossiblemechanismsofdomecollapse.Theobjectiveisto
maximizethelowestcollapsepressureforaconstantwallthickness,giventhematerialandthethrough
thicknesslaminationsequence.TheoptimizationprocedureisbasedonthecomplexmethodofBoxandthe
geometricallynonlinearanalysisusestheclassicallaminationtheory.Thelargestincreaseinthefailureloadis
obtainedforsegmentsmadeoutofcirculararcs.Ageneralizedellipseisalsousedasapossiblemeridional
profile.
J.BlachutandL.Dong(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,TheUniversityofLiverpool,Brownlow
Street,LiverpoolL693GH,UK),UseofwovenCFRPforexternallypressurizeddomes,Composite
Structures,Vol.38,Nos.14,MayAugust1997,pp.553563,SpecialIssue:NinthInternationalConferenceon
CompositeStructures,doi:10.1016/S02638223(97)000913
ABSTRACT:Sensitivityofbifurcationbuckling,firstplyfailure(FPF)andlastplyfailure(LPF)tothe
differentmodellingmethodsofwovenclothisexaminednumericallyforarangeoftorisphericalshells.
Axisymmetricandtwotwodimensionalmodelsareusedforexternallypressurizedmultiplydomes.Inthefirst
twodimensionalmodel,anglesbetweenwarpandweftdirectionsontorispheresareobtainedthroughanoptical
projectionofaninitiallyorthogonalwovennet.Inthesecondtypeofmodelling,aplanar/orthogonalmappingis
preservedonthetorisphericalgeometry.Bifurcationbucklingseemstobeinsensitivetothemethodof
modelling.ResultsforFPFshowthatdifferencesbetweenaxisymmetricandplanarmodelscanbeashighas
50%,whilstthedifferencesforopticalandplanarmodelscanreach30%.ThemagnitudeofLPFpressuresis
alsosensitivetothetwodimensionalmodellingmethodadopted.Ultimatecollapseloads,associatedwithLPFs
andbasedonopticalmodelling,areupto30%higherthanthoseobtainedforplanarmodellingforcarboncloth.
Blachut,J.(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool,LiverpoolL693GH,UK),
Bucklingofsharpknuckletorispheresunderexternalpressure,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.30,Nos.14,
January1998,pp.5577,doi:10.1016/S02638231(97)000323
ABSTRACT:Theeffectofknucklesizeandlengthofthecylindricalflangeonthebucklingstrengthof
externallypressurisedtorisphereswithasharpknuckleisexaminednumerically.Bothelasticandelastic
perfectlyplasticmodellingisused.Itisillustratedhowsensitivityoftheloadcarryingcapacitytotheboundary
conditionscanberemovedbytheadoptionofalargeenoughknuckleoracylindricalflangeofappropriate
length.Experimentalresultsavailableforthesharpknuckledomesarecollectedand10newtestsarecarriedout
onmachinedsteeldomes.Twotestsonspuntorispheresarealsoincluded.Thetestsdemonstratethatthesafety
marginasusedforexternallypressurisedhemispheresanddeeptorispheresisinadequateforsharpknuckle
torisphereswitha6%knuckle.
Blachut,J.(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool,LiverpoolL693GH,UK),
Pressurevesselcomponents:somerecentdevelopmentsinstrengthandbuckling,ProgressinStructural

EngineeringandMaterials,1998,Vol.1:415421.doi:10.1002/pse.2260010410
ABSTRACT:Thisarticlecontainsasurveyofsomeoftherecentliteratureonthestructuralintegrityofmetallic
andcompositedomedclosuressubjectedtoexternalorinternalpressure.Thearticlereferstootherrecent
reviewsandgivesageneraloverviewofrecentandcurrentresearchwithwhichtheauthorhasbeendirectlyor
indirectlyconcerned.Forexternallypressurizedheadsthisincludescorrelationbetweenexperimentaland
numericalresults,imperfectionsensitivity,lowbucklingresistanceofshallowtorispheres,andmodellingof
woundandhanddrapedmultiplycompositedomes.Forinternallypressurizedheads,thetopicsincludethe
plasticbucklingparadox,plasticloadsandfirstcycleshakedownpressures.Structuraloptimizationofvessel
closuresisalsomentionedinthearticle.
J.BlachutandO.R.Jaiswal(AppliedMechanicsDivision,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,The
UniversityofLiverpool,LiverpoolL693GH,UK),Onbucklingoftoroidalshellsunderexternalpressure,
Computers&Structures,Vol.77,No.3,June2000,pp.233251,doi:10.1016/S00457949(99)002266
ABSTRACT:Thepaperpresentsresultsofanumericalstudyintothebucklingresistanceofgeometrically
perfectandimperfectsteeltoroidalshellswithclosedcrosssections.Elasticandelasticplasticbuckling
analysesofshellssubjectedtouniformexternalpressurewerecarriedoutforarangeofgeometries,boundary
conditionsandmaterialproperties.Toroidswithcircularandellipticalcrosssectionswereinvestigated.Elastic
plasticanalysescarriedoutfortoroidswithcircularcrosssectionsallowedidentifyingshellconfigurations,
whichfailbybifurcationbucklingorbycollapse.Anappropriateequationisproposedforidentificationof
configurationsforwhicheitherbifurcationorcollapsegovernstheshell'sstability.Theproposedequation
supplementsJordan'slongstandingdesignformula,whichisapplicabletoelasticbucklingonly.Theobtained
resultsshowthattoroidswithanellipticalcrosssectioncanbemuchstrongerthanshellswithacircularcross
section.Calculationsidentifiedgeometriespossessingthelargestloadcarryingcapacity.Itwasfound
numericallythatonbothsidesofthepeakperformancegeometrythereisadifferentfailuremechanismwhich
inturn,asitisdiscussedinthepaper,leadstodifferentimperfectionsensitivity.Asimpledesigncurveis
providedfortheseparationofthesetworegions.Withineachregion,thepaperprovidessimpledesign
equationsfortheelasticbucklingstrengthofgeometricallyperfecttoroidswithellipticalcrosssections.
Imperfectionsensitivitiesofelasticandelasticplasticbucklingloadstoinitial,localisedandglobalshape
deviationsfromperfectgeometryaregivenfortypicalshellswithcircularandellipticalcrosssections.Initial
geometricimperfectionsintheformoftheeigenmode,asinglewaveextractedfromtheeigenmodeand
inwarddimplemodelledbyacosinefunctioninbothRcircumferentialandrmeridionaldirectionsarestudied.
J.Blachut(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,AppliedMechanicsDivision,TheUniversityofLiverpool,
LiverpoolL693GH,UK),Applicationofsimulatedannealingtooptimalbarrelingofexternallypressurised
shells,ICAAISE'01ProceedingsoftheeighthinternationalconferenceonTheapplicationofartificial
intelligencetocivilandstructuralengineeringcomputing,CivilCompPress,2001
ABSTRACT:Theloadcarryingcapacity,ofexternallypressurisedandoptimallyshapedmetallicshell,has
beenincreasedby40%overtheperformanceofanequivalentcylinder.Theoptimalgeometryhasbeensought
withinaclassofgeneralisedellipsesbytheapplicationofsimulatedannealingalgorithm.Theoptimalsolution
hasbeenverifiedexperimentallybycollapsingtwo,nominallyidentical,CNCmachined,mildsteelshellsat
about17MPa.Thewallthicknessoftheoptimalshellwasabout2.6mm,itsheightwasabout100mmandits
diameterwas200mm.Theeffectofinitialgeometricimperfectionsontheultimateloadisalsodiscussed.The

comparisonoftheoreticalandexperimentalresultsisgood.
J.Blachut(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,AppliedMechanicsDivision,TheUniversityofLiverpool,
LiverpoolL693GH,UK),Bucklingofexternallypressurisedbarrelledshells:acomparisonofexperimentand
theory,InternationalJournalofPressureVesselsandPiping,Vol.79,No.7,1July2002,pp.507517,
doi:10.1016/S03080161(02)000406
ABSTRACT:Detailsofcollapsetestsoftwocylindricalandfourbowedoutmildsteelshellsareprovided.The
diameterofthetestedshellswasabout200mm,theirlengthvariedfrom75to100mmwhilstthewallthickness
wasabout3mm.Experimentalbuckling/collapsepressuresvariedfrom8to22MPa.Zeroradialdisplacements
andzerorotationshavebeenimplementedatbothendsofalltestedshells.Thesensitivityofbuckling/collapse
pressurestotheinitial,eigenmodetypegeometricimperfectionshasbeenassessedforbothcylindricaland
bowedoutgeometries.Itappearsthatbarrellingdoesnotnecessarilyincreasethesensitivityofbuckling
pressuretoshapedeviationsfromperfectgeometry.Goodagreementhasbeenobtainedbetweenexperimental
resultsonthesecomputernumericallycontrolled(CNC)machinedmodelsandnumericalpredictions.Results
showthat,onalikeforlikebasis,barrelswereabletosupportapressure85%higherthanmassequivalent
cylinders.
J.Blachut(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,AppliedMechanicsDivision,TheUniversityofLiverpool,
LiverpoolL693GH,UK),CollapseTestsonExternallyPressurizedToroids,J.PressureVesselTechnology,
Vol.125,No.1,February2003,pp.9195,doi:10.1115/1.1522417
ABSTRACT:Thepaperdiscussestheloadcarryingcapacityoftoroidalshellswithclosedcircularcrosssection
andloadedbystaticexternalpressure.Detailsaboutthemanufacturing,preexperimentmeasurementsand
testingofthree,nominallydifferent,steeltoroidsareprovided.Twoofthemweremanufacturedfrommildsteel
byspinningtwohalvesandthenweldingthemaroundtheinnerandouterequatorialperimeters.Thethirdone
hasbeenassembledbyweldingfour90degstainlesselbows.Theouterdiameterofthesemodelswasabout300
mmandthewallthicknessvariedfrom2.0to3.0mm.Thehoopradiustothicknessratio,r/t,variedfromabout
15to30.Theexperimentalcollapsepressureswereintherangefrom4to8MPa.Comparisonswithnumerical
resultsarealsoprovided.
J.Blachut(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,AppliedMechanicsDivision,TheUniversityofLiverpool,
LiverpoolL693GH,UK),Optimalbarrelingofsteelshellsviasimulatedannealingalgorithm,Computers&
Structures.Vol.81,Nos1819,August2003,pp..19411956.SpecialIssue:CivilComp.,
doi:10.1016/S00457949(03)002141
ABSTRACT:Theloadcarryingcapacity,ofexternallypressurisedandoptimallyshapedmetallicshell,has
beenincreasedby40%overtheperformanceofanequivalentcylinder.Theoptimalgeometryhasbeensought
withinaclassofgeneralisedellipsesbytheapplicationofsimulatedannealingalgorithm.Theoptimalsolution
hasbeenverifiedexperimentallybycollapsingtwo,nominallyidentical,CNCmachined,mildsteelshellsat
about17MPa.Thewallthicknessoftheoptimalshellwasabout2.6mm,itsheightwasabout100mmandits
diameterwas200mm.Theeffectofinitialgeometricimperfectionsontheultimateloadisalsodiscussed.The
comparisonoftheoreticalandexperimentalresultsisgood.

J.Blachut,Strengthandbifurcationofbarreledcompositecylinders,inShellStructures:Theoryand
Applications,editedbyWojciechPietraszkiewiczandCzeslawSzymczak,2006,Taylor&FrancisGroup,
London,ISBN0415383900
ABSTRACT:Resultsofaparametricstudyintobucklingandfirstplyfailureofbowedoutcylinders,subjected
tostaticexternalpressure,arediscussed.Itisshownthatsubstantialpressureincreasescanbeachievedthrough
barreling.Thiscanbefurtherenhancedbyvaryingthelaminationangles.Theeffectofimperfectionsin
laminationangles,andtheeffectoftop/bottomedgeboundarycondtionsonthebucklingstrengtharealso
discussed.
J.BlachutandP.Smith(MechanicalEngineering,TheUniversityofLiverpool,BrownlowHill,LiverpoolL69
3GH,UK)Bucklingofmultisegmentunderwaterpressurehull,OceanEngineering,Vol.35,No.2,February
2008,pp.247260,doi:10.1016/j.oceaneng.2007.08.003
ABSTRACT:Resultsofanumericalandexperimentalstudyintobucklingperformanceofmultisegment
pressurehullsubjectedtouniformhydrostaticpressurearediscussed.Constituentsofmultisegment
configurationsarebowedoutcylindricalshellswith,andwithoutflanges.Detailsaboutfivecollapsetestsof
laboratoryscalemildsteel,CNCmachinedmodelsaregiven.Segmentswereabout200mmdiameter,100mm
longandhaduniformwallthicknessof3mm.Experimentalcollapsepressureswereintherangefrom12to20
MPa.Numericalcollapsepressuresagreedwellwiththoseobtainedduringexperiments.
P.SmithandJ.Blachut(MechanicalEngineering,TheUniversityofLiverpool,LiverpoolL693GH,UK),
BucklingofExternallyPressurizedProlateEllipsoidalDomes,ASMEJ.PressureVesselTechnol.,Vol.130,
No.1,February2008,p.011210(9pages),doi:10.1115/1.2834457
ABSTRACT:Detailsaregivenofanumericalandexperimentalstudyintobucklingofsteelellipsoidaldomes
loadedbystaticexternalpressure.Arangeofgeometriesandthicknessesofdomesisexamined,asisthe
influenceofdifferentboundaryconditions.Shellsareexaminedonthebasisofhavingthesamemass.Themain
focusofthestudyisonprolatedomes,i.e.,thosetallerthanahemisphereofthesamebaseradius.Numerical
predictionsareconfirmedbypressurizingsixlaboratoryscaleprolatedomestodestruction.Detailsaregivenof
themanufactureandtestprocedureforthedomes.Theadverseeffectsofvariationsinshapeandwallthickness
arediscussed,andfiniteelementpredictionsaremadeforgeometricallyimperfectdomes.Correlationbetween
thetwosetsofresultsisgood.Numericallyandexperimentallyobtainedresultsarerelatedtothecurrentdesign
codes:ASMEBoilerandPressureVesselCode,Sec.VIII,Division2(describedhereonasASMEVIII),
PD5500,andECCSrecommendations(ASMEB&PVCode,2004ed.,Sec.8,Division2,NewYork,NY;BSI
2003PublishedDocumentPD5500:SpecificationforUnfiredPressureVessels,BSILondon;European
ConventionforConstructionalSteelworkRecommendations,1988BucklingofStellShellsEuropean
Recommendations,ECCSTWG8.4,4thed.,Brussels),whichatpresentmakenoprovisionforprolatedomes.
Suggestionsaremadeforthepossibleinclusionofsuchdomesintothestandards.
JanBlachut(TheUniversityofLiverpool,MechanicalEngineering,Liverpool,U.K.email:
em20@liverpool.ac.uk),Elasticbucklingofverticalcantileveredcylinders,JournalofTheoreticaland
AppliedMechanics,Vol.46,No.4,pp.741761,Warsaw2008

ABSTRACT:Thepaperdetailsnumericalandexperimentalstudyonelasticbucklingofcylindricalshells
causedbyexternalpressure,ahorizontaledgeforceandcombinedactionofboth.Thefollowingthree
geometriesofverticalcylindersareconsidered:(i)circularcylinders,(ii)concentriccircularcylinders,and(iii)
cylinderswithellipticalcrosssection.Intotal,testresultsonnineteenshellsaregiven.Theexperimentaldatais
benchmarkedagainsttheFEpredictionsofbucklingloads.Goodagreementhasbeenobtainedbetweenthe
experimentalresultsandnumericalpredictionsforalltestedshellsexceptforbucklingoftheconcentric
cylindersloadedbythehorizontaledgeforce.Possiblereasonsfordiscrepanciesarediscussed.
Thepaperoffersinsightintobucklingperformanceofverticalcylinderssubjectedtocombinedloading,andin
thecaseofconcentriccylinders,intotheinteractionbetweentheinnerandoutershells.Someoftheinteraction
features,notimmediatelyobvious,arediscussed.
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J.Blachut(TheUniversityofLiverpool,MechanicalEngineering,Liverpool,L693GH,UK),Bucklingof
axiallycompressedcylinderswithimperfectlength,Computers&Structures,Vol.88,Nos.56,March2010,
pp.365374,doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2009.11.010
ABSTRACT:Theloadbearingcapacityhasbeencomputedforaxiallycompressedmildsteelcylinderswith
nonuniformaxiallength.Theinitialgeometricimperfectionhadasinusoidalshapealongthecompressededge.
Computationswerecarriedoutfortheradiustothicknessratio,165lessthanorequals,slantR/tlessthanor
equals,slant1000,thelengthtoradiusratio,L/R"a2.4,andtheratioofaxialamplitudeofimperfectionstothe
wallthickness,0lessthanorequals,slantA/tlessthanorequals,slant6.0.Thecontactproblembetweena
rigidplateandadeformablecylinderwassuccessfullybenchmarkedagainstexperimentaldataonaxially
perfectaluminiumcylindersandalsoagainstpredictionsofotherproprietarysoftware.Bucklingstrength
showedanastonishingsensitivitytoaxialimperfectionsincylinders.Withinthestudiedrange,thiscouldbe
nearlyfivetimesmoreseverethaninthecaseofgeometricimperfectionsintheshellsgenerator,modelledwith

eigenmodetypeshapedeviationsofthesameamplitude.Theusualsequenceoffailuremodesseenin
compressedcylinders,i.e.asymmetricbifurcationfollowedbyaxisymmetriccollapseisalsonolongerthecase
forsomegeometricalconfigurations.Inparticular,asymmetricbifurcationbucklingcanappearonthepost
collapsepath.Thisinturncanleadtomodejumping,i.e.theshellmightnotreachcollapseandinsteaditcan
snaptotheasymmetricmodeatamuchlowerloadthanthepredictedcollapse.Thishasnotbeenreportedfor
metallicshellsbutithasrecentlybeenactivelypursuedforcompositeshells.
J.Blachut(TheUniversityofLiverpool,MechanicalEngineering,Liverpool,L693GH,UK),Bucklingof
multilayeredmetaldomes,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.47,No.12,December2009,pp.14291438,
doi:10.1016/j.tws.2009.07.011
ABSTRACT:Thepaperprovidesresultsofanumericalandexperimentalinvestigationintostaticstabilityof
externallypressurisedhemisphericalandtorisphericaldomes.Hybridwallofconsidereddomesincludessteel
aluminium,titaniumaluminiumandcoppersteelcopperconfigurations.Buckling/collapsetestswere
conductedondomesmanufacturedfromcoppersteelcopperlayeredmaterial.Detailsareprovidedof
manufactureofdomes,pretestmeasurements,testing,andtheFEanalysisofmeasuredgeometriesofdomes.
Fivepairsoflaboratoryscaledomesweretested.Eachpairhadnominallyidenticalgeometry.Totalwall
thicknessofcoppersteelcopperdomeswasabout1.1mm.Innerandouterlayerswerecopper,each0.05mm
thick.Bothtypesofheads,i.e.,hemisphericalandtorisphericalweremanufacturedfromflatsheetsusing
spinning.The(radiustowallthickness)ratio,R/t,wasintherangefrom40to200.Twovaluesofthe(knuckle
radiustodiameter)ratiointorisphereswereused,i.e.,10%and17%.Single,quasistaticincrementalloading
wasappliedinallcases.Theendofloadcarryingcapacitywassuddenandwelldefined.Valuesofexperimental
bucklingpressuresvariedfrom1.7to10MPa.
J.BlachutandO.Ifayefunmi(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool,LiverpoolL69
3GH,UK),PlasticBucklingofConicalShells,JournalofOffshoreMechanicsandArcticEngineering,Vol.
132,No.4,041401,September2010,(11pages),DOI:10.1115/1.4001437
ABSTRACT:Thispaperstudiesthestaticstabilityofmetalconessubjectedtocombined,simultaneousaction
oftheexternalpressureandaxialcompression.Conesarerelativelythick;hence,theirbucklingperformance
remainswithintheelasticplasticrange.Theliteraturereviewshowsthatthereareveryfewresultswithinthis
rangeandnoneoncombinedstability.Thecurrentpaperaimstofillthisgap.Combinedstabilityplot,
sometimescalledinteractivestabilityplot,isobtainedformildsteelmodels.Mostattentionisgiventobuckling
causedbyasingletypeofloading,i.e.,byhydrostaticexternalpressureandbyaxialcompression.Asymmetric
bifurcationbucklings,collapseloadinadditiontothefirstyieldpressureandfirstyieldforce,arecomputed
usingtwoindependentproprietorycodesinordertocomparepredictionsgivenbythem.Finally,selectedcone
configurationsareusedtoverifynumericalfindings.Tothisendfourconeswerecomputernumerically
controlledmachinedfromasolidsteelbilletof252mmindiameter.Allconeshadintegraltopandbottom
flangesinordertomimicrealisticboundaryconditions.Computedpredictionsofbucklingloads,causedby
externalhydrostaticpressure,wereclosetotheexperimentalvalues.Butsimilarcomparisonsforaxially
compressedconesarenotsogood.Possiblereasonsforthisdisparityarediscussedinthepaper.

J.Blachut(TheUniversityofLiverpool,MechanicalEngineering,Liverpool,L693GH,UK),Onelastic
plasticbucklingofcones,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.49,No.1,January2011,pp.4552,
doi:10.1016/j.tws.2010.08.005
ABSTRACT:Thepaperconsidersthebucklingofshort,andrelativelythick,mildsteelconicalshellssubjected
tothecombinedactionofexternalpressureandaxialcompression.Pastresultsonaxiallycompressedconesand
onconessubjectedtohydrostaticexternalpressurearecomparedwithfreshtestresultsonequivalent,axially
compressedcylinderandwiththeequivalentcylindersubjectedtoexternalhydrostaticpressure.Thepaper
containsbothnumericalandexperimentalresults.Detailsaboutexperiments,numericalmodellingand
computedestimatesoftheloadcarryingcapacityofanalyzedshellsaregiven.Resultsofthisstudysuggestthat
theconceptofequivalentcylindersisnotapplicabletoshortmastercones.Combinedstabilityplotshavealso
beenderivedforthemasterconeandequivalentcylinders.Theyprovidenotonlythefailureenvelopesbutalso
theyieldenvelopesandspreadofplasticzones.Thepaperalsobringsintothelightausefuldesigntool
proposedbyEsslingerandvanImpe[8],andapplicabletoelasticplasticbucklingofconessubjectedto
externalhydrostaticpressure.
JanBlachut,BucklingofExternallyPressurizedShallowSphericalCapsfromComposites,Mechanicsof
AdvancedMaterialsandStructures,Vol.18,No.2,2011,pp.96105,doi:10.1080/15376494.2010.496061
ABSTRACT:Bucklingofshallowsphericalshellssubjectedtoexternalpressurehasbeenexploited,for
example,inpressuresafetydevices.Shallowsphericalcapshavealsobeenusedasmirrorsandmorerecently
theyhavebeenconsideredasenergyconcentratorsinspaceapplications.Hencethereisarenewedinterestin
theirstaticstabilityperformance.Thispaperaddressestwoissues:(1)bucklingperformanceofcaps,with
shallownessparameter,lambda,varyingfrom3.5to7.5,and(2)theeffectofboundaryconditionsonthe
bucklingstrength.Inthefirstcase,forelasticbucklingofcaps,thereisasuddendropinthebucklingstrength
forsmallmagnitudeofcap'sgeometricalparameterlambda,i.e.,forlambda?4.0.Thishasrecentlybeenre
confirmedforsteelcaps.However,itisnotclearwhetherthisdropcanbeeliminatedorreducedincapsmade
fromcompositesmainlythroughthelaminationsequenceandalsobyappropriatesupportingofthecaps
perimeterastypicallyusedininflatablespaceantenna.Thecurrentpaperexaminessphericalcapsmadefrom
compositessubjectedtoquasistaticexternalpressure.Theeffectofdifferentlaminationsequencesonthe
bucklingstrengthisexaminedforarangeoftheshallownessparameter.Inthesecondpart,itisproposedtouse
aclosedtoroidalshellasmeansofsupportingthecap'sperimeter.Thesupportingtoroidalshellscanbeof
differentcrosssection,i.e.,circularorelliptical.Thetoroidscanalsobeinternallypressurized,differently
laminated,etc.Additionallythepointofattachmentcanbechoseninsuchawaythatbucklingloadisaslarge
aspossible.Theeffectofsomeoftheseparametersonthebucklingpressuresisquantified.Thisisanentirely
numericalstudy.
O.Ifayefunmi,J.Blachut(TheUniversityofLiverpool,Liverpool,UK),TheEffectofShape,Thicknessand
BoundaryImperfectionsonPlasticBucklingofCones,PaperNo.OMAE201149055,pp.2333,ASME2011
30thInternationalConferenceonOcean,OffshoreandArcticEngineering,Volume2:Structures,Safetyand
Reliability,Rotterdam,TheNetherlands,June1924,2011,ISBN:9780791844342
ABSTRACT:Threetypesofimperfectionsareanalysedinthecurrentpaper,andtheyare:(i)Initialgeometric
imperfections,i.e.,deviationsfromperfectgeometry,(ii)Variationsinthewallthicknessdistribution,and(iii)
Imperfectboundaryconditions.Itisassumedthatconesaresubjectto:(a)axialcompressiononly,(b)radial

pressureonly,and(c)combinedloading,i.e.,axialcompressionandexternalpressureactingsimultaneously.
Bucklingstrengthofimperfectconesisobtainedforallofthecasesabove.Itisshownthatthebucklingstrength
isdifferentlyaffectedbyimperfections,whenconesaresubjectedtoaxialcompressionortoradialexternal
pressure.Theresponsetoimperfectionsalongthecombinedstabilityenvelopeisalsoprovided,andthese
resultsarefirstofthistype.Thefiniteelementanalysis,usingtheproprietarycodeisusedasthenumericaltool.
Conesareassumedtobefrommildsteelandthematerialismodelledaselasticperfectlyplastic.Geometrical
imperfectionprofilesareaffinetoeigenshapes.Anumberofthemaretriedincalculations,aswellastheeffect
ofthembeingsuperimposed.Theresultsindicatethatimperfectionamplitudeanditsshapestronglyaffectthe
loadcarryingcapacityofconicalshells.Also,itisshownthatthebucklingloadsofanalyzedconesaremore
sensitivewhensubjectedtocombinedloadingascomparedtotheirsensitivityundersingleloadconditions.At
thenextstage,uneventhicknessdistributionalongtheconeslantwasconsidered.Variationofwallthickness
wasassumedtovaryinapiecewiseconstantfashion.Thisappearstohavealargeeffectonthebuckling
strengthofconesunderaxialcompressiononlyascomparedwiththatofconessubjectedtoradialexternal
pressureonly.Finally,theeffectofvariabilityofboundaryconditionsonfailureloadofconeswasinvestigated
fortwoloadingconditions,i.e.,foraxialcompressionandforradialpressure,only.Resultsindicatethatchange
ofboundaryconditionsinfluencesthemagnitudeofbucklingload.Foraxiallycompressedconesthelossof
bucklingstrengthcanbelarge(about64%fortheworstcase(beta=30deg,theconenotrestrainedatsmall
radiusend).Calculationsforradialpressureindicatethatthelossofbucklingstrengthisnotasacutewith
34%fortheworstcase(beta=40deg,relaxedboundaryconditionsatthelargerradiusend).Thisisanentirely
numericalstudybutreferencestoaccompanyingexperimentalprogrammeareprovided.
J.BlachutandO.Ifayefunmi(TheUniversityofLiverpoolMechanicalEngineering,Liverpool,L693GH,UK),
BucklingofUnstiffenedSteelConesSubjectedtoAxialCompressionandExternalPressure,Journalof
OffshoreMechanicsandArcticEngineering,Vol.134,No.3,031603,February2012,DOI:10.1115/1.4004953
ABSTRACT:Thisisthefirststudyintoelasticplasticbucklingofunstiffenedtruncatedconicalshellsunder
simultaneouslyactingaxialcompressionandanindependentexternalpressure.Thisisbothanumericaland
experimentalstudy.Domainsofcombinedstabilityareobtainedusingthefiniteelementmethodforarangeof
geometricalparameters.Conesareclampedatoneendandfreetomoveaxiallyattheotherend,whereallthe
otherdegreesoffreedomremainconstrained.Shellsareassumedtobefrommildsteelandthematerialis
modeledaselasticperfectlyplastic.TheFEresultsindicatethatthestaticstabilitydomainsremainconvex.The
failuremechanisms,i.e.,asymmetricbifurcationandaxisymmetriccollapsearediscussedtogetherwiththe
spreadofplasticstrainsthroughthewallthickness.Also,thecombinedstabilitydomainsareexaminedfor
regionsofpurelyelasticbehaviorandforregionswhereplasticstrainingexists.Thelatterisnotconvexand
repercussionsofthatarediscussed.Thespreadofplasticstrainiscomputedforarangeofthe(radiustowall
thickness)ratios.Experimentalresultsarebasedonlaboratoryscalemodels.Here,asinglegeometrywas
chosenforvalidationofnumericallypredictedstaticstabilitydomain.Parametersofthisgeometrywere
assumedasfollows:theratioofthebiggerradius,r2,tothesmallerradius,r1,wastakenas(r2/r1)=2.02;the
ratioofradiustowallthickness,(r2/t),was33.0,andtheconesemianglewas26.56degrees,whiletheaxial
lengthtoradiusratiowas(h/r2)=1.01.Shellswereformedbycomputernumericallycontrolledmachining
from252mmdiametersolidsteelbillet.Theyhadheavyintegralflangesatbothendsandmodelswerenot
stressrelievedpriortotesting.Detailsaboutthetestarrangementsareprovidedinthepaper.

J.Blachut(1),A.Muc(1)andJ.Rys(2)
(1)Dept.ofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool,UK
(2)Dept.ofMechanicalEngineering,CracowUniversityofTechnology,Poland
PlasticBucklingofConesSubjectedtoAxialCompressionandExternalPressure,JournalofPressureVessel
Technology,Vol.1352,No.1,011205(9pages),December2012,DOI:10.1115/1.4006903
(ThispaperreceivedatthePressureVesselsandPipingConferenceinAnaheiminJuly2014theJournalof
PressureVesselTechnologyG.E.O.WideraLiteratureAwardfortheOutstandingTechnicalPaper.)
ABSTRACT:Thepaperprovidesdetailsabouttestsonsixsteelcones.Testmodelsweremachinedfrom250
mmdiameterbillet.Allconeshadsubstantialandintegraltopandbottomflangesinordertosecurewell
definedboundaryconditions.Experimentaldatawereobtainedfor:(i)twoconessubjectedtoaxial
compression,(ii)twoconessubjectedtoexternalpressure,and(iii)theremainingtwomodelssubjectedto
combinedactionofexternalpressureandaxialcompression.Apartfromaxisymmetricmodelingoftested
cones,truegeometrywithtruewallthicknesswasalsousedincalculations.Theoreticalfailureloadswere
obtainedfor:(i)elasticperfectlyplastic,(ii)engineeringstressstrain,and(iii)truestresstruestrainmodeling
ofsteel.Thelatterapproachcoupledwithmeasuredgeometryandwallthicknesssecuredsafepredictionsofthe
collapseloadsinallcases.ComparisonsofexperimentalcollapseloadswithestimatesgivenbyASMEand
ECCSdesigncodesareincluded.ItisseenherethattheASMEandECCSrulesprovideasafetymarginof
about100%againstthecollapse(except50%foraxialcompressioninthecaseoftheECCS).
J.Blachut(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool,POBox147,BrownlowHill,
LiverpoolL693BX,UK),Combinedstabilityofgeometricallyimperfectconicalshells,ThinWalled
Structures,Vol.67,pp.121128,June2013,DOI:10.1016/j.tws.2013.02.007
ABSTRACT:Thepaperexaminestheinfluenceofaxisymmetric,bulgetypeshapeimperfectionsinconical
shellsonbucklingstrength.Mildsteelconesaresubjectedtoaxialload,lateralpressure,andanycombination
ofboth.Imperfectionsensitivityofbucklingloadalongtheentireinteractiveplotfor(i)inwardshape
deviations,(ii)outwardshapedeviationsand(iii)bothinwardandoutwardshapeimperfectionsisexamined
numerically.Forallthreecasestheworstpossiblescenarioissoughtthroughtheapplicationofstructural
optimization.ThelatteremploysTabusearchalgorithmcoupledwiththeFEreanalysistool.Itisshownthat
bothinwardandoutwardimperfectionscansignificantlyreducetheloadcarryingcapacity.Butthelargest
shrinkageoftheinteractivediagramisobtainedforthecaseofcoexistinginwardandoutwardinitialshape
imperfections.
M.R.KhoshravanandA.Rahmani(UniversityofTabriz,FacultyofMechanicalengineering,51666Tabriz,
Iran,rkhosh@tabrizu.ac.ir),Numericalanalysisoftheeffectoftorisphericalheadonthebucklingofpressure
vessels,7thInternationalConferenceonModernPracticeinStressandVibrationAnalysis,JournalofPhysics:
ConferenceSeries181(2009)012040,doi:10.1088/17426596/181/1/012040
Abstract:Effectoftorisphericalheadonthebucklingofpressurevesselswasinvestigatedbyfiniteelement
(FE)method.TheFEmethodwithuseofnonlinearbucklinganalysiswasappliedtopredictthecritical
bucklingLoad.Theinfluencesofgeometricalparametersuchasthickness,knuckleradiusanddiameterof
cylindricalpart,onthebucklingofheadshavebeenstudied.TheArcLengthmethodwhichcancontroltheload
level,thelengthofthedisplacementincrementandthemaximumdisplacementwasbeenused.Byverification
performedwiththeEuropeanConventionforConstructionalSteelwork(ECCS)code,itwasconfirmedthatthe

nonlinearbucklinganalysiscouldassureaccurateresultsforbucklingstrength.Itwasshownthatgeometrical
imperfectionshadlittleeffectonbucklingstrength.
WenjingXia,P.C.J.Hoogenboom(DelftUniversityofTechnology,Delft,TheNetherlands),Buckling
AnalysisofOffshoreJacketsinRemovalOperations,PaperNo.OMAE201149601,pp.449454,ASME2011
30thInternationalConferenceonOcean,OffshoreandArcticEngineering,Volume2:Structures,Safetyand
Reliability,Rotterdam,TheNetherlands,June1924,2011,doi:10.1115/OMAE201149601
ABSTRACT:Inanalysisoftheremovalofoffshorejacketsanimportantfailuremodeisbuckling.Incurrent
practice,abucklingcheckinvolvesmanualdeterminationofthebucklinglengthsofeachframemember.Itis
estimatedthat5to10%ofthemanhoursinstructuralanalysisofremovalprojectsisspendoncheckingand
correctingbucklinglengths.Fortunately,analternativemethodisavailablethatdoesnotrequiredetermining
bucklinglengths.InthispaperitisshownhowthismethodcanbederivedfromtheNORSOKstandardfor
tubularsteelframestructures.Themethodisdemonstratedinaremovalanalysisofanoffshorejacket.Itis
concludedthatthismethodcanbesuccessfullyapplied.
J.Mistry(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool,POBox147,BrownlowHill,
LiverpoolL693BX,UK),Theoreticalinvestigationintotheeffectofthewindingangleofthefibresonthe
strengthoffilamentwoundGRPpipessubjectedtocombinedexternalpressureandaxialcompression,
CompositeStructures,Vol.20,No.2,1992,pp.8390,doi:10.1016/02638223(92)90064J
ABSTRACT:Finiteelementanalysishasbeencarriedoncompositepipesoflengthtointernaldiameterratioof
5andinternaldiametertothicknessratioof20toassesstheirstrengthwhensubjectedtoacombinationof
externalpressureandaxialcompression.Theeffectofthewindingangleofthefibrereinforcementsonthe
bucklingandfirstplyfailureloadsofthepipeshavebeenexamined.Itisshownthattheoptimumwinding
angleofthefibresvariesaccordingtotheratioofhooptoaxialmembranestressesinthepipes.Inthecaseof
hydrostaticexternalpressureloadingofthepipes,theoptimumangleiscloseto80insteadof55reported
elsewhereforinternalpressureloading.
J.Mistry(1)andF.Levyneto(2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool,BrownlowHill,LiverpoolL693BX,UK
(2)CentroTcnicoAerospacial,IAEAMR,12225SoJosdosCampos,SP,Brazil
Aprocedureforanalyzingthestrengthofcompositedomesbyaxisymmetricshellfiniteelements,
CompositesEngineering,Vol.4,No.2,1994,pp.169171,173180,doi:10.1016/09619526(94)900256
ABSTRACT:Theoutlineofaproceduretocalculatethebucklingandmaterialfailureloadsofaxisymmetric
compositeshellsandcylinderssubjectedtouniformpressureispresented.Itisshownthatconventional
axisymmetricshellanalysisprogramshavetoovercomethelimitationoftheuniformthicknessandfibre
orientationcircumferentially.Theprocedureusesthislimitationtousefuleffectbymodellingagivenproblem
asaseriesofshellshavinguniformthicknessandmaterialpropertiesassociatedwiththedifferentmeridiansof
theshell.Itisthuspossibletoemployonedimensionalaxisymmetricshellanalysistosolveeffectivelythree
dimensionalshellproblems.Inordertodemonstratetheviabilityoftheproposedmethod,threehemispherical
domespreparedfromtwo,fourandsixlayersofwovencarbonrovingsinepoxyresinmatrixweretestedto
failureundertheactionofexternalpressureloading.Thedomeswereselectedtogivebothbucklingand

materialmodesoffailureandtheirfailureloadswerecomparedwiththosepredictedbythemethoddescribed
herein.Itisshownthatforthethinnestdomehavingonlytwolayers,thefailuremodeisbifurcationbuckling
withahighnumberofcircumferentialwaves.Themodeoffailurechangestosnapthroughaxisymmetric
collapsewhenthenumberoflayersisincreasedtofour.Afurtheradditionoftwolayersinthedomechanges
thefailuremodetomaterialcollapse.Theoreticalpredictionofthefailureloadsbasedongeometricallyperfect
structuresandaveragecompressionpropertiestendedtovaryintherange1.371.83oftheexperimentalvalues.
Thustherewasareasonableagreementbetweenthetwosetsofresultsafterallowingforthescatterin
compressivepropertiesofthematerialandthesensitivitytogeometricimperfectionsofthindomes.
A.Needleman(1)andV.Tvergaard(2)
(1)DivisionofEnginering,BrownUniversity,Providence,RhodeIsland02912,U.S.A.
(2)DepartmentofSolidMechanics,TheTechnicalUniversityofDenmark,Lyngby,Denmark
Neckingofbiaxiallystretchedelasticplasticcircularplates,JournaloftheMechanicsandPhysicsofSolids,
Vol.25,No.3,June1977,pp.159183,doi:10.1016/00225096(77)900217
ABSTRACT:Theneckingofanelasticplasticcircularplateunderuniformradialtensileloadingisinvestigated
bothwithintheframeworkofthethreedimensionaltheoryandwithinthecontextoftheplanestress
approximation.Attentionisrestrictedtoaxisymmetricdeformationsoftheplate.Thematerialbehavioris
describedbytwodifferentconstitutivelaws.Oneisafinitestrainversionofthesimplestflowtheoryof
plasticityandtheotherisafinitestraingeneralizationofthesimplestdeformationtheory,whichisemployedas
asimplemodelofasolidwithavertexonitsyieldsurface.Foraninitiallyuniformplatemadeofan
incompressiblematerial,bifurcationfromtheuniformlystretchedstateisstudiedanalytically.Theregimesof
stressandmoduliwherethegoverningaxisymmetricthreedimensionalequationsareelliptic,parabolicor
hyperbolicareidentified.Theplanestresslocalneckingmodeemergesastheappropriatelimitingmodefrom
thebifurcationmodesavailableintheellipticregime.Intheellipticregime,themainqualitativefeaturesofthe
bifurcationbehaviorarerevealedbytheplanestressanalysis,althoughthreedimensionaleffectsdelaythe
onsetofneckingsomewhat.Forthedeformationtheoryemployedhere,thefirstbifurcationmodesare
encounteredintheparabolicregimeifthehardeningrateissufficientlyhigh.Thesebifurcationsarenot
revealedbyaplanestressanalysis.Foraplatewithaninitialinhomogeneity,thegrowthofanimperfectionis
studiedbyaperturbationmethod,byaplanestressanalysisoflocalizednecking,andbynumerical
computationswithintheframeworkofthethreedimensionaltheory.Whenbifurcationofthecorresponding
perfectplatetakesplaceintheellipticregime,thefiniteelementresultsshowthattheplanestressanalysisgives
reasonablygoodagreementwiththenumericalresults.Whenbifurcationofthecorrespondingperfectplatefirst
occursintheparabolicregime,thenabifurcationoftheimperfectplateisencountered,thatis,thefiniteelement
stiffnessmatrixceasestobepositivedefinite.
ViggoTvergaard(DepartmentofSolidMechanics,TheTechnicalUniversityofDenmark,Lyngby,Denmark),
Bucklingofelasticplasticcylindricalpanelunderaxialcompression,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,Vol.13,No.10,1977,pp.957970,doi:10.1016/00207683(77)900087
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingbehaviourisinvestigatedforanaxiallycompressedelasticplasticcylindricalpanel
ofthetypeoccurringinstiffenedshells.Thebifurcationstressisdeterminedanalyticallyandanasymptotically
exactexpansionisobtainedfortheinitialpostbifurcationbehaviourintheplasticrange.Forpanelswithsmall
initialimperfectionsthebehaviourisanalysedasymptoticallyonthebasisofthehypoelastictheorythatresults

fromneglectingtheeffectofelasticunloading.Theimperfectionsensitivityofanelasticplasticpanelisalso
computednumericallybyalinearincrementalmethod,andtheresultsarecomparedwiththeresultsofthe
asymptoticanalysis.Foralowhardeningmaterialthepanelisfoundtobeimperfectionsensitiveinthewhole
rangeofcurvaturesconsidered,whereasforahighhardeningmaterialthepanelisonlyimperfectionsensitiveif
thecurvatureexceedsacertainvalue.
ViggoTvergaard(DepartmentofSolidMechanics,TheTechnicalUniversityofDenmark,Lyngby,Denmark),
Creepbucklingofrectangularplatesunderaxialcompression,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,
Vol.15,No.6,1979,pp.441456,doi:10.1016/00207683(79)900465
ABSTRACT:Thecreepbucklingbehaviourisinvestigatedforsimplysupportedrectangularplatesunderaxial
compression.Inadditiontocreepalsoelasticandplasticdeformationsareaccountedfor.Theinitialcreep
bucklingbehaviouratsmalldeflectionsisanalysedbyaperturbationmethod,andthissolutionisusedtoobtain
asimple,roughestimateofthelifetime.Numericalsolutionsfortheplatecreepbucklingareobtainedbyan
iterativeincrementalmethod.Basedontheseresultstheeffectofthecreepexponentandvariouseffectsof
plasticityarediscussed.Thefailuretimesobtainednumericallyarecomparedwiththetimeestimatesbasedona
symptotictheoryandwithcriticaltimespredictedinearlierinvestigations.
ViggoTvergaard(DepartmentofSolidMechanicsTheTechnicalUniversityofDenmark,DK2800Lyngby,
Denmark),Plasticbucklingofaxiallycompressedcircularcylindricalshells,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.1,
No.2,1983,pp.139163,doi:10.1016/02638231(83)900186
ABSTRACT:Forelasticplasticcylindricalshellswithinitialaxisymmetricimperfectionsbifurcationintoa
nonaxisymmetricshapeisanalysed.Theshellmaterialisrepresentedbyaphenomenologicalplasticitytheory
thataccountsfortheformationofavertexonsubsequentyieldsurfaces.Theinfluenceofvariousgeometricand
materialparametersisinvestigatedforawiderangeofradiustothicknessratios.Itisshownthatforthethicker
shellsbifurcationgenerallyoccursbeyondthemaximumaxialcompressiveload.Afewanalysesforshellswith
additionalnonaxisymmetricimperfectionsshowtheunstablepostbifurcationbehaviourandthesensitivityto
imperfectionsofmoregeneralshapes.
ViggoTvergaard(DepartmentofSolidMechanics,TheTechnicalUniversityofDenmark,Lyngby,Denmark),
Onthetransitionfromadiamondmodetoanaxisymmetricmodeofcollapseincylindricalshells,
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.19,No.10,1983,pp.845856,
doi:10.1016/00207683(83)900410
ABSTRACT:Theinfluenceofbucklingpatternlocalizationonthecollapsemodeofaxiallycompressedelastic
plasticcircularcylindricalshellsisinvestigated.Initialimperfectionsareassumedtobeaxisymmetricandthe
possibilityofbifurcationintoanonaxisymmetricshapeisanalysed.Forsufficientlythinwalledshells
bifurcationoccursbeforetheloadmaximum:butinmorethickwalledshellstheaxisymmetricdeformationsare
stablebeyondthemaximumload,atwhichlocalizationintoasingleoutwardbuckletakesplace.Itisfoundthat
localizationdelaysbifurcationconsiderably,suchthatsufficientlythickwalledshellswillcollapseinan
axisymmetricmode.Thetheoreticalpredictionsarecomparedwithanumberofpublishedexperimentalresults.

ViggoTvergaard,Effectofplasticityonpostbucklingbehaviour,BucklingandPostBuckling:LectureNotes
inPhysics,1987,Vol.288/1987,1987,pp.143183,doi:10.1007/BFb0009199
ABSTRACT:Plasticbucklingtheoryispresented,startingwiththegeneraltheoryofuniquenessand
bifurcationforelasticplasticsolids.Alsoasymptoticproceduresforestimatingtheinitialpostbifurcation
behaviourandtheimperfectionsensitivityarepresented,basedontheclassicalelasticplasticsolid.Theeffect
ofotherelasticplasticconstitutivedescriptionsonbifurcationandpostbifurcationbehaviourisdiscussed.
Severalnumericalanalysesoftheplasticbucklingofplateorshellstructuresarereviewed,andspecial
attentionisgiventothelocalizationofbucklingpatternsthatoftenoccursasasecondarybifurcation.Finally,
theeffectofmaterialstrainratesensitivityonthepredictionofplasticinstabilitiesisdiscussedinsomedetail.

ViggoTvergaard(1)andAlanNeedleman(2)
(1)DepartmentofSolidMechanics,TechnicalUniversityofDenmark,DK2800Lyngby,Denmark
(2)DivisionofEngineering,BrownUniversity,Providence,RI02912,USA
Bucklinglocalizationinacylindricalpanelunderaxialcompression,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,Vol.37,Nos.4647,November2000,pp.68256842,doi:10.1016/S00207683(99)003169
ABSTRACT:Localizationofaninitiallyperiodicbucklingpatternisinvestigatedforanaxiallycompressed
elasticplasticcylindricalpanelofthetypeoccurringbetweenaxialstiffenersoncylindricalshells.The
phenomenonofbucklinglocalizationanditsanalogywithplasticflowlocalizationintensiletestspecimensis
discussedingeneral.Forthecylindricalpanel,itisshownthatbucklinglocalizationdevelopsshortlyaftera
maximumloadhasbeenattained,andthisoccursforapurelyelasticpanelaswellasforelasticplasticpanels.
Inacasewherelocalizationoccursafteraloadmaximum,butwheresubsequentlytheloadstartstoincrease
again,itisfoundthatnearthelocalloadminimum,thebucklingpatternswitchesbacktoaperiodictypeof
pattern.TheinelasticmaterialbehaviorofthepanelisdescribedintermsofJ2cornertheory,whichavoidsthe
sometimesunrealisticallyhighbucklingloadspredictedbythesimplestflowtheoryofplasticity.
KimRavnJensen(1)andViggoTvergaard(2)
(1)MANB&WDieselA/S,Copenhagen,Denmark
(2)DepartmentofSolidMechanics,TheTechnicalUniversityofDenmark,DK2800Lyngby,Denmark
Effectofresidualstressesonplasticbucklingofcylindricalshellstructures,InternationalJournalofSolids
andStructures,Vol.26,Nos.910,1990,pp.9931004,doi:10.1016/00207683(90)90013L
ABSTRACT:Weldinducedresidualstressesinshellstructurestendtogiveearlieronsetofplasticyieldingand
toreducethecriticalbucklingload.Geometricalimperfectionsmayalsohaveadetrimentaleffectontheload
carryingcapacity.Theinteractionbetweenthesetwokindsofimperfectionsisstudiedhereforvarious
longitudinallyweldedcylindricalshellstructures,withfocusonshortwavelocalbucklingmodes.Itisfound
thatstructureswithreducedbifurcationloadsduetoresidualstressesshowlesssensitivitytogeometrical
imperfections,andafterbucklingmodedeflectionsoftheorderoftheshellthickness,theresidualstressesplay
noroleatall.
KimRavnJensen(TheTechnicalUniversityofDenmark,Lyngby,Denmark),Ashellanalysisofturbine
bladevibrations,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.24,No.10,1982,pp.581587,

doi:10.1016/00207403(82)900017
ABSTRACT:Freevibrationsofturbinebladesareanalysednumericallybymeansofageneralshelltheory.
Theeffectofcentrifugalforceistakenintoaccount,anditisfoundpossibletoexamineawideclassofblades.
Thecontinuousshellproblemisdiscretizedthroughafinitedifferenceenergymethod,workingonasimple
rectangulargridmappedontothebladesurfacebyparameterfunctions.Threeexamplesareshown,allofwhich
arecomparedwithpreviousinvestigations.Oneexampleconsidersanactualbladefromthelaststageofasteam
turbine,whileanotherconsidersacompressorblade.
B.F.Tatting(1),Z.Grdal(1)andV.V.Vasiliev(2)
(1)DepartmentofEngineeringScienceandMechanics,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,
Blacksburg,VA240600219,U.S.A.
(2)DepartmentofAerospaceCompositeStructures,MoscowStateUniversityofAviationTechnology,
Moscow,Russia103767
Thebraziereffectforfinitelengthcompositecylindersunderbending,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,Vol.34,No.12,April1997,pp.14191440,doi:10.1016/S00207683(96)000947
ABSTRACT:Thederivationforthenonlinearbendingresponseoffinitelengthcompositetubesexhibiting
crosssectionaldeformationsassociatedwithBrazier'sflatteningeffectispresentedusingclassicalshelltheory.
Semimembraneconstitutivetheoryisusedtosimplifytheanalysisandlocalbucklingonthecompressiveside
ofthetubeisinvestigatedbasedontheaxialstressandlocalcurvatureonthecompressivesideofthecylinder.
Thenonlinearsystemissolvednumericallyandresultsareobtainedforvariouscombinationsofmaterialand
geometricparametersaswellasendconditions.Resultsofthepresentinvestigationarecomparedwith
publishedfiniteelementsolutionsandapproximateanalyticalsolutionsfortheBraziereffectoffinitelength
tubes.
I.V.OrynyakandS.A.Radchenko,AnalyticalsolutionoftheBrazierproblemforthinwallpipeswithinitial
crosssectionalshapeimperfectioninthecaseofactionofpressure,StrengthofMaterials,Vol.40,No.3,
2008,pp.356374,doi:10.1007/s1122300890222
ABSTRACT:AnanalyticalmethodisproposedforthesolutionofgeometricallynonlinearBrazierproblemfor
thinmallpipeswithinitialcrosssectionalshapeimperfectioninthecaseofactionofpressure.Geometrical
equationsrelatingdisplacementcomponentstostrainsandequilibriumequationstakingintoaccountchangein
thecurvatureofpipecrosssectionandaxishavebeenderived.Asolutioninafirstapproximationfor
dimensionlessflexibilityparameterispresented,theexactnessofwhichisillustratedbynumerousexamples.
Forthecaseofjointactionofexternalbendingmomentandpressure,alimitcurveofthecriticalmomentvalue
asafunctionofpressurevaluehasbeenobtained.
BrianF.Tatting(DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,VPISU),AnalysisandDesignofVariableStiffness
CompositeCylinders,PhD.Dissertation,October1998,ETDetd1019811378
PARTIALABSTRACT:Aninvestigationofthepossibleperformanceimprovementsofthincircularcylindrical
shellsthroughtheuseofthevariablestiffnessconceptispresented.Thevariablestiffnessconceptimpliesthat
thestiffnessparameterschangespatiallythroughoutthestructure.Thissituationisachievedmainlythroughthe
useofcurvilinearfiberswithinafiberreinforcedcompositelaminate,thoughthepossibilityofthickness

variationsanddiscretestiffeningelementsisalsoallowed.Thesethreemechanismsareincorporatedintothe
constitutivelawsforthinshellsthroughtheuseofClassicalLaminationTheory.Theexistenceofstiffness
variationwithinthestructurewarrantsaformulationofthestaticequilibriumequationsfromthemostbasic
principles.Thegoverningequationsincludesufficientdetailtocorrectlymodelseveraltypesofnonlinearity,
includingtheformationofanonlinearshellboundarylayeraswellastheBraziereffectduetononlinear
bendingoflongcylinders.Stressanalysisandinitialbucklingestimatesareformulatedforageneralvariable
stiffnesscylinder.Resultsandcomparisonsforseveralsimplificationsofthesehighlycomplexgoverning
equationsarepresentedsothattheensuingnumericalsolutionsareconsideredreliableandefficientenoughfor
indepthoptimizationstudies.Fourdistinctcasesofloadingandstiffnessvariationarechosentoinvestigate
possibleareasofimprovementthatthevariablestiffnessconceptmayofferovertraditionalconstantstiffness
and/orstiffenedstructures.
C.S.Lopes(1and2),P.P.Camanho(2),Z.Grdal(1)andB.F.Tatting(3)
(1)FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,DelftUniversityofTechnology,Kluyverweg1,2629HSDelft,The
Netherlands
(2)DEMEGI,FaculdadedeEngenharia,UniversidadedoPorto,RuaDr.RobertoFrias,4200465Porto,
Portugal
(3)ADOPTECHInc.,Blacksburg,VA24060,USA
Progressivefailureanalysisoftowplaced,variablestiffnesscompositepanels,InternationalJournalofSolids
andStructures,Vol.44,Nos.2526,December2007,pp.84938516,doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2007.06.029
ABSTRACT:Thepastdevelopmentsontowplacementtechnologyledtotheproductionofmachinescapable
ofcontrollingfibretowsindividuallyandplacingthemontothesurfaceofalaminatewithcurvilineartopology.
Duetothevariationofpropertiesalongtheirsurface,suchstructuresaretermedvariablestiffnesscomposite
panels.Inpreviousexperimentalresearchtowsteeredpanelshaveshownincreasedbucklingloadcapacityas
comparedwithtraditionalstraightfibrelaminates.Also,numericalanalysesbytheauthorsshowedthatfirstply
failureoccursatasignificanthigherloadlevel.Thefocusofthispaperistoextendthoseanalysesintothe
postbucklingprogressivedamagebehaviourandfinalstructuralfailureduetoaccumulationoffibreandmatrix
damage.AuserdevelopedcontinuumdamagemodelimplementedinthefiniteelementcodeABAQUSis
employedinthesimulationofdamageinitiationandmaterialstiffnessdegradation.Inordertocorrectlypredict
thebucklingloadsoftowsteeredpanelsundercompression,itisofcrucialimportancetotakeintoaccountthe
residualthermalstressesresultingfromthecuringprocess.Finalfailureoftowsteeredpanelsinpostbucklingis
predictedtowithin10%differenceoftheexperimentalresults.Curvilinearfibrepanelshaveupto56%higher
strengththanstraightfibrelaminatesanddamageinitiationisalsoremarkablypostponed.Towsteereddesigns
alsoshowmoretolerancetocentralholesthantraditionallaminates.
C.S.Lopes(1and2),P.P.Camanho(2),Z.Grdal(1)andB.F.Tatting(3)
(1)FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,DelftUniversityofTechnology,Kluyverweg1,2629HSDelft,The
Netherlands
(2)DEMEGI,FaculdadedeEngenharia,UniversidadedoPorto,RuaDr.RobertoFrias,4200465Porto,
Portugal
(3)ADOPTECHInc.,Blacksburg,VA24060,USA
Progressivedamageanalysisoftowsteeredcompositepanelsinpostbuckling,16thInternationalConference

onCompositeMaterials(dateandpublishernotgiveninthepdffile;latestreferenceis2006)
ABSTRACT:Machinescapableofindividuallycontrollingfibretowsandplacingthemontothesurfaceofa
laminatewithcurvilineartopologyareavailablenowadays.Duetothevariationofpropertiesalongtheir
surface,suchstructuresaretermedvariablestiffnesscompositepanels.Experimentalresearchdemonstrated
thatproperlydesignedtowsteeredpanelsbuckleathigherloadsthantraditionalstraightfibrelaminates.Also,
numericalanalysesbytheauthorsdemonstratedthatfirstplyfailureofthesedesignsisremarkablypostponed.
Thefocusofthispaperistoextendthoseanalysesintothepostbucklingprogressivedamagebehaviourand
finalstructuralfailure.Auserdevelopedcontinuumdamagemodelimplementedinthefiniteelementcode
ABAQUSisemployedinthecharacterisationofdamageinitiationandpropagation.Aswithdamageinitiation,
failureofcurvilinearfibrepanelsisremarkablypostponedascomparedwithstraightfibrelaminates.Tow
steeredpanelsalsoshowtobemoretoleranttonotchesthantraditionallaminates.Bytakingintoaccountthe
residualthermalstresses,notonlypredictedandexperimentedbucklingloadsshowremarkableagreementbut
alsopredictedfinalfailureloadsoftowsteeredpanelsinpostbucklingarewithin12%oftheexperimental
results.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

[1]Grdal,Z.andOlmedo,R.,CompositeLaminateswithSpatiallyVaryingFiberOrientations:VariableStiffnessPanelConcept,
ProceedingsoftheAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC33rdStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,Vol.2,Dallas,
TX,1992,pp.798808,AIAA922472.
[2]Grdal,Z.andOlmedo,R.,InPlaneResponseofLaminateswithSpatiallyVaryingFiberOrientations:VariableStiffness
Concept,AIAAJournal,Vol.31,No.4,1993,pp.751758.
[3]Olmedo,R.andGurdal,Z,Bucklingresponseoflaminateswithspatiallyvaryingfiberorientations,Proceedingsofthe
AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC34thStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,LaJolla,CA,April1993,pp.2261
2269,AIAA931567.
[4]Waldhart,C.,Grdal,Z.,andRibbens,C.,AnalysisofTowPlaced,ParallelFiber,VariableStiffnessLaminates,Proceedingsof
theAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC37thStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,SaltLakeCity,UT,April1996,
pp.22102220,AIAA961569.
[5]Wu,K.andGrdal,Z.,ThermalTestingofTowPlaced,VariableStiffnessPanels,Proceedingsofthe
AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC42ndStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,Seattle,WA,April2001,AIAA
20011190.
[6]Wu,K.,Grdal,Z.,andStarnesJr.,J.,StructuralResponseofCompressionLoaded,TowPlaced,VariableStiffnessPanels,
ProceedingsoftheAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC
43rdStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,Denver,CO,
April2002,AIAA20021512.
[7]Tatting,B.andGrdal,Z.,AnalysisandDesignofTowSteeredVariableStiffnessCompositeLaminates,AmericanHelicopter
SocietyHamptonRoadsChapter,StructureSpecialistsMeeting,Williamsburg,VA,October2001.
[8]Tatting,B.andGrdal,Z.,DesignandManufactureofElasticallyTailoredTowPlacedPlates,Tech.rep.,NASA,Langley
ResearchCenter,Hampton,VA,August2002,NASA/CR2002211919.
[9]Lopes,C.,Grdal,Z.,andCamanho,P.,TowPlaced,VariableStiffnessCompositePanels:DamageToleranceImprovements
overTraditionalStraightFibreLaminates,IIIEuropeanConferenceonComputationalMechanics:Solids,StructuresCoupled
ProblemsinEngineering,Lisbon,Portugal,June2006.
[10]Pinho,S.,Dvila,C.,Camanho,P.,Iannucci,L.,andRobinson,P.,FailureModelsandCriteriaforFRPUnderInPlaneor
ThreeDimensionalStressStatesIncludingShearNonlinearity,Tech.rep.,NASA,LangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA,
February2005,NASA/TM2005213530.
[11]Maim,P.,Camanho,P.,Mayugo,J.,andDvila,C.,AThermodynamicallyConsistentDamageModelforAdvanced
Composites,Tech.rep.,NASA,LangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA,March2006,NASA/TM2006214282.
[12]Sleight,D.,ProgressiveFailureAnalysisMethodologyforLaminatedCompositeStructures,Tech.rep.,NASA,Langley
ResearchCenter,Hampton,VA,March1999,NASA/TP1999209107.
[13]Jegley,D.,Tatting,B.,andGrdal,Z.,OptimizationofElasticallyTailoredTowPlacedPlateswithHoles,Proceedingsofthe
AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC44thStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,Norfolk,VA,April2003,AIAA
20031420.
[14]Jegley,D.,Tatting,B.,andGrdal,Z.,TowSteeredPanelswithHolesSubjectedtoCompressionorShearLoading,

ProceedingsoftheAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC46thStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterials(SDM)Conference,Austin,
TX,April2005,AIAA20052017.
[15]Tavares,C.,FractureofAdvancedCompositeMaterials:ExperimentalBasisforaConstitutiveModel,Mastersthesis,
UniversityofPorto,Porto,Portugal,January2006.
[16]Camanho,P.,Dvila,C.,Pinho,S.,Iannucci,L.,andRobinson,P.,Predictionofinsitustrengthsandmatrixcrackingin
compositesundertransversetensionandinplaneshear,CompositesPartA:AppliedScienceandManufacturing,Vol.1,No.12,
2005.
[17]Tatting,B.andGrdal,Z.,AutomatedFiniteElementAnalysisofElasticallyTailoredPlates,Tech.rep.,NASA,Langley
ResearchCenter,Hampton,VA,December2003,NASA/CR2003212679.

Z.Grdal(1),B.F.Tatting(2),C.K.Wu(3)
(1)AerospaceStructuresChairholder,DelftUniversityofTechnology,TheNetherlands
(2)ADOPTECHInc.,Blacksburg,VA,USA
(3)NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA,USA
Variablestiffnesscompositepanels:Effectsofstiffnessvariationontheinplaneandbucklingresponse,
CompositesPartA:AppliedScienceandManufacturing,Vol.39,No.5,pp.911922,May2008
ABSTRACT:Descriptionsoffiberorientationvariationforflatrectangularcompositelaminatesthatpossess
variablestiffnesspropertiesareintroduced.Thesimplestdefinitionemploysaunidirectionalvariationbasedon
alinearfunctionforthefiberorientationangleoftheindividuallayers.Analysesofvariablestiffnesspanelsfor
inplaneandbucklingresponsesaredevelopedanddemonstratedfortwodistinctcasesofstiffnessvariations.
Thefirstcaseassumesastiffnessvariationinthedirectionoftheloading,andnumericalresultsindicatesmall
improvementsinbucklingloadforsomepanelconfigurationsduetofavorabledistributionofthetransverse
stressesoverthepanelplanform.Thesecondcasevariesthestiffnessperpendiculartotheloading,andprovides
amuchhigherdegreeofimprovementduetotheredistributionoftheappliedloads.Itisalsodemonstratedthat
thevariablestiffnessconceptprovidesaflexibilitytothedesignerfortradeoffsbetweenoverallpanelstiffness
andbucklingload,inthatthereexistmanyconfigurationswithequalbucklingloadsyetdifferentglobal
stiffnessvalues,orviceversa.
C.S.Lopes(1and2),Z.Grdal(1)andP.P.Camanho(2)
(1)FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,DelftUniversityofTechnology,Kluyverweg1,2629HSDelft,The
Netherlands
(2)DEMEGI,FaculdadedeEngenharia,UniversidadedoPorto,RuaDr.RobertoFrias,4200465Porto,
Portugal
Variablestiffnesscompositepanels:Bucklingandfirstplyfailureimprovementsoverstraightfibre
laminates,Computers&Structures,Vol.86,No.9,May2008,pp.897907,SpecialIssue:Composites,
doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2007.04.016
ABSTRACT:Oneoftheprimaryadvantagesofusingfibrereinforcedlaminatedcompositesinstructural
designistheabilitytochangethestiffnessandstrengthpropertiesofthelaminatebydesigningthelaminate
stackingsequenceinordertoimproveitsperformance.Thisprocedureistypicallyreferredtoaslaminate
tailoring.Traditionally,tailoringisdonebykeepingthefibreorientationanglewithineachlayerconstant
throughoutastructuralcomponent.Allowingthefibrestofollowcurvilinearpathswithintheplaneofthe
laminatesconstitutesanadvancedtailoringoptionthatcanleadtomodificationofloadpathswithinthe
laminatetoresultinmorefavourablestressdistributionsandimprovethelaminateperformance.

CludioS.Lopes(1),PedroP.Camanho(1)andZ.Grdal(2)
(1)DEMEGI,FaculdadedeEngenharia,UniversidadedoPortoR.Dr.RobertoFrias,4200465Porto,Portugal
email:clsaul@yahoo.com,pcamanho@fe.up.pt
(2)FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,DelftUniversityofTechnologyKluyverweg1,2629HSDelft,The
Netherlandsemail:zgurdal@tudelft.nl
VariableStiffnessCompositePanels:EffectsOfStiffnessVariationOnTheBucklingAndFailure
Responses,7thEUROMECHSolidMechanicsConferenceJ.Ambrosioet.al.(eds.)Lisbon,Portugal,711
September2009
ABSTRACT:Thetraditionalapproachtotheproblemofstressconcentrationsaroundcutoutsincomposite
structuresistolocallyincreasethelaminatethicknessinordertosmoothoutthestresspeak.Often,thispractice
attractsmoreloadstothecutoutregionbesidesincreasingpartweight.Amoreeffectivesolutionistoavoidthe
stressconcentrationsaltogetherbyusingfibresteeredlaminates.Theproductionofcompositesinthisformatis
practicalnowadaysduetocapabilitiesofadvancedfibreplacementtechnology.Thispapershowsthatitis
possibletodesignandmanufacturecompositepanelswhosebucklingandfailureresponsesareinsensitiveto
theexistenceofacentralhole.Thiscutoutinsensitivitydoesnotinvolveanincreaseinstructuralmass,butonly
thesteeringofthefibresintheplaneofthelaminate,inordertopromotetheredistributionoftheloading
towardsthesupportededgesectionsofthepanel.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

[1]M.W.HyerandR.F.Charette.Useofcurvilinearfiberformatincompositestructuredesign.InAIAAJournal,29(6):10111015,
June1991.
[2]M.W.HyerandH.H.Lee.Theuseofcurvilinearfiberformattoimprovebucklingresistanceofcompositeplateswithcentral
circularholes.CompositeStructures,18:239261,1991.
[3]S.Nagendra,S.Kodiyalam,J.E.Davis,andV.N.Parthasarathy.Optimizationoftowfiberpathsforcompositedesign.In
ProceedingsoftheAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC36rdStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,10311041,New
Orleans,LA,April1995.AIAA951275.
[4]Z.GrdalandR.A.Olmedo. Compositelaminateswithspatiallyvaryingfiberorientations:Variablestiffnesspanelconcept.In
ProceedingsoftheAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC33rdStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,2:798808,
Dallas,TX,1992.AIAA922472.
[5]Z.GrdalandR.A.Olmedo.Inplaneresponseoflaminateswithspatiallyvaryingfiberorientations:Variablestiffnessconcept.
AIAAJournal,31(4):751758,1993.
[6]R.A.OlmedoandZ.Grdal.Bucklingresponseoflaminateswithspatiallyvaryingfiberorientations.InProceedingsofthe
AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC34rdStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,22612269,LaJolla,CA,April
1993.AIAA931567.
[7]Z.Grdal,B.F.Tatting,andK.C.Wu.Variablestiffnesspanels:Effectsofstiffnessvariationontheinplaneandbuckling
responses.CompositesPartA:appliedscienceandmanufacturing,39:911922,2008.
[8]K.C.WuandZ.Grdal.Thermaltestingoftowplaced,variablestiffnesspanels.InProceedingsofthe
AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC42ndStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,Seattle,WA,April2001.AIAA
20011190.
[9]K.C.Wu,Z.Grdal,andJ.H.StarnesJr.Structuralresponseofcompressionloaded,towplaced,variablestiffnesspanels.In
ProceedingsoftheAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC43rdStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,Denver,CO,
April2002.AIAA20021512.
[10]D.C.Jegley,B.F.Tatting,andZ.Grdal.Optimizationofelasticallytailoredtowplacedplateswithholes.InProceedingsofthe
AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC44thStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,Norfolk,VA,April2003.AIAA
20031420.
[11]D.C.Jegley,B.F.Tatting,andZ.Grdal.Towsteeredpanelswithholessubjectedtocompressionorshearloading.In
ProceedingsoftheAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC46thStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterials(SDM)Conference,Austin,
TX,April2005.AIAA20052017.
[12]C.S.Lopes,P.P.Camanho,Z.Grdal,andB.F.Tatting.Progressivefailureanalysisoftowplaced,variablestiffnesscomposite

panels.InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,44:84938516,2007.
[13]M.M.Abdalla,Z.Grdal,andG.F.Abdelal.Thermomechanicalresponseofvariablestiffnesscompositepanels.Journalof
ThermalStresses,32:187208,2009.
[14]Abaqus,Inc.AbaqusVersion6.8UsersManual.Pawtucket,RI,USA,2008.
[15]C.S.Lopes,Z.Grdal,andP.P.Camanho.Variablestiffnesscompositepanels:Bucklingandfirstplyfailureimprovements
overstraightfibrelaminates.Computers&Structures,86:897907,2008.
[16]C.G.Dvila,P.P.Camanho,andC.A.Rose.FailurecriteriaforFRPlaminatesinplanestress.JournalofCompositeMaterials,
39:323345,2005.
[17]S.T.Pinho,C.G.Dvila,P.P.Camanho,L.Iannucci,andP.Robinson.FailuremodelsandcriteriaforFRPunderinplaneor
threedimensionalstressstatesincludingshearnonlinearity.Technicalreport,NASA,LangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,VA,
February2005.NASA/TM2005213530.
[18]P.P.Camanho,C.G.Dvila,S.T.Pinho,L.Iannucci,andP.Robinson.Predictionofinsitustrengthsandmatrixcrackingin
compositesundertransversetensionandinplaneshear.CompositesPartA:AppliedScienceandManufacturing,37:165176,2006.

ShahriarSetoodeh,MostafaM.Abdalla,SamuelT.IJsselmuidenandZaferGrdal(FacultyofAerospace
Engineering,DelftUniversityofTechnology,Kluyverweg1,2629HSDelft,TheNetherlands),Designof
variablestiffnesscompositepanelsformaximumbucklingload,CompositeStructures,Vol.87,No.1,January
2009,pp.109117,doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2008.01.008
ABSTRACT:Ageneralizedreciprocalapproximationispresentedfordesignofvariablestiffnesslaminated
compositepanelsformaximumbucklingload.Thebucklingloadisexpandedintermsoftheinverseofthe
stiffnesstensor.Fordiscretizedpanelssuchanapproximationhastheimportantpropertyofbeingseparable,
whichallowsthemaximizationtobecarriedoutateachdiscretenodeseparatefromtheothers.Thismakesthe
algorithmparticularlysuitedtoparallelcomputations.Thesensitivityanalysisisperformedexactlyusingan
adjointmethod,requiringonlyonebacksubstitutionusingthealreadyfactoredinplanestiffnessmatrixwith
differentrighthandsidestocomputethesensitivitiesforalldesignvariables.AconformingCLPTfinite
elementisusedforthebucklinganalysisofrectangularplatesandtheproposedreciprocalapproximationis
usedtoupdatefiberorientationanglesateachfiniteelementnode.Numericalresultsobtainedforrectangular
platesshowthatsignificantimprovementscanbegainedinthebucklingloadbyallowingthestiffness
propertiestovaryspatially.Thecaseofrepeatedeigenvaluesishandledusingadualformulation.
AdrianaW.Blom,ShahriarSetoodeh,JanM.A.M.HolandZaferGrdal(AerospaceStructures,Delft
UniversityofTechnology,Kluyverweg1,2629HSDelft,TheNetherlands),Designofvariablestiffness
conicalshellsformaximumfundamentaleigenfrequency,Computers&Structures,Vol.86,No.9,May2008,
pp.870878,SpecialIssue:Composites,doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2007.04.020
ABSTRACT:Fiberreinforcedcompositeconicalshellswithgivengeometryandmaterialpropertiesare
optimizedformaximumfundamentalfrequency.Theshellsareassumedtobebuiltusinganadvancedtow
placementmachine,whichallowsinplanesteeringofthefibers,resultinginavariablestiffnessstructure.In
thispaper,differentpathdefinitionsforvariablestiffnessshellsareprovidedandusedtooptimizeconicalshells
formaximumfundamentalfrequency,whilemanufacturingconstraintsthatapplyfortowplacementaretaken
intoaccountintheprocess.Theinfluenceofmanufacturingconstraintsontheperformanceisshown;and
improvementsofvariablestiffnessconicalshellsoverconventional,constantstiffnessshellsaredemonstrated.
AdrianaW.Blom(1and2),PatrickB.Stickler(3)andZaferGrdal(1)

(1)DelftUniversityofTechnology,Kluyverweg1,2629HSDelft,TheNetherlands
(2)StorkFokkerAESP,Industrieweg4,3351LBPapendrecht,TheNetherlands
(3)TheBoeingCompany,3003W.CasinoRoad,Everett,WA98204,USA
Optimizationofacompositecylinderunderbendingbytailoringstiffnesspropertiesincircumferential
direction,CompositesPartB:Engineering,Vol.41,No.2,March2010,pp.157165,
doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2009.10.004
ABSTRACT:Afiberreinforcedcylindricalshellwithgivengeometryandmaterialpropertiesisoptimizedfor
maximumloadcarryingcapabilityunderbending.Theshellisassumedtobebuiltusinganadvancedfiber
placementmachine,whichallowsinplanesteeringandoverlappingoffibers,resultinginasocalledvariable
stiffnessshell.Thedesignmethodologyforstrengthandstiffnessvariationincircumferentialdirectionby
meansoffiberplacementisexplainedandrestrictionsonthemanufacturabilityarespecified.Implementationin
thecommerciallyavailablefiniteelementpackageABAQUSforstructuralanalysisisdescribed.
Subsequently,thecylinderisoptimizedtocarryamaximumbucklingloadunderbending,whileapplyinga
strengthconstraint.Constraintsontheglobalstiffnessareimposedbymeansofcomparisonwithabaseline
quasiisotropicshell,whileamatrixdominatedlayupisavoidedatalllocationsinthelaminateinorderto
ensurethatthelaminateisstrongenoughinalldirectionsincaseaholeispresent.Optimizationisdoneusinga
surrogatemodelinordertominimizetheamountoffiniteelementanalyses.Improvementsofupto17%are
obtainedbychangingtheloadpath.Thetensionsideismadestifferandthecompressionsidesofterin
longitudinaldirectionbychangingthefiberorientationfromnearzeroattheupper(tension)sidetohigherfiber
anglesatthelower(compression)side,suchthatloadisrelievedfromthecompressionside.Thisresultsina
higherloadcarryingcapabilityofthecylinder.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
[1]TattingBFandGrdalZ.DesignandManufactureofElasticallyTailoredTowPlacedPlates.Technicalreport,2002.NASA/CR
2002211919
[2]TattingBFandGrdalZ.AutomatedFiniteElementAnalysisofElasticallyTailoredPlates.Technicalreport,2003.NASA/CR
2003212679
[3]JegleyDC,TattingBFandGrdalZ.OptimizationofElasticallyTailoredTowPlacedPlateswithHoles.InProceedingsofthe
44thAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterials(SDM)Conference.Norfolk,VA,USA:AIAA,
2003
[4]AlhajahmadA,AbdallaMMandGrdalZ.DesignTailoringforPressurePillowingusingTowPlacedSteeredFibers.AIAA
JournalofAircraft,2008.45(2),630640
[5]AlhajahmadA,AbdallaMMandGrdalZ.OptimalDesignofaPressurizedFuselagePanelwithaCutoutUsingTowPlaced
SteeredFibers.InProceedingsoftheInternationalConferenceonEngineeringOptimization.RiodeJaneiro,Brazil,2008
[6]BlomAW,TattingBF,HolJMAMandGrdalZ.PathDefinitionsforElasticallyTailoredConicalShells.CompositesB,2008.
Acceptedforpublication
[7]BlomAW,SetoodehS,HolJMAMandGrdalZ.DesignofVariableStiffnessConicalShellsForMaximumFundamental
Eigenfrequency.ComputersandStructures,2008.86(9),870878.Doi:10.1016/j.physletb.2003.10.071
[8]TattingBF.AnalysisandDesignofVariableStiffnessCompositeCylinders.Ph.D.thesis,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandState
University,1998
[9]SunMandHyerM.UseofMaterialTailoringtoImproveBucklingCapacityofEllipticalCompositeShells.AIAAJournal,2008.
46(3),770782
[10]ABAQUS,Inc.ABAQUSVersion6.7UsersManual.Pawtucket,RI,USA,2005
[11]BookerAJ,Dennis,JrJE,FrankPD,SerafiniDB,TorczonVandTrossetMW.ARigorousFrameworkforOptimizationof
ExpensiveFunctionsbySurrogates.StructuralOptimization,1999.17(1),113
[12]AudetC,Dennis,JrJE,MooreDW,BookerAandFrankPD.ASurrogateModelBasedModelforConstrainedOptimization.
InProceedingsofthe8thAIAA/USAF/NASA/ISSMOSymposiumonMultidisciplinaryAnalysisandOptimization.LongBeach,CA,
USA,2000
[13]LopesCS,CamanhoPP,GrdalZandTattingBF.ProgressiveFailureAnalysisofTowPlaced,VariableStiffnessComposite
Panels.InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,2007.44,84938516.doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2007.06.029

[14]IJsselmuidenST,AbdallaMMandGrdalZ.ImplementationofStrengthBasedFailureCriteriaintheLaminationParameter
DesignSpace. InProceedingsofthe48thAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterials(SDM)
Conference.Honolulu,HI,USA,2007

MyungHunKim,JongRaeCho,WonByongBae,JinHweKweon,JinHoChoi,SangRaeChoandYunSik
Cho,Bucklinganalysisoffilamentwoundthickcompositecylinderunderhydrostaticpressure,International
JournalofPrecisionEngineeringandManufacturing,Vol.11,No.6,2010,pp.909913,
doi:10.1007/s1254101001104
ABSTRACT:Underwatervehiclesthatoperateindeepwatersrequireapressurehulltomaintainthesufficient
strengthandstiffnessagainstexternalhydrostaticpressure.Weinvestigatedthevalidityofthefiniteelement
method(FEM)thatisappliedtoabucklinganalysisofthefilamentwoundcompositecylinder,subjectedtoan
externalhydrostaticpressure.Twomethodsweresuggestedforthebucklinganalysisofafilamentwoundthick
compositecylinderunderhydrostaticpressure:usingtheequivalentpropertiesofthecomposite,andusing
stackingsequence.ThehydrostaticpressuretestwasconductedtoverifytheFEA.Testresultswerecompared
withthepreviousresultsobtainedbyFEMonthebucklingofafilamentwoundcompositecylinderunder
hydrostaticpressure.FEManalysisresultswereingoodagreementwiththetestresults.Thedifferencebetween
FEMresultsandthetestresultswasapproximately1to5%.
ChulJinMoon,InHoonKim,BaeHyeonChoi,JinHweKweonandJinHoChoi(SchoolofMechanicaland
AerospaceEngineering,ResearchCenterforAircraftPartsTechnology,GyeongsangNationalUniversity,Jinju,
Gyeongnam660701,RepublicofKorea)
Bucklingoffilamentwoundcompositecylinderssubjectedtohydrostaticpressureforunderwatervehicle
applications,CompositeStructures,Vol.92,No.9,August2010,pp.22412251,SpecialIssue:Fifteenth
InternationalConferenceonCompositeStructures,doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2009.08.005
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingandfailurecharacteristicsofmoderatelythickwalledfilamentwoundcarbon
epoxycompositecylindersunderexternalhydrostaticpressurewereinvestigatedthroughfiniteelementanalysis
andtestingforunderwatervehicleapplications.Thewindingangleswere[30/90]FW,[45/90]FWand
[60/90]FW.ACOS,aninhousefiniteelementprogram,successfullypredictedthebucklingpressureof
filamentwoundcompositecylinderswith2to23%deviationfromthetestresults.Theanalysisandtestresults
showedthatthecylindersdonotrecovertheinitialbucklingpressureafterbucklingandthatthisleadsdirectly
tothecollapse.Majorfailuremodesinthetestweredominatedbythehelicalwindingangles.
90.Bushnell,D.,Automatedoptimumdesignofshellsofrevolutionwithapplicationtoringstiffened
cylindricalshellswithwavywalls,AIAAPaper20001663,41stAIAAStructures,StructuralDynamicsand
MaterialsConference,April2000,pp?
96.Bushnell,D.:Minimumweightdesignofimperfectisogridstiffenedellipsoidalshellsunderuniform
externalpressure,AIAAPaper20092702,50thAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,Structural
Dynamics,andMaterialsConference,PalmSprings,California,April,2009
97.Bushnell,D.andThornburgh,R.P.:UseofGENOPTandBIGBOSOR4tooptimizeweldlandsinaxially
compressedstiffenedcylindricalshellsandevaluationoftheoptimizeddesignsbySTAGS,AIAAPaper2010

2927,51stAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamics&MaterialsConference,April,
2010
ABSTRACT:BIGBOSOR4isusedinanoptimizationloopinwhichthedimensionsofatypicalaxially
orientedweldlandandthecrosssectiondimensionsofreinforcingTeeshapedstringersalongthetwostraight
edges(generators)oftheweldlandaredecisionvariables.TheoptimizationiscarriedoutinaGENOPT
context.AnynumberofequallyspacedidenticalTstiffenedweldlandsina360degreecylindricalshellcanbe
accommodated.Theweldlandsareembeddedinaninternallystiffened"acreage"cylindricalshellthathasbeen
previouslyoptimizedbyPANDA2.Thepreviouslyoptimized"acreage"cylindricalshellhasinternal"acreage"
stringersandinternal"acreage"ringswithrectangularcrosssections.Thespacings,heights,andthicknessesof
theinternal"acreage"stiffenersarenotdecisionvariablesfortheoptimizationprobleminwhichtheweldland
anditsreinforcingedgeTstringersareoptimized.ThedesignconstraintsforthecylindricalshellwiththeT
stiffenedweldlandsare:1.generalbuckling,2.interringbuckling,and3.stress.Theprebuckledstateis
assumedtobeuniformendshortening,withthemembraneaxialcompressionineachsegmentofthestructure
proportionaltotheaxialmembranestiffnessofthatsegment.Theprebuckledstateisassumedtobeamembrane
state:noprebucklingbending.Theentireshellstructureisfabricatedofthesamematerial.Inthemodelfor
generalbucklingthepreviouslyoptimized"acreage"ringsandstringersaresmearedoutandthecylindrical
shellissimplysupportedatitsends.Inthemodelforinterringbucklingadjacent"acreage"ringsarereplaced
bysimplesupports,thatis,alengthofshellequaltotheringspacingisanalyzed,andthepreviouslyoptimized
"acreage"stringersaresmearedout.Themaximumstressintheweldlandedgestringerregioniscomputedas
iftherewerenoprebucklingbending(membranecompressiononly).Thecylindricalshellismodeledasa180
degreesegmentofahugetorus,withsymmetryconditionsappliedalongthegeneratorsatzeroandat180
degrees.IntheGENOPTexamplesstudiedheretherearethreeidenticalTstiffenedweldlandsspacedat120
degreeintervals.Theadequacyoftheoptimized"acreage"cylindricalshellwithandwithouttheoptimizedT
stiffenedweldlandsisevaluatedwithvariousSTAGSfiniteelementmodels.Thereisgoodagreementbetween
predictionsfromtheGENOPT/BIGBOSOR4modelandthevariousSTAGSmodels.

ReferencesfromtheCVofProfessorY.GoldfeldoftheTechnion,Haifa,Israel
Goldfeld,Y.'AnAlternativeFormulationsinLinearBifurcationAnalysisofLaminatedShells',ThinWalled
Structures,Vol.47,Issue1,pp.4452,January2009.
Goldfeld,Y.andEjgenberg,E.A'OntheDifferentFormulationsinLinearBifurcationAnalysisofLaminated
CylindricalShells',InternationalJournalofSolidandStructure,Vol.44,Issues2526,pp.86138626,
December2007,doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2007.06.026
ABSTRACT:Thestabilitypatternofshellsisgovernedbyasetofnonlinearpartialdifferentialequations.The
solutionprocedurecanbesimplified,andfastandaccuratepredictionsofthecriticalbucklingloadobtained,
withtheaidofamultilevelapproach.Underthisapproachthelowerlevelsareimplementedbymeansofthe
perturbationtechnique,withthenonlinearprebucklingdeformationdisregarded,andalinearsetofequations
solvedforeachstate.Itturnsout,however,thatinthesecircumstancesthepredictionmaydifferdependingon
thechosenformulation.Inanattempttofindthereasonsforthesedifferences,thelinearbifurcationbuckling
behavioroflaminatedcylindricalshellswasexaminedviatwowellknownformulations,withuvwandwF
astheunknowns.Athird,mixedformulation,wasfoundthemostreliableinpredictingthebucklingbehavior.

Goldfeld,Y.'ElasticBucklingandImperfectionSensitivityofGenerallyStiffenedConicalShells',AIAA
Journal,Vol.45,No.3,pp.721729,March2007.
Goldfeld,Y.'ImperfectionSensitivityofLaminatedConicalShells',InternationalJournalofSolidand
Structure,Vol.44,Issue34,pp.12211241,February2007.
YiskaGoldfeldandJohannArbocz(DelftUniversityofTechnology,TheNetherlands),"BucklingofLaminated
ConicalShellsGiventheVariationsoftheStiffnessCoefficients",AIAAJournal,Vol.42,No.3(2004),pp.
642649
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingbehaviorofafilamentwoundlaminatedconicalshellisthoroughlyinvestigatedby
considerationofthevariationofthestiffnesscoefficients.Todate,allanalysesoflaminatedconicalshellshave
beenundertakenwithconstantstiffnesscoefficientsinthelaminateconstitutiverelations,usuallyunderthe
assumptionofnominalmaterialpropertiestakenfromthemidlengthofthecone.Themainobjectofthestudyis
toinvestigatetheinfluenceofthevariationofthestiffnesscoefficientsonthebucklingbehavioroflaminated
conicalshells.Ananalyticalandcomputationalmodelwasdevelopedtocalculatethevariationofthestiffness
coefficientsundertheassumptionthat,inthecaseoffilamentwoundtruncatedconicalshells,thefiber
orientationchangesusingageodesicpath.ThemodelwasaddedtothecomputercodeSTAGSAtocalculate
thebucklingbehaviorofthelaminatedconicalshell.
Goldfeld,Y.andArbocz,J.'ElasticBucklingofConicalShellsUsingaHierarchicalHighFidelityAnalysis
Procedure',ASCEJournalofEngineeringMechanics,Vol.132,No.12,pp.13351344,December2006,
doi:10.1061/(ASCE)07339399(2006)132:12(1335)
ABSTRACT:Ahierarchicalhighfidelityanalysisprocedureisadoptedforpredictingthecriticalbucklingload
offilamentwoundlaminatedconicalshells.Thishierarchicalprocedureincludesthreelevelsoffidelityforthe
analysis.Level1assumesthattheshellbucklingloadcanbepredictedbyusingsimplysupportedboundary
conditionwithalinearmembraneprebucklingsolution.Level2includestheeffectsofanonlinearprebuckling
solutionandtheeffectsofdifferentboundaryconditions.Level3includesthenonlinearinteractionbetween
nearlysimultaneousbucklingmodesandtheeffectsofboundaryimperfections.FortheLevel1analysisa
computercodeBOLCShadbeendeveloped.BOLCScalculatesthebucklingloadoflaminatedconicalshellsby
alinearbifurcationanalysis.ThebucklingbehaviorobtainedbyBOLCSiscomparedforvariousloadcases
withLevel3solutionscalculatedbythetwodimensionalnonlinearcodeSTAGSA.Theeffectsofthe
assumptionsandapproximationsusedforthetwosolutionsarediscussed.Inaddition,theinfluenceofthein
planeboundaryconditiononthebucklingbehavioroflaminatedconicalshellsunderaxialcompressionis
investigated.Itisfoundthattheinplaneboundaryconditionatthelargeendoftheshellhasamajoreffecton
thebucklingbehavior.
Goldfeld,Y.,Verenne.K.,Arbocz,J.andVanKeulen,F.'MultiFidelityOptimizationofLaminatedConical
ShellsforBuckling',StructuralandMultidisciplinaryOptimization,Vol.30,No.2,pp.128141,August2005,
10.1007/s0015800405069

ABSTRACT:Optimumlaminateconfigurationforminimumweightoffilamentwoundlaminatedconical
shellsisinvestigatedsubjecttoabucklingloadconstraint.Inthecaseofacompositelaminatedconicalshell,
duetothemanufacturingprocess,thethicknessandtheplyorientationarefunctionsoftheshellcoordinates,
whichultimatelyresultsincoordinatedependenceofthestiffnessmatrices(A,B,D).Theseeffectsinfluence
boththebucklingloadandtheweightofthestructureandcomplicatetheoptimizationproblemconsiderably.
Highcomputationalcostisinvolvedincalculatingthebucklingloadbymeansofahighfidelityanalysis,e.g.
usingthecomputercodeSTAGSA.Inordertosimplifytheoptimizationprocedure,alowfidelitymodelbased
ontheassumptionofconstantmaterialpropertiesthroughouttheshellisadopted,andbucklingloadsare
calculatedbymeansofalowfidelityanalysis,e.g.usingthecomputercodeBOCS.Thisworkproposes
combiningthehighfidelityanalysismodel(basedonexactmaterialproperties)withthelowfidelitymodel
(basedonnominalmaterialproperties)byusingcorrectionresponsesurfaces,whichapproximatethe
discrepancybetweenbucklingloadsdeterminedfromdifferentfidelityanalyses.Theresultsindicatethatthe
proposedmultifidelityapproachesusingcorrectionresponsesurfacescanbeusedtoimprovethecomputational
efficiencyofstructuraloptimizationproblems.
Goldfeld,Y.,Arbocz,J.andRothwell,A.'DesignandOptimizationofLaminatedConicalShellsforBuckling',
ThinWalledStructures,Vol.43,pp.107133,January2005,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2004.07.003
ABSTRACT:Optimumlaminateconfigurationforthemaximumbucklingloadoffilamentwoundlaminated
conicalshellsisinvestigated.Inthecaseofalaminatedconicalshell,thethicknessandtheplyorientation(the
designvariables)arefunctionsoftheshellcoordinates,influencingboththebucklingloadandtheweightofthe
structure.Thus,optimizationcanbeperformedbymaximizationofthebucklingloadforaspecificweight,or
byminimizationoftheweightofthestructureundertheconstraintofappliedbucklingload.Duetothecomplex
natureoftheproblemapreliminaryinvestigationismadeintothecharacteristicbehaviorofthebucklingload
withrespecttothevolumeasafunctionoftheplyorientation.Theexactbucklingloadiscalculatedbymeans
ofthecomputercodeSTAGSA(StructuralAnalysisofGeneralShells[AlmrothBO,BroganFA,MellerE,
ZeleF,PetersenHT.Collapseanalysisforshellsofgeneralshape,user'smanualforSTAGSAcomputercode.
TechnicalreportAFFDLTR718;1973])byaddingauserwrittensubroutineWALL,seeRef.[GoldfeldY,
ArboczJ.Bucklingoflaminatedconicalshellstakingintoaccountthevariationsofthestiffnesscoefficients.
AIAAJ2004;42(3):642649].Theoptimizationproblemissolvedusingresponsesurfacemethodology.
Goldfeld,Y.andSheinman,I.'DiscontinuityintheSensitivityCurvesofShellsStructures',ASMEJournalof
AppliedMechanics,Vol.71,No.3,pp.418420,May2004.
Goldfeld,Y.'TheInfluenceoftheStiffnessCoefficientsontheImperfectionSensitivityofLaminated
CylindricalShells',CompositeStructures,Vol.64,No.2,pp.243247,May2004.
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2003.07.002
ABSTRACT:Thesensitivityoflaminatedcylindricalshelltoimperfectionisconsidered,viatheinitialpost
bucklinganalysis,onthebasesofSanderstheory.Ageneralcodeisdevelopedandusedinstudyingtheeffect
ofthestretchingbendingcoupling(B)andtheflexural(D)stiffnessmatricesonthebucklingandthepost
bucklingbehavioroftheshell,therebyimprovingitsbehavior.
Goldfeld,Y.andArbocz,J.'BucklingofLaminatedConicalShellsTakingintoAccounttheVariationsofthe
StiffnessCoefficients',AIAAJournal,Vol.42,No.3,pp.642649,March2004.

Sheinman,I.andGoldfeld,Y.'OntheAccuracyofShellTheorieswithRegardtotheInitialPostbuckling
BehaviorofCylindricalShells',AIAAJournal,Vol.42,No.2,pp.429432,February2004
Goldfeld,Y.,Sheinman,I.andBaruch,M.'ImperfectionSensitivityofConicalShells',AIAAJournal,Vol.41,
No.3,pp.517524,March2003.
Sheinman,I.andGoldfeld,Y.'ImperfectionSensitivityofLaminatedCylindricalShellsinTermsofDifferent
ShellTheories',ASCEJournalofEngineeringMechanics,Vol.129,No.9,pp.10481053,September2003.
Sheinman,I.andGoldfeld,Y.'BucklingofLaminatedCylindricalShellsinTermsofDifferentShellTheories
andFormulations',AIAAJournal,Vol.39,No.9,pp.17731781,September2001.
doi:214,35400009945776.0160
ABSTRACT:Bifurcationbucklinganalysisoflaminatedcylindricalshellsispresentedonthebasisofthree
differentshelltheories:Donnell's(Donnell,L.H.,StabilityofThinWalledTubesunderTorsion,NACATR
479,1933),Sanders's(Sanders,J.L.,Jr.,NonlinearTheoriesofThinShells,QuarterlyJournalonApplied
Mathematics,Vol.21,No.1,1963,pp.2136),andTimoshenko's(Timoshenko,S.,TheoryofElasticStability,
McGrawHill,NewYork,1961).FormulationsintermsofthedisplacementcomponentsandoftheAirystress
functionandnormaldisplacementareexamined.Thepartialdifferentialequationsarederivedviathe
variationalprincipleandsolvedwithvariablesexpandedinFourierseriesinthecircumferentialdirectionand
presentedasfinitedifferencesintheaxialdirection.Thebucklingbehaviorofanangleplylaminated
cylindricalshellunderdifferentmodesofloadingwasinvestigatedparametrically,showingincontrasttoits
isotropiccounterpartsadiscrepancybetweenthetwoformulations.
Y.Goldfeld(FacultyofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,32000
Haifa,Israel),Analternativeformulationinlinearbifurcationanalysisoflaminatedshells,ThinWalled
Structures,Vol.47,No.1,January2009,pp.4452,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2008.05.001
ABSTRACT:Mostofthepreviousresearchonbucklingandstabilityofshellstructuresisconfinedtouvwor
wFformulation,whicharelimitedeitherbyaccuracyorbythechosenkinematictheory.Inthiswork,an
alternativemixedformulationisproposedforgenerallaminatedshellsofrevolutionandcalculatedfordifferent
shelltheories.Itsprincipleconsistsinchoosingthesetofunknownfunctionsastheobtainableboundary
conditionsfromthevariationalformulation.Themainadvantageofthemixedformulationisdirectinvolvement
ofthestiffnessmatrices,withouttheirderivatives.Thisqualityismostimportantincomplicatedwovenfabric
procedureswhenthederivativefunctionsofthefiberorientationsarenotavailableortheconstitutivefunctions
havediscontinuities.Theproposedformulationisvalidatedanddemonstratedforfilamentwoundlaminated
conicalshellswithvariablematerialproperties.
ReferencesfromtheCVofProfessorJohannArboczoftheTechnicalUniverityofDelft
Arbocz,J.andStarnes,J.H.,"HierarchicalHighFidelityAnalysisMethodologyforBucklingCritical
Structures",JournalofAerospaceEngineering,Vol.18,No.3,2005,ISSN08931321,pp.168178,
doi:10.1061/(ASCE)08931321(2005)18:3(168)

ABSTRACT:Ahierarchicalhighfidelityanalysismethodologyforpredictingthecriticalbucklingloadof
compressionloadedthinwalledisotropicshellsisdescribed.Thishierarchicalprocedureincludesthreelevels
offidelityfortheanalysis.Level1assumesthatthebucklingloadcanbepredictedbytheclassicalshell
solutionwithsimplysupportedboundarycondition,andwithalinearmembraneprebucklingsolution.Level2
includestheeffectsofanonlinearprebucklingsolutionandtheeffectsoftraditionalclampedorsimply
supportedboundaryconditions.Level3includesthenonlinearinteractionbetweennearlysimultaneous
bucklingmodesandtheeffectsofboundaryimperfectionsandgeneralboundaryconditions.Various
deterministicandprobabilisticapproachesareusedtoaccountforthedegradingeffectsofunavoidableshell
wallgeometricimperfections.Theresultsfromthethreesolutionlevelsarecomparedwithexperimentalresults,
andtheeffectsoftheassumptionsandapproximationsusedforthethreesolutionlevelsarediscussed.This
hierarchicalanalysisapproachcanbeusedinthedesignprocesstoconvergerapidlytoanaccuratepredictionof
theexpectedbucklingloadofathinshelldesignproblem.
Arbocz,J.andHilburger,M.W.,"TowardaProbabilisticPreliminaryDesignCriterionforBucklingCritical
CompositeShells",AIAAJournal,Volume43,No.8,2005,pp.18231827.
ABSTRACT:Aprobabilitybasedanalysismethodforpredictingbucklingloadsofcompressionloaded
laminatedcompositeshellsispresented,anditspotentialasabasisforanewshellstabilitydesigncriterionis
demonstratedanddiscussed.Inparticular,adatabasecontaininginformationaboutspecimengeometry,material
properties,andmeasuredinitialgeometricimperfectionsforaselectedgroupoflaminatedcomposite
cylindricalshellsisusedtocalculatenewbucklingloadknockdownfactors.Theseknockdownfactorsare
showntobesubstantiallyimprovedandhencemuchlessconservativethanthecorrespondingdeterministic
knockdownfactorsthatarepresentlyusedbyindustry.Theprobabilityintegralassociatedwiththeanalysisis
evaluatedbyusingtwomethods;thatis,byusingtheexactMonteCarlomethodandbyusinganapproximate
firstordersecondmomentmethod,yieldsresultsthatareconservativefortheshellsconsidered.Furthermore,
theresultsshowthattheimproved,reliabilitybasedknockdownfactorpresentedalwaysyieldsasafeestimate
ofthebucklingloadfortheshellsexamined.
Goldfeld,Y.,Vervenne,K.,Arbocz,J.andKeulen,F.van,"Multifidelityoptimizationoflaminatedconical
shellsforbuckling,"StructuralandMultidisciplinaryOptimization,Vol.30,No.2,2005,pp.128141,online.
Arbocz,J.,"OnaVerifiedHighFidelityHierarchicalApproachforShellBucklingLoadCalculations,"
Proceedingsofthe5thInternationalConferenceonComputationofShellandSpatialStructures,June14,2005,
Salzburg,Austria,E.Ramm,W.A.Wall,K.U.Bletzinger,M.Bischoff(eds.),9p.,CDRom.
Arbocz,J.,"OnaHighFidelityHierarchicalApproachtoBucklingLoadCalculations,"Proceedingsofthe
EuropeanConferenceonSpacecraftStructures,MaterialsandMechanicalTesting2005,May1012,2005,
Noordwijk,TheNetherlands,17p.,CDRom.
Arbocz,J.andHol,JanM.A.M.,"OnaVerifiedHighFidelityAnalysisforAxiallyCompressedOrthotropic
Shells,"46thAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamics&MaterialsConference,1821
April2005,Austin,Texas,AIAA20052302,10p.,CDRom.
ABSTRACT:Asasteptowardsdevelopinganewdesignphilosophy,onethatmovesawayfromthetraditional
empiricalapproachusedtodayindesigntowardsasciencebaseddesigntechnologyapproach,atestseriesof5

lightlystiffenedorthotropicshellscarriedoutbySinger,ArboczandBabcockatCaltechisused.Inearlier
publicationsahierarchicalhighfidelityanalysisprocedureforpredictingthecriticalbucklingloadof
compressionloadedthinwalledshellsisdescribed.Thishierarchicalprocedureincludesthreelevelsoffidelity
fortheanalysis,Level1assumesthattheshellbucklingloadcanbepredictedbytheclassicalsolutionwith
simplysupportedboundarycondition,andwithalinearmembraneprebucklingsolution.Level2includesthe
effectsofanonlinearprebucklingsolutionandtheeffectsofboundaryconditions.Level3isatwodimensional
analysis,whichincludesthenonlinearinteractionbetweennearlysimultaneousbucklingmodes.Asafinalstep
inthehierarchicalanalysisapproach,inthepresentpapertheLevel3bucklingloadpredictionbasedonthe
experimentallymeasuredinitialimperfectionsareverifiedbytheexperimentalbucklingloads.Sincethe
simulatedbucklingloadsyieldalowerboundtotheexperimentalbucklingloadsofallfiveshellstested,itis
believedthattheproposedhierarchicalanalysisprocedurecanbeusedinthedesignprocesstorapidlyconverge
toanaccuratepredictionoftheexpectedbucklingloadofathinshelldesignproblem.
JanHol(AerospaceStructures,FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,DelftUniversityofTechnology,P.O.Box
5058,2600,GBDelft,TheNetherlands.Email:jan.hol@lr.tudelft.nl)Improvedaccuracyofbucklingload
calculationsusingmultilevelhighfidelityanalysis,ProceedingsoftheEuropeanConferenceonSpacecraft
Structures,MaterialsandMechanicalTesting2005(ESASP581).1012May2005,Noordwijk,The
Netherlands.EditedbyKarenFletcher.PublishedonCDRom,#20.1,doi:2005ESASP.581E..20H
ABSTRACT:Multilevelhighfidelityanalysisisrecognizedasaviablestrategyforobtainingimprovedsafe
knockdownfactorsbasedonthesocalledmanufacturingsignatureofafabricationprocess.Thisapproachis
implementedinthehierarchicalinteractivecomputercode,DISDECO,theDelft,InteractiveShellDesignCode,
whichenablesinteractiveinvestigationofthevariousaspectsofthenonlinearresponseofthinwalledshells.
Thegoaloftheresearchreportedinthispaperisthedevelopmentofaccurateinheritanceofcomputedresults
fromlowlevelparametricanalysismodulesthroughintermediateapproximateanalysislevelstohighlevel
largegeneralpurposecomputercodes.Accuratefitting,interpolationandextrapolationofcomputedresultsas
wellasreformulatingtoaccommodatealternatecomputationalmethodsaremajorrequirements.Theinheritance
methodsaredemonstratedbythehierarchicalanalysisofthecollapsebehaviorofastringerstiffenedcylindrical
shell.
Arbocz,J.,"JamesH.StarnesJr.'sFourDecadesofStructuralStabilityandCollapseContributions,"46th
AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamics&MaterialsConference,1821April2005,
Austin,Texas,AIAA20051873,9p.,CDRom.
J.Arbocz,andStam,A.R.,"AProbabilisticApproachtoDesignShellStructures,Chapter15in"Bucklingof
ThinMetalShells"(pp.455489),J.G.TengandJ.M.Rotter,,SponPress,11NewFetterLane,LondonEC4P
4EE,ISBN0419241906,2004.
PARTIALABSTRACT:Becauseoftheirfavourablestrengthoverweightratiosthinwalledstiffenedor
unstiffened,metallicorcompositeshellsarewidelyusedstructuralelementsinmanyapplicationsinthe
aerospace,theoffshore,themaritime,theprocesstechnologyandothercivilengineeringfields.Unfortunately,
thinwalledshellsarealsooftenverypronetobucklinginstabilities.Inthe1960s,theengineeringcommunityin
theUnitedStatgeswasfacingtheurgentproblemofhavingtodevisereliabledesignproceduresforboththe
ballisticmissileprogramoftheUSAirForceandthelaunchvehiclesoftheNASAspaceprogram....

Arbocz,J.andStarnes,J.H.,"OnaVerifiedHighFidelityanalysisforaxiallycompressedcylindricalshells,"
Proceedingsofthe45thAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamics&Materials
Conference,PalmSprings,California,USA,1922April2004,(AIAA20041712),9p.
WEBSITEfgg.unilj.si(UniversityofLjubljana,Slovenia,ESDEPWG)
REFERENCESLECTURE6.1Conceptsofstableandunstableequilibrium
1.Allen,H.G.andBulson,P.S.,"BackgroundtoBuckling",McGrawHill,London,1980.
2.Thompson,J.M.T.andHunt,G.W.,"AGeneralTheoryofElasticStability",JohnWileyandSons,London,
1973.
3.Galambos,T.V.(editor),"GuidetoStabilityDesignCriteriaforMetalStructures",JohnWileyandSons,4th
Edition,NewYork,1988.
REFERENCESLECTURE6.6.2BucklingofrealstructuralelementsII
[1]Eurocode3:"DesignofSteelStructures":ENV199311:Part1.1:Generalrulesandrulesforbuildings,
CEN,1992.
[2]EuropeanConventionforConstructionalSteelwork,RecommendationsofSteelShells,Publication56,
ECCS,1988.
1.Ballio,G.andMazzolani,F,"TheoryandDesignofSteelStructures",ChapmanandHall,London,1983.
2.Dowling,P.J.,Knowles,P.andOwens,G.W.,"StructuralSteelDesign",Butterworths,London,1988.
3.Galambos,T.V.(editor),"GuidetoStabilityDesignCriteriaforMetalStructures",JohnWileyandSons,
NewYork,1988.
4.McGuire,W,"SteelStructures",PrenticeHallInc.,EnglewoodCliffs,N.J.,1968.
5.Picard,A.andBeaulieu,D.,"Calculdescharpentesend'acier",InstitutCanadiendelaConstructionenAcier,
1991.
REFERENCESANDADDITIONALREADING,LECTURE8.9Designofstringerstiffened
cylindricalshells
[1]EuropeanConventionforConstructionSteelwork:"BucklingofSteelShellsEuropeanRecommendations",
FourthEdition,ECCS,1988.

[2]Samuelson,L.A.,Vandepitte,D.andParidaens,R.,"ThebackgroundtotheECCSrecommendationsfor
bucklingofstringerstiffenedcylinders",Proc.ofInt.Coll.onBucklingofPlateandShellStructures,Ghent,pp
513522,1987.
RonaldoC.Batista(1)andJamesG.A.Croll(2)
(1)Dept.ofCivilEngineering,COPPEEngenhariaCivilUniversidadeFederaldoRiodeJaneiro,Riode
Janeiro,Brazil
(2)Dept.ofCiv.Engrg.,Univ.CollegeLondon,London,England
SimpleBucklingTheoryforPressurizedCylinders,ASCEJournaloftheEngineeringMechanicsDivision,
Vol.108,No.5,September/October1982,pp.927944
ABSTRACT:Energydistributionwithinthecriticalmodesofaclassicalenergyeigenvalueanalysisforcircular
cylindricalseashellsunderexternalpressureshowsthatasignificantcontributiontothestabilityoftheshellis
derivedfrommembranestiffness.Itisarguedfromphysicalreasoningthattheunstablepostcriticalbehavioris
theresultofthelossofthismembranestiffness.Toaccountforthecombinedeffectofmodecouplingand
imperfectionsinerodingthismembranestiffness,asimplifiedtheoreticalanalysisisdescribedinwhich
appropriatetermsinthemembranepotentialenergyareneglected.Itisshown,bycomparisonwiththewriters
experiments,andwithacollectionofdatafoundintheliterature,thatthisreducedstiffnessmethodprovides
lowerboundswhich,forshellswithmoderateimperfections,arereliablelowerboundsoftheexperimental
bucklingpressuresinthemodesobservedtotriggerbuckling.Thislowerboundednesscombinedwiththe
conceptualandanalyticsimplicityofthereducedstiffnessmethodmakeitaparticularlyattractivebasisforthe
design.
[3]Ellinas,C.P.andCroll,J.G.A.(DepartmentofCivilandMunicipalEngineering,UniversityCollege
London),"Experimentalandtheoreticalcorrelationsforelasticbucklingofaxiallycompressedstringerstiffened
cylinders",JStrainAn.,Vol.18,pp4167,1983.doi:10.1243/03093247V181041
ABSTRACT:Areexaminationofsome240pastexperimentsonthegeneralelasticbucklingofaxiallyloaded
stringerstiffenedcylinderssuggeststhattheobservedbucklingbehavioursexhibitedadegreeofimperfection
sensitivityconsiderablyhigherthanthatsooftenascribedtothem.Itisdemonstratedhowtheunderestimation
oftheseexperimentalknockdownsmayhaveresultedfromtheuseoftheoreticalmodelsinsufficiently
representativeoftestconditions.Byincorporatingamoreprecisemodellingofthetestshellsthepresent
analysesshowhow,contrarytoawidelyheldbelief,thepotentialknockdownfactorsforgeneralelastic
bucklingcanapproachthoseoftheisotropiccylinder.Furthermore,despitetherelativelyperfectnatureofmany
ofthetestshells,therecentlydescribedreducedstiffnessanalysismethodprovideslowerboundsofthe
observedexperimentalscatterthataresufficientlyreliabletorecommendthismethodasabasisforfuture
design.
CPEllinas,JGACroll(DepartmentofCivilandMunicipalEngineering,UniversityCollegeLondon),
Experimentalandtheoreticalcorrelationsforelasticbucklingofaxiallycompressedringstiffenedcylinders,
TheJournalofStrainAnalysisforEngineeringDesign,Vol.18,No.2,1983,pp.8193,
doi:10.1243/03093247V182081
ABSTRACT:Reexaminationofsome85pastexperimentsontheelasticbucklingofaxiallyloadedring
stiffenedcylindersshowstheexistenceoftwodistinctivebehaviouralregimes.Lightlystiffenedcylinders,like

isotropiccylinders,buckleintononaxisymmetricmodeshavinglongaxialwavelengthsatloadsthatare
sensitivetotheprecisemagnitudesofsmallinitialimperfections.Heavilystiffenedcylindersarecharacterised
bysnapbucklingintoaxisymmetricmodeswhich,forelasticbehaviouratleast,showonlylimitedsensitivityto
initialimperfections.Eachofthesecharacteristicsisshowntobepredictedbytherecentlydevelopedreduced
stiffnessanalysismethod,which,despitetherelativelyperfectnatureoftestspecimens,predictsreliablelower
boundstotheexperimentalscatter.Takentogetherwiththepreviouslydemonstratedempiricalvalidityofthe
reducedstiffnessanalysisforthepredictionofbucklingmodesandlowerboundstobucklingloadsforboth
isotropicandstringerstiffenedcylinders,thepresentcomparisonsprovidefurthersupporttothe
recommendationthatthismethodbeconsideredasanalternativebasisforfuturedesign.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

ELLINAS,C.P.,andCROLL,J.G.A.,Experimentalandtheoreticalcorrelationsforaxiallycompressedstringerstiffenedshells,J.
StrainAnalysis,1983,18,4167.
ELLINAS,C.P.,andCROLL,J.G.A.,Overallbucklingofringstiffenedcylinders,Proc.Instnciv.Engrs,Part2,1981,71,637
661.
BATISTA,R.C.andCROLL,J.G.A.,AdesignapproachforaxiallycompressedunstiffenedcylindersinStabilityproblemsin
engineeringstructuresandcomponents,1979(InstituteofPhysicsConference,Cardiff,1978.EditedbyT.H.RichardsandP.Stanley)
(AppliedSciencePublishers,London).
ELLINAS,C.P.,BATISTA,R.C.,andCROLL,J.G.A.,Overallbucklingofstringerstiffenedcylinders,Proc.Instnciv.Engrs,
Part2,1981,71,479512.
DONNELL,A.M.,Anewtheoryforthebucklingofthincylindersunderaxialcompressionandbending,TransASME,1934,56,
795.
SINGER,J.,ARBOCZ,J.,andBABCOCK,C.D.,Bucklingofimperfectstiffenedcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,AIAA
J.,1971,9,6875.
SINGER,J.,Theinfluenceofstiffenergeometryandspacingonthebucklingofaxiallycompressedcylindricalandconicalshells,
Proc.of2ndIUTAMSymposiumonTheoryofThinShells(September1967,Copenhagen)1969(EditedbyF.I.Niordson)(Springer,
Berlin).
WELLER,T.,andSINGER,J.,Furtherexperimentalstudiesonbucklingofintegrallyringstiffenedcylindricalshellsunderaxial
compression,ExplMech.,1974,31,267273.
ALMROTH,B.O.,Influenceofimperfectionsandedgerestraintonthebucklingofaxiallycompressedcylinders,Presentedatthe
AIAA/ASMESeventhStructuresandMaterialsConference,CocoaBeach,FL,1820April1966.
MILLIGAN,R.,GERARD,G.,andLAKSHMIKANTHAM,C.,Generalinstabilityoforthotropicallystiffenedcylindersunderaxial
compression,AIAAJ.,1966,4,19061913.
SINGER,J.,Theinfluenceofstiffenergeometryandspacingonthebucklingofaxiallycompressedcylindricalandconicalshells,
TAEReport68,TechnionResearchandDevelopmentFoundation,Haifa,Israel,1967.
ARBOCZ,J.andABRAMOVICH,H.,TheinitialimperfectiondatabankattheDelftUniversityofTechnology~PartI,Dept.of
AerospaceEngineering,DelftUniversityofTechnology,ReportLR290,Delft,TheNetherlands,1979.
ROSEN,A.andSINGER,J.,Furtherexperimentalstudiesonthebucklingofintegrallystiffenedcylindricalshells,Dept.of
AeronauticalEngineeringTechnionIsrael,InstituteofTechnology,TAEReportNo.207,Haifa,Israel,1975.
PUGLIESE,P.J.,TankcompressiontestmodelDM18,DouglasAircraftCo.,ReportSM27650,February1959.
BECKER,H.andGERARD,G.,Elasticstabilityoforthotropicshells,J.AerospaceSci.,1962,29,505512.
GERARD,G.,Compressivestabilityoforthotropiccylinders,J.AerospaceSci.,1962,29,11711189.

Ellinas,C.P.,Supple,W.J.,Walker,A.C.,BucklingDesignofStringerandOrthogonallyStiffenedCylinders,
JournalofPetroleumTechnology,Vol.37,No.r4,April1985,pp.671679,doi:10.2118/12956PA
ABSTRACT:ThispaperreportsastudycarriedoutonbehalfoftheU.K.Dept.ofEnergytoupdateits
GuidanceNotesrelatingtothebucklingdesignofoffshoresteelstructures.Theresultspresentedherereferto
stringerandorthogonallystiffenedcylindersandarecomparedwiththepredictionsfromvariousdesigncodes.
Conclusionsarepredictionsfromvariousdesigncodes.Conclusionsaredrawnastothevalidityand

conservativenessofthecoderecommendations.
G.M.Zintilis(1)andJ.G.A.Croll(2)
(1)OveArupandPartners,London,UK
(2)DepartmentofCivilandMunicipalEngineering,UniversityCollegeLondon,LondonWC1E6BT,UK
Pressurebucklingofendsupportedshellsofrevolution,EngineeringStructures,Vol.4,NO.4,October1982,
pp.222232,doi:10.1016/01410296(82)90027X
ABSTRACT:Areducedstiffnesstheoreticalanalysisofimperfectionsensitiveelasticbucklingforend
supportedcoolingtowertypeshells,provideslowerboundsofexperimentallyrecordedbucklingpressures.
Classicalanalysisoftheseshellswiththesameempiricallyrealisticboundarysupportconditions,incontrast,
providesunreliableupperboundsoftestbucklingpressures.Byattemptingtoattributethisimperfection
sensitivitytonotionallyweakenedboundaryconditions,pastinterpretationsmayhaveprovidednon
conservativeadvicefortheestimationofdesignbucklingpressures.Thereducedstiffnessmethodprovidesa
simple,alternativebasisfordesigningagainstimperfectionsensitivebuckling.
J.G.A.Croll(DepartmentofCivilandMunicipalEngineering,UniversityCollege,GowerStreet,London
WC1E6BT,UK),Analysisofbucklepropagationinmarinepipelines,JournalofConstructionalSteel
Research,Vol.5,No.2,1985,pp.103122,doi:10.1016/0143974X(85)900094
ABSTRACT:Thispapershowshowtheanalysisofminimum,quasistatic,bucklepropagationpressuresfor
subseapipelinesmaybeexactlyformulatedintermsofthecharacteristicsofringcollapse.Asimple
mechanisticapproachtoringcollapseisdescribedwhichenablestherationalincorporationoftheeffectsof
materialstrainhardening.Theoreticalpredictionsresultingfromthisanalysisareshowntoreproducepast
empiricallyobservedpropagationpressures;theyalsosuccessfullypredictthevariationsintheformsofring
collapsemodesresultingfromdifferingstrainhardeningproperties.Uponsuitablenondimensionalisationthis
analysisshowshowpredictedpropagationpressuresmayberepresentedintermsofjustonecompositematerial
andgeometricpropagationparameter.Thiseliminatestheneedforrecoursetoempiricallyfitteddesigncurves
andallowsresolutionofcertainanomaliesexperiencedinpastanalyses.Itemphasisestheneedformore
completeinformationregardingmaterialstrainhardeningpropertiesiftestresultsaretobeproperlyinterpreted.
Mostimportantly,thepresentanalysisoffersthepotentialforfuturedesignofpipelinesbeingatoncemore
rationallyandparametricallycomplete,andyetcompactandsimpletoapply.
C.P.Ellinas(1)andJ.G.A.Croll(2)
(1)J.P.Kenny&PartnersLtd.,HighHolborn,London,U.K.
(2)CivilEngineeringDepartment,UniversityCollege,London,U.K.
Elasticplasticbucklingdesignofcylindricalshellssubjecttocombinedaxialcompressionandpressure
loading,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.22,No.9,1986,pp.10071017,
doi:10.1016/00207683(86)900338
ABSTRACT:Arecentlydevelopedprocedureforpredictingtheelastoplasticaxisymmetriccollapseof
cylinderssubjectedtocombinationsofaxialcompressionandpressureloadingisdescribed.Thisallowsthe
modellingofradialpressureinduceddeformations,boundaryeffectsandinitialgeometricimperfectionsin
termsofanequivalentimperfectioninacolumntypebifurcationanalysis.Togetherwiththeincorporationof

amorerationalmeansofspecifyinginitialgeometrictolerances,itisusedtodevelopcompactdesignorientated
proceduresforpredictingsafedesignloadsforthisformofelastoplasticcollapseofcylinders.
HongtaoWangandJamesG.A.Croll(DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityCollege
London)DesignOptimisationofLowerBoundBucklingCapacitiesforFRPLaminatedCylindricalShells,
InterntionalScholarlyResearchNetwork,Vol.2012,ArticleID636898,DOI::10.5402/2012/636898
ABSTRACT:Theimperfectionsensitivebucklingloadsoffibrereinforcedpolymeric(FRP)composite
cylindricalshellsunderaxialcompressioncanbeoptimisedwithrespecttomanymaterialandgeometric
parameters.Currentapproaches,usingmathematicalalgorithmstooptimisethelinearisedclassicalcriticalloads
withrespecttomanydesignvariables,generallyignorethepotentialreductionsinelasticloadcarrying
capacitiesthatresultfromtheseveresensitivitiesofbucklingloadstotheeffectsofinitialimperfections.This
paperappliesalowerbounddesignphilosophycalledthereducedstiffnessmethod(RSM)totheoptimisation
designofFRPshellbuckling.Aphysicaloptimisationintermsofparametricstudiesiscarriedoutforsimply
supported,6plysymmetric,glassepoxycircularcylindricalshellsunderuniformaxialload.Itisshownthat
undertheguidanceofRSM,safelowerboundbucklingloadscanbeenhancedgreatlybychoosingappropriate
combinationsofdesignparameters.Itisdemonstratedhowthisapproachencouragesthedelineationofthose
componentsoftheshellsmembraneandbendingstiffnessthatareimportantandthosethatareunimportant
withineachoftheprospectivebucklingmodes.Onthisbasis,itisarguedthattheRSMprovidesnotonlyasafe
butalsoamorerationalstrategyforbetterdesigndecisionmaking.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

[1]Y.S.NshanianandM.Pappas,Optimallaminatedcompositeshellsforbucklingandvibration,AIAAjournal,vol.21,no.3,pp.
430437,1983.
[2]J.Onoda,Optimallaminateconfigurationofcylindricalshellsforaxialbuckling,AIAAjournal,vol.23,no.7,pp.10931098,
1985.
[3]G.SunandJ.S.Hansen,Optimaldesignoflaminatedcompositecircularcylindricalshellssubjecttocombinedloads,Journalof
AppliedMechanics,TransactionsASME,vol.55,no.1,pp.136142,1988.
[4]H.FukunagaandG.N.Vanderplaats,Stiffnessoptimizationoforthotropiclaminatedcompositesusinglaminationparameters,
AIAAjournal,vol.29,no.4,pp.641646,1991.
[5]C.G.DiaconuandH.Sekine,Layupoptimizationforbucklingoflaminatedcompositeshellswithrestrictedlayerangles,AIAA
Journal,vol.42,no.10,pp.21532163,2004.
[6]R.C.TennysonandJ.S.Hansen,Optimumdesignforbucklingoflaminatedcylinders,inIUTAMSymp.onCollapse:The
BucklingofStructuresinTheoryandPractice,J.M.T.ThompsonandG.W.Hunt,Eds.,pp.409429,CambridgeUniversityPress,
Cambridge,UK,1982.
[7]M.D.PandeyandA.N.Sherbourne,Imperfectionsensitivityofoptimized,laminatedcompositeshells:aphysicalapproach,
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,vol.27,no.12,pp.15751595,1991.
[8]J.G.A.Croll,Towardsarationallybasedelasticplasticshellbucklingdesignmethodology,ThinWalledStructures,vol.23,no.
14,pp.6784,1995.
[9]R.M.Jones,MechanicsofCompositeMaterials,Taylor&Francis,2ndedition,1999.
[10]S.Yamada,N.Yamamoto,J.G.A.Croll,andP.Bounkhong,LocalbucklingcriteriaofthinwalledFRPcircularcylinders
undercompression,inProceedingsoftheInternationalColloquiumonApplicationofFRPtoBridges,(ICAFB06),Tokyo,Japan,
2006.
[11]H.WangandJ.G.A.Croll,Optimisingbucklingcapacitiesforcompositeshells,inProceedingsofthe3rdEuropean
ConferenceonComputationalMechanicsSolids,StructuresandCoupledProblemsinEngineering,Lisbon,Portugal,2006.

Y.SNshanian(1)andM.Pappas(2)
(1)MinistryofAgriculture,Yerevan,U.S.S.R.

(2)NewJerseyInstituteofTechnology,Newark,NewJersey
Optimallaminatedcompositeshellsforbucklingandvibration,AIAAJournal,Vol.21,No.3,ppp.430437,
DOI:10.2514/3.8090
ABSTRACT:Methodsareproposedforthedeterminationoftheoptionalplyanglevariationthroughthe
thicknessofsymmetricangleplyshellsofuniformthickness.Thesemethodsusecontinuouspiecewiselinear
segmentapproximationsordiscontinouspiecewiseconstantsegmentapproximationstotheplyanglefunction.
Amathematicalprogramming(MP)problemisformulatedusingsegmentplyanglesandthicknessesasdesign
variables.AspecialMPalgorithm,capableoftreatingmultipleobjectivefunctions,combinedwithacritical
modesearchisusedtosolvethisproblem.Theprocedureisappliedtothemaximizationoftheminimum
naturalfrequencyorbucklingloadofathin,simplysupported,circular,cylindrical,angleplyshell.Results
showlargeperformancegainsresultfromtheuseofoptimalvariableplyangleconfigurations,comparedtoan
optimalconstantplyangle.Thecontinuouslyvariableplyangleapproximationisparticularlyeffective.
C.Norwood(DefenceScienceandTechnologyOrganizationCanberra,Australia),TheFreeVibration
BehaviourofRingStiffenedCylindersACriticalReviewoftheUnclassifiedLiterature,Technicalreport,
October1995,AccessionNumber:ADA307170,
Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA307170
ABSTRACT:Thefreevibrationcharacteristicsofasubmarinehullhaveanimportantinfluenceonthenoise
signature.Asubmarinehull,orportionofone,canfrequentlybeidealisedasaringstiffenedcylindersubjected
toexternalloadingfromthesurroundingwater,forthepurposesofvibrationanalysis.Themodalbehaviourof
ringstiffenedcylindersisreviewed,includingtheeffectofexternalpressureloadingandaddedmasseffects
fromsurroundingfluid.Theexistingunclassifiedliteratureisinadequateinitscoverageoftheproblemand
theseshortcomingsarediscussed,inordertoidentifytherequirementsforfurtherworkinordertobeableto
satisfactorilyanalyseasubmarinehullstructure.
ARA
Anonymous,DynamicBucklingofShells(anabstract,notapaper)
ABSTRACT:SRIperformedexperimentsandanalysesonimpulsivelyloadedthincylindricalaluminumshells.
Thecosinedistributedexternalimpulsiveloadsdrivetheshellinwardproducingcompressivecircumferential
stressesandpulsebucklingontheloadedsideoftheshell.Thesebucklesproducestrainconcentrationsthat
governtheeventualfractureofthestructure.Thusthebucklingresponseneedstobecorrectlymodeledto
predictfailure.Predictingthebucklingresponseofthinshellsisdifficultbecausemostfiniteelementmodelsdo
notincludethephysicalcharacteristicsoftheproblemthatinitiateinstabilities.Amethodologywasdeveloped
toaccuratelypredictthebucklingresponseofthethinshellstructuresbyincorporatingeitherthemeasured
imperfectionsinthestructureandloading,oraccuratestatisticalapproximationstotheimperfections.Across
sectionofadynamicallypulsebuckledthincylindricalshellandthecalculatedresponseareshowninFigure1.
Inthecalculation,weusedthemeasuredimperfectionsinthecylindershapetoinitiatethebuckling.The
bucklingresponsecanclearlyseenontheloaded(front)sideofthecylinderandisaccuratelyreproducedinthe
calculation.Thesemodelingtechniques,developedforanalysisofpulsebucklingofthinaerospaceshell
structures,havebeenusedinotherstructuralapplications.Theseincludeanalysisofcrashenergymanagement
structuresforvehicles,staticaxialcollapseofcylinders,anddynamicbucklingofthickshells.Oneexample
applicationforthickshellsisthebucklingthatoccursinexplosivelyformedpenetrators(EFPs)asshownin

Figure2.UnderstandingandmodelingtheprocessesthatleadtodynamicplasticbucklinginEFPlinersallows
thedesignertocontrolthebucklingprocesstogainenhancedaerostability.
References:
1.S.W.KirkpatrickandB.S.Holmes,"TheEffectofInitialImperfectionsonDynamicBucklingofShells,"
ASCEJournalofEngineeringMechanics,Vol.115,No.5,pp.10751093,May,1989.
2.Florence,A.L.,Gefken,P.R.,andKirkpatrick,S.W.,"DynamicPlasticBucklingofCopperCylindrical
Shells,"InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.27,No.1,pp.89103,1991.
N.N.HuangandT.R.Tauchert,"Largedeflectionsoflaminatedcylindricalanddoublycurvedpanelsunder
thermalloading",ComputersandStructures,Vol.41,No.2,pp.303312,(1991),
doi:10.1016/00457949(91)90433M
ABSTRACT:Thermallyinducedlargedeflectionbehaviorsoflaminates,includingflatplatesandcylindrical
anddoublycurvedpanels,areinvestigated.Thefiniteelementtechniquebasedonthefirstordershear
deformationtheoryisemployedtopredicttheshellresponse.Postcriticalequilibriumpathsaretracedusingthe
arclengthandtheRiksmethods.Laminatestrengthisalsopredicted,basedupontheTsaiWucriterion.
R.B.Pinkney,M.J.Stephens,D.W.Murray,G.L.Kulak,Useofmeasuredimperfectionstopredictthe
bucklingofaxiallyloadedcylindricalshells,CanadianJournalofCivilEngineering,1983,
doi:10:(4)662669,10.1139/l83095
ABSTRACT:Analysestopredictinelasticbucklingofaxiallyloadedthincylindricalshellsarecarriedout
usingthefiniteelementtechnique.Theanalysesuseabilinearelasticperfectlyplasticmaterialresponsebased
upontheassociatedflowruleofplasticity.Nonlineargeometriceffects,combinedwithinitialimperfections,
produceloaddeflectioncurveswithdescendingbranchesforwhichthelimitpointsareimperfectionsensitive.
Resultsfromtheseanalysesarecomparedwithtwotestsofaxiallyloadedcylindersfabricatedfrom10gauge
(3.4mm)and5mmplateandapproximately1525mmindiameter.Thesetestswerecarriedoutinthe
StructuralEngineeringLaboratoryattheUniversityofAlberta.Arationaltechniqueforusingmeasured
imperfectionstoobtaineffectiveinitialimperfectionsforuseintheanalysesisinvestigated,andisshownto
resultinaccuratepredictionsofultimateload.
ZhilongZhouandD.W.Murray(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,Alberta,
CanadaT6G2G7),Anincrementalsolutiontechniqueforunstableequilibriumpathsofshellstructures,
Computers&Structures,Vol.55,No.5,June1995,pp.749759,doi:10.1016/00457949(94)00474H
ABSTRACT:Solutionproceduresbasedonarclengthcontrolhavebeenamongthemostsuccessfultobe
appliedinnonlinearstructuralanalysis.However,inthecourseofapplyingthistypeofprocedureto
postbucklinganalysisofpipesegments,thewritersexperienceddifficultieswiththeoccurrenceofcomplex
rootsarisingfromthearclengthconstraintequationandwithdeterminingthedirectionoftheloadincrement.
Inthispaper,modifiedformulationsofthearclengthcontrolcriterionandtheloadingcriterionareproposedto
addresstheseproblems.Applicationsoftheproceduresareshowntobesuccessfulforpostbucklinganalysisof
pipesegments.Theireffectivenessinfollowingandadvancingontheequilibriumpathforbothsnapthrough
andsnapbackbehaviorisillustrated.

ZhilongZhouandD.W.Murray(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,Alberta
T6G2G7,Canada),Analysisofpostbucklingbehavioroflinepipesubjectedtocombinedloads,International
JournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.32,No.20,October1995,pp.30153036,
doi:10.1016/00207683(94)00261T
ABSTRACT:Amethodispresentedtoincorporatethelocalbucklingbehavioroflinepipe,determinedfrom
threedimensionallargedeformationalelasticplasticshellanalysis,intoaninteractivesoilstructurebeam
modelofapipeline.Thefiniteelementmodelfortheanalysisofthepipeasashellisdescribedandthe
influenceontheresultsofthebucklinganalysisofvariousloadcombinationsareexaminedfromthepointof
viewofbucklingconfigurations,momentcurvaturecurvesandcrosssectionaldeformations.Amethodof
extractingthestiffnesspropertiesofthepipefromtheseanalysesisthendescribedandatechniquefor
determiningstiffnesscoefficientsfromthesepropertiesisdeveloped.
R.A.Einsfeld,D.W.MurrayandN.YoosefGhodsi(AndrewPalmerandAssociates),PlusOneVersion4.1,
ModellingofUpheavalbucklingofburied/trenchedpipelinesTheoreticalManualSAICLtd,Artillery
House,ArtilleryRow,London,England
Hobbs,R.E.,Inservicebucklingofheatedpipeline,JournalofTransportationEngineering,Vol.110,No.2,
March1984,pp.175189
ABAQUSUndergroundpipebuckling
JournaloftheBrazilianSocietyofMechanicalSciencesandEngineering
PrintversionISSN16785878,J.Braz.Soc.Mech.Sci.&Eng.vol.25no.2RiodeJaneiroApr./June2003
doi:10.1590/S167858782003000200008
L.N.H.Lee(1),T.Ariman(2)andC.C.Chen(3)
(1)DepartmentofAerospaceandMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofNotreDame,NotreDame,IN46556,
USA
(2)CollegeofEngineeringandAppliedSciences,UniversityofTulsa,Tulsa,OK74104,USA
(3)J.H.WigginsCo.,RedondoBeach,CA90277,USA
Elasticplasticbucklingofburiedpipelinesbyseismicexcitation,InternationalJournalofSoilDynamicsand
EarthquakeEngineering,Vol.3,No.4,October1984,pp.168173,doi:10.1016/02617277(84)900329
ABSTRACT:Aquasibifurcationtheoryofdynamicbucklingandasimpleflowtheoryofplasticityare
employedtoanalyzetheaxisymmetric,elasticplasticbucklingbehaviorofburiedpipelinessubjecttoseismic
excitations.Usingtheseismicrecordsofthe1971SanFernandoearthquake,aseriesofnumericalresultshave
beenobtained,whichshowthat,atstrainratesprevalentinearthquakes,thedynamicbucklingaxialstressor
strainofaburiedpipeisonlyslightlyhigherthanthatofstaticbuckling.
AlfredB.Dorey,DavidW.Murray,andJ.J.RogerCheng(DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmental
Engineering,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,Alberta,CanadaT6G2G7),InitialImperfectionModelsfor
SegmentsofLinePipe,J.OffshoreMech.Arct.Eng.,Vol.128,No.4,November2006,pp322329,
doi:10.1115/1.2199565

ABSTRACT:Initialimperfectionshavelongbeenacknowledgedashavinganeffectonthebehaviorofshell
structures,affectingboththeglobalandlocalbehavior.Yet,despitetheirsignificance,initialimperfectionsare
rarelyincludedinanalyticalmodelsforpipelines.Thisisusuallybecauseofthecomplicatednatureofinitial
imperfections,thedifficultyinmeasuringthem,andthesmallamountofavailableliteraturethatdescribestheir
geometry.SomerecentinvestigationsattheUniversityofAlbertainEdmontonhavefocusedontheeffectof
initialimperfectionsonthebehaviorofsegmentsoflinepipe.Imperfectionsmeasuredacrosstheinsidesurface
ofpipetestspecimenswereincorporatedintoafiniteelementmodelthatwasdevelopedtopredictthe
experimentalbehaviorofthespecimenstestedundercombinedloadsofinternalpressure,axialloadand
bendingmoment.Testtopredictedratiosfortheloadcarryingcapacityofthetestspecimenshadameanvalue
of1.035withacoefficientofvariationof0.047.Theimprovementsintheaccuracyofthefiniteelement
analysismodelsthatincludetheinitialimperfectionpatternindicatetheirimportanceinmodelingthe
experimentalbehavior.Oncetheimportanceofinitialimperfectionswasestablished,idealizedpatternswere
developedtosimplifynumericalmodeling.Thispaperpresentstheresultsofdifferentpatternsinvestigatedfor
bothplainandgirthweldedsegmentsoflinepipeandprovidesrecommendedsimplifiedassumedinitial
imperfectionpatterns.
Nyman,K.J.,1983,"ThawSettlementAnalysisforBuriedPipelinesinPermafrost",PipelinesinAdverse
EnvironmentsII,ASCESpecialPublication,EditedbyMarkB.Pickell,pp.300325.
Nixon,J.F.,1994,PIPSOL,"StressAnalysisProgramforPipesSubjectedtoGroundDisplacements",Nixon
GeotechLimited,Calgary,Alberta,Canada.
StructuralSoftwareDevelopmentInc.,1981,"PIPLINIIIComputerProgramforStressandDeformation
AnalysisofPipelines",StructuralSoftwareDevelopmentInc.,Berkeley,California.
Taylor,N.,andBenGan,A.,1986,"SubmarinePipelineBucklingImperfectionStudies",ThinWalled
Structures,V.4,pp.295323.
YoosefGhodsi,N.,Cheng,J.J.R.,Murray,D.W.,Doblanko,R.,andWilkie,S.,2000,"AnalyticalSimulation
andFieldMeasurementsforaWrinkleontheNormanWellsPipeline",Proc.oftheInter.PipelineConference
IPC2000,ASME(OMAEDivision),Oct.15,2000,Calgary,Alberta,Canada,pp.931938.
YoosefGhodsi,N.,andMurray,D.W.,2002,"AnalysisofBuriedPipelineswithThermalApplications",
StructuralEngineeringReportNo.246,Dept.ofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityofAlberta,
Edmonton,Alberta,Canada.
Zhou,Z.J.,andMurray,D.W.,1993,"BehaviourofBuriedPipelinesSubjectedtoImposedDeformations",
12thInt.ConferenceonOffshoreandArcticEngineering,ASCE,V.II,pp.5122.
Zhou,Z.J.andMurray,D.W.,1994,"AnalysisofBuriedPipelines(ABP)UsersManual",Dept.ofCivil
Engineering,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,Alberta,Canada.
YawJengChiouandShueYeongChi,BeamandShellModesofBucklingofBuriedPipesInducedby

CompressiveGroundFailure,ASCELifelineEarthquakeEngineering(1995),pp.176183
(nodoiorabstractisgiven)
G.E.Muleski(1)andTeomanAriman(2)
(1)MidwestResearchInstitute,KansasCity,MO64110,USA
(2)CollegeofEngineeringandAppliedSciences,UniversityofTulsa,Tulsa,Oklahoma74104,USA
Ashellmodelforburiedpipesinearthquakes,InternationalJournalofSoilDynamicsandEarthquake
Engineering,Vol.4,No.1,January1985,pp.4351,doi:10.1016/02617277(85)90035X
ABSTRACT:Ashellmodelwhichtakesintoaccountthedynamicinteractiontermsfortheearthquake
behaviourofburiedpipesispresented.Amorerealisticgroundmotioninputforseismicwavesischoseninthe
analysis.Thenaparametricstudyisconductedtoinvestigatetheeffectsofpiperadius,slendernessofthepipe,
soilstiffnessandwavepropagationvelocityonthemodalamplitudes.
G.E.Funk(1)andL.H.N.Lee(2)
(1)SpaceSystemsGroup,RockwellInternational,LosAngeles,Calif.90241
(2)DepartmentofAerospaceandMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofNotreDame,NotreDame,Ind.46556
DynamicBucklingofInelasticSphericalShells,JournalofPressureVesselTechnology,Vol.104,No.2,pp.
7987,May1982,DOI:10.1115/1.3264192
ABSTRACT:Thedynamicbucklingbehaviorofacompletesphericalshellmadeofabilinearorwork
hardeningmaterialandunderauniformexternalimpulsiveloadingisinvestigated.Aquasibifurcationtheory
andaminimumprincipleareemployedtodetermine,respectively,theonsetofthedynamicbucklingprocess
andthepostbifurcationnonlinearbehavior.Numericalresultsareobtainedforanumberofelasticandelastic
plasticcases.Theresultsindicatethereisasofteningeffectintheplasticdeviatedstressstrainrelationship
whichmakesthesphericalshelllessstable.Furthermore,thehigherordertermsinstressandstrainmeasures
andthecouplingofsymmetricandasymmetricmodesofmotioncannotbeneglectedinthepostbifurcation
analysis.
C.C.Chen,T.ArimanandL.H.N.Lee,Bucklinganalysisofburiedpipelinesunderseismicloads,inWind
andseismiceffects:proceedingsofthe12thJointPanelConferenceof...editedbyE.V.LeyendeckerandR.M.
Chung,UnitedStatesJapanCooperativePrograminNaturalResources.JointPanelConference,UnitedStates.
NationalBureauofStandards,January1984,LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNo.83600593
ABSTRACT:TheDonnellandFlggeformsofthestabilityequationsofcylindricalshellsareemployedto
analyzetheaxisymmetric,elasticquasistaticbucklingofburiedpipelinessubjecttoseismicexcitations.Using
shelldimensionsandthestiffnessofthesoilmediumsurroundingthepipeasparameters,aseriesofnumerical
resultsareobtained,whichshowsthatnosignificanthalfsinewaveoccurringinthecircumferentialdirection
forrelativelylongpipeswhenaxialbucklingloadreachesitsminimum.Italsoisshownthatforagiven
pipelineanincreaseinsoilstiffnesscausesadecreaseinwavelengthofthecriticalloadinstabilitymodeand,

consequently,causesanincreaseinaxialcriticalload.

T.ArimanandB.J.Lee(UniversityofTulsa,Oklahoma,USA),Tension/bendingbehaviourofburied
pipelinessubjecttofaultmovementsinearthquakes,EarthquakeEngineering,TenthWorldConference,1992,
Balkema,Rotterdam,TheNetherlands,ISBN9054100605
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdealswiththetensilefailureofburiedpipelinessubjecttoabruptfaultmovements.
Thepipeismodeledasathincylindricalshellwhichisessentiallysemiinfinite.TheSandersnonlinearshell
theoryisusedwiththeinclusionofsoileffects,andasimpleflowtheoryofplasticity.Anumberofparametric
studiesarecarriedoutanddiscussedtoidentifysomedesignparametersofburiedpipelines.

TianfengZhao(1),MenglanDuan(1),XiaodongPan(2)andXianhongFeng(2)
(1)OffshoreOilandGasResearchCenter,ChinaUniversityofPetroleum,Beijing102249,China
(2)OffshoreOilEngineeringLtd,Tangpa(illegible),Tianjin(illegible,300452,China
Lateralbucklingofnontrenchedhightemperaturepipelineswithpipelayimperfections,PetroleumScience,
Vol.7,No.1,2009?,pp.123131,doi:10.1007/s121820100016x
ABSTRACT:Ananalysismethodforthebucklingprocessofapipesectionwitharandompipelayimperfection
isproposed.Fourbasiclateralmodes,acquiredbyfiniteelement(FE)eigenvaluebucklinganalysis,are
combinedtoprovidetheneededgridconfigurationsfordescribingarealpipelayimperfectionandanarclength
algorithmisusedtoanalyzethesnapthroughprocessoftheshellelementgridmodelundernonlinearfrictional
boundaryconditions.Thispaperalsopresentsevaluationmethodsforthelateralbucklingoftwotypesofpipe
inpipesystemsthatareusedintheoffshoreoilandgasindustry.Forevaluatingthebucklingandpostbuckling
ofcompliantpipeinpipesystemsFEanalyseswerecarriedouttojudgetheoccurrenceofthesystembuckling
andfurthermoretocheckpostbucklingstressesinducedinthebuckles.Thecalculatedresultsofthemodified
Riksalgorithmindicatethatonlywhenhightemperaturewouldnottriggeranabruptshortwavelengthbuckle
andwhennoyieldinghasbeeninducedintheunavoidablelongwavelengthbuckles,thethermalstabilityand
safetyofcompliantpipeinpipesystemscanbeproved.Inthenoncompliantpipeinpipesystems,firstly
smallamplitudebucklesofthecarrierpipemayoccurintheannulusbetweencarrierpipeandcasingpipeand
thecontactforcesbetweenthespacersandthecasingpipemaydrivethebuckleofthepipeinpipesystemson
theseabed.Basedontheclassicalanalyticalsolutionofpipebuckling,fourpotentialbucklingmodes
correspondingtofiniteelementmodelsaredevelopedtoevaluatethestabilityandthepostbucklingstrengthof
suchpipeinpipesystems.

PeterSchaumann(1),ChristianKeindorf(1)andHenningBrggemann(2)
(1)InstituteforSteelConstruction,UniversityHannoverAppelstr.9A,30167Hannover,Germany
(2)VeenkerIngenieurgesellschaftmbHHeiligengeiststr.19,30173Hannover,Germany

ElastoPlasticBehaviorAndBucklingAnalysisOfSteelPipelinesExposedToInternalPressureAnd
AdditionalLoads,24thInternationalConferenceonOffshoreMechanicsandArcticEngineering(OMAE
2005)June1217,2005,Halkidiki,Greece,OMAE200567303
ABSTRACT:Thecurrentlyvalidworldwidestandardsallowfortakingintoconsiderationplasticdeformations
inordertoachieveahigherdegreeofutilization.Themaximumplasticstrains,whichcanbeallowedforsteel
pipessubjectedtointernalpressureandadditionalloads,areparticularlyinteresting.Inthispaperresultsof
investigationsontheelastoplasticbearingbehaviorofsteelpipelinessubjectedtointernalpressureandbending
arepresented.Fourpointbendingtestsoneightsteelpipeswerecarriedoutinordertomakethebuckling
analysisintheelastoplasticrangepossible.Finiteelementmodelswerecheckedbytestresultsforthe
applicationonburiedpipelines.Takingintoaccountbeddingconditionsofthepipelineinthesoilwasmade
possible.Furthermore,ananalyticalmethodbasedonthedifferentialequationforbeamswithlongitudinal
tensileforceandvariablebendingstiffnesswasdeveloped.Itissuitabletodeterminetheelastoplasticbearing
capacityforinternalpressureandbending.Thecollapseduetoplasticshellbucklingisconsideredbyalimit
criterionbasedoncriticalstrains.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
[1]ASME,1998,BoilerandPressureVesselCode(BPVC),ASME,PtIII
[2]Bai,Y,2003,MarinestructuraldesignElsevier,Amsterdam
[3]DINEN1594,2000,GassupplysystemsPipelinesformaximumoperatingpressureover16barFunctionalrequirements
Ref.Nr.DINEN1594:200009
[4]Galambos,T.V.,1998,Guidetostabilitydesigncriteriaformetalstructures,JohnWiley&Sons,5thedition
[5]Gresnigt,A.M.,1986,Plasticdesignofburiedsteelpipelinesinsettlementareas,Heron,Vol.31No.4
[6]Hauch,SandBai,Y,1999,BendingMomentCapacityofPipes,Proceedingsofthe18thInternationalConferenceonOffshore
MechanicsandArcticEngineering,OMAE,StJohns,NewfoundlandCanadaPaperNoPL995033
[7]Krysik,R,1994,Stabilityofsteeltruncatedconeandcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompressionandinternalpressure,Stabilitt
sthlernerKegelstumpfundKreiszylinderschalenunterAxialundInnendruck,DissertationUniversityofEssen,Germany
[8]Reddy,B.D.,1979,AnExperimentalStudyofthePlasticBucklingofCircularCylinderinPureBending,Int.J.Solidand
Structures,Vol.15,pp.669683
[9]Zimmerman,T.J.E.andStephens,M.J.andDeGeer,D.D.andChen,Q.,1995,Compressivestrainlimitforburiedpipelines,
Proceedingsofthe14thInternationalConferenceonOffshoreMechanicsandArcticEngineering,OMAE,Copenhagen,Vol.V
PipelineTechnology

PeterSchaumann&ChristianKeindorf,(ForWindCenterforWindEnergyResearchInstituteforSteel
Construction,LeibnizUniversityHannoverHannover,Germany),Hybridtowersforoffshorewindenergy
converters,ProceedingsoftheEighteenth(2008)InternationalOffshoreandPolarEngineeringConference
Vancouver,BC,Canada,July611,2008,pp.431???ISBN9781880653708(Set);ISBN1880653680
(Set).
ABSTRACT:Anewkindoftowerconstruction,callinghybridtower,isdevelopedforoffshorewindenergy
converters.Thetowersectionsconsistoftwosteelshellswhicharebondedtogetherwithacorematerial.The
corebetweentheinneranoutersteelfaceincreasesthestabilityoftheshells.Incomparisonwithlinear
bucklinganalysesthevalidityofalaminatecompositeshelltheorywasproven.Withmodelscaleteststhe
stabilityofsandwichshellswasanalyzedagainstshellbucklingduetoaxialcompressionandcomparedtotests
withsteelshells.Opticalmeasurementswereusedtorecordthegeometricalimperfectionsandtoimportthe
imperfectgeometryofsuchshellsinFEmodels.Furthermore,acomparisonofcriticalbucklingloadswas
carriedoutwithnumericalsolutions.Thetestseriesshowasignificantincreaseinbearingcapacityfor
sandwichcylinders,whichdependsonthecompressivestrengthofthecorematerials.Thesandwichshellswith
agroutascorematerialshowacatastrophicpostbucklinglikesteelshells.Incontrasttothistheelastomercore

supportsaductilepostbuckling.Thefailurecriteriaforallvariantsoftestedsandwichshellsismorealocal
failureduetothesteelfacescalledfacewrinklingandnotaglobalshellbuckling.
FangHaifeng,GeShirong,CaiLihua,JiCuicui,BucklingCapacityOptimizationofCoalMineRefuge
ChambersShellUnderUniformAxialCompression,2011ThirdInternationalConferenceonMeasuring
TechnologyandMechatronicsAutomation,January,2011,pp.649653.
ABSTRACT:Thecylindricalshellwithrectanglestiffenerswasusuallyutilizedincoalminerefugechambers.
Aimingatthebucklingdeformationofthincylindricalshellunderuniformaxialcompression,finiteelement
analysissoftwareANSYSwasemployedtosetuptheoptimizationmodelofstiffenedcylindricalshell,andthe
sequentiallinearprogrammingmethodwasexecutedtooptimizethethicknessofshellandthesizesofstiffener.
Themechanicalpropertyafteroptimizationwascomparedwiththetheoreticalvalueofnostiffenershellwith
equalvolume,andreasonablestiffenerdistributionwasobtainedwhiletheoptimizationresultsoffivedifferent
longitudinalandcircumferentialstiffenerpatternsweregained.Theresultsshowedthattheshellsmechanical
capacityofaxialcompressionwasbasicallynotimprovedwhenthestiffenersweretoosparseorovercrowded.
Nevertheless,intheconditionofreasonablestiffenersdistribution,itcouldbeimprovedbyapproximately50%.
Thestiffenerpatternandoptimalresultsobtainedinthispaperareusefulforrefugechambersshelldesign.
S.F.Eggwertz(1)andL..Samuelson(2)
(1)Bloms,POBox1080,S17222,Sundbyberg,Sweden
(2)TheSwedishPlantInspectorate,POBox49306,S10028,Stockholm,Sweden
Bucklingstrengthofsphericalshells,JournalofConstructionalSteelResearch,Vol.17,No.3,1990,pp.195
216,doi:10.1016/0143974X(90)90056M
ABSTRACT:InpreparingaSwedishhandbookonstabilityofshellstructuresitwascontendedthatpresent
designcodesandrecommendations,withfewexceptions,employrathercruderulesandalsoseveretolerance
limitsespeciallyconcerningsphericaldomesmanufacturedonsite.Areevaluationoftestresultsavailablefor
metaldomessubjectedtoexternalpressurewasmadewiththeaimofestablishingamorerefinedprocedureto
determineasafeknockdownfunctiontobeappliedtoclassicallinearbucklingstrength.Inthetreatmentofthe
testresultsacomputerprogramwasusedallowingastatisticalanalysis.
C.S.Collier,Stiffness,thermalexpansion,andthermalbendingformulationofstiffened,fiberreinforced
compositepanels,AIAAPaper931569,34thAIAAStructures,StructuralDyanmics,andMaterials
Conference,LaJolla,California,April1993
ABSTRACT:Amethodispresentedforformulatingstiffnesstermsandthermalcoefficientsofstiffened,fiber
reinforcedcompositepanels.Themethodisrobustenoughtohandlepanelswithgeneralcrosssectionalshapes,
includingthosewhichareunsymmetricand/orunbalanced.Nonlinear,temperatureandloaddependent
constitutivematerialdataofeachlaminateareusedto'buildup'thestiffenedpanelmembrane,bending,and
membranebendingcouplingstiffnesstermsandthermalcoefficients.Newthermalcoefficientsareintroduced
toquantifypanelresponsefromthroughthethicknesstemperaturegradients.Atechniqueofimplementingthis
capabilitywithasingleplaneofshellfiniteelementsusingtheMSC/NASTRANanalysisprogram(FEA)is
revealedthatprovidesaccuratesolutionsofentireairframesorengineswithcoarselymeshedmodels.An
exampleofacomposite,hatstiffenedpanelisincludedtodemonstrateerrorsthatoccurwhenanunsymmetric

panelissymmetricallyformulatedastraditionallydone.Theerroneousresultsandthecorrectonesproduced
fromthismethodarecomparedtoanalysisfromdiscretelymeshedthreedimensionalFEA.
CraigS.Collier(CollierResearchCorporation,45DiamondHillRoad,Hampton,Virginia236666016,USA,
Email:ccollier@widomaker.com),AnIntegratedFEAandDesignOptimizationSystemforComposite
Structures,ConferencePaper(conferencenotidentified),1996
DTICAccessionNumber:ADA443229,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA443229
ABSTRACT:ThebenefitsofasoftwarepackagewhichcoupleswiththeMSC/NASTRANFEAprogramis
presented.Thesoftware,calledHyperSizer,performspanelandbeamstructuralsizingoptimizationwith
metallicandcompositematerials.Applicationsintheaerospaceandtransportationindustriesarepresented.The
aerospaceapplication,anX34xexperimentalvehicle,emphasizescapabilitiesandaccuracyrequiredforahigh
speedflight,thermomechanicalenvironment.Thetransportationapplicationemphasizespracticaland
inexpensivecapabilitiessuitableforacostdriven,manufacturingorientedenvironment.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1.Collier,C.S.,Spoth,K.A.,andGrassi,G.C.,"ThermomechanicalFiniteElementAnalysisofStiffened,UnsymmetricComposite
PanelsWithTwoDimensionalModels",TheMSCWorldUsers'Conference,Arlington,VA,May2428,1993,PaperNo.31
2.Collier,C.S.,"Stiffness,ThermalExpansion,andThermalBendingFormulationofStiffened,FiberReinforcedCompositePanels",
AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC34thStructures,Dynamics,&MaterialsConference,LaJolla,CA,April1922,1993,PaperNo.
AIAA931569
3.Collier,C.S.,Thermoelasticformulationofstiffened,unsymmetriccompositepanelsforfiniteelementanalysisofhighspeed
aircraft,35thAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ACSStructures,DynamicandMaterialsConference,HiltonHead,SouthCarolina,April18
20,1994,AIAAPaper941579
4.Collier,C.S.,"StructuralAnalysisandSizingofStiffened,MetalMatrixCompositePanelsforHypersonicVehicles",AIAA4th
InternationalAerospacePlanesConference,Orlando,FL,December14,1992,PaperNo.AIAA925015
5.Lockwood,M.K.,Hunt,J.L.,Petley,D.H,CollierC.S,etal,"DesignandAnalysisofaTwoStagetoOrbitX34xAirbreathing
HypersonicVehicleConcept",32ndAIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEEJointPropulsionConferenceandExhibit,July1,1996,AIAApaper
962890

C.Collier,P.Yarrington,etal,AIAA,2002(hypersizer.com)Composite,gridstiffenedpaneldesignfor
postbucklingusinghypersizer,(pdffilenotfound)
BucklingAnalysisandOptimizationofStiffenedCylindricalShellsunderUniformAxialCompression
Journal
KeyEngineeringMaterials(Volumes462463)
Volume
FractureandStrengthofSolidsVII
Editedby
AhmadKamalAriffin,ShahrumAbdullah,AidyAli,AndanastutiMuchtar,MariyamJameelah
GhazaliandZainuddinSajuri
Pages 8893
DOI 10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.462463.88
Citation
XingHuaChenetal.,2011,KeyEngineeringMaterials,462463,88
Onlinesince January,2011
Authors
XingHuaChen,LianChunLong
Keywords
AxialCompression,Buckling,LoadingCapacity,Optimization,StiffenedCylindricalShell
Abstract
Thincylindricalshellsarewidelyusedinmodernstructures.Whenthestructuresareunderaxial
compression,inflectionaldestructionhappensearly.Inordertodesignreasonableandreliableshellstructures,

stiffenedcylindricalshellsareappliedinthedissertation,ANSYS,anvalidfiniteelementanalysissoftware,is
employedtoredevelopandsetupparametercalculationmodel,subjectedtovolumeandvariablesvaluerange
restriction,thestructurescriticalbucklingloadistheobjective,andtheseriallinearprogrammingoptimization
procedureisexecutedaswellastheoptimizedthicknessofshellandthesizeofstiffenersaregained
accordingly.Thecriticalbucklingloadofthestructureisobviouslyincreasedafteroptimization,andthe
feasibilityofthismethodisvalidatedduetothecomparisonwiththenumericalandtheoreticalresult.
http://www.fgg.unilj.si/kmk/esdep/master/wg01b
UniversityofLubxxxxBucklinglectureESDEPWG1B:Lecture1B.8:LearningfromFailures
Labeas,G.andKermanidis,T.H.(LaboratoryofTechnologyandStrengthofMaterials,Departmentof
MechanicalEngineering&Aeronautics,UniversityofPatras,Patras26500,Greece),Crushingbehaviourof
theenergyabsorbingtensorskinpanels,Fatigue&FractureofEngineeringMaterials&Structures,Vol.26,
No.5,May2003,pp.449457,doi:10.1046/j.14602695.2003.00646.x
ABSTRACT:Researchresultsconcerningthesimulationofthecrushingbehaviourofcompositesystemswith
energyabsorptioncharacteristicsarepresentedinthepresentwork.Thestudyisfocusedonthetensorskin
concept,anenergyabsorbingcompositesystemthatwasoriginallydevelopedtoimprovethecrashworthiness
ofhelicoptersunderwaterimpactandwhichispromisingforutilizationintheconstructionofthelowerpartof
compositefuselageaircraft.Thetensorskinconceptcomprisesafoldedorcorrugatedcompositeconstruction,
whichuponloadingunfoldsbyformingplastichinges,leadingtoanincreaseintheloadbearingcapabilityof
thestructure.Thenumericalmodellingissuesandthecriticalaspectsofthesimulationarediscussed.
Verificationofthenumericalsimulationprocedureisperformedbyexperimentalwork.Theexperimental
resultsutilizedtoassessandvalidatethenumericalprocedurewerederivedwithintheEuropeanResearch
ProjectDesignforCrashSurvivabilityCRASURV(BRITEAeronauticsArea).Theresultsofthe
simulationsaregenerallyingoodagreementwithexperimentaldata.
articleaboutmodejumping
S.Belesis,G.Labeas,(2010)"Developmentofanefficientengineeringmethodologyfornonlineardamageand
postbucklinganalysisoflargescalestructures",InternationalJournalofStructuralIntegrity,Vol.1No.2,pp.
126139,doi:10.1108/17579861011053862(PermanentURL)
ABSTRACT:Thepurposeofthispaperistopresentanefficientengineeringmethodologyforsolvingthe
problemofnonlinear(NL)damageandpostbucklingoflargescalestructures,whichisofhighimportance
mainlyfortheaircraftindustry.Themethodologytakesadvantageofthecapabilitiesoffiniteelement
substructuringtechniqueinthesimulationoflarge/complexstructuresandexploitstheadvantagesoflocal
globalanalysislogic.Themaininnovationdealswiththeappropriatemodificationofsuperelementmethod,
suchthatitcandealwithNLbehaviourandefficientlymodeltheentirelargescalestructure.Inthisstudy,the
proposedmethodologyisdemonstratedinthetreatmentofgeometricalnonlinearityanditsefficiencyis
assessedinthecaseofalargescalefuselagesection.
D.G.Stamatelos,G.N.LabeasandK.I.Tserpes(LaboratoryofTechnologyandStrengthofMaterials,
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineeringandAeronautics,UniversityofPatras,26500Rion,Greece),

Analyticalcalculationoflocalbucklingandpostbucklingbehaviorofisotropicandorthotropicstiffened
panels,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.49,No.3,March2011,pp.422430,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2010.11.008
ABSTRACT:Amethodologyfortheanalyticalassessmentoflocalbucklingandpostbucklingbehaviorof
isotropicandorthotropicstiffenedplatesispresented.Theapproachconsidersthestiffenedpanelsegment
locatedbetweentwostiffeners,whiletheremainingpanelisreplacedbyequivalenttransverseandrotational
springsofvaryingstiffness,whichactaselasticedgesupports.AtwodimensionalRitzdisplacementfunction
(pb2Ritz)isutilizedinthesolutionofthelocalbucklingproblemofisotropicandlaminatedsymmetric
compositepanelswitharbitraryedgeboundaryconditions.Thebucklinganalysisofthesegmentprovidesan
accurateandconservativepredictionofthepanellocalbucklingbehavior.Consequently,thedeveloped
methodologyisextendedinthepredictionofthepostbucklingresponseofstiffenedpanelsofwhichtheskin
hasundergonelocalbuckling.Ofhighimportanceforthecalculationofthepostbucklingbehavioristhe
selectionofappropriateboundaryconditionsforthestructuralmembersanalyzed.Acomparisonofthepresent
methodologyresultstorespectivefiniteelement(FE)resultshasshownasatisfactoryagreement.
J.MichaelRotter(InstituteforInfrastructureandEnvironment,King'sBuildings,UniversityofEdinburgh,
EdinburghEH93JU,UK),ShellBucklingandCollapseAnalysisforStructuralDesign,inNewApproaches
toStructuralMechanics,ShellsandBiologicalStructures,editedbyH.R.DrewandS.Pellegrino,Kluwer
AcademicPublishers,Dordrecht,TheNetherlands,2002(couldnotaccessthesectionofthisbookinwhichthe
paperbyJ.Rotterappears.)
J.G.TengandJ.M.Rotter(SchoolofCivilandMiningEngineering,UniversityofSydney,NewSouthWales
2006,Australia),Bucklingofringsincolumnsupportedbinsandtanks,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.7,Nos.
34,1989,pp.257280,doi:10.1016/02638231(89)900281
ABSTRACT:Theoriesfortheoutofplanebucklingofringsunderuniformcircumferentialcompressionare
wellestablished.Howeverthesetheoriesarenotapplicabletoringsincolumnsupportedbinswherethe
circumferentialstressintheringvariessignificantlyoverthecrosssectionandaroundthecircumference.This
paperdealswiththeoutofplanebucklingofannularplateringsincolumnsupportedbinsandtanks.Thestress
distributionsinsuchringsarefirstexaminedusingafiniteelementshellanalysis.Aclosedformsolutionforthe
bucklingofringsundernonuniformcircumferentialstressesisthenderived.Numericalresultsfromtheclosed
formsolutionarecomparedwiththosefromafiniteelementshellbucklinganalysis,andcloseagreementis
found.Thesignificanteffectofstressnonuniformityonthebucklingpredictionsisdemonstrated.Finally,
simplifiedequationsaregivenwhicharesuitableforstructuraldesignpurposes,andwhichcloselymodelthe
predictionsofthemorerigoroussolution.
J.MichaelRotter(1),JinGuangTeng(2)andHongYuLi(1)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineeringandBuildingScience,UniversityofEdinburgh,Scotland,UK\
(2)DepartmentofCivilandSystemsEngineering,JamesCookUniversityofNorthQueensland,Townsville,
Q4811,Australia
Bucklinginthinelasticcylindersoncolumnsupports,inBucklingofshellstructuresonland,inthesea,and
intheair,editedbyJ.F.Jullien,Elsevier,1991

PARTIALABSTRACT:Elevatedsilosandtanksareoftensupportedonanumberofcolumns.Thediscrete
supportsofthecolumnsinducehighstressesadjacentotthecolumnterminations.Inparticularveryhigh
meridionalcompressivestressesariseabovethedolumntermination,andthesecanleadtobucklingoftheshell
ataloadmuchlowerthanthatforauniformlysupportedshell.Thispaperpresentsabriefsummaryofrecent
theoreticalworkontheelasticbucklingstrengthofcolumnsupportedcylinders
J.MichaelRotter(InstituteforInfrastructureandEnvironment,King'sBuildings,UniversityofEdinburgh,
EdinburghEH93JL,UK),Shellstructures:thenewEuropeanstandardandcurrentresearchneeds,Thin
WalledStructures,Vol.31,Nos.13,May1998,pp.323,doi:10.1016/S02638231(98)000056
ABSTRACT:Shellstructuresarewidelyusedinagreatvarietyofapplicationsfromspacerocketstodomestic
foodanddrinkcontainers.Civilengineersareprincipallyconcernedwithsteelshellstructuressuchassilos,
tanks,pipelines,chimneys,towersandmasts,thoughotherexamplesmaybefoundinoffshorestructuresand
stadiumroofs.ThispaperdescribesthetreatmentofterrestrialshellstructuresinEurocode3:Steelstructures.It
outlinestheprincipleswhichareguidingthedevelopmentofthestandard,therangeofapplicationscovered,
andsomedetailsofthecurrentproposals.Theaxiallycompressedcylindricalshellisthenchosenasanexample
illustratingtherangeofrealproblemswhichneedtobeaddressed,andthepaucityofcurrentdataonmany
aspectsoftheseproblems.Thisexampleisalsousedtooutlinethecomplexityinvolvedeveninthisonearea,
recentprogressandcurrentneeds.
J.MichaelRotter(UniversityofEdinburgh,Scotland,UK,SchoolofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering),
Pressures,StressesandBucklinginMetalSiloscontainingEccentricallyDischargingSolids,GreinerInstitute
forSteelandShellStructures,TUGraz,2001
ABSTRACT:Theeccentricdischargeofstoredsolidsfrommoderatelyslendermetalsiloshascausedmany
dramaticandcatastrophicbucklingfailures.Despitethesemanyfailures,eccentricdischargefailuresarepoorly
understoodevenbyspecialistsinshellstructures,andthecauseoffailureisoftenmisinterpreted.Inparticular,
bucklesoccurringwellupthewallofasiloareoftenthoughttobedifficulttoexplain.Thispapersetsoutthe
theoryofpressuresoccurringinsilosundereccentricpipeflowwherepartoftheflowchannelisincontactwith
thesilowall.Itthenusespressurespredictedbythistheorytoanalyseanexamplestructure,withdifferentflow
channelgeometries.Thestresspatternsareseentobesuchthatlocalaxialcompressionbucklesarelikelyto
occurwellupthewall,anditisfoundthatcertainsizesofflowchannelarecriticallydangeroustothestructural
integrityofthesiloshell.
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Roberts,A.W.andOoms,M.(1983),WallLoadsinLargeMetalandConcreteSilosandSilosduetoEccentricDrawDownandother

Factors.Proc.,SecondInternat.Conf.onDesignofSilosforStrengthandFlow,pp15170.
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Meeting,Amer.Soc.Agric.Engrs,Chicago,Dec.
Rotter,J.M.(1984),MetalSilosforBulkSolids:SpecialTopics.inDesignofMetalTanksandMaterialsHandlingSilos,Dept.Engg
Appl.Sci.,U.WisconsinExtension,Madison,Wisconsin.
Rotter,J.M.(1985),BucklingofGroundSupportedCylindricalMetalSilosunderCompressiveWallLoads.Proc.,MetalStructs.
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Rotter,J.M.(1986),TheAnalysisofSteelBinsSubjecttoEccentricDischarge,Proc.,SecondInt.Conf.BulkMaterialsStorage
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Rotter,J.M.(1989),TheFELASHSuiteofProgramsfortheAnalysisofAxisymmetricShells,Proc.,FourthInt.Conf.Civil&Struct.
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Rotter,J.M.(1999),Flowandpressuresinsilostructuralintegrityassessments,Proc.,Int.Symp.:ReliableFlowofParticulateSolids
III,Porsgrunn,Norway,Aug1999,pp281292.
Rotter,J.M.(2001),GuidefortheEconomicDesignofCircularMetalSilos,Spon,London
Rotter,J.M.,Jumikis,P.T.,Fleming,S.P.andPorter,S.J.(1989),ExperimentsontheBucklingofThinWalledModelSiloStructures,
J.Construct.SteelRes.,Vol.13,No.4,pp271299.
Rotter,J.M.,Berry,P.A.andOoi,J.Y.(1990),TheDiscreteRuptureSurfaceTheoryappliedtoSilosunderEccentricDischarge,
Proc.,2ndEuropeanSymposiumontheStressandStrainBehaviourofParticulateSolidsSiloStresses,Prague,August1990,pp1
10.
Walters,J.K.(1995),StressesinPlaneBunkerswithEccentricOutlets,Proc.,FifthInt.Conf.onBulkMaterialsStorageHandlingand
Transportation,IEAust.,Newcastle,NSW.
Wood,J.G.M.(1983),TheAnalysisofSiloStructuresSubjecttoEccentricDischarge.Proc.,SecondInt.Conf.onDesignofSilosfor
StrengthandFlow,StratforduponAvon,pp13244.
Zhong,Z.,Ooi,J.Y.andRotter,J.M.(2001),Thesensitivityofsiloflowandwallpressurestofillingmethod,EngineeringStructures,
Vol.23,pp756767.

J.MichaelRotter(InstituteforInfrastructureandEnvironment,King'sBuildings,UniversityofEdinburgh,
EdinburghEH93JL,UK),ShellBucklingandCollapseAnalysisforStructuralDesign,inNewApproaches
toStructuralMechanics,ShellsandBiologicalStructures,editedbyH.R.DrewandS.Pellegrino,Kluwer
AcademicPublishers,Dordrecht,TheNetherlands,2002(couldnotaccessthesectionofthisbookinwhichthe
paperbyJ.Rotterappears.)
J.MichaelRotter(SchoolofEngineeringandElectronics,UniversityofEdinburgh,EdinburghEH93JL,UK),
Advancedcomputercalculationsinthedesignofshellstructures,AdvancesinSteelStructures(ICASS'02),
ProceedingsoftheThirdInternationalConferenceonAdvancesinSteelStructures911December2002,Hong
Kong,China,2002,pp.2742,doi:10.1016/B9780080440170/500068
ABSTRACT:Thehighefficiencyofshellstructuresleadsthemtobewidelyusedinahugevarietyof
applications:foodanddrinkcontainers,carsandvehicles,aircraftandspacecraft,andlargestoragestructures.
Steelshellstructuresaremostusedincivilengineeringassilos,tanks,pipelines,chimneys,towersandmasts.
Offshorestructurespresentanotherexample.
J.M.Rotter,Cylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,Chapter2inBucklingofthinmetalshells,Editedby
J.G.Teng,J.MichaelRotter,SponPress,11NewFetterLane,LondonEC4P4EE,2004
PARTIALABSTRACT:Cylindricalshellstructuresareoftensubjectedtocompressivestressesinthedirection
ofthecylinderaxis,whichcanbeeitheruniformorvaryingthroughoutthecylinder.Thebucklingstrengthofa

thincylindricalshellunderaxialcompressionisparticularlysensitivetoimperfectionsintheshell,andthe
changingpatternsofbehaviourwithchanginggeometry,loadingandboundaryconditionsmaketheaxially
compressedcylinderaclassicalexemplarforbehavioursthatmaybefoundinalessmarkedforminother
structuresorinshellsunderotherloadingconditions.Forthesereasons,theaxiallycompressedcylinderhas
probablybeenthemostextensivelystudiedofallshellbucklingcomditions,givingawealthofevidencefrom
bothexperimentalandtheoreticalwork.
Rotter,J.M.(UniversityofEdinburgh,EdinburghEH93JL,UK),Elephant'sfootbucklinginpressurised
cylindricalshells,Stahlbau,Vol.75,September2006,pp.742747.doi:10.1002/stab.200610079
ABSTRACT:Metalcylindricalbins,silosandtanksarethinshellstructuressubjecttointernalpressurefrom
storedmaterialstogetherwithaxialcompressionfromthefrictionaldragofstoredmaterialsonthewallsand
horizontalloads.Thegoverningfailuremodeisfrequentlybucklingunderaxialcompression.Theinternal
pressureexertedbythestoredfluidsorsolidscansignificantlyenhancethebucklingstrength,buthighinternal
pressuresleadtoseverelocalbendingnearthebase.Localyieldingthenprecipitatesanearlyelasticplastic
bucklingfailure.Thisfailuremode,commonlyknownaselephant'sfootbuckling,hasreceivedrelatively
littleattentiontodateanduntilrecentlywasoftenignoredintankandsilodesign.Thisproblemisanunusual
bucklingcondition,becauseitinvolvesveryhightensilestressesinonedirection,coupledwithrathersmall
compressivestressesintheorthogonaldirection.Thus,althoughitisabucklingfailureinvolvingconsiderable
plasticity,itoccursatlowbucklingstressesandunderconditionsthatappeartobeclassicallyslender.The
normalconcatenationofslenderwithelasticinbucklingformulationsdoesnotapplyatallhere.Thispaper
describesalternativeapproachestotheformulationofdesignrulesfortheelasticplasticinstabilityandcollapse
ofaxiallyloadedinternallypressurisedthincylindricalshellsadjacenttothebasesupport.Thedifferences
betweenthedifferentapproachesarisefromdifferentconceptualmodelsforthemannerinwhichanelastic
plasticslenderstructureinstabilityshouldbetreated.
M.Batikha,J.F.Chen,J.M.Rotter,J.G.Teng,Strengtheningmetalliccylindricalshellsagainstelephant's
footbucklingwithFRP,ThinwalledStructures,Vol.47,No.10,pp.10781091,2009,
DOI:10.1016/j.tws.2008.10.012
ABSTRACT:Thinmetalcylindricalshellstructuressuchassilosandtanksaresusceptibletoanelasticplastic
instabilityfailureatthebaseboundaryknownaselephant'sfootbuckling,duetoitscharacteristicdeformed
shape.Thisformofbucklingoccursunderhighinternalpressureaccompaniedbyaxialcompressionintheshell
structure.Thisisacommonfailuremodefortanksunderearthquakeloading.Anothercommonsituationisina
silowherethesilowallissubjectedtobothnormalpressuresfromthestoredgranularsolidandvertical
compressiveforcesdevelopedfromthefrictionbetweenthestoredsolidandthesilowall.Thispaperpresentsa
novelmethodofstrengtheningcylindricalshellsagainstelephant'sfootbucklinginwhichasmallamountof
fibrereinforcedpolymer(FRP)composite,usedatacriticallocation,caneffectivelyeliminatetheproblemand
increasethebucklingstrength.Thestrengthenedshellisanalysedusinglinearelasticbendingtheoryinthis
preliminarystudy.Withinthescopeofthisresearch,thestrengtheningeffectisshowntobesensitivetothe
thickness,heightandlocationoftheFRPsheet.TheissueofoptimalFRPstrengtheningtoallowtheshellto
attainpuremembranestatedeformationisexaminedindetailasstrengtheningwithtoomuchandtoolittleFRP
arebothundesirable.Bothpinnedbasedandfixedbasedshellsareexaminedandtheirresponsesarecompared.

AdamJ.SadowskiandJ.MichaelRotter(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,InstituteforInfrastructureand
Environment,TheUniversityofEdinburgh,EH93JL,Scotland,UK,email:m.rotter@ed.ac.uk),Studyof
BucklinginSteelSilosunderEccentricDischargeFlowsofStoredSolids,ASCEJournalofEngineering
Mechanics,Vol.136,No.6,June2010,pp.769776,
doihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)EM.19437889.0000112
ABSTRACT: Themostseriousloadingconditionforslenderthinwalledmetalsiloshaslongbeenrecognized
tobetheconditionofdischarge,witheccentricdischargecausingmorecatastrophicfailuresthananyother.
Twokeyreasonsforthishighfailureratearethedifficultiesincharacterizingthepressuredistributioncaused
byeccentricsolidsflow,andinunderstandingtheassociatedunsymmetricalstressesinthesilowall.Few
studieshaveaddressedeitherthelinearelasticbehaviorofsuchasilooritsbucklingfailureundereccentric
discharge.Inthisstudy,theeccentricdischargepressuresarecharacterizedusingthenewrulesoftheEuropean
StandardEN19914onSilosandTanks.Thisnoveldescriptionofunsymmetricalpressurespermitsastudyof
thestructuralbehaviorleadingtobucklingduringeccentricdischarge,includingthecriticaleffectsofchangeof
geometryandimperfectionsensitivity,tobeundertakenusinggeometricallyandmateriallynonlinear
computationalanalyses.Themechanicsofthebehaviorarefoundtobequitecomplicated.Asilowhichissafe
underaxisymmetricloadingisfoundtobesusceptibletocatastrophicstabilityfailureundereccentricdischarge.
AdamJ.SadowskiandJ.MichaelRotter(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,InstituteforInfrastructureand
Environment,TheUniversityofEdinburgh,EH93JL,Scotland,UK),BucklinginEccentricallyDischarged
SilosandtheAssumedPressureDistribution,ASCEJournalofEngineeringMechanics,
DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)EM.19437889.0000525(Aug.18,2012).
ABSTRACT:Eccentricdischargeinslendermetalsilosisknowntobeoneofthemostcriticalloadconditions,
responsibleformanysilobucklingdisastersinthepast.Thehighfailureratemaybesignificantlyattributedto
difficultiesindevisingasuitablewallpressurerepresentationforthiscondition.Wheretheflowofstoredsolids
iseccentricandhaspartialcontactwiththewallinaslendersilo,thesolidexertsmuchlowerpressuresthanthe
adjacentstationarysolid.Thispressuredropleadstoveryhighlocalaxialcompressionandcausesbuckling
failure.Experimentallymeasuredpressuresindicatethatasignificantriseinpressuremayoccurjustoutsidethe
flowchannel,butitsformandmagnitudearenotyetwellunderstoodbecauseverydetailedandexpensive
instrumentationisneededtoobtaindatathatcandefineit.Thispaperexploresthenonlinearstructural
behaviourandbucklingofaslendermetalsilowithandwithoutspecificinclusionofanadjacentrisein
pressure,todeterminewhetheritisanecessarypartofanydesignpressurerepresentation.Toassistthis
investigation,themechanicsofthenonlinearbehaviourofacylindricalsilounderthisloadconditionis
exploredusingtheanalogyofaproppedcantileverslicebeam.Advantageistakenofaparticularloadcondition
thatleads,bychance,tobucklingatthesameloadfactorforbothlinearandgeometricallynonlinearanalyses.
Thisspecialcasepermitsthedetrimentaleffectofwallflatteningandthebeneficialeffectofthechanging
prebucklingstresspatterntobeexploredtogiveadeeperinsightintothebehaviour.Theslicebeamanalogy
mayalsobegeneralisedtodescribethenonlinearbehaviourofanythinwalledcylindricalshellunder
meridionalstriplikeloadsactingonpartofthecircumference.

J.MichaelRotter(InstituteforInfrastructureandEnvironment,King'sBuildings,UniversityofEdinburgh,
EdinburghEH93JU,UK),TheNewFrameworkforShellBucklingDesignandtheEuropeanShellBuckling
RecommendationsFifthEdition,J.PressureVesselTechnol.,Vol.133,No.1,February2011,
doi:10.1115/1.4002565
ABSTRACT:ThispaperoutlineskeyaspectsofthenewEuropeanStandardontheStrengthandStabilityof
MetalShellsEN199316withitsextendedcommentaryandexpansioninthefiftheditionoftheEuropean
RecommendationsonShellBuckling.ThisEuropeandesignstandardisthefirsttobestronglyorientedtoward
numericalanalysesindesign,withcleardistinctionsbetweendifferentclassesofbothanalysisandfabrication.
Itpresentsadifferentstyleofstandard:Eachlimitstateisdefinedinaseparatechapter,butallshellgeometries
aretreatedandallanalysistypesareusedwithineachchapter.Thestrengthevaluationcriteriadifferaccording
tothecalculationthathasbeenmade.Thisnewstructure,withitsnewparadigmthatpermitsgeneralizationof
thedesignprocedureforallthinshells,geometries,loadcases,boundaryconditions,andqualities,representsa
majorstepforward.Italsoofferstheopportunityforfutureresearchstudiesofshellstructurestobeundertaken
withinacoherentconceptualframeworkthatiscompletelygeneral.TheEN199316standardgoesalongway
towardbridgingthegapbetweenthecomputationalengineeringmechanicsandstructuralengineeringdesign
communities.Unfortunately,thisEuropeanstandardEN199316hasacomplexandextensivebackgroundthat
cannotbestatedwithinthedocumentsotheEuropeanRecommendationsonShellStability,nowpublishedin
itsfifthedition,givesanextensivecommentary,manyexpandedrules,andmanyadditionalgeometriesandload
casesthatarenotformallypresentedwithinthestandarditself.ThedevelopmentofbothEN199316andthe
recommendationshasbeentheworkoftheEurocodeshellstructuresdevelopmentcommittee
CEN/TC250/SC3/PT4andtheEuropeanConventionforConstructionalSteelworkcommittee(ECCS)TWG
8.4.Itispresentedherebytheconvenerofthesetwocommittees.Thispaperexplainsthereasoningbehind
severalparticularchoicesthathavebeentakenindevelopingthestandard,occasionallyrunningcounterto
traditionalviews.Italsoidentifiesseveraltrickyissuesthathavenotbeenaddressedwellintheshellbuckling
literaturebutthathavearisenthroughtheattemptstoachievecompletelygeneralrulesandwhichneed
imaginativeanswerstoensureafullyconsistenttreatmentofallsystems.Itishopedthatthispaperwillassist
researchersanddesignerstounderstandtherulesandrecommendationsandwillencourageresearchersto
undertakeandpresenttheirworkinamannerthatpermitsitsrapidadoptionintothenewstandardizeddesign
procedures.
AdamJ.SadowskiandJ.MichaelRotter(UniversityofEdinburgh,Scotland,UK),Bucklingofveryslender
metalsilosundereccentricdischarge,EngineeringStructures,Vol.33,No.4,April2011,pp.11871194,
doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.12.040
ABSTRACT:Metalsilosusedtostoregranularsolidsoftentaketheformofacylindricalshellwithanaspect
ratiointherange2<H/D<6.Ithaslongbeenrecognisedthatthemostseriousloadcaseforallsilosisprobably
theconditionofeccentricdischargeofitsstoredsolid,butincircularmetalsilosthisisespeciallytrue.More
failureshaveoccurredunderthisconditionthananyother.Thishighfailurerateischieflyduetothecomplexity
ofthepressuresexertedbyaneccentricallydischarginggranularmaterial,andthedifficultyinunderstanding
thepatternofstressesthatdevelopsinashellwallundersuchunsymmetricalpressureregimes.The
nonsymmetricbehaviourofashellstructureunderunsymmetricalpressuresisnotatallwelldescribedinthe
voluminousshellstructuresliterature,andonlyafewstudieshaveexploredthemechanicsleadingtohighlocal
stresseswhichinturnleadtobucklingfailureundereccentricdischarge.Thisstudyfollowsanearlierinitial
explorationbySadowskiandRotter(2010)[2],inwhichbucklinginamoderatelyslenderperfectsilowas

explored.Here,theworkistakenfurthertoexploreaveryslenderstructure,andtoinvestigatetheimperfection
sensitivityofthisfailuremode.Thepressurescausedbyeccentricdischargearecharacterisedusingthenew
rulesoftheEuropeanStandardEN19914(2006)[1]thatdefinetheactionsinsilosandtanks.Usingthisnew
improveddescriptionofunsymmetricaleccentricdischargepressures,itisnowpossibletoperformrelatively
realisticcalculationsrelatingtothiscommonbutcomplicatedshellbucklingcondition.Theshellbuckling
calculationsdescribedhereemployapressuredistributionformulatedwiththeassumptionofaparallelsided
flowchannelandareundertakenusinggeometricallyandmateriallynonlinearanalysesinaccordancewiththe
EuropeanStandardEN199316(2007)[25]onthestrengthandstabilityofshells.Thepaperexploresthe
structuralbehaviourofaslendersiloundereccentricdischarge,leadingtobucklingandincludingthecritical
effectsofchangesofgeometryandimperfectionsensitivity.
A.J.SadowskiandJ.M.Rotter(TheUniversityofEdinburgh,Scotland,UK),Steelsiloswithdifferentaspect
ratios:IBehaviourunderconcentricdischarge,JournalofConstructionalSteelResearch,Vol.67,No.10,
October2011,pp.15371544,doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2011.03.028
ABSTRACT:ThecurrentEuropeanstandardsforthedesignofthinwalledmetalsilosrequirethedesignerto
useacomplexcombinationofrulescoveringmanydifferentaspectsofloading,structuralbehaviourand
strength.Eachindividualrulewasoftendevelopedautonomously,usuallywithimplicitandundocumented
conservativeassumptions.Whencombined,theoverallfactorofsafetyofadesignedsilomaybesignificantly
differentfromthatguaranteedbythestandard,makingitdifficulttoreproducethedesignrulesinanumerical
calculationthatdoesnotincludethesameimplicitassumptions.Thispaperexploresthebehaviouroffivethin
walledcylindricalsiloswithstepwisevaryingwallthicknessandaspectratiosvaryingfromverysquattovery
slender,allcustomdesignedforandanalysedundertheEN19914concentricdischargeloadingcondition.The
aspectratioplaysadecidingroleinboththebehaviouranddesignofsilos,anditisimportanttoascertainthata
findingthatisvalidforoneistransferabletotheothers.Thenonlinearfiniteelementanalysesrevealthatthe
computedloadfactorexceedsthepartialsafetyfactorindesignbyalargefactoroverawiderangeofaspect
ratio,suggestingthattheoveralldesignprocessisparticularlyconservative.Thereasonsforthesediscrepancies
areexplored.Thispaperisthefirstofapair.Thesecondpaperexploresthebehaviourofthesamesetof
examplesilosundertheEN19914eccentricdischargeloads,withfundamentallydifferentconclusions.
A.J.SadowskiandJ.M.Rotter(TheUniversityofEdinburgh,Scotland,UK),Steelsiloswithdifferentaspect
ratios:IIbehaviourundereccentricdischarge,JournalofConstructionalSteelResearch,Vol.67,No.10,
October2011,pp.15451553,doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2011.03.027
ABSTRACT:Thephenomenonofeccentricdischargeiswidelyrecognisedasthemostdangerousconditionfor
thinwalledmetalsilosandthecauseofmanycatastrophicbucklingfailures.Arealisticpressuremodelforthis
conditionappearsinaregulatingstandardforthefirsttimeinEN19914(2006)onActionsonSilosandTanks.
Howeverthestructuralconsequencesofitsapplicationarecurrentlylargelyunknown.Thebehaviourofasilo
subjectedtothesepressuresiscertainlyverydependentontheaspectratioofthesilo,thegranularsolid
propertiesandthedischargechannelgeometry.Thispaperexploresthebehaviouroffourthinwalled
cylindricalsiloswithstepwisevaryingwallthicknessandaspectratiosvaryingfromintermediatetovery
slender,subjecttothecodifiedEN19914eccentricdischargepressures.Itisshownthatasilodesignthatwas
foundtobeverysafeundertheEN19914concentricdischargepressuresbecomesveryunsafeundereccentric
discharge.Further,asitisknownthattheaspectratiohasanimportanteffectontheflowpatternindischarging
granularsolids,andthatslendersilosexhibitverydifferentflowpatternsfromsquatsilos,itiscurrentlynot

certainwhetherasuitablerangeofaspectratiooverwhichthecodifiedeccentricdischargemodelistobe
appliedhasbeenprescribedinthestandard.Thispaperisthesecondofapair.Inthefirst,thebehaviourofaset
ofexamplesilosundertheEN19914concentricdischargeconditionwasstudied.Thesameexamplesilosare
studiedhereundereccentricdischarge.
A.J.Sadowski(1)andJ.M.Rotter(2)
(1)ImperialCollege,London,UK
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,TheUniversityofEdinburgh,Scotland,UK)
Solidorshellfiniteelementstomodelthickcylindricaltubesandshellsunderglobalbending,International
JournalofMechanicalSciences,74,143153,2013,
DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2013.05.008
ABSTRACT:Thispaperexplorestheuseofsolidcontinuumfiniteelementsandshellfiniteelementsinthe
modellingofthenonlinearplasticbucklingbehaviourofcylindricalmetaltubesandshellsunderglobal
bending.Theassumptionsofshellanalysisbecomeincreasinglyuncertainastheratiooftheradiusofcurvature
tothethicknessbecomessmaller,buttheclassicalliteraturedoesnotdrawaclearlinetodefinewhenashell
treatmentisinappropriateandacontinuummodelbecomesessential.Thisisaparticularlyimportantquestion
forthebendingoftubularmembers,pipelines,chimneys,piles,towersandsimilarstructures.Thisstudyis
thereforeconcernedsolelywiththeuniformbendingofthintubesorthickshellswhichfailbyplasticbuckling
wellintothestrainhardeningrange.Theanalysesemployfiniteelementformulationsavailableinthe
commercialsoftwareABAQUSbecausethisisthemostwidelyusedtoolforparametricresearchstudiesinthis
domainwithanextensiveanddiverseelementlibrary.Theresultsareofgeneralvalidityandareapplicableto
otherfiniteelementimplementations.Thispaperthusseekstodeterminetheadequacyofathinorthickshell
approximation,takingintoaccountgeometricnonlinearity,complexequilibriumpaths,limitpointsand
bifurcationbuckling,extensivematerialductilityandlinearstrainhardening.Itaimstoestablishwhenitis
viabletoemployshellelementsandwhenthisdecisionwillleadtooutcomesthatlacksufficientprecisionfor
engineeringdesignpurposes.Theresultsshowthatboththinandthick(shearflexible)shellelementsmaygive
areasonablyaccuratepredictionofthebucklingmomentunderglobaluniformbendingforcylindricaltubesas
thickasR/t=10.Afinitestrainandthickshellformulationareadditionallyshowntomodeltheductilityof
suchthicktubeswell,evenwhenovalisationofthecrosssectionandstrainhardeningareincluded.Theuseof
solidcontinuumelementstomodeltubesinbendingisfoundtobecomeincreasinglyuneconomicalastheR/t
ratiorisesabove25withreducedadvantagesovershellelements,bothintermsoftheaccuracyofthesolution
andthecomputationtime.
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LeiChen,J.MichaelRotterandCorneliaDoerich(SchoolofEngineering,TheUniversityofEdinburgh),
Bucklingofcylindricalshellswithstepwisevariablewallthicknessunderuniformexternalpressure,
EngineeringStructures,Vol.33,No.12,pp.35703578,December2011,DOI:10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.07.021
ABSTRACT:Cylindricalshellsofstepwisevariablewallthicknessarewidelyusedforcylindricalcontainment
structures,suchasverticalaxistanksandsilos.Thethicknessischangedbecausethestressresultantsaremuch
largeratlowerlevels.Theincreaseofinternalpressureandaxialcompressionintheshellisaddressedby
increasingthewallthickness.Eachshellisbuiltupfromanumberofindividualstrakesofconstantthickness.
Thethicknessofthewallincreasesprogressivelyfromtoptobottom.Whilstthebucklingbehaviourofa
uniformthicknesscylinderunderexternalpressureiswelldefined,thatofasteppedwallcylinderisdifficultto
determine.IntheEuropeanstandardEN199316(2007)andRecommendationsECCSEDR5(2008),stepped
wallcylindersundercircumferentialcompressionaretransformed,firstintoathreestagecylinderandthence
intoanequivalentuniformthicknesscylinder.Thistwostageprocessleadstoacomplicatedcalculationthat
dependsonachartthatrequiresinterpolationandisnoteasytouse,wherethemechanicsissomewhathidden,
whichcannotbeprogrammedintoaspreadsheetleadingtodifficultiesinthepracticaldesignofsilosandtanks.
Thispaperintroducesanew"weightedsmearedwallmethod",whichisproposedasasimplermethodtodeal
withsteppedwallcylindersofshortormediumlengthwithanythicknessvariation.Bucklingpredictionsare
madeforawiderangeofgeometriesofsilosandtanks(unanchoredandanchored)usingthenewhand
calculationmethodandcomparedbothwithaccuratepredictionsfromfiniteelementcalculationsusing
ABAQUSandwiththecurrentEurocoderules.Thecomparisonshowsthattheweightedsmearedwallmethod
providesacloseapproximationtotheexternalbucklingstrengthofsteppedwallcylindersforawiderangeof
shortandmediumlengthshells,iseasilyprogrammedintoaspreadsheetandisinformativetothedesigner.

FatihBazman,Monday,17August2009blog:
ShellBucklingCalculations
Thebucklingbehaviourofshellsisnotwidelyknownandsimpleproceduresforanalysisofbucklingofshells
areavaliableonlytoaverylimitedextentindesigncodes.AlthoughAWWAD100considersthebuckling
effectsinitself,API650doesn'tinvestigateanybucklingbehaviourofshellstructure.
Storagetankdesignersmustbeconsiderthebucklingbehaviourduetoselfweight,vacuumload,windloadand
seismicloadeffectsonshell.Atthepresenttime,severalpapersorstandardsareavailable:
*DetNorskeVeritas:DNVRPC202:BucklingStrengthofShells
*DIN1880Part4:StructuralSteelworkAnalysisofSafetyAgainstBucklingofShells

*ASMECodeCaseN284:MetalContainmentShellBucklingDesignMethods,MillerC.D.1991,
Inmyopinion,DIN1880Part4hasmorepracticalsolutionsinsteadofothers.
FuatTinis,tinis@gama.com.tr,,FatihBazman,fbazman@gama.com.tr,GAMAIndustrialPlants
Manufacturing&ErectionCorp.,06791,Ankara,Turkey.Stiffeningofthincylindricalsiloshellagainst
bucklingloads,12thInternationalConferenceonMachineDesignandProduction,September,2006,Kusadasi,
Turkey
GlennA.Hrinda,NASALangleyResearchCenter
EffectsofShellBucklingKnockdownFactorsinLargeCylindricalShells,AIAAPaper20121605,53rd
AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference;2326Apr.2012;
Honolulu,HI;UnitedStates
ABSTRACT:Shellbucklingknockdownfactors(SBKF)havebeenusedinlargecylindricalshellstructuresto
accountforuncertaintyinbucklingloads.Asthediameterofthecylinderincreases,achievingthe
manufacturingtolerancesbecomesincreasinglymoredifficult.Knockdownfactorsaccountformanufacturing
imperfectionsintheshellgeometrybydecreasingtheallowablebucklingloadofthecylinder.Inthispaper,
largediameter(33ft)cylindersareinvestigatedbyusingvariousSBKF's.Aninvestigationthatisbasedon
finiteelementanalysis(FEA)isusedtodevelopdesignsensitivityrelationships.Differentmanufacturing
imperfectionsaremodeledintoaperfectcylindertoinvestigatetheeffectsoftheseimperfectionsonbuckling.
Theanalysisresultsmaybeapplicabletolargediameterrockets,cylindricaltowerstructures,bulkstorage
tanks,andsilos.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

[1]Bruhn,E.F.,AnalysisandDesignofFlightVehicleStructures,Chapter8,S.R.Jacobs&Associates,PurdueUniversity,IN,1973.
[2]Calladine,C.R.,"UnderstandingImperfectionSensitivityintheBucklingofThinWalledShells,"ThinWalledStructures,Vol.
23,1995,pp.215235.
[3]Weingarten,V.I.,Seide,P.andPeterson,J.P.,"BucklingofThinWalledCircularCylinders,"NASASP8007,1968.
[4]Edlund,B.,"BucklingofMetallicShells:bucklingandPostbucklingBehaviorofIsotropicShells,EspeciallyCylinders,"
StructuralControlandHealthMonitoring,2007,Vol.14,pp693713.
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Vol.37,2002,pp.605621.
[6]Arbocz,J.,HolJ.,"CollapseofAxiallyCompressedCylindricalShellswithRandomImperfections,"ThinWalledStructures,Vol.
23,1995,pp.131158.
[7]Teng,J.G.andRotter,J.M.BucklingofThinMetalShells,SponPress,London,England,2004,p.64.

AnonymousfromtheARACompany,MountainView,CA;
BucklingAnalysisofShellStructures
Predictingthebucklingresponseofthinshellsinstructuralsimulationsisdifficultbecausemostmodelsdonot
includethephysicalcharacteristicsoftheproblemthatinitiateinstabilities.Forshellstructures,thecharacterof
thebucklingandloadlevelsthatleadtoinstabilityaregovernedbythenonuniformitiesorimperfectionsin
eitherthestructureorloading.Amethodologywasdevelopedtoaccuratelypredictthebucklingresponseofthe
thinshellstructuresbyincorporatingeitherthemeasuredimperfectionsinthestructureandloadingoraccurate
statisticalapproximationstotheimperfections.Thisanalysisapproachhasbeenappliedsuccessfullytoavariety
ofbucklingproblems.Oneapplicationistheanalysisofdynamicpulsebucklingofimpulsivelyloadedthin

cylindricalaluminumshells.Thecosinedistributedexternalimpulsiveloadsdrivetheshellinward,producing
compressivecircumferentialstressesandpulsebucklingontheloadedsideoftheshell.Thesebucklesproduce
strainconcentrationsthatgoverntheeventualfractureofthestructure.Thus,thebucklingresponseneedstobe
correctlymodeledtopredictfailure.Acrosssectionofadynamicallypulsebuckledthincylindricalshelland
thecalculatedresponseareshowninFigure1.Inthecalculation,weusedthemeasuredimperfectionsinthe
cylindershapetoinitiatethebuckling.Thebucklingresponsecanclearlybeseenontheloaded(front)sideof
thecylinderandisaccuratelyreproducedinthecalculation.Thesemodelingtechniqueshavealsobeenapplied
tootherstructuralapplications,includinganalysisofcrashenergymanagementstructuresforvehicles,static
axialcollapseofcylinders,anddynamicbucklingofthickshells.Oneexampleapplicationforthickshellsisthe
bucklingthatoccursinexplosivelyformedpenetrators(EFPs),asshowninFigure2.Understandingand
modelingtheprocessesthatleadtodynamicplasticbucklinginEFPlinersallowsthedesignertocontrolthe
bucklingprocesstogainenhancedaerostability.
References

*S.W.KirkpatrickandB.S.Holmes,"TheEffectofInitialImperfectionsonDynamicBucklingofShells,"ASCEJournalof
EngineeringMechanics,Vol.115,No.5,pp.10751093,May,1989.
*Florence,A.L.,Gefken,P.R.,andKirkpatrick,S.W.,"DynamicPlasticBucklingofCopperCylindricalShells,"InternationalJournal
ofSolidsandStructures,Vol.27,No.1,pp.89103,1991.

D.Larom,C.T.HerakovichandJ.Aboudi(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofVirginia,
Charlottesville,VA22903,U.S.A.),Dynamicresponseofpulseloadedlaminatedcompositecylinders,
InternationalJournalofImpactEngineering,Vol.11,No.2,1991,pp.233248,
doi:10.1016/0734743X(91)900095
ABSTRACT:Afinitedifferencesolutionispresentedforelasticwavepropagationinlaminatedcomposite
hollowtubesunderaxialplanestrain,subjectedtoaradiallysymmetricpressurepulseattheinnersurface.The
solutionisappliedtotwolayeredcrossplyandangleplyAS4/35016graphite/epoxycylinders,andto
homogeneousmonocliniccylinders.Theeffectsofpulsetimeduration,stackingsequence,plyangleand
stiffnessesontheresultingdisplacement,stresses(radial,hoop,axialandshear)anddynamicstress
concentrationfactorarestudied.
W.Gu(1),W.Tang(1)andT.Liu(2)
(1)DepartmentofNavalArchitectureandOceanEngineering,ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity,Shanghai
200030,China
(2)DepartmentofNavalArchitectureandOceanEngineering,HuazhongUniversityofScienceand
Technology,Wuhan430074,China
DynamicPulseBucklingofCylindricalShellsSubjectedtoExternalImpulsiveLoading,JournalofPressure
VesselTechnology,Vol.118,No.1,pp.3337,February1996,doi:10.1115/1.2842159
ABSTRACT:Thedynamicplasticbucklingofcylindricalshells(rings)subjectedtogeneralinitialimpulsive
velocityandsubjectedtoimpulsiveloadingisstudiedbasedontheenergycriterion.Asimpleanalysismethod
isgivenandtheformulasofcriticalmodenumbers,ncr,andcriticalimpulsivevelocity,vcr,areobtained.
G.W.Jones,S.J.Chapman,andD.J.Allwright,Axisymmetricbucklingofasphericalshellembeddedinan
elasticmediumunderuniaxialstressatinfinity,Preprintno.07/2008,OxMOS:NewFrontiersinthe

MathematicsofSolidsMathematicalInstituteUniversityofOxfordhttp://www2.maths.ox.ac.uk/oxmos/ June,
2008.
ABSTRACT:Theproblemofathinsphericallinearlyelasticshell,perfectlybondedtoaninfinitelinearly
elasticmediumisconsidered.Aconstantaxisymmetricstressfieldisappliedatinfinityinthematrix,andthe
displacementandstressfieldsintheshellandmatrixareevaluatedbymeansofharmonicpotentialfunctions.In
ordertoexaminethestabilityofthissolution,thebucklingproblemofashellwhichexperiencesthis
deformationisconsidered.UsingKoiter'snonlinearshallowshelltheory,restrictingbucklingpatternstothose
whichareaxisymmetric,andusingtheRayleighRitzmethodbyexpandingthebucklingpatternsinaninfinite
seriesofLegendrefunctions,aneigenvalueproblemforthecoefficientsintheinfiniteseriesisdetermined.This
systemistruncatedandsolvednumericallyinordertoanalysethebehaviouroftheshellasitundergoes
buckling,andtoidentifythecriticalbucklingstressintwocasesnamelywheretheshellishollowandthe
stressatinfinityiseitheruniaxialorradial.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

[1]G.W.Jones,StaticElasticPropertiesofCompositeMaterialsContainingMicrospheres(D.Phil.thesis,UniversityofOxford
2007).
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Anal.,37(2002)375383.
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pressure,J.StrainAnal.,36(2001)535544.
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245253.
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geometrybasedonLovesapproach,Q.JlMech.Appl.Math.,60(2007)139160.
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G.W.Jones,S.J.ChapmanandD.J.Allwright,AsymptoticAnalysisofaBucklingProblemforanEmbedded
SphericalShell,SIAMJ.Appl.Math.Vol.70,2009,pp.901922
ABSTRACT:Theaxisymmetricbucklingofasphericalshellembeddedinanelasticmediumwithuniaxial
compressionatinfinityisexaminedinthelimitofsmallshellthicknessratio.Anasymptoticmethodis
developedbyconsideringtheparadigmproblemofabeamattachedtoaWinklersubstrateofvariablestiffness,
whichinthesmallaspectratiolimitdisplaysthesamebehaviorastheshell.Theasymptoticmethodisthen
appliedtotheEulerLagrangeequationscorrespondingtoshellbuckling.Thesystemisanalyzedintwo
distinguishedlimits,displayinggoodagreementwiththefullnumericalresults.

M.Hilburger(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,USA,email:mark.w.hilburger@nasa.gov),
DevelopmentsinShellBucklingAnalysis,DesignandTesting
ABSTRACT:Highperformanceaerospaceshellstructuresareinherentlythinwalledbecauseofweightand
performanceconsiderationsandareoftensubjectedtodestabilizingloads.Thus,bucklingisanimportantand
oftencriticalconsiderationinthedesignofthesestructuresandreliable,validateddesigncriteriaforthinwalled
shellsareneeded,especiallyforshellsmadeofadvancedcompositematerials.Shellbucklingdesigncriteria
haveahistorysteepedinempiricism.Fromapproximately1930to1967,manyshellbucklingexperimentswere
conductedonmetallicshells.Typically,theexperimentsyieldedbucklingloadsthatweresubstantiallylower
thanthecorrespondinganalyticalpredictions,whichwerebasedonsimplifiedlinearbifurcationanalysesof
geometricallyperfectshellswithnominaldimensionsandidealizedsupportconditions.Theprimarysourceof
discrepancybetweencorrespondinganalyticalpredictionsandexperimentalresultsisattributedtosmall
deviationsfromtheidealizedgeometryofashell,knownasinitialgeometricimperfections.Empiricaldesign
factors,knownas"knockdown"factors,weredeterminedfromthesetestdataandweretobeusedin
conjunctionwithlinearbifurcationanalysesforsimplysupportedshellstoadjustor"knockdown"the
unconservativeanalyticalprediction.Thisapproachtoshelldesignremainsprominentinindustrypractice,as
evidencedbytheextensiveuseoftheNASAspacevehicledesignrecommendations.Recentadvancementsin
digitalcomputers,highfidelitystructuralanalysistoolsandtestingtechnologiesareenablingthedevelopment
ofanewshellbucklingdesignphilosophy,namely,analysisbasedknockdownfactors.Keyenabling
technologydevelopmentsandtheirimplementationinongoingNASAShellBucklingKnockdownFactor
developmentactivitiesarepresentedinthislecture.Inaddition,thedevelopmentofarefinedshellbuckling
preliminarydesigncriteriathatisbasedonhighfidelitynonlinearfiniteelementanalysesthatincludethe
effectsofamanufacturingprocessspecificgeometricimperfectionsignatureispresented.
(Noreferencesgiven.Thisisnotapaper,justanabstract.)

Harik,V.M.;Gates,T.S.;Nemeth,M.P.,ApplicabilityoftheContinuumshellTheoriestotheMechanicsof
CarbonNanotubes,InstituteForComputerApplicationsInScienceAndEngineeringHamptonVA,Accession
Number:ADA401873,Handle/proxyUrlhttp://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA401873.,April2002
ABSTRACT:Validityoftheassumptionsrelatingtheapplicabilityofcontinuumshelltheoriestotheglobal
mechanicalbehaviorofcarbonnanotubesisexamined.Thepresentstudyfocusesonprovidingabasisthatcan
beusedtoqualitativelyassesstheappropriatenessofcontinuumshellmodelsfornanotubes.Toaddressthe
effectofnanotubestructureontheirdeformation,allnanotubegeometriesaredividedintofourmajorclasses
thatrequiredistinctmodels.Criteriafortheapplicabilityofcontinuummodelsarepresented.Thekey
parametersthatcontrolthebucklingstrainsanddeformationmodesoftheseclassesofnanotubesare
determined.Inananalogywithcontinuummechanics,mechanicallawsofgeometricsimilitudearepresented.A
parametricmapisconstructedforavarietyofnanotubegeometriesasaguidefortheapplicabilityofdifferent
models.Thecontinuumassumptionsmadeinrepresentingananotubeasahomogeneousthinshellareanalyzed
toidentifypossiblelimitationsofapplyingshelltheoriesandusingtheirbifurcationbucklingequationsatthe
nanoscale.
C.Y.Wang,C.Q.RuandA.Mioduchowski(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,49Mechanical
EngineeringBldg.,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,Alberta.,CanadaT6G2G8),Axiallycompressed
bucklingofpressuredmultiwallcarbonnanotubes,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.40,
No.15,July2003,pp.38933911,doi:10.1016/S00207683(03)002130
ABSTRACT:Thispaperstudiesaxiallycompressedbucklingofanindividualmultiwallcarbonnanotube
subjectedtoaninternalorexternalradialpressure.Theemphasisisplacedonnewphysicalphenomenadueto
combinedaxialstressandradialpressure.Accordingtotheradiustothicknessratio,multiwallcarbon
nanotubesdiscussedhereareclassifiedintothreetypes:thin,thick,and(almost)solid.Thecriticalaxialstress
andthebucklingmodearecalculatedforvariousradialpressures,withdetailedcomparisontotheclassicresults
ofsinglelayerelasticshellsundercombinedloadings.Itisshownthatthebucklingmodeassociatedwiththe
minimumaxialstressisdetermineduniquelyformultiwallcarbonnanotubesundercombinedaxialstressand
radialpressure,whileitisnotuniqueunderpureaxialstress.Inparticular,athinNwallnanotube(definedby
theradiustothicknessratiolargerthan5)isshowntobeapproximatelyequivalenttoasinglelayerelasticshell
whoseeffectivebendingstiffnessandthicknessareNtimestheeffectivebendingstiffnessandthicknessof
singlewallcarbonnanotubes.Basedonthisresult,anapproximatemethodissuggestedtosubstituteamultiwall
nanotubeofmanylayersbyamultilayerelasticshelloffewerlayerswithacceptablerelativeerrors.Especially,
thepresentresultsshowthatthepredictedincreaseofthecriticalaxialstressduetoaninternalradialpressure
appearstobeinqualitativeagreementwithsomeknownresultsforfilledsinglewallcarbonnanotubesobtained
bymoleculardynamicssimulations.
C.Y.Wang,C.Q.Ru,andA.Mioduchowski(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofAlberta,
EdmontonT6G2G8,Canada),ApplicabilityandLimitationsofSimplifiedElasticShellEquationsforCarbon
Nanotubes,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.71,No.5,September2004,pp.622631,doi:10.1115/1.1778415
ABSTRACT:Thispaperexaminesapplicabilityandlimitationsofsimplifiedmodelsofelasticcylindricalshells
forcarbonnanotubes.ThesimplifiedmodelsexaminedhereincludeDonnellequationsandsimplifiedFlugge
equationscharacterizedbyanuncoupledsingleequationforradialdeflection.Thesesimplifiedelasticshell
equationsareusedtostudystaticbucklingandfreevibrationofcarbonnanotubes,withdetailedcomparisonto

exactFluggeequationsofcylindricalshells.Itisshownthatallthreeelasticshellmodelsareinexcellent
agreement(withrelativeerrorslessthan5%)withrecentmoleculardynamicssimulationsforradialbreathing
vibrationmodesofcarbonnanotubes,whilereasonableagreementsforvariousbucklingproblemshavebeen
reportedpreviouslyforDonnellequations.Forgeneralcasesofbucklingandvibration,theresultsshowthatthe
simplifiedFluggemodel,whichretainsmathematicalsimplicityofDonnellmodel,isconsistentlyinbetter
agreementwithexactFluggeequationsthanDonnellmodel,andhasasignificantlyenlargedrangeof
applicabilityforcarbonnanotubes.Inparticular,thesimplifiedFluggemodelisapplicableforcarbonnanotubes
(withrelativeerrorsaround10%orless)inalmostallcasesofphysicalinterest,includingsomeimportantcases
inwhichDonnellmodelresultsinmuchlargererrors.Theseresultsaresignificantforfurtherapplicationof
elasticshellmodelstocarbonnanotubesbecausesimplifiedshellmodels,characterizedbyasingleuncoupled
equationforradialdeflection,areparticularlyusefulformultiwallcarbonnanotubesoflargenumberoflayers.
J.G.Simmonds(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofVirginia,Charlottesville,VA22904),
Discussion:"ApplicabilityandLimitationsofSimplifiedElasticShellEquationsforCarbonNanotubes"
(Wang,C.Y.,Ru,C.Q.,andMioduchowski,A.,2004,ASMEJ.Appl.Mech.,71,pp.622631),J.Appl.
Mech.,Vol.72,No.6,November2005,981(1pages)doi:10.1115/1.2040451
C.Y.WangandA.Mioduchowski(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton
T6G2G8,Canada),Theeffectofdimensionalfactorsonbucklingofmultiwallcarbonnanotubes,Journalof
AppliedPhysics,Vol.101,No.1,June2009,pp.01430601430612,doi:10.1063/1.2403865
ABSTRACT:Basedonamultipleshellmodel,acomprehensiveinvestigationhasbeenperformedontheeffect
ofthreedimensionalfactors,i.e.,aspectratio,theinnermostradius,andthenumberoflayers,onbuckling
behaviorofmultiwallcarbonnanotubes(MWCNTs)underaxialcompressionorradialpressure.Incontrastto
previousshellmodels,whichusethesingleDonnellequation[Wangetal,ASMEJ.Appl.Mech.71,622
(2004)]andthusareonlyadequateforbucklingofMWCNTsofrelativelysmallaspectratio(e.g.,notlarger
than10),thepresentshellmodelbasedonthesimplifiedFluggeequation[Wangetal,ASMEJ.Appl.Mech.71,
622(2004)]allowsforthestudyofbucklingbehaviorofMWCNTswithoutanylimitationontheiraspectratios.
Inaddition,thepressuredependenceoftheinterlayervanderWaalsinteractioncoefficient(definedasthe
secondderivativeoftheinterlayerpotentialenergyinterlayerspacingrelation)hasbeenconsideredfor
pressureinducedbucklingofMWCNTs.TherelevanceofthepresentshellmodelforbucklingofMWCNTs
hasbeenconfirmedbythegoodagreementbetweenthepresentshellmodelandavailablediscretemodelsor
experiments.Here,distinctbucklingbehaviorsunderaxialcompressionorradialpressureareidentifiedforlong
andshortMWCNTs,separatedbyacertaincriticalvalueofaspectratio.Ontheotherhand,whilethecritical
bucklingloadusuallychangesmonotonicallywiththeinnermostradiusanoptimumvalueofthenumberof
layersassociatedwiththemaximumcriticalbucklingpressureisobtainedforMWCNTsunderradialpressure.
Inparticular,thepresentshellmodelshowsthatthethreedimensionalfactorseffectingbucklingofMWCNTs
aregenerallyinteractingwith,ratherthanbeingindependentof,oneanother.
Waters,J.F.;Riester,Laura;Jouzi,M.;Guduru,P.R.;Xu,JimmyM.(DivisionofEngineering,Brown
University,Providence,RhodeIsland02912),Bucklinginstabilitiesinmultiwalledcarbonnanotubesunder
uniaxialcompression,AppliedPhysicsLetters,Vol.85,No.10,pp.17871789,September2004,DOI:
10.1063/1.1790602

ABSTRACT:Wereportexperimentalobservationsofshellbucklinginstabilitiesinfreestanding,vertically
alignedmultiwalledcarbonnanotubessubjectedtouniaxialcompression.Highlyorderedanduniformarraysof
carbonnanotubesembeddedinanaluminamatrixwerefabricatedandsubjectedtouniaxialcompressionusing
ananoindenter.Thebucklingloadwasfoundtobeontheorderof2_Nfornanotubeswith25nmouterradius,
13nminnerradius,andheightsof50and100nm.Goodagreementwasfoundbetweentheexperimental
observationsandthepredictionsoflinearelasticshellbucklingtheory.
Waters,J.F.,Guduru,P.R.,Jouzi,M.,Xu,J.M.,Hanlon,T.andSuresh,S.(DivisionofEngineering,Brown
University,Providence,RhodeIsland02912),Shellbucklingofindividualmultiwalledcarbonnanotubesusing
nanoindentation,AppliedPhysicsLetters,Vol.87,No.10,September2005,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2012530
ABSTRACT:Althoughthemechanicalbehaviorofcarbonnanotubeshasbeenstudiedextensivelyinrecent
years,veryfewexperimentalresultsexistontheshellbucklingofnanotubes,despiteitsfundamental
importanceinnanotubemechanicsandapplications.Herewereportanexperimentaltechniqueinwhich
individualmultiwalledcarbonnanotubeswereaxiallycompressedusingananoindenterandthecriticalshell
bucklingloadwasmeasured.Theresultsarecomparedwithpredictionsofexistingcontinuumtheories,which
modelmultiwalledcarbonnanotubesasacollectionofsinglewalledshells,interactingthroughvanderWaals
forces.Thetheoreticalmodelssignificantlyunderpredicttheexperimentalbucklingload.
JFWaters,PRGuduru,JMXu,NanotubemechanicsRecentprogressinshellbucklingmechanicsand
quantumelectromechanicalcoupling,CompositesScienceandTechnology66(2006)
Akita,Seiji,Nishio,MitsumasaandNakayama,Yoshikazu(Dept.ofPhysics&Electroics,OsakaPrefecture
University,Sakai,Japan),Bucklingofcarbonnanotubesunderaxialcompression,InternationalConference
onMicroprocessesandNanotechnology,2528October2005,pp.7475,DOI:10.1109/IMNC.2005.203744
ABSTRACT:Wehaveinvestigatedtheaxialbucklingofamultiwallnanotubebychangingitsnumberof
layers.Young'smoduliofnanotubeswithdifferentinnerhollowdiametersareestimatedtobe0.77TPaand
0.80TPafromtheEuler'sbucklingmodel,respectively.ThisgoodagreementimpliesthattheEuler'sbuckling
modelisapplicabletotheanalysisoftheaxialbucklingbehaviorsofthenanotubes.TheMDsimulationsforthe
bucklingbehaviorsofthetripleandthedoublewallednanotubesarealsoconsistentwiththecontinuum
analysis.Consequently,themultishellscomposingmultiwallnanotubescanbetreatedasasingleshellwitha
thicknessforwholeshells.
Referencesattheendofthepaper:
1.M.Nishio,S.AkitaandY.Nakayama:ThinSolidFilms46465(2004)304.
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C.R.Li(1),W.J.Dong(1),L.Gao(2),andZ.X.Cao(2)
(1)FacultyofScienceandKeyLaboratoryofAdvancedTextileMaterials&ManufacturingTechnology,
ZhejiangSciTechUniversity,Hangzhou310018,PeoplesRepublicofChina

(2)BeijingNationalLaboratoryforCondensedMatters,InstituteofPhysics,ChineseAcademyofSciences,
Beijing100190,PeoplesRepublicofChina
Stressedtriangularlatticesonmicrosizedsphericalsurfacesandtheirdefectmanagement,Appl.Phys.Lett.
Vol.93,034108(2008);doi:10.1063/1.2959822
ABSTRACT:Triangularlatticeswereassembledonsphericalsurfacesandcapsviathermalstressengineering
oncore/shellmicrostructures.Thelatticesonacompletesphericalsurface,whenthetotalnumberissmall,
containuniquelyfivefolddisclinations,whereasscarsconsistingofpentamerheptamerchainsemergedwhen
moreverticesareavailable(>360).Disclinationfreepatternwereobtainedoncaps,revealingthedefect
managementstrategyinnature.Alltheexperimentalobservationscanbeexplainedbynumericalstudiesto
Thomsonsproblem[J.J.Thomson,Philos.Mag.7,237(1904)].Theseresultscanhelpunderstandthevarious
patternsassembledoncurvedsurfaces,andbeofessentialimportancefortheenmassefabricationof
nanostructuresonpliablesubstrates.
AbuSalih,Samy;Moussa,WaliedA.,ElectromechanicalBucklingandPostbucklingofMicroCylindrical
Shells,JournalofComputationalandTheoreticalNanoscience,Vol.5,No.10,October2008,pp.2045
2053(9),doi:10.1166/jctn.2008.1012
ABSTRACT:Inthisworktheelectromechanicalbucklingandpostbucklingresponsesofacircularcylindrical
shallowshellareanalyzed.Thecylindricalshellissubjectedtoaradialaxisymmetricelectrostaticfieldthatis
generatedbysettingvoltagedifferencebetweenanexteriorelasticthinshallowcylinderandaninnerinfinitely
stiffsolidcylinder.Thenonlinearprebucklingstateofthecylinderisconsideredinordertoincreasethe
accuracyoftheanalysis.Theprebuckling,bucklingandpostbucklingstatesaresolvedbyimplementingthe
perturbationasymptoticapproach.Thecriticalelectromechanicalbucklingvoltageandthestabilityofthe
postbucklingstatesaresolvedforawiderangevalueofthegeometricalparametersoftheelasticshell,suchas
radiusthicknessratio,theradiuslengthratioandtheratiobetweentheradiusoftheinteriorstiffcylinderand
theexteriorcylindricalshell.Thenumericalresultsshowthattheinitialelectromechanicalpostbucklingofthe
shellisunstableforalltheconsideredrangeofparameters.

MarkusJ.Buehler,YongKong,andHuajianGao(MaxPlanckInstituteforMetalsResearch,Heisenbergstr.3,
70569Stuttgart,Germany),DeformationMechanismsofVeryLongSingleWallCarbonNanotubesSubjectto
CompressiveLoading,ASMEJ.Eng.Mater.Technol.,Vol.126,No.3,July2004,pp.245249,
doi:10.1115/1.1751181
ABSTRACT:Author(s):
MarkusJ.Buehler,YongKong,andHuajianGao
MaxPlanckInstituteforMetalsResearch,Heisenbergstr.3,70569Stuttgart,Germany
Wereportatomisticstudiesofsinglewallcarbonnanotubeswithverylargeaspectratiossubjecttocompressive
loading.Theselongtubesdisplaysignificantlydifferentmechanicalbehaviorthantubeswithsmalleraspect
ratios.Wedistinguishthreedifferentclassesofmechanicalresponsetocompressiveloading.Whilethe
deformationmechanismischaracterizedbybucklingofthinshellsinnanotubeswithsmallaspectratios,itis
replacedbyarodlikebucklingmodeaboveacriticalaspectratio,analogoustotheEulertheoryincontinuum
mechanics.Forverylargeaspectratios,ananotubeisfoundtobehavelikeaflexiblemacromoleculewhich
tendstofoldduetovdWinteractionsbetweendifferentpartsofthecarbonnanotube.Thissuggestsashellrod

wiretransitionofthemechanicalbehaviorofcarbonnanotubeswithincreasingaspectratios.Whilecontinuum
mechanicsconceptscanbeusedtodescribethefirsttwotypesofdeformation,statisticalmethodswillbe
necessarytodescribethedynamicsofwirelikelongtubes.
DahlYoungKhang(1,4),JianliangXiao(2),CoskunKocabas(3,4),ScottMacLaren(4),TonyBanks(4),
HanqingJiang(5),YonggangY.Huang(6),andJohnA.Rogers(1,2,4)
(1)DepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineeringandBeckmanInstitute,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbana
Champaign,Urbana,Illinois61801
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalScienceandEngineering,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbanaChampaign,Urbana,
Illinois61801
(3)DepartmentofPhysics,BeckmanInstitute,FrederickSeitzMaterialsResearchLaboratory,Universityof
IllinoisatUrbanaChampaign,Urbana,Illinois61801
(4)FrederickSeitzMaterialsResearchLaboratory,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbanaChampaign,Urbana,Illinois
61801
(5)DepartmentofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineering,ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,Arizona85287
(6)DepartmentsofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineeringandMechanicalEngineering,Northwestern
University,Evanston,Illinois60208
MolecularScaleBucklingMechanicsinIndividualAlignedSingleWallCarbonNanotubesonElastomeric
Substrates,NanoLett.,2008,8(1),pp124130,doi:10.1021/nl072203s
ABSTRACT:Wehavestudiedthescalingofcontrollednonlinearbucklingprocessesinmaterialswith
dimensionsinthemolecularrange(i.e.,about1nm)throughexperimentalandtheoreticalstudiesofbucklingin
individualsinglewallcarbonnanotubesonsubstratesofpoly(dimethylsiloxane).Theresultsshownotonlythe
abilitytocreateandmanipulatepatternsofbucklingatthesemolecularscales,butalso,thatanalytical
continuummechanicstheorycanexplain,quantitatively,allmeasurableaspectsofthissystem.Inverse
calculationappliedtomeasurementsofdiameterdependentbucklingwavelengthsyieldsaccuratevaluesofthe
Young'smoduliofindividualSWNTs.Asanexampleofthevalueofthissystembeyonditsuseinthistypeof
molecularscalemetrology,weimplementparallelarraysofbuckledSWNTsasaclassofmechanically
stretchableconductor.
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W.B.Lu(1),J.Wu(1),X.Feng(1),K.C.Hwang(1)andY.Huang(2)
(1)DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,AML,TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing10084,China
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineeringandDepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,
NorthwesternUniversity,Evanston,IL60208
BucklingAnalysesofDoubleWallCarbonNanotubes:AShellTheoryBasedontheInteratomicPotential,J.
Appl.Mech.,Vol.77,No.6,November2010,061016(6pages),doi:10.1115/1.4001286
ABSTRACT:Basedonthefinitedeformationshelltheoryforcarbonnanotubesestablishedfromthe
interatomicpotentialandthecontinuummodelforvanderWaals(vdW)interactions,wehavestudiedthe
bucklingofdoublewalledcarbonnanotubessubjectedtocompressionortorsion.Priortobuckling,thevdW

interactionshaveessentiallynoeffectonthedeformationofthedoublewalledcarbonnanotube.Thecritical
bucklingstrainofthedoublewallcarbonnanotubesisalwaysbetweenthosefortheinnerwallandfortheouter
wall,whichmeansthatthevdWinteractiondeceleratesbucklingofonewallattheexpensesofacceleratingthe
buckleoftheotherwall.

V.Chiroiu,LMunteanu.EvaluationoftheToupinMindlintheoryforpredictingthesizeeffectsinthe
bucklingofthecarbonnanotubes,Computers,Materials,&2010(techscience.com),TechSciencePress
CMC,vol.16,No.1,2010,pp.75100(pdffilenotavailable,noabstract,possiblyincompleteauthorcitation)
Z.Q.Cheng(1)AndR.C.Batra(2)
(1)DepartmentofModernMechanics,UniversityofScienceandTechnologyofChina,Hefei,Anhui,230026,
People'sRepublicofChina
(2)DepartmentofEngineeringScienceandMechanics,MailCode0219,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteand
StateUniversity,Blacksburg,VA,24061,U.S.A.
ExactCorrespondenceBetweenEigenvaluesOfMembranesAndFunctionallyGradedSimplySupported
PolygonalPlates,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.229,No.4,January2000,pp.879895,
doi:10.1006/jsvi.1999.2525
ABSTRACT:WeuseReddy'sthirdorderplatetheorytostudybucklingandsteadystatevibrationsofasimply
supportedfunctionallygradientisotropicpolygonalplaterestingonaWinklerPasternakelasticfoundationand
subjectedtouniforminplanehydrostaticloads.Young'smodulusandthePoissonratioforthematerialofthe
plateareassumedtovaryonlyinthethicknessdirection.Effectsofrotaryinertiaareconsidered.Theproblem
ofdeterminingthecriticalbucklingloadorthevibrationfrequencyoftheplateisfoundtobeanalogoustothat
ofascertainingthefrequencyofamembraneclampedattheedgesandwhoseshapecoincideswiththatofthe
plate.Thecriticalbucklingloadandthevibrationfrequencyareshowntobepositive.Someavailableresultsfor
platessymmetricaboutthemidplanecanberetrievedfromthepresentanalysis.
A.SearsandR.C.Batra(DepartmentofEngineeringScienceandMechanics,MC0219VirginiaPolytechnic
InstituteandStateUniversity,Blacksburg,Virginia24061,USA),Macroscopicpropertiesofcarbonnanotubes
frommolecularmechanicssimulations,Phys.Rev.B,Vol.69,235406(2004)[10pages],
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.69.235406
ABSTRACT:Resultsofmolecularmechanicssimulationsofaxialandtorsionaldeformationsofasinglewall
carbonnanotubeareusedtofindYoungsmodulus,theshearmodulus,andthewallthicknessofanequivalent
continuumtubemadeofalinearelasticisotropicmaterial.Thesevaluesareusedtocomparetheresponseofthe
continuumtubeinbendingandbucklingwiththatobtainedfromthemolecularmechanicssimulations.Itis
foundthatthestrainenergyofbendingdeformationcomputedfromtheEulerBernoullibeamtheorymatches
wellwiththatobtainedfromthemolecularmechanicssimulations.Themolecularmechanicspredictionsofthe
criticalstrainsforaxialbucklingandshellwallbucklingdonotmatchwellwiththosederivedfromtheEuler
bucklingformulaandtheDonnellshelltheory.
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Z.G.Wei(1and2),J.L.Yu(1)andR.C.Batra(2)
(1)CASKeyLaboratoryofMechanicalBehaviorandDesignofMaterials,UniversityofScienceand
TechnologyofChina,Hefei230027,Anhui,PRChina
(2)DepartmentofEngineeringScienceandMechanics,MC0219,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandState
University,Blacksburg,VA24061,USA
Dynamicbucklingofthincylindricalshellsunderaxialimpact,InternationalJournalofImpactEngineering,
Vol.32,Nos.14,December2005,pp.575592,SpecialIssue:FifthInternationalSymposiumonImpact
Engineering,doi:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2005.07.008
ABSTRACT:Thedynamicbucklingofthinisotropicthermoviscoplasticcylindricalshellscompressedwitha
uniformaxialvelocityprescribedattheendfacesisinvestigatedanalyticallyandnumerically.Inthefirstpartof
thepaper,thestressed/deformedstateofashellisassumedtohavebuckledifinfinitesimalperturbations
superimposeduponitgrow.Cubicalgebraicequationsarederivedforboththeinitialgrowthrateofthe
perturbationanditswavenumber.Thewavenumbercorrespondingtothemaximuminitialgrowthrateofa
perturbationintroducedatanaxialstrainof0.1istakentodeterminethebucklingmode.Thecomputed
bucklingmodesarefoundtomatchwellwiththoselistedintheavailableexperimentaldata.A
thermoviscoplasticconstitutiverelationisusedtodelineatetheinfluenceofmaterialparametersonthebuckling
behavior.Inthesecondpartofthepaper,thefiniteelementmethodisusedtoanalyzethecollapseofan
imperfectcircularcylindricaltubewithaxialvelocityprescribedatoneofitsflatendfaceswiththeotherend

facekeptfixed.Theinfluenceofinitialrandomlylocatedimperfectionsonthebucklingbehaviorisinvestigated
anddiscussed.
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A.SearsandR.C.Batra(DepartmentofEngineeringScienceandMechanics,M/C0219,VirginiaPolytechnic
InstituteandStateUniversity,Blacksburg,Virginia24061,USA),Bucklingofmultiwalledcarbonnanotubes
underaxialcompression,Phys.Rev.B,Vol.73,085410(2006)[11pages],doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.73.085410

ABSTRACT:Bucklingofsinglewalledandmultiwalledcarbonnanotubes(SWNTsandMWNTs,
respectively)duetoaxialcompressiveloadshasbeenstudiedbymolecularmechanicssimulations,andresults
comparedwiththosefromtheanalysisofequivalentcontinuumstructuresusingEulerbucklingtheoryandthe
finiteelementmethod.ItisfoundthataMWNToflargeaspectratio(length/diameter)bucklesasacolumnwith
axialstrainatbucklinggivenreasonablywellbytheEulerbucklingtheoryappliedtotheequivalentcontinuum
structure.However,aMWNToflowaspectratiobucklesinshellwallbucklingmodewiththeaxialstrainat
bucklingcorrespondingtothehighestaxialstrainatbucklingofoneofitsconstituentSWNTs.Afiniteelement
modelhasbeendevelopedthatsimulatesvanderWaalsforcesbytrusselementsconnectingnodesonadjacent
wallsofaMWNT;theaxialstrainatbucklingfromitisclosetothatobtainedfromtheMMsimulationsbutthe
twosetsofmodeshapesaredifferent.
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ShiRongLi(1),andR.C.Batra(2)

(1)DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,LanzhouUniversityofTechnology,Lanzhou730050,PRChina
(2)DepartmentofEngineeringScienceandMechanics,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,
Blacksburg,VA24061,USA
Bucklingofaxiallycompressedthincylindricalshellswithfunctionallygradedmiddlelayer,ThinWalled
Structures,Vol.44,No.10,October2006,pp.10391047,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2006.10.006
ABSTRACT:Bucklingofasimplysupportedthreelayercircularcylindricalshellunderaxialcompressiveload
isstudied.Theinnerandouterlayersoftheshellarecomprisedofthesamehomogeneousandisotropic
material,andthemiddlelayerismadeofanisotropicfunctionallygraded(FG)materialwhoseYoung's
modulusvarieseitheraffinelyorparabolicallyinthethicknessdirectionfromitsvalueforthematerialofthe
innerlayertothatoftheouterlayer.Thesolutionisexpressedintermsoftrigonometricfunctionsthat
identicallysatisfydisplacementtypeboundaryconditionsattheedges.Bucklingloadsfordifferentvaluesofthe
geometricparametersandthevariationinmaterialparametersofthemiddlelayerarecomputed.Numerical
resultsshowthatbucklingmodesaresymmetricinthecircumferentialcoordinate,andthebucklingload
decreaseswithanincreaseintheradiustothicknessratio,andincreaseswithanincreaseintheaveragevalueof
Young'smodulusofthemiddlelayer.Theincreaseinthelengthtoradiusratiohasnoeffectonthebuckling
load,anditincreasestheaxialwavenumberofthebuckledshapes.
Z.G.Wei,R.C.Batra,DepartmentofEngineeringScienceandMechanics,MC0219,VirginiaPolytechnic
InstituteandStateUniversity,Blacksburg,VA24061,USA,Dynamicbucklingofthinthermoviscoplastic
cylindricalshellunderradialimpulsiveloading,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.44(2006)pp.11091117.
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ShiRongLi(1)andRomeshC.Batra(2)
(1)SchoolofCivilScienceandEngineering,YangzhouUniversity,Yangzhou225127,China
(2)DepartmentofEngineeringScienceandMechanics,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,
Blacksburg,VA24061,USA
RelationsbetweenbucklingloadsoffunctionallygradedTimoshenkoandhomogeneousEulerBernoulli
beams,CompositeStructures,Vol.95,pp.59,2013
DOI:10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.07.027
ABSTRACT:Analyticalrelationsbetweenthecriticalbucklingloadofafunctionallygradedmaterial(FGM)
TimoshenkobeamandthatofthecorrespondinghomogeneousEulerBernoullibeamsubjectedtoaxialcom
pressiveloadhavebeenderivedforclampedclamped(CC),simplysupportedsimplysupported(SS)and
clampedfree(CF)edges.However,nosuchrelationisfoundforclampedsimplysupported(CS)beams.For
CSbeams,thetranscendentalequationhasbeenderivedtofindthecriticalbucklingloadfortheFGM
TimoshenkobeamwhichissimilartothatforahomogeneousEulerBernoullibeam.FortheFGMbeams
Youngsmodulus,E,andPoissonsratio,m,areassumedtovarythroughthethickness.Thesignificanceofthis
workisthatfortheCC,SSandCFFGMTimoshenkobeams,thecriticalbucklingloadcanbeeasilyfound
fromthatofthecorrespondinghomogeneousEulerBernoullibeamandtwoconstantswhosevaluesdepend
uponthethroughthethicknessvariationsofEandm.FortheCSFGMTimoshenkobeamthetranscendental
equationforthedeterminationofthecriticalbucklingloadissimilartothatforthecorresponding
homogeneousEulerBernoullibeam.
W.WojewdzkiandP.Lewinski(InstytutMechanikiKonstrukcjiInzynierskich,PolitechnikaWarszawska,
Warsaw,Poland),Viscoplasticaxisymmetricalbucklingofsphericalshellimpulsesubjectedtoradial
pressure,EngineeringStructures,Vol.3,No.3,July1981,pp.168174,doi:10.1016/01410296(81)900250
ABSTRACT:Thesolutionofviscoplasticaxisymmetricalbucklingofacompletethinsphericalshellsubjected
toradialpressureimpulseispresented.Analytically,theproblemisformulatedasasuperpositionofsmall
perturbationsonthebasicunperturbedmotion.Theamplitudesofperturbedmotionarerestrictedtobesosmall
thatthehomogeneouscompressivedeformationpredominatesoverthelocalbending.Thisconditionallowsthe
constitutiveequationstobelinearizedbytheexpansionintoTaylor'sseriesinthevicinityofunperturbed
motion.Asaresult,asetoftwolinearpartialdifferentialequationsofthefifthorderisobtainedfordescribing
theperturbedmotionoftheshell.Thefunctionalcoefficientsoftheseequationsaredeterminedbythesolution
fortheunperturbedmotion.ThegoverningsetofequationsissolvedusingtheseriesofLegendre'sfunctions.
Asaresult,forthetimedependentamplitudesintheseries,thesetoftwoordinaryequationswithvariable
coefficientsisarrivedat.Itturnsoutthatcertainharmonicsgrowveryrapidlyandcausetheshelltoexhibita
characteristicwrinkledshapewhichischaracterizedbyacriticalmodenumber.Thispropertyoftheamplitudes
isusedtodeterminethethresholdimpulsethatashellcantoleratewithoutexcessivedeformation.Theinfluence
ofthemeridionaldisplacementonthemagnitudeofradialdisplacement,bucklingmodeandcriticalimpulseis
investigated.Also,theinfluenceoftheviscosityandtheinitialimperfectionsofthegeometryandloadingis
shown.Thenumericalresultsforasteelshellarepresenteddiagrammatically.

R.BukowskiandW.Wojewdzki(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,TechnicalUniversityofWarsaw,00637,
Warsaw,Poland),Dynamicbucklingofviscoplasticsphericalshell,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,Vol.20,No.8,1984,pp.761776,doi:10.1016/00207683(84)900647
ABSTRACT:Thesolutionofviscoplasticbucklingofacompletethinsphericalshellsubjectedtoimpulse
pressureisgiven.Thenonlinearflowlawisassumedandtheinfluenceofelevatedtemperatureonthe
magnitudeofdisplacements,bucklingmodeandthresholdimpulseisdiscussed.Thespecialcasesofbucking
modesarealsoconsidered.Thenumericalresultsarepresenteddiagrammaticallyforasteelshellloadedbya
radialimpulse.
S.R.Bodner,M.NavehandA.M.Merzer(FacultyofMechanicalEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteof
Technology,Haifa32000,Israel),Deformationandbucklingofaxisymmetricviscoplasticshellsunder
thermomechanicalloading,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.27,No.15,1991,pp.1915
1924,doi:10.1016/00207683(91)90185I
ABSTRACT:Viscoplasticmaterialbehaviorcouldinfluencetheinelasticcollapseandbucklingloadsofshell
structuresduetothestrainratedependenceoftheflowstressandthroughprebucklingcreepdeformationsand
inelasticunloading.Anexaminationoftheseeffectsisperformedbyincorporatingtheunifiedelastic
viscoplaslicconstitutiveequationsofBodnerPartonintotheBOSOR5computerprogramofBushnellforthe
deformationandbucklingofaxisymmetricshellssubjectedtobothpressureandthermalloadings.The
combinedcomputerprogramenablesconsiderationofbothtimedependentgeometricalandmaterialeffectson
theprebuckledstateandtheinstabilitycondition.Inparticular,theprocedureenablesthedeterminationofa
bifurcationtypelowerboundonthebucklingloadAfewnumericalexerciseswereperformedtoillustratethe
variouseffects,includingthatoftemperaturedependenceoftheviscoplasticproperties.
M.B.RubinandS.R.Bodner(FacultyofMechanicalEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,
32000,Haifa,Israel),Anincrementalelasticviscoplastictheoryindicatingareducedmodulusfornon
proportionalbuckling,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.32,No.20,October1995,pp.2967
2987,doi:10.1016/00207683(94)00302D
ABSTRACT:ThesmalldeformationelasticviscoplasticconstitutiveequationsofBodnerPartomaremodified
tomodelstrongnonproportionalloadingpathssuchasexperiencedincornerturningtestsandcertaincasesof
inelasticbuckling.Anessentialgeneralizationismadetotheflowrule,causingthemagnitudeanddirectionof
plasticstrainratetobecomeanexplicitfunctionofdeviatorictotalstrainrateaswellasofstressandhardening
variables.Withthisandothermodifications,theequationsindicatesomeoftheimportantcharacteristicsofthe
responsetoabruptchangesintheloadingdirection.Theseare:(a)areducedeffectiveshearmodulus;(b)a
transientdropintheeffectivestress;and(c)atransientnoncoaxialityoftheplasticstrainraterelativetothe
deviatoricstress.Predictionsofthemodifiedtheorycomparereasonablywellwithexperimentalvaluesfor
inelastictorsionalbucklingofaxiallycompressedcruciformcolumnsandforcornerturningtests.
WangCong,EngineeringScienceProgramme,NationalUniversityofSingaporeKentRidge,Singapore119260
ModelingandAnalysisofCarbonNanotubeBucklingUsingThickShellTheory(nopublishergiven).
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
Belytschko,T.,Schatz,G.andRuoff,R.(2002).Atomisticsimulationsofcarbonnanotubefracture,Phys.Rev.B,65Art.2354308.
Brenner,D.W.,Shenderova,O.A.,Harrison,J.A.,Stuart,S.J.,Ni,B.andSinnott,S.B.(2002).Asecondgenerationreactiveemperical

bondorder(REBO)potentialenergyexpressionforhydrocarbons,J.Phys.:Condens.Matter,14(4),783802.
Buehler,M.J.,Kong,Y.andGao,H.J.(2004).Deformationmechanismsofverylongsinglewallcarbonnanotubessubjectto
compressiveloading,J.Engng.Mater.Technol.,126(3),245249.
Donnell,L.H.(1976).Beams,PlatesandShells,McGrawHillBookCompany,NewYork,USA.
Reddy,J.N.(2003).MechanicsofLaminatedCompositePlatesandShells:TheoryandAnalysis,2ndEdition,CRCPressLLC,Boca
Raton,Florida,USA.
Sanders,J.L.(1963).Nonlineartheoriesofthinshells,Quart.J.Appl.Math.,21,2136.
Silvestre,N.,Wang,C.M.,Zhang,Y.Y.andXiang,Y.(2011).Sandersshellmodelforbucklingofsinglewalledcarbonnanotubes
withsmalllengthtodiameterratios,J.Mech.Phys.Solids,submittedforreview.
Srivastava,D.,Menon,M.andCho,K.(1999).Nanoplasticityofsinglewallcarbonnanotubesunderuniaxialcompression,Phys.
Rev.Letters,83(15),29732976.
Wang,C.M.,Tay,Z.Y.,Chowdhury,A.N.R.,Duan,W.H.,Zhang,Y.Y.Silvestre,N.(2011).Examinationofcylindricalshelltheories
forbucklingofcarbonnanotubes,InternationalJournalofStructuralStabilityandDynamics,11(5).
Wang,C.Y.,Zhang,Y.Y.,Wang,C.M.,andTan,V.B.C.(2007).Bucklingofcarbonnanotubes:Aliteraturesurvey,J.
Nanosci.Nanotechnol.,7(12),42214247.
Yakobson,B.I.,Bracbec,C.J.andBernholc,J.(1996).Nanomechanicsofcarbontubes:Instabilitiesbeyondlinearresponse,Physical
ReviewLetters,76(14),25112514.
Zhang,C.L.andShen,H.S.(2006).Bucklingandpostbucklinganalysisofsinglewalledcarbonnanotubesinthermalenvironments
viamoleculardynamicssimulation,Carbon,44(13),26082616.
Zhang,Y.Y.,Wang,C.M.,Duan,W.H.,XiangY.andZong,Z.(2009).Assessmentofcontinuummechanicsmodelsinpredicting
bucklingstrainsofsinglewalledcarbonnanotubes,Nanotechnol.,20,Art.No.395707.

ChunLiandWanlinGuo(InstituteofNanoscience,NanjingUniversityofAeronauticsandAstronautics,29
YudaoStreet,Nanjing,210016,China),ContinuumMechanicsSimulationofPostbucklingofSingleWalled
Nanotubes,InternationalJournalofNonlinearSciencesandNumericalSimulation,Vol.4,No.4,pp.387394,
doi:10.1515/IJNSNS.2003.4.4.387
ABSTRACT:Largedeformationbehaviorandpostbucklingmodesofsinglewalledcarbonnanotubesare
studiednumericallybyusingtraditionalcontinuumshelltheoryandeigenvaluebucklingmethodologywith
elasticityparametersobtainedbyatomisticmethodsincorporated.Comparisonwithmolecularmechanicsand
anatomisticbasedcontinuummembranemethodshowsthatthecontinuumshelltheoryisconvenientand
efficientinpredictingthepostbucklingbehaviorofthenanotubessubjectedtoaxialcompression,torsionand
bendloads,providingthattheelasticityparametersofthetubeareobtainedfromatomistictheory.Higherorder
bucklingmodes,whicharedifficulttobeobtainedbymolecularmechanics,havebeenanalyzedaswell.
BodnerS.R.AndRubinM.B.(TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,32000Haifa,Israel),Modelingthe
bucklingofaxiallycompressedelasticcylindricalshells,AIAAJournal,Vol.43,No.1,2005,pp.103110,
doi:214,35400012650009.0090
ABSTRACT:Thisexerciseisintendedtoprovideadirectcorrelationbetweentheaxialcompressivebuckling
ofelasticthinwalledcylindersandtheresponseofamechanicalmodelthatexhibitsapeakloadatlarge
deformation.Themodelissimilar,butmoregeneral,tothoseusedbyBudianskyandHutchinsonandby
Kounadisandassociatestoillustratedynamicbucklingbehaviorofimperfectionsensitivenonlinearsystems.
Here,anempiricalrelationbetweenobservedstaticshellbucklingloadsandtheshellgeometryisusedto
characterizetherestrainingspringparameterofthemodel.Theresultingmodelindicatesrealisticimperfection
sensitivityoftheloaddeflectionrelationand,asagoodphysicalanalogy,providesinsightintotheshell
bucklingmechanism.Specifically,fromtheperspectiveofthemodel,shellbucklingisviewedasalocalevent

governedbyshallowarchlikebehaviorwheretheextentofthearchdependsontheshellgeometry.This
impliesthatthespecificgeometryoflocalaxialimperfectionsoftheshell(outofstraightness)mightbemore
importantthanthatofcircumferentialimperfections(outofroundness)forshellbucklingunderaxialloading.
Moreover,useofanimperfectionslopefactorratherthananimperfectiondisplacementtermmightbemore
suitableforactualshellsinsomecases.Inaddition,themodelanalogyindicatesthatthebuckling(peak)load
alsodependsontheshellgeometryandthatthebifurcationloadservesonlyasareferencevalue.Acomparison
ismadetoKoiter'sapproximateformulaforaxiallycompressedisotropicshells.
YYZhang(1),CMWang(2),WHDuan(3),YXiang(4)andZZong(5)
(1)SchoolofMechanicalEngineeringandAutomation,FuzhouUniversity,Fuzhou,FujianProvince350108,
PeoplesRepublicofChina
(2)EngineeringScienceProgramme,FacultyofEngineering,NationalUniversityofSingapore,KentRidge,
119260,Singapore
(3)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,MonashUniversity,Clayton,Victoria,Australia
(4)SchoolofEngineering,UniversityofWesternSydney,PenrithSouthDC,NSW,Australia
(5)DepartmentofNavalArchitecture,DalianUniversityofTechnology,PeoplesRepublicofChina
Assessmentofcontinuummechanicsmodelsinpredictingbucklingstrainsofsinglewalledcarbon
nanotubes,NanotechnologyVol.20,No.39,2009,395707,doi:10.1088/09574484/20/39/395707
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsanassessmentofcontinuummechanics(beamandcylindricalshell)models
inthepredictionofcriticalbucklingstrainsofaxiallyloadedsinglewalledcarbonnanotubes(SWCNTs).
Moleculardynamics(MD)simulationresultsforSWCNTswithvariousaspect(lengthtodiameter)ratiosand
diameterswillbeusedasthereferencesolutionsforthisassessmentexercise.FromMDsimulations,two
distinctbucklingmodesareobserved,i.e.theshelltypebucklingmode,whentheaspectratiosaresmall,and
thebeamtypemode,whentheaspectratiosarelarge.Formoderateaspectratios,theSWCNTsbuckleina
mixedbeamshellmode.Thereforeonechooseseitherthebeamortheshellmodeldependingontheaspect
ratioofthecarbonnanotubes(CNTs).ItwillbeshownhereinthatforSWCNTswithlongaspectratios,the
localEulerbeamresultsarecomparabletoMDsimulationresultscarriedoutatroomtemperature.However,
whentheSWCNTshavemoderateaspectratios,itisnecessarytousethemorerefinednonlocalbeamtheoryor
theTimoshenkobeammodelforabetterpredictionofthecriticalstrain.ForshortSWCNTswithlarge
diameters,thenonlocalshellmodelwiththeappropriatesmalllengthscaleparametercanprovidecriticalstrains
thatareingoodagreementwithMDresults.However,forshortSWCNTswithsmalldiameters,moreworkhas
tobedonetorefinethenonlocalcylindricalshellmodelforbetterpredictionofcriticalstrains.
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Wang,C.Y.,Ru,C.Q.,&Mioduchowski,A.(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofAlberta,
Edmonton,CanadaT6G2G8),Orthotropicelasticshellmodelforbucklingofmicrotubules,PhysicalReview
EStatistical,NonlinearandSoftMatterPhysics,74(5Pt1),052901,doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.74.052901
ABSTRACT:Inviewofthefactthatmicrotubulesexhibitstronganisotropicelasticproperties,anorthotropic
elasticshellmodelformicrotubulesisdevelopedtostudybucklingbehaviorofmicrotubules.Thepredicted
criticalpressureisfoundtoagreewellwithrecentunexplainedexperimentaldataonpressureinducedbuckling
ofmicrotubules[Needlemanetal.,Phys.Rev.Lett.93,198104(2004);Biophys.J.89,3410(2005)]whichare
lowerthanthatpredictedbytheisotropicshellmodelbyfourordersofmagnitude.Generalbucklingbehavior
ofmicrotubulesunderaxialcompressionorradialpressureisstudied.Theresultsshowthattheisotropicshell
modelgreatlyoverestimatesthebuckingloadsofmicrotubules,exceptcolumnlikeaxiallycompressedbuckling
oflongmicrotubules(oflengthtodiameterratiolargerthan,say,150).Inparticular,thepresentresultsalso
offeraplausibleexplanationforthelengthdependencyofflexibilityofmicrotubulesreportedintheliterature.
RelatedPapers:
Vibrationofmicrotubulesasorthotropicelasticshells

CWang,CRu,AMioduchowskiinPhysicaE:LowdimensionalSystemsandNanostructures(2006)
Bucklingandpostbucklingofradiallyloadedmicrotubulesbynonlocalsheardeformableshellmodel.
HuiShenSheninJournalofTheoreticalBiology(2010)
ElasticBucklingofOrthotropicPlatesUnderVaryingAxialStresses
AshrafBadir,HurangHu,AbdouramaneDiallo(1997)
Bucklingofalongcylindricalshellcontaininganelasticcore
GHerrmanninAIAAJournal(1965)
Bucklingofalongcylindricalshellsurroundedbyanelasticmedium
MichaelJForrestal,GeorgeHerrmanninInternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures(1965)
QWang(1)andVKVaradan(2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanical,MaterialsandAerospaceEngineering,UniversityofCentralFlorida,Orlando,
FL328162450,USA
(2)DepartmentofEngineeringScienceandMechanics,ThePennsylvaniaStateUniversity,UniversityPark,PA
168021400,USA
Stabilityanalysisofcarbonnanotubesviacontinuummodels,SmartMater.Struct.,Vol.14,2005,281
doi:10.1088/09641726/14/1/029
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentstheresearchonthestabilityanalysisofcarbonnanotubes(CNTs)viaelastic
continuumbeamandshellmodels.Theestimationoftheflexuralstiffnessofasinglewallednanotube(SWNT)
viatheelasticbeammodelisproposedbasedonthepostulateanalyzedandprovidedinthepaper.The
validationofthestiffnessisconductedwiththeabinitiocalculationsofthevibrationofaSWNT.Basedonthe
stiffnessproposed,thestabilityanalysisofCNTsisfurtherconductedandvalidatedwiththewellcitedresearch
resultsbyYakobsonandhiscollaborators.Inaddition,morepredictionsofvariousbucklingphenomenaof
carbonnanotubesbybeamandshellmodelsareprovidedandstudied.Finally,thekinkphenomenonina
SWNTunderpurebendingisdiscussedviathecontinuummodel.Itishopedthatthispaperwillpavetheway
towardabetterunderstandingoftheapplicationofcontinuummodelsinthestabilityanddynamicsanalysisof
carbonnanotubes.
Q.Wang(1),V.K.Varadan(2)andS.T.Quek(3)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalandManufacturingEngineering,UniversityofManitoba,Winnipeg,MBR3T
5V6,Canada
(2)DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,UniversityofArkansas,Fayetteville,AR727011201,USA
(3)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,NationalUniversityofSingapore,117576,Singapore
Smallscaleeffectonelasticbucklingofcarbonnanotubeswithnonlocalcontinuummodels,PhysicsLetters
A,Vol.357,No.2,September2006,pp.130135,doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2006.04.026
ABSTRACT:Nonlocalelasticbeamandshellmodelsaredevelopedandappliedtoinvestigatethesmallscale
effectonbucklinganalysisofcarbonnanotubes(CNTs)undercompression.Generalandexplicitsolutionsare
derivedandexpressedintermsofthesolutionsvialocalorclassicalelasticmodels,inwhichthescaleeffectis
notaccounted,torevealthesmallscaleeffectonCNTsbucklingresults.Thedependenceofthescaleeffect
withrespecttothelength,radius,andbucklingmodesofCNTsisclearlyestablishedandobservedfromthe
universalsolutionsderivedinthemanuscript.Itisclearlyseenfromtheresultsthatthebucklingsolutionsfor
CNTsvialocalcontinuummechanicsareoverestimatedandhencethescaleeffectisindispensableinproviding

moreaccurateresultsformechanicalbehaviorsofCNTsviacontinuummechanics.
Q.Wang(1),S.T.Quek(2)andV.K.Varadan(3)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalandManufacturingEngineering,UniversityofManitoba,Winnipeg,Manitoba,
CanadaR3T5V6
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,NationalUniversityofSingapore,Singapore117576,Singapore
(3)DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,UniversityofArkansas,Fayetteville,AR727011201,USA
Torsionalbucklingofcarbonnanotubes,PhysicsLettersA,Vol.367,Nos.12,July2007,pp.135139,
doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2007.02.099
ABSTRACT:Continuummechanicsmodelsforthetorsionalbucklingofcarbonnanotubes(CNTs)are
developedintheLetter.TheapplicabilityofthesemodelsisinvestigatedforCNTswithdifferentaspectratios.
Inparticular,moleculardynamicssimulationsareconductedtoverifythefeasibilityofthemodelsfor
moderatelylongCNTs.
Q.Wang(DepartmentofMechanicalandManufacturingEngineering,UniversityofManitoba,Winnipeg,
ManitobaR3T5V6,Canada),Instabilityanalysisofdoublewalledcarbonnanotubessubjectedtoaxial
compression,JournalofAppliedPhysics,Vol.104,No.3,2008,pp.0361020361023,
doi:10.1063/1.2955740
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingofshortdoublewalledcarbonnanotubessubjectedtocompressionisinvestigated
throughmoleculardynamicsinthepaper.Theinnerwallisdiscoveredtohavehelicallyalignedbucklingmode
whiletheouterwallisreportedtohaveshellbucklingmodewithkinks.Suchbucklingmodesareattributedto
theinteractionofthetwowallsviathevanderWaalseffect.Inaddition,abucklingstrainhigherthanthe
bucklingstrainsoftwoconstituentinnerandouterwallsisfoundinthedoublewalledtubewithinacertainsize
range.Thecausesforsuchaphenomenonareanalyzedanddiscussed.
A.R.Ranjbartoreh,A.GhorbanpourandB.Soltani(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,Universityof
Kashan,GhotbRavandiAvenue,Kashan,8731751167,Iran),Doublewalledcarbonnanotubewith
surroundingelasticmediumunderaxialpressure,PhysicaE:LowdimensionalSystemsandNanostructures,
Vol.39,No.2,September2007,pp.230239,doi:10.1016/j.physe.2007.04.010
ABSTRACT:Inthispaper,thebucklingbehaviorandcriticalaxialpressureofdoublewalledcarbonnanotubes
(DWCNTs)withsurroundingelasticmediumareinvestigated.Adoubleshell(circularcylindricalshell)model
ispresentedandtheeffectsofsurroundingelasticmediumontheoutertubeandthevanderWaalsforces
betweentwoadjacenttubesaretakenintoaccount.Theanalysisandthenumericalsolutionmethodarebasedon
theclassicaltheoryofplatesandshellsandtheGalerkinmethod.Equationsarederivedforthecriticalaxial
forcesandpressuresofDWCNTs;thecriticalaxialforcesandpressuresarecalculatedfordifferentaxialhalf
sinewavenumbersandcircumferentialsinewavenumbersandcomparedwiththoseforsinglewalledcarbon
nanotubes(SWCNTs).ResultsindicatethatthecriticalaxialforceofaDWCNTishigherthanthatofan
SWCNT,butthecriticalaxialpressureofaDWCNTislowerthanthecriticalaxialpressureofaSWCNT.
AlthoughthecriticalaxialforceofaDWCNTdecreasesastheaxialhalfsinewavenumbersincrease,itrisesas
thecircumferentialsinewavenumbersincrease.

A.GhorbanpourArani,R.RahmaniandA.Arefmanesh(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,Facultyof
Engineering,UniversityofKashan,Kashan,I.R.,Iran),Elasticbucklinganalysisofsinglewalledcarbon
nanotubeundercombinedloadingbyusingtheANSYSsoftware,PhysicaE:LowdimensionalSystemsand
Nanostructures,Vol.40,No.7,May2008,pp.23902395,SpecialIssue:ProceedingsoftheEMRS2007
SymposiaLandM:ElectronTransportinLowDimensionalCarbonStructuresandScienceandTechnologyof
NanotubesandNanowires,doi:10.1016/j.physe.2007.11.011
ABSTRACT:Thispaperstudiesthepureaxiallycompressedbucklingandcombinedloadingeffectsofa
cylindricalshellandanindividualsinglewalledcarbonnanotube(SWCNT).Theresultsoffiniteelement(FE)
simulationsofSWCNTusingtheANSYSsoftwarearepresented,andarecomparedwiththeclassical(local)
andcontinuum(nonlocal)mechanicaltheories.Criticalaxialstressanddeflectionsarecalculatedforallthe
cases.Twotypesofbucklingareconsideredinthisstudy,namely,theshellbucklingwhichdependsonthe
radiustothicknessratio,andthecolumnbucklingwhichiscontrolledbythelengthtodiameterratio.
GhorbanpourAraniA.,RahmaniR.,ArefmaneshA.,GolabiS.,Bucklinganalysisofmultiwalledcarbon
nanotubesundercombinedloadingconsideringtheeffectofsmalllengthscale,JournalofMechanicalScience
andTechnology,Vol.22,No.3,2008,pp.429439,doi:10.1007/s1220600710452
ABSTRACT:Thetorsionalandaxiallycompressedbucklingofanindividualembeddedmultiwalledcarbon
nanotube(MWNTs)subjectedtoaninternaland/orexternalradialpressurewasinvestigatedinthisstudy.The
emphasisisplacedonnewphysicalphenomenawhichareduetoboththesmalllengthscaleandthe
surroundingelasticmedium.Multiwallcarbonnanotubeswhichareconsideredinthisstudyareclassifiedinto
threecategoriesbasedontheradiustothicknessratio,namely,thin,thick,andalmostsolid.Explicitformulas
arederivedforthevanderWaals(vdW)interactionbetweenanytwolayersofanMWNTbasedonthe
continuumcylindricalshellmodel.Inmostofthepreviousstudies,thevdWinteractionbetweentwoadjacent
layerswasconsideredonlyandthevdWinteractionamongotherlayerswasneglected.Moreover,inthese
works,thevdWinteractioncoefficientwastreatedasaconstantthatwasindependentoftheradiiofthetubes.
However,inthepresentmodelthevdWinteractioncoefficientsareconsideredtobedependentonthechangeof
interlayerspacingandtheradiiofthetubes.Theeffectofthesmalllengthscaleisalsoconsideredinthepresent
formulation.Theresultsshowthatthereisauniquebucklingmode(m,n)correspondingtothecriticalshear
stress.Thisresultisobviouslydifferentfromwhatisexpectedforthepureaxiallycompressedbucklingofan
individualmultiwalledcarbonnanotube.
A.GhorbanpourArani,M.Shokravi,M.Mohammadimehr(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,University
ofKashan,Ravand,Kashan,Iran,email:a_ghorbanpour@yahoo.com(A.GhorbanpourArani).),Buckling
AnalysisofaDoubleWalledCarbonNanotubeEmbeddedinanElasticMediumUsingtheEnergyMethod,
ArchiveofSID,JournalofSolidMechanicsVol.1,No.4(2009)pp.289299
ABSTRACT:Theaxiallycompressedbucklingofadoublewalledcarbonnanotabesurroundedbyanelastic
mediumusingtheenergyandtheRayleighRitzmethodsisinvestigatedinthispaper.Inthisresearch,basedon
theelasticshellmodelsatnanoscale,theeffectsofthevanderWaalsforcesbetweentheinnerandtheouter
tubes,thesmallscaleandthesurroundingelasticmediumonthecriticalbucklingloadareconsidered.Normal
stressesattheoutertubemediuminterfacearealsoincludedinthecurrentanalysis.Anexpressionisderived
relatingtheexternalpressuretothebucklingmodenumber,fromwhichthecriticalpressurecanbeobtained.It

isseenfromtheresultsthatthecriticalpressureisdependentontheouterradiustothicknessratio,thematerial
parametersofthesurroundingelasticmediumsuchasYoungsmodulusandPoissonsratio.Moreover,itis
shownthatthecriticalpressuredescendveryquicklywithincreasingthehalfaxialwavenumbers.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

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ReviewLetters76:25112514.
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axialpressure,PhysicaE39:230239.
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combinedloadingconsideringtheeffectofsmalllengthscale,JournalofMechanicalScienceandTechnology22:429439.
[9]GhorbanpourAraniA.,MohammadimehrM.,ArefmaneshA.,GhasemiA.,2010,Transversevibrationofshortcarbonnanotube
usingcylindricalshellandbeammodels,Proc.IMechEPartC:JournalofMechanicalEngineeringScience224:doi:
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embeddedinanelasticmediumusingtheenergymethod,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences48:5361.

M.Mohammadimehr,A.R.Saidi,A.GhorbanpourArani,A.ArefmaneshandQ.Han,Torsionalbucklingofa
DWCNTembeddedonwinklerandpasternakfoundationsusingnonlocaltheory,JournalofMechanical
ScienceandTechnology,Vol.24,No.6,2010,pp.12891299,doi:10.1007/s1220601003316
ABSTRACT:Thesmallscaleeffectonthetorsionalbucklingofadoublewalledcarbonnanotube(DWCNT)
embeddedonWinklerandPasternakfoundationsisinvestigatedinthisstudyusingthetheoryofnonlocal
elasticity.Theeffectsofthesurroundingelasticmedium,suchasthespringconstantoftheWinklertypeandthe
shearconstantofthePasternaktype,aswellasthevanderWaals(vdW)forcesbetweentheinnerandtheouter

nanotubesaretakenintoaccount.Finally,basedonthetheoryofnonlocalelasticityandbyemployingthe
continuummodels,anelasticdoubleshellmodelispresentedforthenonlocaltorsionalbucklingloadofa
DWCNT.ItisseenfromtheresultsthattheshearconstantofthePasternaktypeincreasesthenonlocalcritical
torsionalbucklingload,whilethedifferencebetweenthepresenceandtheabsenceoftheshearconstantofthe
Pasternaktypebecomeslarge.Itisshownthatthenonlocalcriticalbucklingloadislowerthanthelocalcritical
bucklingload.Moreover,asimplifiedanalysisiscarriedouttoestimatethenonlocalcriticaltorqueforthe
torsionalbucklingofaDWCNT.
A.GhorbanpourArani(1),M.Mohammadimehr(1and2),A.R.Saidi(2),S.Shogaei(1)andA.Arefmanesh(1)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,UniversityofKashan,Kashan,Iran
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,ShahidBahonarUniversityofKerman,Kerman,Iran
Thermalbucklinganalysisofdoublewalledcarbonnanotubesconsideringthesmallscalelengtheffect,
ProceedingsoftheInstitutionofMechanicalEngineers,PartC:JournalofMechanicalEngineeringScience,
January2011,vol.225,no.1,pp.248256,doi:10.1177/09544062JMES1975
ABSTRACT:Inthisarticle,thebucklinganalysisofadoublewalledcarbonnanotube(DWCNT)subjectedtoa
uniforminternalpressureinathermalfieldisinvestigated.Theeffectsofthetemperaturechange,the
surroundingelasticmediumbasedontheWinklermodel,andthevanderWaalsforcesbetweentheinnerand
theoutertubesareconsideredusingthecontinuumcylindricalshellmodel.Thesmalllengthscaleeffectisalso
includedinthepresentformulation.Theresultsshowthatthereisauniquebucklingmodecorrespondingto
eachcriticalbucklingload.Moreover,itisshownthatthenonlocalcriticalbucklingloadislowerthanthelocal
criticalbucklingload.Itisconcludedthat,atlowtemperatures,thecriticalbucklingloadfortheinfinitesimal
bucklingofaDWCNTincreasesasthemagnitudeoftemperaturechangeincreaseswhereasathigh
temperatures,thecriticalbucklingloaddecreaseswiththeincreasingofthetemperature.
M.Mohammadimehr(1),A.R.Saidi(1),A.GhorbanpourArani(2)andQ.Han(3)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,ShahidBahonarUniversityofKerman,Kerman,Iran,
mmohammadimehr@gmail.com,a_r_saidi@yahoo.com
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,UniversityofKashan,Kashan,Iran,
aghorban@kashanu.ac.ir
(3)SchoolofCivilEngineeringandTransportation,SouthChinaUniversityofTechnology,Guangzhou,
510640,P.R.China,emqhan@scut.edu.cn
PostbucklingEquilibriumPathofaLongThinWalledCylindricalShell(SingleWalledCarbonNanotube)
UnderAxialCompressionUsingEnergyMethod,ArchiveofSID,IJETransactionsA:Basics,Vol.24,No.1,
January2011,pp.7986
ABSTRACT:Inthispaper,anelasticshellmodelispresentedforpostbucklingpredictionofalongthinwalled
cylindricalshellunderaxialcompression.TheRitzmethodisappliedtosolvethegoverningequilibrium
equationofacylindricalshellmodelbasedonthevonKarmantypenonlineardifferentialequations.The
postbucklingequilibriumpathisobtainedusingtheenergymethodforalongthinwalledcylindricalshell.
Furthermore,thepostbucklingrelationshipbetweentheaxialstressandendshorteningisinvestigatedwith
differentgeometricparameters.Also,thistheoryisusedforpostbucklinganalysisofasinglewalledcarbon
nanotubewithoutconsideringthesmallscaleeffects.Numericalresultsrevealthatthesinglewalledcarbon
nanotubeunderaxialcompressionhasanunstablepostbucklingbehavior.

Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

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MechanicsandPhysicsofSolids,Vol.49,(2001),12651279.
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ofMechanicsA/Solids,Vol.22,(2003),875883.
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elasticmediumusingtheenergymethod,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.48,(2006),5361.
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axialpressure,PhysicaE,Vol.39,(2007),230239.
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CompositesScienceandTechnology,Vol.67,(2007),125134.
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A.GhorbanpourArani(1,2),S.Shams(3),S.Amir(1),M.J.Maboudi(1)
(1)FacultyofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofKashan,Kashan,IslamicRepublicofIran
(2)InstituteofNanoscience&Nanotechnology,UniversityofKashan,Kashan,IslamicRepublicofIran
(3)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,MobarakehBranch,IslamicAzad
University,Mobarakeh,Isfahan,Iran
BucklingofPiezoelectricCompositeCylindricalShellUnderElectrothermomechanicalLoading,Journalof
SolidMechanics,Vol.4,No.3,pp.296306,2012
ABSTRACT:UsingprincipleofminimumtotalpotentialenergyapproachinconjunctionwithRayleighRitz
method,theelectrothermomechanicalaxialbucklingbehaviorofpiezoelectricpolymericcylindricalshell
reinforcedwithdoublewalledboronnitridenanotube(DWBNNT)isinvestigated.Couplingbetweenelectrical
andmechanicalfieldsareconsideredaccordingtoarepresentativevolumeelement(RVE)based
micromechanicalmodel.Thisstudyindicateshowbucklingresistanceofcompositecylindricalshellmayvary
byapplyingthermalandelectricalloads.Applyingthereversevoltageordecreasingthetemperature,also,

increasesthecriticalaxialbucklingload.ThisworkshowedthatthepiezoelectricBNNTgenerallyenhancesthe
bucklingresistanceofthecompositecylindricalshell.
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WalledStructure49:106111

A.GhorbanpourArani,S.Shams,S.Amir,Z.KhoddamiMaraghi(FacultyofMechanicalEngineering,
bInstituteofNanoscience&Nanotechnology,UniversityofKashan,Kashan,I.R.Iran),EffectsofElectro
ThermalFieldsonBucklingofaPiezoelectricPolymericShellReinforcedwithDWBNNTs,Journalof
Nanostructures(JNS),Vol.2,pp.345355,2012

ABSTRACT:UsingprincipleofminimumtotalpotentialenergyapproachinconjunctionwithRayleighRitz
method,theelectrothermomechanicalaxialbucklingbehaviorofpiezoelectricpolymericcylindricalshell
reinforcedwithdoublewalledboronnitridenanotube(DWBNNT)isinvestigated.Couplingbetweenelectrical
andmechanicalfieldsareconsideredaccordingtoarepresentativevolumeelement(RVE)based
micromechanicalmodel.Thisstudyindicateshowbucklingresistanceofcompositecylindricalshellmayvary
byapplyingthermalandelectricalloads.Also,applyingthereversevoltageordecreasingthetemperature,
increasesthecriticalaxialbucklingload.ThisworkshowedthatthepiezoelectricBNNTenhancesonthewhole
thebucklingresistanceofthecompositecylindricalshell.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

[1]Rubio,J.L.Corkill,M.L.Cohen,Phys.Rev.B:Condens.Matter,49(1994)5081.
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Springer:USA;2009.
[16]R.M.Jones,MechanicsofCompositeMaterials.ScriptaBookCompany:Washington;1975.
[17]J.M.Whitney,StructuralAnalysisofLaminatedAnisotropicPlates.TechnomicPublishingCompany:Lancaster;1987.
[18]J.L.Sanders,Animprovedfirstapproximationtheoryforthinshells.TechnicalReportNASATRR24,NationalAeronautics
andSpaceAdministration:LangleyResearchCenter;1959.
[19]W.T.Koiter.Aconsistentfirstapproximationinthegeneraltheoryofthinelasticshells.InProceedingsoftheSymposiumonthe
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[20]J.R.Vinson,PlateandPanelStructuresofIsotropic,CompositeandPiezoelectricMaterials,IncludingSandwichConstruction,
Springer:USA;2005.
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CommitteeforAeronautics;1933.

MosallaieBarzoki,A.A.;GhorbanpourArani,A.;Kolahchi,R.;Mozdianfard,M.R.;Loghman,A.,Nonlinear
bucklingresponseofembeddedpiezoelectriccylindricalshellreinforcedwithBNNTunderelectrothermo
mechanicalloadingsusingHDQM,Composites:PartB,Vol.44,pp.722727,2013
ABSTRACT:Nonlinearbucklingresponseofacompositecylindricalshellmadeofpolyvinylidenefluoride
(PVDF),isinvestigated.Atwodimensionalsmartmodelsurroundedbyanelasticfoundationsubjectedto
combinedelectrothermomechanicalloadingisconsidered.ThenonlinearstraintermsbasedonDonnells
theoryaretakenintoaccountusingthefirstsheardeformationtheory.TheHamiltonsprincipleisemployedto
obtaincoupleddifferentialequations,containingdisplacementandelectricpotentialterms.Harmonic
differentialquadraturemethod(HDQM)isappliedtoobtainthecriticalbucklingloadforclampedsupported
mechanicalandfreeeletricpotentialboundaryconditionsatbothendsofthesmartcylinder.Resultsindicate
thatthecriticalbucklingloadincreaseswhenpiezoelectriceffectisconsidered.

AliGhorbanpourArani(1,2),SeyedAbolfazlJamali(1),SaeedAmir(1),MohammadJavadMaboudi(1),
(1)FacultyofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofKashan,Kashan,Iran
(2)nstituteofNanoscience&Nanotechnology,UniversityofKashan,Kashan,Iran
Electro-thermomechanical nonlinear buckling of Pasternak coupled DWBNNTs based on
nonlocal piezoelasticity theory, Turkish Journal of Engineering & Environmental Sciences,
doi: 10.3906/muh-1212-13
ABSTRACT:Nonlinearbucklingofbondeddoublewalledboronnitridenanotubes(DWBNNTs)under
combinedelectrothermomechanicalloadingsbasedonthenonlocalpiezoelasticitytheoryandEulerBernoulli
beam(EBB)modelispresentedinthispaper.CoupledDWBNNTsareembeddedinanelasticmediumthatis
simulatedasaPasternakfoundation.UsingtheLennardJonesmodel,thevanderWaalsinteractionbetween2
layersofDWBNNTsistakenintoaccount.ConsideringthevonKrmngeometricnonlinearity,Hamiltons
principle,andchargeequation,higherordergoverningequationsarederivedandsolvedbydifferential
quadraturemethod(DQM).Thedetailedparametricstudyisconducted,focusingontheremarkableeffectson
thebehaviorofnonlinearbucklingloads.Theresultsindicatedthatthesmallscaleparameter,elasticmedium,
boundaryconditions,electricpotential,aspectratio,anddifferentvibrationphasesplayanimportantroleinthe
nonlinearbucklingofsmartelasticallycoupledsystems.Inaddition,itisfoundthatthetrendoffigureshas
goodagreementwiththoseofpreviousresearch.Theresultsofthisworkcouldbeusedinthedesignand
manufactureofnano/microelectromechanicalsystems.
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electrothermomechanicalloadings.ComposSciTechnol2008;68:14891501.
GhorbanpourAraniA,AmirS,ShajariAR,MozdianfardMR.ElectrothermomechanicalbucklingofDWBNNTsembeddedin
bundleofCNTsusingnonlocalpiezoelasticitycylindricalshelltheory.CompositesPartB2012;43:195203.

MurmuT,AdhikariS.Nonlocalvibrationofbondeddoublenanoplatesystems.CompositesPartB2011;42:19011911.
MurmuT,SienzJ,AdhikariJ,ArnoldC,Nonlocalbucklingbehaviorofbondeddoublenanoplatesystems.JApplPhys2011;110:
084316.
GhorbanpourAraniA,ShiravandA,RahiM,KolahchiR.NonlocalvibrationofcoupledDLGSsystemsembeddedonVisco
Pasternakfoundation.PhysicaB2012;407:41234131.
MurmuT,PradhanSC.Bucklinganalysisofasinglewalledcarbonnanotubeembeddedinanelasticmediumbasedonnonlocal
elasticityandTimoshenkobeamtheoryandusingDQM,PhysicaE2009;41:12321239.
GhorbanpourAraniA,ShajariAR,AmirS,LoghmanA.Electrothermomechanicalnonlinearnonlocalvibrationandinstabilityof
embeddedmicrotubereinforcedbyBNNTconveyingfluid.PhysicaE2012;45:109121.
GhorbanpourAraniA,AmirS,ShajariAR,MozdianfardMR,KhoddamiMaraghiZ,MohammadimehrM.Electrothermalnonlocal
vibrationanalysisofembeddedDWBNNTs.ProcInstMechEngPartC2011;224:745756.
KhoddamiMaraghiZ,GhorbanpourAraniA,KolahchiR,AmirS,BagheriMR.Nonlocalvibrationandinstabilityofembedded
DWBNNTconveyingviscosefluid.CompositesPartB2013;45:423432.
PaliwalDN,PendeyRK,NathT.FreevibrationsofcircularcylindricalshellonWinklerandPasternakfoundations.IntJPress
VesselsPip1996;69:7989.
KeLL,WangYSh.Flowinducedvibrationandinstabilityofembeddeddoublewalledcarbonnanotubesbasedonamodifiedcouple
stresstheory.PhysicaE2011;43:10311039.

A.GhorbanpourArani(1,2),A.A.MosallaieBarzoki(1)andR.Kolahchi(1)
(1)FacultyofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofKashan,Kashan,IslamicRepublicofIran
(2)InstituteofNanoscience&Nanotechnology,UniversityofKashan,Kashan,IslamicRepublicofIran
NonlinearDynamicBucklingofViscousFluidConveyingPNCCylindricalShellswithCoreRestingon
ViscoPasternakMedium,JournalofSolidMechanicsVol.6,No.3(2014)pp.265277
M.Mohammadimehr,M.Moradi,A.Loghman(DepartmentofSolidMechanics,FacultyofMechanical
Engineering,UniversityofKashan,Kashan,Iran),InfluenceoftheElasticFoundationontheFreeVibration
andBucklingofThinWalledPiezoelectricBasedFGMCylindricalShellsUnderCombinedLoadings,Journal
ofSolidMechanics,Vol.6,No.4pp347365,2014
ABSTRACT:Inthispaper,theinfluenceoftheelasticfoundationonthefreevibrationandbucklingofthin
walledpiezoelectricbasedfunctionallygradedmaterials(FGM)cylindricalshellsundercombinedloadingsis
investigated.TheequationsofmotionareobtainedbyusingtheprincipleofHamiltonandMaxwell'sequations
andtheNavier'stypesolutionusedtosolvetheseequations.Materialpropertiesarechangedaccordingtopower
lawinthedirectionofthickness.Inthisstudy,theeffectsofPasternakelasticfoundationcoefficientsandalso
theeffectsofmaterialdistribution,geometricalratiosandloadingconditionsonthenaturalfrequenciesare
studied.ItisobservedthatbyincreasingPasternakelasticmediumcoefficients,thenaturalfrequenciesof
functionallygradedpiezoelectricmaterials(FGPM)cylindricalshellalwaysincreases.Themodeshapesof
FGPMcylindricalshellhasbeenshowninthisresearchandtheresultsshowthatthedistributionoftheradial
displacementsismoresignificantthancircumferentialandlongitudinaldisplacements.
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Zhang,X.W.andYu,T.X.,Experimentalandnumericalstudyonthedynamicbucklingofpingpongballs
underimpactloading,InternationalJournalofNonlinearSciencesandNumericalSimulations.vol.13,No.1,
2012,p.8192
ABSTRACT:Bymeansofpingpongballs,thedynamicbucklingbehavioursofthinwalledsphericalshells
underimpactloadingarestudiedbothexperimentallyandnumerically.First,thequasistatictestswere
conductedonanMTStester,inwhichtheballwascompressedontoaPMMAplate.Apartfromtheforce
displacementrelationship,theevolutionofthecontactzonebetweentheballandtheplatewasobtainedbya
digitalcamera.Intheimpacttests,pingpongballswereacceleratedbyanairgunandthenimpingedontoa
rigidplatewiththevelocityranging1045m=s.Thelocaldynamicbucklingprocessesoftheballwere
recordedbyahighspeeddigitalcamera,fromwhichtheimpactduration,themaximumcontactdiameter,as
wellasthecontactdiameteratsnapthroughbucklingunderdifferentimpactvelocitieswereobtained.Itis
foundthatwiththesamesizeofcontactzone,thedynamicenergyabsorptionoftheballismuchlargerthanthat
inthequasistatictests.Tounderstandthedynamiceffectsintheimpactprocess,numericalsimulationswere
performedbyusingdifferentmaterialpropertiesanddifferentimpactvelocities.Thecomparisonbetweenthe
experimentalandnumericalresultsshowthatthekineticenergyabsorptionoftheballisinducedbythestrain
rateeffect,localvibrationoftheballandviscouselasticeffect,respectively.
K.M.Liew(1and2)andX.L.Chen(1)
(1)NanyangCentreforSupercomputingandVisualisation,NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,50Nanyang
Avenue,Singapore639798
(2)SchoolofMechanicalandProductionEngineering,NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,50Nanyang
Avenue,Singapore639798
BucklingofrectangularMindlinplatessubjectedtopartialinplaneedgeloadsusingtheradialpoint
interpolationmethod,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.41,Nos.56,March2004,pp.1677
1695,doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2003.10.022
ABSTRACT:ThispaperconsiderstheelasticbucklingofrectangularMindlinplatesthataresubjectedto
partiallydistributedinplaneedgeloadings.Anumericalalgorithmbasedontheradialpointinterpolation
method(RPIM)isproposedforthesolutionofsuchplates.Theprebucklingstressesarefirstdeterminedusing
theRPIMbasedonatwodimensional(2D)elasticplanestressproblem.Thebucklingloadintensityfactorsfor
rectangularplatesthatincorporatethesepredeterminedprebucklingstressesarethencomputedviatheRPIM
basedontheMindlinplatetheory.Numericalexamplesoftheplateswithvariousboundariesandsubjectedto
differentpartiallydistributedinplaneedgeloadingsarepresented.Shearlockingofthebucklingloadis
studied.TheresultsdemonstratethehighaccuracyoftheproposedRPIM.
X.Guo(1),A.Y.T.Leung(1),H.Jiang(2),X.Q.He(1)andY.Huang(3)
(1)DepartmentofBuildingandConstruction,CityUniversityofHongKong,HongKong,China
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineering,ArizonaStateUniversity,Tempe,AZ852876106
(3)DepartmentofMechanicalandIndustrialEngineering,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbanaChampaign,1206
WestGreenStreet,Urbana,IL61801
CriticalStrainofCarbonNanotubes:AnAtomicScaleFiniteElementStudy,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.74,No.2,

March2007,pp.347351,doi:10.1115/1.2198548
ABSTRACT:Thispaperemploystheatomicscalefiniteelementmethod(AFEM)tostudycriticalstrainof
axialbucklingforcarbonnanotubes(CNTs).Brenneretal.secondgenerationempiricalpotentialisusedto
modelcovalentbondsamongatoms.Thecomputedenergycurveandcriticalstrainfor(8,0)singlewalledCNT
(SWNT)agreewellwithmoleculardynamicssimulations.Bothlocalandglobalbucklingareachieved,two
correspondingbucklingzonesareobtained,andtheglobalbucklingbehaviorofSWNTwithalargeraspect
ratioapproachesgraduallytothatofacolumndescribedbyEuler'sformula.FordoublewalledCNTswith
smallerratiooflengthtoouterdiameter,thelocalbucklingbehaviorcanbeexplainedbyconventionalshell
theoryverywell.AFEMisanefficientwaytostudybucklingofCNTs.
B.I.Yakobson,C.J.BrabecandJ.Bernholc(DepartmentofPhysics,NorthCarolinaStateUniversity,Raleigh,
NorthCarolina27695),NanomechanicsofCarbonTubes:InstabilitiesbeyondLinearResponse,Phys.Rev.
Lett.Vol.76,pp.25112514(1996),doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.76.2511
ABSTRACT:Carbonnanotubessubjecttolargedeformationsreversiblyswitchintodifferentmorphological
patterns.Eachshapechangecorrespondstoanabruptreleaseofenergyandasingularityinthestressstrain
curve.Thesetransformations,simulatedusingarealisticmanybodypotential,areexplainedbyacontinuum
shellmodel.Withproperlychosenparameters,themodelprovidesaremarkablyaccurateroadmapof
nanotubebehaviorbeyondHooke'slaw.
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YanGaoHu(1),K.M.Liew(1),Q.Wang(2),X.Q.He(1)andB.I.Yakobson(3)
(1)DepartmentofBuildingandConstruction,CityUniversityofHongKong,HongKong
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalandManufacturingEngineering,UniversityofManitoba,Winnipeg,Manitoba,
CanadaR3T5V6
(3)ME&MSDepartment,RiceUniversity,MS321,Houston,TX770051892,USA
Nonlocalshellmodelforelasticwavepropagationinsingleanddoublewalledcarbonnanotubes,Journalof
theMechanicsandPhysicsofSolids,Vol.56,No.12,December2008,pp.34753485,
doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2008.08.010
ABSTRACT:Thispaperinvestigatesthetransverseandtorsionalwaveinsingleanddoublewalledcarbon
nanotubes(SWCNTsandDWCNTs),focusingontheeffectofcarbonnanotubemicrostructureonwave
dispersion.TheSWCNTsandDWCNTsaremodeledasnonlocalsingleanddoubleelasticcylindricalshells.
Moleculardynamics(MD)simulationsindicatethatthewavedispersionpredictedbythenonlocalelastic
cylindricalshelltheoryshowsgoodagreementwiththatoftheMDsimulationsinawidefrequencyrangeupto
theterahertzregion.Thenonlocalelasticshelltheoryprovidesabetterpredictionofthedispersionrelationships
thantheclassicalshelltheorywhenthewavenumberislargeenoughforthecarbonnanotubemicrostructureto
haveasignificantinfluenceonthewavedispersion.Thenonlocalshellmodelsarerequiredwhenthe
wavelengthsareapproximatelylessthan2.36x10^9and0.95x10^9mfortransversewaveinarmchair(15,15)
SWCNTandtorsionalwaveinarmchair(10,10)SWCNT,respectively.Moreover,anMDbasedestimationof
thescalecoefficiente0forthenonlocalelasticcylindricalshellmodelissuggested.Duetothesmallscale
effectsofSWCNTsandtheinterlayervanderWaalsinteractionofDWCNTs,thephasedifferenceofthe
transversewaveintheinnerandoutertubecanbeobservedinMDsimulationsinwavepropagationathigh
frequency.However,thevanderWaalsinteractionhaslittleeffectonthephasedifferenceoftransversewave.
Q.Wang(DepartmentofMechanicalandManufacturingEngineering,UniversityofManitoba,Winnipeg,
Manitoba,CanadaR3T5V6),Compressivebucklingofcarbonnanotubescontainingpolyethylenemolecules,
Carbon,Vol.49,No.2,February2011,pp.729732,doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2010.10.023
ABSTRACT:Theinstabilityofacarbonnanotubecontainingapolyethylenemoleculesubjectedto
compressionisinvestigatedusingmoleculardynamics.Adecreaseupto35%inthebucklingstrainofthe(6,6)
and(10,10)carbonnanotube/polymerstructuresduetotheattractivevanderWaalsinteractionbetweenthetube
wallandthepolymermoleculeisreported.Inparticular,thedecreaseinthebucklingstrainofthe(6,6)carbon
nanotube/polymerstructureisattributedtotheinitiationoftwoflatteningsonthetubewall.Simulationsshow
thatthebucklingstrainofthestructureisinsensitivetothenumberofunitsofthepolymermolecule.
Q.Wang(DepartmentofMechanicalandManufacturingEngineering,UniversityofManitoba,Winnipeg,
Manitoba,CanadaR3T5V6),Bucklingofcarbonnanotubeswrappedbypolyethylenemolecules,Physics
LettersA,Vol.375,No.3,January2011,pp.624627,doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2010.12.005
ABSTRACT:Thediscoveryofabucklinginstabilityofasinglewalledcarbonnanotubewrappedbya
polyethylenemoleculesubjectedtocompressionisreportedthroughmolecularmechanicssimulations.A

decreaseupto44%inthebucklingstrainofthenanostructureowingtothevanderWaalsinteractionbetween
thetwomoleculesisuncovered.Acontinuummodelisdevelopedtocalculateboththeinteractionbetweenthe
tubeandthepolymerandthedecreasedbucklingstrainofthestructurebyfittingthemolecularmechanics
results.
A.N.Guz(S.P.TimoshenkoInstituteofMechanics,NationalAcademyofSciencesofUkraine,Kiev),Three
dimensionaltheoryofstabilityofacarbonnanotubeinamatrix,InternationalAppliedMechanics,Vol.42,
No.1,2006,pp.1931,doi:10.1007/s1077800600556
ABSTRACT:Thethreedimensionaltheoryofstabilityofacarbonnanotube(CNT)inapolymermatrixis
presented.Theresultsareobtainedonthebasisofthethreedimensionallinearizedtheoryofstabilityof
deformablebodies.Flexuralandhelical(torsional)bucklingmodesareconsidered.Itisprovedthatthehelical
(torsional)bucklingmodesoccurinasingleCNT(theinteractionofneighboringCNTsisneglected)anddonot
occurinnanocomposites(theinteractionofneighboringCNTsistakenintoaccount).
A.N.Guz,Settingupatheoryofstabilityoffibrousandlaminatedcomposites,InternationalApplied
Mechanics;Jun2009,Vol.45Issue6,p587
ABSTRACT:Theresultsobtainedinsettingupatheoryofstabilityoffibrousandlaminatedcompositesinthe
casewheretheplane?isinanarbitrarypositionareanalyzed.Theplane?isformedbythepointsofabuckling
modethathaveequalphasesrelativetothelineofcompression.Thistheoryfollowsfromthelinearizedthree
dimensionaltheoryofstabilityofdeformablebodiesandisusedtodeterminethecriticalcompressiveloadand
theassociatedpositionoftheplane?.Numericalexamplesarepresented.Abriefhistoricalsketchisgiven.

ChunyuLiandTsuWeiChou(CenterforCompositeMaterials,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,
UniversityofDelaware,126SpencerLaboratory,Newark,DE197163140,USA),Modelingofelastic
bucklingofcarbonnanotubesbymolecularstructuralmechanicsapproach,MechanicsofMaterials,Vol.36,
No.11,November2004,pp.10471055,doi:10.1016/j.mechmat.2003.08.009
ABSTRACT:Thispaperreportstheelasticbucklingbehaviorofcarbonnanotubes.Bothaxialcompressionand
bendingloadingconditionsareconsidered.Themodelingworkemploysthemolecularstructuralmechanics
approachforindividualnanotubesandconsidersvanderWaalsinteractioninmultiwallednanotubes.The
effectsofnanotubediameter,aspectratio,andtubechiralityonthebucklingforceareinvestigated.
Computationalresultsindicatethatthebucklingforceinaxialcompressionishigherthanthatinbending,and
thebucklingforcesforbothcompressionandbendingdecreasewiththeincreaseinnanotubeaspectratio.The
trendsofvariationofbucklingforceswithnanotubediameteraresimilarforsinglewalledanddoublewalled
carbonnanotubes.Comparedtoasinglewallednanotubeofthesameinnerdiameter,thedoublewalledcarbon
nanotubeshowsahigheraxialcompressivebucklingload,whichmainlyresultsfromtheincreaseofcross
sectionalarea,butnoenhancementinbendingloadbearingcapacity.Thebucklingforcesofnanotubes
predictedbythecontinuumbeamorcolumnmodelsaresignificantlydifferentfromthosepredictedbythe
atomisticmodel.

X.Q.He(1),S.Kitipornchai(1)andK.M.Liew(2and3)
(1)DepartmentofBuildingandConstruction,CityUniversityofHongKong,TatCheeAvenue,Kowloon,
HongKong
(2)SchoolofMechanicalandProductionEngineering,NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,NanyangAvenue,
Singapore639798,Singapore
(3)NanyangCentreforSupercomputingandVisualisation,NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,Nanyang
Avenue,Singapore639798,Singapore
Bucklinganalysisofmultiwalledcarbonnanotubes:acontinuummodelaccountingforvanderWaals
interaction,JournaloftheMechanicsandPhysicsofSolids,Vol.53,No.2,February2005,pp.303326,
doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2004.08.003
ABSTRACT:ExplicitformulasarederivedforthevanderWaals(vdW)interactionbetweenanytwolayersof
amultiwalledcarbonnanotube(CNT).Basedonthederivedformulas,anefficientalgorithmisestablishedfor
thebucklinganalysisofmultiwalledCNTs,inwhichindividualtubesaremodeledasacontinuumcylindrical
shell.TheexplicitexpressionsarealsoderivedforthebucklingofdoublewalledCNTs.Inpreviousstudiesby
Ru(J.Appl.Phys.87(2000b)7227)andWangetal.(Int.J.SolidsStruct.40(2003)3893),onlythevdW
interactionbetweenadjacenttwolayerswasconsideredandthevdWinteractionbetweentheothertwolayers
wasneglected.ThevdWinteractioncoefficientwastreatedasaconstantthatwasnotdependentontheradiiof
thetubes.However,theformulasderivedhereinrevealthatthevdWinteractioncoefficientsaredependenton
thechangeofinterlayerspacingandtheradiiofthetubes.Withtheincreaseofradii,thecoefficientsapproach
constants,andtheconstantsbetweentwoadjacentlayersareabout10%higherthanthosereportedbyWanget
al.(Int.J.Solids.Struct.40(2003)3893).Inaddition,thenumericalresultsshowthatthevdWinteractionwill
leadtoahighercriticalbucklingloadinmultiwalledCNTs.Theeffectofthetuberadiusonthecritical
bucklingloadofamultiwalledCNTisalsoexamined.
X.Q.He(1),C.Qu(2),Q.H.Qin(3)andC.M.Wang(4)
(1)DepartmentofBuildingandConstructionCityUniversityofHongKong,HongKongbcxqhe@cityu.edu.hk
(2)DepartmentofMechanics,TianjinUniversityTianjin,300072,China
(3)DepartmentofEngineeringAustralianNationalUniversityCanberra,Australia
(4)EngineeringScienceProgrammeandDepartmentofCivilEngineeringNationalUniversityofSingapore,
KentRidge,Singapore119260
BucklingandPostbucklingAnalysisofMultiWalledCarbonNanotubesBasedontheContinuumShell
Model,InternationalJournalofStructuralStabilityandDynamicsVol.7,No.4(2007)pp.629645
ABSTRACT:Bucklingandpostbucklingbehaviorsofmultiwalledcarbonnanotubes(MWCNTs)undera
compressiveforcearestudied.MWCNTsaremodeledbyDonnellsshallowshellnonlineartheorywiththe
allowanceofvanderWaals(vdW)interactionbetweenthewalls.Itisshownhereinthatthebucklingload
decreaseswhilethebucklingstrainincreasesastheinnermostradiusofMWCNTincreases.Forthe
postbucklingbehavior,theshorteningloadcurvesshowaninitialsteepgradientthatgraduallylevelupwhen
theradiusoftheinnermosttubechangesfromasmallvaluetoalargevalue.However,thedeflectionload
curvesarealmostlevelforvariousradiiofMWCNTs.Inaddition,theanalyticalresultsshowedthatthe
shorteningloadcurvesarealmostlinearbutthedeflectionloadcurvesarenonlinearandthestabilityof
MWCNTscanbeenhancedbyaddingtubes.
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Liew,K.M.,Wang,J.B.,He,X.Q.andZhang,H.W.(DepartmentofBuildingandConstruction,City
UniversityofHongKong,Kowloon,HongKong),Bucklinganalysisofabnormalmultiwalledcarbon
nanotubes,JournalofAppliedPhysics,Vol.102,No.10,September2007,pp.0535110535116,
doi:10.1063/1.2777893
ABSTRACT:Abnormalmultiwalledcarbonnanotubes(MWNTs)withaninterlayerdistanceoflessthan0.34
nmareproposedandoptimizedbasedonmoleculardynamicssimulation,inwhichthesecondgeneration
TersoffBrennerpotentialandLennardJones(126)potentialareusedtocharacterizetheintratubeinteratomic
interactionandtheintertubevanderWaals(vdW)interaction,respectively.Then,amultishellcontinuummodel
thatiscombinedwitharefinedvdWforcemodelisusedtocarryoutthebucklinganalysisofabnormal
MWNTs(includingtwo,four,andsixwalledMWNTs)andtoinvestigatetheeffectofthevdWinteractionof
abnormalMWNTs.ThenumericalresultsshowthattheeffectofthevdWinteractionismoresignificantfor
abnormalMWNTsthanfornormalMWNTsandthatthevdWinteractionofabnormalMWNTscannotbe
neglected.ThecriticalbucklingstrainsofabnormalMWNTsaregreatlyenhancedcomparedwiththoseof
normalMWNTs,whichsuggeststhatabnormalMWNTsmaybeexcellentcandidatesasenforcedfibersof
nanocomposites.
A.H.Korayem(1),W.H.Duan(1),X.L.Zhao(1)andC.M.Wang(1,2)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,MonashUniversity,Clayton,Melbourne,Victoria3800,Australia
(2)EngineeringScienceProgrammeandDepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,National
UniversityofSingapore,KentRidge119260,Singapore
BucklingBehaviorofShortMultiWalledCarbonNanotubesunderAxialCompressionLoads,International
JournalofStructuralStabilityandDynamics,Vol.12,No.6,1250045(13pages),December2012,
DOI:10.1142/S0219455412500459
ABSTRACT:Weinvestigatethebucklingbehaviorsofshortmultiwalledcarbonnanotubes(MWCNTs)under
axialcompressionbyusingmolecularmechanics(MM)simulations.Theeffectsofthenumberofwalls,length
andchiralangleofMWCNTsonthebucklingbehaviorsareexamined.Theresultsshowthatthebuckling
behaviorsofshortMWCNTsareratherdifferentfromsinglewalledcarbonnanotubes(SWCNTs)andslender
MWCNTs.Moreover,itisobservedthatthebucklingstrainsofshortMWCNTsvaryinverselyproportionalto
thenumberofnanotubewalls.ForslenderMWCNTs,thebucklingstrainsfluctuateasthenumberofwalls
increase.Itincreasesforbeamlikebucklingmode,decreasesforshelllikebucklingmodeandisapproximately
constantfortheshellbeamlikebucklingmode.TheincreaseinthelengthofMWCNThasalsoledtoa

significantdecreaseofthebucklingstrainforshortMWCNTs.However,chiralitydoesnothaveasignificant
effectonthebucklingstrainofMWCNTsnoralterthebucklingmodeofshortMWCNTs.
F.Khademolhosseini,R.K.N.D.Rajapakse,A.Nojeh,Torsionalbucklingofcarbonnanotubesbasedon
nonlocalelasticityshellmodels,ComputationalMaterialsScience,Elsevier,Vol.48,pp.736742(2010)
Abstract:Thispaperinvestigatessizeeffectsinthetorsionalresponseofsinglewalledcarbonnanotubes
(SWCNTs)bydevelopingamodifiednonlocalcontinuumshellmodel.Thepurposeistofacilitatethedesignof
devicesbasedonSWCNTtorsionbyprovidingasimple,accurateandefficientcontinuummodelthat
canpredictthecorrespondingbucklingloads.Tothisend,Eringensequationsofnonlocalelasticityare
incorporatedintotheclassicalmodelsfortorsionofcylindricalshellsgivenbyTimoshenkoandDonnell.
Incontrasttotheclassicalmodels,thenonlocalmodeldevelopedherepredictsnondimensionalbuckling
torquesthatdependonthevaluesofcertaingeometricparametersoftheCNT,allowingfortheinclusion
ofsizeeffects.Moleculardynamicssimulationsoftorsionalbucklingarealsoperformedandtheresults
ofwhicharecomparedwiththeclassicalandnonlocalmodelsandusedtoextractconsistentvaluesof
shellthicknessandthenonlocalelasticityconstant(e0).Athicknessof0.85andnonlocalconstantvalues
ofapproximately0.8and0.6forarmchairandzigzagnanotubesrespectivelyarerecommendedfor
torsionalanalysisofSWCNTsusingnonlocalshellmodels.Thesizedependentnonlocalmodelstogether
withmoleculardynamicssimulationsshowthatclassicalshellmodelsoverestimatethecriticalbuckling
torqueofSWCNTsandarenotsuitableformodelingofSWCNTswithdiameterssmallerthan1.5nm.
MarkW.Hilburger,MichaelP.Nemeth,andJamesH.Starnes,Jr.LangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,
Virginia,ShellBucklingDesignCriteriaBasedonManufacturingImperfectionSignatures,NASA/TM2004
212659,May2004.
Abstract
Ananalysisbasedapproachfordevelopingshellbucklingdesigncriteriaforlaminatedcompositecylindrical
shellsthataccuratelyaccountsfortheeffectsofinitialgeometricimperfectionsispresented.Withthisapproach,
measuredinitialgeometricimperfectiondatafromsixgraphiteepoxyshellsareusedtodeterminea
manufacturingprocessspecificimperfectionsignaturefortheseshells.Thisimperfectionsignatureisthenused
asinputintononlinearfiniteelementanalyses.Theimperfectionsignaturerepresentsa"firstapproximation"
meanimperfectionshapethatissuitablefordevelopingpreliminarydesigndata.Comparisonsoftestdataand
analyticalresultsobtainedbyusingseveraldifferentimperfectionshapesarepresentedforselectedshells.
Overall,theresultsindicatethattheanalysisbasedapproachpresentedfordevelopingreliablepreliminary
designcriteriahasthepotentialtoprovideimproved,lessconservativebucklingloadestimates,andtoreduce
theweightandcostofdevelopingbucklingresistantshellstructures
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December,1999,pp.788803.
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J.G.WilliamsandR.C.Davis(NASALangleyResearchCenter,Hampton,Virginia,USA),Experimentson
stiffenedconicalshellstructuresusingcastepoxymodels,SocietyforExperimentalStressAnalysis,Fall
Meeting,Indianapolis,Ind;UnitedStates;1619Oct.1973.38pp.1973
ABSTRACT:Descriptionofacastingtechniqueforfabricatinghighqualityplasticstructuralmodels,and
reviewofresultsregardingtheuseofsuchspecimenstoparametricallystudytheeffectofbaseringstiffnesson
thecriticalbucklingpressureofaringstiffenedconicalshell.Thefabricationtechniqueinvolvesmachininga
metalmoldtothedesiredconfigurationandvacuumdrawingtheplasticmaterialintothemold.Aroom
temperaturecuringtranslucentthermosetepoxywasthecastingmaterialselected.Ashellofrevolution
computerprogramwhichemploysanonlinearaxisymmetricprebucklingstrainfieldtoobtainabifurcation
bucklingsolutionwasusedtoguidetheselectionofcongifurationstested.Theshellexperimentallyexhibited
asymmetriccollapsebehavior,andtheultimateloadwasconsiderablyhigherthantheanalyticalbifurcation
prediction.Theasymmetricbucklingmodeshape,however,initiallyappearedatapressureneartheanalysis
bifurcationsolution.
J.G.WilliamsandR.C.Davis,Bucklingexperimentsonstiffenedcastepoxyconicalshells
Acastingtechniqueformanufacturinghighqualityshellspecimenswithcomplexgeometryisdescribedand
experimentalandtheoreticalresultsarepresentedforapressureloadedringstiffenedconicalshell,
ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.15,No.9,1975,pp.329338,DOI:10.1007/BF02318873
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdescribesacastingtechniqueforfabricatinghighqualityplasticstructuralmodelsand
presentsresultsontheuseofsuchspecimenstoparametricallystudytheeffectofbaseringstiffnessonthe
criticalbucklingpressureofaringstiffenedconicalshell.Thefabricationtechniqueinvolvesmachiningametal
moldtothedesiredconfigurationandvacuumdrawingtheplasticmaterialintothemold.Aroomtemperature
curingtranslucentthermosetepoxywasthecastingmaterialselected.Thecastingtechniqueallowsmanyhigh
qualityspecimenstobeproducedandeachspecimeniscapableofbeingrepeatedlytestedwithoutfailure.The
conicalshellwasmodifiedforsuccessivetestsbymachiningtheepoxybaseringconfigurationtoreduceits
stiffness.Ashellofrevolutioncomputerprogramwhichusesanonlinearaxisymmetricprebucklingstrainfield

toobtainabifurcationbucklingsolutionwasusedtoguidetheselectionofconfigurationstested.Theshell
experimentallyexhibitedasymmetriccollapsebehaviorandtheultimateloadwasconsiderablyhigherthanthe
analyticalbifurcationprediction.Theasymmetricbucklingmodeshape,however,initiallyappearedata
pressureneartheanalysisbifurcationsolution.Comparisonofexperimentalandanalyticalprebucklingstrains
atpressuremagnitudesbelowtheinitiationofasymmetriccollapseshowedgoodagreement.
RandallC.Davis,BucklingTestofa3MeterDiameterCorrugatedGraphiteEpoxyCylindricalShell,NASA
Technicalpaper,July1982,proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA302796
ABSTRACT:A3mdiameterby3mlongcorrugatedcylindricalshellwithexternalstiffeningringswastested
tofailurebybuckling.Thecorrugationgeometryforthegraphiteepoxycompositecylinderwallwasoptimized
towithstandacompressiveloadproducingtherelativelylowmaximumloadintensityof157.6kN/mwithout
buckling.Theresultingmassperunitofshellwallarea,includingstiffeningringsandfasteners,2was1.96
kg/sqm.Thecylindertestloadachievementof101percentofdesignultimatedemonstratesasubstantialmass
savingpotentialoveravailabledataforcorrugatedaluminumshelldesigns.Futurespacemissionswillrequire
lowmassstructurestoachievemaximumpayloads.Forsuchstructuresthatmustcarrycompressionloads
withoutbuckling,graphiteepoxymaterialsofferanattractiveapproachtoprovidingtheneededlowmass
structuralcomponents.Preliminarydesignstudiesoflightlyloadedshells,usingminimummassstructural
sizingcodes,indicatethatringstiffenedgraphiteepoxycorrugatedshellscan,likecorrugatedgraphiteepoxy
panelsofferamasssavingpotentialof20to40percentoveraluminumshellwalldesignconcepts.Toevaluate
themeritsofacorrugatedgraphiteepoxycylindricalshellandtodevelopadesigndatabaseforlightweight
spacestructures,aprogramwasinitiatedtodesign,fabricate,andtesta3mdiameterby3mlongcorrugated
ringstiffenedgraphiteepoxycylinder.Thepreliminarydesignforthecylinderwasgeneratedusinga
minimummassstructuralsizingcodetocarryanultimateaxialcompressionloadingintensityof157.6kN/m.
Thepreliminarydesignfortheshellwasmodifiedandverifiedbytestingsubcomponentspecimensas
described.Thepurposeofthispaperistopresenttheresultsfromthetestofthecylinder.
Anonymous,InvestigationofBucklingofThinShells,IndiraGandhiCentreforAtomicResearch,2004,
igcar.ernet.in/igc2004/reg/neg/smspdfs/...
BucklinganalysisiscarriedoutincompliancewiththeFrenchdesigncodeRCCMR.Asperthis,itisrequired
todeterminethecriticalbucklingloadmultipliersforthevariousloadcombinationsandensurethatthese
multipliersshouldbemorethantheminimumvaluesspecified..Forthetheoreticalbucklinganalysis,the
computercodesavailableatIndiraGandhiCentreforAtomicResearchsuchasCAST3M..
Fromcitationgivenonthewebsite,http://www.ebook2you.net/ebook/shellbucklingpdf.php
J.AriGur,M.BaruchandJ.Singer,Bucklingofcylindricalshellsundercombinedaxialpreload,nonuniform
heatingandtorque:Atestprogram,withopticalmeasurementsofgrowthofprebucklingdeflections,is
presentedforathermalbucklingproblemthatincludesinteractionwithmechanicalload,Experimental
Mechanics,Vol.19,No.11,1979,pp.406410,doi:10.1007/BF02324506
ABSTRACT:Thinaluminumalloycylindersweretestedunderdifferentcombinationsoftorqueand
circumferentiallyvaryingaxialthermalstress.Themethodsofapplicationoftherequiredloadsandthe
measuringtechniquesemployedarediscussed.Thebucklingprocessisdescribedandinteractioncurvesare

presented.
MenahemBaruch(1),JohannArbocz(2)andGuoQiZhang(3)
(1)FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,TechnionI.I.T.,Haifa32000,Israel
(2)FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,DelftUniversityofTechnoliogy,TheNetherlands
(3)FokkerAircraftB.B.,TheNetherlands
Laminatedconicalshellsconsiderationsforthevariationsofthestiffensscoefficients,AIAAPaperNo.94
1634CP,35thAIAAStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,1994
ABSTRACT:Thestiffnesscoefficientsofalaminatedconicalshell,orthotropic,orinsomemoregeneralmode,
areusuallyassumedtobeconstant.Itisshownthatduetothegeometryoftheconicalsurface,inconnection
withthefilamentwindingprocessnecessarytobuildthelaminatedconicalshell,thiscanneverbeachieved.To
calculatethevaryingstiffnesscoefficientsofalaminatedconicalshellthegeometryoftheshellandthewinding
processneededtobuildtheshellmustbetakenintoaccount.Amethodtocalculatethosestiffnesscoefficients
isproposed.Thegeodesicpaths,whicharethepracticalwaystopositionthefibers,areespeciallyexamined.Of
coursestiffenerscanalsobeplacedonthesepaths.However,otherpathsarealsoexamined.Stiffeners,for
example,canbeplacedonthesepathsforoptimizationpurposes.Thestiffnesscoefficientsofalaminated
conicalshellvaryalwaysandarefunctionsofthecoordinatesoftheshell.Itisshownthatbyproperfilament
windingprocessthesefunctionscanbemadetobefunctionsofthelongitudinalcoordinateonly.
J.AriGur,J.SingerandA.Libai(Dept.ofAeronauticalEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,
Haifa,Israel),RepeatedBucklingTestsofStiffenedThinShearPanels,August1981
DTICAccessionNumber:ADA111964,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA111964
ABSTRACT:Anexperimentalstudyofrepeatedbucklingofshearpanels,whichrepresentsthefirstphaseofa
morecomprehensiveprogramispresented.TwosimilartypicalWagnerbeamsweretestedundercyclicloading
notexceeding70%ofthepredictedultimatestaticload,onetestedasacantileverandoneloadedsymmetrically
atthreepoints.Theaimofthesepilottestswasbetterunderstandingofthephysicalphenomenaandevaluation
oftheexperimentalmethodsforfuturetests.Theappropriatelocationandprecautionsforuseofstraingagesto
measurethestressconcentrationsattheedgesofthediagonaloftensionweredetermined,andthesuitabilityof
theshadowmoiretechniquefordeflectionmeasurementswasascertained.Itwasfoundthatcyclicloadingata
fairlyhighloadlevelcausessignificantstructuralchangesintheshearpanelsthataffectthefailureofthebeam.
J.Singer,O.RandandA.Rosen(DepartmentofAeronauticalEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteof
Technology,Haifa,Israel),Vibrationsofaxiallyloadedstiffenedcylindricalpanelswithelasticrestraints,
JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.93,No.3,April1984,pp.397408,doi:10.1016/0022460X(84)903377
ABSTRACT:Amethodhasbeendevelopedforanalysisofthevibrationandbucklingofpreloadedstiffened
cylindricalpanelswithdifferentboundaryconditionsalongthestraightedges,includingelasticrestraints.Inthe
analysislinear,smearedstiffener,Flggetypetheoryisused.AcomputerprogramVIBUPALhasbeen
developed.Themethodhasbeenverifiedbycomparisonwithresultsavailableforlimitedcasesandverygood
agreementhasbeenobtained.

H.Abramovich,R.YaffeandJ.Singer(DepartmentofAeronauticalEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteof
Technology),Evaluationofstiffenedshellcharacteristicsfromimperfectionmeasurements,TheJournalof
StrainAnalysisforEngineeringDesign,January1987vol.22no.1pp.1723,
doi:10.1243/03093247V221017
ABSTRACT:Themeasurementofinitialgeometricimperfectionsofstringerstiffenedcylindricalshellsona
laboratoryscaleisreviewedandrecentresultsarepresented.Bucklingloadsarepredictedbythemultimode
analysisandarecomparedwithexperimentalresults.Theconceptandpurposeofaninternationalimperfection
databankisoutlinedandtheactivityoftheTechnionbranchisdescribed.Anevaluationofthecharacteristics
ofshellsfromtheirmeasuredimperfectionrecordisattempted.
TanchumWeller,HaimAbramovichandRonithYaffe(FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,Technion,Israel
InstituteofTechnology,Haifa32,Israel),Dynamicbucklingofbeamsandplatessubjectedtoaxialimpact,
Computers&Structures,Vol.32,Nos.34,1989,pp.835851,doi:10.1016/00457949(89)903684
ABSTRACT:AnalyticalstudieswiththeADINAcomputercodewereperformedtodeterminetheDynamic
LoadAmplificationFactor(DLF)ofmetalbeamsandplatessubjectedtoaxialinplaneimpactcompression
loading.Theresultswerecomparedwithexperimentalonesandthoseyieldedbyselfdevelopedfinite
differencesprograms.Theinfluencesofinitialgeometricimperfections,aswellasdurationofloadingonthe
DLPwereevaluated.Asanticipated,theDLFswereusuallyhigherthanunity.However,inafewcases,inthe
presenceofcertainmagnitudesofinitialgeometricimperfectionandforloadingdurationsclosetothefirst
naturalperiodinbending,DLFssmallerthanunitywereobserved.
H.Abramovich,T.WellerandJ.Singer(Technion,Israel),Effectofsequenceofcombinedloadingon
bucklingofstiffenedshells,ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.28,No.1,1988,pp.113,
doi:10.1007/BF02328988
ABSTRACT:Thevibrationcorrelationtechnique,VCTfordefinitionofrealboundaryconditions,andthe
methodofrepeatedbucklingwereemployedfornondestructivegenerationofimprovedinteractioncurvesfor
bucklingofstringerstiffenedcircularcylindricalshellssubjectedtoacombinedaxialcompressionand
externalpressurestateofloading.Thirteenshellsweretested,fiveonclampedboundaryconditionsandeight
onnorminalsimplesupports.Thestudyalsoincludedanassessmentoftheinfluenceoftheorderofloadingon
thebehavioroftheshellsbeforeandatbucklingasaresultofthenonlinearinteraction.Ithasbeenshownthat
theVCTandrepeatedbucklingapproacharefeasibleforcloselystiffenedshellsandareadequatetoolsforthe
derivationofmorerealisticbucklinginteractioncurves.Itappearsthatthesequenceofloading,constantaxial
compressionfirstandthenincreasingtheexternalpressureuntilbucklingoccurs,orthereverseorderof
loading,doesnotinfluencethebucklingloads.
JosefSinger(TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,Haifa32000,Israel),Experimentaltechniquesand
comparisonwiththeoreticalresults,BucklingandPostBuckling
LectureNotesinPhysics,1987,Volume288/1987,185246,doi:10.1007/BFb0009200
ABSTRACT:Theroleofexperimentsinbucklingandpostbucklingstudiesofstructuresisexamined.The
essentialelementsoftheexperimentalapproacharediscussedforasimplebucklingtestacolumnunder
axialcompressionandtypicalmoderntechniquesareenumerated.Thetheoryofmodelingandits

applicationsaresummarized.Theproblemsofbucklingandpostbucklingexperimentsforplatesandshellsare
thendiscussedindetail,withemphasisoncomparisonwiththeoreticalresultsandrecentdevelopmentslike
initialimperfectionmeasurements,definitionofboundaryconditionandnondestructivemethods.
HaimAbramovich,JosefSingerandTanchumWeller(FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,Technion,I.I.T.,
32000Haifa,Israel),Theinfluenceofinitialimperfectionsonthebucklingofstiffenedcylindricalshells
undercombinedloading,inBucklingofshellstructures,onland,inthesea,andintheair,editedbyJ.F.
Jullien,ElsevierAppliedSciencePublishingCo.,Inc.,NewYork,1991
ABSTRACT:Thepresentexperimentalstudyaimsatprovidingbetterinputsforimprovementofthebuckling
loadpredictionsofstiffenedcylindricalshellssubjectedtocombinedloading.Theworkfocusesontwomain
factorswhichconsiderablyaffectthecombinedbucklingloadofstiffenedshells,namelyinitialgeometric
imperfectionsandboundaryconditions.Sixshellswithnominalsimplesupportsweretestedundervarious
combinationsofcombinedloading.TheVibrationCorrelationTechnique(VCT)isemployedtodefinethereal
boundaryconditions.Theinitialgeometricimperfectionsoftheintegrallystiffenedshellsaremeasuredinthe
presentexperimentsinsituandareusedasinputstoamultimodeanalysiswhichyieldstheappropriate
knockdownfactorforvariouscombinationsofaxialcompressionandexternalpressure.Thuswhen
employingtherepeatedbucklingmethodforobtaininginteractioncurves,eachpointonthecurveisadjusted
(usingthemultimodeanalysis)forthemeasureddegradationoftheshellandthisresultsinimprovedinteraction
curvesandreducedexperimentalscatter.Themeasuredgeometricalimperfectionsofthepreloadedshellscan
alsoserveasacontributiontoInternationalImperfectionDataBankforfuturestudiesonthecorrelation
betweenthemanufacturingmethodoftheshellanditsgeometricimperfections.
I.PatlashenkoandT.Weller(FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,Haifa
32000,Israel),CubicBsplinecollocationmethodfornonlinearstaticanalysisofpanelsundermechanicaland
thermalloadings,Computers&Structures,Vol.49,No.1,October1993,pp.8996,
doi:10.1016/00457949(93)90127Y
ABSTRACT:ThisstudypresentsthecubicBsplinecollocationmethodforsolutionofoneandtwo
dimensionalnonlinearboundaryproblems,describingthebehaviorofpanelssubjectedtomechanicaland
thermalloadings.Snapthroughofpanelsunderpressureloading.andnonlinearthermallyinducedresponseof
panelsareconsidered.Availableresults,yieldedbyothersolutionmethods,werecomparedwiththoseobtained
bytheproposedmethod.Theaccuracy,aswellasefficiencyofthepresentapproachareverified.
I.PatlashenkoandT.Weller(FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,
Haifa32000,Israel),Twodimensionalsplinecollocationmethodfornonlinearanalysisoflaminatedpanels,
Computers&Structures,Vol.57,No.1,October1995,pp.131139,doi:10.1016/00457949(94)00802A
ABSTRACT:Theapplicationofthesplinecollocationmethod,usingthecubicBsplinestechnique,was
extendedtosolvetwodimensionalproblems,andemployedtodeterminethepreandpostbucklingbehaviorof
laminatedpanelssubjectedtomechanicalandheatinginducedloadings.Transversesheardeformationeffects
wereincludedintheanalysis.Theaccuracyofthemethodwasvalidatedanditsefficiencyandadequacyto
solveproblems,concernedwithmoderateandthinwalled(whichmayexperienceshearlocking)shelltype
structuresundertheabovetypesofloadings,wereshown.Examples,demonstratingthecapabilityofthe

methodtosatisfactorilyprovidethebucklingloadsandpostbucklingbranchesofmultilayeredpanelsunder
axial,pressureanduniformheatingtypeloadings,arepresented.
ShenHuishen,ZhouPinandChenTieyun,Bucklingandpostbucklingofstiffenedcylindricalshellsunder
axialcompression,AppliedMathematicsandMechanics,Vol.12,No.12,1991,pp.11951207,
doi:10.1007/BF02456059
ABSTRACT:Bucklingandpostbucklingbehaviorsofperfectandimperfect,stringerandorthotropically
stiffenedcylindricalshellshavebeenstudiedunderaxialcompression.Basedontheboundarylayertheoryfor
thebucklingofthinalasticshellssuggestedinref.[1],atheoreticalanalysisispresented.Theeffectsofmaterial
propertiesofstiffenersandskin,whicharemadeofdifferentmaterials,onthebucklingloadandpostbuckling
behaviorofstiffenedcylindricalshellshavealsobeendiscussed.
Singer,Josef,ExperimentalStudiesinShellBuckling,StabilityAnalysisofPlatesandShells,NASA/CP1998
206280,Jan.1998,AIAAPaper971075
Recentdevelopmentsinshellbucklingexperimentsarereviewedandrelatedtoearlierinvestigations.The
motivationforbucklingexperimentsonshellsintheeraofthedigitalcomputer,analysedbytheauthorintwo
previousreviews,isreexaminedandevaluated.Thehistoricaldevelopmentofshellbucklingtestsisbriefly
tracedandtheinteractionoftheory,experimentsandnumericalstudiesindevelopingbetterunderstandingof
bucklingandpostbucklingphenomenaisemphasized.Somesignificantmeasurementproblemsarebriefly
discussed.Theroleofinitialimperfectionsandtheirmeasurementisoutlined,aswellastheeffectofboundary
conditions.Nondestructivetestmethodsforshellbucklingarebrieflymentioned.Finally,areasofshell
bucklingexperimentationthatdeserveattentionincomingyearsareenumerated.
Foundfromwebsitelink,http://airex.tksc.jaxa.jp/pl/dr/19980019014/en
JosefSingerandHaimAbramovich(FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteof
Technology,Haifa32000,Israel),Thedevelopmentofshellimperfectionmeasurementtechniques,Thin
WalledStructures,Vol.23,Nos.14,1995,pp.379398,SpecialIssue:BucklingStrengthofImperfection
sensitiveShells,doi:10.1016/02638231(95)94361V
ABSTRACT:Thedevelopmentoftechniquesformeasuringgeometricimperfectionsistracedfromthesixties
tothepresentday.First,theearlylaboratoryexperimentsthatinitiatedtheconceptsanddevelopedthebasic
techniquesareoutlined.Imperfectionmeasurementsoflargeandfullscaleshellsarethenconsidered,including
thoseperformedinindustry.Modern,moresophisticated,semiautomatedmeasurementtechniquesaswellas
imperfectiondatabanksarediscussed.Finally,adesignmethodologywhichincludesthecorrelationofrealistic
imperfectionswithmanufacturingtechniquesisoutlined,andwaysareindicatedofinclusionoftherelevant
imperfectiondataintodesignmethods.
JosefSinger,HaimAbramovichandTanchumWeller(FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,TechnionIsrael
InstituteofTechnology,Haifa32000,Israel),Theprerequisitesforanadvanceddesignmethodologyinshells
pronetobuckling,inNewapproachestostructuralmechanics,shells,andbiologicalstructures,editedby
HoraceR.DrewandSergioPellegrino,KluwerAcademicPublishers,Dordrecht,TheNetherlands,2002.

SpecialvolumeproducedfortheretirementofProfessorChrisCalladine,2002
ABSTRACT:Theperformancegoalsoffutureaerospacevehicleswillrequireanunprecedenteddegreeof
structuralefficiency,whichcanbeobtainedbyanadvanceddesignmethodology,oftencalledhighfidelity
analysis.Suchamethodologycombinesaccumulatedgeometrical,materialandloadingimperfectionsand
boundaryconditiondatawiththeavailablecomputercodes.Theprerequisiteforasuccessfulapplicationof
suchahighfidelityanalysistoshelltypestructuresistheexistenceofdatabanksofmeasuredimperfectionsand
dataontheeffeciveboundaryconditions.Thesedatabankshavetobenotonlyextensive,butalsowell
correlatedwiththerelevantmanufacturingprocesses,loadingconditionsandpracticalendfixtures.The
experimentalworkonstiffenedmetalshellsthatproducedtheavailabledatabanksisbrieflyreviewedandtheir
presentlimitationsareemphasized.Theurgentneedforcoordinatedextensiveinternationaleffortsbyindustry
andresearchlaboratoriestomeasureimperfectionsandeffectiveboundaryconditions,andcorrelatethemwith
experimentalbucklingloadsaswellasfabricationprocesses,isemphasized.Nondestructivevibration
correlationtechniquesarealsobrieflydiscussedasameansfordeterminingtheeffectiveboundaryconditions.
Finally,assumingthatthenecessaryprerequisiteswillbecomeavailable,theconsecutivestagesoftheadvanced
designmethodologyareoutlined.
HaimAbramovich,JosefSingerandTanchumWeller(FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,TechnionIsrael
InstituteofTechnology,Haifa32000,Israel),Repeatedbucklinganditsinfluenceonthegeometrical
imperfectionsofstiffenedcylindricalshellsundercombinedloading,InternationalJournalofNonLinear
Mechanics,Vol.37,Nos.45,June2002,pp.577588,SpecialIssue:Stability&VibrationinThinWalled
Structures,doi:10.1016/S00207462(01)000853
ABSTRACT:Thepresentexperimentalstudyaimsatprovidingbetterinputsforimprovementofthebuckling
loadpredictionsofstiffenedcylindricalshellssubjectedtocombinedloading.Theworkfocusesontwomain
factorswhichconsiderablyaffectthecombinedbucklingloadofstiffenedshells,namelygeometric
imperfectionsandboundaryconditions.Sixshellswithnominalsimplesupportsweretestedundervarious
combinationsofaxialcompressionandexternalpressure.Thevibrationcorrelationtechniqueisemployedto
definetherealboundaryconditions.Thegeometricimperfectionsoftheintegrallystiffenedshellsaremeasured
inthepresentexperimentsinsituandareusedasinputstoamultimodeanalysiswhichyieldsthecorresponding
knockdownfactorforvariouscombinationsofloading.Thus,whenemployingtherepeatedbuckling
procedureforobtaininginteractioncurves,eachpointonthecurveisadjusted(usingthemultimodeanalysis)
forthemeasurednewsurfaceoftheshellandthisresultsinmorerealisticinteractioncurves.Thegeometrical
imperfectionsofthepreloadedshellscanalsoserveasaninputtotheInternationalImperfectionDataBankfor
futurestudiesonthecorrelationbetweenthemanufacturingmethodoftheshellandtheirgeometric
imperfections.
R.YaffeandH.Abramovich(FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,Technion,IsraelInstituteofTechnology,
Haifa32000,Israel),Dynamicbucklingofcylindricalstringerstiffenedshells,Computers&Structures,Vol.
81,Nos.811,May2003,pp.10311039,SpecialIssue:K.JBathe60thAnniversaryIssue,
doi:10.1016/S00457949(02)004170
ABSTRACT:Thedynamicbucklingofcylindricalstringerstiffenedshellswasinvestigatedbothnumerically
andexperimentally.Anewcriteriontodefinethenumericaldynamicbucklingloadwasdevelopedyielding
consistentresults.TheADINAfiniteelementcodewasappliedtosimulatethestaticanddynamicbuckling

loadsoftheshells.Itwasshownnumericallythatwhentheperiodoftheappliedloading(halfwavesine)
equalshalfthelowestnaturalperiodoftheshell,thereisaslightdropinthedynamicloadamplificationfactor
(DLF).TheDLFisdefined,astheratioofthedynamicbucklingtothestaticbucklingoftheshell.Thisfactor
dropsbelowunity,whentheratioofthegivensoundspeedinsolids,c,tothevelocitydevelopedaxiallydueto
theapplieddynamicloading,approachesunity.Itmeansthat,forthisparticularloadingperiod,thedynamic
bucklingloadwouldbelowerthanthestaticone.Itwasshownnumericallythattheshapeoftheloadingperiod,
halfwavesine,ashapeencounteredduringthetests,aswellastheinitialgeometricimperfectionshaveagreat
influenceonthedynamicbucklingoftheshells.Therelativelysimpletestsetupdesigntocauseashellto
buckledynamicallydidnotfulfillourexpectations.Although,theprocessleadingtoeventuallythedynamic
bucklingoftheshellworkedproperly,stillnotestresultswereobtainedtoformasoundexperimentaldatabase
forthisphenomenon.Basedonthenumericalpredictions,correctguidelineswereformulatedforbettertest
procedurestobeappliedinfuturetests,whichwillbereportedinduetime.
J.Singer,Chapter11Stiffenedcylindricalshells,inBucklingofthinmetalshells,editedbyJ.G.TengandJ.
MichaelRotter,SponPress,11NewFetterLane,LondonEC4P4EE,2004
PARTIALABSTRACT:Stiffenedshells,andinparticularstiffenedcircularcylindricalshells,areusuallyvery
efficientstructuresthathavemanyapplicationsincivil,aerospace,marine,petrochemicalandmechanical
engineering
R.LevyandE.Gal(FacultyofCivilEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,TechnionCity,
Haifa32000,Israel),Geometricallynonlinearthreenodedflattriangularshellelements,Computers&
Structures,Vol.79,Nos.2628,November2001,pp.23492355,doi:10.1016/S00457949(01)000669
ABSTRACT:Thispaperprovidesanovelapproachtothegeometricallynonlinearanalysisofshellsbyderiving
thegeometricstiffnessmatrixbyloadperturbingthelinearequilibriumequationsintheirfiniteelement
formulation.Rotationsareconsideredasfinite,andrigidbodymotioniselegantlyremovedtoresultinpure
elasticdeformationsthatenablestressretrievalvialinearconstitutiverelations.Simplethreenodedtriangular
elementsthathaveprovensuccessfulinlinearanalysiswillthustransformtopowerfulnonlinearelements.
E.Gal(1),R.Levy(2),H.Abramovich(3)andP.Pavsner(3)
(1)DepartmentofStructuralEngineering,FacultyofEngineering,BenGurionUniversity,BeerSheva84105,
Israel
(2)FacultyofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,TechnionI.I.T.,Haifa32000,Israel
(3)FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,TechnionI.I.T.,Haifa32000,Israel
Bucklinganalysisofcompositepanels,CompositeStructures,Vol.73,No.2,May2006,pp.179185,Special
Issue:InternationalConferenceonBucklingandPostbucklingBehaviorofCompositeLaminatedShell
Structures,doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.11.052
ABSTRACT:Theaimofthispaperistopresentthebucklinganalysisofalaboratorytestedcompositepanel
underaxialcompressionbymeansofasimpleshellfiniteelementthatisdevelopedandpresentedherein.The
testswereperformedintheAircraftStructureLaboratoryoftheFacultyofAerospaceEngineeringatthe
Technion.Bucklingisachievedviaincrementalgeometricallynonlinearanalysisandmonitoringofthetangent
stiffnessmatrixateachincrement.Theperformanceofthefiniteelementisfurthervalidatedbysolvinga

complexmultisnapexamplefromtheliterature.
Levy,R.(1)andGal,E.(2)
(1)FacultyofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,Haifa32000,
Israel
(2)StructuralEngineeringDepartment,FacultyofEngineering,BenGurionUniversity,BeerSheva841195,
Israel
Thegeometricstiffnessofthickshelltriangularfiniteelementsforlargerotations,InternationalJournalfor
NumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.65,No.9,February2006,pp.13781402,
doi:10.1002/nme.1491
ABSTRACT:Thispaperisconcernedwiththedevelopmentofthegeometricstiffnessmatrixofthickshell
finiteelementsforgeometricallynonlinearanalysisoftheNewtontype.Alinearshellelementthatiscomprised
oftheconstantstresstriangularmembraneelementandthetriangulardiscreteKirchhoffMindlintheory
(DKMT)plateelementisupgradedtobecomeageometricallynonlinearthickshellfiniteelement.
Perturbationmethodsareusedtoderivethegeometricstiffnessmatrixfromthegradient,inglobalcoordinates,
ofthenodalforcevectorwhenstressesarekeptfixed.Thepresentapproachfollowsearlierworksassociated
withtrusses,spaceframesandthinshells.Ithastheadvantageofexplicitnessandclearphysicalinsight.A
specialprocedure,tailoredtotriangularelementsisusedtoisolatepurerotationstoenablestressrecoveryvia
linearelasticconstitutiverelations.Severalexamplesaresolved.Theresultscomparewellwiththoseavailable
intheliterature.
Abramovich,H;Weller,T;Pevzner,P(FacultyofAerospaceEngineeringTechnion,I.I.T.,32000HaifaIsrael),
DynamicBucklingBehaviourofThinWalledCompositeCircularCylindricalShellsunderAxialImpulsive
Loading,TwelfthAustralianAeronauticalConference.Melbourne:EngineersAustralia,2007:[647][666].
Availability:<http://search.informit.com.au/documentSummary;dn=559169188481613;res=IELENG>ISBN:
9780980321500.
ABSTRACT:Thepresentstudydealswith"dynamicbuckling",whereacompositecylindricalshell,whichis
subjectedtoanaxialimpactload,losesitsstabilityonceitslateraltransientbehaviourbecomesunboundedin
responsetotheappliedimpulsiveload.Underthistypeofloading,astructuremaysurvivesuddenlyapplied
loads,theamplitudesofwhichmayexceedbymanytimesitsstaticbucklingcapacitybeforereachingitscritical
conditions,providedtheloadingdurationisshortenough.Hence,theloadintensityisloadingduration
dependent,wheretheprescribedloadingamplitudedeterminesitsmaximumsafetimeofapplication.Inthe
caseunderconsideration,triggeringof"dynamicbuckling"isonlypossibleinpresenceofrelativelysmall
lateralinitialgeometricimperfections,orlateralcoupleddeformationsstemmingfromthecylinderskin
constitutiverelations.Instabilityinthesecasesresultsfromcontinuousamplificationofeithertheimperfections
orthecoupleddeformationsoncetheyexceedpermissiblecriticalarbitrarilyprescribedvaluesofstress/strains
ordeformations.Therefore,definitionof"dynamicbuckling"isarbitraryandconsequentlythereisnounique
criterionasyetfordeterminationof"dynamicbuckling",norguidelinesfordesignofdynamicbuckling
resistantstructuresexist.Acriterionthatlendsitselftoarationaldefinitionof"dynamicbuckling"hasbeen
proposedbyBudianskyandHutchinson.Itdefinessimplifiedmeansfordeterminationofthecriticaldynamic
loading,andinessenceisanalogoustoonesemployedinthedefinitionofstaticbucklingloadofanimperfect
structure.Thus,itprovidesmeansforcomparisonbetweenstaticanddynamicbucklingloadscorrespondingto

agivenstructure;howevertheanalogyisincompletesinceinthedynamiccasetheloadingandthestructural
responsearetimedependent.Inlightoftheabovediscussionwiderangeparametricnumericalstudieshave
beenundertakeninthepresentstudytoassesstheinfluenceofshellwallconfigurationanditsinitial
geometricalimperfectionsonthedynamicbucklingcapacityandbehaviourofthinwalledcompositeshells,as
wellasontheloadingdurationoftheshell,whichinturnalsoaffectsthecriticalloadcapacity.Inperforming
theseevaluationstheBudianskyandHutchinsoncriterionhasbeenadoptedfordeterminationoftheshell
criticaldynamicload.Cylindricalstructuresareverysensitivetothepresenceofinitialgeometricimperfections.
Theeffectofidenticalimperfectionsondynamicbucklingiscomparedwiththeirinfluenceonstaticbuckling.
Forthispurpose,initialgeometricimperfections,theshapesofwhichcorrespondtothefirststaticbuckling
modeoftheperfectshellhavebeenemployed.Theamplitudeofthismodeistreatedasafreeparameterinthis
assessment.Previoustheoreticalandexperimentalstudiesondynamicbucklingofbeamsandplateshave
indeeddemonstratedthattheshorterthedurationnofloading,thehighertheresistancetodynamicbucklingof
thesestructuralelements,andsignificantlyhigherthantherespectivelystaticbucklingload,i.e.thereexistsa
dynamicloadamplificationfactor,D.L.F.However,intheneighbourhoodofloadingdurationscorrespondingto
theperiodofthefirstnaturalbendingvibrationD.L.F.'ssmallerthanonehavebeenobserved,namelythe
dynamicbucklingloadissmallerthanthestaticone.Consequently,specialattentionisgiveninthepresent
studytothebucklingbehaviourofcylinderssubjectedtoaxialimpactsofdurationinthisparticularrange.
P.Pevzner,H.AbramovichandT.Weller(FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,Technion,IIT,32000Haifa,
Israel),Calculationofthecollapseloadofanaxiallycompressedlaminatedcompositestringerstiffened
curvedpanelAnengineeringapproach,CompositeStructures,Vol.83,No.4,June2008,pp.341353,
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2007.05.001
ABSTRACT:Theeffectivewidthmethodthatiswidelyappliedfortheanalysisofisotropicplanarstringer
stiffenedpanelshasbeenextendedtolaminatedcompositestringerstiffenedcircularcylindricalpanels.The
approachwasmodifiedandadaptedtohandlecurvedcompositestructures.Panelsstiffenedbybladetype
stiffeners,JformstiffenersandTformstiffenerswereconsideredinthepresentstudy.Bendingbucklingofthe
stiffeners,theirtorsionalbuckling,combinedbendingandtorsionbucklingandlocalbucklingofthestringers
wereaccountedforintheinvestigation.Usingtheproposedextendedeffectivewidthmethod,aMATLAB
basedsoftwarecodeTEW1wasdevelopedandimplemented.Tovalidatethiscode,predictionsobtainedbyit
werecomparedwithexperimentalresultsandwithfiniteelementcalculations.Goodagreementbetweenthe
presentproposedmethod,experimentsandfiniteelementsimulationswasfound,thusyieldinganefficient,
simpletoapplyandfastengineeringcodetobeusedindesignandoptimizationstages.
H.AbramovichandT.Weller(FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,Technion,I.I.T.,32000,Haifa,ISRAELE
mail:haim@aerodyne.technion.ac.il),RepeatedBucklingandPostbuckingBehaviorofLaminatedStringer
StiffenedCompositePanelswithandwithoutDamage,Int.J.Struct.Stab.Dyn.(2008?Latestref.is2007),
cocomat.de
ABSTRACT:Theperformancesoftheairtransportsectorasawholehavealmostreachedastageofleveling
off.Newbreakthroughdesignconceptsandtechnologiesareneededtointroduceaneweraofairflight.Air
transportdemandsarepredictedtodoubleinthenext1015yearsandtriplein20yearstime.Involvedwithit,
boththeEuropeanandAmericanaeronauticalindustriesexpectanoperatingcostreductionof20%inthemean
periodfollowedbyafurtherreductionof50%inthelongrun[1].

Theseextremeexpectationscanbeunderstoodandrealizedbasedontheactualandfuturedesignscenariosof
basicaeronauticalstructuresalaminatedcompositestringerstiffenedpanelpresentedinFigure1,wherethe
axialcompressionloadvs.endshorteningbehaviorsofsuchastructureisdepicted.Thisschematicfigure
summarizesthevisionoftheCOCOMATconsortium[12],namelyimprovedmaterialexploitationof
laminatedcompositeairframestructuresbyaccuratesimulationofpostbucklingandcollapse.
Itisonlynaturaltoattemptachievingtheaboveexpectationsbynarrowingthelargeconservativegap
traditionallyacceptedbetweentheultimateandthecollapseloadcapacities,thus,yieldingthefuturedesign
scenarioasdepictedinFig.1.Torealizethistarget,itisnecessarytodeveloptheappropriatetoolstobeableto
correctlypredictthebehaviorofalaminatedcompositestringerstiffenedshellinthedeeppostbucklingregion,
atthecollapseload,whichischaracterizedbyseparationbetweentheskinandthestringers,delaminations,
crackpropagationsandmatrixfailure,aswellastounderstanditsbehaviorunderrepeatedbuckling.Duringits
normalservicelife,afuselage,whichiscomposedofmanycurvedlaminatedcompositestringerstiffened
panels,mayexperienceafewhundredsofbucklingpostbucklingcycles.Althoughitiswellrecognizedthat
CFRPstiffenedstructuresarecapableofwithstandingverydeeppostbuckling,yieldingcollapseloadsequalto
threefourtimestheirbucklingload(seeforexampletypicalRefs.[46]),thereexistsscarceknowledgeinthe
literatureabouttheeffectsofrepeatedbucklingontheglobalbehaviorofthepanelscomposingsuchfuselages.
Thedatafoundintheliteratureisdealingwithsimplestructuresandloadings[78].Veryfewresultsare
available(forexample[9,20]onhowrepeatedbucklingundercombinedloadinginfluencesthenonlinear
behaviorofaluminumcylindricalshellsandCFRPaeronauticalpanelsandtheircollapsemodes,andonhowfar
intothepostbucklingregionitispossibletoincreaseloadingwithoutloosingstructuralsafety.
Therefore,inlightoftheabove,itistheaimofthepresentmanuscript,tocontributetothebasicunderstanding
andknowledgeoftheabovetopic,bysummarizingtheexperimentalandnumericalresultsthatwere
experiencedandobtainedwithintheCOCOMATconsortium,duringtheyears20032008.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1.DegenhardtR.,TessmerJ.,Improveddesignscenarioforcompositeairframestructures,48thAIAAConferenceonStructures,
StructuralDynamicsandMaterials,2326April,Waikiki,Hawaii,USA,2007.
2.Degenhardt,R.,Rolfes,R.,Zimmermann,R.andRohwer,K.,COCOMAT:ImprovedMaterialExploitationofCompositeAirframe
StructuresbyAccurateSimulationofPostbucklingandCollapse,CompositeStructures,2006,vol.73,no.2,pp.175178.
3.SingerJ.,ArboczJ.andWellerT.,BucklingexperimentsExperimentalmethodsinbucklingofthinwalledstructures,Vol.2,
EditedbyJohnWileyandSons,NewYork,USA,2002.
4.BisagniC.andCordiscoP.,Testingofstiffenedcompositecylindricalshellsinthepostbucklingrangeuntilfailure,AIAAJournal,
Vol.42,No.9,2004,pp.18081817.
5.AbramovichH.,GrunwaldA.,PevsnerP.,WellerT.,DavidA.,GhilaiG.,GreenA.andPekkerN.,Experimentsonaxial
compressionpostbucklingbehaviorofstiffenedcylindricalcompositepanels,44thAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHSStructures,Structural
DynamicsandMaterialConference,Norfolk,USA,710April,2003.
6.KnightN.F.Jr.andStarnesJ.H.Jr.,Postbucklingbehaviorofselectedcurvedstiffenedgraphiteepoxypanelsloadedinaxial
compression,AIAAJournal,Vol.26,No.3,1988,pp.344352.
7.WellerT.andSingerJ.,Durabilityofstiffenedcompositepanelsunderrepeatedbuckling,InternationalJournalofSolids
Structures,Vol.26,No.9,1990,pp.10371069.
8.MelinL.G.andSchonJ.,Bucklingbehavioranddelaminationgrowthinimpactedcompositespecimensunderfatigueload:an
experimentalstudy,CompositesScienceandTechnology,Vol.61,No.13,Oct.2001,pp.18411852.
9.Abramovich,H.,Singer,J.andWeller,T.,Theinfluenceofrepeatedbucklingonthegeometricalimperfectionsofstiffened
cylindricalshellundercombinedloading,inInt.J.ofNonLinearMechanics,37(2002),pp.577588.
10.CordiscoP.,BisagniC.,CyclicbucklingtestsofCFRPboxesundercompressionandtorsion,13thInternationalConferenceon
ExperimentalMechanics,Alexandroupolis,Greece,16July,2007.
11.NemethM.P.,andStarnesJ.H.Jr.,TheNASAmonographsonshellstability.Designrecommendations:areviewandsuggested
improvements,NASATP1998206290.
12.Abramovich,H.,Weller,T.andBisagni,C.,"BucklingBehaviorofCompositeLaminatedStiffenedPanelsUnderCombined

ShearandAxialCompression",J.ofAircraft,Vol.45,No.2,MarchApril2008,pp.402413.13.ABAQUSTheoryandUsers
Manual,Pawtuckett,USA:Hibbitt,Karlsson&SorensenInc.,1998.
14.ABAQUS/Explicit:KeywordsVersion,Pawtuckett,USA:Hibbitt,Karlsson&SorensenInc.,1998.

H.AbramovichandT.Weller(FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,Technion,I.I.T.,32000,Haifa,ISRAELE
mail:haim@aerodyne.technion.ac.il),BucklingandPostbuckingBehaviorofLaminatedCompositeStringer
StiffenedCurvedPanelsunderAxialCompressionExperimentsandDesignGuidelines,Proc.of2ndInt.
ConferenceonBucklingand,2008cocomat.de
ABSTRACT:Itiswellknown[1]thatnoncloselystiffenedpanelscanhaveconsiderablepostbucklingreserve
strength,enablingthemtocarryloadssignificantlyinexcessoftheirinitialbucklingload.Ifappropriately
designed,theirloadcarryingcapacitywillevenappreciablyexceedthatcorrespondingtoanequivalentweight
unstiffenedshell(i.e.ashellofidenticalradiusandthickerskinandwhichisalsomoresensitivetogeometrical
imperfections).Intheseshells,initialbucklingoftheirpanelstakesplaceinalocalmode,i.e.skinbuckling
betweenstiffeners,andnotinanoverallmode,i.e.,anEulerorwidecolumnmode.
Thedesignofaerospacestructuresplacesgreatemphasisonexploitingthebehaviorandonmassminimization
ofsuchpanelstoreducelifecyclecosts.Anoptimum(minimummass)designapproachbasedoninitial
buckling,stressorstrain,andstiffnessconstraints,typicallyyieldsanidealizedstructuralconfiguration
characterizedbyalmostequalcriticalloadsforlocalandoverallbuckling.This,ofcourse,resultsinlittle
postbucklingstrengthcapacityandsusceptibilitytoprematurefailure.However,analternativeoptimumdesign
approachcanbeimposedtoachievelowermassdesignsforagivenloadingbyrequiringtheinitiallocal
bucklingtooccurconsiderablybelowthedesignloadandallowingfortheresponsecharacteristicsknownto
existinpostbuckledpanels[2],i.e.capabilitytocarryloadshigherthantheirinitialbucklingload.Tomeetthe
requirementsoflowstructurallyweight,advancedlightweightlaminatedcompositeelementsareincreasingly
beingintroducedintonewdesignsofmodernaerospacestructuresforenhancingboththeirstructuralefficiency
andperformance.Inrecognitionofthenumerousadvantagesthatcompositesoffer,thereisasteadygrowthin
replacementofmetalliccomponentsbycompositeonesinmarinestructures,groundtransportation,robotics,
sportsandotherfieldsofengineering.Manytheoreticalandexperimentalstudieshavebeenperformedon
bucklingandpostbucklingbehaviorofflatstiffenedcompositepanels(seeforexampleRefs.38).Recently,a
widebodyofdescriptionanddetaileddataonbucklingandpostbucklingtestshasbeencompiled[9](see
chaps.1214).However,studiesoncylindricalcompositeshellsandcurvedstiffenedcompositepanelsarestill
quitescarce(seeforexampleRefs.1015).MostofthemhavebeendiscussedindetailinRef.9(seechap.14).
Inlightoftheabovediscussion,ithasbeensuggestedthatpermittingpostbucklingtotakeplaceunderultimate
loadoffuselagestructures,i.e.alleviationofdesignconstraints,mayprovideameansformeetingtheobjectives
forthedesignofnextgenerationaircraft,wherethedemandisreductionofweightwithoutprejudicetocostand
structurallife(seepaperVision2020oftheEuropeanCommunity).Thisapproachhasbeenundertakeninan
experimentalstudy(ImprovedPOstbucklingSImulationforDesignofFibreCOmpositeStiffenedFuselage
StructuresPOSICOSSproject)asapartofanongoingeffortondesignoflowcostlowweightairborne
structuresinitiatedbythe5thEuropeanInitiativeProgram.Itwasaimedatsupportingthedevelopmentof
improved,fastandreliableproceduresforanalysisandsimulationofpostbucklingbehavioroffibercomposite

stiffenedpaneloffuturegenerationfuselagestructuresandtheirdesign.WithinthePOSICOSSproject,the
Technionperformedalongtestseries,oncurvedlaminatedcompositestringerstiffenedpanelsunderaxial
compression,shearloadintroducedbytorsionandcombinedaxialcompressionandshear.Thebucklingand
postbucklingbehaviorofthesepanelswasrecordedtilltheirfinalcollapse.Thefirstpartofthistestseries,
dealingwithpanelsPSC1PSC9wassummarizedinRef.16.TheresultsofthetestswithpanelsBOX1BOX4,
whichdealwithtwoidenticalpanels,combinedtogetherbytwoflatnonstiffenedaluminumpanels,toforma
torsionbox,
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

1.Hutchinson,J.W.andKoiter,W.T.,PostbucklingTheory,AppliedMechanicsReviews,Vol.23,Dec.1970,pp.13531366.
2.Lilico,M.,Butler,R.,Hunt,G.W.,Watson,A.,Kennedy,D.andWilliams,F.W.,AnalysisandTestingofaPostbuckled
StiffenedPanel,AIAAJournal,Vol.40,No.5,May2002,pp.9961000.
3.Frostig,Y.,Siton,G.,Segal,A.,Sheinman,I.AndWeller,T.,PostbucklingBehaviorofLaminatedCompositeStiffenersand
StiffenedPanelsunderCyclicLoading,AIAAJournalofAircraft,Vol.28,No.7,July1991,pp.471480.
4.Segal,A.,Siton,G.andWeller,T.,DurabilityofGraphiteEpoxyStiffenedPanelsunderCyclicPostbucklingCompression
Loading,in:Proceedings,ICCM&ECCM,6thInternationalConferenceonCompositeMaterialsand2ndEuropeanConferenceon
CompositeMaterials,F.L.Matthews,N.C.R.Bushnell,J.H.HodgkinsonandJ.Morton,eds.,ImperialCollege,London,June2024,
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Orleans,La.,May1012,1982,pp.464477.
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FlatCarbonFiberReinforcedPlastic(CFRP)PanelsSubjectedtoCompressionorShearLoading,in:Proceedingsofthe11th
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D3522,August1966.
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compressionpostbucklingbehaviorofstiffenedcylindricalcompositepanels",presentedat44thAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC
Structures,StructuralDynamics,andMaterialsConferenceand11thAIAA/ASMEAdaptiveStructuresForum,April710,2003,
Norfolk,Virginia,USA.
17.Abramovich,H.,Weller,T.andBisagni,C.,"BucklingBehaviorofCompositeLaminatedStiffenedPanelsUnderCombined
ShearandAxialCompression",J.ofAircraft,Vol.45,No.2,MarchApril2008,pp.402413.18.Pevzner,P.,Abramovich,H.and
Weller,T.,"CalculationoftheCollapseLoadofanAxiallyCompressedLaminatedCompositeStringerStiffedCurvedPanelan
EngineeringApproach",CompositeStructures83(2008)341353.

H.Abramovich(TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,Israel,emal:haim@aerodyne.technion.ac.il),
Chapter1:Experimentalstudiesofstiffenedcompositepanelsunderaxialcompression,torsionandcombined
loading,inBucklingandpostbucklingstructures:experimental,analyticalandnumericalstudies,editedbyB.
G.FalzonandM.H.Aliabadi,ImperialCollegePress,London,2008,ISBN101860947948
PARTIALABSTRACT:Experimentalresultsonthebehaviorofninesinglepanelsandoffourtorsionboxes,
eachcomprisingoftwostringerstiffenedcylindricalgraphiteepoxycompositepanelsarepresented.These
weretestedunderaxialcompression,torsion,andcombinedloading.Thebucklingandpostbucklingbehaviorof
thesesinglepanelsandtorsionbxesdemonstratedconsistentresults.Priortoperformingthebucklingtests,the
initialgeometricimperfectionsofthepanelsandboxeswerescannedandrecorded.Thetestswere
complementedbyfiniteelementcalculations,whichwereperformedforeachpanelandbox
A.MontazeriandR.Naghdabadi,InstituteforNanoScienceandTechnology,SharifUniversityofTechnology,
1458889694Tehran,Iran,InvestigatingtheEffectofCarbonNanotubeDefectsontheColumnandShell
BucklingofCarbonNanotubePolymerCompositesUsingMultiscaleModeling,InternationalJournalfor
MultiscaleComputationalEngineering,Vol.7,pp431444,2009,
doi:10.1615/IntJMultCompEng.v7.i5.50
ABSTRACT:Carbonnanotube(CNT)reinforcedpolymercompositeshaveattractedgreatattentionduetotheir
exceptionallyhighstrength.Theirhighstrengthcanbeaffectedbythepresenceofdefectsinthenanotubesused
asreinforcementsinpracticalnanocomposites.Inthisarticle,anewthreephasemolecularstructural
mechanics/finiteelement(MSM/FE)multiscalemodelisusedtostudytheeffectofCNTvacancydefectsonthe
stabilityofsinglewall(SW)CNTpolymercomposites.Thenanotubeismodeledattheatomisticscaleusing
MSM,whereastheinterphaselayerandpolymermatrixareanalyzedbytheFEmethod.Thenanotubeand
polymermatrixareassumedtobebondedbyvanderWaalsinteractionsbasedontheLennardJonespotential.
Here,twoofthemostcommonlyusedbucklingregimesofCNTs,calledcolumnandshellbuckling,are
considered.Tostudythestabilityofthenanocomposites,thebucklingonsetstrainiscalculatedforperfectand
defectedCNTsinthepolymernanocomposites.Theresultsrevealthatthepresenceofvacancydefectscausesa
decreaseintheaxialbucklingstrainofSWCNTpolymercomposites.Meanwhile,thisdecreaseismuchmore
noticeableinthecaseofthecolumnbucklingmode.Also,itisshownthatdecreasingtheCNTdiametercauses
areductionintheonsetbucklingstrainofdefectednanocomposites.Finally,theroleoftheinterphaselayeron
thestabilitybehaviorofthesenanocompositesisdiscussed.Itisconcludedthattheexistenceofamorecompact
layerthanthepolymerchainscoatedonthenanotubecanenhancedrasticallythebucklingbehaviorofthese
nanocomposites(about35%).
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M.Jabbarzadeh,R.NaghdabadiandM.Tahani,CorotationalLagrangianformulationforelasticandelastic
plasticlargedeformationanalysisusingFEM,ArchiveofSID,2006
ABSTRACT:InthispaperacorotationalLagrangianfiniteelementmethodispresentedtoanalyzethe
geometricandmaterialnonlinearityproblemsusingdegeneratedshellandsolidelements.Theformulationis
basedontheupdatedLagrangianconjugatestressandstraintensorswiththelinearandnonlineartermsto
eliminatetheapproximationoftheCauchystressinthefiniteelementformulation.Linearworkhardeningand
thePrandtlReussflowrulealongwiththevonMisesyieldcriterionareusedtomodelmaterialnonlinearity.To
investigatetheaccuracyandcomputationalefficiencyoftheformulationsomeexamplesintheelasticand
elasticplasticregimearepresented.Also,theresultsobtainedfromthismethodarecomparedwiththose
availableusingothercorotationalfiniteelementformulations.(inArabic)
ChaorongLi,XiaonaZhangandZexianCao(InstituteofPhysics,ChineseAcademyofSciences,PostOffice
Box603,100080Beijing,China,zxcao@aphy.iphy.ac.cn),TriangularandFibonacciNumberPatternsDriven
byStressonCore/ShellMicrostructures,Science5August2005:Vol.309no.5736pp.909911,doi:
10.1126/science.1113412
ABSTRACT:Fibonaccinumberpatternsandtriangularpatternswithintrinsicdefectsoccurfrequentlyon
nonplanarsurfacesinnature,particularlyinplants.Bycontrollingthegeometryandthestressuponcooling,
thesepatternscanbereproducedonthesurfaceofmicrostructuresabout10micrometersindiameter.Spherules
oftheAgcore/SiOxshellstructure,possessingmarkedlyuniformsizeandshape,selfassembledintothe
Fibonaccinumberpatterns(5by8and13by21)orthetriangularpattern,dependingonthegeometryofthe
primarysupportingsurface.Underpropergeometricalconstraints,thepatternsdevelopedthroughselfassembly
inordertominimizethetotalstrainenergy.Thisdemonstratesthathighlyorderedmicrostructurescanbe
preparedsimultaneouslyacrosslargeareasbystressengineering.
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15.M.Hanbu cken,J.Deville,StressandStraininEpitaxy:TheoreticalConcepts,MeasurementsandApplications(Elsevier,
Amsterdam,2001).
16.S.P.Timoshenko,J.M.Gere,TheoryofElasticStability(McGrawHillNewYork,ed.2,1961).
17.E.R.Altschuleretal.,Phys.Rev.Lett.78,2681(1997).
18.M.Bowick,A.Cacciuto,D.R.Nelson,A.Travesset,Phys.Rev.Lett.89,185502(2002).

AndelaSaricandAngeloCacciuto(DepartmentofChemistry,ColumbiaUniversity,3000Broadway,MC
3123,NewYork,USA:Email:ac2822@columbia.edu),Particleselfassemblyonsoftelasticshells,Soft
Matter,2011,7,18741878,DOI:10.1039/C0SM01143F
ABSTRACT:Weusenumericalsimulationstoshowhownoninteractinghardparticlesbindingtoadeformable
elasticshellmayselfassembleintoavarietyoflinearpatterns.Thisisaresultofthenontrivialelasticresponse
todeformationsofshells.Themorphologyofthepatternscanbecontrolledbythemechanicalpropertiesofthe
surface,andcanbefinetunedbyvaryingthebindingenergyoftheparticles.Wealsorepeatourcalculationsfor
afullyflexiblechainandfindthatthechainconformationsfollowpatternssimilartothoseformedbythe
nanoparticlesunderanalogousconditions.Weproposeasimplewayofunderstandingandsortingthedifferent
structuresandrelateittotheunderlyingshapetransitionoftheshell.Finally,wediscusstheimplicationsofour
results.
JieYin(1),ZexianCao(2),ChaorongLi(3),IzhakSheinman(1,4),XiChen(1)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineeringandEngineeringMechanics,ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork,NY10027
6699;
(2)InstituteofPhysics,ChineseAcademyofSciences,P.O.Box603,Beijing100190,China;
(3)DepartmentofPhysicsandKeyLaboratoryofAdvancedTextileMaterialsandManufacturingTechnology,
ZhejiangSciTechUniversity,Hangzhou310018,China;and
(4)FacultyofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,Haifa32000,
Israel
Stressdrivenbucklingpatternsinspheroidalcore/shellstructures,ProceedingsoftheNationalAcademyof
SciencesoftheU.S.A.,(PNAS),Vol.105,No.49,pp1913219135,October20,2008.
Thisarticlecontainssupportinginformationonlineat
www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0810443105/DCSupplemental
ABSTRACT:Manynaturalfruitsandvegetablesadoptanapproximatelyspheroidalshapeandare
characterizedbytheirdistinctundulatingtopologies.Wedemonstratethatvariousglobalpatternfeaturescanbe
reproducedbyanisotropicstressdrivenbucklesonspheroidalcore/shellsystems,whichimpliesthatthe
relevantmechanicalforcesmightprovideatemplateunderpinningthetopologicalconformationinsomefruits
andplants.Threedimensionlessparameters,theratioofeffectivesize/thickness,theratioofequatorial/polar
radii,andtheratioofcore/shellmoduli,primarilygoverntheinitiationandformationofthepatterns.Adistinct
morphologicalfeatureoccursonlywhentheseparametersfallwithincertainranges:Inaprolatespheroid,
reticularbucklestakeoverlongitudinalridgedpatternswhenoneormoreparametersbecomelarge.Ourresults
demonstratethatsomeuniversalfeaturesoffruit/vegetablepatterns(e.g.,thoseobservedinKoreanmelons,silk
gourds,ribbedpumpkins,stripedcaverntomatoes,andcantaloupes,etc.)mayberelatedtothespontaneous

bucklingfrommechanicalperspectives,althoughthemorecomplexbiologicalorbiochemicalprocessesare
involvedatdeeplevels.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

1.SteeleCR(2000)Shellstabilityrelatedtopatternformationinplants.JApplMech67:237247.
2.ABAQUS(2007)ABAQUS6.7UsersManual(ABAQUSInc.,Pawtucket,RI).
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9.AllenHG(1969)AnalysisandDesignofStructuralSandwichPanels(Pergamon,NewYork).
10.ChenX,HutchinsonJW(2004)Herringbonebucklingpatternsofcompressedthinfilmsoncompliantsubstrates.JApplMech
71:597603.

X.Chen(1)andJohnW.Hutchinson(2)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEnginneringandEngineeringMechanics,CcolumbiaUniversity,NewYork,NY10027
(2)DivisionofEngineeringandAppliedSciences,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,MA02138
HerringboneBucklingPatternsofCompressedThinFilmsonCompliantSubstrates,JournalofApplied
Mechanics,Vol.71,September2004,pp.597603,doi:10.1115/1.1756141
ABSTRACT:Athinmetalfilmvapordepositedonthickelastomersubstratedevelopsanequibiaxial
compressivestressstatewhenthesystemiscooledduetothelargethermalexpansionmismatchbetweenthe
elastomerandthemetal.Atacriticalstress,thefilmundergoesbucklingintoafamilyofmodeswithshort
wavelengthscharacteristicofathinplateonacompliantelasticfoundation.Asthesystemisfurthercooled,a
highlyorderedherringbonepatternhasbeenobservedtodevelop.Hereitisshownthattheherringbonemode
constitutesaminimumenergyconfigurationamongalimitedsetofcompetingmodes.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

[1]Bowden,N.,Brittain,S.,Evans,A.G.,Hutchinson,J.W.,andWhitesides,G.M.,1998,SpontaneousFormationofOrdered
StructuresinThinFilmsofMetalsSupportedonanElastomericPolymer,Nature(London),393,pp.146149.
[2]Huck,W.T.S.,Bowden,N.,Onck,P.,Pardoen,T.,Hutchinson,J.W.,andWhitesides,G.M.,2000,OrderingofSpontaneously
FormedBucklesonPlanarSurfaces,Langmuir,16,pp.34973501.
[3]Yoo,P.J.,Suh,K.Y.,Park,S.Y.,andLee,H.H.,2002,PhysicalSelfAssemblyofMicrostructuresbyAnisotropicBuckling,
Adv.Mater.,(Weinheim,Germany),14,pp.13831387.
[4]Timoshenko,S.P.,andGere,J.M.,1961,TheoryofElasticStability,McGrawHill,NewYork.
[5]Allen,H.G.,AnalysisandDesignofStructuralSandwichPanels,Pergamon,NewYork.

WilhelmT.S.Huck(1),NedBowden(1),PatrickOnck(2),ThomasPardoen(2),JohnW.Hutchinson(2)and
GeorgeM.Whitesides(1)
(1)DepartmentofChemistryandChemicalBiology,HarvardUniversity,12OxfordStreet,Cambridge,
Massachusetts02138
(2)DivisionofEngineeringandAppliedSciences,HarvardUniversity,PierceHall,Cambridge,Massachusetts
02138
OrderingofSpontaneouslyFormedBucklesonPlanarSurfaces,Langmuir,2000,16(7),pp34973501

doi:10.1021/la991302l
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdescribesthespontaneousformationofpatternsofalignedbucklesinathinfilmof
golddepositedonthesurfaceofanelastomer[poly(dimethylsiloxane),PDMS].Thesurfaceoftheelastomeris
patternedphotochemicallyintoareasdifferinginstiffnessandcoefficientofthermalexpansion.Thegoldis
depositedwhilethesurfaceofthepatternedelastomeriswarm(T100C).Oncooling,shrinkageinthe
elastomerplacesthegoldfilmundercompressivestress.Thebucklesrelievethiscompressivestress.The
distributionofstressesandbucklepatternsisdescribedduringthepreandpostbucklingregimesusing
solutionsfromcalculationsdescribingamodelcomprisingathinstiffplaterestingonathickelasticfoundation.
Referenceslistedasfootnotesonvariouspagesofthepaper:
(1)Moldovan,D.;Golubovic,L.Phys.Rev.Lett.1999,82,2884.
(1b?)Gilabert,A.;Sibillot,P.;Sornette,D.;Vanneste,C.;Maugis,D.;Muttin,F.Eur.J.Mech.A1992,11,65.
(2)Crosby,K.M.;Bradley,R.M.Phys.Rev.E1999,59,R2542.
(2b?)Kinbara,A.;Baba,S.J.Vac.Sci.Technol.A1991,9,2494.
(3)Bowden,N.;Brittain,Evans,A.G.;Hutchinson,J.W.;Whitesides,G.M.Nature1998,393,146.
(4)Egitto,F.D.;Matienzo,L.J.;Spalik,J.;Fuerniss,S.J.Mater.Res.Soc.Symp.Proc.1995,385,245.
(5)Leite,C.A.;Soares,R.F.;Goncalves,M.D.;Galembeck,F.Polymer1994,35,3173.
(6)Allen,H.G.AnalysisandDesignofSandwichPanels;Pergamon:NewYork,1969.
(7)Afootnote.
(8)Onck,P.;Pardoen,T.;Hutchinson,J.,inpreparation.
(9)Timoshenko,S.P.;Gere,J.M.TheoryofElasticStability;McGrawHill:NewYork,1961.
(10)Brush,D.O.;Almroth,B.O.BucklingofBars,PlatesandShells;McGrawHill:NewYork,1975.
(11)Afootnote.
(12)Afootnote.
(13)ABAQUSVersion5.7UsersManual;Hibbit,Karlsson,andSorensen:Providence,RI,1997.

XiChen(1)andJohnW.Hutchinson(2)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineeringandEngineeringMechanics,ColumbiaUniversity,500West120thStreet,
NewYork,NY10027,USA
(2)DivisionofEngineeringandAppliedSciences,HarvardUniversity,29OxfordStreet,Cambridge,MA
02138,USA
Afamilyofherringbonepatternsinthinfilms,ScriptaMaterialia,Vol.50,No.6,March2004,pp.797801,
SpecialIssue:ViewpointSetNo34.Deformationandstabilityofnanoscalemetallicmultilayers,
doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2003.11.035
ABSTRACT:Uponcooling,athinmetalfilmdepositedoncompliantelastomersubstrateundergoesequi
biaxialcompressionandbeginstobuckleatacriticalstress.Asfurthercoolingoccurs,ahighlyordered
herringbonepatternselfassembles.Thepreferencefortheherringbonepatternoverotherpotentialmodesis
demonstratedbasedonminimumenergyarguments.Controloftheprebucklinginplanestresscomponents
maybeonewaytoinfluencethepatternformation,possiblygivingrisetoafamilyofunbalancedherringbone
modesthatlinksonedimensionalmodeswiththebalancedherringbonemode.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
[1]BowdenN,BrittainS,EvansAG,HutchinsonJW,WhitesidesGM.Nature1998;393:146.
[2]HuckWTS,BowdenN,OnckP,PardoenT,HutchinsonJW,WhitesidesGM.Langmuir2000;16:3497.
[3]ChenX,HutchinsonJW.Herringbonebucklingpatternsofcompressedthinfilmsoncompliantsubstrates.JApplMech,inpress.
[4]TimoshenkoSP,GereJM.Theoryofelasticstability.NewYork:McGrawHill;1961.
[5]AllenHG.Analysisanddesignofstructuralsandwichpanels.NewYork:Pergamon;1969.
[6]ABAQUSInc.ABAQUS5.8UsersManual.Pawtucket:RhodeIsland;1999.

ILingChangandBingChenChiang(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,NationalChungCheng
University,ChiaYi621,Taiwan),Mechanicalbucklingofsinglewalledcarbonnanotubes:Atomistic
simulations,JournalofAppliedPhysics,Vol.106,No.11,December2009,pp.1143131143135,
doi:10.1063/1.3260239
ABSTRACT:Variousgeometricsizesandhelicaltypes(i.e.,armchair,zigzag,andchiral)ofsinglewalled
carbonnanotubes(CNTs)areconsideredinmoleculardynamicssimulationsinordertosystematicallyexamine
thelengthtoradiusratioandchiralityeffectsonthebucklingmechanism.Thebucklingstrainisgettingsmaller
astheCNTbecomesslenderformostnanotubes,whichimpliesthattheslendernanotubeshavelowerbuckling
resistanceregardlessoftheradiusoftheCNTs.Theapplicabilityofthecontinuumbucklingtheory,whichhas
beenwelldevelopedforthintubes,onpredictingthebucklingstrainoftheCNTisalsoexamined.Ingeneral,
thecorrespondingbucklingstrainandbucklingtypepredictedbythecontinuumbucklingtheorycouldagree
reasonablywellwithsimulationresultsexceptatthetransitionregionduetothecompetitionoftwobuckling
mechanisms.

GuoxinCaoandXiChen(ColumbiaNanomechanicsResearchCenter,DepartmentofCivilEngineeringand
EngineeringMechanics,ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork,NY100276699,USA,
email:xichen@civil.columbia.edu),Theeffectofthedisplacementincrementontheaxialcompressive
bucklingbehavioursofsinglewalledcarbonnanotubes,NanotechnologyVol.17,No.15,2006,p.3844,
doi:10.1088/09574484/17/15/040
ABSTRACT:Wecarryoutsystematicmolecularmechanics(MM)analysestostudytheeffectofthe
displacementincrementonthecriticalbucklingstrainofsinglewalledcarbonnanotubes(SWCNTs)under
axialcompression.TheSWCNTgeometricparameters,suchasthetubelength,diameter,andchirality,are
variedinthenumericalstudies.TheresultsshowthatthecriticalbucklingstrainoftheSWCNTsdeducedfrom
theatomisticanalysesishighlysensitivetothedisplacementincrementusedinthenumericalsimulation,and
suchaneffectismoreobviousfortubeswithsmallerdiameters.Therefore,areasonablecompressive
displacementincrementshouldbeselectedintheatomisticsimulationsinordertoobtaintheintrinsicvaluesof
thecriticalbucklingstrain,whichissuggestedinthispaper.Thestudiesinthispapermaybeusedtoexplainthe
contradictingresultsofthecriticalcompressivebucklingstrainscomputedbyotherMManalysesinthe
literature.
GuoxinCaoandXiChen(NanomechanicsResearchCenter,DepartmentofCivilEngineeringandEngineering
Mechanics,ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork,NewYork10027,USA),Bucklingofsinglewalledcarbon
nanotubesuponbending:Moleculardynamicssimulationsandfiniteelementmethod,Phys.Rev.BVol.73,
2006,155435[10pages],doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.73.155435
ABSTRACT:Thebendingbucklingbehaviorsofsinglewalledcarbonnanotubes(SWCNTs)aresystematically
investigatedbyusingbothmoleculardynamics(MD)simulationandfiniteelementmethod(FEM),toanalyze
therelationshipsbetweencriticalbendingbucklingcurvature,criticalbucklingstrainandnanotubegeometry
parameters(e.g.,tubediameter,lengthandchirality).ThepostbucklingshapeofSWCNTandtheeffectof
loadingboundaryconditionsarealsodiscussed.ThecomparisonbetweenMDandFEMsimulationsshowsthat
thecontinuumshellmodelprovidessomeusefulinsightsintothebendingbucklingmechanisms,yetitcannot

quantitativelyreproducethebendingbucklingbehaviorofSWCNTs,sincethecontinuummodeldoesnot
accountforthegeometricalimperfectionsintheatomicsystemthatarecriticaltotheonsetofbuckling.
Improvementsofcontinuummodelsaresuggestedbasedonthefindings.
GuoxinCaoandXiChen(ColumbiaNanomechanicsResearchCenter,DepartmentofCivilEngineeringand
EngineeringMechanics,ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork,NewYork100276699,USA),Bucklingbehavior
ofsinglewalledcarbonnanotubesandatargetedmolecularmechanicsapproach,Phys.Rev.B74,165422
(2006)[10pages],doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.74.165422
ABSTRACT:Duringthegeneral(conventional)molecularmechanics(GMM)simulationofthebucklingof
singlewalledcarbonnanotubes(SWCNTs),theloadisdisplacementcontrolledandthecalculatedcritical
bucklingstrainisverysensitivetothespecificdisplacementincrementandconvergencethresholdchosenin
moleculardynamics(MD)simulations,whichmayhaveledtothecontradictoryanddivergedresultsinthe
previousstudies.Inthispaper,atargetedmolecularmechanics(TMM)simulationmethodisproposedtostudy
thebucklingbehaviorofSWCNTsunderaxialcompression,bending,andtorsion.ComparingwiththeGMM
method,theTMMtechniqueisindependentofthedisplacementincrementandthusthesolutionisconverged.
ThecriticalbucklingstraincomputedfromtheTMMishigherthanthatfromtheGMMunderaxial
compressionandtorsion,andtheTMMresultsaresimilartotheGMMresultsuponbending.TheTMMresult
approachestotheintrinsiccriticalbucklingstrainofaperfecttube;inaddition,theTMMsignificantlyreduces
thecomputationalcostandthusmaybemoreefficienttostudylargersystemswithatomisticsimulations.
GuoxinCao(1),XiChen(1),ChaorongLi(2),AilingJi(3)andZexianCao(3)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineeringandEngineeringMechanics,ColumbiaUniversity,NewYork,NewYork
100276699,USA
(2)OptoelectronicsMaterialsandDevices,DepartmentofPhysicsandKeyLaboratoryofAdvancedTextile
MaterialsandManufacturingTechnologyMinistryofEducation,ZhejiangSciTechUniversity,Hangzhou
310018,China
(3)InstituteofPhysics,ChineseAcademyofSciences,P.O.Box603,100080Beijing,China
SelfAssembledTriangularandLabyrinthBucklingPatternsofThinFilmsonSphericalSubstrates,Phys.
Rev.Lett.100,036102(2008)[4pages],doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.036102
ABSTRACT:Weinvestigatedthepossibilityofcontrollingthinfilmbucklingpatternsbyvaryingthesubstrate
curvatureandthestressinducedthereinuponcooling.Thenumericalandexperimentalstudiesarebasedona
sphericalAgcore/SiO2shellsystem.ForAgsubstrateswitharelativelylargercurvature,thedentliketriangular
bucklingpatterncomesoutwhenthefilmnominalstressexceedsacriticalvalue.Withincreasingfilmstress
and/orsubstrateradius,thelabyrinthlikebucklingpatterntakesover.Boththebucklingwavelengthandthe
criticalstressincreasewiththesubstrateradius.
TroyR.Hendricks(1),WeiWang(2)andIlsoonLee(2)
(1)OakRidgeNationalLaboratory,MeasurementScience&SystemsEngineeringDivision,OakRidge,USA
(2)MichiganStateUniversity,DepartmentofChemicalEngineeringandMaterialsScience,EastLansing,USA
Bucklinginnanomechanicalfilms,SoftMatter,Vol.6,No.16,pp.37013706,2010,
DOI:10.1039/b925943k
ABSTRACT:Wrinklingisacommoneverydayoccurrence.Overthelastdecadewrinklinginthinfilmshas

becomeaninterestingtopic.Nearlyallstudiestodatehavefocusedontheunderlyingphysicsorhowthe
wrinklescanbeusedforaspecificapplication.Withmoreandmoredevicesbeingcreatedfromstacked
materials,aneedforwaystopreventbucklinghasarisen.Inthisarticlewehighlightthepreventionofwrinkling
innanoscalethinfilms.
XiChenandJieYin,Bucklingpatternsofthinfilmsoncurvedcompliantsubstrateswithapplicationsto
morphogenesisandthreedimensionalmicrofabrication(Reviewarticle,partofthecollection:ThePhysics
ofBuckling),SoftMatter,2010,Vol.6,pp.56675680,doi:10.1039/C0SM00401D
ABSTRACT:Selfassembledbucklingpatternsofthinfilmsoncompliantsubstrateshavebeensubjectedto
extensivestudiesandshowngreatpromiseinmicrofabrication.However,mostpreviousstudieswerelimitedto
planarsubstrates,andthestudyofbucklingoffilmsoncurvedsubstrateshasnotreceivedsufficientattention.
Withtheconstrainingeffectfromvarioustypesofsubstratecurvature,numerousnewtypesofbuckling
morphologiesmayemergewhichnotonlyenabletruethreedimensional(3D)fabricationofmicrostructures
andmicrodevices,butalsohaveimportantimplicationsforthemorphogenesisofquiteafewnaturaland
biologicalsystems.Wereviewthescientificaspectsofelasticbucklingofthinfilmsonseveralrepresentative
curvedsubstrates,emphasizingthecriticaleffectofsubstratecurvature,itsinteractionwithother
material/systemparameters,waystocontrolthebucklesbasedonmechanicalandphysicalprinciples,and
bridgethemwithprospectiveapplicationsinbiology,biomedicalengineering,andsmallscalefabrication.
A.VenkateshandK.P.Rao(DepartmentofAeronauticalEngineering,IndianInstituteofScience,Bangalore
560012,India),Adoublycurvedquadrilateralfiniteelementfortheanalysisoflaminatedanisotropicthin
shellsofrevolution,Computers&Structures,Vol.12,No.6,December1980,pp.825832,
doi:10.1016/00457949(80)900206
ABSTRACT:Thedetailsofdevelopmentofthestiffnessmatrixforadoublycurvedquadrilateralelement
suitedforstaticanddynamicanalysisoflaminatedanisotropicthinshellsofrevolutionarereported.Expressing
theassumeddisplacementstateoverthemiddlesurfaceoftheshellasproductsofonedimensionalfirstorder
Hermitepolynomials,itispossibletoensurethatthedisplacementstatefortheassembledsetofsuchelements,
isgeometricallyadmissible.Monotonicconvergenceoftotalpotentialenergyisthereforepossibleasthe
modellingissuccessivelyrefined.Systematicevaluationofperformanceoftheelementisconducted,
consideringvariousexamplesforwhichanalyticalorothersolutionsareavailable.
K.P.Rao(USAFMaterialsLaboratoryAFWAL/MLBMWPAFB,Dayton,Ohio45433),Bucklingof
CompositeSandwichRectangularPanels(GridCore),JournalofReinforcedPlasticsandComposites,Vol.7
No.1,January1988,pp.7289,doi:10.1177/073168448800700105
ABSTRACT:Laminatedcompositesandwichpanelsareextensivelyusedinmanyengineeringindustries.
Stabilitystudiesareneededtoachievegoodstructuralperformancewithminimumweight.Theworkpresented
inthispaperdealswiththepredictionofelasticbucklingloadsforcompositesandwichrectangularpanelswith
agridcoresubjectedtoaxialcompression.KirchhoffLoveassumptionsareusedandeachoftheedgesis
consideredtobeclamped(C)orsimplysupported(S).Thegivenpanelisidealisedasahomogeneous
orthotropicplatewhoseequivalentpropertiesaredeterminedbasedonthegivenparametersofthepanel.The
boundaryconditionsconsideredareSCSC,CSCS,SCSS,CSSS,CCCC,CCCS,CCSCandCCSS.Critical

bucklingloadsareobtainedusingconventionalorthotropicplatetheory.Alargeclassof0/90/45/45
laminationschemesleadingtoquadridirectional,tridirectionalandbidirectionalT300/N5208sandwichPanals
isexaminedandmeritlistedfrombucklingpointofview.Resultsindicatethatbyproperchoiceoflamination
scheme,verysignificantincreasesinbucklingloadscomparedtoquasiisotropiccasecanbeobtainedwhena/b
<1(thelowerthevalueofa/b,thehigherthegain)andfora/b>2,thecorrespondinggainsaresmaller.Fora/b
>3,havingmore45layersisfoundtobemoreadvantageousfrombucklingpointofview,whereasfora/b<
0.75havingmore0layersismoreadvantageous.

B.TripathyandK.P.Rao(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,IndianInstituteofScience,Bangalore560
012,India),Curvedcompositebeamsoptimumlayupforbucklingbyranking,Computers&Structures,
Vol.41,No.1,1991,pp.7582,doi:10.1016/00457949(91)90157H
ABSTRACT:Instabilityoflaminatedcurvedcompositebeamsmadeofrepeatedsublaminateconstructionis
studiedusingfiniteelementmethod.Inrepeatedsublaminateconstruction,afulllaminateisobtainedby
repeatingabasicsublaminatewhichhasasmallernumberofplies.Thispaperdealswiththedeterminationof
optimumlayupforbucklingbyrankingofsuchcompositecurvedbeams(whichmaybesolidorsandwich).
Forthispurpose,useismadeofatwonoded,16degressoffreedomcurvedcompositebeamfiniteelement.The
displacementsu,v,woftheelementreferenceaxisareexpressedintermsofonedimensionalfirstorder
Hermiteinterpolationpolynomials,andlinememberassumptionsareinvokedinformulationoftheelastic
stiffnessmatrixandgeometricstiffnessmatrix.Thenonlinearexpressionsforthestrains,occurringinbeams
subjectedtoaxial,flexuralandtorsionalloads,areincorporatedinageneralinstabilityanalysis.Thecomputer
programdevelopedhasbeenused,afterextensivecheckingforcorrectness,toobtainoptimumorientation
schemeofthepliesinthesublaminatesoastoachievemaximumbucklingloadfortypicalcurved
solid/sandwichcompositebeams.
K.P.RaoandBiswajitTripathy(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,IndianInstituteofScience,Bangalore
560012,India),Compositecylindricalpanelsoptimumlayupforbucklingbyranking,Computers&
Structures,Vol.38,No.2,1991,pp.217225,doi:10.1016/00457949(91)900987
ABSTRACT:Fibrereinforcedcompositecylindricalpanelsareatypicalsubcomponentusedinvarious
aerospacestructures.Bucklingisoneoftheimportantmodesoffailureofsuchapanel.Repeatedsublaminate
constructionisoftenusedinpracticetoreducemanufacturingerrorsandtoproducemoredamagetolerant
laminates.Inthistypeofconstruction,thefulllaminateisobtainedbyrepeatingthebasicsublaminate,which
hasasmallernumberofplies.Thispaperdealswiththedeterminationofoptimumlayupforbucklingby
rankingofsuchfibrereinforcedplasticcompositecylindricalpanels(whichmaybesolid,sandwichor
stiffened)usingthefiniteelementmethod.Theparticularizedformofafournoded,48dofdoublycurved
quadrilaterallaminatedanisotropicthinshellfiniteelementisused.Thecore/stiffenercanbeacorrugated
compositesheetoraregulargrid.Thecomputerprogramdevelopedhasbeenused,afterextensivecheckingfor
correctness,toobtaintheoptimumorientationschemeofthepliesinthesublaminatesoastoachievemaximum
bucklingloadfortypicalcompositecylindricalpanels.
B.TripathyandK.P.Rao(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,IndianInstituteofScience,Bangalore

560012,India),StiffenedcompositecylindricalpanelsOptimumlayupforbucklingbyranking,Computers
&Structures,Vol.42,No.4,February1992,pp.481488,doi:10.1016/00457949(92)90115G
ABSTRACT:Bucklingofdiscretelystiffenedcompositecylindricalpanelsmadeofrepeatedsublaminate
constructionisstudiedusingafiniteelementmethod.Inrepeatedsublaminateconstruction,afulllaminateis
obtainedbyrepeatingabasicsublaminate,whichhasasmallernumberofplies.Thispaperdealswiththe
determinationoftheoptimumlayupforbucklingbyrankingofsuchstiffened(longitudinalandhoop)
compositecylindricalpanels.Forthispurposeweusetheparticularizedformofafournoded,48degreesof
freedomdoublycurvedquadrilateralthinshellfiniteelementtogetherwithafullycompatibletwonoded,16
degreesoffreedomcompositestiffenerelement.Thecomputerprogramdevelopedhasbeenused,after
extensivecheckingforcorrectness,toobtainanoptimumorientationschemeofthepliesinthesublaminateso
astoachievemaximumbucklingloadforaspecifiedthicknessoftypicalstiffenedcompositecylindricalpanels.
K.P.RaoandH.R.Gopalkrishna(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,IndianInstituteofScience,Bangalore
560012,India),Optimizationofcompositecylindricalpanelsforbucklingbyranking,CompositeStructures,
Vol.21,No.3,1992,pp.131140,doi:10.1016/02638223(92)900133
ABSTRACT:Fibrereinforcedcompositesareusedinmanyengineeringstructureswithcylindricalpanels
beingatypicalcomponent.Bucklingisoneoftheimportantmodesoffailureofsuchapanel.Thework
presentedinthispaperdealswithoptimizingtheorientationofpliesinasimplysupportedcompositecylindrical
panelsoastoachievemaximumbucklingload.Thepanelisassumedtobecomposedofarepeatedsublaminate
construction.Inthistypeofconstructionthebasicsublaminatehasasmallernumberofplies,forexample,8,6,
4or2,andthefullpanelisobtainedbyrepeatingthebasicsublaminate.Suchaconstructionisusedtoavoid
manufacturingerrorsandtoproducedamagetolerantpanelsresultingfrommaximumsplicingofplies.The
bucklingloadshavebeenfoundusinganenergymethod,andoptimizationofplyorientationsinthebasic
sublaminateisachievedbyusingtherankingtechniqueproposedbyTsai.Thefollowingconfigurationsare
consideredinthepaper:(i)solidlaminatedpanel,(ii)sandwichpanel,and(iii)stiffenedpanel.Thesandwichor
stiffenedpanelmayhavesinusoidallycorrugatedsheet,hattypecorrugatedsheetorregulargridascoreor
stiffenerrespectively.Thecomputerprogramdevelopedwasfirstcheckedforaccuracybycomparingwith
resultsavailableintheliteratureforisotropicandorthotropiccylindricalpanels.Thenitwasusedtooptimize
theplyorientationinthesublaminateforanyspecifiedgeometry,material,loadingandboundaryconditions.It
wasfoundthatsignificantgainsinbucklingloadscanbehadbychoosingtheoptimumlayupschemeandthat
quasiisotropiclayupinmanycasesisfarfromtheoptimum.
BiswajitTripathyandK.P.Rao(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,IndianInstituteofScience,Bangalore
560012,India),StiffenedcompositeaxisymmetricshellsOptimumlayupforbucklingbyranking,
Computers&Structures,Vol.46,No.2,January1993,pp.299309,doi:10.1016/00457949(93)90194I
ABSTRACT:LinearbifurcationbucklingofFRPaxisymmetricshellswithfullycompatibleFRPmeridional
andhoopstiffenersisstudiedusingthefiniteelementmethod.Eccentricityofthestiffenersistakeninto
account.Thecompositeshellandthestiffenerareassumedtobemadeofarepeatedsublaminateconstruction.
Thistypeofconstructionisusedinindustrytoreducemanufacturingerrorsandtoproducemoredamage
tolerantlaminates.Inthistypeofconstruction,thesublaminateconsistsofsmallernumberofpliesandthe
requiredthicknessofthelaminateisobtainedbyrepeatingthesublaminatemanytimes.Thispaperdealswith
thedeterminationoftheoptimumlayupschemeinthesublaminateofacompositeaxisymmetricshellwith

compositestiffenerelementssoastoachievemaximumbucklingloadforagivengeometry,loadingand
boundaryconditionsusingthefiniteelementmethod.Afournoded,48DOFdoublycurvedquadrilateral
laminatedanisotropicthinshellfiniteelementwithfullycompatibletwonoded,16DOFmeridionalstiffener
elements(MSE)andparallelcirclestiffenerelements(PCSE)isused.Thebucklingloadscomputedforseveral
casesofshells(solid/stiffened)ofpositiveandnegativeGaussiancurvatureswithdifferentappliedloadsand
boundaryconditionscomparewellwithexistingresultsintheliterature.Subsequentlythecomputerprogram
hasbeenusedtofindtheoptimumlayupschemeofthepliesinthesublaminatesoastoachievemaximum
bucklingloadfortypicalcompositesolid/stiffenedshells.
Biswajit,TripathyandRao,KP(1993)Optimumdesignforbucklingofplainandstiffenedcomposite
axisymmetricshellpanels/shells.In:SeventhInternationalConferenceonCompositeStructures,July1993,
Paisley,UK,pp.459467.
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingofplainanddiscretelystiffenedcompositeaxisymmetricshellpanels/shellsmade
ofrepeatedsublaminateconstructionisstudiedusingthefiniteelementmethod.Inrepeatedsublaminate
construction,afulllaminateisobtainedbyrepeatingabasicsublaminate,whichhasasmallernumberofplies.
Theoptimumdesignforbucklingisobtainedbydeterminingthelayupsequenceofthepliesinthesublaminate
byranking,soastoachievemaximumbucklingloadforaspecifiedthickness.Forthispurpose,afournoded
48dofquadrilateralcompositethinshellelement,togetherwithfullycompatibletwonoded16dofcomposite
meridionalandparallelcirclestiffenerelementsareused.
MichelVersluis,PhysicsofFluidsGroupandMIRAInstituteforBiomedicalTechnologyandTechnical
Medicine,UniversityofTwente,TheNetherlands,Email:m.versluis@utwente.nl,Nonlinearbehaviorof
ultrasoundcontrastagentmicrobubblesandwhyshellbucklingmatters,Proceedingsof20thInternational
CongressonAcoustics,ICA2010
2327August2010,Sydney,Australia
ABSTRACT:Contrastenhancedultrasoundimagingreliesonthenonlinearscatteringofmicrobubbles
suspendedinanultrasoundcontrastagent.ThebubbledynamicsisdescribedbyaRayleighPlessettype
equation,andthesuccessofharmonicimagingusingcontrastagentshasalwaysbeenattributedtothenonlinear
behaviorpredictedbythisequation.Asurfactantlayerofphospholipidsstabilizesthemicrobubblesandithas
alwaysbeenassumedthattheviscoelasticpropertiesofthecoatingleadtoanincreasedstiffnessandadditional
dampingoftheradialdynamics,hencetoareductionofthenonlinearresponseofthebubbles.Hereweshow
thatthecoatingmaterialinfactleadstoanincreasednonlinearbubbleresponseevenatlowacousticpressures
wherethetraditionalmodelsforcoatedaswellasuncoatedbubbleswouldonlypredictlinearbehavior.Fora
selectionofbubblesweshowapronouncedskewnessoftheresonancecurveforincreasingpressurestobethe
originofthethresholdbehavior,whereitappearsasifthebubblesareactivatedonlyatelevatedpressures.
Anothersetofbubblesshowsacompressiononlybehavior,wherethebubblesareobservedtoefficiently
compress,whiletheirexpansionishighlyreduced.Moreover,themajorityofthesebubblesdisplayavery
strongsubharmonicresponse.TheshellbucklingmodelbyMarmottantetal.accountsforbucklingandrupture
oftheshellandcapturesalloftheabovecasesforauniquesetoftheshellparameters,therelevantparameter
beingthephospholipidconcentrationatthebubbleinterface.
Referencesattheendofthepaper:
1J.R.Lindner,Microbubblesinmedicalimaging:currentapplicationsandfuturedirectionsNat.Rev.DrugDiscov.3,pp.527533
(2004)

2A.L.Klibanov,MicrobubbleContrastAgents:Targetedultrasoundimagingandultrasoundassisteddrugdeliveryapplications
Invest.Radiol.41(3),pp.354362(2006)
3D.HopeSimpson,C.T.Chin,andP.N.Burns,Pulseinversiondoppler:anewmethodfordetectingnonlinearechoesfrom
microbubblecontrastagentsIEEETrans.Ultrason.Ferroelec.Freq.Contr.46(2),pp.372382(1999)
4G.A.BrockFisher,M.D.Poland,andP.G.Rafter,MeansforincreasingsensitivityinnonlinearultrasoundimagingsystemsUS
patentno.5577505(1996)
5M.S.PlessetandA.Prosperetti,CavitationandbubbledynamicsAnn.Rev.FluidMech.9(1),pp.145185(1977)
6T.G.Leighton,TheAcousticBubble(AcademicPress,1994).ISBN0124419208
7M.P.Brenner,S.Hilgenfeldt,andD.Lohse,SinglebubblesonoluminescenceRev.Mod.Phys.74(2),pp.425484(2002)
8N.deJong,R.Cornet,andC.T.Lance,Higherharmonicsofvibratinggasfilledmicrospheres.Partone:simulationsUltrasonics
32(6),pp.447453(1994)
9C.C.Church,TheeffectsofanelasticsolidsurfacelayerontheradialpulsationsofgasbubblesJ.Acoust.Soc.Am.97(3),pp.
15101521(1995)
10L.Hoff,P.C.Sontum,andJ.M.Hovem,Oscillationsofpolymericmicrobubbles:EffectoftheencapsulatingshellJ.Acoust.
Soc.Am.107(4),pp.22722280(2000)
11K.Sarkar,W.T.Shi,D.Chatterjee,andF.Forsberg,Characterizationofultrasoundcontrastmicrobubblesusinginvitro
experimentsandviscousandviscoelasticinterfacemodelsforencapsulationJ.Acoust.Soc.Am.118(1),pp.539550(2005)
12E.Stride,TheinfluenceofsurfaceadsorptiononmicrobubbledynamicsPhil.Trans.R.Soc.A366,pp.21032115(2008)
13A.A.DoinikovandP.A.Dayton,MaxwellrheologicalmodelforlipidshelledultrasoundmicrobubblecontrastagentsJ.Acoust.
Soc.Am.121(6),pp.33313340(2007)
14S.M.vanderMeer,B.Dollet,C.T.Chin,A.Bouakaz,M.Voormolen,N.deJong,M.Versluis,andD.Lohse,Microbubble
spectroscopyofultrasoundcontrastagentsJ.Acoust.Soc.Am.121(1),pp.648656(2007)
15N.deJong,M.Emmer,C.T.Chin,A.Bouakaz,F.Mastik,D.Lohse,andM.Versluis,Compressiononlybehaviorof
phospholipidcoatedcontrastbubblesUltrasoundMed.Biol.33(4),pp.653656(2007)
16M.Emmer,A.VanWamel,D.E.Goertz,andN.deJong,TheonsetofmicrobubblevibrationUltrasoundMed.Biol.33(6),pp.941
949(2007)
17P.Marmottant,S.M.vanderMeer,M.Emmer,M.Versluis,N.deJong,S.Hilgenfeldt,andD.Lohse,Amodelforlarge
amplitudeoscillationsofcoatedbubblesaccountingforbucklingandruptureJ.Acoust.Soc.Am.118(6),pp.34993505(2005)
18J.M.CraneandS.B.Hall,RapidcompressiontransformsinterfacialmonolayersofpulmonarysurfactantBiophys.J.80(4),pp.
18631872(2001)
19M.A.BordenandM.L.Longo,Dissolutionbehavioroflipidmonolayercoated,airfilledmicrobubbles:Effectoflipid
hydrophobicchainlengthLangmuir18(24),pp.92259233(2002)
20L.Pocivavsek,R.Dellsy,A.Kern,S.Johnson,B.Lin,K.Y.C.Lee,andE.Cerda,Stressandfoldlocalizationinthinelastic
membranesScience320(5878),pp.912916(2008)
21A.Prosperetti,Nonlinearoscillationsofgasbubblesinliquids:transientsolutionsandtheconnectionbetweensubharmonicsignal
andcavitationJ.Acoust.Soc.Am.57(4),pp.810821(1975)
22W.Lauterborn,NumericalinvestigationofnonlinearoscillationsofgasbubblesinliquidsJ.Acoust.Soc.Am.59(2),pp.283
293(1976)
23C.T.Chin,C.Lance,J.Borsboom,F.Mastik,M.E.Frijlink,N.deJong,M.Versluis,andD.Lohse,Brandaris128:Adigital25
millionframespersecondcamerawith128highlysensitiveframesRev.Sci.Instr.74(12),pp.50265034(2003)
24V.Garbin,D.Cojoc,E.Ferrari,E.DiFabrizio,M.L.J.Overvelde,S.M.vanderMeer,N.deJong,D.Lohse,andM.Versluis,
ChangesinmicrobubbledynamicsnearaboundaryrevealedbycombinedopticalmicromanipulationandhighspeedimagingAppl.
Phys.Lett.90,p.114103(2007)

JeroenSijl,TimoRozendal,MarliesOvervelde,ValeriaGarbin,BenjaminDollet,NicodeJong,DetlefLohse
andMichelVersluis(Phys.ofFluidsGroup,Univ.ofTwente,Enschede,TheNetherlands),Shellbuckling
enhancessubharmonicbehaviorofphospholipidcoatedultrasoundcontrastagentmicrobubbles,J.Acoust.
Soc.Am.,Vol.125,2680,2009,http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4784236
ABSTRACT:Subharmonicbehaviorofcoatedmicrobubblescangreatlyenhancethecontrastinultrasound
imaging.Thethresholddrivingpressureabovewhichsubharmonicoscillationsareinitiatedcanbecalculated

fromalinearizedRayleighPlessettypeequation.Earlierexperimentalstudiesonasuspensionofphospholipid
coatedmicrobubblesshowedalowerthresholdthanpredictedfromtraditionalelasticshellmodels.Herewe
presentanexperimentalstudyofthesubharmonicbehaviorofindividualBR14microbubbles(Bracco
Research)withinitialradiibetween1.6and4.8microm.Thesubharmonicbehaviorwasstudiedasafunction
oftheamplitudeandthefrequencyofthedrivingpressurepulse.Theradialresponseofthemicrobubbleswas
recordedwiththeBrandarisultrahighspeedcamera,whiletheresultingacousticresponsewasmeasuredwitha
calibratedtransducer.Itisshownthatthethresholdpressureisminimumnearadrivingfrequencyequaltohalf
theresonancefrequencyofthebubble,asexpected.Wefoundathresholdpressureaslowas10kPaforcertain
bubblesizes,whichcanbeexplainedbytheshellbucklingmodelproposedby[Marmottantetal.,JASA
(2005)].Weshowthattheoriginofsubharmonicbehaviorisaresultofthediscontinuoustransitionwithinthe
bubbleshellfromtheelasticstatetothetensionlessbucklingstate.
Marmottant,P.(1),Bouakaz,A(2),Jong,N.D.(3)andQuilliet,C.(4),
(1)LaboratoireInterdisciplinairedePhysique,CNRSUniversitdeGrenoble,140avdelaPhysique,38402
SaintMartindHres,France
(2)UMRINSERMU930CNRSERL,3106,UniversitFranoisRabelais,2,BoulevardTonnell,37044
Tours,France
(3)BiomedicalEngineering,ErasmusMedicalCenter,P.O.Box2040,3000CARotterdam,TheNetherlands
(4)LaboratoireInterdisciplinairedePhysique,CNRSUniversitdeGrenoble,140avdelaPhysique,38402
SaintMartindHres,France
Bucklingresistanceofsolidshellbubblesunderultrasound,JournaloftheAcousticalSocietyofAmerica,
Vol.129,No.3,pp.12311239,March2011
ABSTRACT:Thinsolidshellcontrastagentsbubblesareexpectedtoundergodifferentvolumeoscillating
behaviorswhentheacousticpowerisincreased:smalloscillationswhentheshellremainsspherical,andlarge
oscillationswhentheshellbuckles.Contrarytobubblescoveredwiththinlipidicmonolayersthatbuckleas
soonascompressed:thesolidshellbubblesresistcompression,makingthebucklingtransitionabrupt.
Numericalsimulationsthatexplicitlyincorporateashellbendingmodulusgivethecriticalbucklingpressure
andpostbucklingshape,andshowtheappearanceofafinitenumberofwrinkles.Thesefindingsare
incorporatedinamodelbasedontheconceptofeffectivesurfacetension.Thismodelcomparesfavorablyto
experimentswhenadjustingtwomainparameters:thebucklingtensionandtheruptureshelltension.The
bucklingtensionprovidesadirectestimationoftheacousticpressurethresholdatwhichbucklingoccurs.
ZhuZhongyi(1)andDongShilin(2)
(1)JinanBuildingDesignandResearchInstitute,China?
(2)ZhejiangUniversity,China?
Thegeometricallynonlinearstabilityanalysisofthecompositereticulatedsphericalshell,SpatialStructures,
199601,doi:CNKI:SUN:KJJG.0.1996.01.000
ABSTRACT:Thegeometricallynonlinearstabilityanalysisofthecompositereticulatedsphericalshellis
studiedinthispaperbynonlinearfiniteelementmethodofcompositestructure.Thetangentstiffnessmatricesof
spaalbeachelementand"discreteKirchhoff"shellelementarederived,andthenonlinearloaddeflection
responseofthestructureisanalyzedbythecylindricalarclengthmethod.Finallytakingacompositereticulated
sphericalshellwith40mspanasanexample,theloaddeflectionresponse,deflectionshapesandcriticalload

arestudiedindetails.Thecomparisonofcomputedresultsofcompositereticulatedsphericalshellwiththoseof
sphericalribbedshell,plainshellandreticulatedshellisalsostudied.Someusefulconclusionsareobtained.
JiaHuaZhang;andGuoJianWang,NonlinearBucklingAnalysesonSingleLayeredReticulatedShellof
ScienceandTechnologyCityofShanghai,ASCEComputinginCivilandBuildingEngineering(2000):pp.
756763.
doi:10.1061/40513(279)99
ABSTRACT:ThispaperwasbasedonthedesignofSpaceCity,Science&TechnologyCityofShanghai
(STCS).TheSpaceCity,theshapeofwhichlookslikeanovum,isasinglelayeredreticulatedshell,sothe
bucklingproblemshouldbepaidattentionto.Inthispaper,Somenonlinearbucklinganalysesontwo
arrangementsofthestructurewereusedtosolvethepuzzleofengineersonthestableproblemsexistinginthe
structuresystemofSTCS.Andtheresultswereusedtodirectthedesignandconstruction.
S.Rajasekaran,GeometricallyNonlinearAnalysisofFunicularReticulatedDomes,InternationalJournalof
Spacestructures,Vol.15,No.2,June2000,pp.111117,doi:10.1260/0266351001495017
ABSTRACT:Contrarytotheusualprocedure,adesiredstateofstressisassumedandthatcorresponding
funicularshellsshapeisobtained.Thereticulateddomesthataredevelopedfromtheseequivalentshellsare
calledFuniculardomes.ForshallowshellsthegoverningequationisaPoisson'sequationandfordeepshells
thegoverningequationisanonlinearpartialdifferentialequation.TheBoundaryIntegralElementmethodis
usedtoobtaintheshapeofthefunicularreticulateddomes.Nonlinearanalysisiscarriedouttoinvestigatethe
snapthroughbucklingandloaddeformationresponse.Numericalexamplesaresolvedusingtheprogram
"NLA"developed.
H.Z.Zhou,F.FanandE.C.Zhu(SchoolofCivilEngineering,HarbinInstituteofTechnology,Harbin150090,
China),Bucklingofreticulatedlaminatedveneerlumbershellsinconsiderationofthecreep,Engineering
Structures,Vol.32,No.9,September2010,pp.29122918,doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2010.05.010
ABSTRACT:TheconstitutivemodeloflaminatedveneerlumberdealingwiththecreepandsuitableforFE
modelingwasdeveloped,basedontheyearlongtensionandcompressiontestsoflaminatedveneerlumber.
TheconstitutivemodelwasincorporatedintothecommercialFEsoftwareABAQUSbydevelopingauser
definedsubroutineUMAT.FEmodelstopredictthelongtermbehaviourofreticulatedlaminatedveneer
lumbershells,bucklinginparticular,weredeveloped.Bucklinganalysisofsinglelayerreticulatedlaminated
veneerlumbershellswiththreedirectionalmeshwasconducted.Theinterdependentrelationshipbetweenthe
creepbucklingloadandthebucklingtimeoftheshellswasrevealedthroughtheanalysis,andthesafetyload
againstbucklingduringservicelifeoftheshellswasdefined.
EnchunZhu,PeterNyongesaKhakina,HuazhangZhou(SchoolofCivilEngineering,HarbinInstituteof
Technology,2453P.O.BOX73,HuangheRoad,Harbin150090,China,e.c.zhu@hit.edu.cn,
nyongpet@yahoo.com,huazhang.zhou@hit.edu.cn)
BucklingLoadofThinSphericalShellsandSingleLayerReticulatedSphericalShells,Information
EngineeringLetters,ISSN:21604114Vol.2,No.3,September,2012,DOI:10.5729/iel.vol2.issue3.35

ABSTRACT:Thepurposeofthisstudyistodeterminethebucklingloadofbothcontinuoussphericalshells
andreticulatedsphericalshellsusingthecontinuumanalogymethodempiricallyandnumerically.Duringthe
nonlinearanalysis,apostbucklingplateauandtheappearanceofadimpleintheshellwallidentifiedthe
bucklingload.Byapplyingthetheoremofworkandenergytothedimple,anempiricalformulatopredictthe
bucklingloadofthinsphericalshellswasderivedthenextendedtosinglelayerreticulatedshells.Itwas
observedthatthebucklingloadisproportionaltothethicknessraisedtoexponential2.5.Severalfiniteelement
modelingandsimulationsusingABAQUSwereconductedtovalidatetheresults.
Referenceslistedattheendofthispaper:

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[8]Z.S.Makowski,Analysis,designandconstructionofbraceddomes,Granada,London,1984.
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[10]Hibbit,Karlsson&SorensenInc.ABAQUSusersmanualVersion6.1,2000.
[11]H.Z.Zhou,F.Fan,andE.C.Zhu,Bucklingofreticulatedlaminatedveneerlumbershellsinconsiderationofthecreep,Eng.
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207,1984.
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York,1988.
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PeterN.Khakina(SchoolofCivilEngineering,HarbinInstituteofTechnology,2453P.O.BOX73,Huanghe
Road,Harbin150090,China),BucklingLoadofThinSphericalShellsBasedontheTheoremofWorkand
Energy,IACSITInternationalJournalofEngineeringandTechnology,Vol.5,No.3,pp.392394,June2013,
DOI:10.7763/IJET.2013.V5.581
ABSTRACT:Thinsphericalshellsusuallyfailduetobuckling.Anempiricalequationtopredicttheirbuckling
loadisderivedbasedonthetheoremofworkdoneandenergyreleasedintheinversionofasectionofashell
andnonlinearfiniteelement(FE)modelingdoneusingABAQUStodeterminetheirpostbucklingbehavior.It
isobservedthattheinitialbucklingissensitivetoinitialgeometricalimperfectionsbutthepostbucklingloadis
littleinfluenced.Therefore,thepostbucklingloadisusedtopredictamorerealisticloadascomparedto
classicalbucklingtheoryprediction.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

[1]I.M.KaniandR.E.McConnel,Theanalysisandtestingofasinglelayershallowbraceddome,inProc.IASSSymposiumon
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JournalofMechanicalSciences,vol.44,pp.15831601,2002.
[4]3DCADDesignSoftwareSolidWorks.[Online].Available:http://www.solidworks.com
[5]G.ForasassiandR.L.Frano,Curvedthinshellbucklingbehavior,JournalofAchievementsinMaterialsandManufacturing
Engineering,vol.23,no.2,pp.5558,2007.
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applicationofalocalforce,Physicalreviewletters,vol.87,no.8,pp.14,2001.
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18,1994.
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[10]ABAQUSTheoryManual,version6.1.Hibbitt,Karlsson,andSorensen,Providence,RI,2000.
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E.TatsaandY.Tene,Bucklingofreticulatedshellswithrigidjoints,ActaMechanica,Vol.19,Nos.12,
1974,pp.7788,doi:10.1007/BF01176271
ABSTRACT:Thecriticalloadofstructuressensitivetoinitialimperfectionsmaybeconsiderablylessthenthe
classicalbucklingload.Amethodtoevaluatethecriticalloadofreticulatedshellswithrigidjoint.basedon
Koiter'sgeneralpostbucklingtheoryisintroduced.Theuseofgeneralizedstraindisplacementrelationships
andvectoralgebraleadstoapolynomialrepresentationofthestatic,bucklingandpostbucklingequation.Asa
result,thenumericalsolutionissimplifiedandconsistsofsolutionofsystemsoflinearequationsandan
eigenvalueproblem.Theslopeofthepostbucklingcurveisobtainedbytheaidofwhichthecriticalloadis
computed.
DengKeshun(ResearchInstituteofEngineeringMechanics,DUT),Elasticbucklinganalysisoflargespan
reticulatedshellstructures,JournalofDalianUniversityofTechnology,199106
http://en.cnki.com.cn/Journal_en/CC000DLLG199106.htm,doi:cnki:ISSN:10008608.0.199106019
ABSTRACT:Inordertoproduceefficient,reliabledesignandtoavoidunexpectedcatastrophicfailureof
structures,theengineermustunderstandthebehaviourofbucklingoflargespanreticu1atedshellstructures.
ThefunctionandthefeatureoftheCodeDDJTJQ,whichisacomputerprogramforstaticandbucklinganalysis
ofcomplexstructuresusingfiniteelementmethod,andtheCodePPTJQ,whichisaprepostprocessingof
DDJTJQ,arebrieflyintroduced.Thesystemhasbeenimplementedonmicrocomputers.Anengineering
structure,whosethinplate,thinshellandbeamareimportantcomponents,with2965degreesoffreedomand
655max.semibendwidthisanalyzed.Thenumericalresultsofglobalbucklingofreticulatedshellstructureof
JinanZoowhichwasdesignedbyJinanArchitecturalDesigningandResearchInstitutearegiven.
Associatedreferences:
1DongShilin(ZhejiangUniversity);ContinuumAnalogyMethodforAnalyzingLatticedSpherical

Shells[J];JournalofBuildingStructures;198803
2YuFujian(HangzhouArchitecturalandCivilEngineeringDesignInstitute);StabilityofReticulated
CylindricalShallowShell[J];JournalofBuildingStructures;198804
1DongShilinYaoJian(ZhejiangUniversity);DevelopmentAndApplicationOfSteelLatticedShellStructures
InChina[J];SteelConstruction;199401
2YinSimingGouKechengDongHaoyun(PanzhihuaBuildingConstructionandProspectingDesign
Institute);DesignOfMultiplyPrestressedLargeSpanGridDomeRoofStructure[J];SteelConstruction;199502
3YinSiming\HuYingshan\LiuXu\DongShaoyun(ArchitecturalExploreandDesignInstituteofPanzhihua,
SichuanProvince617000);StructuralDesignAndStudiesOnASeveralPrestressedSteelMeshRoofOfA
SportsCentre[J];INDUSTRIALCONSTRUCTION;199807
4WuYi;ShenShizhao;ChenXin;NonlinearStabilityAnalysisofSingleLayerEllipseParabolicReticulated
Shell[J];JournalOfHarbinUniversityOfCivilEngineeringAndArchitecture;199904
5ZhaoLindu;liuXianggui;CalculationandSimulationofSinglelengthEdgeforLatticeFramed
Structure[J];JournalOfJiangsuUniversityOfScienceAndTechnology;199701
6WANGXing1,DONGShilin2(1ZhejiangUniversityofTechnology,Hangzhou310014,China;2Zhejiang
University,Hangzhou310027,China);ThreelayerShellMethodforPlateconeReticulatedShell[J];Journalof
BuildingStructures;200106
7YinSiming;HuYingshan(PanzhihuaInstituteofBuildingDesignandSurvey,SichuanProvince);Design,
ResearchandEngineeringPracticeofMultiPrestressedSteelLatticeShellRoofStructure[J];JournalOf
BuildingStructures;199606
8DongShilinZhouDai(ZhejiangUniversity);DoubleLayerShellAnalogyMethodForRibbedFlat
Shells[J];SpatialStructures;199602
1HUJun,WANGYuanfeng(CollegeofCivilEngineeringandArchitecture,NorthernJiaotong
University,Beijing100044,China);AnalysisonLargeDeflectionBucklingofCompressedBuiltup
Members[J];JournalOfNorthernJiaotongUniversity;200001
2BAIZhengxian,LIUXiliang(CollegeofArchitectureandCivilEngineering,BeijingPolytechnic
University,Beijing100022,China)(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,TianjinUniversity,Tianjin30072,
China);GeometricallyNonlinearAnalysisontheBeamStringStructureComposedofMembrane[J];Journalof
BeijingPolytechnicUniversity;200201
3XIEYitong,ZHANGTongyi,WUMinzhe(InstituteofCivilEngineering,Xi2anUniversityof
ArchitecturalTechnology,Xi2an710055,China);Anapproachtowaveletanalysisinadjustmentofdesignof
earthquakegroundmotionintimehistoryanalysis[J];EarthquakeEngineeringandEngineeringVibration;2002
03
4GUOHai_shan,QIANHong_liang,SHENShi_zhao(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,HarbinInstituteof
Technology,Harbin150090,China);Dynamicstabilityofsinglelayerreticulateddomesunderearthquake
excitation[J];EarthquakeEngineeringandEngineeringVibration;200301
5ShenShungao1LiuXianming2YeJihong2LiAiqun2HuangZhen2ZhouQing1ShiZhenhua1Xu
Qingyang2(1CollegeofCivilandHydraulicEngineering,TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing100084,China)
(2KeyLabofRC&PCStructureofMinistryofEducation,SoutheastUniversity,Nanjing210096,China);Test
andanalysisofdynamiccharacteristicofhangarofcapitalairport[J];JournalofSoutheastUniversity(Natural
ScienceEdition);200301
6ShanJian(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,SoutheastUniversity,Nanjing210018)LanTian(ChinaAcademy

ofBuildingResearch,Bcijing100013);OnDynamicRelaxationandItsApplicationtoStaticAnalysisof
TensionStructures[J];JournalOfSoutheastUniversity;199403
7MaJun;ZhaoHuilin(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,SoutheastUniversity,Nanjing210018);Analyticaland
ExperimentalStudyofPostBucklingofSpaceCompositeStructures[J];JournalOfSoutheastUniversity;1994
03
8ShenPing1)ZhengZhizhen2)LiuXiqiang3)TengYuntian1)YangXuanhui2)1)InstituteofGeophysics,
ChinaSeismologicalBureau,Beijing100081,China2)CenterforSeismicDataandInformation,China
SeismologicalBureau,Beiji;StudyOnTheMethodForComprehensiveDiscriminationOfSmall
Earthquakes[J];ActaSeismologicaSinica;200202
9LIHongjing,ZONGDeling(CollegeofCivilEngineering,NanjingUniversityofTechnology,Nanjing
210009,China);SomeProblemsonSeismicFortificationCriteriaofEngineeringStructures[J];Journalof
Seismology;200302
10ShenShizhao(HarbinInstituteofTechnology,Harbin150090,China);TheoreticalStudyandEngineering
PracticeofLongSpanSpatialStructures[J];EngineeringScience;200103
AArinstein,RAvrahamiandEZussman,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,TechnionIsraelInstituteof
Technology,Haifa32000,Israel,meeyal@tx.technion.ac.il,Bucklingbehaviourofelectrospunmicrotubes:a
simpletheoreticalmodelandexperimentalobservations,2009J.Phys.D:Appl.Phys.Vol.42,No.1,2009
doi:10.1088/00223727/42/1/015507
ABSTRACT:Thefinalformoftubularnanofibresproducedbythecoelectrospinningoftwosolutions
(core/shell)islargelydeterminedbythekineticsgoverningthebucklingphenomenon.Thebucklingmechanism
involvestheevaporationofthecoresolutionthroughasolidifiedshellresultinginapressuredifferenceacross
thefibreshell.Bucklingcantakeplacewhenthepressuredropacrossthefibreshellexceedsacriticalvalue.In
thisworkthephysicalconditionsleadingtofibrebucklingareanalysedfromakineticpointofview.Atime
interval,_t,duringwhichbucklingmayoccur,isintroducedasasinglecriteriondeterminingthebuckling
probability.Differentcore/shellsystemswerespunbyvaryingthesurfacetension,viscosity,flowrate,electric
fieldandthediffusioncoefficientofthecoresolventthroughthefibreshell.Theimagedasspunnanofibres
wereanalysedstatisticallytodeterminethebucklingprobability,andthecorresponding_tvalueswere
calculatedusingthevaluesofthespinningparameters.Theobtaineddatawerefittedwithanexponential
distributionfunctionwhichaffordeddeterminationofthecharacteristictimetobuckling,tb.Theresultsprovide
ameansofpredictingthebucklingoftubularnanofibres.Inparticular,onecanconcludethatthedominant
parameterdeterminingthefinalformoftheasspuntubularnanofibresisthediffusioncoefficientofthecore
solventthroughthefibreshell.
F.G.Flores,InstabilityofshellsofrevolutionusingALREF:Studiesforwindloadedshells,inBucklingof
shellstructures,onland,inthesea,andintheair,editedbyJ.F.Jullien,ElsevierAppliedSciencePublishing
Co.,Inc.,NewYork,1991(notallowedtoseetheabstractorpagenumbersinthevolume).
LuisA.Godoy(1)andJamesG.A.Croll(2)
(1)DepartamentodeEstructuras,UniversidadNacionaldeCrdoba,Argentina
(2)DepartmentofCivilandMunicipalEngineering,UniversityCollegeLondon,London,England

Geometricdiscontinuitiesinthinshellfiniteelementformulations,Computers&Structures,Vol.14,Nos.1
2,1981,pp.3741,doi:10.1016/00457949(81)90081X
ABSTRACT:Theimplementationofequilibriumandcompatibilityconditionsalongdiscontinuitiesinthe
geometryofthinshellsisconsideredforfiniteelementdisplacementformulationsinwhichthedisplacements
andtheirfirstderivativesarespecifiedasgeneralisedcoordinates.Amethodisproposedinwhichthe
transformationsofgeneralisedcoordinatesaffectonlytheelementstiffnessmatrix.Appliedtothesolutionofa
rotationallysymmetricshellwithdiscontinuitiesinthegeometriccurvaturethemethodisshowntoeliminate
thenumericaldisturbancesthatcanotherwiseoccurinthesolution.
LuisA.Godoy(1),SergioR.Idelsohn(2)andEverBarbero(3)
(1)DepartamentodeEstructuras,UniversidadNacionaldeCrdoba,CasilladeCorreo916,5000Crdoba,
Argentina
(2)INTEC,UniversidadNacionaldelLitoral,Guemes3450,SantaFe3000,Argentina
(3)MechanicalandAerospaceEngineering,WestVirginiaUniversity,Morgantown,W.V.,U.S.A.
Onloadinteractioninthenonlinearbucklinganalysisofcylindricalshells,AdvancesinEngineering
SoftwareandWorkstations,Vol.13,No.1,January1991,pp.4650,doi:10.1016/09613552(91)900456
ABSTRACT:Theelasticstabilityofshellsorshelllikestructuresundertwoindependentloadparametersis
considered.Oneoftheloadsisassociatedtoalimitpointformofbuckling,whereasthesecondisabifurcation.
Asimpleonedegreeoffreedommechanicalsystemisfirstinvestigated,forwhichananalyticalsolutionis
possible.Next,acylindricalshellunderthecombinedactionofaxialloadandlocalisedlateralpressureis
studiedviaanonlinear,twodimensional,finiteelementdiscretization.Itisshownthatbothproblemsdisplay
thesamegeneralbehaviour,withastabilityboundaryintheloadspacewhichisconvextowardstheregionof
stability.Theresultsshowtheneedofperformingafullnonlinearanalysistoevaluatethestabilityboundary
fortheclassofinteractionproblemsconsidered.
FernandoG.FloresandLuisA.Godoy(DepartamentodeEstructuras,UniversidadNacionaldeCrdoba,
CasilladeCorreos916,5000Crdoba,Argentina),Postbucklingofelasticconecylinderandspherecylinder
complexshells,InternationalJournalofPressureVesselsandPiping,Vol.45,No.2,1991,pp.237258,
doi:10.1016/03080161(91)90095J
ABSTRACT:Astudyispresentedoftheelasticbucklingofpressurizedcomplexshellsofrevolutionwhichare
formedbytheintersectionofcylindricalwithsphericalorconicalshells.Thestudiesarebasedonthegeneral
theoryofelasticstabilityusinganasymptoticapproximationtothesecondarypath.Anaxisymmetricfinite
elementisusedforthediscretizationoftheshell.First,thebehaviouroftheindividualcomponentsispresented
forsimplysupportedandclampedboundaryconditions.Next,thecomplexshellsareinvestigatedintermsof
thebucklingload,themeridionalandcircumferentialshapeofthebucklingmode,andtheinitialcharacteristics
ofthepostbucklingpath.Theresultsshowthatthebifurcationloadsofcomplexshellsarelowerthanthoseof
theindividualcomponents;butthepostcriticalpathdoesnotdecreaseasseverelyasintheisolatedshells.
A.T.BrewerandL.A.Godoy(DepartamentodeEstructuras,UniversidadNacionaldeCrdoba,Casillade
Correo916,Crdoba5000,Argentina),Oninteractionbetweenstaticanddynamicloadsininstabilityof
symmetricorasymmetricstructuralsystems,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.147,No.1,May1991,

pp.105114,doi:10.1016/0022460X(91)90686E
ABSTRACT:Dynamicinstabilityofsimpleonedegreeoffreedomsystemsisstudiedundertwoloading
parameters:lambda1,associatedtoastaticload,andlambda2,whichrepresentsadynamicload.Twomodels
areconsideredwhichcorrespondtoquadraticandcubicnonlinearities.Thestaticbucklingresponseofthe
systemshowsunstablepostbucklingbehaviour(bifurcationforlambda2andlimitpointforlambda2).Three
formsofdynamicloadlambda2arestudied:astep,arectangularandanimpulsiveloading.Theresultsare
representedintermsofinteractioncurves,whichshowtherelationbetweentheparametersthatleadtoacritical
state.Anequivalentproblemisalsostudiedtoallowforageneralizationoftheresultstoarbitrarydynamic
loadsoffiniteduration.
LuisA.Godoy1,GenockPortela2,EduardoM.Sosa2,LuisE.Surez1,JuanC.Virella2,andRalZapata
(DepartmentofCivilEngineeringandSurveyingUniversityofPuertoRico,Mayaguez,PR006819041,Puerto
Rico),Damageduetobucklinginabovegroundstoragetanks,publishernotgiven,datenotgiven
ABSTRACT:Thedamageduetobucklinginthinwalled,shortcylindricalabovegroundtanksisdiscussedin
thispaper.Varioussourcesofbucklingareconsidered,includingwind,earthquake,supportsettlementand
vacuumduringemptyingofthetank.Inallcasesthetanksweremodeledusingfiniteelements,andtheresults
includethebucklingloadandassociatedbucklingmode,andthepostbucklingequilibriumpath.Theresults
havebeenobtainedusingthecomputerpackagesABAQUSandALGOR.Experimentsonflexiblesmallscale
tankswithsettlementofthesupportsonasectorofthefoundationwereconducted.Also,windtunneltestswere
carriedoutonrigidtankswithandwithoutarooftoevaluatethepressuredistributionduetowind.
Flores,F.G.andGodoy,L.A.(DepartamentodeEstructuras,F.C.E.F.N.,UniversidadNationaldeCrdoba,
CasilladeCorreos916,5000Crdoba,Argentina),Elasticpostbucklinganalysisviafiniteelementand
perturbationtechniques.Part1:Formulation,InternationalJournalforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,
Vol.33,No.9,1992,pp.17751794.doi:10.1002/nme.1620330902
ABSTRACT:Themainequationsfortheequilibrium,stabilityandcriticalstateanalysisofdiscreteelastic
systemsarepresentedfollowingtheworksofThompson,butinsuchawaythattheoriginalsetofgeneralized
coordinatesandloadsarepreservedintheTotalPotentialEnergy.Thisintroducesdifferencesintheresulting
equationsinbifurcationanalysisbutdoesnotintroduceanynewfeatureregardingthephysicsoftheproblem.
Thenewformulationisapproximatedbymeansofastandardfiniteelementapproachbasedoninterpolationof
displacements,inwhichthederivativesofthepotentialenergyareapproximated.Thetermsretainedarethose
ofmoderatelylargerotationtheory.Theenergyanalysisisfinallyrelatedtothemoreconventionalfinite
elementnotationintermsofstiffnessmatrices,anditisshownhowinsuchawayitcanbeincludedinpresent
daycodes.
Flores,F.G.andGodoy,L.A.(DepartamentodeEstructuras,F.C.E.F.N.,UniversidadNationaldeCrdoba,
CasilladeCorreos916,5000Crdoba,Argentina),Elasticpostbucklinganalysisviafiniteelementand
perturbationtechniquespartII:Applicationtoshellsofrevolution.InternationalJournalforNumerical
MethodsinEngineering,Vol.36,No.2,1993,pp.331354.doi:10.1002/nme.1620360211
ABSTRACT:ThegeneraltheorydevelopedinPart1ofthispaperforthefiniteelementstabilityanalysisof
structuralsystems,usingperturbationexpansionsinthevicinityofacriticalpoint,isappliedheretotheanalysis

ofshellsofrevolution.Thediscretizationoftheshellisperformedbymeansofasemianalyticalapproximation,
andthematricesrequiredfortheevaluationofcriticalpointsandpostcriticalequilibriumpathsareobtained.
Twocasesarepresented:bifurcationinaxisymmetricandinasymmetricbucklingmodes.Thederivatives
requiredforanimperfectionanalysisarealsoobtained.Atechniqueofswitchingbetweentwopathsusing
continuationmethodsisalsodiscussed,inwhichtheswitchisperformedusingderivativesoftheperturbation
expansion.Resultsarepresentedforbifurcationinaxisymmetricandinnonaxisymmetricmodes,and
comparedwithknownsolutionsorwithresultsfromchangingthepathusingcontinuationmethods;good
correlationisshown.Forstructuresdisplayingunstablebifurcation,theinfluenceofloadandgeometric
imperfectionsisevaluated.
LuisA.Godoy,(Prof.,Dept.ofStructures,Nat.Univ.ofCordoba,CasilladeCorreo916,Cordoba5000,
Argentina),OnLoadsEquivalenttoGeometricalImperfectionsinShells,JournalofEngineeringMechanics,
Vol.119,No.1,January1993,pp.186190,doi10.1061/(ASCE)07339399(1993)119:1(186)
ABSTRACT: Theequationsthatdefinetheloadequivalenttoanimperfectioninthegeometry(intheform
ofadeviationfromtheasdesignedmidsurface)ofathinshallowshellareconsidered.Thepresentformulation
definesinitialdisplacementsandaninitialstrainfieldinordertomodeltheimperfection.Itisassumedthat
deviationsinvolveonlyinitialdisplacementsintheoutofplanedirection.Nonlineartermsindisplacementsdue
totheloadsareneglected.Thecompletedisplacementfieldisintroducedintotheequilibriumequationsto
isolatetheequivalentload.Itisshownthatthecompleteequivalentloadobtainedinthiswaydiffersfromthe
simplifiedoneemployedintheliteratureduetothepresenceofnonlineartermsintheinitialdisplacements.
(Thesimplifiedloadistheproductofthemembranestressresultantsmultipliedbytheerroringeometric
curvatureoftheshell.)Anexmapleillustratesthedifferencesofstressresultantsobtainedfromtheselinearand
nonlinearapproximations.
L.A.Godoy,E.J.BarberoandI.G.Raftoyiannis(MechanicalandAerospaceEngineering,Constructed
FacilitiesCenter,WestVirginiaUniversity,Morgantown,WV265066106,U.S.A),Finiteelementsforpost
bucklinganalysis.ITheWformulation,Computers&Structures,Vol.56,No.6,September1995,pp.1009
1017,doi:10.1016/00457949(94)00572K
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsaconvenientformulationforthestabilityanalysisofstructuresusingthe
finiteelementmethod.Themainassumptionsarelinearelasticity,alinearfundamentalpath,andtheexistence
ofdistinctcriticalloads(i.e.nocouplingbetweenbucklingmodesoccurs).Theformulationdevelopedisknown
asWformulation,inwhichtheenergyiswrittenintermsofaslidingsetofincrementalcoordinatesmeasured
withrespecttothefundamentalpath.Inthepresentationdevelopedhere,theonlyingredientsrequiredtocarry
outtheanalysisarethestraindisplacementandtheconstitutivematricesattheelementlevel.Thepresent
formulationiscomparedwiththesocalledVformulation,inwhichthedisplacementsrefertotheunloaded
state.Itisshownthatunderthepresentassumptionsoflinearfundamentalpath,theadvantagesoftheV
formulationarelostandbothapproachesaresimilar.Anexampleofacircularplateunderinplaneloading
illustratestheprocedures.PartIIofthispaperdealswiththeapplicationtothepostbucklinganalysisofplate
assembliesmadeofcompositematerials.
E.J.Barbero,I.G.RaftoyiannisandL.A.Godoy(MechanicalandAerospaceEngineering,Constructed

FacilitiesCenter,WestVirginiaUniversity,Morgantown,WV265066106,U.S.A.),Finiteelementsforpost
bucklinganalysis.IIApplicationtocompositeplateassemblies,Computers&Structures,Vol.56,No.6,
September1995,pp.10191028,doi:10.1016/00457949(94)00573L
ABSTRACT:Inacompanionpapertheauthorspresentedaconvenientformulationforthestabilityanalysisof
structuresusingthefiniteelementmethod.Themainassumptionsarelinearelasticity,alinearfundamentalpath
andtheexistenceofdistinctcriticalloads.TheformulationdevelopedisknownastheWformulation,where
theenergyiswrittenintermsofaslidingsetofincrementalcoordinatesmeasuredwithrespecttothe
fundamentalpath.Inthepresentpaperanumberofapplicationsoffiniteelementsforpostbucklinganalysison
compositeplateassembliesarepresented.Thinwalledcompositeplates,Ibeams,anglesections,anda
speciallydesignedboxbeamwithflanges(unicolumn)arestudiedinpostbucklingwhenaxiallyloaded.The
resultsareingoodagreementwithpreviousstudies.Moreover,aparametricstudyinvolvingcriticalbuckling
loadandgeometryispresentedforthecaseoftheunicolumn.
L.A.Godoy(1),E.J.Barbero(2)andI.Raftoylannis(2)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofPuertoRicoatMayaguez,Mayaguez,PR00709
(2)MechanicalandAerospaceEngineeringDepartmentand,ConstructedFacilitiesCenter,WestVirginia
University,Morgantown,WV265066106
InteractiveBucklingAnalysisofFiberReinforcedThinWalledColumns,JournalofCompositeMaterials
March1995vol.29,no.5,pp.591613,doi:10.1177/002199839502900503
ABSTRACT:Ananalyticalapproximatemodel,leadingtoaclosedformsolution,ispresentedtoaccountfor
bucklingmodeinteractionincompositeIsectioncolumns.Threebucklingmodesareconsideredintheanalysis:
aglobalmode(Eulermodeabouttheweakaxis);aprimarylocalmode(rotationoftheflangesandbendingof
theweb);andasecondarylocalmode(bendingoftheflanges),whicharemodeledusinganalyticalfunctions
andfourdegreesoffreedom.Thefundamentalstateisshowntobelinearandthethreecriticalstatesforthe
isolatedmodesarefoundtobestablesymmetricbifurcations.Modeinteractionanalysisintermsofthe
amplitudesoffirstorderfieldsiscarriedout,forthefirsttime,forprismaticsectionsofcompositematerial.The
tertiary(coupled)pathinvolvescouplingbetweenthetwolocalmodesanditdescribesthesensitivityto
imperfectionsofthebucklingbehaviorofthecompositecolumn.Asalientfeatureofthemodelpresentedisthe
closedformoftheresultingsolution,whichenablesthedesignertoeasilyperformparametricstudies.Also,this
isthefirstbucklingmodeinteractionstudyforthinwalledcompositecolumns.Numericalexamplesare
presentedtovalidatetheresultsandtoshowtheinfluenceofthegeometryandpropertiesofthecompositeon
theinteractionphenomenon.
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E.J.Barbero,I.G.RaftoyiannisandL.A.Godoy(MechanicalandAerospaceEngineering,Constructed
FacilitiesCenter,WestVirginiaUniversity,Morgantown,WV265066106,U.S.A.),Finiteelementsforpost
bucklinganalysis.IIApplicationtocompositeplateassemblies,Computers&Structures,Vol.56,No.6,
September1995,pp.10191028,doi:10.1016/00457949(94)00573L
ABSTRACT:Inacompanionpapertheauthorspresentedaconvenientformulationforthestabilityanalysisof
structuresusingthefiniteelementmethod.Themainassumptionsarelinearelasticity,alinearfundamentalpath
andtheexistenceofdistinctcriticalloads.TheformulationdevelopedisknownastheWformulation,where
theenergyiswrittenintermsofaslidingsetofincrementalcoordinatesmeasuredwithrespecttothe
fundamentalpath.Inthepresentpaperanumberofapplicationsoffiniteelementsforpostbucklinganalysison
compositeplateassembliesarepresented.Thinwalledcompositeplates,Ibeams,anglesections,anda
speciallydesignedboxbeamwithflanges(unicolumn)arestudiedinpostbucklingwhenaxiallyloaded.The
resultsareingoodagreementwithpreviousstudies.Moreover,aparametricstudyinvolvingcriticalbuckling
loadandgeometryispresentedforthecaseoftheunicolumn.
LuisA.Godoy(1),LeonelI.Almanzar(1)andEverJ.Barbero(2)
(1)CivilInfrastructureResearchCenter,CivilEngineeringDepartment,UniversityofPuertoRico,Mayaguez,
PR0068109041,USA
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineering,WestVirginiaUniversity,MorgantownWV26506
6101,USA
Postbucklingandfirstplyfailureofthinwalledframesandcolumnsmadeofcompositematerials,inThin
walledstructures:researchanddevelopment,editedbyN.E.Shanmugam,JY.RichardLiew,Viviane
Theveendran,Elsevier,1998
ABSTRACT:Firstplyfailure(FPF)ofcompositethinwalledcolumnsandframesisinvestigatedinthe
buckledstructure.Elasticbehaviorisassumedduringtheprebucklingandbucklingstates,andalongpartofthe
postbucklingequilibriumpath.TheTsaiHillcriterionisemployedtoidentifyfailureofoneplyatonespecific
location.Thetechniqueofanalysisisbasedonevaluationofthepostbucklingelasticpath,andusingFPFasa
constraintintheanalysis.Thestructureismodeledusingafewdegreesoffreedomtoincludelocaland/or
overallbucklingmodes.Thetheoreticalresultsarecomparedwithexperimentalboundsandshowgood
agreementforlocalbucklingofisolatedcolumns.Therearenoexperimentalresultsforframesintheliterature,
buttheoreticalresultsarepresentedforasimplecasewithasymmetricbifurcation.
EverJ.Barbero,EdgarK.DedeandShannonJones(315EngineeringScienceBuilding,WestVirginia
University,Morgantown,WV265066106,USA),Experimentalverificationofbucklingmodeinteractionin
intermediatelengthcompositecolumns,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.37,No.29,July
2000,pp.39193934,doi:10.1016/S00207683(99)001729
ABSTRACT:Columnbucklingisamajordesignconcernforpultrudedcompositecolumns.Interaction
betweenthelocal(flange)andglobal(Euler)bucklingmodesoccursinintermediatelengththinwalledcolumns
withnearcoincidentbucklingloads.Theinteractionofmorethanonebucklingmodeinduceanunstabletertiary
postbucklingpath,causingimperfectionsensitivityandprematurefailure.Inthiswork,theexistenceof
bucklingmodeinteractionisexperimentallyverifiedforintermediatelengthpultrudedwideflangecolumns

subjectedtouniaxialcompression.Characterizationoftheinteractionmodeisdoneusingbothconventional
testingtechniquesandtheshadowmoiropticaltechnique,allowingfornoncontact,fullfieldmeasurementof
thebucklingmodes.
LuisA.Godoy,Aprimeronbucklingoftanks,(chapterinanunidentifiedbook(nopublishernordategiven,
butlatestreferenceis2000)
Topicssummarizedinthepaper:1.Whatisbuckling?2.Equilibriumpathsandcriticalstates3.Influenceof
imperfections4.Plasticbuckling5.Approachestoevaluatebuckling6.Dynamicbuckling
Referencescitedattheendofthepaper:
Bushnell,D.(1985).ComputerizedBucklingAnalysisofShells.MartinusNijjhoff,Dordrecht.
Godoy,L.A.(2000).TheoryofElasticStability:AnalysisandSensitivity,Taylor&Francis,Philadelphia,PA.

LuisA.Godoy(1)andEdgardoO.Taroco(2)
(1)StructuresDepartment,CONICETandNationalUniversityofCordoba,P.O.Box916,Cordoba5000,
Argentina
(2)LaboratorioNacionaldeComputacaoCientifica,LNCC/CNPq,Petropolis,Brazil
Designsensitivityofpostbucklingstatesincludingmaterialconstraints,ComputerMethodsinApplied
MechanicsandEngineering,Vol.188,No.4,August2000,pp.665679,SpecialIssue:IVthWorldCongresson
ComputationalMechanics.(II).Optimum,doi:10.1016/S00457825(99)003540
ABSTRACT:Thispaperreportstheoreticalstudiesonthedesignsensitivityofproblemswithgeometrically
nonlinearbehaviorleadingtobucklingandpostbucklingofthinwalledstructuralmembers.Fortheclassof
problemsconsidered,bucklingoccursintheformofastablebifurcation,anditisassumedthatchangesinthe
designparametersdonotbreakthebifurcationbehavior.Thespecificfocusoftheresearchisthefirstyieldor
firstfailureofthematerialaspartofthesensitivitystudyofequilibriumstatesalongthepostcriticalpath.The
investigationemploysadiscretemodelofastructureintermsofgeneralizedcoordinates(suitableforfinite
elementanalysis)andasingleloadparameter;andperturbationtechniquestoclassifythecriticalstateandto
approximatethepostcriticalpath.Theproblemofmaterialbehaviorismodeledbymeansofconstraintsonthe
postcriticalpath,basedonayieldcriterion.Forsimplicity,thepresentationusesthevonMisesyieldcriterion,
butothermorecomplexcriteria,suchasthoseemployedincompositematerials(firstplyfailure)canalsobe
represented.Twoformsoftheconstraintsareformulated,andtheproblemofsensitivitywithrespecttochanges
inadesignparameterisdiscussed.Asimpleexampleofacircularplateispresentedtoillustratetheuseofthe
formulationforthesensitivitywithrespecttoasingledesignparameter.
LuisA.GodoyandGenockPortela(UniversityofPuertoRico,MayaguezCampus,DepartmentofCivil
Engineering),Areviewofwindtunnelresultsofpressuresontankmodels,(publisheranddatenotgivenin
thepdffile;latestreferenceis2001)
GENERALOVERVIEW:TheCaribbeanIslandsareheavilyexposedtohurricanesdueitsgeographical
locationintheAtlanticandCaribbeanSeas.Damageduetowindpressureoftanksusedforstoragedifferent
liquidshavebeenobservedandstudiedbydifferentauthors(FloresandGodoy(1998),GodoyandMendez
(2001)).SomeofthecasesstudiedwerefoundinSt.Croix,St.Thomas,andPuertoRicoduringHugo(1989),
Marilyn(1995),andGeorges(1998),respectively.Studiesofwindpressureshavetakenplacesinceearlyinthe
20thcentury.Duringthisera,airfloweffectswereinvestigatedbydifferentauthors(H.L.Drydenet.al.,

1930,).Acommonproblemisthevariationofwindpressuresdependingontankgeometry.Bothexternalwall
pressure,asexternalroofpressuredistributionisstronglydependentofthetankgeometry.
Detailed
studiesconcerningtowindloadsoncylindersincludewindtunneltestsperformedbyMaher(1966)todome
coneanddomecylindertanks.Theheightofhemisphereandsphericaldomeroofsmountedoncylinderswith
basediametersof12in.or24in.,waschangedtoaccountvariationofwindontheroofandwalloftheshell.
Pressuresweremeasuredbothinthemeridianandparallelaxesofthecylindersanddifferentpressurepatterns
weredeveloped.Purdyet.al.(1967),studiedwindpressuredistributionsonflattopcylinders.Theaspectratio
(h/D)wasvariedfromshort(tanks)tolong(silos)cylinderstoquantifythedimensionaleffectsinpressure
distribution.Thecylinderdiameterswere12and24in.,andtheheightswereincreasedfrom6in.Numerical
approximationsweredevelopedbasedinFouriercosinesseriesonthesurfaceoftheflatroofdiameterand
alongtheparallelandmeridianaxesoftheshell.Morerecentstudiesconcerningtopressurevariationsaround
theshellswereaccomplishedbyEsslingeret.al.(1971),Gretler(1978),Gorenc(1986),Greiner(1998),and
Pircher(1998).StudiesbasedonwinddistributiononconicalrooftankswereaccomplishedbySabranskyet.al
(1986),andMacDonaldet.al(1988).Variationsinaspectratioswereconsideredintheexperimentaltestsand
theauthorsgivecontoursofdifferentpressurecoefficientsfoundatdifferenttanksections.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

[1].FloresF.G.andGodoyL.A.(1998),Bucklingofshorttanksduetohurricanes.EngineeringStructures.Vol.20,No.8.
[2].GodoyL.A.andMendezJ.(2001),Bucklingofabovegroundstoragetankswithconicalroof.ThirdInternationalConference
onThinWalledStructures.ElsevierScienceLtd.,pp.661668.
[3].Dryden,H.,andHill,G.C.(1930),Windpressureoncircularcylindersandchimneys.ResearchPaperNo.221,National
BureauofStandards,U.S.DepartmentofCommerce,WashingtonD.C.
[4].Maher,F.J.(1966),Windloadsondomecylindersanddomeconeshapes.JournalofStructuralDivision,ASCE,Vol.91,No.
ST3,Proc.paper4383.
[5].PurdyD.M.,MaherP.E.andFrederickD.(1967),Modelstudiesofwindloadsonflattopcylinders.JournalofStructural
Division,ASCE.
[6].EsslingerM.,AhmedS.andSchroederH.(1971),Stationarywindloadsofopentoppedandrooftoppedcylindricalsilos(in
German).DerStalbau,18.
[7].GretlerW.andPflgel,M.(1978),WindtunneltestsofcylindricalshellsattheTUGraz.Unpublished.
[8].Gorenc,B.E.,Hogan,T.J.andRotter,J.M.(1986),Guidelinesfortheassessmentofloadsonbulksolidcontainers.Institution
ofengineers.Australia.
[9].GreinerR.(1998),Cylindricalshells:windloading.Chapter17in:Silos(Ed.C,J.Brown&L.Nilssen),EFNSpon,London,pp.
378399.
[10].PircherM.,GuggenbergerW.,GreinerR.,BridgeR.(1998),Stressesinelasticcylindricalshellsunderwindload.University
ofWesternSydney,Nepean,pp.663669.
[11].SabranskyI.J.,MelbourneW.H.,(1987),DesignPressureDistributiononCircularSiloswithConicalRoofs.JournalofWind
EngineeringandIndustrialAerodynamics,26,pp.6584.ElsevierSciencePublishersB.V.Amsterdam.
[12].MacdonaldP.A.,KwokK.C.S.,andHolmesJ.H.(1988),Windloadsoncircularstoragebins,silosandtanks:I.Point
pressuremeasurementsonisolatedstructures.JournalofWindEngineeringandIndustrialAerodynamics,31,pp.165188.Elsevier
SciencePublishersB.V.Amsterdam.
[13].ACIASCECommittee334(1991),Reinforcedconcretecoolingtowershellspracticeandcommentary,ACI334,2R,91.
AmericanConcreteInstitute,NewYork.
[14].Rish,R.F.(1967),Forcesincylindricalshellsduetowind,in:Proc.Inst.CivilEngineers.Vol.36,pp.791803.
[15].ScmidtH.,BinderB.,andLangeH.(1998)Postbucklingstrengthdesignofopenthinwalledcylindricaltanksunderwind
load.FirstInternationalConferenceonThinWalledStructures.ElsevierScienceLtd.,pp.203220.
[16].ResingerF.,andGreinerR.(1982),Bucklingofwindloadedcylindricalshellsapplicationtounstiffenedandringstiffened
steeltanks,inBucklingofshells,RamnE.(ed.),Springer,Berlin,pp.217281.
[17].MegsonT.H.G.,HarropJ.andMillerM.N.(1987),TheStabilityofLargeDiameterThinWalledSteelTanksSubjectedto
WindLoading.ProceedingsofanInternationalColloquiumonStabilityofPlateandShellStructures,GhentUniversity,Belgium.
[18].UniformBuildingCode(1997),StructuralEngineeringDesignProvisions.Volume2.InternationalConferenceofBuilding
Officials.

LuisA.Godoy(1)andEduardoM.Sosa(2)
(1)UniversidadNacionaldeCrdoba,FCEFyN,DepartamentodeEstructuras,andresearcher,CONICET
CasilladeCorreo916,CorreoCentral,Crdoba5000,lgodoy@com.uncor.edu
(2)UniversityofPuertoRico,Mayaguez,PR006819041,PuertoRico
Computationalbucklinganalysisofshells:theoriesandpractice,MecanicaComputacional,editedbyS.R.
Idelsohn,V.E.SonzogniandA.Cardona,Vol.XXI,October,2002,pp.16521667
ABSTRACT:Shellbucklingproblemsbelongtotheclassofgeometricallynonlinearbehavior,andmaybe
coupledwithmaterialnonlinearityoftheshell.Therearemanygeneralpurposefiniteelementprogramsthat
performgeometricandmaterialnonlinearanalysisofshells;however,thisdoesnotmeanthatausercanfeed
dataandcollectreliableresultswithoutafullunderstandingofthephysicsoftheproblem.Thispaperdiscusses
thetheoriesinvolvedintheexplanationandclassificationofphenomena,andinthepredictionofresults.Next,
thoseapproachesareconsideredinthepracticalanalysisofoneshellform,namelythinwalledsteeltanksused
tostoreoil.ResultshavebeenobtainedwiththegeneralpurposepackageABAQUS,andtheytendtoshowthat
theirinterpretationrequirestheuseofKoiterstheoryinordertomakesenseofwhatisobtained.Some
thoughtsonpossiblewaystoimplementCrollslowerboundreducedenergyapproachinpracticearegiven.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

[1]E.J.Barbero,IntroductiontoCompositeMaterialsDesign,TaylorandFrancis,Philadelphia,PA(1999).
[2]R.C.BatistaandJ.G.A.Croll,Adesignapproachforunstiffenedcylindricalshellsunderexternalpressure,Proc.Int.Conf.Thin
WalledStructures,Ed.J.Rhodes,Elsevier(1979).
[3]T.Belytschko,K.W.LiuandB.Moran,NonlinearFiniteElementsforContinuaandStructures,Wiley,NewYork(2000).
[4]B.Budianski,Dynamicbucklingofelasticstructures:Criteriaandestimates,inDynamicStabilityofStructures,Ed.G.
Herrmann,PergamonPress,pp.83106(1967).
[5]D.Bushnell,ComputerizedBucklingAnalysisofShells,MartinusNijhoff,Dordrecht(1985).
[6]J.G.A.Croll,Shellbuckling:Areturntobasicmechanics,inAppliedMechanicsintheAmericas,vol.1,AmericanAcademyof
Mechanics,pp.410417(1995).
[7]F.G.FloresandL.A.Godoy,InstabilityofshellsofrevolutionusingALREF:Studiesforwindloadedshells,In:Bucklingof
ShellsinLand,intheSeaandintheAir,ElsevierAppliedScience,Oxford,pp.213222(1991).
[8]F.G.FloresandL.A.Godoy,Elasticpostbucklinganalysisviafiniteelementandperturbationtechniques,PartI:Formulation,
Int.JournalNumericalMethodsinEngineering,vol.33,pp.17751794(1992).
[9]F.G.FloresandL.A.Godoy,Elasticpostbucklinganalysisviafiniteelementandperturbationtechniques,PartII:Applicationto
shellsofrevolution,Int.JournalNumericalMethodsinEngineering,vol.36,pp.331354(1992).
[10]F.G.FloresandL.A.Godoy,Bucklingofshorttanksduetohurricanes,JournalEngineeringStructures,20(8),pp.752760
(1998).
[11]F.G.FloresandL.A.Godoy,Forcedvibrationsofsilosleadingtobuckling,JournalofSoundandVibration,224(3),pp.431
454(1999).
[12]L.A.Godoy,TheoryofElasticStability:AnalysisandSensitivity,TaylorandFrancis,Philadelphia,PA(2000).
[13]L.A.Godoy,Sobreelsentidodelprogresoenlateoradeestabilidadelstica,Mechanics,vol.31(34),pp.3052(2002).
[14]L.A.GodoyandF.G.Flores,Imperfectionsensitivityofwindloadedtanks,Int.J.StructuralEngineeringandMechanics,vol.
13(5),pp.533542(2002).
[15]L.A.GodoyandE.M.Sosa,Deflectionsofthinwalledstoragetankswithroofduetolocalizedsupportsettlements,In:
AdvancesinStructuralEngineeringandMechanics,TecnoPress,Seoul(2002).
[16]L.A.GodoyandE.M.Sosa,Localizedsupportsettlementofthinwalledstoragetanks,submittedforpublication(2002).
[17]H.D.Hibbit,B.I.KarlsonandSorensen,ABAQUS/UsersManual,Hibbitt,KarlssonandSorensen,Inc.1997.
[18]N.J.Hoff,Dynamicstabilityofstructures,inDynamicStabilityofStructures,Ed.G.Herrmann,PergamonPress,pp.741
(1967).

[19]K.Huseyin,VibrationsandStabilityofMultipleParameterSystems,Ivaordhoff,Alphen(1978).
[20]R.Jaca,L.A.GodoyandF.G.Flores,Analisispostcriticodetanquesdepareddelgadabajocargasdeviento,ISouthAmerican
CongressonComputationalMechanics,Paran,Argentina(2002).
[21]R.M.Jones,MechanicsofCompositeMaterials,HemispherePublishing,NewYork(1975).
[22]F.Jorgensen,Bucklingbehaviorofaliquidstoragetank,ThinWalledStructures,vol.1(4),pp.309323(1983).
[23]I.Lakatos,TheMethodologyofScientificResearchProgrammes,vol.I,CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,UK(1978).
[24]W.T.Koiter,OntheStabilityofElasticEquilibrium,Ph.D.Thesis,DelftInstituteofTechnology,Delft,Holland(inDutch)
(1945).ThereisanEnglishtranslationbyNASA,1967.
[25]P.A.MacDonald,K.C.Kwok,J.D.Holmes,Windloadsoncircularstoragebins,silosandtanks:I.Pointpressuremeasurements
onisolatedstructures,JournalofWindEngineeringandIndustrialAerodynamics,vol.31,pp.165188(1988).
[26]J.C.Virella,L.A.GodoyandL.E.Surez,Influenceoftheroofonthenaturalfrequenciesofsteeltanks,JournalofSoundand
Vibration,submittedforpublication(2002).
[27]S.YamadaandJ.G.A.Croll,Bucklingandpostbucklingcharacteristicsofpressureloadedcylinders,ASMEJournalofApplied
Mechanics,vol.60,pp.290299(1993).

G.Portela(1)andL.A.Godoy(2)
(1)DepartmentofGeneralEngineering,UniversityofPuertoRico,Mayagez006819044,PuertoRico
(2)CivilInfrastructureResearchCenter,DepartmentofCivilEngineeringandSurveying,UniversityofPuerto
Rico,Mayagez006819041,PuertoRico
Windpressuresandbucklingofcylindricalsteeltankswithadomeroof,JournalofConstructionalSteel
Research,Vol.61,No.6,June2005,pp.808824,doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2004.11.001
ABSTRACT:Anexperimental/computationalstrategyisusedinthispapertoevaluatethebucklingbehaviorof
steeltankswithadomeroofunderexposuretowind.First,windtunnelexperimentsusingsmallscalerigid
modelswerecarriedout,fromwhichpressuredistributionsduetowindonthecylindricalpartandontheroof
wereobtained.Second,acomputationalmodelofthestructure(usingthepressuresobtainedintheexperiments)
wasusedtoevaluatebucklingloadsandmodesandtostudytheimperfectionsensitivityofthetanks.The
computationaltoolsusedwerebifurcationbucklinganalysis(eigenvalueanalysis)andgeometricalnonlinear
analysis(stepbystepincrementalanalysis).Geometricimperfectionsandchangesinthebucklingresultsdueto
reductionsinthethicknesswerealsoincludedinthestudytoinvestigatereductionsinthebucklingstrengthof
theshell.Forthegeometriesconsidered,theresultsshowlowimperfectionsensitivityofthetanksandbuckling
loadsassociatedwithwindspeeds45%higherthanthosespecifiedbytheASCE702standard.
J.C.Virella(1),L.A.Godoy(1and2)andL.E.Surez(1)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineeringandSurveying,UniversityofPuertoRico,Mayagez,006819041,Puerto
Rico
(2)CivilInfrastructureResearchCenter,DepartmentofCivilEngineeringandSurveying,UniversityofPuerto
Rico,Mayagez,006819041,PuertoRico
Dynamicbucklingofanchoredsteeltankssubjectedtohorizontalearthquakeexcitation,Journalof
ConstructionalSteelResearch,Vol.62,No.6,June2006,pp.521531,doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2005.10.001
ABSTRACT:Weinvestigatedynamicbucklingofabovegroundsteeltankswithconicalroofsandanchoredto
thefoundation,subjectedtohorizontalcomponentsofrealearthquakerecords.Thestudyattemptstoestimate
thecriticalhorizontalpeakgroundacceleration(CriticalPGA),whichinduceselasticbucklingatthetopofthe
cylindricalshell,fortheimpulsivehydrodynamicresponseofthetankliquidsystem.Finiteelementsmodelsof
threeconerooftankswithheighttodiameterratios(H/D)of0.40,0.63and0.95andwithaliquidlevelof90%

oftheheightofthecylinderwereusedinthisstudy.Thetankmodelsweresubjectedtoaccelerogramsrecorded
duringthe1986ElSalvadorand1966Parkfieldearthquakes,anddynamicbucklingcomputations(including
materialandgeometricnonlinearity)werecarriedoutusingthefiniteelementpackageABAQUS.FortheEl
Salvadoraccelerogram,thecriticalPGAforbucklingatthetopofthecylindricalshelldecreasedwiththeH/D
ratioofthetank,whilesimilarcriticalPGAsregardlessoftheH/Dratiowereobtainedforthetankssubjectedto
theParkfieldaccelerogram.Theelasticbucklingatthetopoccurredasacriticalstateforthemediumheightand
tallestmodelsregardlessoftheaccelerogramconsidered,becauseplasticitywasreachedforaPGAlargerthan
thecriticalPGA.Fortheshortestmodel(H/D=0.40),dependingontheaccelerogramconsidered,plasticitywas
reachedattheshellbeforebucklingatthetopoftheshell.
EduardoM.Sosa(1)andLuisA.Godoy(2),
(1)DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,WestVirginiaUniversity,P.O.Box6103,
Morgantown,WV,USA
(2)CONICETandStructuresDepartment,FCEFyN,UniversidadNacionaldeCrdoba,CasilladeCorreo916,
Crdoba5000,Argentina
Challengesinthecomputationoflowerboundbucklingloadsfortanksunderwindpressures,ThinWalled
Structures,Vol.48,No.12,December2010,pp.935945,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2010.06.004
ABSTRACT:Thispaperreportsontheimplementationofalowerboundapproachforthebucklingof
imperfectionsensitiveshellsusinggeneralpurposefiniteelementcodes.Thestabilityofcylindricalsteeltanks
underwindpressureisevaluatedfortwotankconfigurations:conicalrooftanksandopentoptanks.Forboth
tankconfigurations,severalgeometricrelationsareconsideredinordertofindthevariationoftheknockdown
factorasthegeometrychanges.Thereducedenergymethodisimplementedtocomputealowerboundfor
criticalwindpressuresandtheresultsarecomparedwiththestaticnonlinearanalysiscarriedoutonthesame
models.Analternativewaytoimplementthereducedenergymethodispresentedtoimprovetheresults
obtainedwiththeproposedmethodology.
RossanaC.Jaca(1)andLuisA.Godoy(2)
(1)DepartmentofConstructions,SchoolofEngineering,NationalUniversityofComahue8300Neuqun,
Argentina
(2)StructuresDepartment,FCEFyN,NationalUniversityofCordobaandCONICET,POBox916,Cordoba
5000,Argentina
Windbucklingofmetaltanksduringtheirconstruction,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.48,No.6,June2010,
pp.453459,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2010.01.001
ABSTRACT:Shellstructuresareusuallydesignedbyconsideringtheirfinalshapeandconfiguration,sothatit
isassumedthatstabilityduringtheconstructionwillbesatisfiedwithoutfurtherthought.However,evidence
fromrecentcollapsesofmetaltanksundermoderatewindsshowsthatthisisamatterthatrequiresspecial
attention.Thispaperreportsanalyticalstudiesoftanksfortheoilindustrythatfailedduringtheirconstruction
intheArgentineanPatagoniaundermoderatewinds.Thecylindricalpartofthetankswassetupinplacewith
pointwelding,buttheroofwasnotyetinplaceatthetimeofcollapse.Tounderstandthemechanismoffailure,
static,geometricallynonlinearfiniteelementmodelingofthetankswascarriedout,inwhichtheshellwas
representedascloseaspossibletotheactualconditionsduringtheconstructionstageatwhichitfailed.The
resultsshowthatforthewindvelocitiesprevalentatthetimeofcollapse,anexplanationofthefailure

mechanismcanonlybeachievedbytakingintoaccountseveralspecialfeaturesofthestructureunder
construction,i.e.thelocalizednatureofweldingandtheinfluenceoftheincompletejunctionwiththebottom
plate.
RossanaC.Jaca(1),LuisA.Godoy(2),andJamesG.A.Croll(3)
(1)ConstructionsDepartment,UniversidadNacionaldelComahue,Neuqun,Argentina
(2)StructuresDepartment,FCEFyN,UniversidadNacionaldeCrdobaandCONICET,P.O.Box916(Correo
Central),Crdoba,Argentina
(3)DepartmentofCivil,EnvironmentalandGeomaticEngineering,UniversityCollegeLondon,GowerStreet,
LondonWC1E6BT,UK
ReducedStiffnessBucklingAnalysisofAbovegroundStorageTankswithThicknessChanges,Advancesin
StructuralEngineeringVol.14No.32011,pp.475487
ABSTRACT:TheReducedStiffnessAnalysis(RSA)tocomputelowerboundstobucklingloadsofshellshas
beenemployedbyanumberofresearchersasasimplewaytoevaluatethebucklingcapacityofshellsthat
displayunstablebehaviorandimperfectionsensitivity.Itallowstheuseofsimpleeigenvalueanalysis,without
havingtoperformincrementalnonlinearanalysis,andisbasedonthephysicalbehavioroftheshellwhich
recognizesthatasignificantcontributiontothestabilityofashellunderlateralpressureisprovidedbyits
membranestiffness.Unstablepostcriticalbehaviorisassociatedwiththelossofthisstabilizingmembrane
contribution.Pastuseoftheapproachhasbeenmainlyrestrictedtocasesofuniformshellthicknessand
uniformpressuresinthecircumferentialdirection,inwhichcaseanalyticalsolutionsarepossible.Recent
applicationsbytheauthorsandotherresearchershaveshownwaystocomputethelowerboundsusingfinite
elementanalysis,forwhichamodifiedeigenvalueanalysisisconstructedbyneglectingthemembrane
contributionstothematrixcontainingtheinitialstresses.Thispaperillustratestheapplicationofthe
methodologytocasesofpressureloadedshellswiththicknesschangesinthemeridionaldirection.Asemi
analyticalfiniteelementcodehasbeenemployedforthebucklinganalysiswhenuniformpressuresacton
abovegroundsteeltanks.Thetanksarerepresentativeofthoseconstructedfortheoilindustry,withdiameterto
thicknessratiosoftheorderof3000,andheighttodiameterratioslowerthanone.
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stresses,JournalofConstructionalSteelResearch,Vol.54,No.2,pp.265282.

Hornung,U.andSaal,H.(2002).Bucklingloadsoftankshellswithimperfections,InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,
Vol.37,No.45,pp.605621.
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EngineeringandIndustrialAerodynamics,Vol.91,No.4,pp.455467.
Resinger,F.andGreiner,R.(1982).BucklingofWindLoadedCylindricalShellsApplicationtoUnstiffenedandRingStiffened
Tanks,InstitutfrSthalbau,HolzbauundFlchentragwerkeTechnischeUniversittGraz,Austria,pp.305331.
Riks,E.(1979).Anincrementalapproachtothesolutionofsnappingandbucklingproblems,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,Vol.15,No.7,pp.529551.
Riks,E.(1972).TheapplicationofNewtonsmethodtotheproblemofelasticstability,JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.39,No.
4,pp.10601065.
Rotter,J.M.andSchmidt,H.(2008).BucklingofSteelShells:EuropeanDesignRecommendations,5thEdition,European
ConventionforConstructionalSteelwork,MemMartins,Portugal.
Rotter,J.M.andTeng,J.G.(1989).Elasticstabilityoflapjointedcylinders,JournalofStructuralEngineering,ASCE,Vol.115,No.
3,pp.683697.
Sosa,E.M.andGodoy,L.A.(2007).Anlisiscomputacionaldelpandeodepanelescilndricosbajopresinuniforme,RevistaInt.
MtodosNumricosparaClculoyDisen~oenIngeniera,Vol.23,No.2,pp.319334.
Sosa,E.M.,Godoy,L.A.andCroll,J.G.A.(2006).Computationoflowerboundbucklingloadsusinggeneralpurposefiniteelement
codes,ComputersandStructures,Vol.84,No.2930,pp.19341945.
Trahair,N.S.,AbelA.,Ansourian,P.,IrvineH.M.andRotter,J.M.(1983).StructuralDesignofSteelBeamsforBulkSolids,
AustralianInstituteofSteelConstruction,Sydney.
Yamada,S.andCroll,J.G.A.(1993).Bucklingandpostbucklingcharacteristicsofpressureloadedcylinders,JournalofApplied
Mechanics,Vol.60,No.2,pp.290299.
Zienkiewicz,O.C.andTaylor,R.(2005).TheFiniteElementMethodforSolidandStructuralMechanics,Elsevier,Oxford,UK.

BatistaAbreu,J.andGodoy,L.(FacultaddeCienciasExactas,FsicasyNaturales,NationalUniv.ofCordoba,
P.O.Box916,5000Cordoba,Argentina),ThermalBucklingBehaviorofOpenCylindricalOilStorageTanks
underFire.ASCEJournalofPerformanceofConstructedFacilities,Vol.27,SPECIALISSUE:Analysisof
StructuralFailuresUsingNumericalModeling,pp.8997,2013
ABSTRACT:Thispaperreportsthecomputationalresultsofaninvestigationofoilstoragetankswiththeshape
ofanopencylindricalshellunderthermalloadsinducedbyfire.Interestinthisproblemhasarisenasa
consequenceofacatastrophicfirethataffectedanoilstoragefacilityinPuertoRicoin2009thatcausedthe
failureof21largetanks.Toidentifypatternsofdeformationsthatcouldbeexpectedundervariousfire
conditions,computermodelinghasbeencarriedoutforonetankgeometry.Itisassumedthatfireoccursoutside
thetankandinducesanincreasingtemperaturefieldaffectingpartoftheexternalsurfaceinthecircumferential
direction.Thenonlinearshellresponseismodeledusingfiniteelementsunderthermalloadsandselfweight.
Thenonlinearbehavioriscomputedtoidentifythermalbucklingoftheshellasalimitpoint.Theresponseis
initiallycomputedforemptytanks,andtheinfluenceofvariousfactorsisinvestigated,includingtheliquid
stored,atemperaturegradientacrossthethickness,thecircumferentialzoneaffectedbyfire,andtheshell
thickness.Theresultsforopentanksshowthatthelocationoflargeoutofplanedisplacementsattributableto
thermalbucklingcoincideswiththeheatedzone.Theimportanceofthermalgradientsinthethicknesstothe
bucklingloadandmodeareshown.

SukhvarshJerathandHabibSadid(DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,WashingtonState
University,Pullman,Washington99164,USA),BucklingofOrthotropicCylindersduetoWindLoad,ASCE
JournalofEngineeringMechanics,Vol.111,No.5,May1985,pp.610622,
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)07339399(1985)111:5(610)
ABSTRACT:Inmanypracticalproblems,e.g.,storagebins,oiltanks,missileshells,launchvehicles,etc.,
cylindricalshellsaresubjectedtounsymmetricallateralexternalload.Theseshellsareusuallymadeofthin
sheetsofmetal;therefore,inmanyinstancesthesestructureshavefailedduetobuckling.Inthispaper,the
stabilityofcylindricalshellsundertheactionofwindloadisinvestigated.Oftentheseshellsareconstructedof
corrugatedsteelsheets;therefore,theshellsareanalyzedbyconsideringthematerialasorthotropic.This
analysiscanalsobeusedforotherorthotropicmaterials.Theprincipleofminimumpotentialenergyin
conjunctionwithRitzsapproachisused.Thebucklingloads,aswellasthebucklingconfigurations,are
obtainedforshortcylindersmadeofcorrugatedsteelsheetssubjectedtowindpressure.Thepresentstudyis
madeoncylindricalshellsofvariousdimensions,whicharesimplysupportedatthebaseandareopenorclosed
atthetop.Forpracticaluse,bucklingloadcurvesfortheseshellsaregivenfordifferentlengthtoradiusand
radiustothicknessratios.
ZhouFang,ZhiPingChen,ChuLinLu,MingZeng,EffectofWeldonAxialBucklingofCylindricalShells,
AdvancedMaterialsResearch(Volumes139141),pp171175,October2010,
DOI:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.139141.171
ABSTRACT:Largeoilstoragetank(oiltankforshort)shellsarevulnerabletobucklingdamagewhensuffering
theseismicloads.Numericalsimulationanalysiswastakentoestimatetheeffectsoftheweldform,numberand
theirlocationtoaxialbucklingstressofcylindricalshells,consideringnotonlythecharacteristicofwelding
processes,butalsotheeffectsprobablycausedbymagnitudeofresidualstressanddeformationonelephantfoot
bucklingtooiltanks.Itisrevealedthattheexistenceofcircumferentialweldshadobviousnegativeeffecton
axialbucklingcriticalstresscomparedwiththestructurewithoutwelds,whiletheeffectsofweldnumberand
locationwerenotasmuch;longitudinalweldshadnovisibleeffectonaxialbucklingcriticalstress;controlling
theresidualstressanddeformationrangecausedbycircumferentialweldsshouldbethekeypointduringthe
tanksweldingprocess.
SukhvarshJerathandStevenR.Porter,FiniteElementLargeDeflectionAnalysisofCylindricalShellswith
DifferentTypesofCutouts,ASCEConferenceproceedingpaper,1992,pp.912915,ASCEJournalof
EngineeringMechanics(noabstract)
IngolfNachtigall(1),NorbertGebbeken(1)andJosLuisUrrutiaGalicia(2)
(1)UniversityoftheFederalArmedForces,InstituteofEngineeringMechanicsandStructuralMechanics,
85577,MunichNeubiberg,Germany
(2)NationalAutonomousUniversityofMexico,EngineeringInstitute,AppliedMechanicsDepartment,Mexico
D.F.
Ontheanalysisofverticalcircularcylindricaltanksunderearthquakeexcitationatitsbase,Engineering
Structures,Vol.25,No.2,January2003,pp.201213,doi:10.1016/S01410296(02)001359
ABSTRACT:Basedontwointernationalwellaccepteddesignstandards,Eurocode8Part4Tanks,Silosand
PipelinesandAPIStandard650SeismicDesignofStorageTanks,thestructuralresponseofseismically

excitedverticalcircularcylindricaltanksisanalysedfromanovelperspective.Thecommonbasicassumption,
adoptedfromHarounHousnerandVeletsos,thatacircularcylindricaltankcontainingliquidbehaveslikea
cantileverbeamwithoutdeformationofitscrosssectionisobsolete.Insteadtheauthorsconsidertheshell
modalformsinordertogeneratearefinedmodel.Emphasisislaidontheanalysisofthefundamental
frequenciesforthetankliquidsystem.Theyarecalculatedbyanewmethod,basedonGalerkins
approximationsforcylindricalshells.Astheresultsdiffersignificantlyfromthosecalculatedbytheproposed
formulaeinbothEC8andAPIStandard650,thenewresultsarecomparedwithtankfailuresduringrecent
earthquakes.Thiscomparisonisastonishing.Itcanbeseenfromrecentexamplesoftankdamagethatmost
failuresarecausedbyresonanceeffects,whicharetakenintoaccountneitherinEC8norinAPIStandard650.
And,therefore,wetakeintoaccountahighsafetyrisk.Thisleadstotheconclusionthatthebasicassumptions
forcurrentdesignprovisionsarenolongertenableunderthepresentknowledgeofshelltheoryandshelldesign,
and,thereforeshouldbereconsidered.
Niwa,A.andClough,R.W.(UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,Calif.,U.S.A.),Bucklingofcylindrical
liquidstoragetanksunderearthquakeloading,EarthquakeEngineering&StructuralDynamics,Vol.10,1982,
pp.107122.doi:10.1002/eqe.4290100108
ABSTRACT:Theearthquakeresponsebehaviourofacylindricalwinestoragetanksimilartomanythatwere
damagedinLivermore,CaliforniaduringtheJanuary1980earthquakewasstudiedontheUniversityof
Californiashakingtable.Testsofthe9.5ftdiameterby20fthightank,withsimulatedearthquakeaccelerations
upto0.95g,inducedbucklingpatternssimilartothoseobservedaftertheactualearthquake.Observedpeak
axialcompressionstressesinthetesttankwallweresubstantiallyhigherthanthoseassumedintypicaldesign
standards,demonstratingtheneedforfurtherstudyofthebucklingproblemintanksfreetoupliftduring
earthquakeexcitation.
Manos,George.C.(1)andClough,Ray.W.(2)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofThessaloniki,Greece
(2)UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,California,U.S.A.
TankdamageduringtheMay1983coalingaearthquake.EarthquakeEngineering&StructuralDynamics,13:
1985,pp.449466.doi:10.1002/eqe.4290130403
ABSTRACT:ThemagnitudeM=6.5Coalingaearthquakeof2May1983causedintensegroundshaking
throughouttheepicentralregion.Unanchoredcylindricalgroundsupportedtankslocatedatsixsiteswithinthis
oilproducingareaweredamaged;damagesincludedelephant'sfootbucklingatthebaseofthreemoderatesized
tanks,jointruptureandtopshellbucklinginonelargeoldrivettedtank,bottomplateruptureofarelativelynew
weldedtankanddamagetothefloatingroofsof11tanks.Alsooilspilledoverthetopofmanytanksand
secondarydamagesoccurredinpipeconnections,ladders,etc.Inthispaperanestimateismadeoftheintensity
ofgroundmotionateachofthetanksites,basedonstrongmotionrecordsmadeduringthemainshockandthe
strongestaftershock.Thenresponseparametersspecifiedbycurrentcodesarecorrelatedwiththedamages
observedateachtanksite.Basedonthiscomparison,itisconcludedthatcurrentU.S.practiceunderestimates
thesloshingresponseoftankswithfloatingroofsanddoesnotadequatelyaddresstheupliftingmechanismof
unanchoredgroundsupportedtanks.

Manos,G.C.(1),Shibata,H.(2)andShigeta,T.(2)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,AristotleUniversity,Thessaloniki,Greece
(2)InstituteofIndustrialScience,UniversityofTokyo,Japan
Correlationofcylindricaltankwallbucklingwithanearthquakemotionrecordedatasmalldistancefromthe
tank,EarthquakeEngineering&StructuralDynamics,Vol.18,No.2,February1989,pp.169184.doi:
10.1002/eqe.4290180204
ABSTRACT:Thebulgingobservedonthewallofagroundsupportedcylindricalstoragetank,locatedatthe
ChibaExperimentalStationoftheUniversityofTokyo,isinvestigated.Thisdamageiscorrelatedwithaground
motionrecordingobtainedverynearthetankbaseduringamoderatelystrongearthquakethatoccurredon
September25,1980notfarfromtheChibaExperimentalStation.Fromthiscorrelationtheimportanceofthe
horizontalexcitationinamplitudeanddirectionisclearlyestablished.Inaddition,goodagreementcanbeseen
betweenthepredictedtankwallearthquakeperformance,derivedbyanempiricalapproachproposedbythe
firstauthor,andtheshelldeformationobservedattheChibaExperimentalStation.
Manos,G.C.(StructuralDivision,DepartmentofCivilEngineering,AristotleUniversity,Thessaloniki54006,
Greece),EvaluationoftheearthquakeperformanceofanchoredwinetanksduringtheSanJuan,Argentina,
1977earthquake.EarthquakeEngineering&StructuralDynamics,Vol.20,No.12,1991,pp.10991114,
doi:10.1002/eqe.4290201202
ABSTRACT:ThispaperdetailsthedamagesustainedbyanumberofwinetanksduringtheSanJuan,
Argentina,1977earthquake.Theavailablegroundmotioninformationisusedtocomparetheactualtank
performancewiththatpredicted.Twoofthetanksexaminedwerelocatedquitenearthetwoaccelerographsthat
recordedthegroundmotioninthecityofSanJuanforthemainshock.Anempiricalattenuationformulawhich
describestheintensityoftheshakingwasderivedforthisearthquakeandusedinaquantitativeevaluationof
theperformanceofanumberofothertanks.Bycorrelatingandcomparingtheobservedperformanceofthe
anchorsandwhatwaspredictedweseethepredictionsareupheldbytheactualdamage.Whentheanchoring
systemfailedduringtheearthquakethetankswererenderedeffectivelyunanchored.Consequently,thestateof
stressthatresultsfromtheirbaseupliftwasthenexaminedinconjunctionwiththetankwallstabilityapproach
proposedbytheauthor,andseentogiveresultsconsistentwiththeobservedtankwallperformance.
H.MoghaddamandS.Sangi(FacultyofCivilEngineering,SharifUniversityofTechnology,Tehran,Iran),
ElephantsFootBucklingofCylindricalSteelStorageTanksSubjectedtoEarthquakeExcitation,6th
NationalCongressonCivilEngineering,April2627,2011,SemnanUniversity,Semnan,Iran
ABSTRACT:Thinmetalcylindricalshellstructuressuchassilosandtanksaresusceptibletoanelasticplastic
instabilityfailureatthebaseboundaryknownaselephantsfootbuckling,duetoitscharacteristicdeformed
shape.Thisformofbucklingoccursunderhighinternalpressureaccompaniedbyaxialcompressionintheshell
structure.ThisworkconcernswithTheoreticalstudiesonelephant'sfootbucklefailureofgroundsupported,
cylindricalliquidstoragetanksunderhorizontalexcitation.Thebucklingloadsareobtainedfromfinite
elementsmodelsandcodesandarecompared.Theoreticalnonlinearseismicanalysesarecarriedoutusing
ANSYSpackage.Studiesareconductedon13modelsofconerooftankswithheighttodiameterratios(H/D)
between1and2,andaliquidlevelof85%oftheheightofthecylinderwithandwithoutaxialconstraintatthe
pointdiametricallyoppositetheloading.TheresultsarecomparedtowhichofthecodesAPI650,NZSEE

guidelinesandEurocode8.Thecomparisonsofanalyticalbucklingloadsandthoseobtainedbythecodes
revealthefollowing.TanksdesignedbythecodesAPI650andEurocode8tendtobeunsafeduetoelastic
plasticbucklingoccurrenceoftheshell.However,NZSEEguidelineshaveanearcoherencetotheanalysis
results.ItisalsoobtainedfromtheresultsthatconstraintsatthebaseofthetankreducessloshingheightWhile
causethebucklingcapacitytoriseup.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

1.Rotter,J.M.,(2006),ElephantsFootBucklinginPressurizedCylindricalShells,Stahlbau,75(9),pp
742747.
2.Haroun,M.A.,(2005),MitigationofElephantFootBulgeFormationinSeismicallyExcitedSteelStorageTanks,18th
InternationalConferenceonStructuralMechanicsinReactorTechnology,Beijing,China.
3.API650,(1998),Weldedstoragetanksforoilstorage,AmericanPetroleumInstituteStandard,WashingtonD.C
4.Eurocode8,(1998),Designprovisionsforearthquakeresistanceofstructures,Part1GeneralrulesandPart4Silos,tanksand
pipelines,EuropeancommitteeforStandardization,Brussels.
5.Malhotra,P.K.,Wenk,T.,andWieland,M.,(2000),Simpleprocedureforseismicanalysisofliquidstoragetanks,Structural
Engineering,IABSE,10(3),pp197201.
6.Priestley,M.J.N.,et.al.,(1986),SeismicDesignofStorageTanks,RecommendationsofaStudyGroupoftheNewZealand
NationalSocietyforEarthquakeEngineering,NewZealand.
7.Cooper,T.W.,(1997),Astudyoftheperformanceofpetroleumstoragetanksduringearthquakes19331995,U.S.Department
ofCommerce,NationalInstituteofStandardsandTechnology,Gaithersburg.
8.Jia,Z.H.andKetter,R.L.,(1989),ExperimentalStudyofElephantFootBulgeInstabilityofThinWalledMetalTanks,Technical
ReportNCEER890004,StateUniversityofNewYork,Buffalo.

MedhatA.HarounandHossamS.Badawi(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine,
California,USA),SeismicBehaviorofUnanchoredGroundBasedCylindricalTanks,ProceedingsofNinth
WorldConferenceonEarthquakeEngineering,August29,1988,TokyoKyoto,Japan(Vol.VI)
SUMMARY:Areviewofthemethodsofseismicanalysisofunanchoredliquidstoragetanksispresentedalong
withanoutlineofanongoingstudytomodelthecomplexresponsemechanismofthesestructures.Thestudy
includes:1.nonlinearstaticanddynamicanalysesofthetanksbaseplateunderupliftingforcesconsideringthe
nonlinearcontactwiththefoundationandtheunderlyingsoil,thelargedeformation,andtheinelasticresponse;
2.ananalysisofthelargeamplitudemotionoftheliquidandthecorrespondinghydrodynamicpressures;and3.
ananalysisofthecoupledresponseoftheliquid,theshell,andthebaseplateundermoderatetosevere
earthquakemotions.
Peek,R.(1)andJennings,P.C.(2),
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,MI481092125,U.S.A.
(2)DivisionofEngineeringandAppliedScience,CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,Pasadena,CA91125,
U.S.A.
Simplifiedanalysisofunanchoredtanks.EarthquakeEngineering&StructuralDynamics,Vol.16,No.7,
October1988,pp.10731085.doi:10.1002/eqe.4290160709
ABSTRACT:Localupliftofthetankwallisperhapsthemostimportantcharacteristicoftheseismicbehaviour
ofunanchoredliquidstoragetanksmadeoutofsteel.Suchupliftisnecessary,becauseunanchoredtanksrely
primarilyontheweightoftheliquidrestingonanupliftedportionofthebaseplatetobalancetheoverturning
momentsthatoccurduringstrongshaking.Asimplifiedmethodofanalysisforstaticlateralloadsisdeveloped,
basedontheassumptionthattherestrainingactionofthebaseplatecanbemodelledwithequivalent,nonlinear

springs.Thisassumption,togetherwithaFourierdecompositionofthedisplacements,simplifiestheproblemto
theextentthatitcanbesolvedonapersonalcomputer.Thesolutionsarecomparedwiththosefrom
experimentsandthosefromcurrentU.S.designanalysismethods.
WingKamLiu(TheTechnologicalInstitute,NorthwesternUniversity,Evanston,IL60201,USA),Finite
elementproceduresforfluidstructureinteractionsandapplicationtoliquidstoragetanks,NuclearEngineering
andDesign,Vol.65,No.2,June1981,pp.221238,doi:10.1016/00295493(81)900911
ABSTRACT:Mostofthefailuresoflargetanksaftersevereearthquakesaresuspectedtohaveresultedfrom
thedynamicbucklingcausedbyoverturningmomentsofseismicallyinducedliquidinertiaandsurfaceslosh
waves.Inthispaper,anonlinearfiniteelementmethodispresentedwhichcantreatedthestructuralbehaviorof
thetanksinconjunctionwithfluid,includingthedynamicsandbuckling.Boththeformulationandcomputer
implementationaspectsarepresented.Theareasuponwhichattentionisfocusedare:themixedLagrangian
Euleriankinematicaldescriptionformodelingfluidsubdomainsinfluidstructureinteractionproblems,the
finiterotationeffectsinnumericalintegrationofrateconstitutiveequationsarisinginlargedeformation
analysisandtheimplicitexplicitfiniteelementtechniquesfortransientanalysis.Allthesenonlinear
methodologieshavebeenintegratedintoafiniteelementcomputercode[47].Anumberofphysicallyimportant
bucklinganddynamicanalysesoftanksarebeinginvestigated.Variousotherfluidstructurephenomenasuchas
thestabilityofoffshorestructurescanbeanalyzedwiththiscomputerprogram.Theproposednonlinearfinite
elementprocedurescanserveasabasisforfuturedevelopmentsofvariousotherfluidstructurephenomena
suchasthetransientmotionofsubmergedorpartiallysubmergedstructures.
WingKamLiuandDennisLam(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,NorthwesternUniversity,Evanston,
IL60208,U.S.A.),Numericalanalysisofdiamondbuckles,FiniteElementsinAnalysisandDesign,Vol.4,
No.4,February1989,pp.291302,doi:10.1016/0168874X(89)900243
ABSTRACT:Thediamondmodesofcollapsearestudiedwithfiniteelementmethods.Bothlinearand
nonlinearanalysesareperformedonthebucklingofacylindricalshellunderaxialcompression.Amongthe
postbucklingshapesofthecylindricalshell,anumberofdiamondmodes(cos(Ntheta);N=0,14,18,10,24and
28)arefoundtobepossible.TheanalysisiscomparedtothoseconductedbyMaewalandNachbar,Crisfield,
andYoshidaetal.Agreementisestablishedinconceivingthedeformedshapewithcircumferentialnumberof
14asthestablepostbucklingmodeofthecylindricalshell.Thetransitionfromtheaxisymmetricmodetoa
diamondmodeofcollapseisshowntobeaninstantaneousprocesstriggeredintheproximityofthecriticalstate
byasmallperturbationoftheloadincrement.
Uras,R.A.andLiu,W.K.(NorthwesternUniversity,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,Evanston,
Illinois60208,U.S.A.),Dynamicstabilitycharacteristicsofliquidfilledshells,EarthquakeEngineering&
StructuralDynamics,Vol.18,No.8,November1989,pp.1219123,doi:10.1002/eqe.4290180811
ABSTRACT:AGalerkinFiniteElementformulationforthedynamicstabilityanalysisofliquidfilledshellsis
giveninthispaper.Thecouplingamongtheaxialandcircumferentialmodesisinvestigated.Thedynamic
stabilitycharacteristicsoftwoliquidfilledstoragetankssubjectedtovertical,horizontalandrockingseismic
excitationsarepresented.Itisshownthatatalltanktendstobuckleatdistinctfrequencies;andforcostheta
typegroundexcitation,cos2theta,cos3thetaandcos4thetaarethedominantmodesoffailure.Ontheother

hand,inabroadtank,bucklingregionsoverlapeachother.Inparticular,forcosthetatypegroundexcitation,
thedominantbucklingmodesarecos6thetatocos9theta,andalsocos12thetatocos14theta.
WingKamLiuandRasimAzizUras(NorthwesternUniversity,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,
Evanston,Illinois60208,USA),TransientfailureanalysisofliquidfilledshellsPARTI:Theory,Nuclear
EngineeringandDesign,Vol.117,No.2,November1989,pp.107140,doi:10.1016/00295493(89)90037X
ABSTRACT:Inthispaper,thegoverningequationswhichconsiderdynamicfluidstructureinteraction,modal
couplinginbothaxialandcircumferentialdirections,anddynamicbucklingarederived.Thevariouspressure
componentsactingontheshellwallduetoaseismiceventarealsoanalyzed.Thematrixequationofmotionfor
liquidfilledshellsisobtainedthroughaGalerkin/FiniteElementdiscretizationprocedure.Themodalcoupling
amongthevariouscombinationsofaxialandcircumferentialmodesareidentifiedwithaparticularreferenceto
thefluidstructuresystemunderseismicexcitation.Finally,theequationsforthedynamicstabilityanalysisof
liquidfilledshellsarepresented.
WingKamLiuandRasimAzizUras(NorthwesternUniversity,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,
Evanston,Illinois60208,USA),TransientfailureanalysisofliquidfilledshellsPARTII:Applications,
NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.117,No.2,November1989,pp.141157,
doi:10.1016/00295493(89)900381
ABSTRACT:Inthispaper,applicationsofthetheorydevelopedinthecompanionpaperbyLiuandUras[1]
arepresented.Theeffectsofvarioustypesofgroundmotiononthedynamicstabilityofthefluidstructure
systemareanalyzed.Thestabilitycriteriaofliquidfilledshellssubjectedtohorizontalandrockingexcitation,
shearloading,bending/shearcombinedloading,andverticallyappliedloadareestablished.Theresulting
instabilityregionsandstabilitychartsaregivenintablesandin_epsilon(Porson)plots.Underhorizontal
androckingmotion,modalcouplinginthecircumferentialdirectionaswellasintheaxialdirectionisobserved.
Thepossiblebucklingmodesforatalltankcanbeidentifiedascos2theta,cos3thetaandcos4thetaunder
horizontalandrockingmotion,andcos5thetaandcos6theta,underverticallyappliedload.Forabroadtanktwo
setsofinstabilitymodesarefound:cos6thetathroughcos9theta,andcos12thetathroughcos14thetaunder
horizontalandrockingmotion.Whensubjectedtoverticallyappliedload,thefailuremodesofabroadtank
shifttocos10thetathroughcos12theta,andcos14thetathroughcos15theta.Theeffectofshearloadonabroad
tankappearstobeimportantonlyifdampingisrelativelysmall.Underbending/shearcombinedloading,the
bendingforcesdominatethestabilityofthefluidfilledshells.
R.A.Uras(1)andW.K.Liu(2)
(1)ReactorAnalysisandSafetyDivision,ArgonneNationalLaboratory,Argonne,Illinois60439,U.S.A.
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,NorthwesternUniversity,Evanston,Illinois60208,U.S.A.
Dynamicbucklingofliquidfilledshellsunderhorizontalexcitation,JournalofSoundandVibration,
Vol.141,No.3,22September1990,pp.389408,doi:10.1016/0022460X(90)90634C
ABSTRACT:Amethodfortheinvestigationofthedynamicbucklingofliquidfilledshellsunderhorizontal
excitationhasbeendeveloped.Strikinglygoodagreementhasbeenobtainedincomparisontoavailable
experimentalresults.Thisprovidesguidelinesforabetterunderstandingofstabilityphenomenonofliquid
filledshells.Theimportanceofmodalinteractionintheaxialaswellascircumferentialdirectionsisalso

demonstrated.Inparticular,thecouplingbetweenthenthand(n+1)thcircumferentialmodesisfoundtobethe
majorcausefortheinstabilityoffluidstructuresystemsunderhorizontallyappliedgroundmotion.Forfailure
conditionsinwhichthebucklingmodesarenotexactlyknownfromtheshakingtableexperiment,the
significantbifurcationsolutionscanbeidentifiedfromthepresentanalysis.
R.A.Uras(1)andW.K.Liu(2)
(1)ReactorEngineeringDivision,ArgonneNationalLaboratory,Argonne,IL60439
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,NorthwesternUniversity,Evanston,IL60208
BucklingofForceExcitedLiquidFilledShells,JournalofPressureVesselTechnology,Vol.113,No.3,
pp418422,August1991,DOI:10.1115/1.2928776
ABSTRACT:Thematrixequationofmotionforliquidfilledshellswithaparticularreferencetotheinfluence
ofgroundexcitationarederivedthroughaGalerkin/finiteelementdiscretizationprocedure.Themodalcoupling
amongthevariouscombinationsofaxialandcircumferentialmodesareidentified.Theequationsforthe
dynamicbucklinganalysisofliquidfilledshellsarepresented.Thebucklingcriteriaofliquidfilledshells
subjectedtohorizontalgroundexcitationareestablished.Acomparisontoavailableexperimentalresultsgives
strikinglygoodagreement.Theimportanceofmodalinteractionintheaxialaswellascircumferential
directionsisalsodemonstrated.Thisprovidesguidelinesforabetterunderstandingofdynamicbucklingof
liquidfilledshells.
S.Li,W.HaoandW.K.Liu(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,NorthwesternUniversity,2145Sheridan
Road,Evanston,Illinois60208,USA),Numericalsimulationsoflargedeformationofthinshellstructures
usingmeshfreemethods,ComputationalMechanics,Vol.25,Nos.23,2000.pp.102116,
doi:10.1007/s004660050463
ABSTRACT:Inthispaper,meshfreesimulationsoflargedeformationofthinshellstructuresispresented.It
hasbeenshownthatthewindowfunctionbasedmeshfreeinterpolantscanbeusedtoconstructhighlysmoothed
(highordermanifold)shapefunctionsforthreedimensional(3D)meshfreediscretization/interpolation,
whichcanbeusedtosimulatelargedeformationofthinshellstructureswhileavoidingillconditioningaswell
asstiffeninginnumericalcomputations.Themainadvantageofsuch3Dmeshfreecontinuumapproachisits
simplicityinbothformulationandimplementationascomparedtoshelltheoryapproach,ordegenerated
continuumapproach.Moreover,itisbelievedthattheaccuracyofthecomputationmayincreasebecauseof
using3Dexactformulation.Possiblemechanismtorelieveshear/volumetriclockingduetothemeshfree
interpolationisdiscussed.Severalexampleshavebeencomputedbyusingameshfree,explicit,totalLagrangian
formulation.Towardstodevelopingaselfcontactalgorithm,anovelmeshfreecontactalgorithmisproposedin
theend.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1.AtluriSN,ZhuT(1988)AnewmeshfreelocalPetrovGalerkin(mlpg)approachincomputationalmechanics.Comput.Mech.
22:117127
2.AtluriSN,ZhuT(1998)AnewmeshfreelocalPetrovGalerkin(mlpg)approachtononlinearproblemsincomputermodelingand
simulation.Comp.ModelingandSimulationinEng.3:187196
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HongshengLu,HangShawnCheng,JianCaoandWingKamLiu(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,
NorthwesternUniversity,2145SheridanRoad,Evanston,IL60208,UnitedStates),Adaptiveenrichment
meshfreesimulationandexperimentonbucklingandpostbucklinganalysisinsheetmetalforming,Computer

MethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.194,Nos.2124,June2005,pp.25692590,Special
Issue:ComputationalMethodsforShells,doi:10.1016/j.cma.2004.07.046
ABSTRACT:Sheetbuckling,aformofinstability,isoneofthemajorconsiderationsinthedesignofpart
shape,diegeometryandprocessingparametersofsheetmetalforming.Inthisstudy,anadaptiveenrichment
meshfreemethodisdevelopedtocapturewrinklingandpostbucklingbehaviorinsheetmetalforming.Athree
dimensionalmeshfreecontinuumapproachisappliedtothelargedeformationofplate/shellstructures.Astress
basedwrinklingpredictorisusedtopredicttheonsetofbucklingwithineffectivecompressiveregions.
Enrichmentparticleswithaproperenrichmentfunctionareinserted/deletedinthoseregionstocapturethe
bucklingmodeandthereforepostbucklingbehavior.Forverificationofthesimulationresults,ahighresolution
wedgestriptestisdesignedtostudytheonsetandpostbucklingbehaviorofasheetunderdifferentboundary
conditions.
J.MarkF.G.Holst(1),J.MichaelRotter(2)andChrisR.Calladine(3)
(1)DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityofEdinburgh,Edinburgh,UK
(2)DivisionofEngineering,UniversityofEdinburgh,Edinburgh,UK
(3)DepartmentofEngineering,UniversityofCambridge,Cambridge,UK
Imperfectionsandbucklingincylindricalshellswithconsistentresidualstresses,JournalofConstructional
SteelResearch,Vol.54,No.2,May2000,pp.265282,doi:10.1016/S0143974X(99)000474
ABSTRACT:Metalsilowallsareoftenconstructedfromisotropicplates,andthecontrollingdesigncondition
isbucklingunderaxialcompression.Ithaslongbeenrecognisedthatthisbucklingstrengthishighlysensitive
toimperfectionsinthecylindricalshell,butmostattentionhasbeenpaidtogeometricimperfectionsand
imperfectboundaryconditions.Imperfectionsintheformofresidualstresseshaveonlyrarelybeen
investigated,andthechallengesfacingarigoroustreatmentofthemhaveoftennotbeenfaced.Thispaper
adoptsarigoroustreatmenttechniquetoinvestigateresidualstressesandtheireffectontheaxialcompression
bucklingstrengthunderelasticconditions.Itachievesthisbyconsideringconsistentstressanddisplacement
fieldsarisingfromlocalgeometricalincompatibilities,andadoptingtheirconsequentgeometricimperfections.
Thecalculationsofthestrengthofimperfectshellswithresidualstressesarecomparedwithcorresponding
calculationsforthesameimperfectionsbutwiththeresidualstressesannealedoutoftheanalysis.Theresults
showthatconsistentresidualstressesgenerallyappeartostrengthenathinshellrelativetothecorresponding
strengthwithonlygeometricimperfectionspresent.
MinjieCai,J.Mark,F.G.Holst,andJ.MichaelRotter,BucklingStrengthofThinCylindricalShellsUnder
LocalizedAxialCompression,15thASCEEngineeringMechanicsConference,June25,2002Columbia
University,NewYork,NY
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingstrengthofathincylindricalshellisimportantinmanyapplicationsincivil
engineering.Ontheonehand,currentdesignrulesareprincipallybasedonanempiricalinterpretationoftest
dataandhenceverysimpleloadingconditionsareapplied.Ontheotherhand,experimentalandtheoretical
observationsshowsignificantstressnonuniformityandhenceadeviationfromthebucklingstrengthexpected
underuniformload.Reliablequantificationofthiseffectisstillchallenginglydifficult.
Thispaperexploresatypicalthincylindricalsiloshellunderlocalizedaxialcompression.Twodifferent
bucklingphenomenaareidentifiedwithcorresponding,anddistinct,bucklingmodeforms.Theinfluenceof
geometricimperfectionsonthebucklingstrengthoftheshellisalsoconsidered.

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Netherlands.

J.M.F.G.HolstandJ.M.Rotter,Settlementbeneathcylindricalshells,Chapter4inBucklingofthinmetal
shells,editedbyJ.G.TengandJ.MichaelRotter,2004,SponPress,ISBN0203301609
PARTIALINTRODUCTION:Storagecontainersarefrequentlyconstructedatportsincoastalregionsoron
reclaimedlandwherelargesettlementsariseduetopoorsoilconditions.Unevensettlementbeneathaground
supportedtankmayoccur,leadingtoseveralpossiblefailuremodes.Thecommonestcausesaretheuseofnon

uniformfillbeneaththevesselandtheconstructionofonlypartofthevesselongroundthathasbeen
consolidatedbytheearlierpresenceofatank.Eachfailuremodeiscloselyrelatedtoadifferentcomponent
ofthetotalsettlement.Althoughthedescriptiongiveninthefollowingoutlinereviewismostlyintermsoftank
structures,itisequallyapplicabletoallformsofcylindricalmetalshellswiththeaxisverticalIfbuckling
occursinthetankwall,isitpotentiallycatastrophicoronlyunsightly
J.MarkF.G.HolstandJ.MichaelRotter(InstituteforInfrastructureandEnvironment,TheUniversityof
Edinburgh,EdinburghEH93JN,UK),Axiallycompressedcylindricalshellswithlocalsettlement,Thin
WalledStructures,Vol.43,No.5,May2005,pp.811825,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2004.10.011
ABSTRACT:Thedesignofcylindricalmetalsilosandtanksisoftencontrolledbyconsiderationsofbuckling
underaxialcompression.Whilsttheeffectsofgeometricimperfectionsonthebucklingstrengthhavebeen
extensivelyexplored,fewstudieshaveexploredtheeffectsofdefectsintheboundaryconditionsandtheeffects
ofresidualstresseshavereceivedevenlessattention.Thispaperinvestigatestheinitiationanddevelopmentof
imperfectionscausedbylocaldifferentialsettlementatthesupportedbaseandtheireffectontheelastic
bucklingofathincylindricalshellunderaxialcompression.Theshellsweretreatedasinitiallyperfectwith
perfectsupport,butdevelopinggeometricimperfectionsandresidualstressesasaconsequenceoflocal
displacementatthesupportededgeandwithresidualstressesconsistentwiththeinducedgeometric
imperfections.Theresultsraiseinterestingquestionsconcerningthecriteriaoffailureandappropriatetolerance
measurementsforconstructedcylindricalshells.
MinjieCai(1),J.MarkF.G.Holst(2)andJ.MichaelRotter(2)
(1)CorusRailConsultancy,POBox298,York,U.K.
(2)InstituteforInfrastructure&Environment,UniversityofEdinburgh,Edinburgh,UK
Elasticbucklingofthincylindricalshellsunderlocalaxialcompressivestresses,FourthInternational
ConferenceonAdvancesinSteelStructures,ProceedingsoftheFourthInternationalConferenceonAdvances
inSteelStructures(ICASS05),editedbyZ.Y.Shen,G.Q.LiandS.L.Chan,1315June2005,Shanghai,
China,2005,Pages389394,Elsevier,
doi:10.1016/B9780080446370/500561
ABSTRACT:Thincylindricalshellsusedincivilengineeringapplicationsareoftensusceptibletofailureby
elasticbuckling.Mostinformationonshellbucklingrelatestosimpleanduniformloadcases,butmostpractical
loadcasesinvolvestressesthatvaryverysignificantlythroughoutthestructure.Thebucklingstrengthofan
imperfectshellunderrelativelyuniformstressesismuchlowerthanthatunderlocallyhighstresses,sodesign
proposalshaveoftensuggestedthatdesignersusetheuniformbucklingstressstrengthevenforlocalstresses.
However,thisleadstoenormousoverdesign,andmanyknowledgeabledesignersusetheirownverysimple
rulesofthumbtoproducesafebutunverifiabledesigns.Unfortunately,veryfewscientificstudiesofshell
bucklingunderlocallyelevatedstresseshaveeverbeenundertaken.Themostcriticalcaseisthatofalocally
axiallycompressedcylinder.Thispaperexploresthebucklingstrengthofanelasticcylinderinwhichalocally
high,axialmembranestressstateisproducedfarfromtheboundaries(whichcanelevatethebucklingstrength
further)andadjacenttoaseriousgeometricimperfection.Careistakentoensurethatthereisrelativelylittle
influencefromlocalbendingphenomena,sothatthestressstatecanmimicthatproducedbymuchmore
complexloadcases.Thestudyincludesexplorationsofdifferentgeometries,differentlocalisationofthe
loadinganddifferentimperfectionamplitudes.Theresultsshowaninterestingdistinctionbetweennarrowerand

widerzonesofelevatedstresses.Thestudyisanecessaryprecursortothedevelopmentofacompletedesign
ruleforthebucklingstrengthunderlocalaxialcompression.
J.MichaelRotter(1),MinjieCai(2),J.MarkF.G.Holst(3)
(1)InstituteforInfrastructure&Environment,UniversityofEdinburgh,EdinburghEH89YL,UK
(2)ScottWilsonLtd,BuchananHouse,58PortDundasRoad,GlasgowG40HF,UK
(3)IngenieurbroHolst,Philosophenweg31,22763Hamburg,Germany
BucklingofThinCylindricalShellsUnderLocallyElevatedCompressiveStresses,JournalofPressure
VesselTechnology,Bol.133,No.1,011204(11pages),December2010
ABSTRACT:Thincylindricalshellsusedinengineeringapplicationsareoftensusceptibletofailurebyelastic
buckling.Mostexperimentalandtheoreticalresearchonshellbucklingrelatesonlytosimpleandrelatively
uniformstressstates,butmanypracticalloadcasesinvolvestressesthatvarysignificantlythroughoutthe
structure.Thebucklingstrengthofanimperfectshellunderrelativelyuniformcompressivestressesisoften
muchlowerthanthatunderlocallyhighstresses,sothelackofinformationandtheneedforconservatismhave
ledstandardsandguidestoindicatethatthedesignershouldusethebucklingstressforauniformstressstate
evenwhenthepeakstressisratherlocal.However,thisconceptleadstotheuseofmuchthickerwallsthanis
necessarytoresistbuckling,somanyknowledgeabledesignersuseverysimpleideastoproducesafebut
unverifieddesigns.Unfortunately,veryfewscientificstudiesofshellbucklingunderlocallyelevated
compressivestresseshaveeverbeenundertaken.Themostcriticalcaseisthatofthecylinderinwhichlocally
highaxialcompressivestressesdevelopextendingoveranareathatmaybecomparablewiththecharacteristic
sizeofabuckle.Thispaperexploresthebucklingstrengthofanelasticcylinderinwhichalocallyhighaxial
membranestressstateisproducedfarfromtheboundaries(whichcanelevatethebucklingstrengthfurther)and
adjacenttoaseriousgeometricimperfection.Careistakentoensurethatthestressstateisassimpleaspossible,
withlocalbendingandtheeffectsofinternalpressurizationeliminated.Thestudyincludesexplorationsof
differentgeometries,differentlocalizationsoftheloading,anddifferentimperfectionamplitudes.Theresults
showaninterestingdistinctionbetweennarrowerandwiderzonesofelevatedstresses.Thestudyisanecessary
precursortothedevelopmentofacompletedesignruleforshellbucklingstrengthunderconditionsoflocally
varyingaxialcompressivestress.
J.M.F.G.Holst(ScottWilson,MichaelYoungCentre,Cambridge,UK),Localdimplingoftheshellsurfaceof
atankduetoshrinkageeffects,inStructuresandGranularSolids,editedbyChenetal,2008Taylor&Francis
Group,London,ISBN9780415475945
ABSTRACT:Thestrengthofmetalcylindersiswellknowntobehighlysensitivetothepresenceof
imperfections.Attentionhaslongbeenfocusedongeometricimperfections,butsomerecentstudieshave
examinedtheeffectofincludingtheresidualstressstaterelatingtotheformationoftheseimperfectionsin
assessingthebucklingstrengthoftheshell.Thispaperlooksfirstathowtheimpositionofalocalgeometrical
incompatibilityonalongnarrowcircumferentialregionoftheshellsurfaceleadstotheformationofdimple
imperfectionsandhowthese,inturn,affectthebucklingstrengthoftheshell.Asanexample,acasestudyofa
thincylindricalsteeltankispresented,wherelackoffitandweldshrinkagehavecausedlocaldimplingofthe
shell.Someresultsarepresentedfromananalysisofthistank,whichsuccessfullyusesseveralofthe
proceduresappliedinstudyingthefundamentalcasesofmisfits.

H.Ramsey,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofBritishColumbiaVancouver,CanadaV6T
1W5,AxisymmetricBucklingofaCylindricalElasticCosseratShellUnderAxialCompression,Quarterly
JournalofMecdhanics&AppliedMathematics,Vol.40,No.3,pp.415429,1987,doi:
10.1093/qjmam/40.3.415
ABSTRACT:ThegeneraltheoryofanelasticCosseratsurfaceduetoGreenandNaghdi,alongwithsome
kinematicresultsfromthetheoryofsuperposedsmalldeformationsonalargedeformationofanelastic
Cosseratsurface,areappliedtostudyaxisymmetricbucklingofacylindricalelasticshellunderaxial
compression.Aneigenconditionisdeterminedforasinusoidalbucklingmodeinaninfinitelylongshellwhich
illustratesthedependenceofthebucklingloadontheprebucklingdeformationandonsheardeformationinthe
superposedbucklingdeformation.
CarloSansourandHerbertBednarczyk(InstitutfrMechanik(Bauwesen),UniversittStuttgart,70550,
Stuttgart,Germany),TheCosseratsurfaceasashellmodel,theoryandfiniteelementformulation,Computer
MethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.120,Nos.12,January1995,pp.132,
doi:10.1016/00457825(94)00054Q
ABSTRACT:RelyingontheconceptofaCosseratcontinuum,thereductionofthethreedimensionalequations
ofashellbodytotwodimensionsiscarriedoutinadirectmannerbyconsideringtheCosseratcontinuumtobe
atwodimensionalsurface.Bythat,anonlinearshelltheory,includingtransverseshearstrains,withexact
descriptionofthekinematicalfieldsisderived.Thestrainmeasuresaretakentobethefirstandthesecond
Cosseratdeformationtensorsallowingforanexplicituseofathreeparametricrotationtensor.Thus,inplane
rotations,alsocalleddrillingdegreesoffreedom,areincludedinanaturalway.Thestructureofthe
configurationspaceisdiscussedandtwopossibledefinitionsofitaregivenequippedoncewithaKillingmetric
andoncewithanEuclideanone.Apartiallymixedvariationalprincipleisproposedonthebaseofwhichan
efficienthybridfiniteelementformulation,whichdoesnotexhibitlockingphenomena,isdeveloped.Various
numericalexamplesofshelldeformationsatfiniterotations,withexcellentelementperformance,arepresented.
CarloSansour(TechnischeHochschuleDarmstadt,FachgebietMaschinenelementeundAkustik,
Magdalenenstr.4,64289,Darmstadt,Germany),Largestraindeformationsofelasticshellsconstitutive
modellingandfiniteelementanalysis,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.161,
Nos.12,3August1998,pp.118,doi:10.1016/S00457825(97)00306X
ABSTRACT:Thispaperisconcernedwiththeconstitutivemodellingoflargeelasticstrainswithapplications
toshells.Theshelltheoryitselfischaracterizedbysevendegreesoffreedomandenjoysthefollowingfeatures:
(1)itcircumventstheuseofarotationtensorpreservingtheEuclideanstructureoftheconfigurationspaceand
(2)itiscapabletotheapplicationofathreedimensionalconstitutivelaw.Inaddition,anelasticfinitestrain
constitutivelawisdevelopedwhich:(1)coversthewholerangeofdeformationexperimentallygivenbyTreloar
and(2)isformulatedintermsofinvariantsavoidingtheuseofprincipalstretches.Thesecondfeaturemeans
thatthemodelisgeneralizabletoanisotropicmaterialbehaviour,andthatitallowsforstraightforward
computationsofthetangentoperatormakingthewholetheorywellsuitedforlargestraincomputations.In
additiontothefournodeandninenodedisplacementbasedfiniteelements,anenhancedstrainfiniteelementis
examined.Itsefficiencyiscomparedwiththatofdisplacementbasedelementformulations.Differentexamples
oflargestrainshelldeformationsarepresented.Itisshownthattheapplicationoftheenhancedstrainconcept

inthenonlinearconstitutiverangelimitsseverelythestabilityofcomputation.
GerhardA.Holzapfel(1),RobertEberlein(2),PeterWriggers(2)andHansW.Weizcker(3)
(1)DivisionofAppliedMechanics,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,StanfordUniversity,Stanford,CA
(2)InstitutfrMechanik,THDarmstadt,Hochschulstrasse1,D63289,DarmstadtGermany
(3)PhysiologischesInstitut,KarlFranzensUniversittGraz,Harrachgasse21,A8018,Graz,Austria
Largestrainanalysisofsoftbiologicalmembranes:Formulationandfiniteelementanalysis,Computer
MethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.132,Nos.12,15May1996,pp.4561,
doi:10.1016/00457825(96)009991
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsageneralformulationofthinincompressiblemembranesandinvestigatesthe
behaviorofsoftbiotissuesusingthefiniteelementmethod.Inparticulartheunderlyinghyperelasticmodelis
chosentoexaminethehighlynonlinearconstitutiverelationofbloodvesselswhichareconsideredtobe
perfectlyelastic,homogeneousand(nearly)incompressible.First,thestressdeformationrelationandtheelastic
tangentmoduliarederivedinaverygeneralmaterialsettingwhichissubsequentlyspecifiedforbloodvessels
intermsofGreenLagrangianstrains.Basedontheprincipleofvirtualworkthefiniteelementequationsare
providedandbrieflydiscussed.Consistentlinearizationoftheweakformofequilibriumandtheexternal
pressuretermensuresaquadraticconvergencerateoftheiterativesolutionprocedure.Onthecomputational
sideofthisworkaneffortwasundertakentoshowanovelapproachontheinvestigationofsofttissue
biomechanics.Representativenumericalanalysesofproblemsinvascularmechanicsarediscussedthatshow
isochoricfinitedeformations(largerotationsandlargestrains).Inparticular,anumericalsimulationofthe
interactionbetweenaninflatedballooncatheterandaplaquedepositonthewallofabloodvesselispresented.
Mungan,Ihsan,Aconceptualapproachtoshellbucklingwithemphasisonreinforcedconcreteshells,
UniversidadPolitcnicadeValencia,CongresosUPV,SymposiumoftheInternationalAssociationforShell
andSpatialStructuresIASS,20091125,ISBN9788483634615,pp.3950.
ABSTRACT:Author'sownexperimentalandtheoreticalresearchesonbucklingofshellsofrevolutionare
summarizedwithspecialemphasisontheconceptualapproachbehindthem.Effectofthebiaxialstressstatesis
depictedinformofinteractiondiagrams.Designformulasbasedontheseconceptsandcomputationscarriedout
forreinforcedconcretehyperboloidalcoolingtowershellsallowtheerectionofverylargeandthincooling
towerswhichmeanwhilehavereachedthe200mlimitinheight.
E.L.Jansen(FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,DelftUniversityofTechnology,Kluyverweg1,HS2629,
Delft,Netherlands),Nonstationaryflexuralvibrationbehaviourofacylindricalshell,InternationalJournalof
NonLinearMechanics,Vol.37,Nos.45,June2002,pp.937949,SpecialIssue:Stability&VibrationinThin
WalledStructures,doi:10.1016/S00207462(01)00107X
ABSTRACT:Ananalytical/numericalmethodinvolvingasmallnumberofgeneralizedcoordinatesispresented
fortheanalysisofthenonlinearvibrationanddynamicstabilitybehaviourofimperfectanisotropiccylindrical
shells.Thesmallamplitudevibrationmodeischaracterizedbymaxialhalfwavesandncircumferentialfull
waves.Theradialexcitationisassumedtohavethesamespatialdistributionasthesmallamplitudevibration
mode.Forlargeexcitations,acoupledmoderesponsecanoccur,consistingofthedirectlyexciteddriven
modeandthesocalledcompanionmode.Thelatterhasthesamespatialformasthedrivenmode,butis

circumferentially90degreesoutofphase.Donnelltypegoverningequationsareusedandclassicallaminate
theoryisemployed.Theassumedmodesapproximatelysatisfysimplysupportedboundaryconditions.A
formulationisusedwhichcanaccountforapossibleskewednessoftheasymmetricmodes.Certain
axisymmetricmodeswhichareessentialforasatisfactorydescriptionofthenonlinearbehaviourarealso
includedintheassumeddeflectionfunction.Theeffectofaxialandtorsionalinertia,includingtheinertiaeffect
ofaringordiskattheloadedendoftheshell,canbetakenintoaccountapproximately.Viscousmodal
dampingisincludedintheanalysis.Theshellisstaticallyloadedbyaxialcompression,radialpressure,and
torsion.Atwomodeimperfectionmodel,consistingofanaxisymmetricandanasymmetricmode,isused.The
staticstateresponseisassumedtobeaffinetothegivenimperfection.Inordertofindapproximatesolutionsfor
thedynamicstateequations,Hamilton'sprincipleisappliedtoderiveasetofmodalamplitudeequations.The
dynamicresponseisobtainedvianumericaltimeintegrationofthesetofnonlinearordinarydifferential
equations.Thecoupledmodenonlinearvibrationbehaviourofanaxiallyloadedisotropicshellissimulated
usingthisapproach.Nonstationaryvibrations,wheretheresponsedriftsbetweensinglemodeanddifferent
typesofcoupledmodesolutions,areobservedinasmallfrequencyregionnearresonance.
P.Tiso,M.M.Abdalla,E.L.JansenDelftUniversityofTechnology,Delft,TheNetherlands,KoitersPost
BucklingAnalysisofGeneralShellStructuresUsingtheFiniteElementMethod,25thInternationalCongress
oftheAeronauticalSciences,ICAS2006.
ABSTRACT:WepresentinthispaperasimplefiniteelementimplementationofKoitersperturbationanalysis
forinitialpostbucklingofgeneralshellstructures.Thecalculationofpostbucklingcurvaturecoefficients
showsconvergeproblemswhencarelessfiniteelementimplementationofKoitersanalysisiscarriedout.
Insteadofusingspecialformulations,weshowthatreasonablyaccurateresultscanbeobtainedbyextendingan
existinglineartriangularshellelementwithanonlinearstraincontributionderivedfromsimplelinear
displacementshapefunctions.Theresultingconstantstrainsalleviatelockingphenomenainthecalculationof
thepostbucklingcoefficients.Numericalresultsareshowntovalidatetheproposedapproach.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
[1]D.J.Allman.Abasicfacetfiniteelementfortheanalysisofgeneralshells.InternationalJournalforNumericalMethodsin
Engineering,37:1935,1994.
[2]J.ArboczandJ.M.A.M.Hol.Koitersstabilitytheoryinacomputeraidedengineering(cae)environment.InternationalJournalof
SolidsStructures,26:945975,1990.
[3]B.Budiansky. Dynamicbucklingofelasticstructures:criteriaandestimates.InDynamicStabilityofStructures.Pergamon
Press,1965.ProceedingsofInternationalConference,NorthwesternUniversity,Evanston,Illinois.
[4]J.W.HutchinsonE.Byskov.Modeinteractioninaxiallystiffenedcylindricalshells.AIAAJournal,15:941948,1977.
[5]C.A.FelippaandC.Militello.Constructionofoptimal3nodeplatebendingtrianglesbytemplates.ComputationalMechanics,
24:113,1999.
[6]A.D.LanzoG.Salerno.Anonlinearbeamfiniteelementforthepostbucklinganalysisofplaneframesbykoitersperturbation
approach.ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,146:325249,1997.
[7]E.ByskovJ.F.Olesen.Accuratedeterminationofasymptoticpostbucklingstressesbythefiniteelementmethod.Computer&
Structures,15:157163,1982.
[8]A.D.LanzoandG.Garcea.Koitersanalysisofthinwalledstructuresbyafiniteelementapproach.InternationalJournalfor
NumericalMethodsinEngineering,39:30073031,1996.
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InternationalJournalforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,38:23252345,1995.
[10]C.M.Menken,G.M.A.Schreppers,W.J.Groot,andR.Petterson.Analyzingbucklingmodeinteractionsinelasticstructures
usinganasymptoticapproach;theoryandexperiment.Computer&Structures,64:473480,1997.
[11]L.DamkildeP.N.Poulsen.Directdeterminationofasymptoticstructuralpostbucklingbehaviorbythefiniteelementmethod.
InternationalJournalforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,42:685702,1998.

[12]E.Riks,C.C.Rankin,andF.Brogan.Onthesolutionofmodejumpingphenomenainthinwalledstructures.ComputerMethods
inAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,136:5992,1996.

E.L.Jansen(FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,DelftUniversityofTechnology,Kluyverweg1,2629HSDelft,
TheNetherlands),Theeffectofgeometricimperfectionsonthevibrationsofanisotropiccylindricalshells,
ThinWalledStructures,Vol.45,No.3,March2007,pp.274282,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2007.02.014
ABSTRACT:Analyticalnumericalmodelstoanalysetheflexuralvibrationbehaviourofanisotropic
cylindricalshellsarepresented.Thetwomodels(denotedasLevel1andLevel2Analysis)havedifferent
levelsofcomplexityandcanbeusedtostudytheinfluenceofimportantparameters,suchasgeometric
imperfections,staticloading,andboundaryconditions.Aspecificanisotropicshellisusedinthecalculationsin
thispaper.Theinfluenceoftheimperfectionshapeandamplitudeonthenaturalfrequencyisinvestigatedfor
thisshellviaboththeLevel1andtheLevel2Analysis.Imperfectionswiththeshapeofthelowestvibration
modegiveadecreaseofthenaturalfrequencywithincreasingimperfectionamplitude.Theresultsofthe
Level2Analysisfortheeffectofimperfectionsonthenaturalfrequencyareinreasonableagreementwith
FiniteElementcalculations.
T.RahmanandE.L.Jansen(FacultyofAerospaceEngineering,DelftUniversityofTechnology,Kluyverweg1,
2629HSDelft,TheNetherlands,Email:T.Rahman@tudelft.nl),Finiteelementbasedcoupledmodeinitial
postbucklinganalysisofacompositecylindricalshell,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.48,No.1,January2010,
pp.2532,
doi:10.1016/j.tws.2009.08.003
ABSTRACT:ThispaperpresentsafiniteelementformulationofKoiter'sinitialpostbucklingtheoryusinga
multimodeapproach.Initialpostbucklingtheoryprovidesdirectinformationabouttheimperfectionsensitivity
ofastructureundercompressiveloading,andisalsothebasisofanonlinearreducedordermodel.The
objectiveofthepresentworkistoillustratethecapabilityoftheimplementationforbucklinganalysisofshell
structuresincludingmodalinteraction.Acoupledmodeinitialpostbucklinganalysisforacomposite
cylindricalshellunderaxialcompression,includingtheeffectofanonlinearprebucklingstate,hasbeencarried
outusingasmallnumberofrepresentativemodes.Forsmallimperfectionamplitudesthelimitpointbuckling
loadsobtainedwiththereducedordermodelcomparereasonablywellwithfullmodelnonlinearanalysis,
illustratingthatafastpredictionofthecoupledmoderesponseofimperfectshellsispossibleusingtheapproach
proposed.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
[1]DIANAUsersManualRelease9.2.Delft,TheNetherlands,2007.
[2]P.Tiso,M.M.Abdalla,andE.L.Jansen.Koiterspostbucklinganalysisofgeneralshellstructuresusingthefiniteelement
method.InProceedingsofthe25thinternationalcongressoftheaeronauticalsciences,Hamburg,Germany:ICAS,pages113,2006.
[3]J.ArboczandJ.M.A.M.Hol.ANILISAComputationalmoduleforKoitersimperfectionsensitivitytheory.TechnicalReport
LR582,DelftUniversityofTechnology,1989.
[4]B.Budiansky.Dynamicbucklingofelasticstructures:criteriaandestimates.InDynamicStabilityofStructures.PergamonPress,
1965.ProceedingsofInternationalConference,NorthwesternUniversity,Evanston,Illinois.
[5]T.RahmanandE.L.Jansen.Finiteelementbasedinitialpostbucklinganalysisofshellsofrevolution.In49th
AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,Schaumburg,Illinois,pages113,2008.
[6]J.Arbocz,J.H.Starnes,andM.P.Nemeth. Onahighfidelityhierarchicalapproachtobucklingloadcalculations.In42nd
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[7]G.SalernoandR.Casciaro.Modejumpingandattractivepathsinmultimodeelasticbuckling.InternationalJournalforNumerical
MethodsinEngineering,40:833861,1997.

T.Rahman,E.L.JansenandZ.Grdal,Dynamicbucklinganalysisofcompositecylindricalshellsusinga
finiteelementbasedperturbationmethod,NonlinearDynamics,2011,doi:10.1007/s1107101100569
ABSTRACT:Inthispaperafiniteelementformulationofareductionmethodfordynamicbucklinganalysisof
imperfectionsensitiveshellstructuresispresented.Thereductionmethodmakesuseofaperturbation
approach,initiallydevelopedforstaticbucklingandlaterextendedtodynamicbucklinganalysis.The
implementationofasinglemodedynamicbucklinganalysisinageneralpurposefiniteelementcodeis
described.Theeffectivenessoftheapproachisillustratedbyapplicationtothedynamicbucklingofcomposite
cylindricalshellsunderaxialandradialsteploads.Resultsofthereductionmethodarecomparedwithresults
availableintheliterature.Theresultsarealsocomparedwithfullmodelfiniteelementexplicitdynamic
analysis,andareasonableagreementisobtained.
JamesM.Greer,Jr.Thenonlineardynamicsofcompositecylindricalshells,MastersThesis,AirForce
InstituteofTechnologyReport,AFIT/GAE/ENY/02D06,December1992,DTICAccessionNumber
ADA259026,
ABSTRACT:Thenonlineardynamicbehaviorofsuddenlyloadedcompositeshellsisthesubjectofthis
research.Theobjectiveoftheresearchistwofold:(1)tocharacterizetheapparentlyrandomphysicalbehavior
sometimesobservedinthefiniteelementanalysisaseithernumericalinstability,chaoticbehavior,orboth;and
(2)todevelopcriteriaforchoosingtimestepsforthefiniteelementmodel,referredtoasDSHELL.This
displacementbasedfiniteelementcodeiscapableofdynamicanalysisofplates,arches,andcylindricalshells
undergoinglargedisplacementsandmoderatelylargerotationsduringdeformation.DSHELLusesa36DOF
isoparametricshellelementtoobtainnumericalresults.Asimplifiedshellmodel(MSHELL)isdevelopedto
provideashellanalogthatrequiresmuchlesscomputertimetorunthanthefullupfiniteelementmodel.The
resultsoftheinvestigationsusingthissimplifiedmodelarethenappliedtowardunderstandingbehaviorseenin
thefiniteelementcode.Thesimplifiedmodelandthecompositeshellexhibitchaoticbehavioraftercollapse.
Forloadsnotsufficienttocausecollapse,thecompositeshellexperiencesoscillationsatthepaneledgesofa
typeassociatedwithnearchaoticbehavior.Significantinplaneoscillations(parametricresonances)are
exhibitedbythesuddenlyloadedcompositeshell.ExtensiveuseoftheFastFourierTransform(FFT)ismadeto
investigatebehavioroftheMSHELLandDSHELLmodelsinthefrequencydomain.Thecompositeshellis
comparedtoanisotropicshellofidenticalphysicaldimensionsandstaticcollapsestrength,showingthe
primaryeffectofisotropytobeincreasedflexibilityinalldisplacementdirections.Amethodisdevelopedusing
MSHELLforchoosingappropriatetimestepsforanalysesusingDSHELL.
Referenceslistedattheendofthethesis.
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AntonioMadeo(UniversityofCalabria,Italy,PhDdissertation),TheImplicitCorotationalMethod:General

theoryandFEMimplementation,November2008,
ABSTRACT:TheImplicitCorotationalMethodorsimplyICMisapowerfultoolfordefininggeometrically
nonlinearstructuralmodels.Itsmainfeatureisthepossibilityofobtainingnonlinearmodelsstartingfromlinear
onesinaneasyandautomaticfashion.Thishasgreatpotentialbecausetheliteratureisfulloflineartheories
while,conversely,satisfactorynonlinearmodelsarenotwidelyavailable.(textomitted)Ouraimistoshowthat
theICM,bydecouplingthekinematicalcoherencyfromtheelasticresponse,canmakeausefulcontributionto
thisalsoallowustodirectlyrecovertheresultsprovidedbythetradition.Themethodisbasedonthepolar
decompositiontheoremandthecorotationaldescriptionofmotion,whichisdirectlyappliedatthecontinuum
level.(textomitted)ThetheoreticalfeaturesoftheICMarepresentedanditsmainitemsarediscussedreferring
tosomeimplementationstoplanarandspatialbeamandthinplatemodels.(textomitted)TheFEM
implementationisprovidedforbothnonlinear3Dbeamandplatemodels.Forthebeammodel(basedonSaint
Vennttheory)theassumptionsabouttherotationparametersandthedetailsonhandlingfiniterotationsare
givenclearly.Theaccuracyofsomefiniteelementsthatdifferfortheinterpolationlawsassumedforthe
kinematicsandstaticsfieldsandfortheinterpolationsstrategyispointedout.Fortheplatemodel(basedon
Kirchoffhypothesis)theproposedfiniteelementisimplementedinasymptoticFEMcode.Alargeamountof
numericalanalysisisperformed,alsocomparingbeamandplatebasedsolutions.Thegoodagreementbetween
themshowstheaccuracyandcapabilityoftheproposedapproachfornumericalimplementations.
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RaffaeleCasciaro(1),StefanodeMiranda(2),AntonioMadeo(1),FrancescoUbertini(2),GiuseppeZagari(1)
(1)MODELING,UniversityofCalabria,Italy
(2)DISTART,UniversityofBologna,Italy
ImplicitCorotationalMethod:analysisofslenderpanelsassemblages,(nopublisherordategiven.Most
recentreferenceisdated2009)
ABSTRACT:Insomerecentworks,ithasbeenshownthattheImplicitCorotationalMethod(orsimplyICM)is
apowerfulandconsolidatedapproachforrecoveringnonlinearmodelsstartingfromthecorrespondinglinear
onesbothinthecasesofcontinuumanddiscreteproblems(see[1,2,3]).Themethodisbasedonthepolar
decompositiontheoremandthecorotationaldescriptionofmotion,whichisdirectlyappliedatthecontinuum
level.ByreferringtothelinearstresssolutionasBiottensorincorotationalframeandusingamixedvariational
formulation,weobtainanautomatedwayofusingtheinformationgainedbythelinearmodelinthenonlinear
context.Sincelinearizedmodelarealwaysavailableitiseasytoobtain,bythisway,thecorresponding
nonlinearmodelsinaformconvenientfornumericalimplementations.Asimilarpictureholdswhenthe

approachisdirectlyappliedtothefiniteelementdiscretization.Inthiscase,startingfromalinearfiniteelement,
themethodsgivethecorrespondingnonlinear,frameindifferent,finiteelementinterpolation.Asgoodand
accurateisthelinearfiniteelementasgoodwillbethecorrespondingnonlinearone.Ontheotherhand,inthe
lastyearshighperformanceplatefiniteelements,basedonhybridstressformulationandwhichexhibitagood
behaviorinthelinear/elasticcontext,havebeendeveloped(see[4,5,6]andreferencestherein)showingthat
theyareingeneralsimple,stable,lockingfree.Onthecontrary,thedevelopmentsofsogoodfiniteelements
forthegeometricallynonlinearcaseisingeneralmoredifficult.Theideaofthepresentworkisthentoreuse
thesefiniteelementsinanonlinearcontextusingtheICM.Forthispurpose,theformatoftheelementhasbeen
rearrangedtobesuitableforICMimplementationandaspecializedcorotationalalgebrafortheplatemodelhas
beendeveloped[7].Theimplementationsarecarriedoutinbothcontextsofpathfollowingandasymptotic
approaches,extendingtheFEcodesKASPandRASPalreadyavailableandaimedatasymptoticandpath
followinganalysis,respectively,ofslenderpanelsassemblages(see[8]andrelatedreferences).
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
[1]G.Garcea,A.Madeo,RationalstrainmeasuresTheImplicitCorotationalMethod,ECCM2006Lisbon.
[2]R.Casciaro,G.Garcea,A.Madeo,Elasticpostbucklinganalysis:howtorecoveraccuratenonlinearstructuralmodelsfromthe
linearones,WCCM2008Venice.
[3]A.Madeo,TheImplicitCorotationalMethod:GeneraltheoryandFEMimplementation,Ph.dThesis,UniversityofCalabria,2009.
http://www.labmec.unical.it/pubblicazioni/dottorato.php.
[4]S.deMiranda,F.Ubertini,Asimplehybridstresselementforsheardeformableplates,InternationalJournalforNumerical
MethodsinEngineering,65,808833,(2006).
[5]F.Daghia,S.deMiranda,F.Ubertini,E.Viola,AhybridstressapproachforlaminatedcompositeplateswitintheFirstorder
ShearDeformationTheory,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,45,17661787,(2008).
[6]G.Rengarajan,M.A.Aminpour,N.F.Knight,Improvedassumedstresshybridshellelementwithdrillingdegreesoffreedomfor
linearstress,buckling,andfreevibrationanalyses.NASACR192816.
[7]G.Garcea,A.Madeo,G.Zagari,R.Casciaro,AsymptoticpostbucklingFEManalysisusingacorotationalformulation,Int.
JournalofSolids&Structures46(2),523532,(2009).
[8]G.Garcea,MixedformulationinKoiteranalysisofthinwalledbeam,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsand
Engineering,190,33693399,(2001).
[9]G.Garcea,A.Madeo,G.Zagari,TheImplicitCorotationalMethod:FEMimplementation.ECSM2009Lisbon.
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19,pp.18,(1984).
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MathematiquesPuresetAppliques,5,(1840),380440.
[13]C.C.Rankin,B.NourOmid,Theuseofprojectorstoimprovefiniteelementperformance,Computer&Structures,30,pp.257
267,(1988).
[14]A.Ibrahimbegovic,R.L.Taylor,Ontheroleofframeinvarianceinstructuralmechanicsmodelsatfiniterotations,Computer
MethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,191,pp.51595176,(2002).
[15]M.Y.Kim,S.P.Chang,S.B.Kim,SpatialstabilityofthinwalledspaceframesInt.JournalforNumericalMethodsin
Engineering,39,pp.499525(1996)

GiovanniGarcea(1),GinevraSalerno(2)andRaffaeleCasciaro(1)
(1)Dip.Strutture,UniversitdellaCalabria,87030ArcavacatadiRende(CS),Italy
(2)Dip.ScienzeIngegneriaCivile,UniversitdiRoma3,viaSegre60,00146,Rome,Italy
ExtrapolationlockinganditssanitizationinKoiter'sasymptoticanalysis,ComputerMethodsinApplied

MechanicsandEngineering,Vol.180,Nos.12,November1999,pp.137167,
doi:10.1016/S00457825(99)000535
ABSTRACT:ThispapershowsthattheFEMimplementationofKoiter'sasymptoticmethod[W.T.Koiter,On
thestabilityofelasticequilibrium,1970,Ph.D.Thesis,Delft,1945.Englishtransl.NASATTF10,883,1967,
AFFDLTR7025]outlinedbyCasciaroetal.[Finiteelementasymptoticanalysisofslenderelasticstructures:a
simpleapproach,Int.J.Num.Meth.Eng.35(1992)13971426]providesaccurateandreliableresultsinthe
criticalandpostcriticalanalysisofnonlinearelasticstructures.Care,however,doeshavetobetakenin
implementing(apparently)minordetailstoavoidlockingeffectswhichadverselyaffectaccuracyandwhichcan
destroythemethodreliability.Astheeffectsrelatedtothefiniteelementinterpolationhavebeendiscussed
beforethispaperfocusesonthenonlinearlockingduetotheuse,implicitinthemethod,offinitedistance
extrapolations.Withinthisscope,itisshownthatperturbationalgorithmsbasedoncompatibleformulationscan
implyastrongcriticalandpostcriticallockingwhenanalysingstructurescharacterizedbyhighstiffnessratios
inthepresenceofmoderateprecriticalrotations.Onthecontrary,perturbationalgorithmsbasedon
independentextrapolationsofdisplacementsandstressesfurnishreliableresultsinexcellentagreementwith
thoseprovidedbystepbystepanalysis,atasmallfractionofitscomputationalcost.
GiovanniGarcea,AntonioMadeo,GiuseppeZagari,andRaffaeleCasciaro(DipartimentodiModellisticaper
lIngegneria,UniversitdellaCalabria,87030ArcavacatadiRende(Cosenza),Italy),Asymptoticpost
bucklingFEManalysisusingcorotationalformulation,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.46,
No.2,January2009,pp.377397,doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2008.08.038
ABSTRACT:Finiteelementasymptoticpostbucklinganalysis,beingbasedonfourthorderexpansionsofthe
strainenergy,requiresthatnonlinearstructuralmodelingbeaccuratetosameorder,atleastwithrespecttothe
rigidmotionsoftheelements.Acorotationaldescriptionisproposedhereasageneraltooltosatisfythis
requirementofobjectivity,byreferringeachelementtoalocalframewhichmoves(rotates)withtheelement,
sofilteringitsrigidmotion.Inthisdescriptionnonlinearityoftheproblemderivesessentiallyfromthechange
ofreference,fromtheglobalfixedframetothelocalone,thestrainenergybeinggovernedbytheirrelative
rotations.Infinitekinematics,thisnoticeablycomplicatesthealgebraforobtainingexactexpressionsofits
variations.Quitesimple,basicexpressionsforthefirstfourcorotationalderivativesofthestrainenergyare
provided,allowingthesetupofafourthorderaccurateasymptoticanalysisstartingfromstandardfinite
elementsbasedonlinearorsimplifiednonlinearlocalmodelings.Theformulationisimplementedforthe
analysisof3Dbeamassemblagesandseveralnumericalresultsarepresentedanddiscussedshowingthe
effectivenessandrobustnessoftheproposedapproachinreproducingthenonlinearequilibriumpathinboth
casesofmonomodalandcoupledmultimodalbuckling.
Garcea,G.,Trunfio,G.A.andCasciaro,R.(DipartimentodiStrutture,UniversitdellaCalabria,87030
ArcavacatadiRende,Cosenza,Italy),Pathfollowinganalysisofthinwalledstructuresandcomparisonwith
asymptoticpostcriticalsolutions,InternationalJournalforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.55,2002,
pp.73100.doi:10.1002/nme.494
ABSTRACT:Apathfollowingnonlinearelasticanalysisforstructurescomposedofassemblagesofflat

slenderelasticpanelsispresented.TheproposedpathfollowingmethodemploysFEMtechnologyanda
kinematicalmodeltoanalysethesestructuresusingaKoiterasymptoticapproach.Asaresultitispossibleto
verifytheaccuracyachievedbytheasymptoticmethod.Theproposedmixedpathfollowingformulationisboth
efficientandrobustwithregardstothelockingextrapolationphenomenonthatstronglyaffectscompatible
formulations.TheuseofanHCfiniteelementmakesitpossibletoavoidtheproblemofthefiniterotationsin
thespace,maintainingahighdegreeofcontinuityandmakingthenumericformulationsimpleandefficient.
GiovanniGarcea,AntonioMadeo,GiuseppeZagari,EmiraLanari(Dipartimentodimodellisticaper
lingegneria,UniversityofCalabria,Italy),ImplicitCorotationalMethod:FEMimplementation,ECSM2009,
Lisbon,Portugal
ABSTRACT:TheImplicitCorotationalMethod(ICM)isapowerfulandconsolidatedapproachforrecovering
objectiveandsuitableforFEMimplementationnonlinearmodelsfullyreusingthecorrespondinglinearones[1,
2].Anappropriatestress/strain(Biot)representationforthedescriptionofthenonlinearelasticcontinuum,the
useofcorotationalalgebraforsplittingthebodymotionintorigidanddeformativepartsandsomeassumptions
onthereinterpretationoflineartheoryinthenonlinearcontext,constitutethebasisoftheICM.Animportant
featureofthemethodisthepossibilityofobtainingatoolthatallowaneasyFEMimplementation.Different
kindsofinterpolationstrategies(TotalandUpdatedLagrangian,Corotational)areusedwithintheapproach.A
standardformatandanautomatedwayofimplementingthenonlinearmodelsintotheFEMcontextbasedon
theuseofalgebraicmanipulatorandaimedatpathfollowingorasymptoticanalyseshavebeendeveloped[3].
TheFEMimplementationisprovidedfor3DbeamandplatemodelsrecoveredusingICM.Forthe3Dbeam
model,basedonSaintVenanttheory[2],theassumptionsabouttherotationparametersandthedetailson
handlingfiniterotationsaregivenclearly.Theaccuracyofsomemixedfiniteelementsthatdifferforthe
interpolationlawsassumedforthekinematicsandstaticsfieldsandfortheinterpolationsstrategyispointedout.
Forthethinplatemodel,basedonKirchoffhypothesis[1],theproposedfiniteelementisimplementedas
specializedoneinasymptoticFEMcode(see[7]).Anumericalinvestigationhasbeenperformed,also
comparingbeamandplatebasedsolutionsinthecaseofthinwalledbeams.Thegoodagreementbetweenthe
recoveredresultswiththetheoreticalonesandthenumericalbenchmarks,showsclearlythecorrectnessand
capabilityoftheproposedapproachfornumericalimplementations.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
[1]G.Garcea,A.Madeo,RationalstrainmeasuresTheImplicitCorotationalMethod,ECCM2006Lisbon.
[2]A.Madeo,TheImplicitCorotationalMethod:GeneraltheoryandFEMimplementation,Ph.dThesis,UniversityofCalabria,2009.
http://www.labmec.unical.it/pubblicazioni/dottorato.php.
[3]G.Garcea,A.Madeo,G.Zagari,R.Casciaro,AsymptoticpostbucklingFEManalysisusingacorotationalformulation,
InternationlJournalofSolidsandStructures,Int.JournalofSolids&Structures46(2),523532,(2009).
[4]C.C.Rankin,B.NourOmid,Theuseofprojectorstoimprovefiniteelementperformance,Computer&Structures,30,pp.257
267,(1988).
[5]A.Ibrahimbegovic ,R.L.Taylor,Ontheroleofframeinvarianceinstructuralmechanicsmodelsatfiniterotations,Computer
MethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,191,pp.51595176,(2002).
[6]G.Garcea,A.Madeo,R.Casciaro,Theimplicitcorotationalmethod,PartI:Derivationofnonlinearstructuralmodelsforbeams
andplates,SubmittedtoComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering(2009).
[7]G.Garcea,MixedformulationinKoiteranalysisofthinwalledbeam,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsand
Engineering,190,pp.33693399,(2001).

[8]M.Aristodemo,Ahighcontinuityfiniteelementmodelfortwodimensionalelasticproblem,Computer&Structures,21,pp.987993,
(1985).
[9]A.S.Petrolo,R.Casciaro,3DbeamelementbasedonSaintVena ntsrodtheory,Computer&Structures,82,pp.24712481,
(2004).
[10]G.Garcea,G.A.Trunfio,R.Casciaro,Pathfollowinganalysisofthinwalledstructuresandcomparisonwithasymptoticpost
criticalsolutions,Int.JournalforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,55,pp.73100,(2002).

G.Garcea(1),A.Madeo(2),andG.Zagari(2)
(1)UniversityofCalabriaArcavacataRende(Cs)Italy,giovanni.garcea@unical.it
(2)UniversityofCalabriaArcavacataRende(Cs)Italy
GeometricallyExactBeamAndPlateModels:TheImplicitCorotationalMethod,7thEUROMECHSolid
MechanicsConferenceJ.Ambrosioet.al.(eds.)Lisbon,Portugal,711September2009
ABSTRACT:TheImplicitCorotationalMethod(ICM)isapowerfulandconsolidatedapproachforrecovering
frameinvariantnonlinearmodels.Anappropriatestress/strain(Biot)representationforthedescriptionofthe
nonlinearelasticcontinuum,theapplicationofcorotationalalgebraforsplittingthebodymotionintorigidand
deformativepartsandareinterpretationoflineartheoryinthenonlinearcontext,constitutethebasisofthe
ICM.AnimportantfeatureofthemethodisthepossibilityofobtainingatoolthatallowsaneasyFEM
implementation.Differentkindsofinterpolationstrategies(TotalandUpdatedLagrangianandCorotational)
areusedwithintheICM.Astandardformatandanautomatedwayofimplementingthenonlinearmodelsinto
theFEMcontexthavebeendevelopedandusedforpathfollowingorasymptoticanalyses.Theworkpresents
someFEMapplicationsregarding3DbeamandplatemodelsrecoveredusingICM.Anumericalinvestigation
hasbeenperformed,alsocomparingbeamandplatebasedsolutionsinthecaseofthinwalledbeams.Thegood
agreementbetweentherecoveredresultswiththetheoreticalonesandthenumericalbenchmarks,clearlyshows
thesuitabilityandcapabilityoftheproposedapproachfornumericalimplementations.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

[1]A.Madeo,TheImplicitCorotationalMethod:GeneraltheoryandFEMimplementation,Ph.dThesis,University
of
Calabria,2009.http://www.labmec.unical.it/pubblicazioni/dottorato.php.
[2]BarredeSaintVenantA.,Memoiresurlatorsiondesprismes,avecdesconsiderationssurlaflexion,Memoiresdessavant
etrangers,14,p.233(1855).
[3]R.Baldacci,FondamentidiMeccanicadeiSolidi,(inItalian),UTET,Torino,(1983).[4]A.S.Petrolo,R.Casciaro,3Dbeam
elementbasedonSaintVenantsrodtheory,Computer&Structures,82,pp.24712481,(2004).
[5]W.Lacarbonara,A.Paolone,SolutionstrategiestoSaintVenantproblem,JournalofComputationalandAppliedMathematics,
206,pp.473497,(2007).
[6]E.Petrov,M.Geradin,Finiteelementtheoryforcurvedandtwistedbeamsbasedonexactsolutionsforthreedimensionalsolids
PartI:Beamconceptandgeometricallyexactnonlinearformulation,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,165,
pp.4392,(1998).
[7]E.Petrov,M.Geradin,Finiteelementtheoryforcurvedandtwistedbeamsbasedonexactsolutionsforthreedimensionalsolids
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andEngineering,58,pp.79116,(1986).
[10]S.S.Antman,NonlinearProblemsofElasticity,SpringerVerlag,NewYork,(1995).
[11]G.Garcea,A.Madeo,G.Zagari,R.Casciaro,AsymptoticpostbucklingFEManalysisusingacorotationalformulation,
InternationlJournalofSolidsandStructures,(Inpress),(2008).
[12]C.C.Rankin,B.NourOmid,Theuseofprojectorstoimprovefiniteelementperformance,Computer&Structures,30,pp.257
267,(1988).
[13]A.Ibrahimbegovic,R.L.Taylor,Ontheroleofframeinvarianceinstructuralmechanicsmodelsatfiniterotations,Computer

MethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,191,pp.51595176,(2002).
[14]D.Zupan,M.Saje,Finiteelementformulationofgeometricallyexactthreedimensionalbeamtheoriesbasedoninterpolationof
strainmeasures,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,192,pp.52095248,(2003).
[15]G.JelenicM.A.Crisfield,Geometricallyexact3Dbeamtheory:implementationofstraininvariantfiniteelementforstaticsand
dynamics,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,171,pp.141171,(1999).
[16]J.H.Argyris,H.Balmer,S.StDoltsinis,P.C.Dunne,M.Haase,M.Kleiber,G.A.Malejannakis,H.P.Mlejnek,M.Muller,D.W.
Scharpf,FiniteelementmethodThenaturalapproach,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,17/18,pp.1
106,(1979).
[17]G.Garcea,MixedformulationinKoiteranalysisofthinwalledbeam,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsand
Engineering,190,pp.33693399,(2001).
[18]M.Aristodemo,Ahighcontinuityfiniteelementmodelfortwodimensionalelasticproblem,Computer&Structures,21,pp.
987993,(1985).
[19]A.D.Lanzo,G.Garcea,R.Casciaro,Koiterpostbucklinganalysisofelasticplates,Int.JournalforNumericalMethodsin
Engineering,38,pp.23252345,(1995).
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MethodsinEngineering,39,pp.30073031,(1996).
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Engineering,190,pp.33693399,(2001).
[22]G.Garcea,G.A.Trunfio,R.Casciaro,Pathfollowinganalysisofthinwalledstructuresandcomparisonwithasymptoticpost
criticalsolutions,Int.JournalforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,55,pp.73100,(2002).

A.D.Lanzo(DiSGG,UniversitdellaBasilicata,85100Potenza,Italy),AKoiter'sperturbationstrategyfor
theimperfectionsensitivityanalysisofthinwalledstructureswithresidualstresses,ThinWalledStructures,
Vol.37,No.1,May2000,pp.7795,doi:10.1016/S02638231(00)000082
ABSTRACT:Thispapersuggestsastrategyfortheimperfectionsensitivityanalysisofelasticthinwalled
structureswithnotableresidualstresses.TheanalysisiscarriedoutbymeansofaKoiter'sperturbation
approach.Theconceptofimperfection,traditionallyassociatedwithgeometricandloadfactors,isextendedin
thispapertotheresidualstresses.ThestrategyisimplementedinaFEMcode.Acomparisonoftheobtained
resultsallowsadiscussionontheaccuracyandtheinfluenceofthedifferentcoefficientsconnectedtothe
asymptoticanalysisoftheresidualstresses.
SongChangyong,Dept.ofCivilEngineering,ZhejiangUniversity,Hangzhou310027,China,Bucklingofun
stiffenedcylindricalshellundernonuniformaxialcompressivestress,JournalofZhejiangUniversity
SCIENCEVol.2,No.5,pp.520531,Nov.Dec.2002.
ABSTRACT:Thispaperprovidesareviewofrecentresearchadvancesandtrendsintheareaofstabilityof
unstiffenedcircularcylindricalshellssubjectedtogeneralnonuniformaxialcompressivestresses.Onlythe
moreimportantandinterestingaspectsoftheresearch,judgedfromapersonalviewpoint,arediscussed.They
canbecrudelyclassifiedintofourcategories:(1)shellssubjectedtononuniformloads;(2)shellsondiscrete
supports;(3)shellswithintendedcutouts/holes;and(4)shellswithnonuniformsettlements.
Thereisalonglistofreferencesattheendofthepaper,whichcannotbecutandpastedbecauseofpoor
qualityoftheoriginal.
SongChangyong,Bucklingofunstiffenedcylindricalshellundernonuniformaxialcompressivestress,
JournalofZhejiangUniversityScienceA,Vol.3,No.5,2002,pp.520531,doi:10.1631/jzus.2002.0520

ABSTRACT:Thispaperprovidesareviewofrecentresearchadvancesandtrendsintheareaofstabilityof
unstiffenedcircularcylindricalshellssubjectedtogeneralnonuniformaxialcompressivestresses.Onlythe
moreimportantandinterestingaspectsoftheresearch,judgedfromapersonalviewpoint,arediscussed.They
canbecrudelyclassifiedintofourcategories:(1)shellssubjectedtononuniformloads;(2)shellsondiscrete
supports;(3)shellswithintendedcutouts/holes;and(4)shellswithnonuniformsettlements.
Anonymous,Lecture8.9:Designofstringerstiffenedcylindricalshells,ESDEPWG8,PlatesandShells,
fgg.unilj.si(UniversityofLjubljana,Slovenia.
References:

[1]EuropeanConventionforConstructionSteelwork:"BucklingofSteelShellsEuropeanRecommendations",FourthEdition,
ECCS,1988.
[2]Samuelson,L.A.,Vandepitte,D.andParidaens,R.,"ThebackgroundtotheECCSrecommendationsforbucklingofstringer
stiffenedcylinders",Proc.ofInt.Coll.onBucklingofPlateandShellStructures,Ghent,pp513522,1987.
[3]Ellinas,C.P.andCroll,J.G.A.,"Experimentalandtheoreticalcorrelationsforelasticbucklingofaxiallycompressedstringer
stiffenedcylinders",JStrainAn.,Vol.18,pp4167,1983.
[4]Hutchinson,J.W.andAmazigo,J.C.,"ImperfectionSensitivityofEccentricallyStiffenedCylindricalShells",AIAAJ,Vol.5,
No.3,pp.392401,1967.

MousaKhalifaAhmed,DepartmentofMathematics,FacultyofScienceatQena,SouthValleyUniversity,
83523Qena,Egypt,ElasticBucklingBehaviourofaFourLobedCrossSectionCylindricalShellwith
VariableThicknessunderNonUniformAxialLoads,MathematicalProblemsinEngineering
Volume2009(2009),ArticleID829703,17pages,doi:10.1155/2009/829703
ABSTRACT:Thestaticbucklingofacylindricalshellofafourlobedcrosssectionofvariablethickness
subjectedtononuniformcircumferentiallycompressiveloadsisinvestigatedbasedonthethinshelltheory.
Modaldisplacementsoftheshellcanbedescribedbytrigonometricfunctions,andFourier'sapproachisusedto
separatethevariables.Thegoverningequationsoftheshellarereducedtoeightfirstorderdifferentialequations
withvariablecoefficientsinthecircumferentialcoordinate,andbyusingthetransfermatrixoftheshell,these
equationscanbewritteninamatrixdifferentialequation.Thetransfermatrixisderivedfromthenonlinear
differentialequationsofthecylindricalshellsbyintroducingthetrigonometricseriesinthelongitudinal
directionandapplyinganumericalintegrationinthecircumferentialdirection.Thetransfermatrixapproachis
usedtogetthecriticalbucklingloadsandthebucklingdeformationsforsymmetricalandantisymmetrical
shells.Computedresultsindicatethesensitivityofthecriticalloadsandcorrespondingbucklingmodestothe
thicknessvariationofcrosssectionandtheradiusvariationatlobedcornersoftheshell.
MousaKhalifaAhmed(mousa@japan.comDepartmentofMathematics,FacultyofScienceatQena,South
ValleyUniversity,Egypt),Astudyoffreevibrationofacircumferentiallynonuniformcylindricalshellwitha
fourlobedcrosssection,JournalofVibrationandControl,November2010,doi:10.1177/1077546310372983
ABSTRACT:ThetransfermatrixapproachisusedandtheFlggesshelltheoryismodeledtoinvestigatethe
freevibrationbehaviourofacylindricalshellwithafourlobedcrosssectionwithreducedthicknessoverpart
ofitscircumference.Modaldisplacementsoftheshellcanbedescribedbytrigonometricfunctionsand
Fouriersapproachisusedtoseparatethevariables.Thevibrationequationsoftheshellarereducedtoeight
firstorderdifferentialequationsinthecircumferentialcoordinate,andbyusingthetransfermatrixoftheshell,
theseequationscanbewritteninamatrixdifferentialequation.Thetransfermatrixisderivedfromthe

nonlineardifferentialequationsofthecylindricalshellsbyintroducingthetrigonometricfunctionsinthe
longitudinaldirectionandapplyinganumericalintegrationinthecircumferentialdirection.Theproposed
methodisusedtogetthevibrationfrequenciesandthecorrespondingmodeshapesofsymmetricaland
antisymmetricaltypemodes.Computedresultsindicatethesensitivityofthefrequencyparametersandthe
bendingdeformationstothegeometryofthenonuniformityoftheshell,andalsototheradiusofcurvatureat
thelobedcorners.
MousaKhalifaAhmed,VibrationandBucklingApproximationofanAxiallyLoadedCylindricalShellwitha
ThreeLobedCrossSectionHavingVaryingThickness,AppliedMathematics,Vol.2,No.3,March2011,
doi:10.4236/am.2011.23039
ABSTRACT:Onthebasisofthethinshelltheoryandontheuseofthetransfermatrixapproach,thispaper
presentsthevibrationalresponseandbucklinganalysisofthreelobedcrosssectioncylindricalshells,with
circumferentiallyvaryingthickness,subjectedtouniformaxialmembraneloads.AFourierapproachisusedto
separatethevariables,andthegoverningequationsoftheshellareformulatedintermsofeightfirstorder
differentialequationsinthecircumferentialcoordinate,andbyusingthetransfermatrixoftheshell,these
equationsarewritteninamatrixdifferentialequation.Thetransfermatrixisderivedfromthenonlinear
differentialequationsofthecylindricalshellswithvariablethicknessbyintroducingthetrigonometricseriesin
thelongitudinaldirectionandapplyinganumericalintegrationinthecircumferentialdirection.Thenatural
frequenciesandcriticalloadsbesidethemodeshapesarecalculatednumericallyintermsofthetransfermatrix
elementsforthesymmetricalandantisymmetricalvibrationmodes.Theinfluencesofthethicknessvariationof
crosssectionandradiusvariationatlobedcornersoftheshellonthenaturalfrequencies,modeshapesand
criticalloadsareexamined.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

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Loads,CompositesPartB:Engineering,Vol.29,No.6,1998,pp.695702.doi:10.1016/S13598368(98)000298
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No.3,1974,pp.357378.doi:10.1016/S0022460X(74)803172
[14] G.Yamada,T.IrieandM.Tsushima,VibrationandStabilityofOrthotropicCircularCylindricalShellsSubjectedtoAxial

Load,JournalofAcousticalSocietyofAmerica,Vol.75,No.3,1984,pp.842848.doi:10.1121/1.390594
[15] G.Yamada,T.IrieandY.Tagawa,FreeVibrationofNonCircularCylindricalShellswithVariableCircumferentialProfile,
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[19] R.F.ToninandD.A.Bies,FreeVibrationofCircularCylindersofVariableThickness,JournalofSoundandVibration,
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[20] R.M.Bergman,S.A.SidorinandP.E.Tovstik,ConstructionofSolutionsoftheEquationsforFreeVibrationofa
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[21] T.Irie,G.YamadaandY.Kaneko,FreeVibrationofaConicalShellwithVariableThickness,JournalofSoundand
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[22] S.Takahashi,K.SuzukiandT.Kosawada,VibrationsofConicalShellswithVaryingThickness,JapanSocietyof
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Section,InPress,JournalofVibrationandControl,2010.

MousaKhalifaAhmed(Dept.ofMathematics,FacultyofScienceatQena,SouthValleyUniversity,Egypt),
Computationalbucklingofathreelobedcrosectioncylindricalshellwithvariablethicknessundercombined
compressionandbendingloads,InternationalJournalofMechanicalEngineeringResearchandDevelopment
(IJMERD),Vol.3,No.1,pp.1127,JanuaryMarch2013,ISSN22489347(print),ISSN22489355(Online)
ABSTRACT:Theobjectiveofthispaperistostudytheelasticbucklingcharacteristicsofanaxiallyloaded
cylindricalshellofathreelobedcrosssectionofvariablethicknesssubjectedtocombinedcompressionand
bendingloadsbasedonthethinshelltheoryandusingthecomputationaltransfermatrixmethod.Modal
displacementsoftheshellcanbedescribedbytrigonometricfunctionsandFouriersapproachisusedto
separatethevariables.Thegoverningequationsoftheshellarereducedtoeightfirstorderdifferentialequations
withvariablecoefficientsinthecircumferentialcoordinate,andbyusingthetransfermatrixoftheshell.These
equationscanbewritteninamatrixdifferentialequation.Thetransfermatrixisderivedfromthenonlinear
differentialequationsofthecylindricalshellsbyintroducingthetrigonometricfunctioninthelongitudinal
directionandapplyinganumericalintegrationinthecircumferentialdirection.Thecomputationaltransfer
matrixmethodisusedtogetthecriticalbucklingloadsandthebucklingdeformationsforsymmetricaland
antisymmetricalbucklingmodes.Computedresultsindicatethesensitivityofthecriticalloadsand
correspondingbucklingmodestothethicknessvariationofcrosssectionandtheradiusvariationatlobed

cornersoftheshell.
MousaKhalifaAhmed(Dept.ofMathematics,FacultyofscienceatQena,SouthValleyUniversity,Egypt,
email:mossa@dr.com),BucklingBehaviorunderRadialLoadingofOrthotropicOvalCylindricalShellswith
ParabolicallyVaryingThickness,MechanicsofAdvancedMaterialsandStructures,postedonline18Nov.
2014,DOI:10.1080/15376494.2014.949928
ABSTRACT:Inthispaper,theframeworkoftheFlgge'sshelltheory,thetransfermatrixapproachandthe
Rombergintegrationmethodhasbeenemployedtoinvestigatethebucklinganalysisofradialloadedoval
cylindricalshellwithparabolicallyvaryingthicknessalongofitscircumference.Trigonometricfunctionsare
usedtoformthemodaldisplacementsoftheshellandFourier'sapproachisusedtoseparatethevariables.The
mathematicalanalysisisformulatedtoovercomethedifficultiesrelatedtomodecouplingofvariablecurvature
andthicknessoftheshell.Usingthetransfermatrixoftheshell,thebucklingequationsoftheshellarereduced
toeightfirstorderdifferentialequationsinthecircumferentialcoordinateandrewritteninamatrixformand
solvednumerically.Theproposedmodelisadoptedtogetthecriticalbucklingloadsandthecorresponding
bucklingdeformationsforthesymmetricalandantisymmetricalmodesofbuckling.Theinfluencesoftheshell
geometry,orthotropicparameters,ovalityparameter,andthicknessratioonthebucklingparametersandthe
bendingdeformationsarepresentedfordifferenttypemodesofbuckling.
FarzadKhademolhosseini,TheUniversityofBritishColumbia,Vancouver,Canada,Email:
khadem@interchange.ubc.ca
NimalRajapakse,AlirezaNojeh,SimonFraserUniversity,Burnaby,Canada
ApplicationofNonlocalElasticityShellModelforAxialBucklingofSingleWalledCarbonNanotubes,
MEMS:FromMicroDevicestoWirelessSystems,Vol.7,SpecialIssue,October2009,pp.88100.
ABSTRACT:
Recently,nanodeviceshavebeendevelopedwhichuseCarbonNanotubes(CNTs)asstructuralelements.To
definetherangeofapplicabilityofCNTsinsuchdevices,itisimportanttoinvestigatefailuremodessuchasthe
axialbucklinglimit.Classicalcontinuummodelsareinaccurateastheyareunabletoaccountforthesizeeffects
insuchdevices.Inthiswork,amodifiednonlocalcontinuumshellmodelfortheaxialbucklingofCNTsis
proposedandcomparedwithanonlocalmodelfortorsionalbuckling.Thisisdonethroughmodifyingclassical
continuummodelsbyincorporatingbasicconceptsfromnonlocalelasticity.Furthermore,moleculardynamics
(MD)simulationsareperformedonarangeofnanotubeswithdifferentdiameters.Comparedtoclassical
models,themodifiednonlocalmodelsprovideamuchbetterfittoMDsimulationresults.UsingMDsimulation
resultsforaxialbuckling,valuesofthenonlocalconstantandshellthicknessarecalculated.
C.W.LimandK.M.Liew(DynamicsandVibrationCentre,SchoolofMechanicalandProduction
Engineering,NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,NanyangAvenue,Singapore2263),Vibratorybehaviourof
shallowconicalshellsbyaglobalRitzformulation,EngineeringStructures,Vol.17,No.1,January1995,
pp.6370,doi:10.1016/01410296(95)91041X
ABSTRACT:Thedevelopmentofanewapproachbasedontheenergyprincipleispresentedtostudythefree
vibrationofshallowconicalshells.Inthenumericalprocedure,asetoforthogonallygeneratedand
kinematicallyorientedshapefunctions,whichsatisfiesthegeometricboundaryconditionsattheoutset,is

proposedtoovercomethemathematicalcomplexityinexpressingthegeometryandvariablesurfacecurvature
oftheseshells.Toestablishtheaccuracyofthismethod,convergenceandcomparisonstudieshavebeencarried
out.Inthisstudy,theeffectsofvariousshellparametersonthefundamentalandhighermodefrequenciesare
investigated.Itisfoundthatmonotonicincreasesinthefundamentalnondimensionalfrequencyparameter
occurswhentheconevertexangleorbasesubtendedangleisincreasedindependentlyforthecantileverconical
shell.Thefundamentalfrequencyparameteralsobecomeshigherforthefullyclampedconicalshellwithhigher
panellengthtoconelength(a/s)ratio.Asetoffirstpublishedvibrationmodeshapesisalsopresented.
K.M.Liew(1and2),X.L.Chen(1)andJ.N.Reddy(3)
(1)NanyangCentreforSupercomputingandVisualisation,NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,Nanyang
Avenue,Singapore639798,Singapore
(2)SchoolofMechanicalandProductionEngineering,NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,NanyangAvenue,
Singapore639798,Singapore
(3)AdvancedComputationalMechanicsLab,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,TexasA&MUniversity,
CollegeStation,TX778433123,USA
Meshfreeradialbasisfunctionmethodforbucklinganalysisofnonuniformlyloadedarbitrarilyshapedshear
deformableplates,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.193,Nos.35,January
2004,pp.205224,doi:10.1016/j.cma.2003.10.002
ABSTRACT:Ameshfreeradialbasisfunction(RBF)methodisemployedforthebucklinganalysisofnon
uniformlyloadedthickplates.Thefieldvariablesareapproximatedusingasetofscatterednodesintheproblem
domain.Thenumberofnodesandnodaldistributionintheproblemdomaincanbeeasilychangedwithouta
complexprocedurefordesiredcomputationalaccuracy.Theshapefunctionspossessthepartitionofunity
properties.Basedonthetwodimensional(2D)planestressproblem,avariationalformofthestaticsystemof
equationsisformulatedintermsofdisplacements,andisdiscretised.Theinitial(i.e.,prebuckling)stressesare
obtainedbysolvingthediscretesystemofequations.Basedonthefirstordersheardeformationplatetheory,a
variationalformoftheplateproblemwithpreviouslyobtainedinitialstressesisestablishedanddiscretisedas
theeigenvalueequation.Thebucklingloadsofcircular,trapezoidalandskewplatesarepresented.Thepresent
resultshavegoodconvergenceandareingoodagreementwiththefiniteelementsolutions.Thepresentmesh
freeradialbasisfunctionmethodiseffectiveforthebucklinganalysisofnonuniformlyloadedplates.
K.M.Liew(1and2),C.H.Wong(1and2),X.Q.He(1),M.J.Tan(2),andS.A.Meguid(3)
(1)NanyangCentreforSupercomputingandVisualisation,NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,Nanyang
Avenue,Singapore639798
(2)SchoolofMechanicalandProductionEngineering,NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,NanyangAvenue,
Singapore639798
(3)EngineeringMechanicsandDesignLaboratory,DepartmentofMechanicalandIndustrialEngineering,
UniversityofToronto,5KingsCollegeRoad,Toronto,Ontario,CanadaM5S3G8
Nanomechanicsofsingleandmultiwalledcarbonnanotubes,Phys.Rev.B69,115429(2004)[8pages],
doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.69.115429
ABSTRACT:Bucklingbehaviorofsinglewalledandmultiwalledcarbonnanotubesisstudiedunderaxial
compressioninthiswork.Brennerssecondgenerationempiricalpotentialisusedtodescribethemanybody
shortrangeinteratomicinteractionsforsinglewalledcarbonnanotubes,whiletheLennardJonesmodelforthe

vanderWaalspotentialisaddedformultiwalledcarbonnanotubes.Single,two,three,andfourwalled
nanotubesareconsideredinthesimulationsinordertoexaminetheeffectsofthenumberoflayersonthe
structuralpropertiesofthemultiwallednanotubes.Resultsindicatethatthereexistsanoptimumdiameterfor
singlewallednanotubesatwhichthebucklingloadreachesitsmaximumvalue.Thebucklingloadincreases
rapidlywiththeincreaseofthediameteruptotheoptimumdiameter.Afurtherincrementbeyondthisdiameter
resultsinaslowdeclineinbucklingloaduntilasteadyvalueisreached.Theeffectsoflayersonthebuckling
loadofmultiwallednanotubesarealsoexamined.
K.M.Liew(1),J.Yang(2)andS.Kitipornchai(3)
(1)NanyangCentreforSupercomputingandVisualisation,SchoolofMechanicalandProductionEngineering,
NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,Singapore639798
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,TheUniversityofQueensland,St.Lucia,Brisbane,Queensland4072,
Australia
(3)DepartmentofBuildingandConstruction,CityUniversityofHongKong,Kowloon,HongKong
ThermalPostBucklingofLaminatedPlatesComprisingFunctionallyGradedMaterialsWithTemperature
DependentProperties,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.71,No.6,November2004,pp.839850,doi:10.1115/1.1795220
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsthermalbucklingandpostbucklinganalysesformoderatelythicklaminated
rectangularplatesthatcontainfunctionallygradedmaterials(FGMs)andsubjectedtoauniformtemperature
change.Thetheoreticalformulationemploysthefirstordersheardeformationtheoryandaccountsfortheeffect
oftemperaturedependentthermoelasticpropertiesoftheconstituentmaterialsandinitialgeometric
imperfection.Theprincipleofminimumtotalpotentialenergy,thedifferentialquadraturemethod,anditerative
algorithmsareusedtoobtaincriticalbucklingtemperaturesandthepostbucklingtemperaturedeflection
curves.Theresultsarepresentedforbothsymmetricallyandunsymmetricallylaminatedplateswith
ceramic/metalfunctionallygradedlayers,showingtheeffectsoftemperaturedependentproperties,layup
scheme,materialcomposition,initialimperfection,geometricparameters,andboundaryconditionsonbuckling
temperatureandthermalpostbucklingbehavior.
J.Yang(1),K.M.Liew(2)andS.Kitipornchai(3)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofQueensland,St.Lucia,Brisbane,Qld4072,Australia
(2)NanyangCentreforSupercomputingandVisualization,SchoolofMechanicalandProductionEngineering,
NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,NanyangAvenue,Singapore639798,Singapore
(3)DepartmentofBuildingandConstruction,CityUniversityofHongKong,TatCheeAvenue,Kowloon,
HongKong,PRChina
Secondorderstatisticsoftheelasticbucklingoffunctionallygradedrectangularplates,CompositesScience
andTechnology,Vol.65,Nos.78,June2005,pp.11651175,doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.11.012
ABSTRACT:Thematerialpropertiesoffunctionallygradedmaterials(FGMs)possessinherentrandomness
duetotheircomplicatedfabricationprocess,inwhichthetotalcontrolofvariousdesignparametersisoften
impossible.ThepresentworkinvestigatestheeffectofthisrandomnessontheelasticbucklingofFGM
rectangularplateswhicharerestingonanelasticfoundationandsubjectedtouniforminplaneedge
compressions.Theinteractionbetweentheplateandfoundationisincludedintheformulationwithatwo
parameterPasternakmodel.Theelasticmaterialproperties(includingtheYoungsmodulusandPoissonsratio
ofeachconstituentmaterial)andthefoundationstiffnessparametersaremodeledasindependentrandom

variables.Firstordersheardeformationplatetheoryandameancenteredfirstorderperturbationprocedureare
usedtoexaminethestochasticcharacteristicsofthebucklingload.Typicalresultsarepresentedforplateswith
aluminum/zirconiatwophasefunctionallygradedmaterialtoshowtheinfluenceofvariationinmaterial
constantsandfoundationstiffnessparameters,volumefractionindex,edgeinplaneforces,sidetothickness
ratio,andplateaspectratioonthesecondorderstatisticsofbucklingloads.
J.Yang(1),K.M.Liew(2),Y.F.Wu(1)andS.Kitipornchai(1),
(1)DepartmentofBuildingandConstruction,CityUniversityofHongKong,TatCheeAvenue,Kowloon,
HongKong
(2)NanyangCentreforSupercomputingandVisualization,SchoolofMechanicalandProductionEngineering,
NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,NanyangAvenue,Singapore639798,Singapore
ThermomechanicalpostbucklingofFGMcylindricalpanelswithtemperaturedependentproperties
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.43,No.2,January2006,pp.307324,
doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2005.04.001
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsthermomechanicalpostbucklinganalysisofcylindricalpanelsthataremade
offunctionallygradedmaterials(FGMs)withtemperaturedependentthermoelasticpropertiesthataregraded
inthedirectionofthicknessaccordingtoasimplepowerlawdistributionintermsofthevolumefractionsofthe
constituents.Thepanelisinitiallystressedbyanaxialload,andisthensubjectedtoauniformtemperature
change.ThetheoreticalformulationsarebasedontheclassicalshelltheorywithvonKrmnDonnelltype
nonlinearity.Theeffectofinitialgeometricimperfectionisalsoincluded.Adifferentialquadrature(DQ)based
semianalyticalmethodcombinedwithaniterationprocessisemployedtopredictthecriticalbucklingload
(whereitisapplicable)andtotracethepostbucklingequilibriumpathofFGMcylindricalpanelsunderthermo
mechanicalloading.Numericalresultsarepresentedforpanelswithsiliconnitrideandnickelastheceramic
andmetalconstituents.Theeffectsoftemperaturedependentproperties,volumefractionindex,axialload,
initialimperfection,panelgeometryandboundaryconditionsonthethermomechanicalpostbucklingbehavior
areevaluatedindetailthroughparametricstudies.
L.X.Peng(1),K.M.Liew(2and3)andS.Kitipornchai(1)
(1)DepartmentofBuildingandConstruction,CityUniversityofHongKong,TatCheeAvenue,Kowloon,
HongKong,China
(2)NanyangCentreforSupercomputingandVisualisation,NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,639798
Singapore
(3)SchoolofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineering,NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,639798Singapore
BucklingandfreevibrationanalysesofstiffenedplatesusingtheFSDTmeshfreemethod,JournalofSound
andVibration,Vol.289,No.3,January2006,pp.421449,doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2005.02.023
ABSTRACT:ThispaperpresentsameshfreeGalerkinmethodforthefreevibrationandstabilityanalysesof
stiffenedplatesviathefirstordersheardeformabletheory(FSDT).Themodelofastiffenedplateisformedby
(1)regardingtheplateandthestiffenerseparately,(2)imposingdisplacementcompatibleconditionsbetween
theplateandthestiffenersothatdisplacementfieldsofthestiffenercanbeexpressedintermsofthemid
surfacedisplacementoftheplate,and(3)superimposingthestrainenergyofplateandstiffener.Becausethere
arenomeshesusedinthismethod,thestiffenerscanbeplacedanywhereontheplateandneednotbeplaced
alongthemeshlines.Severalnumericalexamplesarecomputedbythismethodtoshowitsaccuracyand

convergence.Thepresentresultsdemonstrategoodagreementwiththeexistingsolutionsgivenbyother
researchersandtheANSYS.Influencesofsupportsizeandorderofthecompletebasisfunctionsonthe
numericalaccuracyarealsoinvestigated.
K.M.Liew(1and2),J.Wang(1),M.J.Tan(2)andS.Rajendran(2)
(1)NanyangCentreforSupercomputingandVisualisation,NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,Nanyang
Avenue,Singapore639798,Singapore
(2)SchoolofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineering,NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,NanyangAvenue,
Singapore639798,Singapore
PostbucklinganalysisoflaminatedcompositeplatesusingthemeshfreekpRitzmethod,ComputerMethods
inAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.195,Nos.78,January2006,pp.551570
doi:10.1016/j.cma.2005.02.004
ABSTRACT:ARitzmethodbasedonkernelparticleapproximationforthefieldvariablesisproposedforthe
postbucklinganalysisoflaminatedcompositeplates.Thefirstordersheardeformationplatetheory(FSDT)is
employedtomodeltheplateflexure.TheRitzmethodisusedtoobtainthediscretizednonlinearequations.A
geometricallynonlinearanalysisisusedtotracethepostbucklingpathsoftheplate.Typicalnumerical
examplesincludingisotropicplates,andcrossplyandangleplylaminatedcompositeplateshavebeensolved
usingtheproposedmethod.Theresultsareincloseagreementwiththeseriessolutionaswellaspreviousfinite
elementresultsavailableintheliterature.
Q.Wang(1),K.M.Liew(2)andW.H.Duan(1)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalandManufacturingEngineering,UniversityofManitoba,Winnipeg,Manitoba,
CanadaR3T5V6
(2)DepartmentofBuildingandConstruction,CityUniversityofHongKong,HongKong,China
Modelingofthemechanicalinstabilityofcarbonnanotubes,Carbon,Vol.46,No.2,February2008,pp.285
290,doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2007.11.022
ABSTRACT:Ahybridcontinuummechanicsandmolecularmechanicsmodelisdevelopedtopredictthe
compressivebucklingstrainandloadfortheinelasticbucklingofarmchairandzigzagcarbonnanotubes.The
effectivenessofthehybridmodelisdemonstratedbycomparisonsofbucklingresultsfromthemodel,
moleculardynamicssimulations,andcontinuummodelsbyotherwork.
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X.Zhao(1),Y.Yang(2)andK.M.Liew(3),
(1)SchoolofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineering,NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,NanyangAvenue,
Singapore639798,Singapore
(2)DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,KunmingUniversityofScienceandTechnology,Kunming,
Yunnan,China
(3)DepartmentofBuildingandConstruction,CityUniversityofHongKong,TatCheeStreet,Kowloon,Hong
Kong,China

GeometricallynonlinearanalysisofcylindricalshellsusingtheelementfreekpRitzmethod,Engineering
AnalysiswithBoundaryElements,Vol.31,No.9,September2007,pp.783792,
doi:10.1016/j.enganabound.2007.01.003
ABSTRACT:Inthispaper,thegeometricallynonlinearanalysisofcylindricalshellsiscarriedoutusingthe
elementfreekpRitzmethod.Thefirstordersheardeformationshelltheory,whichcancaterforboththinand
relativelythickshells,isutilizedinthepresentstudy.Meshfreekernelparticlefunctionsareemployedto
approximatethetwodimensionaldisplacementfield.Thenonlinearequilibriumequationsareformulatedby
applyingtheRitzproceduretotheenergyfunctionalofshells.TheNewtonRaphsonmethodandthearclength
techniqueareusedtodeterminetheloaddisplacementpath.Tovalidatetheaccuracyandstabilityofthis
method,convergencestudiesbasedonthesupportsizeandnumberofnodeswereperformed.Comparisons
werealsomadewiththeexistingresultsavailableintheopenliterature,andgoodagreementisobtained.
YuzhouSunandK.M.Liew(DepartmentofBuildingandConstruction,CityUniversityofHongKong,
Kowloon,HongKong),Thebucklingofsinglewalledcarbonnanotubesuponbending:Thehigherorder
gradientcontinuumandmeshfreemethod,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.
197,Nos.3340,1June2008,pp.30013013,doi:10.1016/j.cma.2008.02.003
ABSTRACT:Thebendingbucklingofsinglewalledcarbonnanotubes(SWCNTs)isstudiedinthetheoretical
schemeofthehigherordergradientcontinuum.Thedeformationoftheunderlyinglatticevectorsis
approximatedwithanextendedCauchyBornruleinwhichtheeffectofthesecondorderdeformationgradient
isconsidered,andthecontinuumconstitutiveresponsesaredeterminedbyminimizingtheenergyofthe
representativecell.AmeshfreemethodisdevelopedtoimplementthenumericalmodelingofSWCNTs,and
theirbendingbucklingbehaviorisnumericallysimulatedwiththedevelopedmethod.Theresultsarecompared
withthoseobtainedwithafullatomisticsimulation,anditisrevealedthatthedevelopedmeshfreemethodcan
accuratelyexhibitthebendingdeformationofSWCNTs.Differenttypesofcarbonnanotubes(CNTs)are
studied,andthebucklingmechanismisinvestigated.
X.ZhaoandK.M.Liew,Ameshfreemethodforanalysisofthethermalandmechanicalbucklingof
functionallygradedcylindricalshellpanels,ComputationalMechanics,Vol.45,No.4,2010,pp.297310,
doi:10.1007/s0046600904468
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingresponseoffunctionallygradedceramicmetalcylindricalshellpanelsunderaxial
compressionandthermalloadispresentedhere.Theformulationisbasedonthefirstordersheardeformation
shelltheoryandelementfreekpRitzmethod.Thematerialpropertiesofshellpanelsareassumedtovary
throughtheirthicknessdirectionaccordingtoapowerlawdistributionofthevolumefractionofconstituents.
Approximationsofthedisplacementfieldareexpressedintermsofasetofmeshfreekernelparticlefunctions.
Astabilizedconformingnodalintegrationapproachisemployedtoestimatethebendingstiffness,andtheshear
andmembranetermsareevaluatedusingadirectnodalintegrationtechniquetoeliminatemembraneandshear
lockingforverythinshells.Themechanicalandthermalbucklingresponsesoffunctionallygradedshellpanels
areinvestigated,andtheinfluencesofthevolumefractionexponent,boundaryconditions,andtemperature
distributionontheirbucklingstrengthsarealsoexamined.
Zhao,X.andLiew,K.M.(DepartmentofBuildingandConstruction,CityUniversityofHongKong,TatChee

Avenue,Kowloon,HongKong),Anelementfreeanalysisofmechanicalandthermalbucklingoffunctionally
gradedconicalshellpanels,InternationalJournalforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.86,No.3,April
2011,pp.269285.doi:10.1002/nme.3059
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsamechanicalandthermalbucklinganalysisofmetalandceramicfunctionally
gradedconicalshellpanelsusingtheelementfreekpRitzmethod.Theformulationisbasedonthefirstorder
sheardeformationshelltheory,whichaccountsforthetransverseshearstrainsandrotaryinertia,andmeshfree
kernelparticlefunctionsareemployedtoapproximatethetwodimensionaldisplacementfields.Theeffective
materialpropertiesofthefunctionallygradedconicalshellpanelsareassumedtobesmoothandcontinuous
throughtheirthicknessdirection,andaredeterminedaccordingtoapowerlawdistributionofthevolume
fractionsoftheirconstituents.Convergencestudiesareperformedintermsofthenumberofnodes,and
comparisonsbetweenthecurrentsolutionsandthosereportedintheliteratureareprovidedtoverifythe
accuracyoftheproposedmethod.Threetypesoffunctionallygradedconicalshellpanels,Al/ZrO2,
SUS304/Si3N4,andAl2O3/TI6Al4Vareselectedforstudy,andtheeffectsofthevolumefraction,boundary
condition,semivertexangle,lengthtothicknessratio,andtemperaturedependentmaterialpropertiesonthe
bucklingstrengtharediscussedindetail.
V.N.Paimushin,ScientificandTechnicalCenterforProblemsinDynamicsandStrength,TupolevKazanState
TechnicalUniversity,K.Marksa10,Kazan,420111,Russia,ReceivedDecember26,2005,Torsional,
Flexural,andTorsionalFlexuralBucklingModesofaCylindricalShellunderCombinedLoading,DOI:
10.3103/S0025654407030120
ABSTRACT:Stabilityproblemsforcylindricalshellsundervariousloadingmodeswereconsideredin
numerouspapers.Adetailedanalysisofsuchproblemscanbefound,e.g.,inthemonograph[1].Werefertothe
solutionspresentedinthismonographasclassical.Forlongcylindricalshellsinaxialcompression,oneofthe
bucklingmodesisthepurelybeamflexuralmodesimilartotheclassicalbucklingmodeofastraightrod.Itis
wellknownthatitcanbestudiedbyusingthenonlinearorlinearizedequationsofthemembranetheoryof
shells.In[2],itwasshownthat,onthebasisofsuchequationsconstructedstartingfromthenoncontradictory
versionofgeometricallynonlinearelasticityrelationsinthequadraticapproximation[3],undertheseparate
actionoftheaxialcompression,externalpressure,andtorsion,therearealsopreviouslyunknownnonclassical
bucklingmodes,mostofwhichareshearones.
Inthepresentpaper,weshowthattheuseoftheaboveequationsforcylindricalshellsundercompressionand
externalpressurewithsimultaneouspuretorsionorbendingpermitsrevealingtheearlierunknowntorsional,
beamflexural,andbeamtorsionalflexuralbucklingmodes,whicharenonclassical,justasthosefoundin[2].
Thesecondofthesebucklingmodesisrealizedwhenaxiallycompressingforcesareformedintheshellwith
simultaneoustorsion,andthethirdofthemisrealizedundercompressioncombinedwithpurebending.
Itwasfoundthat,earlierthantheclassicalbucklingmodes,thetorsionalbucklingmodescanberealizedfor
relativelyshortshellswithsmallshearrigidityinthetangentplane,whilethesecondandthirdbucklingmodes
canberealizedforrelativelylongshells.

K.T.HautalaConsultingKORTESLtd.,Finland,2003TheSteelConstructionInstitute,BucklingReduction
FactorsforStainlessSteelShellStructures
ABSTRACT:Thematerialbehaviourofstainlesssteelstronglydiffersfromthatofmildsteelbeyondthe
proportionallimit.Consequently,thebucklingbehaviourofmildsteelstructuresandstainlesssteelstructures

willdifferfromeachotherinsofarasforanygivenstainlesssteelstructureofmediumslenderness,i.e.
belongingtotheelasticplasticregion,thebucklingcapacityislowerthanforacomparablemildsteel
structureofidenticalshapeandarea.Thispapershowsnumericalbucklingreductionfactorsforstainlesssteel
shellstructures.FirstlysomebucklingstrengthcurvesofEuropeanstandardsarenumericallyreproducedusing
simplesubstituteimperfections.Proposalsarethenmadeformodificationofstandardsinordertoinclude
stainlesssteels.Preliminarynewproposalsaremadeformodellingofmaterialbehaviourofstainlesssteelsand
bucklingdesignofshellstructuresundermeridionalcompression.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
[1]
DIN4133SchornsteineausStahl.Berlin:BeuthVerlag,1991.
[2]
DIN188004Stahlbauten:Stabilittsflle,Schalenbeulen.Berlin;BeuthVerlag.1990.
[3]
ECCSRecommendations:BucklingofSteelShells,4thed.Brssel:ECCSSecretariat.1998.
[4]
ENV199314DesignofSteelStructures,SupplementaryRulesforStainlessSteels.BrsselCEN.1996.
[5]
ENV199316DesignofSteelStructures,SupplementaryRulesforShellStructures.BrsselCEN.1999.
[6]
Z30.36AllgemeinebauaufsichtlicheZulassungBauteileundVerbindungselementeausnichtrostendenSthlen.Berlin:
DeutschesInst.frBautechnik.1998.
[7]
Hautala,K.T.,BucklingofAxiallyCompressedCylindricalShellsMadeofAusteniticStainlessSteelsunderAmbientand
ElevatedTemperatures.Diss.UniversittEssen,FB10Stahlbau.1998.
[8]
Hautala,K.T.;Schmidt,H.,BucklingTestsonAxiallyCompressedCylindricalShellsofVariousAusteniticStainlessSteelsat
AmbientandElevatedTemperatures.Bericht76,UniversittEssen,FB10.1998.
[9]
Hautala,K.T.;Schmidt,H.,BucklingofAxiallyCompressedCylindricalShellsmadeofAusteniticStainlessSteelatAmbient
andElevatedTemperatures.LightweightSteelandAluminiumStructures.Ed.Mkelinen;Hassinen.ElsevierScienceLtd,pp.233
240.1999.
[10] Knoedel,P.;Ummenhofer,T.,SubstituteImperfectionsforthePredictionofBucklingLoadsinShellDesign.CASilo.WG3:
MetalSiloStructures,ImperfectionsinMetalSilos,Measurement,CharacterisationandStrengthAnalysis.WorkshopheldatINSA
Lyon,pp.87101.1996.
[11] Lindner,J.,Scheer,J.,Schmidt,H.,BeuthCommentarStahlbautenErluterungenzuDIN18800Teil1bis4,3.Auflage.
Berlin:BeuthVerlag.1998.
[12] Rotter,J.M.,DesignStandardsandCalculationsforImperfectPressurisedAxiallyCompressedCylinders.Int.Conf.Carrying
CapacityofSteelShellStructures,Brno,pp.354360.1997.
[13] Schmidt,H.;Hautala,K.T.,BeulsicherheitschalenartigerStahlkonstruktionenausaustenitischenSthlenbeierhhten
TemperaturenamBeispielaxialgedrckterKreiszylinderschalen.BerichtFVDIBtIV15873/98.UniversittEssen,FB10
Stahlbau.2000.
[14] Schmidt,H.,StahlbauKalender2002,Stahlbaunormen,BeulsicherheitsnachweisefrSchalennachDIN18800Teil4,E
DAStRichtlinie017undDINVENV199316.Ernst&Sohn.2002.

PeterKnoedel(VersuchsanstaltfuerStahl,HolzundSteine,UniversityofKarlsruhe,Kaiserstrasse12,W7500
Karlsruhe1,Germany),Cylinderconecylinderintersectionsunderaxialcompression,inBucklingofshell
structures,onland,inthesea,andintheair,editedbyJ.F.Jullien,ElsevierAppliedSciencePublishingCo.,
Inc.,NewYork,1991
ABSTRACT:Intheconstructionofchimneysandtubularmastsadjacentcylindricalshellsoftenhavetobe
builtwithdifferentradiiaccordingtotheglobalbendingmomentoroperationalrequirements.Withasteep
conicalshellinbetweenacylinderconecylinderintersectionisbuilt.Thispaperreportsonanumericalstudy
onthebucklingstabilityofthesestructures.Unstiffenedandringstiffenedstructuresareconsidered,wherethe
ringsareattachedtotheedgesoftheconeorsetoffintotheadjacentcylindricalshells.Itisshownthatthe
criticalloadoftheentirestructureremainsunderthecriticalloadofastraightcylinder,evenifheavystiffeners
areusedandlocalbucklingisrelevant.

PeterKnoedel,ThomasUmmenhoferandUlrichSchulz(VersuchsanstaltfrStahl,HolzandSteine,University
ofKarlsruhe,Karlsruhe,Germany),Onthemodellingofdifferenttypesofimperfectionsinsiloshells,Thin
WalledStructures,Vol.23,Nos.14,1995,pp.283293,SpedialIssue:BucklingStrengthofImperfection
sensitiveShells,doi:10.1016/02638231(95)000178
ABSTRACT:Theassessmentofimperfectionsismostimportantfordeterminingtheloadbearingcapacityofa
thinwalledshellstructure.Differentwaysofmodellingimperfectionsarediscussedinthispaperandsteelsilo
shellsareusedasanapplication.Bucklingtestswereperformedondifferenttypesofmodelshellstandard
qualityandhighqualitywithreducedheatinputduringwelding.Forthenumericalstudiestwodifferent
approacheswereusedaswell:anaxisymmetricapproachwithsubstitutegeometricimperfectionsandanFEM
approach,wherethenodalcoordinateswerederivedfromsurveyingthespecimen.Itwasfoundthatthereis
considerablegaininthebucklingstrengthduetothepresenceofthegranularsolid.Thelargertheinitial
imperfectionsintheshellthegreaterthegaininstrengthcomparedtotheemptycylinder.Themodellingofthe
unevenessoftheedgeswithunevendeadloadingisalsodiscussed.
H.Schmidt,B.BinderandH.Lange(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofEssen,D45117Essen,
Germany),Postbucklingstrengthdesignofopenthinwalledcylindricaltanksunderwindload,ThinWalled
Structures,Vol.31,Nos.13,May1998,pp.203220,doi:10.1016/S02638231(98)000093
ABSTRACT:Opencylindricalsteeltanksforthestorageofliquidstendtoberatherthinwalledbecausethey
areprimarilydesignedforthecircumferentialtensilestressesfromhydrostaticinternalpressure.Itisdesirable
totakeadvantageofthepostbucklingstrengthofthethincylindricalwallwhendesigningtheemptytank
againstwindload.Thetheoreticalexternalpressurecarryingbehaviourofedgestiffenedthinwalledcantilever
shellsisdiscussedwithregardtobothbifurcationandpostbucklingphenomena.Forexperimentalverification,a
seriesofpostbucklingtestsoncylindricalPVCandsteelspecimenswithlargeradius/thicknessratio(r/t=2500)
underinternalunderpressureandunderawindlikeloadarrangementhasbeencarriedout.Basedonthe
numericalandexperimentalresults,recommendationsareputforwardforaneconomicpostbucklingstrength
designstrategy.Theyarecomparedwithexistingdesignrulesintankcodes.
HerbertSchmidt(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofEssen,D45117Essen,Germany),Stability
ofsteelshellstructures:GeneralReport,JournalofConstructionalSteelResearch,Vol.55,Nos.13,July
2000,pp.159181,doi:10.1016/S0143974X(99)00084X
ABSTRACT:Thestateoftheartofavailableknowledgeaboutthestabilitydesignofsteelshellstructuresis
discussed.Specificstressisputonthevariousapproachestoanumericallybasedstabilitydesign.TheEuropean
PrestandardENV199316(theShellEurocode)isbrieflydescribed.
Th.A.WinterstetterandH.Schmidt(InstituteforSteelStructures,UniversityofEssen,Germany),Shell
bucklingstrengthoftubesundercombinedaxial,radialandshearloading,inTubularStructuresIX,editedby
R.PuthliandS.Herion,2001,Swets&Zeitlinger,Lisse,TheNetherlands,ISBN9058091910
ABSTRACT:Tubularstructuralcomponentsareusedinalargevarietyofcivilengineeringstructures,e.g.for
offshoreplatforms,chimneys,pipelines,bridgearchesorwindturbinetowers.Theyareoftensubjectedto
combinedloadinginducingmembranecompressivestressstateswhichincasetheyarenotthickwalled

impliesthedangeroflossoflocalstructuralstability(shellbuckling).However,existingdesigncodesshow
significantshortcomingsforinteractiveshellbuckling.Therefore,acomprehensiveexperimentalandnumerical
studyoncylindricalshellshasbeenperformedwhichleadstoanimproveddesignproposalforinteractive
bucklingundercombinedloading.
Th.A.WinterstetterandH.Schmidt(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofEssen,D45117,Essen,
Germany),Stabilityofcircularcylindricalsteelshellsundercombinedloading,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.
40,No.10,October2002,pp.893910,doi:10.1016/S02638231(02)00006X
ABSTRACT:Circularcylindricalshellsmadeofsteelareusedinalargevarietyofcivilengineeringstructures,
e.g.inoffshoreplatforms,chimneys,silos,tanks,pipelines,bridgearchesorwindturbinetowers.Theyare
oftensubjectedtocombinedloadinginducingmembranecompressiveand/orshearstressstateswhichendanger
thelocalstructuralstability(shellbuckling).Acomprehensiveexperimentalandnumericalinvestigationof
cylindricalshellsundercombinedloadinghasbeenperformedwhichyieldedadeeperinsightintothereal
bucklingbehaviourundercombinedloading.Beyondthat,itprovidedruleshowtosimulatenumericallythe
realisticbucklingbehaviourbymeansofsubstitutegeometricimperfections.Acomparisonwithexistingdesign
codesforinteractiveshellbucklingrevealssignificantshortcomings.Aproposalforimproveddesignrulesis
putforward.
H.SchmidtandTh.A.Winterstetter,Cylindricalshellsundertorsionalandtransverseshear,Chapter8in
Bucklingofthinmetalshells,editedbyJ.G.GengandJ.MichaelRotter,2004,SponPress,11NewFetter
Lane,LondonEC4P4EE
H.SchmidtandTh.A.Winterstetter,Cylindricalshellsundercombinedloading:Axialcompression,external
pressureandtorsionalshear,Chapter10inBucklingofthinmetalshells,editedbyJ.G.GengandJ.Michael
Rotter,2004,SponPress,11NewFetterLane,LondonEC4P4EE
PARTIALINTRODUCTION:Circularcylindricalshellsmadeofsteelareusedinavarietyofengineering
structures,forexample,tanks,chimneys,offshoreplatforms,pipelines,silosorwindturbinetowers.Thedesign
againsttensilehoopstresses(containments)oragainsttubularbendingstresses(towertypestructures)often
resultsinverythinshellwallswhichimpliesthedangeroffailurebyinstabilityduetocompressiveand/orshear
forces(shellbuckling).Thebehaviorofcylindricalshellsundereachofthefundamentalloadsofaxial
compression,externalpressureandpuretorsion.iswellunderstood.However,inalmostallcasestheactions
onthestructuredonotinducesuchasimplefundamentalmembranestressstate,butacombinationofthem,
includingmembranestressvariationsinaxialandcircumferentialdirectionandstresspeaksatdifferent
locations.
EduardEwert,KarlSchweizerhofandPeterVielsack,Measurestojudgethesensitivityofthinwalledshells
concerningstabilityunderdifferentloadingconditions,ComputationalMechanics,Vol.37,No.6,2006,507
522,doi:10.1007/s004660050733y
ABSTRACT:Instandardstabilityinvestigationsofstructuresapplyingthefiniteelementmethodusuallythe
bifurcationandsnapthroughpointssocalledstabilitypointsaredetected.However,forpracticaldesign
purposesnotonlythestablestateofequilibriumitselfissignificantbutalsotherobustnessofthestateagainst

finiteperturbationsincontrasttoinfinitesimalperturbations.Thesensitivitymeasure,whichquantifiesthis
robustness,canbeinvestigatedbyintroducingperturbationsatcertainloadlevelsandconsideringtheperturbed
motion.Somesensitivitystudiesareperformedforsimplestabilityproblemsaswellasforrealisticstructures
(cylindricalshells)underdifferentloadingconditions.FurtherscalarparametersbasedonLiapunov
CharacteristicExponentsaredevelopedtoallowabetterjudgmentofthemotionafterintroducingperturbations
andamoreefficientanalysisofthecomplexresponse(seeEwert/Schweizerhof[7]).

K.Schweizerhof,E.Ewert,ks@ifm.unikarlsruhe.de,InstitutfrMechanikUniversittKarlsruhe
UniversittKarlsruhe76131Karlsruhe,Germany,StabilityandSensitivityofShellLikeStructures
ConsideringImperfectionsandContact,8th.WorldCongressonComputationalMechanics(WCCM8)5th
EuropeanCongressonComputationalMethodsinAppliedSciencesandEngineering(ECCOMAS2008)June
30July5,2008Venice,Italy.
ABSTRACT:Instandardstabilityinvestigationsofstructuresapplyingthefiniteelementmethodusually
bifurcationandsnapthroughloadssocalledsingularorstabilitypointsaredetected,seee.g.[4],[6],[7].Itis
wellknownthatforcomplexstructureslikecylindricalshellstheseloadsdependstronglyonthegeometrical
andotherimperfections,see[8],[9],[10].Ithasbeenshownin[1]thatthesingularpointsandthecorresponding
modesvarysignificantlyforsmalldeviationsoftheapproximatedgeometryusingdifferentansatzfunctions.
Furthermoreinvestigationsin[1]haveshownthattheconvergingbehaviorforimperfectstructuresisnon
monotone.Particularlimitationsexistforthestabilityanalysisofshellstructureswhichinvolvecontactbetween
partsorwithsurroundingobjects.Intheenditcouldbefollowedthatstabilitypointsandthecorresponding
loadingdeterminednumericallybystaticstabilityanalysisareoftenoflimitedusefordesignpurposes.In
contrasttotheloadingobtainedforsingularpointsthesocalledpostbucklingloads,whicharethestable
equilibriumstatesinthepostbucklingregion,areratherindependentofgeometricalimperfectionsandof
approximationorder,see[1].Thereforeitisadvantageoustousepostbucklingloadsfordesignpurposes
insteadofloadsobtainedforsingularpoints.Sincetheapplicabilityofstaticanalysesinthecomputationof
postbucklingpathslikeproposede.g.in[5]isratherlimited,itisfavorabletomodelthecompleteloadingand
deformationbehaviorbyatimedependentprocess,see[3],[2],[11],[12].Themajoradvantageofapurely
transientanalysisisthecompletesimulationofthebucklingprocessasithappensinreality.Thisispossible
withmoderatenumericaleffort,sincethematricesusedinthesolutionareusuallybetterconditionedcompared
topurestaticanalysis.Inaddition,thisallowstotakethechangingboundaryconditionsasfoundincontact
situationsproperlyintoaccount.Forpracticaldesignpurposesnotonlytheequilibriumstateitselfissignificant
butalsotherobustnessofsuchstatesagainstfiniteperturbationsincontrasttoinfinitesimalperturbations.In
thecaseofsystemswithmanyequilibriumstatesatadefinedloadlevelfiniteperturbationscantransferthe
mechanicalsystemfromastableequilibriumstatetoanotherequilibriumstateorinsomecaseseventoan
unboundedmotioninitiatingbuckling.Thenasensitivitymeasurecanbedefinedasthereciprocalvalueofthe
minimumperturbationenergy,necessaryforthistransferS=1/Wper,min,see[2].Inthepresentpaperstability
andsensitivitystudiesareperformedforsimplestabilityproblems(beams)andfinallyforrathergeneralshell
structuresinvolvinggeometricalimperfectionsandinparticularcontact.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
[1]
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[2]
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differentloadingconditions.SpecialIssueofComp.Mech,Vol.37(6),507522,2006.

[3]
E.Riks,C.C.Rankin,F.A.Brogan.Onthesolutionofmodejumpingphenomenainthinwalledshellstructures.Comp.
Meth.Appl.Mech.Eng.,Vol.136,5992,1996.
[4]
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elementanalysis.Comp.Meth.Appl.Mech.Eng.,Vol.70,329347,1988.
[5]
W.Wagner,P.Wriggers.Asimplemethodforthecalculationofpostcriticalbranches.Eng.Comp.,Vol.5,103109,1988.
[6]
H.A.Mang,Ch.Schranz,P.MackenzieHelnwein.Conversionfromimperfectionsensitiveintoimperfectioninsensitive
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[7]
H.A.Mang,Ch.Schranz,P.MackenzieHelnwein.Conversionfromimperfectionsensitiveintoimperfectioninsensitive
elasticstructuresII:Numericalinvestigation.Comp.Meth.Appl.Mech.Eng.,Vol.195:1316,14581479,2006.
[8]
J.Arbocz.TheImperfectionDataBank,aMeanstoObtainRealisticBucklingLoads.E.Ramm(Ed.)Proceedings,Buckling
ofShellsAStateoftheArtColloquium,SpringerVerlag,535567,1982.
[9]
J.ArboczandC.D.Jr.Babcock.TheEffectofGeneralImperfectionsontheBucklingLoadofCylindricalShells.J.Appl.
Mech.,Vol.36,2838,1969.
[10] W.T.Koiter.OverdeStabiliteitvanhetEvenwicht.Dissertation,Delft.(1945)Englishtranslation:Onthestabilityofelastic
equilibrium.NASATTF10,1967.
[11] R.Degenhardt,K.Rohwer,W.Wagner,J.P.Delsemme.PostbucklingandcollapseanalysisofCFRPstringersstiffenedpanels
aGARTEURactivity.Procs.ForthInt.Conf.ThinWalledStr.,Loughborough,UK,2004.
[12] W.Schneider.ModellingoftheCollapseProcessofQuasiStaticLoadedShellStructures.Procs.ofWCCMV,Vienna,2002.

M.S.Naschie(DepartmentofCivilandMunicipalEngineering,UniversityCollege,London,UK),Initialpost
bucklingsolutionofacrackedphysicallynonlinearcylindricalshell,InternationalJournalofFracture,Vol.11,
No.3,1975,pp.525527,doi:10.1007/BF00033538
PARTIALINTRODUCTION:Thecrackproblemsofshellshavebeeninrecentyearssubjecttoincreasing
interest.Variousinitialvalueproblemsforcylindricalshellscontainingdifferenttypesofcrackshavebeen
studiedbyErdoganandhisassociates,andChilverandHaymanhaveinitiatedanextensivestudyoftheeffect
ofdegeneracyonthestabilityperformanceofrodsandshellstructures[13].Suchinvestigationsresultpartly
fromdramaticstructuralcollapses,suchasthatofthereinforcedconcretecoolingtowersatFerryridgein
Yorkshire[4]
M.S.ElNaschie,NonlinearIsometricBifurcationandShellBuckling,ZAMM,V
uesIum
57,ole
2932
sgpea1976,96,.DOI:10.1002/zamm.19770570604
ABSTRACT:Asimpleconceptforstudyingthelowerstabilitylimitofshellstructureswhichisbasedonthe
theoryofisometrictransformationofsurfacesisoutlined.Theinfluenceofimperfectiononthelowerstability
limitisdiscussedinthecaseofaxiallycompressedcylindricalshells.
M.S.ElNaschie(KACSTRiyadh,SaudiArabia),Chaosandlocalbucklingofelasticstructures,in
Integrationoftheoryandapplicationsinappliedmechanics:choiceof...editedbyJ.F.DijksmanandFransT.
M.Nieuwstadt,KluwerAcademicPublishers,1990,ISBN0792309219
ABSTRACT:Recentadvancesinbucklinglocalizationbasedonthetheoryofsolitonsanddeterministicchaos
arediscussedandsubsequentlyutilizedinconjunctionwithageometricalapproachtobucklingofelasticshells
inordertoobtainanengineeringestimationoftheactualbucklingload.
ElNaschie,M.S.(51PittPlace,ChurchStreet,Epsom,SurreyKT174PY,England,U.K.),Onthe

SusceptibilityofLocalElasticBucklingtoChaos,ZAMMJournalofAppliedMathematicsandMechanics/
ZeitschriftfrAngewandteMathematikundMechanik,Vol.70,No.12,1990,pp.535542.
doi:10.1002/zamm.19900701202
ABSTRACT:Thepaperdrawsattentiontoaninterestingconnectionbetweentherandomnessoflocalized
bucklingformsofelasticstructures,solitonsanddeterministicchaosofdynamicsystems.
AmitShukla(1),RobertW.Gordon(2)andJosephJ.Hollkamp(2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalandManufacturingEngineering,MiamiUniversity,Oxford,Ohio45056
(2)AirForceResearchLaboratory,AFRL/VASM,2790D.Street,WPAFB,Ohio
Nonlineardynamicsofapostbuckledbeam:aparametricspaceinvestigation(publisheranddatenotgivenin
thepdffile)
ABSTRACT:Thenonlinearresponseofanaircraftpanelduetoacousticandthermalloadingis
computationallyexpensiveusingtraditionalfiniteelementmethods.Thishasleadtotheuseofseveralreduced
ordermodalmodeldevelopmentmethodsforsuchsystems.Inthispaper,wefirstprovideahistoricalreviewof
thenonlinearphenomenonassociatedwiththepostbucklingresponseduetothermalacousticloadingwith
specificemphasisonsnapthroughresponse.Next,aparametricspaceinvestigationispresentedtostudythe
effectofthermalgradientand/orpreloadonthepostbucklingdynamicbehaviorofaclampedclampedbeam
system.Thispaperstudiesasinglemodeapproximationoftheclampedclampedbeam.Thesereducedorder
modelsarebasedontheimplicitcondensationmethod.Firsttheparametricspaceinvestigationisconductedto
identifythestabilityoftheperiodicsolutionsforbothmodels.Theeffectofharmonicexcitationispresentedin
termsofthebifurcationdiagramwithspecificfocusontheeffectofinitialpreloadparameter.Finally,some
conclusionsabouttheresponsetomultifrequencyexcitationarepresentedintermsofthenumericalbifurcation
diagrams.
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R.Kutylowski,K.Myslecki,BucklingStudyofCylindricalShellUsingMathematicaComputingSystem,
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Suchstructuresareusuallyelementsofthevehiclebumpers.Theyareusedfordissipatingthecrashenergy.The
analysisisfocusedonfindingthemostwavedbucklingformduetotheparametersofthestructure.An
analyticalapproachisemployedinthisinvestigationinsteadofanumericalone.ThestandardLagrangean
energyalgorithmisexpressedinMathematicaformalism.
KatoShiro(ToyohashiUniv.ofTechnol.)YamashitaTetsuo(TomoeCorp.)ShibataRyoichi(GifuNatl.
Coll.ofTechnol.),EvaluationofBucklingStrengthofTwowayGridShellusingContinuumAnalogy,
JournalofStructuralEngineering.B,
Vol.46B,pp.167174,2000,(inJapanese)
ABSTRACT:Thepresentpaperdiscussesamethodtoestimatetheelastoplasticbucklingloadsoftwoway
gridshells.Themethodfirstappliestheconceptofshellanalogytoderivelinearbucklingloadsina
mathematicalform,secondcalculatesthegeneralizedslendernessofbucklingofmembersusinglinearbuckling
loads,andfinallyestimatestheelastoplasticbucklingloadsbasedontheconceptofcolumnstrengthcurvesin
termsofgeneralizedslenderness.Inthemathematicalformforlinearbuckingloads,theinplaneshearrigidity
isreconfirmedtobethemostimportanttogetherwiththeoutofplanebendingrigidities.Thebucklingstrength
inelastoplasticregion,basedonthepresentmethod,iscomparedwiththoseobtainedbyelastoplastic
nonlinearanalysisandverifiedveryaccurate.nonlinearanalysisandverifiedveryaccurate.
SadaoKomatsu(1)andSatoshiNara(1)andToshiyukiKitada(2)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,OsakaUniversity,Suita,Osaka565,Japan
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,OsakaCityUniversity,Osaka558,Japan
Elastoplasticanalysisoforthogonallystiffenedplateswithinitialimperfectionsunderuniaxialcompression,
Computers&Structures,Vol.11,No.5,May1980,pp.429437,doi:10.1016/00457949(80)901091
ABSTRACT:Ingeneral,thestiffenedplatesconsistingofsteelplateelementsareunavoidablyaccompaniedby
initialimperfectionssuchasresidualstressesandinitialdeflections,whichhaveconsiderableeffectsontheir
ultimatestrength.Therefore,itisneededfordesigningthemtodevelopmorerationalmethodtakingthe
ultimatestrengthinfluencedbyinitialimperfectionsintoaccountratherthantheconventionaldesignmethod
beingonthebasisofthelinearelasticbucklingtheory.Fromthispointofview,thisstudyaimstoevaluate
rigorouslytheultimatestrengthoforthogonallystiffenedplatewithinitialimperfectionsunderuniaxialinplane
compression.Theelastoplasticfiniteelementmethodisappliedtoattainthispurpose.Byahappycombination
ofmodalanalyticaltechniqueandconventionalfiniteelementmethod,muchreductionofthedegreeoffreedom
canbeexpectedtoberealizedherewith.Somenumericalcalculationsareperformedbymeansofthisrigorous
methodtoexaminetheexactnessoftheanalysis.Moreover,thenumericalresultsarecomparedwiththe
experimentalones.

ShiroKatoandTetsuoYamashita,EvaluationofElastoplasticBucklingStrengthofTwowayGridShells
usingContinuumAnalogy,InternationalJournalofSpaceStructures,Vol.17,No.4,December,2002doi:
10.1260/026635102321049510
Abstract:Thepresentpaperaimstoproposeamethodtoevaluateelastoplasticbucklingstrengthoftwoway
gridshells,usingmathematicalformulasforlinearbucklingderivedbasedonthecontinuumshellanalogy.The
paperisorganisedfromtwoprincipalpointsofview.Inthefirstdiscussion,wederivetwoformulasforlinear
bucklingoftwowaygridshellsbysubstitutingtheequivalentcontinuumrigidityintothebucklingformulasfor
orthotropicshells.Theapplicabilityoftheformulasisverifiedusingseveralstructuralexamplesbycomparison
withtheotherproposedformulasandFEMresults.Intheseconddiscussion,basedontheconceptofcolumn
buckling,aneffectiveapproachtoestimateelastoplasticbucklingstrengthoftwowaygridshellsis
demonstrated.Intheestimationprocedure,thebucklingformulasderivedinthefirstdiscussionareeffectively
appliedtoobtainthegeneralisedslenderness.
K.ShirakawaandM.Morita(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofOsakaPrefecture,Mozu
Umemachi,Sakai,Osaka591,Japan),Vibrationandbucklingofcylinderswithellipticalcrosssection,
JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.84,No.1,September1982,pp.121131,
doi:10.1016/0022460X(82)904369
ABSTRACT:Astudyofthefreevibrationoffinitecylinderswithellipticalcrosssectionunderexternal
pressureispresented.Thebucklngpressureisobtainedasaspecialcaseinthefreevibrationanalysis.The
ellipticalcrosssectionisconsideredtobecomposedoftwocirculararcs,andtheequationsofacircular
cylindricalshellareapplied.Numericalexamplesarepresentedtoexaminetheeffectofoutofroundnessonthe
naturalfrequenciesandthebucklingpressure.
K.Shirakawa(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofOsakaPrefecture,MozuUmemachi,
Sakai,Osaka591,Japan),Effectsofsheardeformationandrotatoryinertiaonvibrationandbucklingof
cylindricalshells,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.91,No.3,December1983,pp.425437,
doi:10.1016/0022460X(83)902894
ABSTRACT:Thevibrationofcylindricalshellssubjectedtoinitialstressesisstudiedonthebasisofashell
theoryincludingsheardeformationandrotatoryinertia.Theoriginalequationsystemwithfiveunknownsis
reducedtooneinthreeunknowns.Ananalysisiscarriedoutforcylindricalshellswithsimplysupportedends
andtheeffectsofinitialstressesaswellassheardeformationandrotatoryinertiaonthefrequenciesandthe
bucklingforcesareexamined,andresultsarecomparedwiththoseobtainedbyusingclassicalthinshelltheory.
ResultsforinitiallyunstressedshellsarecomparedwiththoseobtainedbyusingtheMirskyHerrmanntheory.
KaoruShirakawaandTohruTamada,VibrationandBucklingofCylindricalShellunderExternalPressure,
ABSTRACT:Thevibrationproblemsoffinitecylindricalshellsunderexternalpressurearestudiedbasedon
theequationsdevelopedbyFlugge.Thebucklingpressureisobtainedasaspecialcaseinthevibrationanalysis.
Numericalresultsarepresentedforninedifferentsetsofboundaryconditions,andtheireffectsonthe
characteristicsofvibrationandbucklingareexaminedwithregardtothemodeshapesandthegeometrical
parametersofcylindricalshells.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1)W.Flugge,StressesinShells,SpringerVerlag(1960);StatikundDynamikderSchalen,SpringerVerlag(1934).

2)R.N.ArnoldandG.B.Warburton,Proc.Roy.Soc.,SerA.197,238(1949);Proc.Inst.Mech.Engng.,167,62(1953).
3)K.Forsberg,AIAA,2,2150(1964).
4)G.B.Warburton,J.Mech.Engng.Soc.,7,399(1965).
5)R.vonMises,ZVDI,58,750(1914).
6)S.B.Batdorf,NACA,TR.874,17(1947).
7)W.A.Nash,J.Aeronaut.Sci.,21,354(1954).
8)G.D.GalletlyandR.Bart,J.Appl.Mech.,23,351(1956).
9)L.H.Sobel,AIAA,2,1437(1964).
10)N.Yamaki,Rep.Inst.HighSpeedMech.,TohokuUniv.,24,37(1968/1969)(inJapanese).
11)Y.C.Fung,E.E.SechlerandA.Kaplan,J.Aeronaut.Sci.,24,650(1957).
12)M.HamadaandM.Mase,BunJSME,17,1251(1974).
13)K.Sezawa,Shindogaku(Vibrations),Iwanami(1932).

MichaelP.Nemeth,Nondimensionalparametersandequationsforbucklingofsymmetricallylaminatedthin
elasticshallowshells,NASATechnicalMemorandum104060,March,1991
Giezen,JurgenJ.(1988)Plasticbucklingofcylindersunderbiaxialloading.Dissertation(Ph.D.),California
InstituteofTechnology.http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechETD:etd11212007083506
ABSTRACT:Anexperimentalinvestigationiscarriedouttostudytheeffectsofnonproportionalloadinginthe
plasticrangeonabucklingload.Thediscrepancybetweenexperimentalandtheoreticalresultspointstosome
principalshortcomingintheanalysis.Theproblemhasbeensimplifiedbyapplyingaxialtensileloadand
externalpresstosimplecylindricalshellspecimenandobservingthebucklingloadforvariousnonproportional
loadpaths.Resultsarecomparedtonumericalpredictions(BOSOR5)usingclassicaltypeplasticitymodels
suchas[...]deformationand[...]incrementaltheory.Significantdiscrepancywasfoundanattributedto
inadequatemodelingofthenonlinearmaterialbehavior.Theeffectsofgeometricalimperfectionsandlarge
deflectionswerefoundtoinsignificant,therebyleadingtoanidea[...]ofthediscrepancybetweentestand
theoryisduetoauseofinadequateplasticmodel.TheintroductionoftheSouthwellplotintoelasticshell
bucklingproblemreducedthealreadyminoreffectsofgeometricimperfections.TheChristoffersenHutchinson
cornertheorymodelwasintroducedintoBOSAR5initssimplestformaspresentedbyPohSangLam.Results
obtainedwiththismodel,whichallowscornerstoformonaninitiallysmoothyieldsurface,displayedbetter
agreementwithexperimentaldata.However,increasedcomputationaltimeandproblemsrelatedtoabrupt
changesinloadpathatthecornerareamajorconcernatthispresenttime
J.J.Giezen,C.D.BabcockandJ.Singer,Plasticbucklingofcylindricalshellsunderbiaxialloading,
ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.31,No.4,1991,pp.337343,doi:10.1007/BF02325990
ABSTRACT:Thepredictionsforplasticbucklingofshellsaresignificantlyaffectedbytheplasticitymodel
employed,inparticularinthecaseofnonproportionalloading.Aseriesofexperimentsonplasticbucklingof
cylindricalaluminumalloyshellsunderbiaxialloading(externalpressureandaxialtension),withwelldefined
loadingandboundaryconditions,wasthereforecarriedouttoprovideexperimentaldataforevaluationofthe
suitabilityofdifferent,plasticitymodels.Intheexperiments,initialimperfectionsandtheirgrowthunderload
weremeasuredandspecialattentionwaspaidtobucklingdetectionandloadpathcontrol.TheSouthwellplot
wasappliedwithsuccesstosmooththeresults.Theresultsshowthataxialtensiondecreasesresistanceto
bucklingunderexternalpressureintheplasticregionduetolsquosofteningrsquoofthematerialbehavior.
ComparisonwithnumericalcalculationsusingJ2deformationandincrementaltheoriesindicatethatboth
theoriesdonotpredictcorrectlyplasticbucklingundernonproportionalloading.

loLepik(InstituteofAppliedMathematics,TartuUniversity,Vanemuisestr.46,EE2400,Tartu,Estonia),
Onplasticbucklingofcylindricalshellsstruckaxiallywithamass,InternationalJournalofNonLinear
Mechanics,Vol.33,No.2,March1998,pp.235246,doi:10.1016/S00207462(97)00005X
ABSTRACT:Bucklingofelasticplasticcylindricalshellsaxiallystruckwithamassisdiscussed.Theeffectof
stresswavefrontstravellingalongtheshellistakenintoaccount.Thisallowsustocastsomemorelightonthe
mechanismofprogressivebuckling.Onlyaxisymmetricbucklingmodesareconsidered.Theanalysisisbased
ontheKirchhoffLovehypotheses.Asaconstitutivelaw,therateindependentelastoplasticrelationswith
linearstrainhardeningandvonMisesyieldconditionareadopted.Amethodforcalculatingbifurcationtimes
andbucklingmodesispresented.Numericalexamplesaregiven.
Yamaoka,Koshun,SphericalShellTectonics:OnTheBucklingOfTheLithosphereAtSubductionZones,
NAGOYARepository,25March1986.
http://hdl.handle.net/2237/12518
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingphenomenaofthesubductinglithosphereduetothesphericityortheearthare
studiedbyanonlinearfiniteelementmethod,andtheresultsarecomparedwiththebucklingexperimentsby
Yamaokaeta1.(1986b).Thesubductionorthelithosphereismodeledbyahemisphericalshellsqueezedatits
circumferentialedge.Forsimplicity,twoparametersareemployedinscalingthesubductinglithosphere.Oneis
thethicknessorthelithosphereandtheotheristhelengthoritsdeformableportion(i.e.,thelengthofthe
descendingslab).Uniforminwardloadisappliedtothefreecircumferentialedgeorthedeformableportion.At
theoppositeedge(i.e.,atthetrench),builtinboundaryconditionisimposed;nodisplacementsandnorotations
areallowed.Investigationsaremademainlyonthefollowingthreesubjects:(I)Howdothetwoparameters
controlthewavelengthofbuckling?Theresultsshowthatshorterwavesareassociatedwiththinnerandshorter
shells.Theirregularitiessuchastearsorseamountsdonotalterthebucklingwavelengthverymuch.(2)How
doshellsdeformintheirpostbucklingstate.Sharpcuspspointingoutwardappearinthepostbuckling
undulationwithoutanyirregularitiesinshellpropertyandinappliedloadeTheshapeorthecuspidalundulation
isquitesimilart.othatoftheactualsubductinglithosphere.(3)Canbucklingtakeplaceinthesubducting
lithospbereunderlikelyconditionsintheearth?Theexaminationismadewithrespecttothebucklingload,the
shelldeflection,andthebucklingwavelength.Theresultsstronglysuggestthatthearcuateshapesofsubduction
zonesareinfactgeneratedbybucklingorthesubductinglithosphere.
YoshioFukao(1),KoshunYamaoka(1)andTakamasaSakurai(2)
(1)DepartmentofEarthSciences,NagoyaUniversity,Chikusa,Nagoya464Japan
(2)CivilEngineering,ToyotaTechnicalCollege,Eiseicho,Toyota471Japan
Sphericalshelltectonics:bucklingofsubductinglithosphere,PhysicsoftheEarthandPlanetaryInteriors,
Vol.45,No.1,January1987,pp.5967,doi:10.1016/00319201(87)90197X
ABSTRACT:Thelithosphericplateisasphericalshellratherthanaplaneplate.Asphericalshellmustbuckle
whenitisbentinward.Weexaminedthepossibilityoflithosphericbucklinguponsubduction.Thelithosphere
withitssubductedportionissimulatedbyahemisphericalelasticshellbentinwardatitscircumferentialedge
byauniformradialload.Thebuoyancyforceactingonthelithosphereseawardofthetrenchissimulatedby
clampingtheshellalongaparallel.Thedeformableportionbetweentheloadedandclampededgescorresponds

tothesubductingslaboflithosphere.Bucklinganalysesweremadeusingthetechniquesofalinearstability
analysisandafiniteelementmethod.Thewavelengthofbucklingdependsonthethicknessoftheshellandthe
lengthofitsdeformableportion:alongerwavelengthisassociatedwithathickershellandalongerdeformable
portion.Byscalingtheshellthicknessandthelengthofthedeformableportiontotheelasticthicknessof
lithosphereandthelengthofsubductingslab,respectively,thewavelengthofbucklingcanbecompared
favourablytothelengthofoneunitofarcuatetrenchinachainlikecontinuationofislandarcs.Theloadtobe
appliedforinitiationofbucklingiscalledthecriticalload:alowercriticalloadisassociatedwithathinnershell
withalongerdeformableportion.Theexcessweightofsubductingslabprovidesaloadlargeenoughtoinitiate
lithosphericbucklingatarelativelyearlystageofsubduction.Radialdisplacementofthecircumferentialedge
atthecriticalstateisanorderofmagnitudesmallerthanthedepthoftheleadingedgeoftheWadatiBenioff
zone,indicatingthatmostofthepresentsubductinglithospheresareunderapostbucklingstate.Undulationof
theshellinthepostbucklingstateisnotpurelysinusoidalbutasuccessivecontinuationofarcswithcuspsin
between,invokingthecontinuationofarcuatedeepseatrencheswithcuspsattheirjunctions.Thecuspate
featureofislandarcchainsisthusanaturalconsequenceoflithosphericbucklinganddoesnotrequireanysuch
irregularitiesasseamountscollidingwithatrench.Collisionofseamounts,however,canaidbucklinggreatlyif
theyarealignedalongatrenchatanintervalnotverydifferentfromtheinherentbucklingwavelength.
H.J.Weinitschke(InstitutfrAngewandteMathematik,UniversittErlangenNmberg,D8520Erlangen,
Germany),Onthecalculationoflimitandbifurcationpointsinstabilityproblemsofelasticshells,
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.21,No.1,1985,pp.7995
doi:10.1016/00207683(85)901064
ABSTRACT:NumericalmethodsforthecomputationofsingularpointsofnonlinearequationsG(u,lambda,
mu)=0arediscussed,wherelambdaandmuarerealparameters.Simpleanddoublelimitpointsaretreatedin
somedetailandnumericalalgorithmsarepresentedandappliedtoelasticshellstabilityproblems.Thecaseof
simplesymmetrybreakingbifurcationpointsisalsotreatedwithapplicationstononsymmetricbifurcationfrom
axisymmetricstatesofdeformationofshellsofrevolution.
C.R.Calladine(Peterhouse,Cambridge),Thestaticgeometricanalogyintheequationsofthinshell
structures,MathematicalProceedingsoftheCambridgePhilosophicalSociety(1977),Vol.82,No.2,pp.335
351,doi:10.1017/S0305004100053974
ABSTRACT:Thestaticgeometricanalogyinthinshellstructuresisaformalcorrespondencebetween
equilibriumequationsontheonehandandgeometriccompatibilityequationsontheother.Itiswellknownasa
fact,butnosatisfactoryexplanationofitsbasishasbeengiven.Thepapergivesanexplanationfortheanalogy,
withintheframeworkofshallowshelltheory.Theexplanationisfacilitatedbytwoinnovations:(i)separation
oftheshellsurfaceconceptuallyintoseparatestretching(S)andbending(B)surfaces;(ii)useofchangeof
Gaussiancurvatureasaprimevariable.Variouslimitationsoftheanalogyarepointedout,andaschemefor
numericalcalculationwhichembodiesthemostusefulfeaturesoftheanalogyisoutlined.
B.D.ReddyandC.R.Calladine(UniversityEngineeringDepartment,UniversityofCambridge,Cambridge
CB21PZ,England),Classicalbucklingofathinwalledtubesubjectedtobendingmomentandinternal
pressure,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.20,No.9,1978,pp.641650,

doi:10.1016/00207403(78)90022X
ABSTRACT:Theclassicalbucklingofathinwalledcircularcylindricalshellwhichissubjected
simultaneouslytouniformbendingmomentandinternalpressureisinvestigatedinanapproximatefashionby
assuminganappropriateeigenmodeandobtainingabestfitsolutionoftheresultingequations.Inthisway,
explicitformulaearederivedforcriticalloadingcombinationsandforthecharacteristicsofthemodalform.
TheseformulaeagreereasonablywellwithawiderangeofnumericaldatapreviouslyobtainedbySeideand
Weingarten.Afeatureoftheschemeisthatitisfeasibletointerprettheresultsinphysicalterms,andto
envisagetherolesofbending,twistingandstretchinginthecriticalsolution.
C.R.Calladine(CambridgeUniversityEngineeringDepartment,CambridgeCB21PZ,England),Thetheory
ofshellstructuresAimsandmethods,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.24,No.4,1982,
pp.219230,doi:10.1016/00207403(82)900765
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdiscussesinageneralwaysomeaspectsofthetheoryofshellstructures,andthe
natureofthetheoryitself.Itemphasisestheimportanceoftheinteractionbetweenbendingandstretching
effectsinshells,andshowsthatthetwosurfacemodelofshellsprovidesausefulwayofinvestigatingthis
interactionatboththeconceptualandthecomputationallevel.Acylindricalshellundervarioussimplekindsof
loadingdemonstrateshowthekeydimensionlessgroupsemergefromthistypeofanalysis.
SomefreshlightisthrownonthefamouscontroversybetweenLoveandRayleighonthevibrationofsimple
shells.Variousproblemswhichariseinthenumericalcomputationofshellstructuresarediscussed.Thepaper
concludeswithsomegeneralremarks.
C.R.Calladine(UniversityEngineeringDepartment,Cambridge,UK),Thetheoryofthinshellstructures
18881988,LoveCentenaryLecture,ProceedingsoftheInstitutionofMechanicalEngineers18471996,Vol.
202,No.A3,1988,pp.141149,doi:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1988_202_020_02
ABSTRACT:Thispapercommemoratesthepublicationin1888ofA.E.H.Lovespaperonthinelasticshells.It
discussesLovesrelationshipwithRayleighandothers,andassessesthehistoricalsignificanceofthework.
E.T.HamblyandC.R.Calladine(DepartmentofEngineering,UniversityofCambridge,CambridgeCB2IPZ,
U.K.),Bucklingexperimentsondamagedcylindricalshells,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,
Vol.33,No.24,October1996,pp.35393548,doi:10.1016/00207683(95)001948
ABSTRACT:Itiswellknownthatthebucklingloadofathincylindricalshellunderaxialcompressiondepends
significantlyontheinitialimperfectionofthespecimen.Inthispaperwefocusattentionontheeffectof
imperfectionsintheformofaparticularkindofdamageontheloadcarryingcapacityofathincylindrical
shell.Thestudyisanexperimentalone.Thespecimensusedweresteeldrinkscanshavingaradius/thickness
ratioofabout350.Thedamagewasintroducedbypressinginanindentationbyhandandthenpushingitout
again:thislefttwolocallydamagedregionsintheshell;andthelevelofdamagecouldbecharacterisedbythe
widthoftheinitialindentation.Thespecimensweretestedundereccentricaxialcompression.Carefulvisual
observationsweremadeofthebehaviouroftheshellsinthedamagedregions.Ingeneral,astheloadincreased
asmalldimplenearthedamagedzonegrewinsize,andturnedgraduallyintoadiamondshape.Whenthewidth
ofsuchadentreached25mm,thecancollapsedcatastrophically.Thenominalstresslevelintheregionofthe

dentatbucklingwasaround0.24oftheclassicalbucklingstress,whereasthebucklingstresslevelfor
undamagedcanswas0.50.1oftheclassicalvalue.
P.MandalandC.R.Calladine(DepartmentofEngineering,UniversityofCambridge,Cambridge,CB21PZ,
UK),Bucklingofthincylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,Vol.37,No.33,August2000,pp.45094525,doi:10.1016/S00207683(99)001602
ABSTRACT:Simpleexperimentsonselfweightbucklingofthin,opentop,fixedbase,smallscalesilicone
rubbercylindricalshellsarepresentedinthisarticle.Thebucklingheightswerefoundtobeproportionalto
thicknessraisedtothepowerofapproximately1.5,comparedto1.0asintheclassicaltheory.Anonlinear
finiteelementanalysisofselfweightbucklingshowedthatthereisapostbucklingplateauload
correspondingtotheexperimentalbucklingloads.Moreover,theresultsofthepresentexperimentsshowedvery
littlescatterinthebucklingheights,comparedtothelargescatterintheexperimentaldatafromtheliterature
onthebucklingofthincylindricalshellsunderaxialcompressiveload(whichalsohavebucklingstress
proportionaltothicknessraisedtothepowerofapproximately1.5),althoughthereweremeasurable
imperfectionsintermsofthicknessvariations.Theseobservationssomehowdefytheacceptedhypothesisof
imperfectionsensitivityinshellbuckling.Themostobviousexplanationofthedifferenceisthattheopen
toppedshellsofthepresentstudyarestaticallydeterminate,whereastheusualclosedendedshellsoftests
reportedintheliteraturearestaticallyindeterminate;thepossibilityofhighinitialstressesmayexplainthe
scatterintheexperimentalobservationsintheliterature.
E.R.Lancaster,C.R.Calladine,S.C.Palmer(DepartmentofEngineering,UniversityhofCambridge,
CambridgeCB2IPZ,UK),Paradoxicalbucklingbehaviourofathincylindricalshellunderaxial
compression,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.42(2000)pp.843865
ABSTRACT:Thewidelyacceptedtheoryofbucklingofthincylindricalshellsunderaxialcompressiveloading
emphasisesthesensitivityofthebucklingloadtothepresenceofinitialimperfections.Theseimperfectionsare
conventionallytakentobeminorgeometricperturbationsofashellwhichisinitiallystressfree.Theoriginal
aimofthepresentstudywastoinvestigatethee!ectonthebucklingloadofimperfectionsintheformoflocal
initialstress,whichareprobablymoretypicalofpracticethanpurelygeometricones.Experimentswere
performedonavertical`melinexcylinderofdiameterabout0.9mandheightabout0.7m,with
radius/thicknessratioabout1800.Theupperandloweredgesofthecylinderwereclampedtoenddiscsby
meansofcircumferentialbelts,anarrangementthatallowedstatesofselfstresstobeintroducedtotheshell
readilybymeansoflocalupliftatthebase.Theupperdiscwasmadesufficientlyheavytobuckletheshell,
anditwassupportedbyaverticalcentralrodunderscrewcontrol.Manybucklingtestswereperformed.
Surprisingly,thebucklingloadsweregenerallyattheupperendoftherangeoffractionsoftheclassical
bucklingloadthathavebeenfoundinmanypreviousexperimentalstudies.Evenwhenthelocalupliftatthe
basecausedalocal`dimpleatobeformedbeforetheshellwasloaded,thebucklingloadwasrelativelyhigh.A
surfacescanningapparatusallowedthegeometricformoftheshelltobemonitored,andtheprogressofsucha
dimpletobefollowed;anditwasfoundthatadimplegenerallygrewinsizeandmigratedinastablefashionup
theshellastheloadincreased,untilapointwasreachedwhenunstablebucklingoccurred.Theseunexpected
andparadoxicalfeaturesofthebehaviouroftheexperimentalshellmaybeattributedtotheparticularboundary
conditionsoftheshell,whichprovideineffectstaticallydeterminatesupportconditions.Thisstudyraisessome
newissuesinthefieldofshellbuckling,bothfortheunderstandingofbucklingphenomenaandfortherational

designofshellsbyengineersagainstbuckling.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

[1]vonKrmnT,DunnLG,TsienHS.Theinfluenceofcurvatureonthebucklingcharacteristicsofstructures.Journalofthe
AeronauticalSciences1940;7:27689.
[2]KoiterWT.Thestabilityofelasticequilibrium.DissertationforthedegreeofDoctorintheTechnicalSciencesattheTechnische
HoogeSchool,Delft,1945.Amsterdam:H.J.Paris(inDutch).EnglishtranslationbyE.Riks(1970):TechnicalreportAFFDLTR70
25,AirForce#ightdynamicslaboratory,AirForceSystemsCommand,WrightPattersonAirForceBase,Ohio,USA.
[3]ArboczJ.Theeffectofinitialimperfectionsonshellstability.In:FungYC,SechlerEE,editors.Thinshellstructures.Englewood
Cliffs,NJ:PrenticeHallInc.,1974.p.20545.
[4]AbramovichH,SingerJ,WellerT.Theinfluenceofinitialimperfectionsonthebucklingofstiffenedcylindricalshellsunder
combinedloading.In:JullianJF,editor.Bucklingofshellstructuresonland,inthesea,andintheair.London:ElsevierApplied
Science,1991.p.110.
[5]HeymanJ.Equilibriumofshellstructures.Oxford:ClarendonPress,1977.
[6]PellegrinoS,CalladineCR.Matrixanalysisofstaticallyandkinematicallyindeterminateframeworks.InternationalJournalof
SolidsStructures1986;22:40928.
[7]CalladineCR.Theoryofshellstructures.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1983.
[8]KamyabH,PalmerSC.Experimentalinvestigationofthedisplacementsinoilstoragetankscausedbydifferentialsettlement.In:
AllisonIM,RuizC,editors.Appliedsolidmechanics,vol.3.London:ElsevierAppliedScience,1989.p.33650.
[9]BrushDO,AlmrothBO.Bucklingofbars,platesandshells.NewYork:McGrawHillBookCo.,1975.
[10]KoiterWT.Theeffectofaxisymmetricimperfectionsonthebucklingofcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression.Proc.
KoninklijkeNederlandseAkademievanWetenschappen1963;66(b):26579.
[11]CalladineCR,BarberJN.Simpleexperimentsonselfweightbucklingofopencylindricalshells.JournalofAppliedMechanics
1970;37:11501.
[12]MandalP.PhDDissertation,UniversityofCambridge,1997.
[13]HamblyET,CalladineCR.Bucklingexperimentsondamagedcylindricalshells.InternationalJournalofSolidsStructures
1996;33:353948.

E.Zhu(1),1,P.Mandal(2)andC.R.Calladine(1)
(1)DepartmentofEngineering,UniversityofCambridge,TrumpingtonStreet,CambridgeCB21PZ,UK
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UMIST,P.O.Box88,ManchesterM601QD,UK
Bucklingofthincylindricalshells:anattempttoresolveaparadox,InternationalJournalofMechanical
Sciences,Vol.44,No.8,August2002,pp.15831601,doi:10.1016/S00207403(02)000656
ABSTRACT:Theclassicaltheoryofbucklingofaxiallyloadedthincylindricalshellspredictsthatthebuckling
stressisdirectlyproportionaltothethicknesst,otherthingsbeingequal.Butempiricaldatashowclearlythat
thebucklingstressisactuallyproportionaltot1.5,otherthingsbeingequal.Asiswellknown,thereiswide
scatterinthebucklingstressdata,goingfromonehalftotwicethemeanvalueforagivenratioR/t.Current
theoriesofshellbucklingexplainthelowbucklingstressincomparisonwiththeclassicalandthe
experimentalscatterintermsofimperfectionsensitive,nonlinearbehaviour.Butthosetheoriesalwaystake
theclassicalanalysisofanideal,perfectshellastheirpointofreference.Ourpresentprincipalaimistoexplain
theobservedt1.5law.Sofarasweknow,nopreviousattackhasbeenmadeonthisparticularaspectofthinshell
buckling.Ourworkisthusbreakingnewground,andweshalldeliberatelyavoidtakingtheclassicalanalysisas
ourstartingpoint.Wefirstpointoutthatexperimentsonselfweightbucklingofopentoppedcylindricalshells
agreewellwiththemeanexperimentaldatamentionedabove;andthenweassociatethoseresultswithawell
definedpostbucklingplateauinload/deflectionspace,thatisrevealedbyfiniteelementstudies.Thisplateau
islinkedwiththeappearanceofacharacteristicdimpleofamainlyinextensionalcharacterinthedeformed
shellwall.Asomewhatsimilarpostbucklingdimpleisalsofoundbyquiteseparatefiniteelementstudieswhen
athincylindricalshellisloadedaxiallyatanedgebyalocalisedforce;anditturnsoutthatsuchadimplegrows

underamoreorlessconstantforcethatisproportionaltot2.5,otherthingsbeingequal.This2.5powerlawcan
beexplainedbyanalogywiththeinversionofathinsphericalshellbyaninwarddirectedforce.Thus,the
deformationofsuchashellisgenerallyinextensionalexceptforanarrowknuckleorboundarylayerinwhich
thecombinedlocalelasticenergyofbendingandstretchingisproportionaltot2.5,otherthingsbeingequal.
Similarly,themodesofdeformationinthepostbucklingdimplesinacylindricalshellarepractically
independentofthickness,exceptinthehighlydeformedboundarylayerregionswhichseparatethe
inextensionallydistortedportionsoftheshell.Theseideasleadinturntoanexplanationofthet1.5lawforthe
postbucklingstressofopentoppedcylindricalshellsloadedbytheirownweight.Weattributetheabsenceof
experimentalscatterintheselfweightbucklingofopentoppedcylindricalshellstothestaticaldeterminacyof
thesituation,whichallowsapostbucklingdimpletogrowatawelldefinedplateauload.Conversely,the
largeexperimentalscatterintestsoncylinderswithclosedendsmaybeattributedtothelackofstatical
determinacythere.Ourpapercontainsseveralargumentsthatarenotmathematicallywatertight,incontrastto
manyreportsinthefieldofmechanicsofstructures.Wepleadthattheproblemwhichwehavetackledisso
difficultthattheonlywayforwardisoneofoversimplification.Wehopethatourworkwillbejudgednot
withrespecttoitsabsenceofmathematicalprecision,butbythelightwhichitshedsupontheproblemunder
investigation.
C.R.Calladine(DepartmentofEngineering,UniversityofCambridge,CambridgeCB21PZ,UK),Ashell
bucklingparadoxresolved,inAdvancesintheMechanicsofPlatesandShells,TheAvinoamLibai
AnniversaryVolume,EditedbyD.Durban,D.GivoliandJ.G.Simmonds,
SolidMechanicsandItsApplications,2002,Volume88,119134,doi:10.1007/0306469545_8
ABSTRACT:Thispaperisconcernedwiththebucklingofuniformthinwalledcylindricalshellunderuniform
axialcompressiveloading.
GeorgesDuvaut(1),F.Lene(2)andA.Noureddine(2)
(1)ESILV,PleUniversitaireLonarddeVinci,ParisLaDfense,LM2S,UniversitP.etM.Curie,4Place
Jussieu,Paris,75252,France
(2)LM2S,UniversitP.etM.Curie,4PlaceJussieu,Paris,75252,France
BucklingOptimizationofaLatticeCylindricalShell,The41stAnnualSESTechnicalMeeting,Lincoln,
Nebraska,October,2004.
ABSTRACT:Latticestructuresareoftenmadeintheformofthinwalledcylindricalshellsreinforcedwith
helicalandcircumferentialribs.Inthisresearch,anintegratedequivalentstiffnessmodelisdevelopedto
describesuchastructure.Thestructureisdefinedbythefollowingindependentdesignvariables:thicknessof
thelatticelayer,angleofhelicalribs,spacingofhelicalribs,thichnessesofribs,thicknessoftheskin,angleply
oftheskin.MethodofMovingAsymptotes(MMA)isusedtomodelacylindricallatticeshellwithexternal
laminatedskin.Compressionaxialforceandglobalandlocalbucklingoftheshellareconsidered.Solution
methodologyisdescribed.Anumericalexampleofoptimizationofthedesignvariablestoprovidetheminimum
valueoftheshellmassandtosatisfythefollowingconstraint:actingcompressionaxialforceshouldnotcause
thegeneralbucklingoftheshellneitherthelocalbucklingofthehelicalribs,isgiven.Theproposedmodel
allowsanalysisofthelatticestructuresandisnotbasedonthefiniteelementmethodwhichisstilloflittleuse
foroveralldesignduetomodelcomplexityandtheinabilitytoeasilychangesribgeometry(angle,spacing).

QiangLiu,WeiCheandHuajinYu(CEFRRes.Center,ChinaInst.ofAtomicEnergy,Beijing,China),Study
onnonlineardynamicbucklingofsinglelayerellipticalparaboloidlatticedshellsunderimpactload,
InternationalConferenceonElectricTechnologyandCivilEngineering(ICETCE),2011
ABSTRACT:Thispapersimulatesdynamicresponsesofsinglelayerellipticalparaboloidlatticedshellsunder
impactbasedonratedependentisotropichardeningmaterialmodel,masterslavecontactpointsearching
methodandpenaltyfunctionmethod.Nodedisplacementandstructuralenergyareanalyzedunderimpactof
freelyfallingwithcertaininitialheight.Thedynamicbucklingofplasticityisjudgedaccordingtothedynamic
responses.Theeffectsofallkindsofparameters(suchasspan,risetospanratioandcrosssectionalareasof
membersetc.)areanalyzedonthestructuraldynamicbuckling.Theresultsshowthatthedisplacementsof
characteristicnodes,stainenergyandtotalenergyofthestructureincreaseallofasudden.Theverticalstiffness
ofthelatticedshellsstrengthensandcriticalmomentumsareenhancedwithrisetospanratio'saggrandizement,
andcrosssectionalareasofmembersincreasing.Supportingconditionhasaslighteffectoncriticalloadsand
thelatticedshellsaresensitivehighlytoinitialgeometricimperfection.
SeungDeogKim(1),MoonMyungKang(2),TaekJinKwun(1)andYasuhikoHangai(3)
(1)DepartmentofArchitecturalEngineering,SellyungUniversity,San212,Sinwoeldong,Jaecheon,
Chungbuk390230,Korea
(2)KyungPookNationalUniversity,1370,SankyukDong,PukGu,Taegu702701,Korea
(3)I.I.S.,UniversityofTokyo,7221Roppongi,MinatoKu,Tokyo106,Japan
Dynamicinstabilityofshelllikeshallowtrussesconsideringdamping,Computers&Structures,Vol.64,
Nos.14,JulyAugust1997,pp.481489,SpecialIssue:ComputationalStructuresTechnology,
doi:10.1016/S00457949(96)001411
ABSTRACT:Manypaperswhichtreatthedynamicinstabilityofshellstructuresundersteploadhavebeen
published,buttherearefewpaperswhichdealwithdynamicbucklingunderaloadwithperiodic
characteristics,especiallyconsideringdamping.Dynamicbucklingbehaviorunderperiodicexcitationis
differentfromthatofstepexcitation.Inthispaper,thedampinginfluenceondynamicbucklingforshelllike
shallowtrussesisnumericallyinvestigatedunderupanddownexcitation,thatis,step,sinusoidalandseismic
excitations,andcomparedwiththestaticcriticalload.Theresultsshowthat,consideringthedamping,dynamic
bucklingloadsbecomehigherthanthecaseofnodamping,andtheindirectsnappingrespondsmoresensitively
thanthedirectsnappingbythedampingeffect,exceptinthevicinityofthemainresonanceregion.
H.L.Zhao,W.M.HuangandC.Q.Zhao(SoutheastUniversity,P.R.China),Amethodtocalculatethecritical
loadsofsinglelayershallowlatticedomeswithinitialimperfections,Chapter14inSpacestructures4,Vol.1,
editedbyG.A.R.ParkeandC.M.Howard,1993,ThomasTelfordServicesLtd,London,ISBN:0727719688
SYNOPSIS:Aniterativeapproachissuggestedtocalculatethecriticalloadsofsinglelayershallowdomes
withinitialstochasticgeometricalimperfections.Thetangentstiffnessmatrixofanelementwithasmallinitial
curvatureisalsopresentedinthispaper.
T.Nishimura,K.MorisakoandS.Ishida,Numericalanalysisofrotationalbucklingingussetplatetypejoints
oftimberlatticedomeunderseveralloadingconditions,JournaloftheInternationalAssociationforShelland

SpatialStructures(J.IASS),Vol.39,No.2,April1998
ABSTRACT:Numericalstudyofcriticalbehaviorsofatimberlatticedomewithsteelgussetplatetypejoints
underseveralloadingconditionsisconductedusingthespatialbeamcolumnFEMdevelopedbytheauthors.
Thegoodaccuracyofthisnumericalmethodisverifiedbythesimulationofthefullscalephysicaltestofthe
timberlatticedomeinEXPO90Osaka,inwhichtherotationalbucklingofthenodejointcomposedofsixsteel
gussetplateshaspreviouslybeenobserved.Thenumericaldataofstraininoneofthesteelplatessuggestthat
therotationalbucklingwasinducedbylateralelasticbucklingofplates.Undertheloadingconditionsadopted
here,theinitialcriticalbehaviorofthelatticedomewasneitheroverallsnapthroughofthedomenorbuckling
ofindividualwoodenmembersbutwasinvariablytherotationalbucklingofthenodejoints.
SangEul,H.,MyungChae,C.,JinSeop,L.andHyunJae,K.,Theelastoplasticbucklinganalysisofball
jointedsinglelayerlatticeddomesconsideringcharacteristicsoftheconnector,IASSSymposium2001:
InternationalSymposiumonTheory,DesignandRealizationofShellandSpatialStructures,Nagoya,Japan,9
13Oct.2001,pp.196197.2001
ABSTRACT:Thepurposeofthisstudyistoinvestigatethecharacteristicsoftheconnectorhavinganinfluence
ontheelastoplasticbucklingloadofballjointedsinglelayerlatticeddomes.Asanalyticmodel,domesare
composedoftubularmemberelements,ballsandjoints.Thejointsystemofmembersinthesinglelayerlatticed
domeshasaninfluenceonbucklingload.Generally,thejointisassumedtobepinorrigidjointforthe
simplificationofanalysis.Butthemerosystemthatisusedmostlyforthespatialstructureshasintermediate
propertiesbetweenpinjointandrigidjoint.Severalstudiesbasedonthepropertyofthissemirigidjointare
"Experimentandelastoplasticbucklinganalysisofballjointedsinglelayerreticulateddomes"bySuzuki,
"Elastoplasticbucklingloadsoflatticedshellswithelasticspringsatbothendsofmembers"byKatoand
"Loadingtestandelastoplasticbucklinganalysisofasinglelayerlatticeddome"byUekiandsoon.
M.P.Saka(DepartmentofEngineeringSciences,MiddleEastTechnicalUniversity,06531Ankara,Turkey),
Optimumtopologicaldesignofgeometricallynonlinearsinglelayerlatticeddomesusingcoupledgenetic
algorithm,Computers&Structures,Vol.85,Nos.2122,November2007,pp.16351646,
doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2007.02.023
ABSTRACT:Singlelayerlatticeddomesarelightweightandelegantstructuresthatprovidecosteffective
solutionstocoverthelargeareaswithoutintermediatesupports.Thetopologicaldesignofthesestructures
presentdifficultyduetothefactthatthenumberofjointsandmembersaswellastheheightofthedomekeeps
onchangingduringthedesignprocess.Thismakesitnecessarytoautomatethenumberingofjointsand
membersandthecomputationofthecoordinatesofjointsinthedome.Ontheotherhandthetotalnumberof
jointsandmembersinadomeisfunctionofthetotalnumberofringsexistinthedome.Currentlynostudyis
availablethatcoversthetopologicaldesignofdomestructuresthatgivetheoptimumnumberofrings,the
optimumheightofcrownandthetubularcrosssectionaldesignationsforthedomemembersunderthegiven
generalexternalloading.Thealgorithmpresentedinthisstudycarriesouttheoptimumtopologicaldesignof
singlelayerlatticedomes.Theserviceabilityandstrengthrequirementsareconsideredinthedesignproblemas
specifiedinBS5950.Thealgorithmtakesintoaccountthenonlinearresponseofthedomeduetoeffectofaxial
forcesontheflexuralstiffnessofmembers.Theoptimumsolutionofthedesignproblemisobtainedusing
coupledgeneticalgorithm.Havingthetotalnumberofringsandtheheightofcrownasdesignvariables
providesthepossibilityofhavingadomewithdifferenttopologyforeachindividualinthepopulation.Itis

showninthedesignexampleconsideredthattheoptimumnumberofjoints,membersandtheoptimumheight
ofageodesicdomeunderagivenexternalloadingcanbedeterminedwithoutdesignersinterference.
AmirH.Hashemian,MohammadH.KargarnovinandJafarE.Jam,Optimizationofgeometricparametersof
latticedstructuresusinggeneticalgorithm,AircraftEngineeringandAerospaceTechnology:AnInternational
Journal,Vol.83,No.2,2011,pp.5968,doi:10.1108/00022661111120944
ABSTRACT:Thepurposeofthispaperistoanalyzeasquaredlatticecylindricalshellundercompressiveaxial
loadandtooptimizethegeometricparameterstoachievethemaximumbucklingload.Alsoacomparison
betweenbucklingloadsofasquaredlatticecylinderandasolidhollowcylinderwithequalweight,lengthand
outerdiameterisperformedtorevealthesuperiorperformanceofthesquaredlatticecylindricalshells.A
cylindricallatticeshellincludescircumferentialandlongitudinalrodswithgeometricparameterssuchascross
sectionareasoftherods,distancesandanglesbetweenthem.Inthisstudy,thegoverningdifferentialequation
forbucklingloadwhichcanbepresumedasacriterionfordesigninglatticestructureswithaspecificweightis
derivedandisusedasanobjectivefunctioningeneticalgorithm(GA)methodtocalculatetheoptimum
geometricparametersoftheshell.Theoptimumparametersweremodelledinfiniteelementmethod(FEM)in
ordertoverifythebucklingloadsobtainedfromGA.Inanothereffort,theFEMwasappliedtoanalyzethe
solidhollowcylinders.Theresultsdemonstraterelativelycloseagreementbetweenthebucklingloadsobtained
fromGAandFEMforsuchshells.Itwasalsoshownthatlatticedcylindershavebetterperformancetocarry
compressiveaxialloadsthantheequivalentsolidhollowcylinderswithequalweights,lengthsandouter
diameters.Thestudiesreportedinthispaperhavebeencarriedoutforasinglesquaredlatticeshellwithout
usingtwosideskins.However,usingskinscangivebetterperformanceincarryingcompressiveaxialloads.
Theresultsinthispapershowthatthistypeofeffective,economicallightweightandfunctionalstructurescould
beappliedasinterstages,intertanks,aircraftfuselage,rocketmotorcases,pressurevesselsandotherelements
ofcivilengineeringstructuresinordertohavegreaterstrengthandlowerweight.Squaredlatticecylindrical
shellwithoptimumgeometricdesigncouldprovidethechanceforeliminatingthestiffenersofshellsin
aerospacestructuresinordertodecreasetheweightandincreasetheloadbearingcapacity.
MohammadHosseinKargarnovin,MehdiHashemi,BucklingAnalysisofMultilayeredFunctionallyGraded
CompositeCylindricalShells,AppliedMechanicsandMaterials,Vol.108,pp.7479,October2011,
DOI:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.108.74
ABSTRACT:Inthispaper,thebucklinganalysisofamultilayeredcompositecylindricalshellwhichvolume
fractionofitsfibervariesaccordingtopowerlawinlongitudinaldirection,duetoappliedcompressiveaxial
loadisstudied.Ruleofmixturemodelandreverseofthatareemployedtorepresentelasticpropertiesofthis
fiberreinforcedfunctionallygradedcomposite.StraindisplacementrelationsemployedarebasedonReissner
NaghdiBerrysshelltheory.Thedisplacementfiniteelementmodeloftheequilibriumequationsisderivedby
employingweakformformulation.TheLagrangianshapefunctionforinplanedisplacementsandHermitian
shapefunctionfordisplacementinnormaldirectiontothesurfaceofmidplaneareused.Then,finiteelement
codeiswritteninMATLABbasedonstatedmethodtoobtainthecriticalaxialbucklingload.Numericalresults
showthatdespitehavingthesamelayoutandaveragevolumefractionoffibers,thecriticalaxialbucklingload
offunctionallygradedcompositecylindricalshellismorethanthatoftraditionalcompositeinwhichthe
volumefractionofitsfiberisconstantthroughouttheshell.

M.H.Kargarnovin(1)andM.Shahsanami(2)
(1)SchoolofMechanicalEngineering,SharifUniversityofTechnology,AzadiAve.,Tehran1458889694,I.R.
Iran;email:mhkargar@sharif.edu).
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,ArakBranch,IslamicAzadUniversity,Arak38135567,Iran
BucklingAnalysisofaCompositeCylindricalShellwithFibersMaterialPropertiesChangingLengthwise
UsingFirstOrderShearDeformationTheory,InternationalConferenceonMechanical,Automotiveand
MaterialsEngineering(ICMAME'2012)Jan.78,2012Dubai
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentstheformulationandnumericalbucklinganalysisofacircularcylindrical
compositeshellcomprisingoffibersmadeoffunctionallygradedmaterial(FGM).Thematerialpropertiesof
thefibersvarythroughtheshelllengthaccordingtoapowerlawdistributionofthevolumefraction.Thatisthe
fibermaterialpropertiesvaryfromthemetalontheoneendtotheceramicuptothemiddleoftheshellthen
fromtheceramictothemetaltowardstheotherendoftheshell.Basedonthefirstordersheardeformation
theory(FSDT)thegoverningequationsoftheshellsarederived.Thentodeterminethebucklingloadofthe
compositeshelloversimplysupportededgestheseequationsaresolvedusingthegeneralizeddifferential
quadraturemethod.Theobtainedresultsforanisotropicshellarecomparedwiththosegivenintheliterature.
Verygoodagreementisseen.Then,theeffectsofgeometricparametersandFGpowerindexarealso
investigatedonthemagnitudeofthebucklingloadthroughnumberofexamples.Thestudyoftheobtained
resultsshowsthatanydecreaseinthevalueofFGpowerindexwillleadtoabetterbucklingbehaviorofthe
compositeshell.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
[1]D.O.Brush,andB.O.Almorth,Bucklingofbars,platesandshells,McGrawHill,NewYork,1975.S.P.[2]Timoshenko,
StrengthofMaterials,partII,3rded.,NewYork,VanNostrandReinholdCo.,1976.
[3]I.Mirsky,G.Hermann,AxiallyMotionsofThickCylindricalShells,JournalofAppliedMechanics,vol25,pp.97102,1958.
[4]N.Tutuncu,M.Ozturk,ExactsolutionforStressesinFunctionallyGardedPressureVessels,JournalofComposites,PartB
(Engineering),vol32,pp.686,2001.
[5]M.Jabbari,S.Sohrabpour,M.R.Eslami,MechanicalandThermalStressesinaFunctionallyGradedHollowCylinderdueto
RadiallySymmetricLoads,InternationalJournalofPressureVesselsPiping,vol.79,pp.493497,2002.
[6]Wu.Lanhe,J.Zhiqing,L.Jun,ThermoelasticStabilityofFunctionallyGradedCylindricalShells,JournalofComposite
Structure,vol.70,pp.6068,2005.
[7]ZS.Shao,MechanicalandThermalStressesofaFunctionallyGradedCircularHollowCylinderwithFiniteLength,
InternationalJournalofPressureVesselsPiping,vol.82,pp.155163,2005.
[8]SL.Li,RC.Batrab,BucklingofAxiallyCompressedThinCylindricalShellswithFunctionallyGradedMiddleLayer,Journalof
ThinWalledStructures,vol.43,pp.307324,2006.
[9]M.M.Najafizadeh,A.Hasani,P.Khazaeinejad,MechanicalstabilityofFunctionallyGradedStiffenedCylindricalShells,
JournalofAppliedMechanicalModelling,vol.33,pp.11511157,2009.
[10]C.W.Bert,S.K.Jang,A.G.Striz,TwonewApproximateMethodsforAnalysingFreeVibrationofStructuralComponents,
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[11]C.W.Bert,M.Malik,DifferentialQuadratureinComputationalMechanics:areview,JournalofAppliedMechanics,rev49,
pp.127,1996.
[12]T.Y.Ng,H.Li,K.Y.Lam,C.T.Loy,ParametricInstabilityofConicalShellsbytheGeneralizedDifferentialQuadrature
Method,InternationalJournalofNumericalMethodEngineering,vol.44,pp.819837,1999.
[13]K.Y.Lam,H.Li,T.Y.NG,C.F.Chua,GeneralizedDifferentialQuadratureMethodfortheFreeVibrationofTruncated
ConicalPanels,JournalofSoundandVibration,vol.251,pp.329348,2002.
[14]T.Y.Ng,H.Li,K.Y.Lam,GeneralizedDifferentialQuadratureforFreeVibrationofRotatingCompositeLaminatedConical
ShellwithVariousBoundaryConditions,InternationalJournalofMechanicalScience,vol.45,pp.567587,2003.
[15]T.Y.Ng,H.Li,K.Y.Lam,C.F.Chua,FrequencyAnalysisofRotatingConicalPanels:AGeneralizedDifferentialQuadrature
Approach,JournalofAppliedMechanics,vol.70,pp.601605,2003.

[16]J.N.Reddy,MechanicsofLaminatedCompositePlatesandShells:TheoryandAnalysis,2ndedition,CRCPress,BocaRaton,
FL,2004.
[17]C.Shu,DifferentialQuadratureandItsApplicationinEngineering,Springer,Berlin,2000.
[18]P.Khazaeinejad,M.M.Najafizadeh,MechanicalBucklingofCylindricalShellswithVaryingMaterialProperties,Journalof
MechanicalEngineeringScience,vol.224,pp.15511557,2010.

BucklingofSteelShellsEuropeanDesignRecommendations
No125,5thedition,2008
Publishedby:ECCSEuropeanConventionforConstructionalSteelworkpublications@steelconstruct.com
www.steelconstruct.com
AleksandrsKorjakins,InstituteofMaterialsandStructure,RigaTechnicalUniversity,aleks@latnet.lv,
PatriciaKara,KasparsKalnins,Bucklingandpostbucklinganalysesofstiffenedcompositeshellswithinter
laminardamages,5thEuropeanLSDYNAUsersConference,(year?2004orafter)(Notallowedtocopy
portionsofthedocumentwithoutapasswordfromtheowner,andImnotwillingtotypetheabstractorthelist
ofreferences).
E.Eglitis,K.KalninsandO.Ozolinsh,Theinfluenceofloadingeccentricityonthebucklingofaxially
compressedimperfectcompositecylinders,MechanicsofCompositeMaterials,Vol.46,No.5,2010,pp.483
492,doi:10.1007/s1102901091657
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingofimperfectcompositecylindersunderconcentricandeccentriccompressionis
investigatedexperimentallyandnumerically,withparticularattentiongiventotheimperfectionsensitivityof
theshells.Aseriesofglassfiberreinforcedplasticcylindershavebeentestedunderdifferentloadeccentricities
tovalidatethecorrespondingnonlinearnumericalanalysesperformedinthisstudy.Agoodagreementbetween
theexperimentalandnumericalresultswasachievedthroughuseoftheABAQUS/Explicitfiniteelementcode
andtheintroductionofinitialimperfections.Boththeexperimentalandthenumericalresultsshowthatthe
knockdownfactorincreasesastheloadingeccentricitygrows.
E.Eglitis(1),K.Kalnins(1),C.Bisagni(2)
(1)RigaTechnicalUniversity,InstituteofMaterialsandStructures,Latvia,
(2)PolitecnicodiMilano,DipartimentodiIngegneriaAerospaziale,Italy
StudyOnBucklingBehaviourOfLaminatedShellsUnderPulseLoading,ICAS2010,27thInternational
CongressOfTheAeronauticalSciences,2010
ABSTRACT:Thisexperimentalandnumericalstudyfocusesonthebucklingproblemofcylindricalcomposite
shellsunderpulseloads.Seriesofexperimentshavebeenperformedtodeterminebucklingloadsofthe
laminatedcylindersunderdifferentaxialloadingrates.Numericalmodelsofthetestedspecimenshavebeen
elaboratedandgoodagreementbetweenexperimentalandnumericalresultshasbeenachieved.Thenumerical
modelshavebeenusedtostudythebucklingbehaviorofthecylindersatloadingratesmuchhigherthancould
beachievedexperimentally.Additionally,theinfluenceofimperfectionsondynamicbucklingbehaviorofthe
laminatedshellshasbeenstudiednumerically.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

[1]YaffeR,AbramovichH.Dynamicbucklingofcylindricalstringerstiffenedshells.CompositeStructures,Vol.81,pp10311039,
2003
[2]ZimickD.G,TennysonR.C.Stabilityofcircularcylindricalshellsundertransientaxialimpulsiveloading.AIAAJournal,Vol.18,
pp691699,1980
[3]PeggN.G.Anumericalstudyofdynamicpulsebucklingofcylindricalstructures.MarineStructures,Vol.7,pp189212,1994
[4]BisagniC.Dynamicbucklingoffibercompositeshellsunderimpulsiveaxialcompression.ThinWalledStructures,Vol.43,pp
499514,2005
[5]LindbergH.E,FlorenceA.L.Dynamicpulsebuckling:theoryandexperiment.1stedition,MartinusNijhoffpublishers,1987
[6]AbramovichH.,GrunwaldA.Stabilityofaxiallyimpactedcompositeplates.CompositeStructures,Vol.32,pp51158, 1995
[7]HuyanX,SimitsesG.J.Dynamicbucklingofimperfectcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompressionandbendingmoment.AIAA
Journal,Vol.35,pp14041412,1997
[8]AriGurJ,WellerT,SingerJ.Experimentalandtheoreticalstudiesofcolumnsunderaxialimpact.Int.J.ofSolidsandStructures,
Vol.18,pp619641,1982
[9]WellerT,AbramovichH,YaffeR.Dynamicbucklingofbeamsandplatessubjectedtoaxialimpact.ComputersandStructures,
Vol.32,pp835851,1989
[10]CuiS,CheongH.K,HaoH.Experimentalstudyofdynamicpostbucklingcharacteristicsofcolumnsunderfluidsolidslamming.
EngineeringStructures,Vol.22,pp647656,2000
[11]CuiS,CheongH.K,HaoH.Experimentalstudyofdynamicbucklingofplatesunderfluidsolidslamming.Int.J.ofImpact
Engineering,Vol.22,pp675691,1999
[12]KovalL.R,OneillJ.P.Structuralresponsestodynamicloading.ProcAIAAannualmeeting,Washington,D.C.,Vol.1,paper64
485,18p,1964
[13]HumphreysJ.S,SveC.Dynamicbucklingofcylindersunderaxialshocktubeloading.ProcAIAAannualmeeting,NewYork,
N.Y.,Vol.3,paper6682,11p,1966
[14]BolotinV.V.Statisticalmethodsinthenonlineartheoryofshells.NASATTF85(Translationofapaperpresentedataseminar
intheInstituteofMechanicsoftheAcademyofSciencesoftheUSSR,1957),1962
[15]FaserW.B.,BudianskyB.Thebucklingofacolumnwithrandominitialdeflections.JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.36,pp
233240,1969
[16]AmazigoJ.C.Bucklingunderaxialcompressionoflongcylindricalshellswithrandomaxisymmetricimperfections.Quarterlyof
AppliedMathematics,Vol.26,pp537566,1969
[17]SingerJ,AbramovichH.Thedevelopmentofshellimperfectionmeasurementtechniques.ThinWalledStructures,Vol.23,pp
379398,1995
[18]HilburgerM.W,StarnesJ.H.Effectsofimperfectionsofthebucklingresponseofcompositeshells.ThinWalledStructures,Vol.
42,pp369397,2004
[19]ISO5274:1997PlasticsDeterminationoftensilepropertiesPart4:Testconditionsforisotropicandorthotropicfibre
reinforcedplasticcomposites.InternationalOrganizationforStandardization,1997
[20]ABAQUSOnlineDocumentation:Version6.8,DassaultSystmes,2008
[21]EglitisE,KalninsK,OzolinsO.Theinfluenceofloadingeccentricityonbucklingofaxiallycompressedimperfectcomposite
cylinders.MechanicsofCompositeMaterials,Vol.46,2010(inpress)
[22]BudianskyB,HutchinsonJ.W.Dynamicbucklingofimperfectionsensitivestructures.ProcInternationalCongressofApplied
Mechanics,Munich,Germany,Vol.11,pp637651,1964

AbdellatifKhamlichi,MohammedBezzazi,LarbiElbakkali,andAliLimam,Effetdesimperfections
gomtriquessurlastabilitdescoqueslastiquescylindriques,CanadianJournalofCivilEngineering;Feb
2004,Vol.31Issue1,p27
ABSTRACT:Theeffectsofgeometricalimperfectionsonthecriticalloadofelasticcylindricalshellswhen
subjectedtoaxialcompressionarestudiedthroughanalyticalmodelling.Inadditiontodistributeddefectsof
bothaxisymmetricorasymmetricforms,emphasisisputonthemoreseverecaseoflocalizeddefectssatisfying
theaxialsymmetry.TheVonKrmnDonnellshellequationswereused.Theobtainedresultsshowthatshell
strengthatbucklingvariesverymuchwiththedefectamplitude.Thesevariationsarenotmonotonicingeneral.
Theyindicatehoweveraclearreductionoftheshellcriticalloadforsomedefectsrevealedasthemost

dangerousones.Theproposedmethoddoesnotconsiderthecompletecoupledsituationthatmayarisefrom
interactionsbetweenseverallocalizeddefects.Itfacilitatesneverthelessstraightforwardinitializingofcloser
analysesifsuchcouplingsaretobetakenintoaccountbymeansofspecialnumericalapproaches,becauseit
enablesfastaprioriselectionofthemosthazardousisolateddefects.
A.Khamlichi(1),M.Bezzazi(2)andA.Limam(3)
(1)TestingDepartment,PlastexMarocSA,BP342ZoneIndustrielle,Tangier90000,Morocco
(2)LGCMS,DpartementdePhysique,FSTT,BP416,Tangier90000,Morocco
(3)URGCStructures,INSAdeLyon,20AveAlbertEinstein,69621,Villeurbanne,France
Bucklingofelasticcylindricalshellsconsideringtheeffectoflocalizedaxisymmetricimperfections,Thin
WalledStructures,Vol.42,No.7,July2004,pp.10351047,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2004.03.008
ABSTRACT:Theeffectoflocalizedaxisymmetricinitialimperfectionsonthecriticalloadofelasticcylindrical
shellssubjectedtoaxialcompressionisstudiedthroughanalyticalmodeling.Someclassicalresultsregarding
sensitivityofshellbucklingstrengthwithrespecttodistributeddefectshavingaxisymmetricorasymmetric
formsarerecalled.Specialemphasisisplacedafterthatonthemoreseverecaseoflocalizeddefectssatisfying
axialsymmetrybydisplayingananalyticalsolutiontotheVonKrmnDonnellshellequationsunderspecific
boundaryconditions.Theobtainedresultsshowthatthecriticalloadvariesverymuchwiththegeometrical
parametersofthelocalizeddefect.Thesevariationsarenotmonotonicingeneral.Theyindicate,however,a
clearreductionoftheshellcriticalloadforsomedefectsrecognizedasthemosthazardousisolatedones.
Reductionofthecriticalloadisfoundtoreachalevelwhichisuptotwotimeslowerthanthatpredictedby
generaldistributeddefects.
JalalElBahaoui(1),AbdellatifKhamlichi(1),LarbiElBakkali(1)andAliLimam(2)
(1)ModelingandSimulationofMechanicalSystemsLaboratory,DepartmentofPhysics,FacultyofSciencesat
Tetouan,UniversityAbdelmalekEssaadi,BP2121,Mhannech,93002,Tetouan,Morocco
(2)LaboratoryofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,DepartmentofCivilEngineeringandUrbanism,
NationalInstituteofAppliedSciencesatLyon,AlbertEinsteinAvenue,Villeurbanne69662,France,
ReliabilityAssessmentofBucklingStrengthforCompressedCylindricalShellswithInteractingLocalized
GeometricImperfections,AmericanJ.ofEngineeringandAppliedSciences3(4):620628,2010.
ABSTRACT:Elasticcylindricalshellsarecommonstructuresinthefieldsofcivilengineeringandengineering
mechanics.Thesethinwalledconstructionsmayundergobucklingwhensubjectedtoaxialcompression.
Bucklinglimitstolargeextenttheirstrengthperformance.Thisphenomenondependshugelyontheinitial
distributedorlocalizedgeometricimperfectionsthatarepresentontheshellstructure.Localizedgeometric
imperfectionsresultingeneralfromtheoperationofweldingstrakestoassembletheshellstructure.Inthis
study,reliabilityofbucklingstrengthasitcouldbeaffectedbyshellmaterialandgeometryparameterswas
investigated.Thelocalizedgeometricimperfectionswerechosentobeenteringandhavingeitheratriangularor
awaveletform.Interactionbetweenthreelocalizedimperfectionshadalsobeenconsidered.Approach:A
specialsoftwarepackagewhichwasdedicatedtobucklinganalysisofquasiaxisymmetricshellswasusedin
ordertocomputethebucklingloadviathelinearEulerbucklingprocedure.Asetoffivefactorsincludingshell
aspectratios,defectcharacteristicsandthedistanceseparatingthelocalizedinitialgeometricimperfectionshad

beenfoundtogovernthebucklingproblem.Aparametricstudywasperformedtodeterminetheirrelative
influenceonthebucklingloadreduction.Reliabilityanalysiswascarriedoutbyusingfirstorderreliability
method.Results:Waveletimperfectionwasfoundtobemoreseverethantriangularformintherangeoflow
amplitudeimperfections.Itwasshownalsobycomparisonwiththesingleimperfectioncasethatfurther
diminutionofthecriticalloadisobtainedforthreeinteractingimperfections.Theintervaldistanceseparating
thelocalizedgeometricimperfectionswasfoundtohaveimportantinfluenceonthereliabilityindex.
Conclusion/Recommendations:Intheherangeofinvestigatedparameters,reliabilitywasfoundtoincreasewith
thedistanceseparatingthelocalizedgeometricimperfections.Thiscanhelpperformingoptimaldesignof
assembledstrakes.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

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Arbocz,J.,1987.Postbucklingbehaviorofstructures,numericaltechniquesformorecomplicatedstructures.LectureNotesPhys.,
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Arbocz,J.,2005.Onahighfidelityhierarchicalapproachtobucklingloadcalculations.ProceedingsoftheEuropeanConferenceon
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Khamlichi,A.,J.ElBahaoui,L.ElBakkali,M.BezzaziandA.Limam,2010.Effectoftwointeractinglocalizeddefectsonthe
criticalloadforthincylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression.Am.J.Eng.AppliedSci.,3:464469.
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ThinWalledStruct.,44:3950.DOI:10.1016/j.tws.2005.09.006
Papadopoulos,V.andM.Papadrakakis,2005.Theeffectofmaterialandthicknessvariabilityonthebucklingloadofshellswith
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LinearMech.,38:11191132.DOI:10.1016/S00207462(02)000574
VanderHeijden,A.M.A.,2008.W.T.KoitersElasticStabilityofSolidsandStructures.CambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork,
ISBN:13:9780521515283,pp:240.
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10:0444868577,pp:558.

J.Bahaoui,L.BakkaliandA.Khamlichi,UniversityAbdelmalekEssaadiModelingandSimulationof
MechanicalSystemsLaboratoryFacultyofSciencesatTetouanBP.2121Mhannech,TetouanMorocco,
Bucklingstrengthofaxiallycompressedthinaxisymmetricshellsasaffectedbylocalizedinitialgeometric
imperfections,InternationalReviewofAppliedSciencesandEngineering,Vol.3,No.1,June2012,
DOI:10.1556/IRASE.3.2012.1.1
ABSTRACT:Bucklinganalysisofaxiallycompressedcylindricalshellshavingoneortwolocalizedinitial
geometricimperfectionswasperformedbyusingthefiniteelementmethod.Theimperfectionsofentering
triangularformwereassumedtobepositionedsymmetricallyatthemidshelllength.Thebucklingloadwas
assessedintermsofshellaspectratios,imperfectionamplitudeandwavelength,andthedistanceseparatingthe
imperfections.Theobtainedresultshaveshownthatamplitudeandwavelengthhavemajoreffects,particularly
forshortandthinshells.Twointeractingimperfectionswerefoundtobemoreseverethanasingle
imperfection,butthedistanceseparatingthemhassmallinfluence.
C.MathonandA.Limam(URGCStructures,INSALyon,Bt.JosephCharlesAugustinCoulomb,69621
VilleurbanneCedex,France),Experimentalcollapseofthincylindricalshellssubmittedtointernalpressure
andpurebending,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.44,No.1,January2006,pp.3950,
doi:10.1016/j.tws.2005.09.006
ABSTRACT:Athinwalledpressurisedcylindricalshellissensitivetobucklingphenomenawhenit
experienceslocallyacompressivestress.Itisoftenconsideredthatitsbehaviourunderbendingisrathersimilar
topurecompression,butveryfewaretheexperimentalinvestigationsthatprecisetherealbehaviourofathin
pressurisedcylindersubmittedtoabendingload.Alargeamountofexperimentalresultsispresentedhere,
obtainedonthinshells(550<R/t<1450)ofmoderatelength(L/R?2).Theevolutionofthecylinders'behaviour
thathasbeenrecordedwheninternalpressureincreasesisoutlined.Itisshownthatonemustdistinguish
betweenlocalbucklingandglobalcollapseofthestructure.Acomparisonofourexperimentaldatatodesign
recommendationsgivenbytwostandards(NASASP8007andEurocode3)isfinallyachieved,puttingin
advancesafetymarginsprovidedbythesecodes.
J.F.JullienandA.Limam(ResearchUnitofCivilEngineering,InstitutNationaldesSciencesAppliques,
Lyon,France),Effectsofopeningsofthebucklingofcylindricalshellssubjectedtoaxialcompression,Thin
WalledStructures,Vol.31,Nos.13,May1998,pp.187202,doi:10.1016/S02638231(98)000032
ABSTRACT:Experimentalandnumericalmethodsareusedtostudythestabilityproblemofcylindricalshells
withcutouts.Thepaperpresentsparametricresearchoftheshape(square,rectangular,circular),the
dimensions(axialandcircumferentialsizes,diameter)ofthehole.Theeffectofthelocationandthenumberof
theholesarealsostudied.Theanalysisindicatesthatthecriticalloadissensitivetotheopeningangleor
circumferentialsizeofthehole.Thefunction(criticalloadopeningangle)islinearforlargeopeningsand

independentofthegeometricalimperfectionsoftheshell.Howeverforsmallopenings,itisnecessarytotake
intoaccountthecouplingbetweentheinitialgeometricalimperfectionsandtheopenings.Thelinearapproach
doesnotfitbecauseoftheimportanceoftheevolutionofthedisplacementsneartheopenings.Theseresults
willbeusedforthedevelopmentofEuropeanrules.
J.F.Jullien,A.LimamandG.Gusic(URGCBt304,INSAdeLyon69621Villeurbanne,France),Cylindrical
ShellsBucklingUnderExternalPressureInfluenceofLocalisedThicknessVariation,AdvancesinSteel
Structures(ICASS'99),ProceedingsofTheSecondInternationalConferenceonAdvancesinSteelStructures
1517December1999,HongKong,China,1999,pp.613619,doi:10.1016/B9780080430157/500725
ABSTRACT:Aggressiveenvironmentscanprovokecorrosionofthincylindricalshellswidelyusedindifferent
engineeringapplications.Localiseddecreaseofshellthicknessusuallycausesbucklingloadreduction.Recently
in1994,Koiteretal.investigatedtheinfluenceofmodalthicknessvariationonabucklingloadofanaxially
compressedshell.Thethicknessvariationisassumedtobeaxisymmetricalandsufficientlysmall.Inthispaper
Koiteretal.showthatthicknessimperfectioncanprovokealossofbucklingloadwhichis,forsmall
imperfectionamplitude,alinearfunction.

LimamAli(1),ElBahaouiJalal(2),KhamlichiAbdellatif(2)andElBakkaliLarbi(2)
(1)LaboratoryofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,NationalInstituteofAppliedSciencesatLyon,Albert
EinsteinAvenue,Villeurbanne69662,France
(2)ModellingandSimulationofMechanicalSystemsLaboratory,FacultyofSciencesatTetouan,University
AbdelmalekEssaadi,BP.2121,Mhannech93002,Tetouan,Morocco
Effectofmultiplelocalizedgeometricimperfectionsonstabilityofthinaxisymmetriccylindricalshellsunder
axialcompression,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.48,No.6,March2011,pp.10341043,
doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2010.12.007
ABSTRACT:Stabilityofimperfectelasticcylindricalshellswhicharesubjectedtouniformaxialcompression
isanalyzedbyusingthefiniteelementmethod.Multipleinteractinglocalizedaxisymmetricinitialgeometric
imperfections,havingeithertriangularorwaveletshapes,wereconsidered.Theeffectofasinglelocalized
geometricimperfectionwasanalyzedinordertoassessthemostadverseconfigurationintermsofshellaspect
ratios.Thentwoorthreegeometricimperfectionsofagivenshapeandwhichwereuniformlydistributedalong
theshelllengthwereintroducedtoquantifytheirglobaleffectontheshellbucklingstrength.Itwasshownthat
withtwoorthreeinteractinggeometricimperfectionsfurtherreductionofthebucklingloadisobtained.Inthe
rangesofparametersthatwereinvestigated,theimperfectionwavelengthwasfoundtobethemajorfactor
influencingshellstability;itisfollowedbytheimperfectionamplitude,thenbytheintervaldistanceseparating
thelocalizedimperfections.Inawiderangeofparametersthislastfactorwasrecognizedtohavealmostno
effectonbucklingstresses.
R.L.Roche,B.Autrusson(DpartementdesEtudesMcaniquesetThermiques,IRDIC.E.N.Saclay,Gif,
France),ExperimentalTestsonBucklingofTorisphericalHeadsandMethodsofPlasticBifurcation
Analysis,JournalofPressureVesselTechnology,Vol.108,No.2,pp.138145,May1986,
DOI:10.1115/1.3264761

ABSTRACT:Sixteentorisphericalheadsweretestedunderinternalpressure.Theseheads,whichwere500mm
indiameter,haddiameter/thicknessratiosrangingfrom330to1000.Theywereallpreparedbyspinningmild
steelplates.Deflectionsalongtheaxisandintheknuckleareawererecorded.Themostpracticalresultisthe
bucklingpressureandthiscanbeexceededwithoutfracturingthehead.Thetestsshowthatthebuckling
pressureisrelativelyunaffectedbygeometricimperfections.Theseexperimentalresultsareusedtoassessthe
validityofthedifferentplasticbifurcationanalysismethods.Fivedifferentmethodswereemployedusingthe
CASTEMgeneralpurposecomputerprogram.Themethodbasedontheincrementaltheoryofplasticityproved
tobeincapableofcorrectlypredictingheadbuckling.Ifthismethodismodifiedbyreplacingtheelasticshear
modulusbythesecantmodulus,theresultsobtainedshowgoodagreementwithexperimentalresults.
B.Autrusson,D.AckerandA.Hoffmann(C.E.A.DEMT,Commissariatl'EnergieAtomique,C.E.N.Saclay,
GifsurYvette,France),Discussionandvalidationofasimplifiedanalysisagainstbuckling,Nuclear
EngineeringandDesign,Vol.98,No.3,January1987,pp.379393,doi:10.1016/00295493(87)900173
ABSTRACT:TheLiquidMetalFastBreederReactorposesspecialproblemsinthedesignandconstructionof
itsimportantcomponents.Itslowpressurespermitutilizationoflessexpensive,thincrosssections.Butthehigh
temperaturesresultinseriousthermalstressandbucklingproblems.Thispaperdescribesthebucklingdesign
rulesfortheFrenchFastReactordesignforClassIandIIcomponents.Thepapercontainsasimplifiedanalysis
method,offersexperimentalvalidation,andacomparisonwiththeASMESectionIIIcode.
M.Dostal(1),N.Austin(1),A.Combescure(2),A.Peano(3)andP.Angeloni(3)
(1)NationalNuclearCorporationLimited,Risley,Warrington,UK
(2)CEA,CentredEtudesdeSaclay,GifsurYvette,France
(3)ISMES,Bergamo,Italy
Shearbucklingofcylindricalvesselsbenchmarkexercise,inFastreactorcoreandcoolantcircuitstructures:
transactionsofthe9thInternationalConferenceonStructuralMechanicsinReactorTechnology(SMiRT9),
editedbyFolkerH.Wittmann,YaowenChangandMichelLivolant,1987,A.A.Balkema,Rotterdam,The
Netherlands,ISBN906191762X
PARTIALINTRODUCTION:InLiquidMetalFastBreederReacgtors(LMFBR)potentialshearbuckling
failuresoftheprimaryvessel,inducedthroughseismicexcitations,havetobeconsidered.Theproblemis
particularlysevereinpooltypereactorsduetotheirlargesize,radiusofapproximately10m,coupledwith
smallwallthicknessesof50mmandless.Inaddition,theprimaryvesselmaterial,typically316stainlesssteel,
hasalowyieldstrengthatthenormaloperatingtemperaturesofaround400degreesCto500degreesC.These
charactieristicstendtomaikethestructurerelativelyflexibleandsubjecttopotentialelastoplasticshear
bucklingfailure
ChristophePdron(1)andAlainCombescure(2)
(1)DCNIngnierie,8BdVictor,75732,Paris,France
(2)CEACentred'EtudesNuclairesdeSaclay,91191,GifsurYvette,France
Dynamicbucklingofstiffenedcylindricalshellsofrevolutionunderatransientlateralpressureshockwave,
ThinWalledStructures,Vol.23,Nos.14,1995,pp.85105,SpecialIssue:BucklingStrengthofImperfection
sensitiveShells,doi:10.1016/02638231(95)00006Y

ABSTRACT:Amodalmethodofanalysisisusedtodeterminetheresponseofaninfinitelylongstiffened
cylindricalshellofrevolutiontoatransientlateralpressureproducedbyanunderwaterexplosionand
propagatinginanacousticfluid.Theshellisinitiallyimmersed,henceprestressedbytheexternalhydrostatic
pressure.Atheoryofdynamicbucklingisthendevelopedforcylindricalshellssubjectedtotransversepressure
pulsesofdifferentdurations.
A.Combescure(1)andG.D.Galletly(2)
(1)LMTENSCachan,61bd.duPrsidentWilson,94235CachanCedex,France
(2)DepartmentofEngineering,TheUniversityofLiverpool,BrownlowHill,LiverpoolL693GH,UK
Plasticbucklingofcompletetoroidalshellsofellipticalcrosssectionsubjectedtointernalpressure,Thin
WalledStructures,Vol.34,No.2,June1999,pp.135146,doi:10.1016/S02638231(99)000063
ABSTRACT:Theplasticbifurcationbucklingpressuresof60internallypressurised,perfect,completetoroidal
shellsofellipticalcrosssectionaregiveninthepresentpaper,assumingelastic,perfectlyplastic,material
behaviour.TheshellbucklingprogramsemployedinthecomputationswereBOSOR5andINCA.Denotingthe
majortominoraxisratiobyk,thenumericalresultsshowthattheplasticbucklingpressuresareconsiderably
lowerthantheirelasticcounterpartsintherange1.25k1.5andareapproximatelyequaltothemfork=2.5.A
limitedstudyoftheeffectsofnonaxisymmetricinitialgeometricimperfectionsonthebucklingpressuresofthe
shellswasalsocarriedoutusingtheINCAcode.Forthefourcasesstudiedthepostbucklingbehaviourwas
stable.Thismeansthatdesignerscanusethebucklingpressuresgivenhereinforperfectshellsasabasisfor
theirinitialdesigns.
G.Gusic(1),A.Combescure(2),andJ.F.Jullien(1)
(1)URGCStructures,Bt304,INSAdeLyon,20Av.A.Einstein,69621VilleurbanneCedex,France
(2)LMTENSCachan,61BdduPrsidentWILSON,94235CachanCedex,France
Theinfluenceofcircumferentialthicknessvariationsonthebucklingofcylindricalshellsunderexternal
pressure,Computers&Structures,Vol.74,No.4,February2000,pp.461477,
doi:10.1016/S00457949(99)00053X
ABSTRACT:Imperfectionsensitivityofthinshellsofconstantthicknesswaswidelystudiedduringthelast50
years(J.G.Teng,Appl.Mech.Rev.1996:49(4)).Recently,Koiteretal.(Int.J.SolidsStruct.1994:31(6):797
805)investigatedtheinfluenceofaxisymmetricmodalthicknessvariationonthebucklingloadofanaxially
compressedshell.Inthispaper,theinfluenceofharmonicthicknessvariationinthecircumferentialdirectionon
thincylindricalshellbucklingunderexternalpressureisanalysedbymeansofFEbifurcationanalysis.Two
differentFEcodeswereused,onewithquasiaxisymmetricalmultimodalFourieranalysis(A.Combescure,
EtudedelastabilitdescoquesmincessouschargementscomplexesdansINCA.RapportDMT/94460,in
French,1994;Modlisationdescoquesaxisymtriquesavecimperfectionquelconque:LlmentCOMI(in
French).RapportDMT/97189,1997;SchauderB.FlambagedesCoquesCylindriquesenFlxion.Thsede
doctorat,INSAdeLyon,inFrench,1997),andthesecondonewith3Dshellelements.Anewquasi
axisymmetricelement(COMI)ispresented.ItusesFourierseriesexpansioninthecircumferentialdirection
coupledwithafullnumericalintegrationaroundthecircumference,whichallowsanyvariationofthicknessor
ofinitialimperfections.

A.Combescure(1)andG.Gusic(2)
(1)ENSLMTCachan,61,AvenueduPresidentWilson,94235CachanCedex,France
(2)DepartmentGnieCivilINSA,Lyon,20alleAEinstein69621,France
Nonlinearbucklingofcylindersunderexternalpressurewithnonaxisymmetricthicknessimperfectionsusing
theCOMIaxisymmetricshellelement,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.38,Nos.3435,
August2001,pp.62076226,doi:10.1016/S00207683(00)003590
ABSTRACT:Thispaperconcernstheinfluenceofthicknessimperfectionsonthenonlinearbucklingof
cylindersunderuniformexternalpressure.Thematerialisassumedtobehaveelastically.Aparametricstudyis
performedusingtheCOMIfiniteelement,whichallowstoperformnonlinearanalysesofshellsofrevolution
withanykindofnonaxisymmetricinitialimperfection.Letusassumethattheperfectshellbuckleswitha
FouriermodemandthattheinitialthicknessimperfectionisonFouriermode1,mor2m.Asshownina
previousstudyonlinearbucklingofcylinderswiththicknessimperfections,1and2marethemostharmful
thicknessimperfections.Weshowthatthenonlinearprebucklingdoesnotaffectthebucklingpressuresvery
much.Wethenstudythecouplingwithgeometricalimperfections.Weshowthatthegeometryandthickness
imperfectionshaveamultiplicativeeffectonthedecreaseinbucklingloadinthenonlinearrange.Finally,we
showthatifoneusesonlythemeasuredouterradiusofashelltoinputinitialimperfections,verydifferent
nonlinearbucklingpressurescanbeobtainedundertheassumptionsthattheimperfectionispurelygeometric,
purelythickness,oracombinationofboth.
A.LimamandC.Mathon(LGCIEINSALyon,VilleurbanneCedex,France)
A.CombescureandJ.F.Jullien(LaMCoSINSALyon,VilleurbanneCedex,France)
Bucklingofthinwalledpressurizedcylindersunderbendingload,inStructuresandGranularSolidseditedby
Chen,etal,Taylor&FrancisGroup,London,2008,ISBN9780415475945
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingbehaviorofthinwalledpressurizedcylindersunderbendingloadisinvestigated
throughanintensiveexperimentalcampaignonthinshells(550<R/t<1450)ofmoderatelength(L/Rabout
equalto2.0).Theexperimentalbucklingbehaviorofpressurizedshellsunderbendingissomewhatsimilarto
thebehaviorunderaxialcompression:forlowpressurizationcases,theloadcarryingcapacityisstrongly
sensitivetogeometricalimperfections,whereasaboveasufficientlyhighlevelofpressure,thebucklingoccurs
forastressvalueclosetothetheoreticalprediction.Amajordifferencebetweenbendingandpurecompression
liesinthepostcriticalbehavior;thereachingofthecriticalloadunderbendingisaccompaniedbywrinklesor
bucklesconfinedtoasmallareaaroundthe(maximally)compressedfiber.Itallows,inthecaseofsufficiently
pressurizedcases,stressredistributionaroundthebucklingzone.Thereforethecollapsemomentismuchhigher
thanthebifurcationmoment,incontrasttothecaseofpureaxialcompression.Inasecondsection,nonlinear
finiteelementanalysesarecarriedouttosimulatetheconductedtests.Thenumericalmodelcorrectlyfollows
theexperimentalresults.
AlainCombescureandUteRayling,Pitfallsinthefiniteelementmodelingofthebucklingofsandwichshells
ofrevolution,ThinWalledStructuresVol.63,pp9197,February2013),DOI:10.1016/j.tws.2012.09.006
ABSTRACT:Theobjectiveofthisworkistoanswerthefollowingquestion:Isamultilayershellmodelalways
appropriateforthepredictionofthebucklingofathinstructure?Inordertodothat,wechosetoanalyzethe
bucklingofathreelayercylindricaltubeinuniformaxialcompression.Wecomparedthreeapproachesforthe
calculationofthetheoreticalbucklingload:afullyanalyticalformula,aFourierseriesbucklingmodelofa

multilayeraxisymmetricshellandacalculationbasedonamechanicalmeshoftheaxisymmetricmediumofthe
middlelayer.Thisanalysisshowsthattwobucklingmodesareincompetition:aglobalbeammodeandalocal
skinbucklingmode(wrinkling)whichdevelopswhenthestiffnessofthemiddlelayerisquitesmall.The
criticalloadscanbeestimatedanalyticallyforbothtypesofmodes,leadingtoacriticallengthunderwhichthe
cylinderfailsbyskinbuckling;otherwise,itfailsinbeammode.Thentheproblemwassolvedbyfinite
elementsusingtwomodels:first,amultilayeraxisymmetricshellmodel,thenamodelwithtwotypesof
elementsineachsection(an8nodeaxisymmetricelementforthemiddlelayer,andaxisymmetricshell
elementsforthetwoskins).Weshowedthatbothmodelscanpredictthebeammode,butonlythelatterwas
capableofpredictingtheskinbucklingmode.Similarresultsareproposedforthepredictionofthebucklingof
athreelayerconeunderinternalpressure.Wealsocomparedtheformulationsforgeometricallynonlinear
problemswithnonlinearmaterialsandshowedthatinsuchproblemsthenonlinearitiescauseevenmore
pronounceddifferences.Thisclearlyraisesthequestionofthechoiceofthetypeoffiniteelementforthe
predictionofbucklinginamultilayerstructureinwhichsomelayershaveonlyasmallrelativestiffness.The
analyticalsolutionandtheanalysisofthenonlinearresponseinthecaseoftheconeconfirmthatthepoor
predictionoftheskinbucklingmodeisduetoafailuretoaccountfortheflexibilityperpendiculartothemean
surface.
RobertNicholls(1)andJoanFreeman(2)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityofDelaware,Newark,Delaware19716,USA
(2)FordAerospaceCorp.,PaloAlto,California,USA
BucklingofFabricReinforcedConcreteShells,ASCEJournalofStructuralEngineering,Vol.114,No.4,
April1988,pp.765782,doihttp://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)07339445(1988)114:4(765)
ABSTRACT:Aseriesoffabricreinforcedconcreteshellsaretestedforbucklingunderuniformnormal
pressureinanairchamber.Thetestresultsarecomparedwithpreviousexperimentalresultsforsteelreinforced
concreteshells,andareusedtoprovideatentativedesignprocedureforfabricreinforcedsphericalshells.The
designprocedureisillustratedwithanexample,comparingresultswiththeresultsobtainedbydesignmethods
forsteelreinforcedshellsdescribedinearlierstudies.Experimentstomaximizebucklingstiffnessperunit
materialcostintheshellcrosssectionaresummarized.Practicallimitationsonshapesoffabricreinforced
shellsaredescribedaswellastheirbucklingsensitivitytovariablesinconstructionprocedure.
RobertNicholls(1)andVistaspKarbhari(2)
(1)Prof.,Civ.Engrg.,Univ.ofDelaware,Newark,DE19716MapThismap
(2)Ph.DCandidate,Civ.Engrg.,Univ.ofDelaware,Newark,DE
NondestructiveLoadPredictionsofConcreteShellBuckling,ASCEJ.Struct.Engrg.115,1191(1989);
doi:10.1061/(ASCE)07339445(1989)115:5(1191).
ABSTRACT:Nondestructivetestmethodsareevalutedforpredictingthebucklingcapacityandbuckling
locationoffabricreinforcedconcreteshells.Theloaddeformationmethodsconsistofmeasuringvertical
deflectionsof1020pointsontheshellsurfaceunderincreasingvacuumpressures,curvefittingofthe
deflectionpressureresponseateachpoint,calculatingacharacteristicpressureoneachcurve,andusingthe
lowestsuchcalculatedpressureasapredictorofshellbucklingcapacity.Thecurvefitsareupdatedateach
pressureincrementandthetestiscontinuedtoapressureequaltoasafefractionofpredictedbucklingload,
basedonpriortestingexperience.Predictedandactualbucklingpressuresarecomparedforsixexperimental

shells.Thechosenmethodwasselectedfromacomparisonoffourextrapolationmethods,basedonitsleast
standarddeviationbetweenpredictedandactualbucklingpressuresforthesixshells.Vacuumtestscanalso
indicateapproximatebucklinglocations,forinstallingreinforcingarchesbeforeplacingshellsinservice,and
provideaninexpensivemeansforproofloadingshellstoanyspecifiedoverloadfactor.
Uchiyama,MandYamada,S,NonlinearBucklingSimulationsOfImperfectShellDomesByMixedFinite
Elements,ASCEJournalofEngineeringMechanics,Vol.129,No.7,pp.707714.
ABSTRACT:Adegenerated9nodeshellelementandinterpolationformulationforstressresultantvectors
wereutilizedinthiswork.Selectedexperimentspreviouslyperformedbythesecondauthorontheelastic
bucklingofclampedthinwalledshallowsphericalshellsunderexternalpressurearecomparedwiththepresent
finiteelementanalyticalresults.Themeasuredgeometricinitialimperfectiondistributionsareincorporatedin
thefiniteelementanalyticalprocedure.Goodagreementbetweenthenumericalsimulationsandthe
experimentalmeasurementsofnotonlymaximumloadsbutalsodisplacementdistributionswereobtained.
SeishiYamada(DepartmentofArchitectureandCivilEngineering,ToyohashiUniversityofTechnology,
Toyohashi441,Japan),Bucklinganalysisfordesignofpressurizedcylindricalshellpanels,Engineering
Structures,Vol.19,No.5,May1997,pp.352359,SpecialIssue:Stabilityofstructures.
doi:10.1016/S01410296(96)000934
ABSTRACT:Incontrastwiththepressurebucklingofacompletecylinder,evenaperfectcylindricalshell
paneldisplaysacomplexformofnonlinearsnapbucklingbehaviour.Theprebucklingnonlinearityhasbeen
understoodtobeinducedbythetotalequivalentimperfectionsinvolvingthepotentialloadinduced
imperfectionandtheactualgeometricimperfection.Basedonthisconcept,analternativeestimationprocedure
oftheelasticandelastoplasticbucklingloadcarryingcapacitiesisproposedandtheresultingsimpleequations
andformulaefordesignarerepresented.
SeishiYamada(1)andJ.G.A.Croll(2)
(1)ToyohashiUniversityofTechnology,Toyohashi4418580,Japan
(2)Dept.ofCivilEngineering,UniversityCollegeLondon,LondonWC1E68T,UK
Contributionstounderstandingthebehaviorofaxiallycompressedcylinders,JournalofAppliedMechanics,
Vol.66,pp299309,June1999
ABSTRACT:AnelasticnonlinearRitzanalysisisusedtoinvestigatethebehaviorofaxiallyloadedimperfect
cylindricalshells.Itisshownhowtheinitiallypositivecontributionsarisingfromtheshellsmembraneenergy
areerodedwithincreasinglevelsofbothdeformationsandimperfections.Thislossofmembraneenergyis
showntoberesponsibleforthenotoriouslyimperfectionsensitivebucklingoftheshell.Extensiveparameter
studiesdemonstratetheexistenceofawelldefinedlowerboundtobucklingloadsandthedominanceof
characteristicincrementaldeformationmodesasthislowerboundisapproached.Forthefirsttimethe
physicallybasedhypothesesofthereducedstiffnessmethodaretheoreticallydemonstrated.Furthermore,itis
shownhowaslightlymodifiedformofthereducedstiffnessmethodprovidesveryclosepredictionsofthe
lowerboundstobucklingloads.

SeishiYamada(Dept.ofArchitectureandCivilEngineering,ToyohashiUniversityofTechnology,Japan),
Bucklingloadevaluationmethodforsinglelayercylindricallatticeshells,JournalofCivilEngineeringand
Architecture,Vol.6,No3,pp.268279,March2012
ABSTRACT:Arationaldesignevaluationprocedureisinvestigatedfortheelasticoverallbucklingload
carryingcapacityofsinglelayercylindricallatticeshellroofstructures.Thenatureoftheimperfection
sensitivityofthesestructuresisforthefirsttimereviewedinthispaper.Thisallowsthedevelopmentofthe
reducedstiffnessbucklinganalyticalconceptforthelatticeshellsbasedupontheintroductionofasimplelower
boundestimationequationthroughtheuseofthesocalledcontinuumshellanalogytheory.Thelinearand
nonlinearbucklingloadsfoundfromconventionalfiniteelementanalysesarecomparedwiththepresent
estimations.Finally,theelasticplasticloadcarryingcapacityestimationmethodthroughtheuseofthepresent
elasticlowerboundcriteriaisalsoproposed.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
[1]S.Yamada,BucklingTheory:HandbookoftheVibrationandBucklingofShells,editedbytheJapaneseSocietyofMechanical
Engineers,GihodoPublications,Tokyo,2003,pp.2942.(inJapanese)
[2]S.Yamada,AnalysisandDesignforCylindricalLatticedRoofShells,ArchitecturalInstituteofJapan,1995.(inJapanese)
[3]S.YamadaandJ.G.A.Croll,Bucklingbehaviorofpressureloadedcylindricalpanels,JournalofEngineeringMechanics115(2)
(1989)327344.
[4]J.Singer,J.ArboczandT.Weller,BucklingExperiments,Vol.2,Wiley,2002.
[5]S.YamadaandM.Uchiyama,Imperfectionsensitivebucklingandpostbucklingofsphericalshellcaps,bucklingandpostbuckling
structures,editedbyB.G.FalzonandM.H.Aliabadi,ImperialCollegePress,London,2008,pp.309334.
[6]J.G.A.Croll,Towardssimpleestimatesofshellbucklingloads,DerStahlbau:PartI,Heft8,1975,p.8;PartII,Heft9,1975.
[7]S.Yamada,Relationshipbetweennonlinearnumericalexperimentsandalinearlowerboundanalysisusingfiniteelementmethod
ontheoverallbucklingofreticularpartialcylindricalspaceframes,ComputerApplicationsinCivilandBuildingEngineering,Kozo
SystemInc,1991,pp.259266.
[8]S.Yamada,BucklingAnalysis:HandbookofComputationalMechanics,editedbyYagawaandMiyazaki,AsakuraPublication,
Tokyo,2007,pp.252261.(inJapanese)
[9]S.Yamada,A.Takeuchi,Y.TadaandK.Tsutsumi,Imperfectionsensitiveoverallbucklingofsinglelayerlatticedomes,Journal
ofEngineeringMechanics127(4)(2001)382386.
[10]S.YamadaandT.Taguchi,SnowLoadCarryingCapacityofSingleLayerLatticedCylindricalRoofStructures,Snow
EngineeringRecentAdvances,BalkemaPublishers,1997,pp.235240.
[11]S.Yamada,K.UchiyamaandM.Yamada,Experimentalinvestigationofthebucklingofshallowsphericalshells,International
JournalofNonLinearMechanics18(1)(1983)3754.
[12]S.YamadaandJ.G.A.Croll,Elastoplasticbucklingdesignforshallowcylindricalshellsunderexternalpressure,in:
ProceedingsofIASSASCEInternationalSymposium,ASCE,1994,pp.936945.
[13]S.Kato,M.IidaandT.Yamashita,Bucklingloadsofsimplysupportedsinglelayerlatticedroofsunderuniformverticalloading,
JournalofStructuralEngineering41B(1995)247257.(inJapanese)
[14]M.Murakami,K.HekiandH.Ohnishi,Examplesofnumericalanalyticalsolutionsfortheelasticbucklingofsinglelayerlatticed
cylindricalshellshavingequilateraltriangleunites,in:ProceedingsofAnnualMeetingoftheArchitecturalInstituteofJapan,1989,
pp.12591260.(inJapanese)
[15]M.Konakawa,Overallbucklinganalysisofcylindricallatticedshellroofshavingarbitrarysupportsonstraightbeamedgesin
ridgedirection,JournalofStructuralandConstructionEngineering283(1979)7686.(inJapanese)
[16]T.SuzukiandT.Ogawa,Bucklinganalysisofcylindricaltrussroofshells,JournalofStructuralandConstructionEngineering
288(1980)2937.(inJapanese)
[17]S.Yamada,T.KikuchiandY.Matsumoto,Effectsoflocalizedsingledimpleimperfectionsonthebucklingoflatticedcylindrical
shells,in:Proceedingsof9thAsianPacificConferenceonShellandSpatialStructures,Nagoya,2009.
[18]J.G.A.Croll,Lowerboundelastoplasticbucklingofcylinders,in:ProceedingsofInstnCivilEngrg,1981,Part2,Vol.71,pp.
235261.
[19]E.Dulacska,Bucklingofelasticplasticshells,IASSBulletin,1979,Vol.68,pp.1520.
[20]S.Dunkerley,Onthewhirlingandvibrationofshafts,PhilosophicalTransactionsoftheRoyalSocietyofLondon,Ser.A185,
1894,pp.279360.
[21]Y.KawamotoandT.Yuhara,Bucklingoffabricatedringstiffenedsteelcylindersunderaxialcompression,in:Proceedingsof

InternationalConferenceonAdvancesinMarineStructures,Dunfermline,1986,pp.262280.

KrishnaKumarBhetwalandSeishiYamada(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,ToyohashiUniversityof
Technology,Toyohashi,4418580,Japan),EffectsOfCFRPReinforcementsOnTheBucklingBehaviorOf
ThinWalledSteelCylindersUnderCompression,Int.J.Str.Stab.Dyn.12,131(2012).DOI:
10.1142/S0219455412004665
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsanovelwayofstrengtheningthinwalledsteelcylindricalshellsagainst
bucklingduringaxialcompressioninwhichasmallamountoffiberreinforcedpolymer(FRP)composite,
coatedfrombothsidescanincreasethebucklingstrengtheffectively.Theeffectsofthereinforcementandthe
angleoffiberorientationaswellasinitialgeometricimperfectionsonthebucklingloadcarryingcapacityhave
beenmadeclearthroughthethreekindsofanalyticalprocedures;theconventionallineareigenvaluebuckling
analysis,thereducedstiffness(RS)bucklinganalysisandthefullynonlinearnumericalexperiments.These
multipletreatmentssuggestobtainingvaluableinformationforthedesignofFRPbasedhybridstructural
elementsanddiscussesinfluenceofFRPtoincreasetheloadcarryingcapacityofthethinwalledmetallic
structureshavingcomplexbucklingcollapsebehavior.Thispaperalsodiscusseshowtheangleoffiber
orientationaffectsonthebucklingstrengthandtheassociatedbucklingmodesofthethinwalledshells.
DanLi;ZhipingTang;HuijieZhang,ExperimentalinvestigationondynamicbucklingoftheTiNicylindrical
shellundersingleloading(ProceedingsPaper),ICEM2008:InternationalConferenceonExperimental
Mechanics2008,http://spie.org/x648.html?product_id=839372,doi:10.1117/12.839372
ABSTRACT:Inthispaper,dynamicbucklingofamartensitictransformationdominatedsuperelasticTiNithin
cylindricalshellundersingleloadingwasstudiedandanalyzed.Theresultsshowedthatthebucklingmodewas
mainlythenonaxisymmetricdiamondmodel,andrecoveredwhenunloading,andrelatedwithmartensitic
transformationandthebehaviorofthetransformationhinge,andwassignificantlydifferentfromthetraditional
elasticplasticcylindricalshell.Thearticlealsodiscussedthattheinfluenceofthelengthtodiameterrateand
boundaryconditionsonbucklingmode,specificenergy,criticalinstabilitythreshold,andsoon.Thestudy
showed,aslengthandboundaryconditionschanged,TiNithincylindricalshellsshowedavarietyofbuckling
modaldevelopment.Underthesameboundarycondition,Sewasreducedaslengthdiameterratioincreased,
hadthesimilarlawwiththequasistaticcompressionexperiments.ButthespecificenergyofaTiNithin
cylindricalshellwasgreaterthanthatinthequasistaticcompressionexperiments.
K.Fujita&T.Ito(TakasagoR&DCenter,MitsubishiHeavyIndustries),K.Baba&M.Ochi(SI2ndCenter,
Mitsubishi),K.Nagata(KobeShipyardandMachineryWorks,Mitsubishi),Dynamicbucklinganalysisfor
cylindricalshellduetorandomexcitation,EarthquakeEngineering,TenthWorldConference,Balkema,
Rotterdam,1992,ISBN9054100605.
ABSTRACT:Thecontainmentvesselofanuclearpowerplant,theLMFBRreactorvessel,andatallcylindrical
towerarethincylindricalshellstructureswithlargediameter.Therefore,developmentofanevaluation
technologyfordynamicbucklingforthesestructuresduetowindorseismicloadingisbecomingvery
important.Someresearchworksarefoundrecently,buttheanalysisgenerallyneedsunpractivalhugeCPU
time.ThedevelopmentandtheutilityofapracticaldynamicbucklinganalysiscodeusingFEM,inwhich
lumpedmassesandinitialimperfectionetc.canbetakenintoaccount,arereportedhere.
Ninereferencestopaperspublished19841991givenattheendofthepaper(couldnotcutandpaste).

DnielVetandIstvnSajtos(BudapestUniversityofTechnologyandEconomicsDepartmentofMechanics,
MaterialsandStructures),Applicationofgeometricmethodtodeterminethebucklingloadofsphericalshells,
AkadmiaiKiad,Vol.4,No.2,August2009,doi:10.1556/Pollack.4.2009.2.13
ABSTRACT:Thepaperconsidersthebucklingofcompletesphericalshells.Themainpurposecouldbe,asa
basisforrealdesign,tofindthelowercriticalload.Threescientistsdevelopedtheideathatthebuckledshapeof
theshellistheisometricallytransformedshapeoftheoriginalshellsurface.Applyingthisideausing
rotationallysymmetricbuckledshapethelowercriticalloadcanbecalculatedfairlyeasilyforsphericalshells.
Inrealitythebuckledshapehasratherdiscreterotationsymmetry.Consideringthiskindofbuckledshapeisthe
maintaskofourresearch.Somepreliminaryresultsrelatedtothisbucklingformwillbepresentedhere.
References:
HegedsI.Shellstructures,(inHungarian),MegyetemiKiad,Budapest,1998.
KollrL.,DulcskaE.Bucklingofshellsforengineers.AkadmiaiKiad,Budapest,1984.
ElNaschieM.S.Stress,stabilityandchaosinstructuralengineering:anenergyapproach,McGrawHill,London,1990.
PogorelovA.V.Bendingsofsurfacesandstabilityofshells.AmericanMathematicalSociety,Providence,1988
BronstejnI.N.,SzemengyajevK.N.,MusiolG.,MhligH.HandbookofMathematics,(inHungarian),TypotexKiad,Budapest,
2002.
DulcskaE.Bucklingofdomeshells,(inHungarian),ptsptszettudomny,Vol.19,No.34,1987,pp.305309.
EvkinA.Y.,KalamkarovA.L.Analysisoflargedeflectionequilibriumstatesofcompositeshellsofrevolution,InternationalJournal
ofSolidsandStructures,Vol.38,2001,pp.89618987.
WolmirA.S.Biegsameplattenundschalen.VEBVerlagfrBauwesen,Berlin,1962.

Pressurevesseldesignmanual,ThirdEdition,2004.GulfProfessionalPublishing(Elsevier),
ISBN13:9780750677400andISBN10:0750677406
illustratedproceduresforsolvingmajor...ByDennisR.Moss,Procedure218,Bucklingoftbinwalled
cylindricalshells,etc.
Similarbooks:http://books.google.com/books?
q=related:ISBN0750677406&id=1EvxhJDf3JgC&source=gbs_similarbooks_s&cad=1
A.J.SadowskiandRotter,J.Michael,Eccentricdischargebucklingofaveryslendersilo,Symposiumofthe
InternationalAssociationforshellandspatialstructuresIASS;Evolutionandtrendsindesign,analysisand
constructionofshellandspatialstructures.ProceedingsIASS,December11,2009,UniversitatPolitcnicade
Valencia:ProceedingseditedbyAlbertoDomingoandCarlosLzaro,pp.25572568.
http://hdl.handle.net/10251/6590
ABSTRACT:Metalsilosusedtostoregranularsolidsoftentaketheformofacylindricalshellwithanaspect
ratiointherange2<H/D<6.Ithaslongbeenrecognizedthatthemostseriousloadcaseforsilosisthe
conditionofeccentricdischargeofitsstoredsolid,andmorefailureshaveoccurredunderthisconditionthan
anyother.Twoofthechiefreasonsforthishighfailureratearethedifficultyincharacterizingthepressure
distributioncausedbyeccentricsolidsflow,andthedifficultyinunderstandingthepatternofstressesthat
developsinashallwallundersuchunsymmetricalpressureregimes.Thenonsymmetricbehaviorofashell
structureundersuchaloadingconditionisnotatallwelldescribedinthevoluminousshellstructuresliterature,
andonlyafewstudieshaveexploredthemechanicsleadingtohighlocalstresseswhichinturnleadtobuckling
failureundereccentricdischarge.Inthisstudy,thepressurescausedbyeccentricdischargearecharacterized
usingthenewrulesoftheEuropeanStandardEN19914[5]thatdefinestheActionsinSilosandTanks.Using

thisnewimproveddescriptionofunsymmetricalpressures,itisnowpossibletoperformrelativelyrealistic
calculationsrelatingtothiscommonbutcomplicatedshellbucklingcondition.Thecalculationsdescribedhere
arepartofawiderstudybelievedtobethefirstofitskindandareundertakenusinggeometricallyand
materiallynonlinearanalysesinaccordancewiththeEuropeanStandardEN199316[6]onStrengthand
StabilityofShells.Thepaperexploresthestructuralbehaviorleadingtobucklingduringeccentricdischarge,
includingthecriticaleffectsofchangesofgeometryandimperfectionsensitivity.
SeungEockKim,ChangSungKim,DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,ConstructionTech.
ResearchInstitute,SejongUniversity,98Kunjadong,Kwangjinku,Seoul143747,SouthKorea,Buckling
strengthofthecylindricalshellandtanksubjectedtoaxiallycompressiveloads,ThinWalledStructures40
(2002)329353.
ABSTRACT:Thispaperaimstodeveloppracticaldesignequationsandchartsestimatingthebucklingstrength
ofthecylindricalshellandtanksubjectedtoaxiallycompressiveloads.Bothgeometricallyperfectand
imperfectshellsandtanksarestudied.Numericalanalysisisusedtoevaluatebucklingstrength.Themodeling
method,appropriateelementtypeandnecessarynumberofelementstouseinnumericalanalysisare
recommended.Accordingtotheresultsoftheparametricstudyoftheperfectshell,thebucklingstrength
decreasessignificantlyasthediametertothicknessratioincreases,whileitdecreasesslightlyastheheightto
diameterratioincreases.Theseresultsaredifferentfromthoseinthecaseofcolumns.Thebucklingstrengthof
theperfecttankplacedonanextremelysoftfoundationandastifffoundationincreasesbyupto1.6%and5.6%,
respectively,comparedwiththatoftheperfectshell.Thebucklingstrengthoftheshellandtankdecreases
significantlyastheamplitudeofinitialgeometricimperfectionincreases.Convenientandsufficientlyaccurate
designequationsandchartsusedforestimatingbucklingstrengthareprovided.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
[1]GotoY,ShangC.Plasticbucklingtransitionmodesinmoderatelythickcylindricalshells.JEngMech1999;125(4):42634.
[2]MandaraA,MazzolaniM.Stockycylindersifcompression:postcriticalpathevaluationandcollapseloadpredictionwith
ABAQUS.In:ProceedingsofABAQUSUsersConference,Archen,Germany1993;42135.
[3]KimYS,KardomateasGA.Bucklingofthickorthotropiccylindricalshellsundertorsion.JApplMech1999;66:4150.
[4]ChryssanthopulosMK,BakerMJ,DowlingPJ.Imperfectionmodelingforbucklinganalysisofstiffenedcylinders.JStructEng
1991;117(7):19982017.
[5]SoldatosKP.Mechanicsofcylindricalshellswithnoncircularcrosssection:asurvey.JApplMechRev1999;52(8):23774.
[6]DonnellLH,WanCC.Effectofimperfectiononbucklingofthincylindersandcolumnsunderaxialcompression.JApplMech
1950;17:7383.
[7]MillerCD.Bucklingofaxiallycompressedcylinder.ProcASCE,JStructDiv1976;103(ST3):695721.
[8]SingerJ.Ontheimportanceofshellbucklingexperiments.JApplMechRev1999;52(6):1725.
[9]MelerskiES.Simpleelasticanalysisofaxisymmetriccylindricalstoragetank.JStructEng1991;117(11):323960.
[10]PeekR.Analysisofunanchoredliquidstoragetanksunderlateralloads.EarthquakeEngStructDyn1988;16:1087100.
[11]LauDT,ZengX.Generationanduseofsimplifiedupliftshapefunctionsinunanchoredcylindricaltanks.JPressureVessel
Technol1996;118:27886.
[12]MalhotraPK.Upliftinganalysisofbaseplatesincylindricaltanks.JStructEng1994;120:3489505.
[13]PeekR,ElBkailyM.Postbucklingbehaviorofunanchoredsteeltanksunderlateralloads.JPressureVesselTechnol
1991;113:4238.
[14]NamMH,LeeKH.Unsymmetricallyloadedcylindricaltankonelasticfoundation.JEngMech2000;126:125761.
[15]TimoshenkoSP,GereJM.Theoryofelasticstability.NewYork:McGrawHill,1983.
[16]TimoshenkoSP,WoinowskyKriegerS.Theoryofplateandshell.NewYork:McGrawHill,1959.
[17]ABAQUS/standardusersmanualversion5.8,vol.I.Pawtucket(RI):Hibbit,KarlssonandSorensen,1998.
[18]ABAQUS/standardexamplemanualversion5.8,vol.I.Pawtucket(RI):Hibbit,KarlssonandSorensen,1998 .

K.P.SoldatosandG.J.Tzivanidis(DepartmentofMechanics,UniversityofIoannina,Greece),Bucklingand
vibrationofcrossplylaminatedcircularcylindricalpanels,ZeitschriftfrAngewandteMathematikund
Physik(ZAMP),Vol.33,No.2,March1982,pp.230240,doi:10.1007/BF00944973
ABSTRACT:Thefreevibrationproblemofathincrossplycompositelaminatedcircularcylindricalpanel
subjectedtoarbitrarycombinationsofaxialandcircumferentialinitialcompressionsisstudied.Theequations
ofmotionarederived,intheframeworkoftheDonnelltypetheory,intermsofthepanelmiddlesurface
displacementscomponents.Closedformsolutionsareobtained,forsimplysupportedpanels,andnumerical
resultsforbothantisymmetricandunsymmetriclaminatedcrossplypanelsarepresented.
K.P.SoldatosandG.J.Tzivanidis(DepartmentofMechanics,UniversityofIoannina,Greece),Journalof
SoundandVibration,Vol.82,No.3,June1982,pp.425434,doi:10.1016/S0022460X(82)800230
ABSTRACT:Thefreevibrationproblemofathincompositecrossplylaminatednoncircularcylindricalshell
subjectedtoanaxialcompressionisstudied.Theequationsofmotionarederived,intheframeworkofthe
Donnelltypetheory,intermsoftheshellmiddlesurfacedisplacementcomponents.Thedifferentialequations
ofmotionhavevariablecoefficientsandtheyaresolvedbyemployingGalerkin'smethod.Asanapplication,the
problemofthefreevibrationsandbucklingofcrossplylaminatedovalcylindersisstudied.Numericalresults
forantisymmetricandunsymmetriccrossplylaminatedshellsofgraphiteepoxyarepresentedanddiscussed.
KostasP.Soldatos(DepartmentofMechanics,UniversityofIoannina,Greece),Onthebucklingandvibration
ofantisymmetricangleplylaminatedcircularcylindricalshells,InternationalJournalofEngineeringScience,
Vol.21,No.3,1983,pp.217222,doi:10.1016/00207225(83)90023X
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingandfreevibrationproblemofathincompositeantisymmetricangleplylaminated
circularcylindricalshellisstudied.TheDonnelltypeequationsofmotion,intermsoftheshellmiddlesurface
displacementcomponents,areusedandsolvedapproximatelybymeansofGalerkin'smethod.Numerical
resultsarepresentedandtheexpectationthatthebendingstretchingcouplingphenomenonrapidlydiesoutas
thenumberoflayersincreasesisconfirmed.
KostasP.Soldatos(DepartmentofMechanics,UniversityofIoannina,Greece),Afluggetypetheoryforthe
analysisofanisotropiclaminatednoncircularcylindricalshells,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,
Vol.20,No.2,1984,pp.107120,doi:10.1016/00207683(84)900027
ABSTRACT:Foragenerallyanisotropiclaminatedthinelasticnoncircularcylindricalshell,subjectedtoa
combinedloading,theequationsofmotionofasecondapproximationFluggetypetheoryarederivedand
expressedintermsoftheshellmiddlesurfacedisplacementcomponents.Asanapplication,forthefree
vibrationproblemofacrossplylaminatednoncircularcylindricalshellsubjectedtoS2simplysupportededge
boundaryconditions,theseequationsaresolvedbyemployingthemethodofGalerkin.Forafamilyofregular
antisymmetriccrossplylaminatedovalshells,numericalresultsareobtainedanddiscussed.Comparisonsare
alsomadebetweensomeoftheobtainedresultsandcorrespondingresultsobtainedfromthesolutionofthe
quasishallowshellDonnelltypeequationsofmotion.

K.P.Soldatos(DepartmentofAppliedMathematics,UniversityofIoannina,Ioannina,Greece),Acomparison
ofsomeshelltheoriesusedforthedynamicanalysisofcrossplylaminatedcircularcylindricalpanels,Journal
ofSoundandVibration,Vol.97,No.2,November1984,pp.305319,doi:10.1016/0022460X(84)903249
ABSTRACT:Thefreevibrationproblemofthinelasticcrossplylaminatedcircularcylindricalpanelsis
considered.Forthisproblem,atheoreticalunificationaswellasanumericalcomparisonofthethinshell
theoriesmostcommonlyused(inengineeringapplications)ispresented.Inmoredetail,theproblemis
formulatedinsuchawaythatbyusingsometracers,whichhavetheformofKronecker'sdeltas,thestressstrain
relations,constitutiveequationsandequationsofmotionobtainedproduce,asspecialcases,thecorresponding
relationsandequationsofDonnell's,Love's,Sanders'andFlugge'stheories.Byusingaclosedformsolution,
obtainedforsimplysupportedpanels,acomparisonofcorrespondingnumericalresultsobtainedonthebasisof
alloftheaforementionedshelltheoriesisattempted.
K.P.Soldatos(DepartmentofMathematics,UniversityofIoannina,Ioannina,Greece45110),Arefined
laminatedplateandshelltheorywithapplications,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.144,No.1,January
1991,pp.109129,doi:10.1016/0022460X(91)907364
ABSTRACT:Thepresentpaperisconcernedwiththedevelopmentandcertainapplicationsofarefinedshear
deformabletheorysuitableforthedynamicanalysisoflaminatedanisotropicplatesaswellascylindricalshells
ofeithercircularornoncircularconfiguration.Thetheoryaccountsforparabolicvariationoftransverseshear
strainsanditiscapableofsatisfyingzerosheartractionboundaryconditionsattheexternalshellorplate
surfaces,andmakesnouseoftransverseshearcorrectionfactors.Itcanbeconsideredasatransverseshear
deformableanalogueoftheclassicallaminateDonnelltypeandLovetypeshelltheorieswhile,throughcertain
newdefinitionsofforceandmomentresultants,thehigherordermomentandtransverseshearforceresultants
occurringacquiresomepysicalsubstance.Undercertainconditions,somedynamicalproblemsstudiedearlier
bythepresentauthorareconsideredasapplicationsoftherefinedtheorydeveloped.Asafurtherapplication,
thepresenttheoryisemployedforthestudyofthefreevibrationproblemofantisymmetricangleplylaminated
closedcircularcylindricalshells.Thisproblemissolvedbytwodifferentmathematicaltechniques;namely,the
helicalmodalpatternapproachandanapproachbasedonGalerkin'smethod.Numericalresultsbasedonboth
solutionsobtainedarepresentedandcomparedandtheefficiencyofbothapproaches,withregardtothe
predictionofthenaturalfrequenciesofvibration,isdiscussed.
KostasP.Soldatos(DepartmentofMathematics,UniversityofIoannina,Ioannina,45110,Greece),Ageneral
laminatedplatetheoryaccountingforcontinuityofdisplacementsandtransverseshearstressesatmaterial
interfaces,CompositeStructures,Vol.20,No.4,1992,pp.195211,doi:10.1016/02638223(92)900269
ABSTRACT:Ageneraltwodimensionaltheory,suitableforthestaticand/orthedynamicanalysisof
transversesheardeformablelaminatedplates,ispresented.Thisdisplacementbasedtheoryiscapableof
satisfyingcontinuityofbothdisplacementsandtransverseshearstressesattheplatematerialinterfaces.The
derivationofitsgoverningdifferentialequationsisbasedontheapplicationofHamilton'sprinciplein
conjunctionwiththemethodofLagrangemultipliers.Moreover,thisnewtheoryiscapableofaccountingfor
unlimitedmultiplechoicesofcontinuousdisplacementdistributions,throughtheplatethickness,while,starting
withthesmallestpossiblenumberofindependentdisplacementcomponents(five,forasheardeformation
theory),itiscapableoffurtheroperatingwithasmanydegreesoffreedomasdesired.Withsuchadouble
infinitefreedom,itisconcludedthatfortheanalysisoftheparticularlaminatedplateconsideredonemaystart

withthesolutionofthegoverningequationsofthe5degreesoffreedomtheoryderivedforrelativelysimple
choicesofthroughthethicknessdisplacementdistributions.Then,eitherincreasingthenumberofthedegrees
offreedomorreforming,suitably,theaforementioneddisplacementdistributions,onemayiterativelyimprove
theefficiencyofthetheoryuntilasufficientdegreeofaccuracyisachievedfortheresultsobtained.
K.P.Soldatos((DepartmentofTheoreticalMechanics,UniversityofNottingham,NottinghamNG72RD,UK),
Bucklingofsheardeformableantisymmetricangleplylaminatedcylindricalpanelsunderaxialcompression,
ASMEJournalofPressureVesselTechnology,Vol.114,August1992,pp.353357
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdealswiththebucklingproblemofantisymmetricanglyplylaminatedcircular
cylindricalpanelssubjectedtoauniformaxialcompression.Sinceaflatplateconfigurationoccursasa
particularcaseofthecylindricalpanelgeometry(zeroshallowangleparameter),thecorrespondingflatplate
problemisstudiedasaparticularcasoftheproblemconsidered.Thetheoreticalanalysisisbasedonanonlinear
theorydevelopedinapreviouspaper(Soldatos,1992),whichaccountsforparabolicallydistributedtransverse
shearstrainsthroughtheshellthickness.Thelinearizeddifferentialequations,governingthebucklingbehavior
ofasimplysupportedpanel,aresolvedonthebasisofGalerkinsmethod.Comparisonsofcorresponding
numericalresults,basedonboththerefinedshelltheoryemployedandaclassicalLovetypeshelltheory,show
theinfluenceoftransversesheardeformationonthebucklingloadsofsuchlaminatedcompositepanels.
KostasP.Soldatos(DepartmentofTheoreticalMechanics,UniversityofNottingham,NottinghamNG72RD,
UK),Anonlineartransversesheardeformableplatetheoryallowingamultiplechoiceoftrialdisplacementand
stressdistributions,CompositesEngineering,Vol.3,No.9,1993,pp.885897,
doi:10.1016/09619526(93)90046M
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdealswitharefinedformulationofageneral,geometricallynonlinear,shear
deformable,staticplatetheorywhichallowsamultiplechoiceoftrialdisplacementand,consequently,stress
distributionsthroughtheplatethickness.Thisisachievedwiththeincorporation,intoabasictrialdisplacement
approximation,ofageneralfunctionofthetransversecoordinate.Anappropriatechoiceofthederivativeofthat
functionis,essentially,adequateforanaposterioricontrolofthetransverseshearstrainandstressdistributions.
However,aparticularchoiceofthatgeneralfunctionisnotprovided,leaving,therefore,thetheoryinitsmost
generalform.Thedevelopmentofthetheoryisbasedontheconceptofsmallstrainsandmoderaterotations.Its
forceandmomentequilibriumequationsarederivedvariationally,onthebasisoftheprincipleofthetotal
potentialenergy.Undercertainconditions,thepresentnonlineartheorybecomesanalogoustoseverallinearand
nonlinearplatetheoriesavailableintheliterature,inthesensethatitcaneasilyadoptandmakeuseoftheir
maincharacteristics.
KostasP.SoldatosandJianQiaoYe(DepartmentofTheoreticalMechanics,UniversityofNottingham,
Nottingham,NG72RD,UK),Threedimensionalstatic,dynamic,thermoelasticandbucklinganalysisof
homogeneousandlaminatedcompositecylinders,CompositeStructures,Vol.29,No.2,1994,pp.131143,
doi:10.1016/02638223(94)900957
ABSTRACT:Asuccessiveapproximationmethodproposedandappliedinconnectionwithstaticanddynamic
analysesofhomogeneousisotropic,orthotropicandcrossplylaminatedhollowcylindersandcylindrical
panels16isoutlinedanditsapplicabilityisextendedinconnectionwithcorrespondingthermoelasticanalyses.

Nevertheless,themethodisfurtherappliedinconnectionwiththebucklingproblemofsimplysupportedhollow
cylindersandcylindricalpanelssubjectedtocertainexternalmechanicalloadings.Todealwithfinitecylinders
subjectedtomorecomplicatedloadingthatsimplysupportededgeconditions,anapproachisoutlinedwhichis
suitableforcorrespondinganalysesofhollowcylindershavingfixededgeboundaries.
A.Messina(1)AndK.P.Soldatos(2)
(1)DipartimentodiScienzadeiMateriali,UniversitdiLecce,73100,Lecce,Italy
(2)UniversityofNottingham,PopeBuilding,Nottingham,NG72RD,England
RitzTypeDynamicAnalysisOfCrossPlyLaminatedCircularCylindersSubjectedToDifferentBoundary
Conditions,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.227,No.4,November1999,pp.749768,
doi:10.1006/jsvi.1999.2347
ABSTRACT:ThispaperextendstheapplicabilityoftheRitztypemethodpresentedinapreviouspublication
[1]towardsanadvancedstudyoftheinfluenceoftheedgeboundaryconditionsonthevibrationcharacteristics
ofcomplete,crossplylaminatedcylindricalshells.TheanalysisisbasedonacombinationoftheRitzmethod
withappropriate,completebasesoforthonormalpolynomialsanditssubsequentapplicationontheenergy
functionalofthelovetypeversionofaunifiedsheardeformableshelltheory.Asaresult,twodifferentkindsof
sheardeformableLovetypeshelltheoriesareemployed,includingversionsthateitherfulfilorviolatethe
continuityoftheinterlaminarstressesthroughtheshellthickness.Apartfromthestudyofthephysicalproblem
itself,severalfeaturesrelatedtothetheoreticalmodelaswellastotheanalyticalprocedurearefurther
addressedandinvestigated.Asfarasthemodellingisconcerned,particularemphasisisgiventotheversionof
theparabolicsheardeformableshelltheorythatconsiderscontinuityofinterlaminarstresses.Moreover,the
relationofthisversionofthetheoryaswellasitsperformancewithrespecttothecorrespondingolderversion
thatviolatesthiscontinuityrequirement[8]isfurtherinvestigated.Itisconcludedthattheaccuratemodellingof
theinterlaminarstressdistributionmaybecomeaseriousissueforfurtherinvestigation,asitalreadyisforthe
stressanalysisoflaminatedcompositestructuralelements.
KostasP.Soldatos(1)andXiaopingShu(2)
(1)UniversityofNottingham,PopeBuilding,NottinghamNG72RD,UK
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,HuaihaiInstituteofTechnology,Lianyungang,Jiangsu,222005,
People'sRepublicofChina
Onthestressanalysisofcrossplylaminatedplatesandshallowshellpanels,CompositeStructures,Vol.46,
No.4,1December1999,pp.333344,doi:10.1016/S02638223(99)000616
ABSTRACT:Thispaperextendstheapplicabilityofanewstressanalysismethod(SoldatosKP,WatsonPA.
ActaMech1997;123:163186)towardstheaccuratepredictionofstresseswithincrossplylaminateddoubly
curvedshellsegmentshavingarectangularplanform.Themethodisbasedonthesuccessfulincorporationof
threedimensionalelasticityinformationforstressdistributionsintoatwodimensionalfivedegreesoffreedom
shallowshelltheory.Thissuccessfulmatchingisachievedbymeansofasetoftwoshapefunctions,whichare
incorporatedwithinthetwodimensionalshellmodelwhereastheirformdependsontheparticularproblem
considered.Inthepresentcase,twodifferentsetsofshapefunctionsaredevelopedandtested,oneofwhichis
moreaccuratethantheotheris,thelaterbeinghoweversimplerthantheformer.

KostasP.Soldatos(TheoreticalMechanicsDivision,PopeBuilding,UniversityofNottingham,Nottingham
NG72RD,UK),Complexpotentialformalismsforbendingofinhomogeneousmonoclinicplatesincluding
transversesheardeformation,JournaloftheMechanicsandPhysicsofSolids,Vol.52,No.2,February2004,
pp.341357,doi:10.1016/S00225096(03)001029
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdevelopscomplexpotentialformalismsforthesolutionofthebendingproblemof
inhomogenoeusanisotropicplates,onthebasisofthemostcommonlyusedrefinedplatetheories.Beingan
initialstepinthatdirection,itworksoutsuchformalismsonlyinconnectionwiththebendingproblemofshear
deformablehomogeneousplatesaswellasplateshavingaspecialtypeofinhomogeneityalongtheirthickness
direction.Theadoptedtypeofinhomogeneityishoweverstillgeneralenoughtoincludecertainclassesofplates
madeoffunctionallygradedmaterialaswellastheclassesofcrossandangleplysymmetriclaminatesas
particularcases.Thebasicformalism,similartothatdevelopedbyStrohinplanestrainelasticity,isdetailedin
relationwiththeequilibriumequationsofageneralizedplatetheorythataccountsfortheeffectsoftransverse
sheardeformationandincludesconventional,refinedtheoriesasparticularcases.Someinteresting
specializations,relatedtothemostimportantofthoseconventionalplatetheories,arethenpresentedand
discussedseparately.Hence,theoutlinedformalismsprovide,forthefirsttimeinanalyticalform,thegeneral
solutionofthepartialdifferentialequationsassociatedwiththemostcommonlyusedrefined,elasticplate
theories.
RalfPeek(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,2340G.G.BrownLaboratory,TheUniversityofMichigan,Ann
Arbor,MI48109,U.S.A),Worstshapesofimperfectionsforspacetrusseswithmultipleglobalandlocal
bucklingmodes,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.30,No.16,1993,pp.22432260,
doi:10.1016/00207683(93)90085L
ABSTRACT:Theinitialpostbucklingbehaviorandimperfectionsensitivityoftrusstypestructuresinwhich
thejointsdonottransmitmomentsisdeterminedbymeansoftheLyapunovSchmidtKoiterapproach.Such
structurespossesslocalbucklingmodesinvolvingthebucklingofindividualmembers,andglobalmodes
involvingaxialdeformationsofallmembersbutnomemberbuckling.Ofparticularinterestisthecaseinwhich
throughoptimization(orotherwise)anumberoflocalandglobalmodesarecoincident.Theworstshapeof
imperfectionforthiscaseisdeterminedfromthebifurcatedequilibriumbranchonwhichtheloaddropsmost
rapidly.Itisshownthatthiscriticalbifurcatedbranchinitiallyinvolvesthebucklingofonememberonly.The
generaltheoryisillustratedbyanumberofexamplesinvolvingtwoandthreedimensionallatticecolumns.The
leadingorderasymptoticresultsfortheseexamplesarecomparedtoexactresultsobtainedbytrackingthe
appropriateequilibriumbranchnumerically.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
Forman,S.E.andHutchinson,.I.W.(1970).Bucklingofreticulatedshellstructures.Int.J.SolidsStructures6(7),909932.
Gill,P.E.,Murray,W.andWright,M.H.(1981).PracticalOptimization.AcademicPress.
Koiter,W.T.(1976).Currenttrendsinthetheoryofbuckling.InSymposiumonBucklingofStructures.Sponsoredbythe
InternationalUnionofTheoreticalandAppliedMechanics(IUTAM),HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,MA,1724June,1974(Edited
byB.Budiansky),pp.l16.Springer,Berlin.
Luongo,A.andPignataro,M.(1988).Multipleinteractionandlocalizationphenomenainthepostbucklingof
compressedthinwalledmembers.AIAAJournal26(11),13951417.
Peek,R.andTriantafyllidis,N.(1992).Worstshapesofimperfectionsforspacetrusseswithmanysimultaneouslybucklingmembers.
Int.J.SolidsStructures29,23852402.
Riks,E.andRankin,C.C.(1987).Borderedequationsincontinuationmethods:Animprovedsolutiontechnique.NLRMP87057U,
NationalAerospaceLaboratory,TheNetherlands.
Timoshenko,S.P.andGere,J.M.(1961).TheoryofElasticStability.McGrawHill,Maidenhead.
Triantafyllidis,N.andPeek,R.(1992).Stabilityandworstimperfectionshapeofstructureswithmultipleeigenmodes.Int.J.Solids

Struct;res29,22812299.
Watson,L.T.,Billups,S.C.andMorgan,A.P.(1987).HOMPACK:Asuiteofcodesforgloballyconvergenthomotopyalgorithms.
ACMTransactionsonMathematicalSoftware13(3),281310.

RalfPeekandMostafaKheyrkhahan(CollegeofEngineering,TheUniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,MI
481092125,USA),PostbucklingbehaviorandimperfectionsensitivityofelasticstructuresbytheLyapunov
SchmidtKoiterapproach,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.108,Nos.34,
September1993,pp.261279,doi:10.1016/00457825(93)90005I
ABSTRACT:BeginningwiththeworkofKoiterin1945,valuableinsightsintothepostbucklingbehaviorof
structureshavebeengainedbyLyapunovSchmidtdecompositionofthedisplacementsfollowedbyan
asymptoticexpansionaboutthebifurcationpoint.Herethismethodologyisgeneralizedtoincludenonlinear
prebucklingbehavior,aswellasmultiple,notnecessarilycoincidentbucklingmodes.Theexpansionofthe
reducedequilibriumequationsisperformedaboutareferencepoint(whichneednotcoincidewithanyofthe
bifurcationpoints),andappliesnomatterwhetherthemodesarecoincident,closelyspaced,orwellseparated.
Fromavarietyofpossibledecompositionsoftheadmissiblespaceofdisplacements,twoareincorporatedintoa
finiteelementprogram.Theoreticalconsiderations,andnumericalexamplesinwhichasymptoticresultsare
comparedtoexactresults,indicatethatoneofthedecompositionshassomeimportantadvantagesoverthe
other.Examplesincludeashallowarch,andabeamonelasticfoundationproblemexhibitingsymmetry
breakingmodalinteraction.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1.W.T.Koiter,Thestabilityofelasticequilibrium,Thesis,TechnischeHoogeSchoolatDelft(inDutch),EnglishTranslation,1945;
TechnicalReportNo.AFFDLTR7025,sponsoredbyLockheedMissilesandSpaceCo.,1970.
2.W.T.Koiter,Theeffectof
axisymmetricimperfections
onthebucklingofcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,
Koninkl,Ned.Akad.Wetenschap.Proc.,B66(1963)265279.
3.V.I.Weingarten,E.J.MorganandP.Seide,Finalreportondevelopmentofdesigncriteriaforelasticstabilityofthinshell
structures,STL/TR60000019426,SpaceTechnologyLaboratories,Inc.,LosAngeles,CA,1960.
4.V.I.Weingarten,E.J.MorganandP.Seide,Elasticstabilityofthinwalledcylindricalandconicalshellsundercombinedinternal
pressureandaxialcompression,AIAAJ.3(1965)11181125.
5.N.Yamaki,ElasticStabilityofCircularCylindricalShells(NorthHolland,Amsterdam,1984).
6.H.B.Keller,Numericalsolutionofbifurcationandnonlineareigenvalueproblems,in:P.H.Rabinowitz,ed.,Applicationsof
BifurcationTheory(AcademicPress,NewYork,1977)359384.
7.E.Riks,TheapplicationofNewtonsmethodtotheproblemofelasticstability,J.Appl.Mech.39(1972)10601066.
8.E.RiksandC.C.Rankin,Borderedequationsincontinuationmethods:Animprovedsolutiontechnique,NLRMP87057U,
NationalAerospaceLaboratory,TheNetherlands,1987.
9.D.Ho,Bucklingloadofnonlinearsystemswithmultipleeigenvalues,Intemat.J.SolidsandStructures10(1974)13151330.
10.W.T.Koiter,Currenttrendsinthetheoryofbuckling,in:B.Budiansky,ed.,SymposiumonBucklingofStructures,sponsoredby
theInternationalUnionofTheoreticalandAppliedMechanics(IUTAM),HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,MA,1974(Springer,
Berlin,1976).
11.N.TriantafyllidisandR.Peek,Onstabilityandtheworstimperfectionshapeinsolidswithnearlysimultaneouseigenmodes,
Internat.J.SolidsandStructures29(18)(1992)22812299.
12.J.C.Amazigo,B.BudianskyandG.F.Carrier,Asymptoticanalysisofthebucklingofimperfectcolumnsonnonlinearelastic
foundations,Intemat.J.SolidsandStructures6(1970)13411356.
13.B.Budiansky,Theoryofbucklingandpostbucklingbehaviorofelasticstructures,Adv.Appl.Mech.14(1974)l65.
14.D.HuiandI.H.Y.Du,Initialpostbucklingbehaviorofimperfect,antisymmetriccrossplycylindricalshellsundertorsion,J.Appl.
Mech.54(1987)174180.
15.J.W.HutchinsonandJ.C.Amazigo,Imperfectionsensitivityofeccentricallystiffenedcylindricalshells,AIAAJ.5(1967)392

401.
[16]J.W.HutchinsonandJ.C.Frauenthal,Elasticpostbucklingbehaviorofstiffenedandbarreledcylindricalshells,J.Appl.Mech.36
(1969)784790.
[17]N.RizziandA.Tatone,Symbolicmanipulationinbucklingandpostbucklinganalysis,Comput.&Structures21(1985)691700.
[18]N.P.Semenyuk,Stabilityofimperfectlycylindricalshellsmadefromcompositematerials,Prikl.Mekh.23(1987)3743;
Translationin:SovietAppliedMechanics(Plenum,NewYork).
[19]E.Camoy,Postbucklinganalysisofelasticstructuresbythefiniteelementmethod,Comput.MethodsAppl.Mech.Engrg.23
(1980)143174.
[20]R.L.Citerley,Computerprogramsforimperfectionsensitivityanalysisofstiffenedcylindricalshells,Weld.Res.Count.Bull.
313(1986).
[21]G.A.Cohen,Userdocumentforcomputerprogramsforringstiffenedshellsofrevolution,NASACR2086,1973.
[22]G.A.CohenandR.T.Haftka,Sensitivityofbucklingloadsofanisotropicshellsofrevolutiontogeometricimperfectionsand
designchanges,Comput.&Structures31(1989)985995.
[23]R.T.Haftka,AKoitertypemethodforfiniteelementanalysisofnonlinearstructuralbehavior,Ph.D.Thesis,TheUniversityof
California,SanDiego,LaJolla,CA,1970.
[24]T.J.Healy,Agrouptheoreticapproachtocomputationalbifurcationproblemswithsymmetry,Comput.MethodsAppl.Mech.
Engrg.67(1988)257295.
[25]C.C.RankinandF.A.Brogan,ApplicationoftheThurstonbifurcationsolutionstrategytoproblemswithmodalinteraction,Proc.
AIAA(April1988)No.882286.
26.G.A.Thurston,F.A.BroganandP.Stehlin,Postbucklinganalysisusingageneralpurposecode,AIAAJ.24(1986)10131020.
[27]E.ByskovandJ.W.Hutchinson,Modeinteractioninaxiallystiffenedcylindricalshells,AIAAJ.15(1977)941948.
[28]J.M.T.ThompsonandG.W.Hunt,AGeneralTheoryofElasticStability(Wiley,London,1973).
[29]G.H.Golub,MatrixComputations(JohnsHopkinsUniv.Press,Baltimore,MD,1989).

MostafaKheyrkhahan(1)andRalfPeek(2)
(1)CollegeofEngineering,TheUniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,MI48109,USA
(2)ShellInternationalExplorationandProduction,Postbus60,2280ABRijswijk,TheNetherlands
Postbucklinganalysisandimperfectionsensitivityofgeneralshellsbythefiniteelementmethod,
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.36,No.18,June1999,pp.26412681,
doi:10.1016/S00207683(98)001292
ABSTRACT:Bucklingandimperfectionsensitivityaretheprimaryconsiderationsinanalysisanddesignof
thinshellstructures.Theobjectivehereistodevelopaccurateandefficientcapabilitiestopredictthe
postbucklingbehaviorofshells,includingimperfectionsensitivity.Theapproachusedisbasedonthe
LyapunovSchmidtKoiter(LSK)decompositionandasymptoticexpansioninconjunctionwiththefinite
elementmethod.ThisLSKformulationforshellsisderivedandimplementedinafiniteelementcode.The
methodisappliedtocylindricalandsphericalshells.Casesoflinearandnonlinearprebucklingbehavior,
coincidentaswellasnoncoincidentbucklingmodes,andmodalinteractionsarestudied.Theresultsfromthe
asymptoticanalysisarecomparedtoexactsolutionsobtainedbynumericallytrackingthebifurcatedequilibrium
branches.TheaccuracyoftheLSKasymptotictechnique,itsrangeofvalidity,anditslimitationsareillustrated.
RalfPeek(ShellGlobalSolutionsInternational,OGUP,RoomS5024,Postbus60,2280ABRijswijk,The
Netherlands),Wrinklingoftubesinbendingfromfinitestrainthreedimensionalcontinuumtheory,
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.39,No.3,February2002,pp.709723,
doi:10.1016/S00207683(01)000919
ABSTRACT:Theproblemofatubeunderpurebendingisfirstsolvedasageneralisedplanestrainproblem.
Thisthenprovidestheprebifurcationsolution,whichisuniformalongthelengthofthetube.Theonsetof

wrinklingisthenpredictedbyintroducingbucklingmodesinvolvingasinusoidalvariationofthedisplacements
alongthelengthofthetube.Boththeprebucklinganalysisandthebifurcationcheckrequireonlyatwo
dimensionalfiniteelementdiscretisationofthecrosssectionwithspecialelements.Theformulationdoesnot
relyonanyoftheapproximationsofashelltheory,orsmallstrains.Thesameelementscanbeusedforpure
bendingandlocalbucklingaprismaticbeamofarbitrarycrosssection.Heretheflowtheoryofplasticitywith
isotropichardeningisusedfortheprebucklingsolution,butthebifurcationcheckisbasedontheincremental
moduliofafinitestraindeformationtheoryofplasticity.Fortubesunderpurebending,theresultsforlimit
pointcollapse(duetoovalisation)andbifurcationbuckling(wrinkling)arecomparedtoexistinganalysisand
testresults,toseewhetherremovingtheapproximationsofashelltheoryandsmallstrains(usedintheexisting
analyses)leadstoabetterpredictionoftheexperimentalresults.Thesmallstrainanalysisresultsdependon
whetherthetrueornominalstressstraincurveisused.Bycomparingsmallandfinitestrainanalysisresultsitis
foundthatthesmallstrainapproximationisgoodifoneuses(a)thenominalstressstraincurveincompression
topredictbifurcationbuckling(wrinkling),and(b)thetruestressstraincurvetocalculatethelimitpoint
collapsecurvature.Inregardtotheshelltheoryapproximations,itisfoundthatthethreedimensional
continuumtheorypredictsslightlyshortercriticalwrinklingwavelengths,especiallyforlowerdiametertowall
thickness(D/t)ratios.Howeverthisdifferenceisnotsufficienttoaccountforthesignificantlylower
wavelengthsobservedinthetests.
GeraldA.Cohen(1)andRaphaelT.Haftka(2)
(1)StructuresResearchAssociates,LagunaBeach,CA92651,U.S.A.
(2)DepartmentofAerospaceandOceanEngineering,VirginiaPolytechnicInstituteandStateUniversity,
Blacksburg,VA24061,U.S.A
Sensitivityofbucklingloadsofanisotropicshellsofrevolutiontogeometricimperfectionsanddesign
changes,Computers&Structures,Vol.31,No.6,1989,pp.985995,doi:10.1016/00457949(89)902836
ABSTRACT:BucklingloadsensitivitycalculationsintheshellofrevolutionprogramFASORarediscussed.
ThisdevelopmentisbasedonKoiter'sinitialpostbucklingtheory,whichhasbeengeneralizedtoincludethe
effectofstiffnesschanges,aswellasgeometricimperfections.TheimplementationinFASORisvalidfor
anisotropic,aswellasorthotropic,shells.Examplesarepresentedforcylindricalpanelsunderaxial
compression,completecylindricalshellsintorsion,andantisymmetricangleplycylindricalpanelsunderedge
shear.
WANG,Zongli,WANG,Xi,andHAO,Wenhua,Dept.ofEngineeringMechanics,ShanghaiJiaotong
University,P.R.China,Weightedsolutionofsmalldeflectionbucklingequationofthinshell,Applied
MathematicsandMechanics,Vol.22,No12,Dec.2001,publishedbyShanghaiUniversity.
ABSTRACT:Basedonsmalldeflectionbucklingequation,aweightedsolutionforcriticalloadispresented.
Usually,itisverydifficulttosolvetheequationforgeneralproblems,especiallythosewithcomplicated
boundaryconditions.Axisymmetricproblemwasstudiedasanexample.Influencingfactorswerefoundfrom
theequationandaveragedasthebucklingloadbyintroducingweights.Todeterminethoseweights,some
specialknownresultswereapplied.Thismethodsolvesgeneralcomplicatedproblemsbyusingthesolutionsof
specialsimpleproblems,simplifiesthesolvingprocedureandexpandsthescopeofsolvableproblem.
Comparedwithnumericalsolution,italsohasfineprecision.
Tenreferences(cannotcutandpaste).

A.Kiehne,P.Horst,InstituteofAircraftDesignandLightweightStructures,TUBraunschweigHermann
BlenkStrae35,38108BraunschweigGermany,BucklingAnalysisOfNonRectangularStiffenedShell
Structures(publisheranddatenotgiven)
www.ifl.tubraunschweig.de/pdf/Ki_Ho_06_DGLR.pdf
ABSTRACT:Usually,fuselagestructuresarestiffenedbylongitudinalandcircumferentialstructuralelements
inawaythatrectangularfieldsevolve.Inthecaseofmodernmanufacturingtechnologiesforaircraftstructures,
newtopologiescanbeproducedandpossiblyreplaceaconventionalfuselagedesign.Thispaperdealswiththe
bucklinganalysisofmetallicnonrectangularstiffenedstructureswithtriangularskinpanels.Inordertoassess
thebenefits,thebucklingbehaviouroftriangularandrectangularstiffenedstructuresduetovariousload
combinationsiscompared.
JuliaBierbaumandPeterHorst(InstituteofAircraftDesignandLightweightStructures,TechnischeUniversitt
Braunschweig,Braunschweig,Germany),"Finiteelementcrackpropagationanalysisofshearloadedbuckling
panels",InternationalJournalofStructuralIntegrity,Vol.4,No.4,pp.446456,2013,
DOI:10.1108/IJSI0820120018
ABSTRACT:PurposeInformerwork,testresultsofcracksinaluminiumpanelsundercyclicshearbuckling
showedthatcracksinthetensilestressfieldofabucklepropagate.Themaininfluencingfactorforthecrack
growthrateisthemaximumprinciplestress.Asimplifiedapproachforcrackpropagationanalysesbasedonthis
findingshowedlimitationsforapplicationonlargercracksbecauseitdisregardedtheincreasingoutofplane
deformationforlargercracksaswellasstressredistributions.Thepurposeofthispaperistoimprovetheresults
ofthesimplifiedapproachwiththehelpoffiniteelementmethod(FEM).
Design/methodology/approachAnapproachforcrackpropagationbasedonFEMispresentedtakinginto
accountthemutualinteractionofcracksandbuckling.Thefiniteelement(FE)model,whichisdescribedin
detail,respectstheboundaryconditionsofthetestsetup.Differentinitialcrackpositions,loadsandpanel
thicknessesareanalyzed.ResultsofthestressintensityfactorsKIcalculatedbytheABAQUSFEmodel
provideafunctionwhichisusedtorunacrackpropagationanalysisbasedonFormanlaw.
FindingsTheresultsoftheFEbasedcrackpropagationsolutionareingoodagreementwithtestresultsand
improvethepredictionofthesimplifiedapproach.Itisnotrestrictedintermsofpanelthickness,crackposition
orappliedshearload.
Researchlimitations/implicationsLimitationsoftheFEbasedcrackpropagationsolutioncomparedtothe
experimentalresultsarediscussed.Theseare,thesensitivityofcrackpropagationanalysestoinitialcrack
lengthanddeviationsoftheexperimentalsettingsfromtheidealFEmodel.
Originality/valueTheinteractionofcracksandbucklinginaluminiumshellsismainlydisregardedbothin
researchandindustrialwork,butcanbeofinterestconsidering,accidentaldamagesinfuselagesideshells.
Crackspropagateundershearloadasitwasshowninformerwork.TheFEmodelingofthetestspresentedin
thispaperprovesthemutualinteractionsofcrackpropagationandbucklingdeformation.
T.Kotzakolios,D.E.VlachosandV.Kostopoulos(AppliedMechanicsLaboratory,DepartmentofMechanical
EngineeringandAeronautics,UniversityofPatras,PatrasUniversityCampus,GR26500Patras,Greece),
Blastresponseofmetalcompositelaminatefuselagestructuresusingfiniteelementmodeling,Composite

Structures,Vol.93,No.2,January2011,pp.665681,doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2010.08.012
ABSTRACT:Theaircraftfuselageisacomplexstructurewithrelativelylowmarginsofsafety,operatingina
highlydemandingdynamicenvironment.Inthepresentwork,theloadingscenarioofanonboardexplosionis
investigated.Themainscopeistoassessthedamageinducedonanoperatingfuselagebyanexplosivecharge.
Finiteelementmodelsofatypicalcommercialfuselageweregeneratedfortwomaterialconfigurations,
aluminiumandGLARE.Thesimulationwasperformedinthreestages;initializationphase,wheretheflight
loadsareappliedonthestructure,theblastphaseandthefinalphasewheretheflightloadsareappliedonthe
damagedstructure.Simulationswereperformedfordifferentchargelocationsforbothmaterialconfigurations.
Theextentandlocationofdamageallowedthegenerationofavulnerabilityindex.
RobertSlizandMinYungChang(NationalChungHsingUniversity,ColleteofEngineering,Departmentof
MechanicalEngineering,250KuoKuangRd.,Taichung402,Taiwan,ROC),Reliableandaccurateprediction
oftheexperimentalbucklingofthinwalledcylindricalshellunderanaxialload,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.
49,No.3,March2011,pp.409421,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2010.11.009
ABSTRACT:Reliableandaccuratemethodoftheexperimentalbucklingpredictionofthinwalledcylindrical
shellunderaneccentricloadispresented.Theexperimentalarrangementandspecimensarediscussedindetail,
includingthemeasurementofthegeometricimperfectionsofthespecimen'ssurfaceusingacoordinate
measuringmachine.DifferentFEmodels,intermsofcomplexity,areusedtosimulatetheexperiment
arrangementinanattempttogetagoodagreementwiththeexperimentalbucklingloadsandstudytheeffectof
measuredinitialgeometricimperfections,loadeccentricity,loadeccentricitypositionalongtheshell's
circumferentialdirectionanddifferentexperimentalarrangementthatinfluencetheboundaryconditions.Ithas
beendemonstratedthatFEmodelswithsimplifiedrigidsupportconditionsoverestimatethepredictionofthe
experimentalbucklingloadeventhoughthesemodelsincludedtheeffectsofthemeasuredinitialgeometric
imperfectionsandloadeccentricity.Bycontrast,FEmodelswithrealisticallymodeledsupportconditions
achievedthebestresult.Theaveragedeviation"_1.59%fromtheexperimentalbucklingloadswasachieved
usingtheFEmodelsimulatingthemountingdevicesaselasticbodiesandwithsurfacetosurfacecontact
interactionbehavioronthesupport.Thepresentedworkalsodemonstratedthestronginfluenceoftheeccentric
loadpositionalongtheimperfectshell'scircumferentialdirectiononthebucklingofthethinwalledshell.
RobertSliz,Prof.Ing.StanislavHoly,CSc.,Ing.MiroslavSpaniel,CzechTechnicalUniversity,Technick4,
Praha6,16636,CzechRepublicrobsli@seznam.cz,NumericalAnalysisofBucklingofThinwalledShell,
(publisheranddatenotgiven).
ABSTRACT:Theaimofthisstudyisnumericalinvestigationofthesensitivityofbucklingloadofthinwalled
shellunderuniformaxialcompressionloadondifferentkindsofinitialgeometricimperfectionandcomparison
withtheexperimentalresults[1].FiniteElementMethodhasbeenusedinthisresearchfollowedthemethod
from[1]andgeneralconclusionsappliedforthinwalledstructures,especiallyaboutelementtypesusedfor
suchproblem,describesin[2].
Referencesgivenattheendofthenote:
[1]Spaniel,M.,Dvork,J.,Hol,S..Ztrtastabilitytenkostennvlcovskorepiny.CzechTechnicalUniversity,2002.
[2]Song,C.Y..Bucklingofshellsundernonuniformstressstates,PhDThesis,DepartmentofCivilandStructuralEngineering,The
HongKongPolytechnicUniversity.2002.


R.PalaninathanandK.Athiannan,Investigationsonstabilityofcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,
1995.(noticeofuntrustworthywebsite,socouldnotgetpublisherorabstract)
W.P.PremaKumarandR.Palaninathan(DepartmentofAppliedMechanics,IndianInstituteofTechnology,
Madras600036,India),Finiteelementanalysisoflaminatedshellswithexactthroughthicknessintegration,
Computers&Structures,Vol.63,No.1,April1997,pp.173184,doi:10.1016/S00457949(96)002970
ABSTRACT:Theconventionaldegeneratedshellelementwhichinvolvesnumericalintegrationinthree
dimensionsbecomesinefficientwhenappliedtomultilayeredshells.Forthecomputationalefficiency,layered
elementbasedontheexplicitintegrationthroughthicknessassumesimportance.Theexplicitintegration
becomespossibleduetotheassumptionconcerningthevariationofinverseJacobianthroughthethickness.
Dependingonthelevelofapproximation,whetherlinearlyvaryingorconstantJacobianinversealongthe
thickness,threemodelsarediscussed.Examplesofstressanalysisandclassicalbucklingareconsideredforthe
comparativestudiesrelatingtothecomputationalefficiencyandnumericalaccuracy.Themodel,which
assumeslinearvariationofJacobianinversethroughthicknesswithfurtherapproximationsisseentobethebest
fromnumericalaccuracyandcomputationalefficiencypointsofview.
K.AthiannanandR.Palaninathan,StructuralMechanicsSection,ReactorEngineeringGroup,IndiraGandhi
CentreforAtomicResearch,Kalpakkam603102,India,DepartmentofAppliedMechanics,IndianInstituteof
TechnologyMadras,Chennai600036,India
email:rpnathan@iitm.ac.in,Experimentalinvestigationsonbucklingofcylindricalshellsunderaxial
compressionandtransverseshear,SadhanaVol.29,Part1,February2004,pp.93115.
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsexperimentalstudiesonbucklingofcylindricalshellmodelsunderaxialand
transverseshearloads.Testsarecarriedoutusinganexperimentalfacilityspeciallydesigned,fabricatedand
installed,withprovisionforinsitumeasurementoftheinitialgeometricimperfections.Theshellmodelsare
madebyrollingandseamweldingprocessandhenceareexpectedtohaveimperfectionsmoreorlessofakind
similartothatofrealshellstructures.Thepresentworkthusdiffersfrommostoftheearlierinvestigations.The
measuredmaximumimperfectionsmaxareoftheorderofplusorminus3xthickness.Thebucklingloads
obtainedexperimentallyarecomparedwiththenumericalbucklingvaluesobtainedthroughfiniteelement
method(FEM).Inthecaseofaxialbuckling,theimperfectgeometryisobtainedinfourwaysandinthecaseof
transverseshearbuckling,theFEmodellingofimperfectgeometryisdoneintwoways.Theinitialgeometric
imperfectionsaffecttheloadcarryingcapacity.Theloadreductionisconsiderableinthecaseofaxial
compressionandismarginalinthecaseoftransverseshearbuckling.Comparisonsbetweenexperimental
bucklingloadsunderaxialcompression,revealthattheextentofimperfection,ratherthanitsmaximumvalue,
inaspecimeninfluencesthefailureload.Bucklingtestsundertransverseshearareconductedwithandwithout
axialconstraints.Whiledifferencesinexperimentalloadsareseentoexistbetweenthetwoconditions,the
numericalvaluesarealmostequal.Thebucklingmodesaredifferent,andtheexperimentallyobservedand
numericallypredictedvaluesareincompletedisagreement.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
ABAQUSFE:Usersmanual,version55,CommercialSoftwarePackageHabitt,Karlsson&SorensenInc.,1080,Mainstreet,
Pawtucket,RhodeIsland,028604867,USA
AthiannanK2002Bucklingofimperfectcylindricalshells.PhDthesis,IndianInstituteofTechnologyMadras,Chennai
BabcockCD,SechlerEE1962Theeffectofinitialimperfectionsonthebucklingstressofcylindricalshells.ReportNASATND
1510,pp135142

BushnellD1981BucklingofshellsPitfallfordesigners.AIAAJ.19:11831226
DowlingPJ,HardingJE,AgelidisN,FahyW1982Bucklingoforthogonallystiffenedcylindricalshellsusedinoffshore
engineering.InBucklingofshells(ed.)ERammProc.AStateoftheArtColloquim(Berlin,Heidelberg,NewYork:Springer
Verlag)
GalletlyGD,BlachutJ1985Plasticbucklingofshortverticalcylindricalshellssubjectedtohorizontaledgeshearloads.Trans.
ASME,J.PressureVesselTechnol.107:101106
GerardG1956Compressiveandtorsionalbucklingofthinwallcylindersintheyieldregion.NationalAdvisoryCommitteefor
Aeronautics(NACA),TechNote3726
KawamotoY,KodamaT,MatsuuraS1993Theeffectofthermalloadsonbucklingstrengthofcylindricalshells.Trans.12thInt.
Conf.onStructuralMechanicsinReactorTechnology(NewYork:ElsevierScience)vol.E,pp269274
KokubuK,ShigetaM,MadokoroM,SakuraiA,NakamuraH1987Bucklingbehaviourofshortcylindricalshellsunderdynamic
loads.Trans.9thInt.ConferenceonStructuralMechanicsinReactorTechnology(NewYork:ElsevierScience)vol.E,167172
LeeLHN1962Inelasticbucklingofinitiallyimperfectcylindricalshellssubjecttoaxialcompression.
J.Aerosp.Sci.29:8795
LundquistEE1933Strengthtestsofthinwalledduralumincylindersincompression.NACAReportNo.473
LundquistEE1935Strengthtestsofthinwalledduralumincylindersincombinedtransverseshearandbending.NACAReportNo.
523
MatsuuraS,NakamuraH,KokubuS,OgisoS,OhtsuboH1995Shearbendingbucklinganalysesoffastbreederreactormainvessels.
NuclearEng.Design153:305317
MillerCD,GroveRB1986Pressuretestingoflargescaletorisphericalheadssubjectedtoknucklebuckling.Int.J.PressureVessel
Piping22:174159
MurakamiT,YoguchiH,HirayamaH,NakamuraH,MatsuuraS1993Theeffectofgeometricalimperfectiononshearbuckling
strengthofcylindricalshellsinbending.Trans.12thInt.Conf.onStructuralMechanicsinReactorTechnology(NewYork:Elsevier
Science)vol.E,pp257268
SaitoK,MatsuuraS,NakajimaM2001Shearbendingbucklingtestsofrelativelythinwalledcylindricalshells.Trans.16thInt.Conf.
onStructuralMechanicsinReactorTechnology,WashingtonD.C.,USA,August,DivisionJ,PaperNo.1527
SchneiderMH,Jr1996Investigationsofthestabilityofimperfectcylindersusingstructuralmodels.Eng.Struct.8:792800
SingerJ,HaimAbramovich1995Thedevelopmentofshellimperfectionmeasurementtechnique.ThinwalledStruct.23:379398
SingerJ1997Experimentalstudiesinshellbuckling.Proc.StructuralDynamicsandMaterialConference(NewYork:AIAA)3:
19221932
SobelLH,NewmanSZ1980Plasticbucklingofcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression.Trans.ASME,J.PressureVessel
Technol.102:4044
TengJG1996Bucklingofthinshells:Recentadvancesandtrends.ASMEAppl.Mech.Rev.49:263274
TennysonRC1964Bucklingofcircularcylindricalshellsinaxialcompression.AIAAJ.2:13511353
WaeckelN,JullienJF,LefermannP1984Experimentalstudiesontheinstabilityofcylindricalshellswithinitialgeometric
imperfections.InRecentadvancesinnuclearcomponenttestingandtheoreticalstudiesonbuckling(ed.)GBaylacpp3342
WeingartenVI,MorganEJ,SeideP1965Elasticstabilityofthinwalledcylindricalandconicalshellsunderaxialcompression.
AIAAJ.3:500505
XiaoliD,ColemanR,RotterJM1996Techniquesforprecisemeasurementoflargescalesilosandtanks.J.Survey.Eng.122:1425

K.Athiannan(1)andR.Palaninathan(2)
(1)StructuralMechanicsSection,ReactorEngineeringGroup,IGCAR,Kalpakkam603102,India
(2)DepartmentofAppliedMechanics,IndianInstituteofTechnologyMadras,Chennai600036,India
Bucklingofcylindricalshellsundertransverseshear,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.42,No.9,September
2004,pp.13071328,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2004.03.019
ABSTRACT:Thisworkconcernswithexperimentalstudiesonbucklingofthinwalledcircularcylindrical
shellsundertransverseshear.Thebucklingloadsarealsoobtainedfromfiniteelementmodels,empirical
formulaeandcodesandarecompared.Experimentsareconductedon12modelsmadeofstainlesssteelby
rollingandlongitudinalseamwelding.Insituinitialgeometricimperfectionsurveysarecarriedout.Thetests
areconductedwithandwithoutaxialconstraintatthepointdiametricallyoppositetheloading.Theoretical

analysesarecarriedoutusingABAQUSfiniteelementcode.Twofiniteelementmodelsconsideredare:(i)
geometrywithrealimperfection(FESI)and(ii)criticalmodeimperfectgeometry(FESII).Intheformer,the
imperfectionsareimposedatallnodesandinthelatter,theimperfectionisimposedbyrenormalizingtheeigen
mode,usingthemaximummeasuredimperfection.Generalnonlinearoptionisemployedinboththecasesfor
estimatingthebucklingload.GalletlyandBlachutsexpressions,designguidelinesofJapanforLMFBRmain
vesselexpressions(empiricalformulae),ASMEandaerospacestructuraldesigncodesareusedforcomparing
withexperimentalloads.Thecomparisonsofexperimental,numericalandanalyticalbucklingloadsrevealthe
following.Thenumericalresultsarealwayshigherthantheexperimentalvalues;thepercentagedifference
dependsonthewallthickness.FESIIpredictssomewhatalowerloadthanthatoftheFESI.TheJapanese
guidelinespredictthelowestload,whichisconservative.Experimentalloadsarelowerthanthatpredictedby
bothASMEandaerospacestructuraldesigncodes

CaitronadePaor,DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityCollegeCork(UCC),
Bucklingofthinwalledcylinders:experimentalandnumericalinvestigation,TheBoolean,2010,p.
ABSTRACT:Thinwalledstructures,alsoknownasshells,combinelightweightwithhighstrengthandare
usedinadiverserangeoffieldsincludingaerospaceengineering,civilengineeringandchemicalengineering.
Commonapplicationsoftheseshellsincludeoilandgasstoragetanks,powderorliquidstoragetanksin
pharmaceuticalplantsaswellasairplaneframesandshipbodies.Althoughthesethinwalledshellshaveawide
varietyofuses,thisresearchismotivatedbystoragetankcollapseintheprocessindustry.Thinwalled
cylindricaltankscommoninthefoodandbiotechnologysectorsarepronetobuckling(orinwardcollapse)due
toaccidentallyinducedinternalvacuum.Duringthesterilisationprocess,steamcancondense,causinga
reductioninvolume.Thisresultsinanequivalentincreaseinexternalpressure,triggeringcollapse,orbuckling
ofthetank.Suchacollapse,ifitoccurs,tendstobecatastrophicresultinginthecompletedestructionofthe
vessel(seeFig.1).Notwithstandingthatthebasisofthistypeoffailureisunderstoodandcangenerallybe
averted,itisstillaregularoccurrence,oftenduetotheinadvertentclosureoflinecontrolvalvesduringa
sterilisationcycle.
Referencesnotlisted.
CaitrionadePaor(1),DenisKelliher(1),KevinCronin(2)andWilliamM.D.Wright(3)
(1)DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineeringUniversityCollegeCorkCorkIreland
Email:c.depaor@umail.ucc.ie
(2)DepartmentofProcessandChemicalEngineeringUniversityCollegeCorkCorkIreland
(3)DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicEngineeringUniversityCollegeCorkCorkIreland
TheComputationofAccurateBucklingPressuresofImperfectThinWalledCylinders,Papernumber
PVP201025806,ProceedingsoftheASME2010PressureVessels&PipingDivision/KPVPConference,
PVP2010July1822,2010,Bellevue,Washington,USA
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingcapacityofthincylindricalshellssubjecttouniformexternalpressureis
investigatedinthispaper.Thincylindricalshellsareknowntobehighlysensitivetogeometricandmaterial
imperfectionssuchaswallthicknessvariation,noncircularityandrandomgeometricimperfections.Theeffect
ofimperfectiononthebucklingloadisstudiedusingfiniteelement(FE)modelsandlaboratoryexperiments.
Imperfectionmeasurementsaretakenonsmallscalesteelcansandthesemeasurementsaremodelledand

analysedusingageometricallynonlinearstaticfiniteelementanalysis.Thecansarethentestedinthe
laboratoryandtheresultscomparedwiththosepredictedbytheFEmodelsandtheory.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

[1]Southwell,R.,1914.Onthegeneraltheoryofelasticstability.PhilTransRoySocLondonSerA,213,pp.187244.
[2]Timoshenko,S.P.,andGere,J.M.,1963.TheoryofElasticStability,2ed.McGrawHillBookCompany.
[3]Arbocz,J.,andAbramovich,H.,December1979.TheinitialimperfectiondatabankattheDelftUniversityofTechnology,part1.
Tech.Rep.LR290,DelftUniversityofTechnology,DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering.
[4]Allen,H.G.,andBulson,P.,1980.BackgroundtoBuckling.McGrawHillBookCompanyLimited.
[5]Aghajari,S.,Abedi,K.,andShowkati,H.,2006.Bucklingandpostbucklingbehaviorofthinwalledcylindricalsteelshellswith
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[6]Koiter,W.,1963.Theeffectofaxisymmetricimperfectionsonthebucklingofcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression.
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[7]Lundquist,E.E.,1933.Strengthtestsofthinwalledduralumincylindersincompression.Tech.Rep.TR473,NACA.
[8]Wilson,W.M.,andNewmark,N.M.,1933.Thestrengthofthincylindricalshellsascolumns.Tech.rep.,TheEngineering
ExperimentStation,UniversityofIllinois.
[9]Almroth,B.,Holmes,A.,andBrush,D.,1964.Anexperimentalstudyofthebucklingofcylindersunderaxialcompression.
ExperimentalMechanics,4,pp.263270.
[10]Vodenitcharova,T.,andAnsourian,P.,1996.Bucklingofcircularcylindricalshellssubjecttouniformlateralpressure.
EngineeringStructures,18,pp.604614.
[11]Khamlichi,A.,Bezzazi,M.,andLimam,A.,2004.Bucklingofelasticcylindricalshellsconsideringtheeffectoflocalized
axisymmetricimperfections.ThinWalledStructures,42,pp.10351047.
[12]Reid,J.D.,Bielenberg,R.W.,andCoon,B.A.,2001.Indenting,bucklingandpiercingofaluminumbeveragecans. Finite
ElementsinAnalysisandDesign, 37,pp.131144.
[13]Frano,R.L.,andForasassi,G.,2009.Experimentalevidenceofimperfectioninfluenceonthebucklingofthincylindricalshell
underuniformexternalpressure.NuclearEngineeringandDesign,239,pp.193200.
[14]Arbocz,J.,andHol,J.,1995. Collapseofaxiallycompressedcylindricalshellswithrandomimperfections.ThinWalled
Structures,23,pp.131158.
[15]Schenk,C.,andSchuller,G.,2003.Bucklinganalysisofcylindricalshellswithrandomgeometricimperfections.
InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,38,pp.11191132.
[16]Arbocz,J.,1984.Collapseloadcalculationsforaxiallycompressedimperfectstringerstiffenedshells.InProceedingsof
AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS25thSDMConference,Part1,pp.130139.
[17]Elishakoff,I.,andArbocz,J.,1982.Reliabilityofaxiallycompressedcylindricalshellswithrandomaxisymmetric
imperfections.InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,18,pp.563585.
[18]Guggenburger,W.,1995.Bucklingandpostbucklingofimperfectcylindricalshellsunderexternalpressure.ThinWalled
Structures,23,pp.351366.
[19]Park,T.,andKyriakides,S.,1996.Onthecollapseofdentedcylindersunderexternalpressure.Int.J.Mech.Sci,38,pp.557
578.
[20]Teng,J.,andLin,X.,2005.Fabricationofsmallmodelsoflargecylinderswithextensiveweldingforbucklingexperiments.
ThinWalledStructures,43,pp.10911114.
[21]Ventsel,E.,andKrauthammer,T.,2001.ThinPlatesandShells,1ed.MarcelDekkerInc.
[22]Windenburg,D.F.,andTrilling,C.,1934.Collapsebyinstabilityofthincylindricalshellsunderexternalpressure.Trans.
ASME,56,pp.819825.
[23]Hornung,U.,andSaal,H.,2002.Bucklingloadsoftankshellswithimperfections.InternationalJournalofNonLinear
Mechanics,37,pp.605621.

C.dePaor(1),D.Kelliher(1),K.Cronin(2),W.M.D.Wright(3),S.G.McSweeney(3)
(1)DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityCollegeCork,Cork,Ireland
(2)DepartmentofProcessandChemicalEngineering,UniversityCollegeCork,Cork,Ireland
(3)DepartmentofElectricalandElectronicEngineering,UniversityCollegeCork,Cork,Ireland

Prediction of vacuum-induced buckling pressures of thin-walled cylinders,

Thin-Walled Structures, Vol. 55, pp. 1-10, 2012, DOI: 10.1016/j.tws.2012.03.001
ABSTRACT:Theeffectofgeometricimperfectionsonthebucklingcapacityofthincylindricalshellssubjected
touniformexternalpressureisinvestigatedinthispaper.Geometricsurveyswereconductedonsmallscale
thincylindersinordertomeasuregeometricimperfectionsoftheshellsurface.Theseimperfectionswerethen
modelledintheFEanalysisandageometricallynonlinearstaticanalysiswascarriedout.Thecylindersare
testedtocollapseinthelaboratoryandtheresultsarecomparedtotheresultsoftheFEanalysis.Bothcollapse
pressureandpostbucklingmodeshapeareaccuratelypredictedbytheFEanalysis.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

[1]Processsafetybeacon;2007.
[2]AghajariS,AbediK,ShowkatiH.Bucklingandpostbucklingbehaviorofthinwalledcylindricalsteelshellswithvarying
thicknesssubjectedtouniformexternalpressure.ThinWalledStructures2006:9049.
[3]AllenHG,BulsonP.Backgroundtobuckling.McGrawHillBookCompanyLimited;1980.
[4]ArboczJ,AbramovichH.TheinitialimperfectiondatabankattheDelftUniversityofTechnology,Part1.TechnicalReportLR
290,DelftUniversityofTechnology,DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering;December1979.
[5]SouthwellR.Onthegeneraltheoryofelasticstability.PhilosophicalTransactionsoftheRoyalSocietyofLondon,SeriesA
1914:187244.
[6]TimoshenkoSP,GereJM.Theoryofelasticstability.2nded.McGrawHillBookCompany;1963.
[7]WeingartenVI,MorganE,SeideP.Elasticstabilityofthinwalledcylindricalandconicalshellsunderaxialcompression.AIAA
Journal1965:5005.
[8]KoiterW.Theeffectofaxisymmetricimperfectionsonthebucklingofcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression.In:Proceedings
koninklijkenederlandseakademievanwetenschappen;1963.p.26579.
[9]RuizTeranA,GardnerL.Elasticbucklingofellipticaltubes.ThinWalledStructures2008:130418.
[10]WangJ,KoizumiA.Bucklingofcylindricalshellswithlongitudinaljointsunderexternalpressure.ThinWalledStructures
2010:897904.
[11]GuggenburgerW.Bucklingandpostbucklingofimperfectcylindricalshellsunderexternalpressure.ThinWalledStructures
1995:35166.
[12]LundquistEE.Strengthtestsofthinwalledduralumincylindersincompression.TechnicalReportTR473,NACA;1933.
[13]WilsonWM,NewmarkNM.Thestrengthofthincylindricalshellsascolumns.TechnicalReport,TheEngineeringExperiment
Station,UniversityofIllinois;1933.
[14]AlmrothB,HolmesA,BrushD.Anexperimentalstudyofthebucklingofcylindersunderaxialcompression.Experimental
Mechanics1964:26370.
[15]VodenitcharovaT,AnsourianP.Bucklingofcircularcylindricalshellssubjecttouniformlateralpressure.EngineeringStructures
1996:60414.
[16]KhamlichiA,BezzaziM,LimamA.Bucklingofelasticcylindricalshellsconsideringtheeffectoflocalizedaxisymmetric
imperfections.ThinWalledStructures2004:103547.
[17]ReidJD,BielenbergRW,CoonBA.Indenting,bucklingandpiercingofaluminumbeveragecans.FiniteElementsinAnalysis
andDesign2001:13144.
[18]FranoRL,ForasassiG.Experimentalevidenceofimperfectioninfluenceonthebucklingofthincylindricalshellunderuniform
externalpressure.NuclearEngineeringandDesign2009:193200.
[19]SchenkC,SchullerG.Bucklinganalysisofcylindricalshellswithrandomgeometricimperfections.InternationalJournalof
NonLinearMechanics2003:111932.
[20]ArboczJ.Collapseloadcalculationsforaxiallycompressedimperfectstringerstiffenedshells.In:Proceedingsof
AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS25thSDMconference,part1;1984.p.1309.
[21]ElishakoffI,ArboczJ.Reliabilityofaxiallycompressedcylindricalshellswithrandomaxisymmetricimperfections.International
JournalofSolidsandStructures1982:56385.
[22]ParkT,KyriakidesS.Onthecollapseofdentedcylindersunderexternalpressure.InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences
1996:55778.
[23]TengJ,LinX.Fabricationofsmallmodelsoflargecylinderswithextensiveweldingforbucklingexperiments.ThinWalled
Structures2005:1091114.
[24]VentselE,KrauthammerT.Thinplatesandshells.1sted.MarcelDekkerInc.;2001.

[25]WindenburgDF,TrillingC.Collapsebyinstabilityofthincylindricalshellsunderexternalpressure.TransactionsoftheASME
1934:81925.
[26]Strand7PtyLtd.,Strand7OnlineHelp,r2.4.2edition,2010.
[27]JavidruziM,VafaiA,ChenJ,ChiltonJ.Vibration,bucklinganddynamicstabilityofcrackedcylindricalshells.ThinWalled
Structures2004:7999.
[28]SongC,TengJ,RotterJ.Imperfectionsensitivityofthinelasticcylindricalshellssubjecttopartialaxialcompression.
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures2004:715580.
[29]HornungU,SaalH.Bucklingloadsoftankshellswithimperfections.InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics2002:605
21.
[30]VaziriA.Mechanicsofhighlydeformedelasticshells.ThinWalledStructures2009:692700.

JohnD.Reid,RobertW.BielenbergandBrianA.Coon(MechanicalEngineering,UniversityofNebraska
Lincoln,N104WSEC(0656),Lincoln,NE68588,USA),Indenting,bucklingandpiercingofaluminum
beveragecans,FiniteElementsinAnalysisandDesign,Vol.37,No.2,February2001,pp.131144,
doi:10.1016/S0168874X(00)000275
ABSTRACT:Analysisofindenting,bucklingandpiercingofaluminumbeveragecansusingbothphysical
testingandcomputersimulationwasperformedinordertodevelopabetterunderstandingofthesidewall
structuralstrengthofthecans.Thisunderstandingcanbeusedtohelpdesignbettercansand/orimprove
manufacturingprocesses.Simulationofthesidewallindentationwasdonewithanimpactingsphere.Parameters
investigatedincludedthespheresizeandvelocity,andtheimpactheightalongthesidewall.Buckling
simulationofthedentedcanwasthenperformed.Resultsfromthedeformedcanbucklingmodelcompared
wellwithphysicaltestingbasedonbuckledgeometry,bucklingload,andexternalworktobuckle.Severe
damagetoacanthatmightoccurduringthemanufacturingprocesswasinvestigatedbystudyingpiercingofthe
cansidewall.Impactsof5and10m/swereperformedwithbothblunt(flat)andsharp(45tip)steelrods.It
wasfoundthatseparatedelementswithtiednodalconstraintsmoreaccuratelyrepresentthefailurebehaviorof
thecansubjectedtoapiercingloadthanmergedelementnodes.Itwasalsofoundthatthemorecrushingacan
undergoesbeforepiercingoccurs,themoreenergythecanmaterialabsorbs.However,thereisanupperlimitto
thecrushingbasedonthespeedandshapeoftheimpactor.
EBagherizadeh,YKiani,M.RandMSadighi.(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,AmirkabirUniversity,
HafezstreetTehran),ElasticbucklingofFGMcylindricalshellsurroundedbyanelasticfoundation,2nd
InternationalConferenceonComposites:Characterization,FabricationandApplication,1983.
ABSTRACT:ThisresearchinspectstheelasticbucklingofFGMcylindricalshell,restingontwoparameters
elasticfoundation,subjectedtoexternalpressureload.Materialpropertiesoffunctionallygradedcylindrical
shellaregradedinthethicknessdirectionaccordingtoapowerlawdirection.Theoreticalformulationsare
derivedbasedontheclassicalshelltheory.Theeffectsofshellgeometry,volumefractionexponent,and
foundationparametersoncriticalbucklingloadofFGMcylindricalshellsareinvestigated.Itisinferredfrom
theresultsthattheelasticfoundationpostponesthecriticalbucklingloadandswiftsmodeshapesofelastic
buckling.
A.Gharib(1)andM.Shakeri(2)

(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,AmirkabirUniversityofTechnology(TehranPolytechnic),Hafez
Avenue,Tehran,Iran,ahmad.gharib@gmail.com
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,AmirkabirUniversityofTechnology(TehranPolytechnic),Hafez
Avenue,Tehran,Iran,shakeri@aut.ac.ir
Stackingsequenceoptimizationoflaminatedcylindricalshellsforbucklingandfreevibrationusinggenetic
algorithmandneuralnetworks,2ndInternationalConferenceonEngineeringOptimization
September69,2010,Lisbon,Portugal
ABSTRACT:Inthepresentwork,geneticalgorithm(GA)andartificialneuralnetworks(NN)areusedto
optimizethestackingsequenceofalaminatedcylindricalshellwithnaturalfrequencyandbucklingloadasthe
objectivefunctions.Vibrationanalysisisbasedonfullythreedimensionalelasticityequationsandthestability
solutionispresentedusingequationsgovernedbytheDonnelltypeofapproximation.Artificialneuralnetwork
modelsaredevelopedandtestedtopredictthenaturalfrequencyandbucklingloadofthestructure.Agenetic
algorithmthenusesthetrainedneuralnetworkpredictionmodelstoobtainthemaximumfundamental
frequencyandcriticalbucklingload,simultaneously.Optimizationisperformedfortheshellgeometrywith
differentsetsofthicknesstoradiusandlengthtoradiusratios.Theresultsobtained,usingtheNNGA
combinationarecomparedwiththoseusingtheGAdirectly.Asatisfactoryverificationisobservedmeanwhilea
considerablereductionisachievedincomputationaltime.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
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GantovnikVB,GurdalZ,WatsonLT.Ageneticalgorithmwithmemoryforoptimaldesignoflaminatedsandwichcomposite
panels.ComposStruct2002;58:51320.
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M.Walker,R.E.Smith,Atechniqueforthemultiobjectiveoptimizationoflaminatedcompositestructuresusinggenetic
algorithmsandfiniteelementanalysis,CompositeStructures62(2003)123128
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J1993;31:9516.
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NagendraS,JestinD,GurdalZ,HaftkaRT,WatsonLT.Improvedgeneticalgorithmforthedesignofstiffenedcomposite
panels.ComputStruct1996;58(3):54355.
[9]
ShakeriM,YasMH,GolMG,Optimalstackingsequenceoflaminatedcylindricalshellsusinggeneticalgorithm,MechAdv
MaterStruct,12:305312,2005.
[10] HanyElKadi,Modelingthemechanicalbehavioroffiberreinforcedpolymericcompositematerialsusingartificialneural
networksAreview,CompositeStructures73(2006)123.
[11] PidapartiRM,PalakalMJ.Materialmodelforcompositesusingneuralnetworks.Technicalnotes.AIAAJ1993;31:15335.
[12] OkaforAC,ChandrashekharaK,JiangYP.Delaminationpredictionincompositebeamswithbuiltinpiezoelectricdevices
usingmodalanalysisandneuralnetwork.SmartMaterStruct1996;5(3):33847.
[13] D.F.Cook,C.T.Ragsdale,R.L.Major,Combininganeuralnetworkwithageneticalgorithmforprocessparameter
optimization,EngineeringApplicationsofArtificialIntelligence13(2000)391396.
[14] C.Bisagni,L.Lanzi,Postbucklingoptimisationofcompositestiffenedpanelsusingneuralnetworks,CompositeStructures58
(2002)237247.
[15] M.Abouhamze,M.Shakeri,Multiobjectivestackingsequenceoptimizationoflaminatedcylindricalpanelsusingagenetic
algorithmandneuralnetworks,CompositeStructures81(2007)253263.
[16] TasiJ.Effectofheterogeneityonthestabilityofcompositecylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression.AIAAJ
1966;4(6):105862.

[17] P.R.HeyligerandA.Jilani,FreeVibrationsofLaminatedAnisotropicCylindricalShells,Int.J.Eng.Mech.,Vol.119,pp.
10621077,1993.
[18] A.NosierandJ.N.Reddy,VibrationandStabilityAnalysesofCrossPlyLaminatedCircularCylindricalShells,J.ofSound
andVibration,1992;157(1),139159.

M.M.Najafizadeh,A.HasaniandP.Khazaeinejad(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,ArakBranch,
IslamicAzadUniversity,Arak38135567,Iran),Mechanicalstabilityoffunctionallygradedstiffened
cylindricalshells,AppliedMathematicalModelling,Vol.33,No.2,February2009,pp.11511157,
doi:10.1016/j.apm.2008.01.009
ABSTRACT:Thispaperisconcernedwiththeelasticbucklingofstiffenedcylindricalshellsbyringsand
stringersmadeoffunctionallygradedmaterialssubjectedtoaxialcompressionloading.Theshellpropertiesare
assumedtovarycontinuouslythroughthethicknessdirection.Fundamentalrelations,theequilibriumand
stabilityequationsarederivedusingtheSandersassumption.Resultingequationsareemployedtoobtainthe
closedformsolutionforthecriticalbucklingloads.Theresultsshowthattheinhomogeneityparameterand
geometryofshellsignificantlyaffectthecriticalbucklingloads.Theanalyticalresultsarecomparedand
validatedusingthefiniteelementmethod.
A.Hasani(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,IslamicAzadUniversity,ArakBranch,Arak,Iran,email:
abolfazl_hasani1357@yahoo.com),Firstorderformulationforfunctionallygradedstiffenedcylindricalshells
underaxialcompression,JournalofSolidMechanics,Vol.1,No.4,2009,pp.358364
ABSTRACT:Thebucklinganalysisofstiffenedcylindricalshellsbyringsandstringersmadeoffunctionally
gradedmaterialssubjectedtoaxialcompressionloadingispresented.Itisassumedthatthematerialproperties
varyasapowerformofthethicknesscoordinatevariable.Thefundamentalrelations,theequilibriumand
stabilityequationsarederivedusingthefirstordersheardeformationtheory.Resultingequationsareemployed
toobtainthecriticalbucklingloads.Theeffectsofthematerialpropertiesandgeometryofshellonthecritical
bucklingloadsareexamined.Excellentagreementwiththeresultsintheliteratureindicatesthecorrectnessof
theproposedclosedformsolution.
Referencelistedattheendofthepaper:
[1]NgT.Y.,LamY.K.,LiewK.M.,ReddyJ.N.,2001,Dynamicstabilityanalysisoffunctionallygradedcylindricalshellsunder
periodicaxialloading,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures38:12951300.
[2]YaffeR.,AbramovichH.,2003,Dynamicbucklingofcylindricalstringerstiffenedshells,ComputersandStructures81:1031
1039.
[3]RikardsR.,ChateA.,OzolinshO.,2001,Analysisofbucklingandvibrationsofcompositestiffenedshellsandplates,Composite
Structures51:361370.
[4]NarimaniR.,KaramiKhorramabadiM.,KhazaeinejadP.,2007,Mechanicalbucklingoffunctionallygradedcylindricalshells
basedonthefirstordersheardeformationtheory,in:ASMEPressureVesselsandPipingDivisionConference,SanAntonio,Texas,
USA.
[5]BrushD.O.,AlmorthB.O.,1975,BucklingofBars,PlatesandShells,McGrawHill,NewYork.
[6]NajafizadehM.M.,HasaniA.,KhazaeinejadP.,2009,Mechanicalstabilityoffunctionallygradedstiffenedcylindricalshells,
AppliedMathematicalModelling33:11511157.

M.R.Eslami;A.R.Ziaii;A.Ghorbanpour,Thermoelasticbucklingofthincylindricalshellsbasedon
improvedstabilityequations,JournalofThermalStresses,Vol.19,No.4,1996,pp.299315,DOI:
10.1080/01495739608946177

ABSTRACT:Thenonlinearstraindisplacementrelationsingeneralcylindricalcoordinatesaresimplifiedby
Sander'sassumptionsforthecylindricalshellsandsubstitutedintothetotalpotentialenergyfunctionfor
thermoelasticloading.TheEulerequationsarethenappliedtothefunctionalofenergy,andthegeneral
thermoelasticequationsofnonlinearshelltheoryareobtainedandcomparedwiththeDonnelequations.An
improvementisobservedintheresultingequationsasnolengthlimitationsareimposedonathincylindrical
shell.Thestabilityequationsarethenderivedthroughthesecondvariationofpotentialenergy,andthesame
improvementsareextendedtotheresultingthermoelasticstabilityequations.Basedontheimproved
equilibriumandstabilityequations,themagnitudeofthennoelasticbucklingofthincylindricalshellsunder
differentthermalloadingsisobtained.Theresultsareextendedtoshortandlongthincylindricalshells.
M.R.Eslami(1)andR.Javaheri(2)
(1)MechanicalEngineeringDepartment,AmirkabirUniversityofTechnology,Tehran,Iran
(2)IslamicAzadUniversity,Tehran,Iran
BucklingOfCompositeCylindricalShellsUnderMechanicalAndThermalLoads,JournalofThermal
Stresses,Vol.22,No.6,1999,pp.527545,
doi:10.1080/014957399280733
ABSTRACT:Inthisarticlethebucklingofspeciallyorthotropiclaminatedcompositecylindricalshellsis
investigated.ThenonlinearequilibriumequationsbasedontheSander'sassumptionofsimplifiednonlinear
straindisplacementrelationsandthelinearizedstabilityequationsforacircularcylindricalthinshellare
considered.Theequationsincludetherotationsandtransverseshearforce.Theresultingequationsareimproved
comparedtotheDonnellstabilityequations.Themechanicalandthermalbucklingloadsofathincomposite
circularcylindricalshellbasedonDonnellandimprovedstabilityequationsareobtained.
A.Mossavarali(1),Gh.PeydayeSaheli(1),M.R.Eslami(2),
(1)MechanicalEngineeringDept.,IslamicAzadUniversity,Tehran,Iran
(2)MechanicalEngineeringDept.AmirkabirUniversityofTechnology,Tehran,Iran
ThermoelasticBucklingofIsotropicandOrthotropicPlateswithImperfections,JournalofThermalStresses,
Vol.23,No.9,pp.853872,2000,
DOI:10.1080/014957300750040113
ABSTRACT:Thenonlinearstraindisplacementrelationsforthinorthotropicplatesareconsideredand
substitutedintothepotentialenergyfunctionofthermoelasticloadings.TheEulerequationsarethenappliedto
thefunctionalofenergy,andthegeneralthermoelasticequationsofthinorthotropicplatesareobtained.The
stabilityequationsarethenderivedthroughthesecondvariationofthepotentialenergyfunction.Thethermal
loadingsincludetheuniformtemperaturerise,axialtemperaturedifference,andthegradienttemperature
throughthethickness.Thethermoelasticbucklingofathinplateunderthesethermalloadingsisinvestigated.
Theresultsareextendedtoisotropicandorthotropicthinplateswithandwithoutimperfections.
M.R.Eslami;H.R.Ghorbani;M.Shakeri,Thermoelasticbucklingofthinsphericalshells,Journalof
ThermalStresses,Vol.24,No.12,2001,pp.11771198,doi:10.1080/014957301753251746
ABSTRACT:Thermoelasticstabilityofthinperfectsphericalshellsbasedondeepandshallowshelltheoriesis
presented.Toderivetheequilibriumandstabilityequationsaccordingtodeepshelltheory,Sanders'snonlinear

kinematicrelationsaresubstitutedintothetotalpotentialenergyfunctionoftheshellandtheresultsare
extremizedbytheEulerequationsinthecalculusofvariation.Thesameequationsarealsoderivedbasedon
quasishallowshelltheory.Animprovementisobtainedforequilibriumandstabilityequationsrelatedtothe
deepshelltheoryincomparisonwiththesameequationsrelatedtoshallowshelltheory.Approximateoneterm
solutionsthatsatisfytheboundaryconditionsareassumedforthedisplacementcomponents.TheGalerkin
Bubnovmethodisusedtominimizetheerrorsduetothisapproximation.Theeigenvaluesolutionofthe
stabilityequationsisobtainedusingcomputerprograms.Forseveralthermalloadsitisfoundthatthedeepshell
theoryresultsareslightlymorestableascomparedtotheshallowshelltheoryresultsunderthesamethermal
loads.TheresultsarecomparedwiththeAlgorfiniteelementprogramandotherknowndataintheliterature.
M.M.Najafizadeh(2)andM.R.Eslami(1)
(1)MechanicalEngineeringDepartment,AmirkabirUniversityofTechnology,P.O.Box158754413424,
HafezAvenue,Tehran15914,Iran
(2)IslamicAzadUniversity,ScienceandResearchCampus,Pounak,Tehran,Iran
Bucklinganalysisofcircularplatesoffunctionallygradedmaterialsunderuniformradialcompression,
InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.44,No.12,December2002,pp.24792493,
doi:10.1016/S00207403(02)001868
ABSTRACT:Thisstudypresentsthebucklinganalysisofradiallyloadedsolidcircularplatemadeof
functionallygradedmaterial.Theedgeoftheplateiseithersimplysupportedorclampedandtheplateis
assumedtobegeometricallyperfect.Theequilibriumandstabilityequations,derivedthroughvariational
formulation,areusedtodeterminetheprebucklingforcesandcriticalbucklingloads.Theequationsarebased
onLoveKirchhoffhypothesisandtheSander'snonlinearstraindisplacementrelation.Theresultsareverified
withtheknownresultsintheliterature.
R.JavaheriandM.R.Eslami,"ThermalBucklingofFunctionallyGradedPlates",AIAAJournal,Vol.40,No.
1(2002),pp.162169.January2001
ABSTRACT:Equilibriumandstabilityequationsofarectangularplatemadeoffunctionallygradedmaterial
underthermalloadsarederived,basedontheclassicalplatetheory.Whenitisassumedthatthematerial
propertiesvaryasapowerformofthethicknesscoordinatevariable,z,andwhenthevariationalmethodis
used,thesystemoffundamentaldifferentialequationsisestablished.Thederivedequilibriumandstability
equationsforfunctionallygradedplatesareidenticalwiththeequationforhomogeniousplates.Buckling
analysisoffunctionallygradedplatesunderfourtypesofthermalloadsiscarriedout,resultinginclosedform
solutions.Thebucklingloadsarereducedtothecriticalbucklingtemperaturerelationsforfunctionallygraded
plateswithlinearcompositionconstituentmaterialsandhomogeneousplates.Theresultsarevalidatedwiththe
reductionofthebucklingrelationsforfunctionallygradedplatestothoseofisotropichomogeneousplatesgiven
intheliterature.
R.JavaheriandM.R.Eslami,"ThermalBucklingofFunctionallyGradedPlatesBasedonHigherOrder
Theory,JournalofThermalStresses,Vol.25,No.7,pp603625,2002
ABSTRACT:Equilibriumandstabilityequationsofarectangularplatemadeoffunctionallygradedmaterial
(FGM)underthermalloadsarederived,basedonthehigherordersheardeformationplatetheory.Assuming

thatthematerialpropertiesvaryasapowerformofthethicknesscoordinatevariablezandusingthevariational
method,thesystemoffundamentalpartialdifferentialequationsisestablished.Thederivedequilibriumand
stabilityequationsforfunctionallygradedplates(FGPs)areidenticaltotheequationsforlaminatedcomposite
plates.Abucklinganalysisofafunctionallygradedplateunderfourtypesofthermalloadsiscarriedoutand
resultsinclosedformsolutions.Thecriticalbucklingtemperaturerelationsarereducedtotherespective
relationsforfunctionallygradedplateswithalinearcompositionofconstituentmaterialsandhomogeneous
plates.Theresultsarecomparedwiththecriticalbucklingtemperaturesobtainedforfunctionallygradedplates
basedonclassicalplatetheorygivenintheliterature.Thestudyconcludesthathigherordersheardeformation
theoryaccuratelypredictsthebehavioroffunctionallygradedplates,whereastheclassicalplatetheory
overestimatesbucklingtemperatures.
R.ShahsiahandM.R.Eslami,ThermalBucklingOfFunctionallyGradedCylindricalShell,Journalof
ThermalStresses,Vol.26,No.3,2003,pp.277294,doi:10.1080/713855892
ABSTRACT:Inthisarticle,thethermalbucklingloadsofcylindricalshellsoffunctionallygradedmaterialare
considered.DerivationofequationsarebasedonthefirstordershelltheoryandtheSanderskinematic
equations.Thederivedequilibriumandstabilityequationsforthefunctionallygradedcylindricalshellare
identicalwiththeequationsforhomogeneousshellsexpressedintheformofforcesandmomentsperunit
length.Assumingthatthematerialpropertiesvarylinearlythroughthethicknessdirection,thesystemof
fundamentalpartialdifferentialequationsintermsofthedisplacementcomponentsisestablished.Buckling
analysisoffunctionallygradedcylindricalshellsundertwotypesofthermalloadswithsimplysupported
boundaryconditionsarecarriedout.Resultsareobtainedintheanalyticalform.Theresultsarevalidatedwith
theknowndataintheliterature.
B.MirzavandandM.R.Eslami,ThermalBucklingofImperfectFunctionallyGradedCylindricalShellsBased
ontheWanDonnellModel,JournalofThermalStresses,Vol.29,No.1,2006,pp.3755,
doi:10.1080/01495730500257409
ABSTRACT:Athermalbucklinganalysisofanimperfectfunctionallygradedcylindricalshellisconsidered
usingtheWanDonnellmodelforinitialgeometricalimperfections.Derivationoftheequationsisbasedonthe
firstorderclassicalshelltheoryusingtheSandersnonlinearkinematicrelations.Resultsforthebucklingloads
areobtainedintheclosedform.Theeffectsofshellgeometryandvolumefractionexponentoffunctionally
gradedmaterialonthebucklingloadareinvestigated.Theresultsarevalidatedwithknowndatainthe
literature.
R.Shahsiah,M.R.EslamiandR.Naj,ThermalInstabilityofFunctionallyGradedShallowSphericalShell,
JournalofThermalStresses,Vol.29,No.8,2006,pp.771790,doi:10.1080/01495730600705406
ABSTRACT:Inthispaper,thermalinstabilityofshallowsphericalshellsmadeoffunctionallygradedmaterial
(FGM)isconsidered.ThegoverningequationsforathinsphericalshellbasedontheDonnellMushtariVlasov
theoryareobtained.TheequationsarederivedusingtheSanderssimplifiedkinematicrelationsandvariational
method.Itisassumedthatthemechanicalpropertiesvarylinearlythroughtheshellthickness.Theconstituent
materialofthefunctionallygradedshellisassumedtobeamixtureofceramicandmetal.Analyticalsolutions
areobtainedforthreetypesofthermalloadingincludingUniformTemperatureRise(UTR),LinearRadial

Temperature(LRT),andNonlinearRadialTemperature(NRT).Theresultsarevalidatedwiththeknowndatain
theliterature.
B.Mirzavand(1)andM.R.Eslami(2)
(1)MechanicalEngineeringDepartment,AmirkabirUniversityofTechnology,Tehran,Iran
(2)AcademyofSciences,ThermoelasticityCenterofExcellence,MechanicalEngineeringDepartment,
AmirkabirUniversityofTechnology,Tehran,Iran
ThermalBucklingofSimplySupportedPiezoelectricFGMCylindricalShells,JournalofThermalStresses,
Vol.30,No.11,2007,pp.11171135,doi:10.1080/01495730701416036
ABSTRACT:Athermalbucklinganalysisispresentedforfunctionallygradedcylindricalshellsthatare
integratedwithsurfacebondedpiezoelectricactuatorsandaresubjectedtothecombinedactionofthermalload
andconstantappliedactuatorvoltage.Thematerialpropertiesareassumedtovaryasapowerformofthe
thicknesscoordinate.Derivationoftheequationsisbasedonthehigherordersheardeformationshelltheory
usingtheSandersnonlinearkinematicrelations.Resultsforthebucklingtemperaturesareobtainedintheclosed
formsolution.Theeffectsoftheappliedactuatorvoltage,shellgeometry,andvolumefractionexponentof
functionallygradedmaterialonthebucklingtemperatureareinvestigated.Theresultsforsimplerstatesare
validatedwithknowndataintheliterature.
R.Naj,M.SabzikarBoroujerdyandM.R.Eslami(MechanicalEngineeringDepartment,AmirkabirUniversity
ofTechnology,Tehran,Iran),Thermalandmechanicalinstabilityoffunctionallygradedtruncatedconical
shells,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.46,No.1,January2008,pp.6578,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2007.07.011
ABSTRACT:Thermalandmechanicalinstabilityoftruncatedconicalshellsmadeoffunctionallygraded
material(FGM)isstudiedinthispaper.Itisassumedthattheshellisamixtureofmetalandceramicthatits
propertieschangesasafunctionoftheshellthickness.Thegoverningequationsarebasedonthefirstorder
shelltheoryandtheSandersnonlinearkinematicsequations.Theresultsareobtainedforanumberofthermal
andmechanicalloadsandarevalidatedwiththeknowndataintheliterature.
RNaj(1),MSabzikarBoroujerdy(2),MREslami(1)
(1)AcademyofScience,ThermoelasticityCenterofExcellence,MechanicalEngineeringDepartment,
AmirkabirUniversityofTechnology,Tehran,Iran
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,I.A.U.,FiroozkoohBranch,Tehran,Iran
Thermomechanicalinstabilityoffunctionallygradedtruncatedconicalshellswithtemperaturedependent
material,TheJournalofStrainAnalysisforEngineeringDesign,Vol.43,No.4,2008,pp.259272,
doi:10.1243/03093247JSA316
ABSTRACT:Thethermomechanicalinstabilityoftruncatedconicalshellsmadeoffunctionallygradedmaterial
underdifferentuniformtemperaturerisesisstudiedinthispaper.Itisassumedthattheshellisamixtureof
metalandceramic,whereitspropertieschangeasfunctionsoftheshellthickness.Themechanicalpropertiesof
metalandceramicareassumedtobetemperaturedependent.Thegoverningequationsarebasedonthefirst
ordertheoryofshellsandtheSandersnonlinearkinematicsequations.Theresultsareobtainedunderdifferent
thermalconditionsforthreetypesofmechanicalloading,namelyhydrostaticpressure,axialcompressive
loading,andtheircombination.Theresultsarevalidatedwiththeknowndataintheliterature.

R.Shahsiah(1),M.R.Eslami(2)andM.SabzikarBoroujerdy(2)
(1)M.E.Department,I.A.U.TehranCentralBranch,Tehran,Iran
(2)ThermoelasticityCenterofExcellence,MEDepartment,AmirkabirUniversityofTechnology,Tehran,Iran
Thermalinstabilityoffunctionallygradeddeepsphericalshell,ArchiveofAppliedMechanics,Springer,
2010,doi:10.1007/s0041901004957
ABSTRACT:Thermalinstabilityofdeepsphericalshellsmadeoffunctionallygradedmaterial(FGM)is
studiedinthispaper.ThegoverningequationsarebasedonthefirstordertheoryofshellsandtheSanders
nonlinearkinematicsequations.Itisassumedthatthemechanicalpropertiesarelinearfunctionsofthickness
coordinate.Theconstituentmaterialofthefunctionallygradedshellisassumedtobeamixtureofceramicand
metal.Theanalyticalsolutionsareobtainedforthreetypesofthermalloadingsincludingtheuniform
temperaturerise(UTR),thelinearradialtemperature(LRT),andthenonlinearradialtemperature(NRT).
Resultsarevalidatedwiththeknowndatainliterature.
B.MirzavandandM.R.Eslami,AclosedformsolutionforthermalbucklingofpiezoelectricFGM
rectangularplateswithtemperaturedependentproperties,ActaMechanica,Vol.218,Nos.12,2011,pp.87
101,doi:10.1007/s007070100402x
ABSTRACT:Athermalbucklinganalysisispresentedforfunctionallygradedrectangularplatesthatare
integratedwithsurfacebondedpiezoelectricactuatorsandaresubjectedtothecombinedactionofthermalload
andconstantappliedactuatorvoltage.Thetemperaturedependentmaterialpropertiesofthefunctionallygraded
plateareassumedtovaryasapowerformofthethicknesscoordinate.Derivationoftheequationsisbasedon
thethirdordersheardeformationplatetheory.Resultsforthecriticalbucklingtemperaturesareobtainedin
closedformsolution,whichareconvenienttobeusedinengineeringdesignapplications.Theeffectsofthe
appliedactuatorvoltage,plategeometry,andvolumefractionexponentofthefunctionallygradedmaterialon
thebucklingtemperatureareinvestigated.
E.Bagherizadeh,Y.KianiandM.R.Eslami(MEDept.,AmirkabirUniv.ofTech.,Tehran,Iran),Mechanical
bucklingoffunctionallygradedmaterialcylindricalshellssurroundedbyPasternakelasticfoundation,
CompositeStructures,Vol.93,No.11,October2011,pp.30633071,doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2011.04.022
ABSTRACT:Inthisstudy,themechanicalbucklingoffunctionallygradedmaterialcylindricalshellthatis
embeddedinanouterelasticmediumandsubjectedtocombinedaxialandradialcompressiveloadsis
investigated.Thematerialpropertiesareassumedtovarysmoothlythroughtheshellthicknessaccordingtoa
powerlawdistributionofthevolumefractionofconstituentmaterials.Theoreticalformulationsarepresented
basedonahigherordersheardeformationshelltheory(HSDT)consideringthetransverseshearstrains.Using
thenonlinearstraindisplacementrelationsofFGMscylindricalshells,thegoverningequationsarederived.
TheelasticfoundationismodelledbytwoparametersPasternakmodel,whichisobtainedbyaddingashear
layertotheWinklermodel.Theboundaryconditionisconsideredtobesimplysupported.Thenoveltyofthe
presentworkistoachievetheclosedformsolutionsforthecriticalmechanicalbucklingloadsoftheFGM
cylindricalshellssurroundedbyelasticmedium.Theeffectsofshellgeometry,thevolumefractionexponent,
andthefoundationparametersonthecriticalbucklingloadareinvestigated.Thenumericalresultsrevealthat
theelasticfoundationhassignificanteffectonthecriticalbucklingload.

J.Jahanbakhsh(1),M.R.Eslami(2)andP.Ghaedi(1)
(1)Dept.ofMechanicalEngineering,IslamicAzadUniversity,Tehran,Iran
(2)Dept.ofMechanicalEngineering,AmirkabirUniversityofTechnology,Tehran,Iran
Thermalbucklingofimperfectdeepfunctionallygradedsphericalshell,JournalofThermalStresses,Vol.35,
pp.921946,2012,DOI:10.1080/01495739.2012.720534
ABSTRACT:Thermalbucklinganalysisofdeepimperfectfunctionallygraded(FGM)sphericalshellis
consideredinthispaper.AmixtureofceramicandmetalisconsideredfortheFGMshellandthematerial
properties,suchasthemodulusofelasticityandcoefficientofthermalexpansion,varybyapowerlawfunction
throughthethickness.EmployingtheSandersnonlinearkinematicrelations,totalpotentialenergyfunctionis
derivedandtheequilibriumandstabilityequationsareobtainedfortheimperfectshell.Approximatesolutions
satisfyingthesimplysupportedboundaryconditionareassumedandusingtheGalerkinmethodtheerrordueto
theapproximationisminimized.Thegeometricallyimperfectshellisconsideredandthreetypesofthermal
loadings,suchastheuniformtemperaturerise(UTR),lineartemperaturerisethroughthethickness(LTR),and
nonlineartemperaturerisethroughthethickness(NLTR)areconsideredandtheirassociatedbuckling
temperaturesareobtained.Theeffectsofdifferenttemperaturefunctionsandthemagnitudeofinitialgeometric
imperfectionareexaminedonthethermalbucklingloadsoftheshell.
M.SabzikarBoroujerdyandM.R.Eslami(MechanicalEngineeringDept.,AmirkabirUniversityof
Technology,Tehran,Iran,email:eslami@aut.ac.ir,ThermalbucklingofpiezoFGMshallowspherical
shells,Meccanica(Springer),Vol.48,No.4,pp.887899,May2013,publishedonlineNovember,2012,DOI:
10.1007/s1101201296422
ABSTRACT:Thermalinstabilityofshallowsphericalshellsmadeoffunctionallygradedmaterial(FGM)and
surfacebondedpiezoelectricactuatorsisstudiedinthispaper.Thegoverningequationsarebasedonthefirst
ordertheoryofshellsandtheSandersnonlinearkinematicsequations.Itisassumedthatthepropertyofthe
functionallygradedmaterialsvarycontinuouslythroughthethicknessoftheshellaccordingtoapowerlaw
distributionofthevolumnefractionoftheconstituentmaterials.Theconstituentmaterialofthefunctionally
gradedshellisassumedtobeamixtureofceramicandmetal.Theanalyticalsolutionsareobtainedforthree
typesofthermalloadingsandconstantappliedactuatorvoltage.Resultsforsimplerstatesarevalidatedwiththe
knowndataintheliterature.
MostafaSabzikarBoroujerdyandMohammadRezaEslami(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,Amirkabir
UniversityofTechnology,Tehran,Iran,eslami@aut.ac.ir),Thermalbucklingofpiezoelectricfunctionally
gradedmaterialdeepsphericalshells,JournalofStrainAnalysisforEngineeringDesign,Vol.49,No.1,pp
5162,January2014,DOI:10.1177/0309324713484905
ABSTRACT:Thermalinstabilityofdeepsphericalshellsmadeoffunctionallygradedmaterialandsurface
bondedpiezoelectricactuatorsisstudiedinthisarticle.Thegoverningequationsarebasedontheclassicalshell
theoryandtheSandersnonlinearkinematicequations.Itisassumedthatthepropertyofthefunctionallygraded
materialsvariescontinuouslythroughthethicknessoftheshell,accordingtoapowerlawdistributionofthe
volumefractionoftheconstituentmaterials.Theconstituentmaterialofthefunctionallygradedshellis
assumedtobeamixtureofceramicandmetal.Theanalyticalsolutionsareobtainedforthreetypesofthermal

loadingsandconstantappliedactuatorvoltage.Resultsforsimplerstatesarevalidatedwiththeknowndatain
theliterature.
StevenL.Braune,Braune@TankIndustry.com,PETankIndustryConsultants,Inc.,PreparingTanksfor
Hurricanes,API2006StorageTankConferenceTulsa,Oklahoma.
ABSTRACT:APIStandard650hasprovisionsforaddressingsomeofthestormrelatedissuesthataffect
storagetanks.StorageTanksVulnerabilities:
WindIssues...ShellBucklingTankOverturningRoofDamage
FloodingIssues...FloatingOffofFoundationShellBuckling
Summary:
Designfortheexpectedconditions(primarilywind)
Maintainyourtanks
Awellmaintainedtankwillfairbetterthanaraggedtank.
Addliquidtopreventflotation,overturning,windbuckling,&shellbucklingfromexternalpressure(rising
water)
Afulltankwillfairbetterthananemptytank.
Someverynicephotographsofverylargebuckledtanks.

HeinzDuddeckandWalterWagenhuber(InstitutfrStatik,TechnicalUniveristyBraunschweig,Beethovenstr.
51,3300Braunschweig,Germany),Aconceptofdisturbanceenergyforthebucklinganalysisofimperfect
shells,inBucklingofshellstructures,onland,inthesea,andintheair,editedbyJ.F.Jullien,Elsevier
AppliedSciencePublishingCo.,Inc.,NewYork,1991
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingofthinshellsisingeneralverysensitivetoimperfections.Aconsistentnumerical
analysisforthedeterminationofthebucklingloadhastoconsiderthecorrectimperfections.Insteadof
assumingloadordeformationimperfections,anewapproachispresentedwhichappliestotheminimumof
perturbationenergywithrespecttoallpossibledisturbancepatternsascriteriaforthestabilitydegreeofthe
shell.Thus,bystartingfromtheperfectshelltheengineermaycomputetheleastenergynecessarytoreachthe
criticalstateofequilibriumandmayintroducethisapproachfordeterminingsafetyagainstbuckling.A
nonlineareigenvalueproblemissolvedtofindtheadjacentbucklingmodeofsmallestenergy.Theconcepthas
beendevelopedsofaronlyforelasticallybucklingshellsofarbitraryshape.Asexamplestodemonstratethe
method,cylindricalshellsunderaxialloadsareinvestigated.

J.Hork(1),G.J.Lord(2),M.A.Peletier(3)
(1)UniversittKln,Germany
(2)HeriotWattUniversity,Edinburgh,UnitedKingdom
(3)TechnischeUniversiteitEindhoven,TheNetherlands
Cylinderbuckling:themountainpassasanorganizingcenter,SIAMJ.Appl.Math.Vol.66No.5,2006,pp.
17931824,arXiv.math/0507263(CornellUniversityLibrary),DOI:10.1137/050635778
ABSTRACT:Werevisittheclassicalproblemofthebucklingofalongthinaxiallycompressedcylindrical
shell.Byexaminingtheenergylandscapeoftheperfectcylinderwededuceanestimateofthesensitivityofthe

shelltoimperfections.Keytoobtainingthisistheexistenceofamountainpasspointforthesystem.Weprove
theexistenceonboundeddomainsofsuchsolutionsforallmostallloadsandthennumericallycompute
examplemountainpasssolutions.Numericallythemountainpasssolutionwithlowestenergyhastheformofa
singledimple.Weinterprettheseresultsandvalidatethelowerboundagainstsomeexperimentalresults
availableintheliterature.
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AppliedMechanics,61(1991),pp.327343.
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Engng.,47(2000),pp.255273.
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J.Hork,G.J.Lord,M.A.Peletier,Numericalvariationalmethodsappliedtocylinderbuckling,SIAMJ.
Sci.Comput.Vol.30,No.3,2008,pp.13621386,arXiv.math/0611530(CornellUniversityLibrary)
JiriHork,BucklingofaCylinder(selfpublished,2009?)
ABSTRACT:EverybodyknowshowtomakeaCokecanreadyforrecyclingsteponit,squashit.Onealso
knowsthatthecanresiststhesquashinguptoacertainpoint,thenitsuddenlybuckles.Thecanisanexampleof
athincylindricalshell.Theprocessofbucklingofsuchshellshasnotyetbeencompletelyunderstood.Oneof
themainquestionsishowbigistheloadthattheshellcanwithstandbeforeitbuckles...
References:

[1]G.W.Hunt,G.J.Lord,M.A.Peletier,Cylindricalshellbuckling:acharacterizationoflocalizationandperiodicity,Discrete
Contin.Dyn.Syst.Ser.B3(2003),no.4,505518.
[2]G.W.Hunt,M.A.Peletier,A.R.Champneys,P.D.Woods,M.AhmerWadee,C.J.Budd,G.J.Lord,Cellularbucklinginlong
structures,NonlinearDynam.21(2000),no.1,329.
[3]J.Hork,G.J.Lord,M.A.Peletier,Cylinderbuckling:themountainpassasanorganizingcenter,SIAMJ.Appl.Math.66
(2006),no.5,17931824.
[4]J.Hork,G.J.Lord,M.A.Peletier,Numericalvariationalmethodsappliedtocylinderbuckling,SIAMJ.Sci.Comput.30(2008),
no.3,13621386.

B.H.KrplinandD.Dinkler(InstitutfrStatik,UniversittBraunschweig,D3300Braunschweig,West
Germany),Acreeptypestrategyusedfortracingtheloadpathinelastoplasticpostbucklinganalysis,
ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.32,Nos.13,September1982,pp.365376,
doi:10.1016/00457825(82)900767
ABSTRACT:Astrategyispresented,inwhichthecommonloadincrementationisreplacedbyacreeptype
process.Theloadpathapproximationisgovernedbyanartificialdamping,whichisoutlinedfordirectsearch
forstableequilibriumstates,detailedpathtracingandstabilitycheckofthesolutionbyperturbateddamping.
Thedampingschemesareshownonexamplesofsnappingstructuresintheelasticandplasticrange.
B.Krplin(1),D.Dinkler(2)andJ.Hillmann(2)
(1)AnwendungNumerischerMethoden,UniversittDortmund,D4600Dortmund50,Fed.Rep.Germany
(2)InstitutfrStatik,TechnischeUniversittBraunschweig,D3300Braunschweig,Fed.Rep.Germany
ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,Vol.52,Nos.13,September1985,pp.885897,
doi:10.1016/00457825(85)900192
ABSTRACT:Aperturbationstrategyisoutlined,whichenablessystematiccalculationofsecondarysolution
pathsinthenonlinearsolutionmanifoldofthinwalledimperfectionsensitivestructures.Thestrategyconsists
ofthreesteps.First,theperturbationpatternisdetermined,seconditscriticalamplitudeiscalculatedtoreacha
secondarypathandthirdtheiterationtothesecondarypathitselfisperformed.Thestepsareformulatedby
meansofconstraintsinthesolutionspace.Examplesaregivenforapplicationtoarches,platestripsandshells.
SimaZiaee,KhosroJafarpur,EffectofShellDimensionsonBucklingBehaviorandEntropyGenerationof
ThinWeldedShells,WorldAcademyofScience,EngineeringandTechnology732011.
ABSTRACT:Amongallmechanicaljoiningprocesses,weldinghasbeenemployedforitsadvantageindesign
flexibility,costsaving,reducedoverallweightandenhancedstructuralperformance.However,forstructures
madeofrelativelythincomponents,weldingcanintroducesignificantbucklingdistortionwhichcauseslossof
dimensionalcontrol,structuralintegrityandincreasedfabricationcosts.Differentparameterscanaffect
bucklingbehaviorofweldedthinstructuressuchas,heatinput,weldingsequence,dimensionofstructure.In
thiswork,a3Dthermoelasticviscoplasticfiniteelementanalysistechniqueisappliedtoevaluatetheeffectof
shelldimensionsonbucklingbehaviorandentropygenerationofweldedthinshells.Also,inthepresentwork,
theapproximatedlongitudinaltransientstresseswhichproducedineachtimestep,isappliedtothe3D
eigenvalueanalysistoratifypredictedbucklingtimeandcorrespondingeigenmode.Besides,thepossibilityof
bucklingpredictionbyentropygenerationateachtimeisinvestigatedanditisfoundthatonecanpredicttime
ofbucklingwithdrawingentropygenerationversusoutofplanedeformation.Theresultsoffiniteelement
analysisshowthatthelength,spanandthicknessofweldedthinshellsaffectthenumberoflocalbuckling,
modeshapeofglobalbucklingandpostbucklingbehaviorofweldedthinshells.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
[1]MasubuchiK.,Analysisofweldedstructures.PergamonPress,Oxford,1980
[2]MurakawaH.,UedaY.,ZhongX.M.,Bucklingbehaviorofplatesunderidealizedinherentstrain,TransactionsofJWRI,
Vol.24,No.2,1995,pp.8791.
[3]MichalerisP.,DebiccariA.,Predictionofweldingdistortion,WeldingJournal,Vol.76,No.4,1997,pp.172180.
[4]TsaiC.L.,ParkS.C.,ChengW.T.,Weldingdistortionofathinplatepanelstructure,A.W.S.,WeldingJournal,Research
Supplement,Vol.78,1999,pp.156s165s.
[5]DeanD.,HidekazuM.,FEMpredictionofbucklingdistortioninducedbyweldinginthinplatepanelstructures,Computational

materialsScience,Vol.43,2008,pp.591607.
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Production,Vol.12,No.4,1996,pp.269275.
[7]MichalerisP.,DeoM.V.,SunJ.,Predictionofbucklingdistortionofweldedstructures,ScienceandTechnologyofWelding&
Joining,Vol.8,No.1,2003,pp.5561.
[8]SchenkT.,RichardsonI.M.,KraskaM.,OhnimusS.,ModelingbucklingdistortionofDP600overlapjointsduetogasmetalarc
weldingandtheinfluenceofthemeshdensity,www.sciendirect.com,Availableonline30May2009
[9]OddyA.S.,GoldakJ.A.,McDillJ.M.J.,Numericalanalysisoftransformationplasticityin3Dfiniteelementanalysisofwelds,
EuropeanJournalofMechanics,A/Solids,Vol.9,No.3,1990,pp.253263.
[10]WattD.F.,CoonL.,BibbyM.,HenwoodC.,Analgorithmformodelingmicrostructuraldevelopmentinweldheataffected
zones(parta)reactionkinetics,Actametal.,Vol.36,No.11,1988,pp.30293035.
[11]ZiaeeS.,KadivarM.H.,JafarpurK.,ExperimentalEvaluationoftheEffectofExternalRestraintonBucklingbehaviorofThin
WeldedShells,IJST,TransactionB,Eng.,Vol.33,No.B5,2009,pp.397413.
[12]FallahiA.,JafarpurKh.,andNamiM.R.Aninvestigationonthermalbehaviorofweldedplatesundertheinfluencesofessential
thermalweldingparameters,M.S.Thesis,MechanicalEng.,Shiraz,Iran,2009.
[13]RondaJ.,OliverG.J.,Comparisonofapplicabilityofvariousthermoviscoplasticconstitutivemodelsinmodelingofwelding,
Comput.MethodsAppl.Mech.Engrg.,Vol.153,1998,pp.195221.
[14]BrownS.B.,KimK.H.,AnandL.,AnInternalvariableconstitutivemodelforhotworkingofmetals,InternationalJournalof
Plasticity,Vol.5,1989,pp.95130.

P.R.PatelandS.S.Gill(MechanicalEngineeringDepartment,UniversityofManchesterInstituteofScience
andTechnology,Manchester,England),Experimentsonthebucklingunderinternalpressureofthin
torisphericalendsofcylindricalpressurevessels,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.20,No.3,
1978,pp.159175,doi:10.1016/00207403(78)900036
ABSTRACT:Tencylindricalpressurevesselswithtorisphericalends,allofthesameconstantnominal
thickness,weretestedunderinternalpressuretoobservethebucklingbehaviourofthetoroidalknuckle.All
specimenswereofconstantinternalcylinderdiametertothicknessratioof5315.Thesphereradiuswasequal
tothecylinderdiameterandonlythetorusradiuswasvaried.Bucklingwasdetectedbyrotatingprobesatthe
sphere/torusjunctionandatthemidpointofthetorus.Thebucklingpressureincreasedwithincreasingtorus
radiusandthetwospecimenswiththelargesttorusradiididnotbuckle.Forallspecimens,thechangeof
meridionalshapewithincreaseinpressurewasmeasured.Foronespecimen,straingaugeswereusedtostudy
thevariationofcircumferentialstrainontheinsideandoutsidesurfaceatthesphere/torusjunctiondueto
variationinthicknessroundthecircumference.Asimpletheoreticalexpressionforthebucklingpressure,
similartotheRankineformulaforastrut,issuggested.
S.K.SahuAndP.K.Datta(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,(I.I.T.),
Kharagpur,721302,India),ParametricInstabilityOfDoublyCurvedPanelsSubjectedToNonUniform
HarmonicLoading,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.240,No.1,February2001,pp.117129,
doi:10.1006/jsvi.2000.3187
ABSTRACT:Theparametricinstabilitycharacteristicsofdoublycurvedpanelssubjectedtovariousinplane
staticandperiodiccompressiveedgeloadings,includingpartialandconcentratededgeloadingsarestudied
usingfiniteelementanalysis.Thefirstordersheardeformationtheoryisusedtomodelthedoublycurved
panels,consideringtheeffectsoftransversesheardeformationandrotaryinertia.Thetheoryusedisthe
extensionofdynamic,sheardeformabletheoryaccordingtotheSander'sfirstapproximationfordoublycurved
shells,whichcanbereducedtoLove'sandDonnell'stheoriesbymeansoftracers.Theeffectsofstaticload
factor,aspectratio,radiustothicknessratio,shallownessratio,boundaryconditionsandtheloadparameterson

theprincipalinstabilityregionsofdoublycurvedpanelsarestudiedindetailusingBolotin'smethod.
Quantitativeresultsarepresentedtoshowtheeffectsofshellgeometryandloadparametersonthestability
boundaries.Resultsforplatesandcylindricalshellsarealsopresentedasspecialcasesandarecomparedwith
thoseavailableintheliterature.
S.K.SahuandP.K.Datta(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,I.I.T.,Kharagpur721302,India,
pkdatta@aero.iitkgp.ernet.in),ParametricResonanceCharacteristicsofLaminatedCompositeDoublyCurved
ShellsSubjectedtoNonUniformLoading,JournalofReinforcedPlasticsandComposites,December2001,
vol.20,no.18,pp.15561576,doi:10.1177/073168401772679057
ABSTRACT:Theparametricresonancecharacteristicsoflaminatedcompositedoublycurvedpanelssubjected
tovariousinplanestaticandperiodiccompressiveedgeloadings,includingpartialandconcentratededge
loadingarestudiedusingfiniteelementanalysis.Thefirstordersheardeformationtheoryisusedtomodelthe
doublycurvedpanels,consideringtheeffectsoftransversesheardeformationandrotaryinertia.Thetheory
usedistheextensionofdynamic,sheardeformabletheoryaccordingtotheSandersfirstapproximationfor
doublycurvedlaminatedshells,whichcanbereducedtoLovesandDonnellstheoriesbymeansoftracers.
Theeffectsofnumberoflayers,staticloadfactor,sidetothicknessratio,shallownessratio,boundary
conditions,degreeoforthotropy,plyorientationsandvariousloadparametersontheprincipalinstability
regionsofdoublycurvedpanelsarestudiedindetailusingBolotinsmethod.Quantitativeresultsarepresented
toshowtheeffectsofshellgeometry,laminationdetailsandloadparametersonthestabilityboundaries.Results
ofplatesandcylindricalshellsarealsopresentedasspecialcasesandarecomparedwiththoseavailableinthe
literature.
S.K.SahuAndP.K.Datta(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Kharagpur,
At/P.O.Kharagpur,721302(W.B.),India),DynamicStabilityOfCurvedPanelsWithCutouts,Journalof
SoundandVibration,Vol.251,No.4,April2002,pp.683696,doi:10.1006/jsvi.2001.3961
ABSTRACT:Theparametricinstabilitybehaviourofcurvedpanelswithcutoutssubjectedtoinplanestaticand
periodiccompressiveedgeloadingsarestudiedusingfiniteelementanalysis.Thefirstordersheardeformation
theoryisusedtomodelthecurvedpanels,consideringtheeffectsoftransversesheardeformationandrotary
inertia.Thetheoryusedistheextensionofdynamic,sheardeformabletheoryaccordingtoSanders'first
approximationfordoublycurvedshells,whichcanbereducedtoLove'sandDonnell'stheoriesbymeansof
tracers.Theeffectsofstaticanddynamicloadfactors,geometry,boundaryconditionsandthecutoutparameters
ontheprincipalinstabilityregionsofcurvedpanelswithcutoutsarestudiedindetailusingBolotin'smethod.
Quantitativeresultsarepresentedtoshowtheeffectsofshellgeometryandloadparametersonthestability
boundaries.Resultsforplatesarealsopresentedasspecialcasesandarecomparedwiththoseavailableinthe
literature.
S.K.Sahu(1)andP.K.Datta(2)
(1)AssistantProfessor,Dept.ofCivilEngineering,NationalInstituteofTechnology,Rourkela,India.
(2)Professor,Dept.ofAerospaceEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Kharagpur,India.
DynamicStabilityofLaminatedCompositeCurvedPanelswithCutouts,ASCEJ.Engrg.Mech.Vol.129,pp.
12451253,2003,doi:10.1061/(ASCE)07339399(2003)129:11(1245)

ABSTRACT:Thepresentinvestigationdealswiththedynamicstabilitybehavioroflaminatedcomposite
curvedpanelswithcutoutssubjectedtoinplanestaticandperiodiccompressiveloads,analyzedusingthefinite
elementmethod.AgeneralizedsheardeformableSanderstheorywithtracersisusedinthisstudy.Numerical
resultsobtainedforvibrationandbucklingofcompositepanelswithcutoutscomparewellwithliterature.The
principaldynamicinstabilityregionofcompositeperforatedpanelsisobtainedusingBolotinsapproach.The
studyrevealsthatcurvedpanelswithcutoutsdepicthigherstiffnesswiththeadditionofcurvatures.The
laminatedhyperbolicparaboloidpanelshowsthehigheststiffnesswiththeonsetofinstabilityathigher
excitationfrequencies.Theeffectofcurvatureinlaminatedcompositecurvedpanelsisreducedwithanincrease
insizeofthecutout.Theprincipalinstabilityregionsareinfluencedbythelaminationparameters.Thus,the
laminateconstruction,coupledwithcutoutgeometry,canbeusedtotheadvantagesoftailoringduringdesignof
compositestructuresforpracticalapplications.
S.K.Sahu,A.V.AshaandR.N.Mishra(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,NIT,Rourkela769008,India,
sksahu@nitrkl.ac.in,rssksahu@yahoo.com),StabilityofLaminatedCompositePretwistedCantileverPanels,
JournalofReinforcedPlasticsandComposites,August2005,vol.24,no.12,pp.13271334,
doi:10.1177/0731684405049856
ABSTRACT:Thisarticledealswiththestabilityanalysisofangleplylaminatedcompositetwistedpanels
usingthefiniteelementmethod.Here,aeightnodedisoparametricquadraticshellelementisusedtodevelop
thefiniteelementprocedure.Toinvestigatethevibrationandstabilitybehavioroftwistedpanels,theeffectof
variousgeometricalparameterslikeangleoftwist,aspectratio,laminationparameters,shallownessratio,etc.
arestudied.Theinfluenceofvariousparametersonthevibrationandstabilitycharacteristicsoftwistedpanels
havebeenexamined.Numericalresultsarepresentedtoshowtheeffectsofpretwistangles,geometry,and
laminationdetailsonthestabilitycharacteristicsoftwistedplates.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1.Leissa,A.W.(1981),Vibrationalaspectsofrotatingturbomachinaryblades,Appl,Mech.Rev.34(5):629635.
2.Leissa,AW,(1986),Updatetovibrationalaspectsofrotatingturbomachineryblades,Appl.Mech.Update,ASMEPress,359.
3.Ramamurti,V.andSreenivasamurthy,S.(1980).Dynamicstressanalysisofrotatingtwistedandtaperedblades,Journalofstrain
analysis,15,117126.
4.Leissa,AW,Lee,JK.,WangAJ(1982).RotatingbladevibrationanalysisusingshellsASMEJ.EngPower104:296302.
5.Yoo,H.H.,Kwak,J.Y.andChung,J.(2001),Vibrationanalysisofrotatingpretwistedbladeswiththeconcentratedmass,Journal
ofSoundandVibration,240(5),891908.
6.Qatu,M.S.andLeissa,AW(1991),Vibrationstudiesforlaminatedcompositetwistedcantileverplates,IntJ.MechScience,
33(11):927940.
7.Nabi,S.M.andGanesan,N.(1993),Vibrationanddampinganalysisofpretwistedcompositeblades,ComputersandStructures,
47(2),275280.
8.He,.LH.,Lim,CW,andKitipornchai,S.(2000)AnondiscretizedglobalmodelforfreevibrationofgenerallyLaminatedfibre
reinforcedpretwistedcantileverplates.ComputationalMechanics,197207.
9.Hu,X.XandTsuiji,T.(1999),Freevibrationanalysisofrotatingtwistedcylindricalthinpanels,JournalofsoundandVibration,
222(2),209224.
10.Karmakar,AandSinha,PK.(1997)FiniteElementfreevibrationanalysisofrotatinglaminatedcompositepretwistedcantilever
plates,JournalofReinforcedplasticsandcomposites,(16):14611490.
11.Parhi,P.K.,Bhattacharyya,S.K.andSinha,P.K.,(1999),Dynamicanalysisofmultipledelaminatedcompositetwistedplates,
AircraftEngineeringandAerospaceTechnology,71,451461.
12.Reddy,J.N.andPhan,ND,(1985),Solutionandvibrationofisotropic,orthotropic,laminatedplates.Journalofsoundand
vibration,98(2):157170.
13.Narita,Y.andLeissa,A.W.,(1990),Bucklingstudiesforsimplysupportedsymmetricallylaminatedrectangularplates
,InternationalJournalofMechanicalScience,32(11):909924

14.Nair,SL,Singh,G.,andRao,G.V.,(1996),Stabilityoflaminatedcompositeplatessubjectedtovarioustypesinplaneloading.
,InternationalJournalofMechanicalScience38(2):191202.
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orderdisplacementmodel.ComputersandStructures,73:407423

S.K.SahuandA.V.Asha,DynamicStabilityofLaminatedCompositeTwistedCurvedPanels,Proceedings
oftheIXInternationalConferenceonRecentAdvancesinStructuralDynamics,Southampton,UK1719July
2006,http://hdl.handle.net/2080/317
PARTIALABSTRACT:Thetwistedcantileverpanelshavesignificantapplicationsinwidechordturbine
blades,compressorblades,fanblades,particularlyingasturbines.Thisrangeofpracticalapplicationsdemands
aproperunderstandingoftheirvibration,staticanddynamicstabilitycharacteristics.Duetoitssignificance,a
largenumberofreferencesdealwiththefreevibrationoftwistedplates.Structuralelementssubjectedtoin
planeperiodicforcesmayleadtoparametricresonance,duetocertaincombinationsofthevaluesofload
parameters.Theinstabilitymayoccurbelowthecriticalloadofthestructureundercompressiveloadsoverwide
rangesofexcitationfrequencies.Compositematerialsarebeingincreasinglyusedinturbomachineryblades
becauseoftheirspecificstrength,stiffnessandthesecanbetailoredthroughthevariationoffiberorientation
andstackingsequencetoobtainanefficientdesign.Thustheparametricresonancecharacteristicsoflaminated
compositetwistedcanti...
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1.Leissa,A.W.,Vibrationalaspectsofrotatingturbomachinaryblades,Appl,Mech.Rev.,(1981),34,629635.
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927940.
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RaleighRitzprocedure,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,(2004),193,805823.
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14.SahuS.K.andDattaP.K.,Dynamicinstabilityoflaminatedcompositerectangularplatessubjectedtononuniformharmonicin
planeedgeloading,JournalofAerospaceEngineering,Proc.OfInstitutionofMechanicalEngineers,PartG,(2000)214,295312
15.GanapathiM.,VaradanT.K.andBalamurugan.V.Dynamicstabilityoflaminatedcompositecurvedpanelsusingfiniteelement
method,ComputersandStructures,(1994),53(2):335342.
16.SahuS.K.andDattaP.K.,Parametricresonancecharacteristicsoflaminatedcompositedoublycurvedshellssubjectedtonon
uniformloading,JournalofReinforcedPlasticsandComposites,(2001),20(18),15561576.
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(1995),183(4),591606.

18.ChenL.W.,Peng,W.K,Dynamicstabilityofrotatingbladeswithgeometricnonlinearity,JournalofSoundandVibration,(1995),
187,421433.
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Structures,(2003),61,235245.
20.Sahu,S.K.,Asha,A.V.andMishra,R.N.,Stabilityoflaminatedcompositepretwistedcantileverpanels,JournalofReinforced
PlasticsandComposites,(2005),24,13271334.
21.SahuS.K.andDattaP.K.,Dynamicstabilityoflaminatedcompositecurvedpanelswithcutouts,JournalofEngineering
Mechanics,ASCE,(2003),129(11),12451253.
22.ReddyJ.N.,MechanicsofLaminatedCompositeplatesandShells,(2004),CRCPress,Washington,D.C.

S.K.SahuandA.V.Asha(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,NationalInstituteofTechnology,Rourkela
769008,India), ParametricResonanceCharacteristicsofAngleplyTwistedCurvedPanels,International
JournalofStructuralStabilityandDynamics,Vol8,No.1,2007,pp.6176,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S0219455408002557
ABSTRACT:Thepresentstudydealswiththedynamicstabilityoflaminatedcompositepretwistedcantilever
panels.TheeffectsofvariousparametersontheprincipalinstabilityregionsarestudiedusingBolotin's
approachandfiniteelementmethod.Thefirstordersheardeformationtheoryisusedtomodelthetwisted
curvedpanels,consideringtheeffectsoftransversesheardeformationandrotaryinertia.Theresultsonthe
dynamicstabilitystudiesofthelaminatedcompositepretwistedpanelssuggestthattheonsetofinstability
occursearlierandthewidthofdynamicinstabilityregionsincreasewithintroductionoftwistinthepanel.The
instabilityoccurslaterforsquarethanrectangulartwistedpanels.Theonsetofinstabilityoccurslaterforpre
twistedcylindricalpanelsthantheflatpanelsduetoadditionofcurvature.However,thesphericalpretwisted
panelsshowsmallincreaseofnondimensionalexcitationfrequency.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

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2.A.W.Leissa,J.K.LeeandA.JWang,RotatingbladevibrationanalysisusingshellsASMEJ.EngPower,104(1982),296302.
3.M.S.QatuandA.W.Leissa,Vibrationstudiesforlaminatedcompositetwistedcantileverplates,IntJ.MechScience,33(1991),
927940.
4.L.H.He,C.W.LimandS.Kitipornchai,AnondiscretizedglobalmodelforfreevibrationofgenerallyLaminatedfibrereinforced
pretwistedcantileverplates,ComputationalMechanics,26(2000),197207.
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JournalofReinforcedplasticsandcomposites,16(1997),14611490.
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Ritzprocedure,ComputerMethodsinAppliedMechanicsandEngineering,193,(2004),805823.
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(2004),151159.
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255(2002),965982.
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InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,26(1990),801811.
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method,ComputersandStructures,53(2)(1994),335342.
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uniformloading,JournalofReinforcedPlasticsandComposites,20(18)(2001),15561576.
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S.K.Sahu,A.V.AshaandS.Nagaraju(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,NationalInstituteofTechnology,
Rourkela769008,India),VibrationAndStabilityOfCrossPlyLaminatedTwistedCantileverPlates,
VibrationProblemsICOVP2007,SpringerProceedingsinPhysics,2009,Vol/126,2009,pp.347355,
doi:10.1007/9781402091001_36
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingandvibrationanalysisofcrossplylaminatedcantilevertwistedplatesare
investigated.Theanalysisiscarriedoutusingthefiniteelementmethodwithfirstordersheardeformation
theory.Aneightnoddedisoparametricquadraticelementisemployedinthepresentanalysiswithfivedegrees
offreedompernode.Theelementelasticstiffnessmatrix,massmatrixandloadvectorarederivedusingthe
principleofStationeryPotentialEnergy.Planestressanalysisiscarriedoutusingthefiniteelementmethodto
determinethestressesandtheseareusedtoformulatethegeometricstiffnessmatrix.Theoverallstiffnessand
massmatricesareobtainedbyassemblingthecorrespondingelementmatricesusingskylinetechnique.The
eigenvaluesaredeterminedusingsubspaceiterationscheme.Extensiveresultsarepresentedtoshowtheeffects
ofvariousparameterssuchasaspectratio,numberoflayers,angleoftwist,plyorientation,etconthebuckling
andvibrationbehaviorofcrossplylaminatedtwistedcantileverplates.Itwasnoticedthatboththenon
dimensionalbucklingandfrequencyparameterdecreasedwiththeincreaseintheangleoftwistoftheplate.
Thenondimensionalfrequencyparametersaswellasbucklingloadsalsoincreasewithincreaseinthenumber
oflayersoftheplate.Thereissignificantdecreaseinthebucklingloadoftheplatewithincreaseofaspectratio
unlikethefrequenciesofvibration.Thesecanbeusedtoadvantageintailoringoflaminatedcrossplytwisted
cantileverplates.
A.V.AshalowandShishirKumarSahu(NationalInstituteofTechnology,769002,Rourkela,Orissa,India),
Parametricinstabilityoftwistedcrossplylaminatedpanels,AerospaceScienceandTechnology
ArticleinPress,CorrectedProof,2011,doi:10.1016/j.ast.2010.09.010
ABSTRACT:Thepresentpaperdealswiththestudyofthevibration,bucklingandparametricinstability
characteristicsofgenerallaminatedcrossplypretwistedcantileverflatandcurvedpanels.Theeffectsofangles
ofpretwist,aspectratio,staticloadfactor,andthelaminationparametersofthecrossplytwistedcurvedpanels
ontheprincipalinstabilityregionsarestudiedusingBolotin'sapproach.Aneightnodedisoparametricquadratic
shellelementwithfivedegreesoffreedompernodeisusedtodevelopthefiniteelementprocedure.Thefirst

ordersheardeformationtheoryisusedtomodelthetwistedcrossplycurvedpanelsconsideringtheeffectsof
transversesheardeformationandrotaryinertia.Thelinearpartofthestrainisusedtoderivetheelasticstiffness
matrixandthenonlinearpartofthestrainisusedtoderivethegeometricstiffnessmatrix.Theglobalmatrices
areobtainedbyassemblingthecorrespondingelementmatricesusingskylinetechnique.Subspaceiteration
methodisusedthroughouttosolvetheeigenvalueproblem.Reducedintegrationtechniqueisadoptedinorder
toavoidpossibleshearlocking.Basedontheparametricstudies,itisfoundthattheinstabilitybehaviorof
twistedcrossplycantileverpanelsisgreatlyinfluencedbythegeometry,material,angleoftwistandlamination
parameters.So,thiscanbeusedtoadvantageintailoringduringdesignofcrossplytwistedcantileverpanels.
ProsunKumarDattaandSauvikBiswas(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,IndianInstituteof
Technology,Kharagpur,721302,India,email:prosundatta@gmail.com),Researchadvancesontension
bucklingbehaviourofaerospacestructures:areview,Int.J.ofAeronautical&SpaceSciences,Vol.12,No.1,
2011,pp.115,doi:10.5139/IJASS.2011.12.1.1
ABSTRACT:Thispaperreviewsmostoftheresearchdoneinthefieldoftensilebucklingcharacteristics
pertainingtoaerospacestructuralelementswithspecialattentiontolocalbucklingandparametricexcitationdue
toperiodicloadingonplateandshellelements.Theconceptsofbucklinginaerospacestructuresappearasthe
resultoftheapplicationofaglobalcompressiveappliedloadorshearload.Alessusualsituationisthecase,in
whichaglobaltensilestresscreatesbucklinginstabilityandtheformationofcomplexspatialbucklingpattern.
Incontrasttothecaseofapurecompressionorshearload,heretheappliedmacroscopicloadhasno
compressivecomponentandisthusgloballystabilizing.Theinstabilitystemsfromalocalcompressivestress
inducedbythepresenceofadefect,suchasacrackorahole,duetopartialornonuniformappliedloadatthe
farend.Thisisreferredtoastensilebuckling.Thispaperdiscussesallaspectsoftensilebuckling,theoretical
andexperimental.Itsfarreachingapplicationscausinglocalinstabilityinaerospacestructuralcomponentsare
discussed.Theimportanteffectsondynamicstabilitybehaviourunderlocallyinducedperiodiccompression
havebeenidentifiedandinfluencesofvariousparametersarediscussed.Experimentalresultsonsimpleand
combinationresonancecharacteristicsonplatestructuresduetotensilebucklingeffectsareelaborated.
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Zielsdorff,G.F.(1971).AnInvestigationoftheOutofPlaneDeflectionBehaviourofThinSheetsinaTensileField[Technical
Report].Atlanta,GA:SchoolofAerospaceEngineering,GeorgiaInstituteofTechnology.
Zielsdorff,G.F.andCarlson,R.L.(1972a).Onmoderatelylargedeflectionofmultiplyconnectedplates.JournalofAeronautical
SocietyofIndia,24,425.
Zielsdorff,G.F.andCarlson,R.L.(1972b).Onthebucklingofthintensionedsheetswithcracksandslots.EngineeringFracture
Mechanics,4,939950.

SusumuToda(NationalAerospaceLaboratory,Tokyo,Japan),Bucklingofcylinderswithcutoutsunderaxial
compression(Experimentalresultsarepresentedforcircularcylindericalshellswithbothreinforcedand
unreinforcedholesunderaxialcompression),ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.23,No.4,1982,pp.414417,
doi:10.1007/BF02330057
ABSTRACT:Anexperimentalstudywascarriedouttoclarifytheeffectsofcircularholesonthebucklingof
circularcylindersunderaxialcompression.Theeffectofreinforcementswasalsoexaminedbyplacingthin
annularplatesaroundthecutouts.Testswereperformedonpolyestershellswithradiustothicknessratioof400
and100andwithtwodiametricallyopposedcircularholes.Ifaholeissmallenough,therearenoappreciable
effectsonthebucklingstrengthofthecylinder.Howeverlargercutoutsresultinasignificantreductionofthe
bucklingload.Whendoublersareplacedaroundtheholes,thebucklingloadapproachesthevalueforthe
completecylinderwithnocutoutsasthestiffeningvolumeincreases.
S.K.Sahu(1)andP.K.Datta(2)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineering.REC,Rourkela,Orissa769008,email:sksahu@nitrkl.ac.in
(2)DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,I.I.T.,Kharagpur721302email:pkdatta@aero.iitkgp.ernet.in
ParametricInstabilityofCompositeCurvedPanelSubjectedtoConcentratedEdgeLoading,Advancesin
VibrationEngineering,Vol.2,2003,pp.142150, http://hdl.handle.net/2080/285
ABSTRACT:Theparametricresonancecharacteristicsoflaminatedcompositecurvedpanelssubjectedto
variousinplaneperiodicconcentratededgeloadingsarestudiedusingfiniteelementanalysis.Thefirstorder
sheardeformationtheoryisusedtomodelthecurvedpanels,consideringtheeffectsoftransverseshear
deformationandrotaryinertia.Theeffectsofnumberoflayers,staticloadfactor,boundaryconditionsandply
orientationsfordifferentpositionsofloadingontheprincipalinstabilityregionsofcurvedpanelsarestudiedin
detailusingBolotin'smethod.Quantitativeresultsarepresentedtoshowtheeffectsofshellgeometry,
laminationdetailsandloadparametersonthestabilityboundaries.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

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AppliedMechanics,66:374379.

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panels,''InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,32(13):19491962.

L.RaviKumar(1),P.K.Datta(1)andD.L.Prabhakara(2)
(1)DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Kharagpur721302,WestBengal,
India
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,MalnadCollegeofEngineering,Hassan573201,Karnataka,India
Tensionbucklinganddynamicstabilitybehaviouroflaminatedcompositedoublycurvedpanelssubjectedto
partialedgeloading,CompositeStructures,Vol.60,No.2,May2003,pp.171181,
doi:10.1016/S02638223(02)003148
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdealswiththestudyoftensilebuckling,vibrationanddynamicstabilitybehaviourof
multilaminatedcurvedpanelssubjectedtouniaxialinplanepointandpatchtensileedgeloadingsbyusingthe
finiteelementmethod.Theeffectoffirstordersheardeformationtheoryisusedtomodelthedoublycurved
panels.Numericalresultshavebeenestablishedthroughconvergenceandcomparisonwiththepublisheddata
fromtheliterature.Theeffectsofloadposition,numberoflayers,laminationangles,thicknessratio,aspect
ratioandshellgeometriesofthepanelareconsideredintheanalysisandresultsarediscussed.
L.RaviKumar(1),P.K.Datta(1)andD.L.Prabhakara(2)
(1)DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Kharagpur721302,WestBengal,
India,pkdatta@aero.iitkgp.ernet.inravibmsce@yahoo.com
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,MalnadCollegeofEngineering,Hassan573201,Karnataka,India,
cacep2001@yahoo.com
Tensilebucklingandvibrationbehaviorofcurvedpanels,inProceedingsoftheSecondInternational
ConferenceonStructuralStability...editedbyC.M.Wang,G.R.Liu,K.K.Ang,2003,WorldScientific
Publishing,ISBN9812382542
ABSTRACT:Thetensilebucklingandvibrationbehaviourofcurvedpanelsofsquareplanformsubjectedto
combinationsoftensiontension,tensioncompressionandcompressioncompressionedgeloadingshavebeen
studiedusingthefiniteelementmethod.Thefirstordersheardeformationtheoryisusedtomodelthedoubly

curvedpanels,consideringtheeffectsoftransversesheardeformationandrotaryinertia.Thetheoryusedis
extendedfromthedynamic,sheardeformabletheorybasedontheSandersfirstapproximationfordoubly
curvedshells,whichcanbereducedtoLovesandDonnellstheoriesbymeansoftracers.Theinplanenon
uniformstressfieldhasbeenanalysedunderplanestressconditionswithreasonableaccuracy.Theeffectsof
biaxialconcentratedandpatchloadingontheedgesarealsoconsideredintheanalysis.
L.RaviKumar(1),P.K.Datta(1)andD.L.Prabhakara(2)
(1)DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Kharagpur721302,WestBengal,
India
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,MalnadCollegeofEngineering,Hassan573201,Karnataka,India
Dynamicinstabilitycharacteristicsoflaminatedcompositedoublycurvedpanelssubjectedtopartially
distributedfolloweredgeloading,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.42,No.8,April2005,
pp.22432264,doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2004.09.024
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdealswiththestudyofvibrationanddynamicinstabilitycharacteristicsoflaminated
compositedoublycurvedpanels,subjectedtononuniformfollowerload,usingfiniteelementapproach.First
ordersheardeformationtheoryisusedtomodelthedoublycurvedpanels,consideringtheeffectsofshear
deformationandrotaryinertia.Theformulationisbasedontheextensionofdynamic,sheardeformabletheory
accordingtoSandersfirstapproximationfordoublycurvedlaminatedshells,whichcanbereducedtoLoves
andDonnellstheoriesbymeansoftracers.Themodaltransformationtechniqueisappliedtoreducethe
numberofequilibriumequationsforsubsequentanalysis.Structuraldampingisintroducedintothesystemin
termsofviscousdamping.Instabilitybehaviourofcurvedpanelshavebeenexaminedconsideringthevarious
parameterssuchaswidthofedgeload,loaddirectioncontrol,damping,influenceoffiberorientationandlayup
sequenceetc.Theresultsshowthatunderfollowerloadingthepanelmayloseitsstabilityduetoeitherflutteror
divergence,dependingonthesystemparameters.
Patel,SN(a),Datta,P.K(a),Sheikh,AbdulHamid(b),
(a)DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,I.I.T.,Kharagpur721302,WB,India
(b)DepartmentofOceanEngineeringandNavalArchitecture,I.I.T.,Kharagpur721302,WB,India,
Bucklinganddynamicinstabilityanalysisofstiffenedshellpanels,ThinWalledStructures,2006;44(3):321
333,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2006.03.004
ABSTRACT:Thestaticanddynamicinstabilitycharacteristicsofstiffenedshellpanelssubjectedtouniformin
planeharmonicedgeloadingareinvestigatedinthispaper.Theeightnodedisoparametricdegeneratedshell
elementandacompatiblethreenodedcurvedbeamelementareusedtomodeltheshellpanelsandthe
stiffeners,respectively.Astheusualformulationofdegeneratedbeamelementisfoundtooverestimatethe
torsionalrigidity,anattempthasbeenmadetoreformulateitinanefficientmanner.Moreover,thenew
formulationforthebeamelementrequiresfivedegreesoffreedompernodeasthatofshellelement.The
methodofHill'sinfinitedeterminantisappliedtoanalyzethedynamicinstabilityregions.Numericalresultsare
presentedthroughconvergenceandcomparisonwiththepublishedresultsfromtheliterature.Theeffectof
variousparameterslikeshellgeometry,stiffeningscheme,staticanddynamicloadfactors,stiffenersizeand
position,andboundaryconditionsareconsideredinbucklinganddynamicinstabilityanalysisofstiffened
panelssubjectedtouniforminplaneharmonicloadsalongtheboundaries.

S.N.Patel(1),P.K.Datta(1)andA.H.Sheikh(2)
(1)DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,I.I.T.Kharagpur,Kharagpur721302,WB,India
(2)DepartmentofOceanEngineeringandNavalArchitecture,I.I.T.Kharagpur,Kharagpur721302,WB,India
Dynamicinstabilityanalysisofstiffenedshellpanelssubjectedtopartialedgeloadingalongtheedges,
InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.49,No.12,December2007,pp.13091324,
doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2007.04.006
ABSTRACT:Thedynamicinstabilitycharacteristicsofstiffenedshellpanelssubjectedtopartialinplane
harmonicedgeloadingareinvestigatedinthispaper.Theeightnodedisoparametricdegeneratedshellelement
andacompatiblethreenodedcurvedbeamelementareusedtomodeltheshellpanelsandthestiffeners,
respectively.Astheusualformulationofdegeneratedbeamelementisfoundtooverestimatethetorsional
rigidity,anattempthasbeenmadetoreformulateitinanefficientmanner.Moreover,thenewformulationfor
thebeamelementrequiresfivedegreesoffreedompernodeasthatofshellelement.ThemethodofHill's
infinitedeterminantisappliedtoanalyzethedynamicinstabilityregions.Numericalresultsarepresented
throughconvergenceandcomparisonwiththepublishedresultsfromtheliterature.Theeffectsofparameters
likeloadingtypeandshellgeometryareconsideredinthedynamicinstabilityanalysisofstiffenedpanels
subjectedtononuniforminplaneharmonicloadsalongtheboundaries.Thetensionbucklingaspectofthe
stiffenedpanelsarealsoconsideredandthedynamicstabilitybehaviorduetotensileinplaneedgeloadingis
studiedfortheconcentratedload.
LiDaoKui,ZhouJianping,SchoolofAstronauticandMaterialEngineering,NationalUniversityofDefense
Technology,Changsha410073,China,BucklingAnalysisOfDelaminatedShellForTheFirstOrderShear
DeformationTheory,AMCS2002,19(1)8084.
ABSTRACT:Delaminationsmayreducethebucklingloadofthelaminatedstructuregreatly.Inthispaper,
variousexampleswereanalyzedbyusingthemodelinpartI.First,bycomparingwiththeresultsofthe
classicaltheoryandfirstordersheardeformationtheory,themodelwasvalidatedandtheusablerangeofeach
theorywaspointedout.Threedifferentbucklingmodesofdelaminatedshellwereconsidered.Theinfluenceof
differentratiosofradiustothickness,boundaryconditionandlength,depthandpositionofthedelaminationon
thebucklingloadwasanalyzed.Finally,thebucklinganalysisofdelaminatedorthotropicshellandthe
influencesofplyorientationofthematerialonthebucklingloadofadelaminatedshellweregiven.

HyonnyKimandKeithT.Kedward(DepartmentofMechanicalandEnvironmentalEngineering,Universityof
California,SantaBarbara,CA93106,USA),Amethodformodelingthelocalandglobalbucklingof
delaminatedcompositeplates,CompositeStructures,Vol.44,No.1,January1999,pp.4353,
doi:10.1016/S02638223(98)001172
ABSTRACT:Ananalyticalmethodologyispresentedforpredictingthebucklinginitiationofdelaminated
compositeplates.Bothglobalandlocalsublaminatebucklingdeformationmodesarepredictedforrectangular
platesofanythickness.Theglobalbehaviorofthedelaminationzoneisaccountedforbysummingthe
individualstiffnesscontributionsofeachsublaminateconstitutingthedelaminationzone.Thisallowsforthe
delaminationzonetobetreatedasasingleplatewhenperformingglobalbucklingpredictions.Localbuckling
predictionsareobtainedbymodelingasublaminateadjacenttothesurfaceasaseparateellipticalplate.These
analyticalpredictionscomparecloselywiththeresultsofdetailedfiniteelementmodelsinvestigatingseveral

casesofdelaminatedplates.Themethodologypresentedisfoundtobeaccurateforthecasesconsideredand
versatileasitcanaccommodateplatesofanyaspectratioandhavingarbitrarilysizedandlocated
delaminations.
HyonnyKimandHyukbongKwon(SchoolofAeronauticsandAstronautics,PurdueUniversity,315N.Grant
St.,WestLafayette,IN47907,USA),BucklingofCompositeFlangesinPartiallyDisbondedAdhesiveJoints,
JournalofCompositeMaterials,December2004,vol.38,no.24,pp.22132230
doi:10.1177/0021998304045592
ABSTRACT:Thispapercontributesnewlydevelopedclosedformbucklingsolutionsforgenericoneedgefree
problemscommontopartiallydisbondedcompositestructures.Thesesolutionsareshowntobeaccurateby
comparisonwithexperimentallymeasuredbucklingloadswhicharealsoreportedinthispaper.Thebucklingof
partiallydisbondedregionsinadhesivejointsisasafetyconcernduetothepotentialforensuingbuckling
drivendisbondgrowth.Inordertodesignstructurestobetoleranttotheseflaws,closedformexpressionsthat
predictbucklingloadhavebeendevelopedbasedonaoneedgefreebucklingmodel.Comparisonoftheclosed
formpredictionswiththefiniteelementresultsverifiestheaccuracyofthesolutions.Validationofthese
analyseswasachievedbycomparisonwiththeexperimentallydeterminedbucklingloads.Theseweremeasured
tofallwithinarangeofpredictedvalues,asdefinedbythechoiceofboundaryconditionoppositethedisbonded
flangefreeedge:eitherclampedorsimplysupported.Assumptionofeitherboundaryconditionprovidesupper
andlowerboundpredictionsofbucklinginpartiallydisbondedjointflangeconfigurations.
TomasGrahn(AeronauticsDivision,FFA,SE17290Stockholm,Sweden),Effectsofgeometrical
imperfectionsonpostbucklingbehaviourofdelaminatedcompositeplates,FOISwedishDefenceResearch
AgencyScientificReportFOIR0791SE,January2003,ISSN16501942
PARTIALABSTRACT:Thispaperinvestigateshowgeometricalimperfections,whichinmostcasesare
presentforimpactedlaminates,affecttheposbucklingbehaviourofdelaminatedcompositeplatesunder
compression.Delaminationsareoneofthemostfrequentlyappearingmaterialdamageduetoimpact.The
influenceofdifferentshapesofthegeometricalimperfectionsontheresponsehasbeenstudied.Theprogram
system,DEBUGS,whichisdevelopedandspecializedtosimulatedelaminationbucklingandgrowth,isused
fortheanalyses.DEBUGSisbasedonthefiniteelementprogramADINA.Itisfoundthatthegeometrical
imperfectionsinfluencethebucklingbehaviour,andthusalsopossiblytheinitiationofdelaminationgrowth.A
moreaccuratemodelofdelaminationbucklingofimpactdamagedlaminatedcompositesshouldthusincludea
featurewheretheinitialshapeofthecompositemaybevaried,e.g.inamodelwherethematerialdegradationin
theimpactdamagedzoneismodeled.
B.J.Hicks,G.Mullineux,C.Berry,C.J.McPhersonandA.J.Medland(UniversityofBathDepartmentof
MechanicalEngineeringUK),Energymethodformodellingdelaminationbucklingingeometrically
constrainedsystems,ProceedingsoftheInstitutionofMechanicalEngineers,PartC:JournalofMechanical
EngineeringScience,September1,2003,vol.217,no.9,pp.10151026
doi:10.1243/095440603322407254
ABSTRACT:Delaminationbucklinganalysisoflaminatesisofconsiderableinteresttothemechanicaland
materialsengineeringsectors,aswellashavingwiderapplicationsingeologyandcivilengineering.With

advancesincomputingpower,theabilitytomodeleverincreasinglycomplexproblemsatmoredetailedlevels
becomesmoreofareality.However,manyofthecommonfiniteelementpackages,withtheexceptionofall
butthemostspecialized,donotperformparticularlywellwherecomplexnonlinearproblemsaredealtwith.In
manycases,thesepackagescanfailtodeterminethefullrangeofsolutionsoraccuratelypredicttheproperties
andgeometryofthefinalstate.Thisisparticularlythecasewherelargedeformationsandbucklingoflaminates
areconsidered.Becauseofthis,manyresearchersprefertousewhattheyperceivetobemorereliable
techniques,suchasthesymboliccomputationoftheunderlyingdifferentialequations,ratherthanfiniteelement
approaches.Theuseoffiniteelementpackagesisfurtherfrustratedbythesteeplearningcurveandimplicit
restrictionsimposedbyusingthirdpartysoftware.Inthispaper,afiniteelementapproachandanenergy
formulationmethodareconsideredandusedtomodelthedelaminationbucklinginageometricallyconstrained
system.Thesemethodsarecomparedwithexperimentalresultsandtheirrelativemeritsarediscussed.In
particular,theaccuracyandtheabilitytorepresentthegeometryofthebuckledsystemarediscussed.Boththe
finiteelementapproachandtheenergyformulationaredescribedindetailandthenumericalresultsare
compared.
YoontaeKim(NortheasternUniversity),Bucklingofacrackedcylindricalshellreinforcedwithanelastic
liner,Mastersthesis,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,NortheasternUniversity,Boston,MA,August
2011
ABSTRACT:Shellstructureshavebeenwidelyusedinengineeringapplicationssuchaspipelines,aerospace
andmarinestructures,andcoolingtowers.Occurringsuddenlyandgenerallyinadvertentlyduetoitsnature,
bucklingisoneofthemainfailureconsiderationsinthedesignofthesestructures.Presenceofdefects,suchas
cracks,corrosionpits,blowoutholes,inshellstructuresmayseverelycompromisetheirbucklingbehaviorand
jeopardizethestructuralintegrity.
Inthisstudy,anumericalinvestigationonthebucklingbehaviorofacrackedcylindricalshellreinforcedwith
anelasticlinerandsubjectedtocombinedaxialcompressionwascarriedout.Theeffectofsupportinglineron
thebucklingbehaviorofthecrackedshellatdifferentcracksizesandorientationswereinvestigated.Inthenext
step,thebucklingbehaviorofacrackedcylindricalshellwithanelasticlinersubjectedtotheinternalpressure
andaxialcompressionwasstudied.Differentbucklingmodesofthecrackedshell,includingglobal,transition
andlocalesmodesareidentifiedfordifferentloadingconditions.
Theresultsshowedthatlongitudinalcrackhasamoredetrimentaleffectonthebucklingstrengthofthe
cylindricalshellincylinderswithnoelastomericlinerorwithelastomericlinerswithlowrelativestiffness.In
addition,cylinderswithelastomericlinersofhighrelativestiffnesscircumferentialcrackhaveamore
detrimentaleffectonthebucklingstrengthofthecylindricalshell.
Thefiniteelementanalysisalsoshowedthatincreasingthethicknessofthesupportinglayerorincreasingits
stiffness,cansignificantlyincreasethecriticalcracksizeateachangle.Theshellsreinforcedwithelasticliners
subjectedtotheinternalpressureandaxialcompressionshownthattheinternalpressuredoesnotaffectthe
overallbucklingbehaviorofperfectcylindricalshells.Forcircumferentialcrack,theinternalpressureincreases
thebucklingloadofthecylindricalshell.Incontrast,forlongitudinalcrack,theinternalpressuredecreasesthe
bucklingloadofthecylindricalshell.Wefoundthatthecriticalbucklingloadofthecrackedcylinderwith
variousthicknessesoftheelastomericlinercanbeexpressedateachcrackanglebyasingleparameter,namely
stretchingstiffnessratiooflinerandshelllayers.
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A.Vaziri(1)andH.E.Estekanchi(2)
(1)DivisionofEngineeringandAppliedSciences,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,MA02138,USA
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,SharifUniversityofTechnology,P.O.Box113659313,Tehran,Iran
Bucklingofcrackedcylindricalthinshellsundercombinedinternalpressureandaxialcompression,Thin
WalledStructures,Vol.44,No.2,February2006,pp.141151,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2006.02.004
ABSTRACT:Lineareigenvalueanalysisofcrackedcylindricalshellsundercombinedinternalpressureand
axialcompressioniscarriedouttostudytheeffectofcracktype,sizeandorientationonthebucklingbehavior
ofcylindricalthinshells.Twotypesofcrackareconsidered;throughcrackandthumbnailcrack.Our
calculationsindicatethatdependingonthecracktype,length,orientationandtheinternalpressure,local
bucklingmayprecedetheglobalbucklingofthecylindricalshell.Theinternalpressure,ingeneral,increases
thebucklingloadassociatedwiththeglobalbucklingmodeofthecylindricalshells.Incontrast,theeffectof
internalpressureonbucklingloadsassociatedwiththelocalbucklingmodesofthecylindricalshelldepends
mainlyonthecrackorientation.Forcylindricalshellswithrelativelylongaxialcrack,bucklingloadsassociated
withlocalbucklingmodesofthecylindricalshellreducedrasticallyonincreasingtheshellinternalpressure.In
contrast,theinternalpressurehasthestabilizingeffectagainstthelocalbucklingforcircumferentiallycracked
cylindricalshells.Acriticalcracklengthforeachcrackorientationandloadingconditionisdefinedasthe
shortestcrackcausingthelocalbucklingtoprecedetheglobalbucklingofthecylindricalshell.Someinsight
intotheeffectofinternalpressureonthiscriticalcracklengthisprovided.
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1999;35(4):25574.
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ProceedingsoftheASMEcongressandexposition;2003.
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crackedcylindricalshellswithinternalpressure.ProceedingsoftheASMEcongressandexposition;2002.

AshkanVaziri,DivisionofEngineeringandAppliedSciences,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,MA02138,
UnitedStates,Onthebucklingofcrackedcompositecylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,Composite
Structures80(2007).152158.
ABSTRACT:Potentialsensitivityofthebucklingbehaviorofcrackedcompositecylindricalshellstoservice
lifecrackingisexploredbycarryingoutlinearbucklinganalysis.Computationalmodelsofcrackedcomposite
cylindricalshellsaredevelopedbyexploitingaspecialmeshingschemeinwhichtheelementsizeisreduced
incrementallyfromtheelementsizeemployedintheuncrackedregionbyapproachingthecracktip.Theeffect
ofcracksizeandorientation,aswellasthecompositeplyangleonthebucklingbehaviorofcylindricalshells
underaxialcompressionisinvestigated.Theresultsprovidesomeinsightintodesigningacompositelaminate,
whichenhancestheloadcapacityofcylindricalshellsandminimizestheirpotentialsensitivitytothepresence
ofdefects.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

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L.Mahadevan,A.VaziriandM.Das(DivisionofEngineeringandAppliedSciences,HarvardUniversity
PierceHall,29OxfordStreet,CambridgeMA02138,USA,email:lm@deas.harvard.edu),Persistenceofa
pinchinapipe,EPL(EurophysicsLetters),Vol.77,No.4,2007,p.40003,doi:10.1209/02955075/77/40003
ABSTRACT:Theresponseoflowdimensionalsolidobjectscombinesgeometryandphysicsinunusualways,
exemplifiedinstructuresofgreatutilitysuchasathinwalledtubethatisubiquitousinnatureandtechnology.
Hereweprovideaconsequenceofthisconfluenceofgeometryandphysicsintubularstructures:ouranalysis
showsthatthepersistenceofalocalizedpinchinanelasticpipewhoseeffectdecaysasanoscillatory
exponentialwithapersistencelengththatdivergesasthethicknessofthetubevanishes,whichweconfirm
usingsimulationsandsimpleexperiments.Theresultismoreaconsequenceofgeometrythanmaterial
properties,andisthusequallyapplicabletocarbonnanotubesasitistooilpipelines.
AshkanVaziriandL.Mahadevan(SchoolofEngineeringandAppliedSciences,HarvardUniversity,
Cambridge,MA02138),Localizedandextendeddeformationsofelasticshells,ProceedingsoftheNational
AcademyofSciencesoftheUSA(PNAS),June10,2008vol.105no.23pp.79137918,
doi:10.1073/pnas.0707364105
ABSTRACT:Thedriedraisin,thecrushedsodacan,andthecollapsedbicycleinnertubeexemplifythe
nonlinearmechanicalresponseofnaturallycurvedelasticsurfaceswithdifferentintrinsiccurvaturestoavariety
ofdifferentexternalloads.Tounderstandtheformationandevolutionofthesefeaturesinaminimalsetting,we

considerasimpleassay:theresponseofcurvedsurfacestopointindentation.Wefindthatforsurfaceswith
zeroorpositiveGausscurvature,acommonfeatureoftheresponseistheappearanceoffacetedstructuresthat
areorganizedinintricatelocalizedpatterns,withhysteretictransitionsbetweenmultiplemetastablestates.In
contrast,forsurfaceswithnegativeGausscurvaturethesurfacedeformsnonlocallyalongcharacteristiclines
thatextendthroughtheentiresystem.Thesedifferentresponsesmaybeunderstoodquantitativelybyusing
numericalsimulationsandclassifiedqualitativelybyusingsimplegeometricideas.Ourideashaveimplications
forthebehaviorofsmallscalestructures.
AshkanVaziri(DepartmentofMechanicalandIndustrialEngineering,NortheasternUniversity,Boston,MA
02115,USA),Mechanicsofhighlydeformedelasticshells,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.47,Nos.67,June
July2009,pp.692700,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2008.11.009
ABSTRACT:Emergenceofnewtechnologicalapplications,inadditiontotheconstantlygrowinginterestin
biologicalmaterialshasaccentuatedtheimportanceofstudyingthemechanicsofhighlydeformedshells.The
keychallengeistheintricateinterplayofphysicsandgeometry,whichleadstoamechanicalresponsemuch
differentfromtheresponseofsolidobjects.Thequesttounderstandtheunderlyingphenomenahasspawned
theoreticalandexperimentalstudies,whichhavehelpedinunderstandingtheunderlyingmechanismsof
deformationandresponseofshells.Here,weusenumericalsimulationstostudytheresponseofshellswhen
theyaredeformeddeeplyintothenonlinearregime.Weusecomputationalmodelstostudythemechanicsof
highlydeformedelasticshellsinseveralclassicalproblems:indentationofelasticsphericalcapsbyaflatrigid
plateandarigidsharpindenterandpurebendingofcircularandovalcylinders.Theseassaysareusedto
highlightsomeofthekeyaspectsofthemechanicsofhighlydeformedelasticshells,whileanoverviewofthe
currentstateoftheartandsuggestionsforfutureresearchonthissubjectarealsoprovided.
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VellaD,AjdariA,VaziriA,BoudaoudA.(OCCAM,MathematicalInstitute,UniversityofOxford,2429St
Giles',Oxford,OX13LB,UnitedKingdom),Wrinklingofpressurizedelasticshells,Phys.Rev.Lett.,Vol.
107,No.17,174301,October2011
ABSTRACT:Westudytheformationoflocalizedstructuresformedbythepointloadingofaninternally
pressurizedelasticshell.Whileunpressurizedshells(suchasapingpongball)buckleintopolygonalstructures,
weshowthatpressurizedshellsaresubjecttoawrinklinginstability.Westudywrinklingindepth,presenting
scalinglawsforthecriticalindentationatwhichwrinklingoccursandthenumberofwrinklesformedinterms
oftheinternalpressurizationandmaterialpropertiesoftheshell.Theseresultsarevalidatedbynumerical
simulations.Weshowthattheevolutionofthewrinklelengthwithincreasingindentationcanbeunderstoodfor
highlypressurizedshellsfrommembranetheory.Theseresultssuggestthatthepositionandnumberofwrinkles
maybeusedincombinationtogivesimplemethodsfortheestimationofthemechanicalpropertiesofhighly
pressurizedshells.

BabakHaghpanahJahromiandAshkanVaziri(DepartmentofMechanicalandIndustrialEngineering,
NortheasternUniversity,Boston,MA02115,USA),Instabilityofcylindricalshellswithsingleandmultiple
cracksunderaxialcompression,ThinWalledStructuresVol.54(2012)3543,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2012.01.014
ABSTRACT:Lineareigenvaluebucklinganalysiswascarriedoutforsinglyanddoublycrackedcylindrical
thinshellsunderaxialcompressionusingthefiniteelementmethod.First,theeffectofcracksizeand
orientationonthebucklingbehaviorofanaxiallyloadedshellwithasinglecrackwasstudied.Then,the
bucklingbehaviorofacylinderwithtwoparallellongitudinalcrackswasinvestigated.Twodifferentbuckling
shapeswithcrosssectionaldeformationprofilesthatresemblelettersM(symmetric)andN(antisymmetric)
wereidentifiedasthefirstbucklingmodesofthecylinder.Theexchangebetweentheselocalbucklingmodes
duetovariationofcracksizeandspacingwasillustrated.Thetransitionbetweenthesetwobucklingshapescan
beusedtoestimatethemaximuminteractiondistanceofthecylindercrackstheseparationdistancebeyond
whichthetwocracksdonotinteractinaffectingthebucklingloadofthecylindricalshell.Theinfluenceofshell
thicknessandcracklengthonthemaximuminteractiondistancewasquantifiedforcylinderswithtwoco
centered(i.e.,paralleloffset)orcollinearlongitudinalcracks.Additionalsimulationswerecarriedoutfor
cylinderswithmultiplesymmetricallyspacedlongitudinalcrackstoshowhowthebehaviorofsingleand
doublecrackscangivethebucklingloadandmodeshapeofcylinderswithmultiplecracks.
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A.Nasto,A.Ajdari,A.Lazarus,A.Vaziri,andP.M.Reis,"Localizationofdeformationinthinshellsunder
indentation"SoftMatter,DOI:10.1039/C3SM50279A(2013).(SpecialThemedIssueon"Emerging
InvestigatorsinSoftMatter").
ABSTRACT:Morerecently,wehavebeenstudyingtheemergenceandevolutionofpointandlinearlikeloci
oflocalizationonthinshellsindentedwellintothenonlinearregime.Forlargeenoughindentation,sharp
pointsoflocalizedcurvatureform,whichwerefertoasscones(forshellcones),incontrastwiththeir
developablecousinsinplates,dcones.ThroughexperimentsandFEM,ehavefoundthattheshapeofthe
indenterhasasignificanteffectonthemechanicalresponseandthatthereisaqualitativedifferentbetween
sharpandbluntindenters.Giventheimportanceofgeometryandthescaleinvarianceofthisproblem,our
resultsshouldfindusesatthemicroscale,e.g.forAFM,whereitiscrucialtounderstandhowthecurvatureof

thetip,relativetotheobjectbeingindented,affectsthemechanicalresponse.
IwanA.T.Schaap(1),CarolinaCarrasco(2),PedroJ.dePablo(2),FrederickC.MacKintosh(1)andChristoph
F.Schmidt(1)
(1)DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy,VrijeUniversiteitAmsterdam,Amsterdam,TheNetherlands
(2)DepartamentodeFsicadelaMateriaCondensadaCIII,UniversidadAutnomadeMadrid,Madrid,Spain
ElasticResponse,Buckling,andInstabilityofMicrotubulesunderRadialIndentation,BiophysicalJournal,
Vol.91,No.4,August2006,pp.15211531,doi:10.1529/biophysj.105.077826
ABSTRACT:Wetestedthemechanicalpropertiesofsinglemicrotubulesbylateralindentationwiththetipof
anatomicforcemicroscope.Indentationsuptoabout3.6nm,i.e.,15%ofthemicrotubulediameter,resultedin
anapproximatelylinearelasticresponse,andindentationswerereversiblewithouthysteresis.Atanindentation
forceofaround0.3nNweobservedaninstabilitycorrespondingtoanapproximately1nmindentationstepin
thetaxolstabilizedmicrotubules,whichcouldbeduetopartialorcompleteruptureofarelativelysmallnumber
oflateraloraxialtubulintubulinbonds.Theseindentationswerereversiblewithhysteresiswhenthetipwas
retractedandnotraceofdamagewasobservedinsubsequenthighresolutionimages.Higherforcescaused
substantialdamagetothemicrotubules,whicheitherledtodepolymerizationor,occasionally,toslowly
reannealingholesinthemicrotubulewall.Wemodeledtheexperimentalresultsusingfiniteelementmethods
andfindthatthesimpleassumptionofahomogeneousisotropicmaterial,albeitstructuredwiththe
characteristicprotofilamentcorrugations,issufficienttoexplainthelinearelasticresponseofmicrotubules.
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YanpingCao(1)andJohnW.Hutchinson(2)
(1)AML,DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing,P.R.China
(2)SchoolofEngineeringandAppliedSciences,HarvareUniversity,Cambridge,MAUSA
From wrinkles to creases in elastomers: The instability and imperfection-sensitivity of
wrinkling, Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering
Sciences 468(2137): 94-115, 2012,
DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2011.0384, Citable Link: http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn3:HUL.InstRepos:10169557
ABSTRACT:ThestabilityofthewrinklingmodeexperiencedbyacompressedhalfspaceofneoHookean
materialisinvestigatedusinganalyticalandnumericalmethodstostudythepostbifurcationbehaviorof
periodicsolutions.Itisshownthatwrinklingishighlyunstableduetothenonlinearinteractionamongthe
multiplemodesassociatedwiththecriticalcompressivestate.Concomitantly,wrinklingissensitiveto

exceedinglysmallinitialimperfectionsthatsignificantlyreducethecompressivestrainatwhichtheinstability
occurs.Thestudyprovidesinsightintotheconnectionbetweenwrinklingandanalternativesurfacemode,the
finiteamplitudecrease,orsulcus.Theshapeofthecriticalcombinationofwrinklingmodeshastheformofan
incipientcrease,andatinyinitialimperfectioncantriggerawrinklinginstabilitythatcollapsesintoacrease.
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Cai,S.,Breid,D.,Crosby,A.I.,Suo,Z.&Hutchinson,J.W.2011Periodicpatternsandenergystatesofbuckledfilmsoncompliant
substrates.J.Mech.Phys.Solids59,10941114.
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M.Dao(1),C.T.Lim(2)andS.Suresh(1and3),
(1)DepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,77Massachusetts
Avenue,Cambridge,MA02139,USA
(2)DivisionofBioengineeringandDepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,TheNationalUniversityof
Singapore,9EngineeringDrive1,Singapore117576,Singapore
(3)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,77MassachusettsAvenue,
Cambridge,MA02139,USA
Mechanicsofthehumanredbloodcelldeformedbyopticaltweezers,JournaloftheMechanicsandPhysics
ofSolids,Vol.51,Nos.1112,NovemberDecember2003,pp.22592280,SpecialIssue:Proceedingsofa
SymposiumonDynamicFailureandThinFilmMechanics,honoringProfessorL.B.Freund
ABSTRACT:Themechanicaldeformationcharacteristicsoflivingcellsareknowntoinfluencestronglytheir
chemicalandbiologicalfunctionsandtheonset,progressionandconsequencesofanumberofhumandiseases.
Themechanicsofthehumanredbloodcell(erythrocyte)subjectedtolargedeformationbyopticaltweezers
formsthesubjectofthispaper.Videophotographyofthecelldeformedinaphosphatebufferedsalinesolution
atroomtemperatureduringtheimpositionofcontrolledstretchingforces,inthetenstoseveralhundreds

picoNewtonrange,isusedtoassessexperimentallythedeformationcharacteristics.Themechanicalresponses
ofthecellduringloadinganduponreleaseoftheopticalforcearethenanalysedtoextracttheelasticproperties
ofthecellmembranebyrecoursetoseveraldifferentconstitutiveformulationsoftheelasticandviscoelastic
behaviorwithintheframeworkofafullythreedimensionalfiniteelementanalysis.Aparametricstudyof
variousgeometric,loadingandstructuralfactorsisalsoundertakeninordertodevelopquantitativemodelsfor
themechanicsofdeformationbymeansofopticaltweezers.Theoutcomeoftheexperimentaland
computationalanalysesisthencomparedwiththeinformationavailableonthemechanicalresponseofthered
bloodcellfromotherindependentexperimentaltechniques.Potentialapplicationsoftheopticaltweezers
methoddescribedinthispapertothestudyofmechanicaldeformationoflivingcellsunderdifferentstress
statesandinresponsetotheprogressionofsomediseasesarealsohighlighted.
K.S.SaiRamandT.SreedharBabu(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,RVR&JCCollegeofEngineering,
Chowdavaram,Guntur522019,India),Bucklingoflaminatedcompositeshellsundertransverseload,
CompositeStructures,Vol.55,No.2,February2002,pp.157168,doi:10.1016/S02638223(01)00143X
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingoflaminatedcompositeshellssubjectedtotransverseloadisinvestigated.The
geometricalnonlinearanalysisiscarriedoutusingthefiniteelementmethodbasedonahigherordershear
deformationtheory.Aneightnodeddegeneratedisoparametricshellelementwithninedegreesoffreedomat
eachnodeisconsidered.Thegeometricnonlinearbehaviourandthecollapsepressureswiththeassociated
modeshapesarepresentedforsimplysupportedsymmetricallyandantisymmetricallylaminatedsphericalshell
panelssubjectedtouniformnormalpressure.
ReshefTenneandAlexK.Zettl,NanotubesfromInorganicMaterials,CarbonNanotubes,TopicsinApplied
Physics,2001,Vol.80,2001,pp.81112,doi:10.1007/354039947X_5
ABSTRACT:Theinorganicanalogsofcarbonfullerenesandnanotubes,likeMoS2andBN,arereviewed.Itis
arguedthatnanoparticlesof2Dlayeredcompoundsareinherentlyunstableintheplanarconfigurationand
prefertoformclosedcagestructures.Theprogressinthesynthesisofthesenanomaterials,and,inparticular,
thelargescalesynthesisofBN,WS2andV2O5nanotubes,aredescribed.Someoftheelectronic,opticaland
mechanicalpropertiesofthesenanostructuresarereviewed.Theredshiftoftheenergygapwithshrinking
nanotubediameterisdiscussedaswellasthesuggestionthatzigzagnanotubesexhibitadirectgapratherthan
anindirectgap,asisprevalentinmanyofthebulk2Dmaterials.Somepotentialapplicationsofthese
nanomaterialsarepresentedaswell,mostimportantlythesuperiortribologicalpropertiesofWS2andMoS2
nestedfullerenelikestructures(onions).
Z.L.Hu(1),X.M.Guo(1)andC.Q.Ru(2)
(1)ShanghaiInstituteofAppliedMathematicsandMechanics,ShanghaiUniversity,Shanghai200072,People's
RepublicofChina
(2)OnleavefromDepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,AlbertaT6G2G8,
Canada
Enhancedcriticalpressureforbucklingofcarbonnanotubesduetoaninsertedlinearcarbonchain,
Nanotechnology,Vol.19,No.30,305703,2008,DOI:10.1088/09574484/19/30/305703

ABSTRACT:Recentfindingsoflinearcarbonatomchains(Cchains)insidecarbonnanotubeshavestimulated
considerableinterest.Inthiswork,moleculardynamics(MD)simulationandanelasticstringelasticshell
modelisadoptedtostudyradialpressureinducedbucklingofsinglewalledcarbonnanotubes(SWCNT)filled
withaCchain.ThecontinuummodelpredictsthattheCchainincreasescriticalbucklingpressureconsiderably
(about40%160%)forSWCNTsofdiametersrangingfrom0.68to0.72nm,inreasonablequantitative
agreementwiththepredictionofMDsimulation.Inparticular,theMDsimulationconfirmsthattheoriginally
circularcrosssectionoffilledSWNTsbecomesellipticalafterbuckling,aspredictedbythecontinuummodel.
GAVliegenthart(1)andGGompper(1and2)
(1)TheoreticalSoftMatterandBiophysics,InstituteforAdvancedSimulation,ForschungszentrumJlich,
Jlich52425,Germany
(2)TheoreticalSoftMatterandBiophysics,InstituteforComplexSystems,ForschungszentrumJlich,Jlich
52425,Germany
Compression,crumplingandcollapseofsphericalshellsandcapsules,NewJ.Phys.Vol.13,April2011,
045020doi:10.1088/13672630/13/4/045020
ABSTRACT:Thedeformationofthinsphericalshellsbyapplyinganexternalpressureorbyreducingthe
volumeisstudiedbycomputersimulationsandscalingarguments.Theshapeofthedeformedshellsdependson
thedeformationrate,thereducedvolumeV/V0andtheFopplvonKarmannumbergamma.Forslow
deformationstheshellattainsitsgroundstate,ashellwithasingleindentation,whereasforlargedeformation
ratestheshellappearscrumpledwithmanyindentations.Therimofthesingleindentationundergoesashape
transitionfromsmoothtopolygonalforgammaapproximately7000(deltaV/V0)^(3/4).Forthesmoothrimthe
elasticenergyscaleslikegamma^(1/4)whereasforthepolygonalindentationwefindamuchsmallerexponent,
evensmallerthantheexponent1/6thatispredictedforstretchingridges.Therelaxationofashellwithmultiple
indentationstowardsthegroundstatefollowsanOstwaldripeningtypeofpathwayanddependsonthe
compressionrateandontheFopplvonKarmannumber.Thenumberofindentationsdecreasesasapowerlaw
withtimetfollowing.(formulawithlotsofsymbolsandpowers).
SahraouiChaeb(1and2)andFranciscoMelo(2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,77Mass.Avenue,
Cambridge,MA,02139,USA
(2)DepartamentodeFsicadelaUniversidaddeSantiago,AvenidaEcuador3493,Casilla307,Correo2,
Santiago,Chile
Fromcreasestoconicaldeflectionsinabuckledthinsheet:stressfocusingvssingularitiesinstrong
deformationsofathinelasticsheet,JournaloftheMechanicsandPhysicsofSolids,Vol.48,No.3,March
2000,pp.565579,doi:10.1016/S00225096(99)000472
ABSTRACT:Thelocalizationofdeformationisasimpleconsequenceofthefactthatbendingathinsheetis
energeticallycheaperthanstretchingit.Thus,onexaminingacrumpledpieceofpaper,wefindthatitismade
ofnearlyplanarorcylindricallycurvedregionsfoldedalonglinelikestretchedridgesorpointlikeconical
singularities.Sincetherealcrumpledpaperproblemisfairlydifficulttodealwith,weinvestigatetwosimple
modelexperimentswhereoneortwosingularitiesareisolatedandstudied.Whenacylindricalpanelisaxially
compressed,acreaseterminatedbytwoconicaltypesingularitiesappears.Thelengthofthiscreaseisselected
bythewidthofthepanelwhenthelengthandthethicknessofthepanelarekeptconstant.Westudyalsoa

singleconicalsingularity.Thisisachievedbypushingathinsheetintoahollowcylindersimilartopushing
coffeefilterpaperinafunnel.Wemeasuredthesingularityenergyoftheplate,ortheworkrequiredtoforma
scarinthesheet.Asimplemodelisproposedtounderstandtheenergeticsofthecreaseformation.
T.Tallinen(1),J.A.strm(2)andJ.Timonen(1)
(1)DepartmentofPhysics,UniversityofJyvskyl,POBox35,FI40014UniversityofJyvskyl,Finland
(2)HelsinkiUniversityofTechnology,LCE,POBox9203,FI02015TKK,Finland
Discreteelementsimulationsofcrumplingofthinsheets,ComputerPhysicsCommunications,Vol.180,
No.4,April2009,pp.512516,SpecialIssue:ConferenceonComputationalPhysics2008CCP2008,
doi:10.1016/j.cpc.2008.12.036
ABSTRACT:Forcedcrumplingofstiffselfavoidingsheetsisstudiedbydiscreteelementsimulations.
Simulationsdisplaystresscondensationandscalingofridgeenergyinagreementwiththeoreticalexpectations
forelasticandfrictionlesssheets,andextendssuchbehaviortoelastoplasticsheets.Crumplingofideally
elasticandfrictionlesssheetsiscomparedtothatofelastoplasticsheetsandsheetswithfriction.
B.A.DiDonna(DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy,UniversityofPennsylvania,Philadelphia,Pennsylvania
19104),Scalingofthebucklingtransitionofridgesinthinsheets,Phys.Rev.E,Vol.66,No.1,p.016601
(2002)[25pages],doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.66.016601
ABSTRACT:Whenathinelasticsheetcrumples,theelasticenergycondensesintoanetworkoffoldinglines
andpointvertices.Thesefoldsandverticeshaveelasticenergydensitiesmuchgreaterthanthesurrounding
areas,andmostoftheworkrequiredtocrumplethesheetisconsumedinbreakingthefoldinglinesorridges.
Tounderstandcrumplingitisthennecessarytounderstandthestrengthoftheridges.Inthiswork,weconsider
thebucklingofasingleridgeundertheactionofinwardforcingappliedatitsends.Wedemonstrateasimple
scalingrelationfortheresponseoftheridgetotheforcepriortobuckling.Wealsoshowthatthebuckling
instabilitydependsonlyontheratioofstrainalongtheridgetothecurvatureacrossit.Numerically,wefindfor
awiderangeofboundaryconditionsthatridgesbucklewhenourforcingincreasestheirelasticenergyby20%
overtheirrestingstatevalue.Wealsoobserveacorrelationbetweenneighborinteractionsandthelocationof
initialbuckling.Analyticargumentsandnumericalsimulationsareemployedtoprovetheseresults.
Implicationsforthestrengthofridgesasstructuralelementsarediscussed.
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CerdaE,MahadevanL.(DepartmentofAppliedMathematicsandTheoreticalPhysics,Universityof
Cambridge,SilverStreet,CambridgeCB39EW,UnitedKingdom),GeometryandPhysicsofWrinkling,
Phys.Rev.Lett.,Vol.90,No.7,074302,February2003
ABSTRACT:Thewrinklingofthinelasticsheetsoccursoverarangeoflengthscales,fromthefinescale
patternsinsubstratesonwhichcellscrawltothecoarsewrinklesseeninclothes.Motivatedbythewrinklingof
astretchedelasticsheet,wededuceageneraltheoryofwrinkling,validfarfromtheonsetoftheinstability,
usingelementarygeometryandthephysicsofbendingandstretching.Ourmainresultisasetofsimplescaling
laws;thewavelengthofthewrinkleslambdaapproximatelyK(1/4),whereKisthestiffnessduetoan"elastic
substrate"effectwithamultitudeoforigins,andtheamplitudeofthewrinkleAapproximatelylambda.These
couldformthebasisofahighlysensitivequantitativewrinklingassayforthemechanicalcharacterizationof
thinsolidmembranes.
DavidovitchB,SchrollRD,CerdaE.(PhysicsDepartment,UniversityofMassachusetts,Amherst,
Massachusetts01003,USA.),Nonperturbativemodelforwrinklinginhighlybendablesheets,Phys.Rev.E
Stat.Nonlin.SoftMatterPhys,Vol.6,No.2,066115,June2012
ABSTRACT:Thewrinkledgeometryofthinfilmsisknowntovaryappreciablyastheappliedstressesexceed
theirbucklingthreshold.Herewederiveandanalyzeaminimal,nonperturbativesetofequationsthatcaptures
thecontinuousevolutionofradialwrinklesinthesimplestaxisymmetricgeometryfromthresholdtothefar
fromthresholdlimit,wherethecompressivestresscollapses.Thisdescriptionofthegrowthofwrinklesis
differentfromthetraditionalpostbucklingapproachandisexpectedtobevalidforhighlybendablesheets.
Numericalanalysisofourmodelpredictstwosurprisingresults.First,thenumberofwrinklesscales
anomalouslywiththethicknessofthesheetandtheexertedload,inapparentcontradictionwithprevious
predictions.Second,thereexistsaninvariantquantitythatcharacterizesthemutualvariationoftheamplitude
andnumberofwrinklesfromthresholdtothefarfromthresholdregime.
SpyrosA.Karamanos(DepartmentofMechanicalandIndustrialEngineering,UniversityofThessaly,38334
Volos,Greece),Bendinginstabilitiesofelastictubes,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.39,
No.8,April2002,pp.20592085,doi:10.1016/S00207683(02)000859
ABSTRACT:Thepresentpaperexaminesinstabilitiesoflongthinelastictubes.Bothinitiallystraightand
initiallybenttubesareanalyzedunderinplanebending.Tuberesponse,acombinationofovalizationinstability
andbifurcationinstability(buckling),isinvestigatedusinganonlinearfiniteelement(FE)technique,which
employspolynomialfunctionsinthelongitudinaltubedirectionandtrigonometricfunctionstodescribecross
sectionaldeformation.Itisdemonstratedthattheinteractionbetweenthetwoinstabilitymodesdependsonthe
valueandthesignoftheinitialtubecurvature.Theovalizationofinitiallybenttubesisexaminedindetailand,
inparticular,thecaseofopeningmoments.Furthermore,thepaperemphasizesonbifurcationinstability.Itis
shownthatbucklingmayoccurpriortoorbeyondtheovalizationlimitpoint,dependingonthevalueofthe
initialcurvature.UsingthenonlinearFEformulation,thelocationofbifurcationontheprimarypathisdetected,
postbucklingequilibriumpathsaretraced,andthecorrespondingwavelengthsofthebuckledconfigurations
arecalculated.Moreover,resultsoverawiderangeofinitialcurvaturevaluesarepresented,extendingthe

findingsofpreviousworks.Finally,severalanalyticalapproaches,introducedinpreviousresearchworks,are
alsoemployedtoestimatethemomentscausingovalizationandbifurcationinstability.Theseapproachesare
basedonnonlinearflexibleshelltheoryorsimplifiedringanalysis.Theefficiencyandaccuracyofthose
analyticalmethodswithrespecttothenonlinearFEformulationareexamined.
S.A.Karamanos(1),E.Giakoumatos(1)andA.M.Gresnigt(2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalandIndustrialEngineering,UniversityofThessaly,Volos38334,Greece
(2)FacultyofCivilEngineeringandGeosciences,DelftUniversityofTechnology,2600GADelft,The
Netherlands
NonlinearResponseandFailureofSteelElbowsUnderInPlaneBendingandPressure,ASMEJ.Pressure
VesselTechnol.,Vol.125,No.4,November2003,pp.393402,doi:10.1115/1.1613949
ABSTRACT:Thepaperinvestigatestheresponseofelbowsunderinplanebendingandpressure,through
nonlinearfiniteelementtools,supportedbyexperimentalresultsfromrealscaletests.Thefiniteelement
analysisismainlybasedonanonlinearthreenode"tubeelement,"capableofdescribingelbowdeformationina
rigorousmanner,consideringgeometricandmaterialnonlinearities.Furthermore,anonlinearshellelement
fromageneralpurposefiniteelementprogramisemployedinsomespecialcases.Numericalresultsare
comparedwithexperimentaldatafromsteelelbowspecimens.Thecomparisonallowstheinvestigationof
importantissuesregardingdeformationandultimatecapacityofelbows,withemphasisonrelativelythin
walledelbows.Theresultsdemonstratetheeffectsofpressureandtheinfluenceofstraightpipesegments.
Finally,usingthenumericaltools,failureofelbowsunderbendingmomentsisexamined(crosssectional
flatteningorlocalbuckling),andreferencetoexperimentalobservationsismade.
S.A.Karamanos(1),D.Tsouvalas(1)andA.M.Gresnigt(2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalandIndustrialEngineering,UniversityofThessaly,Volos38334,Greece
(2)FacultyofCivilEngineeringandGeosciences,DelftUniversityofTechnology,2600GADelft,The
Netherlands
UltimateBendingCapacityandBucklingofPressurized90deg.SteelElbows,ASMEJ.PressureVessel
Technol.,Vol.128,No.3,August2006,pp.348356,doi:10.1115/1.2217967
ABSTRACT:Thepaperexaminesthenonlinearelasticplasticresponseofinternallypressurized90degpipe
elbowsunderinplaneandoutofplanebending.Nonlinearshellelementsfromageneralpurposefinite
elementprogramareemployedtomodeltheinelasticresponseofsteelelbowsandtheadjacentstraightparts.
Thenumericalresultsaresuccessfullycomparedwithrealscaleexperimentalmeasurements.Thepaperalso
presentsaparametricstudy,aimedatinvestigatingtheeffectsofdiametertothicknessratioandmoderate
pressurelevelsontheultimatebendingcapacityof90degelbows,focusingonthefailuremode(localbuckling
orcrosssectionalflattening)andthemaximumbendingmoment.Specialattentionisgiventotheresponseof
90degelbowsunderoutofplanebendingmoments.
SpyrosA.Karamanos(Associateprofessor,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofThessaly,
Greece),Computationaltechniquesinstructuralstabilityofthinwalledcylindricalshells,PhDthesis,2003
2008,http://www.mie.uth.gr/labs/mexlab/Computational_Techniques11.html
SUMMARY:Theresearchexaminesinstabilitiesoflongpressurizedthinelastictubes.Thematerialisisotropic

ortransverselyisotropic,anditismodeledthroughahypoelasticconstitutiveequation.Bothinitiallystraight
andinitiallybenttubesareanalyzedunderinplanebendingandpressure.Tuberesponse,acombinationof
ovalizationinstabilityandbifurcationinstability(buckling),isinvestigatedusinganonlinearfiniteelement
technique,whichemployspolynomialfunctionsinthelongitudinaltubedirectionandtrigonometricfunctionsto
describecrosssectionaldeformation.Itisdemonstratedthattheinteractionbetweenthetwoinstabilitymodes
dependsonthevalueandthesignoftheinitialtubecurvature.
Theworkemphasizesonbifurcationinstability.Itisshownthatbucklingmayoccurpriortoorbeyondthe
ovalizationlimitpoint,dependingonthevalueoftheinitialcurvature.Usingthenonlinearfiniteelement
formulation,thelocationofbifurcationontheprimarypathisdetected,postbucklingequilibriumpathsare
traced,andthecorrespondingwavelengthsofthebuckledconfigurationsarecalculatedforarangeofinitial
curvaturevaluesandintermsofpressure.Resultsoverawiderangeofinitialcurvaturevaluesarepresented.
Theeffectsofanisotropyonthebucklingmoment,thebucklingmodeandthepostbucklingresponsearealso
examined.
Finally,ananalyticalapproachisalsoemployedtoestimatethebendingmomentcausingbifurcationinstability.
TheapproachisbasedontheDMVshellequationsconsideringprebucklingsolutionsfromsimplifiedring
analysis.Theefficiencyandaccuracyoftheanalyticalmethodwithrespecttothenonlinearfiniteelement
formulationareexamined.
HayderA.Rasheed(1)andSpyrosA.Karamanos(2)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEnginee3ring,KansasStateUniversity,2118FiedlerHall,Manhattan,KS66506,USA,
email:hayder@ksuj.edu
(2)DepartmentofMechanical&IndustrialEngineering,UniversityofThessaly,PedioAreos,Volos38834,
Greece,dmail:skara@mie.uth.gr
Stabilityoftubesandpipelines,Chapter8inBucklingandpostbucklingstructures:experimental,analytical
andnumericalstudies,editedbyB.G.FalzonandM.H.Aliabadi,2008,ImperialCollegePress,
ISBN101860947948
ABSTRACT:Anoverviewofbucklingandpostbucklingbehaviorofpipesandtubesispresented,with
particularemphasisonnonlinearfiniteelementmodeling.Classicalbifurcationsolutionsforisotropicelastic
cylindersunderexternalpressureandbendingarepresentedfirst.Subsequently,thestabilityofmetaltubesand
pipesunderbendingandexternalpressureisexamined,andcomparisonwithavailableexperimentaldatais
conducted.Finally,thebehaviorofcompositecylindersunderexternalpressureispresented,andtheimportant
issueofdelaminationisthoroughlydiscussed.
S.HouliaraandS.A.Karamanos(DepartmentofMechanicalandIndustrialEngineering,Universityof
Thessaly,Volos38334,Greece),Bucklingandpostbucklingoflongpressurizedelasticthinwalledtubes
underinplanebending,InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,Vol.41,No.4,May2006,pp.491
511,doi:10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2005.11.002
ABSTRACT:Thepresentpaperfocusesonthestructuralstabilityoflonguniformlypressurizedthinelastic
tubularshellssubjectedtoinplanebending.Usingaspecialpurposenonlinearfiniteelementtechnique,
bifurcationontheprebucklingovalizationequilibriumpathisdetected,andthepostbucklingpathistraced.
Furthermore,theinfluenceofpressure(internaland/orexternal)aswellastheeffectsofradiustothickness
ratio,initialcurvatureandinitialovalityonthebifurcationmoment,curvatureandthecorresponding

wavelength,areexamined.Thelocalcharacterofbucklinginthecircumferentialdirectionisalsodemonstrated,
especiallyforthinwalledtubes.Thisobservationmotivatesthedevelopmentofasimplifiedanalytical
formulationfortubebifurcation,whichconsidersthepresenceofpressure,initialcurvatureandovality,and
resultsinclosedformexpressionsofverygoodaccuracy,fortubeswithrelativelysmallinitialcurvature.
Finally,aspectsoftubebifurcationareillustratedusingasimplemechanicalmodel,whichconsidersthe
ovalizedprebucklingstateandtheeffectsofpressure.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

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[23]S.A.Karamanos,Stabilityofpressurizedlonginelasticcylindersunderradialtransverseloads,Comput.Mech.18(6)(1996)
444453.
[24]Z.P.Bazant,L.Cedolin,StabilityofStructures:Elastic,Inelastic,FractureandDamageTheories,OxfordUniversityPress,
Oxford,1991.
[25]E.Reissner,Onfinitebendingofpressurizedtubes,J.Appl.Mech.ASME26(1959)386392.
[26]J.T.Boyle,Thefinitebendingofcurvedpipes,Int.J.SolidsStruct.17(1981)515529.
[27]E.L.Akselrad(Axelrad),Flexureandinstabilityofthinwalledpressurizedtubes,IzvestiyaAkademiiNaukSSSR,Otdelenie
TekhnicheskikhNauk,MekhanikaiMashinostroenie1(1962)98114(inRussian).

[28]S.V.Levyakov,Equationsoffinitebendingofthinwalledcurvilineartubes,J.Appl.Mech.Tech.Phys.52(5)(2001)898901.

SotiriaHouliaraandSpyrosA.Karamanos(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofThessaly,
38334Volos,Greece),Stabilityoflongtransverselyisotropicelasticcylindricalshellsunderbending,
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.47,No.1,January2010,pp.1024,
doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2009.09.004
ABSTRACT:Thepresentpaperinvestigatesbucklingofcylindricalshellsoftransverselyisotropicelastic
materialsubjectedtobending,consideringthenonlinearprebucklingovalizedconfiguration.Alargestrain
hypoelasticmodelisdevelopedtosimulatetheanisotropicmaterialbehavior.Themodelisincorporatedina
finiteelementformulationthatusesaspecialpurposetubeelement.Forcomparisonpurposes,ahyperelastic
modelisalsoemployed.Usinganeigenvalueanalysis,bifurcationontheprebucklingovalizationpathtoa
uniformwrinklingstateisdetected.Subsequently,thepostbucklingequilibriumpathistracedthrougha
continuationarclengthalgorithm.Theeffectsofanisotropyonthebifurcationmoment,thecorresponding
curvatureandthecriticalwavelengthareexamined,forawiderangeofradiustothicknessratiovalues.The
calculatedvaluesofbifurcationmomentandcurvaturearealsocomparedwithanalyticalpredictions,basedona
heuristicargument.Finally,numericalresultsfortheimperfectionsensitivityofbentcylindersareobtained,
whichshowgoodcomparisonwithpreviouslyreportedasymptoticexpressions.
SotiriaHouliaraandSpyrosA.Karamanos(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofThessaly,
38334Volos,Greece),BucklingofThinWalledLongSteelCylindersSubjectedtoBending,Journalof
PressureVesselTechnology,Vol.133,No.1,011201(9pages),December2010,doi:10.1115/1.4002902
ABSTRACT:Thepresentpaperinvestigatesstructuralresponseandbucklingoflongunstiffenedthinwalled
cylindricalsteelshells,subjectedtobendingmoments,withparticularemphasisonstabilitydesign.The
cylinderresponseischaracterizedbycrosssectionalovalization,followedbybuckling(bifurcationinstability),
whichoccursonthecompressionsideofthecylinderwall.Usinganonlinearfiniteelementtechnique,the
bifurcationmomentiscalculated,thepostbucklingresponseisdetermined,andtheimperfectionsensitivity
withrespecttothegoverningbucklingmodeisexamined.Theresultsshowthatthebucklingmomentcapacity
isaffectedbycrosssectionalovalization.Itisalsoshownthatbucklingofbentelasticlongcylinderscanbe
describedquiteaccuratelythroughasimpleanalyticalmodelthatconsiderstheovalizedprebuckling
configurationandresultsinveryusefulclosedformexpressions.Usingthisanalyticalsolution,the
incorporationoftheovalizationeffectsinthedesignofthinwalledcylindersunderbendingisthoroughly
examinedanddiscussed,consideringtheframeworkoftheprovisionsofthenewEuropeanStandardEN1993
16.
DanielVasilikisandSpyrosA.Karamanos(DepartmentofMechanicalandIndustrialEngineering,University
ofThessaly,38334Volos,Greece),Stabilityofconfinedthinwalledsteelcylindersunderexternalpressure,
InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.51,No.1,January2009,pp.2132,
doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2008.11.006
ABSTRACT:Thepresentpaperinvestigatesthestructuralstabilityofthinwalledsteelcylinderssurroundedby
anelasticmedium,subjectedtouniformexternalpressure.Atwodimensionalmodelisdeveloped,assumingno
variationofloadanddeformationalongthecylinderaxis.Thecylinderandthesurroundingmediumare
simulatedwithnonlinearfiniteelementsthataccountforbothgeometricandmaterialnonlinearities.Cylinders
ofelasticmaterialwithinarigidboundaryareconsideredfirst,andthenumericalresultsarecompared

successfullywithavailableclosedformanalyticalpredictions.Subsequently,theexternalpressureresponseof
confinedthinwalledsteelcylindersisexamined,intermsoftheinitialoutofroundnessofthecylinder,the
initialgapbetweenthecylinderandthemedium,andthestiffnessofthesurroundingmedium.Numerical
resultsarepresentedintheformofpressuredeformationequilibriumpaths,andshowarapiddropofpressure
afterreachingthemaximumpressurelevel,aswellasasignificantimperfectionsensitivity.Aplastichinge
mechanismisdevelopedthatresultsinaclosedformexpressionandillustratesthepostbucklingresponseof
thecylinderinanapproximatemanner.Thedistributionsofplasticdeformation,aswellasthevariationof
cylindermediumcontactpressurearoundthecylindercrosssectionarealsodepictedanddiscussed.
Furthermore,theeffectsofuniformverticalpreloadingonthemaximumpressuresustainedbythecylinderare
examined.Finally,thenumericalresultsshowgoodcomparisonwithasimplifiedclosedformexpression,
proposedelsewhere,whichcouldbeusedfordesignpurposes.
DanielVasilikisandSpyrosA.Karamanos(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofThessaly,
Volos38334,Greece),BucklingDesignofConfinedSteelCylindersUnderExternalPressure,ASMEJ.
PressureVesselTechnology,Vol.133,No.1,February2011,011205(9pages),doi:10.1115/1.4002540
ABSTRACT:Thinwalledsteelcylinderssurroundedbyanelasticmedium,whensubjectedtouniformexternal
pressuremaybuckle.Inthepresentpaper,usingatwodimensionalmodelwithnonlinearfiniteelements,which
accountsforbothgeometricandmaterialnonlinearities,thestructuralresponseofthosecylindersis
investigated,towarddevelopingrelevantdesignguidelines.Specialemphasisisgivenontheresponseofthe
confinedcylindersintermsofinitialimperfections;thoseareconsideredintheformofinitialoutofroundness
ofthecylinderandasaninitialgapbetweenthecylinderandthemedium.Furthermore,theeffectsofthe
deformabilityofthesurroundingmediumareexamined.Theresultsindicatesignificantimperfectionsensitivity
andastrongdependencyonthemediumstiffness.Thenumericalresultsareemployedtodevelopasimpleand
efficientdesignmethodology,whichiscompatiblewiththerecentgeneralprovisionsofEuropeandesign
recommendationsforshellbucklingandcouldbeusedfordesignpurposes.
GeorgeE.VarelisandSpyrosA.Karamanos(Dept.ofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofThessaly,Volos
38334,Greece),BucklingofHighStrengthSteelCylindersUnderCyclicBendingintheInelasticRange,
JournalofPressureVesselTechnology,Vol136,No.2,021207(11pages),January30,2014,
DOI:10.1115/1.4026123
ABSTRACT:Thepresentpaperexaminesthestructuralbehaviorofelongatedsteelhollowcylinders,referred
toastubesorpipes,subjectedtolargecyclicbending,througharigorousfiniteelementsimulation.Thebent
cylindersexhibitcrosssectionaldistortion,intheformofovalization,combinedwithexcessiveplastic
deformations.Thosedeformationsgrowunderrepeatedloadingandmayleadtostructuralinstabilityinthe
formoflocalbuckling(wrinkling)and,eventually,failureoftheloadedmember.Thestudyfocuseson
relativelythickwalledseamlesscylindricalmembersmadeofhighstrengthsteel,whichexhibitlocalbuckling
intheplasticrangeofthesteelmaterial.Theanalysisisconductedusingadvancednonlinearfiniteelement
modelscapableofdescribingbothgeometricalandmaterialnonlinearities.Acyclicplasticitymodelthatadopts
theboundingsurfaceconceptisemployed.Thematerialmodeliscalibratedthroughspecialpurposematerial
testing,andimplementedwithinABAQUS,usingausersubroutine.Thefiniteelementmodelisvalidatedby
comparisonwithtwoexperimentsonhighstrengthsteeltubularmembers.Specialemphasisisgivenonthe
increaseofovalizationandthegradualdevelopmentofsmallamplitudeinitialwrinkleswithrepeatedloading

cycles.Aparametricnumericalstudyisconducted,aimedatdeterminingtheeffectsofinitialwrinkleson
plasticbucklingperformance.
MohabA.Shalaby(1)andMaherY.A.Younan(2)
(1)MechanicalEngineeringDepartment,QueensUniversityatKingston,Kingston,Canada
(2)EngineeringDepartment,TheAmericanUniversityinCairo,POBox2511,Cairo11511,Egypt
Nonlinearanalysisandplasticdeformationofpipeelbowssubjectedtoinplanebending,International
JournalofPressureVesselsandPiping,Vol.75,No.8,June1998,pp.603611,
doi:10.1016/S03080161(98)000593
ABSTRACT:Thepurposeofthisstudyistoinvestigatethelargestrainandstressanalysisforpipeelbows
subjectedtoinplanebendingmoments.Afiniteelementmodelforthebendwasconstructedandloadedtaking
geometricandmaterialnonlinearitiesintoaccountusing(ABAQUS)nonlinearfiniteelementcode.The
initiationofyieldingfortheopeningandclosingcasesappearsattheinsidesurfaceoftheelbowcrown.
However,furtherloadingcausesasignificantdifferenceinstraindistributionanddeformedshapes.Thelimit
momentfortheopeningcasesishigherthanthatforclosingduetothegeometricstiffeningeffects.
HashemM.MouradandMaherY.A.Younan(TheAmericanUniversityinCairo,MechanicalEngineering
Department,Cairo11511,Egypt),LimitLoadAnalysisofPipeBendsUnderOutofPlaneMomentLoading
andInternalPressure,J.PressureVesselTechnol.,Vol.124,No.1,February2002,pp.3237,
doi:10.1115/1.1425807
ABSTRACT:Thepurposeofthisworkistostudytheloadcarryingcapacityofpipebends,withdifferentpipe
bendfactor(h)values,underoutofplanemomentloading;andtoinvestigatetheeffectofinternalpressureon
thelimitmomentsinthisloadingmode.Thefiniteelementmethodisusedtomodelandanalyzeastandalone,
longradiuspipebendwitha16in.nominaldiameter,anda24in.bendradius.Aparametricstudyisperformed
inwhichthebendfactortakestendifferentvaluesbetween0.0632and0.4417.Internalpressureisincremented
by100psiforeachmodel,untilthelimitpressureofthemodelisreached.Thelimitmomentswerefoundto
increasewhentheinternalpressureisincremented.However,beyondacertainvalueofpressure,theeffectof
pressureisreversedduetotheadditionalstressesitengenders.Expectedly,increasingthebendfactorleadsto
anincreaseinthevalueofthelimitloads.Theresultsarecomparedtothose,availableintheliterature,ofa
similaranalysisthattreatstheinplaneloadingmode.Pipebendsarefoundtohavethelowestloadcarrying
capacitywhenloadedintheirownplane,intheclosingdirection.Theycansustainslightlyhigherloadswhen
loadedintheoutofplanedirection,andconsiderablyhigherloadsunderinplanebendingintheopening
direction.
KTamura,SKomuraandTKato(DepartmentofChemistry,FacultyofScience,TokyoMetropolitan
University,Tokyo1920397,Japan),Adhesioninducedbucklingofsphericalshells,JournalofPhysics:
CondensedMatter,Vol.16L421,2004,DOI:10.1088/09538984/16/39/L01
ABSTRACT:DeformationofasphericalshelladheringontoarigidsubstrateduetovanderWaalsattractive
interactionisinvestigatedbymeansofnumericalminimizationofthesumoftheelasticandadhesionenergies.
TheconformationofthedeformedshellisgovernedbytwodimensionlessparametersCs/epsilonand
Cb/epsilon,whereCsandCbarerespectivelythestretchingandthebendingconstants,andepsilonisthedepth

ofthevanderWaalspotential.AsafunctionofCb/epsilon,wefindbothcontinuousanddiscontinuous
bucklingtransitionsforsmallandlargeCs/epsilon,respectively,whichisanalogoustovanderWaalsfluidsor
gels.Somescalingargumentsareemployedtoexplaintheadhesioninducedbucklingtransition.
S.Komura,K.TamuraandT.Kato(DepartmentofChemistry,FacultyofScience,TokyoMetropolitan
University,Tokyo1920397,Japan),Bucklingofsphericalshellsadheringontoarigidsubstrate,The
EuropeanPhysicalJournalE:SoftMatterandBiologicalPhysics,Vol.18,No.3,2005,pp.343358,
doi:10.1140/epje/e2005000385
ABSTRACT:DeformationofasphericalshelladheringontoarigidsubstrateduetovanderWaalsattractive
interactionisinvestigatedbymeansofnumericalminimization(conjugategradientmethod)ofthesumofthe
elasticandadhesionenergies.Theconformationofthedeformedshellisgovernedbytwodimensionless
parameters,i.e.,Cs/epsilonandCb/epsilonwhereCsandCbarerespectivelythestretchingandthebending
constants,andepsilonisthedepthofthevanderWaalspotentialbetweentheshellandsubstrate.Fourdifferent
regimesofdeformationarecharacterizedastheseparametersaresystematicallyvaried:(i)smalldeformation
regime,(ii)diskformationregime,(iii)isotropicbucklingregime,and(iv)anisotropicbucklingregime.By
measuringthevariousquantitiesofthedeformedshells,wefindthatbothdiscontinuousandcontinuous
buckingtransitionsoccurforlargeandsmallCs/epsilon,respectively.Thisbehaviorofthebucklingtransitionis
analogoustovanderWaalsliquidsorgels,andwehavenumericallydeterminedtheassociatedcriticalpoint.
Scalingargumentsareemployedtoexplaintheadhesioninducedbucklingtransition,i.e.,fromthedisk
formationregimetotheisotropicbucklingregime.Weshowthatthebucklingtransitiontakesplacewhenthe
indentationlengthexceedstheeffectiveshellthicknesswhichisdeterminedfromtheelasticconstants.This
predictionisingoodagreementwithournumericalresults.Moreover,theratiobetweentheindentationlength
anditsthicknessatthetransitionpointprovidesaconstantnumber(23)independentoftheshellsize.This
universalnumberisobservedinvariousexperimentalsystemsrangingfromnanoscaletomacroscale.In
particular,ourresultsagreewellwiththerecentcompressionexperimentusingmicrocapsules.
DynamicsofSnappingBeamsandJumpingPoppers,A.Pandey,D.E.Moulton,D.Vella,andD.P.Holmes,
(fromHolmeswebsite:http://www2.esm.vt.edu/~dpholmes/EPL(EurophysicalLetters),Vol.105,24001,
2014)
ABSTRACT:Weconsiderthedynamicsnappinginstabilityofelasticbeamsandshells.Weshowthatthe
stretchabilityofthearchplaysacriticalroleindeterminingnotonlythepostbucklingmodeofdeformation,but
alsothetimescaleofsnapping,andthefrequencyofthearch'svibrationsaboutitsfinalequilibriumstate.We
showthatthegrowthrateofthesnapthroughinstability,anditssubsequentringingfrequency,canbothbe
interpretedphysicallyastheresultofasoundwaveinthematerialpropagatingoveradistancecomparableto
theradiusofcurvatureofthearch.Finally,weextendouranalysisoftheringingfrequencyofindentedarches
tounderstandthe'pop'heardwhenevertedshellstructuressnapthroughtotheirstablestate.Remarkably,we
findthatnotonlyarethescalinglawsfortheringingfrequenciesinthesetwoscenariosidentical,butalsothe
respectiveprefactorsarenumericallyclose;thisallowsustodevelopamastercurveforthefrequencyofringing
insnappingbeamsandshells.
D.P.Holmes,iMechanicaJournalClub,February2012

WelcometoFebruary2012'sJournalclub,whichwillincludeadiscussiononelasticinstabilitiesforformand
function.Notlongago,thelossofstructuralstabilitythroughbucklinggenerallyreferredtofailureanddisaster.
Itwasaphenomenontobedesignedaround,andrarelydiditprovidefunctionality*.Theincreasingfocuson
softmaterials,fromrubbersandgelstobiologicaltissues,encouragedscientiststorevisittheroleofelastic
instabilitiesintheworldaroundusandinspiredtheirutilizationinadvancedmaterials.Nowthefieldofelastic
instabilities,orextrememechanics,bringstogetherthedisciplinesofphysics,mechanics,mathematics,biology,
andmaterialssciencetoextendourunderstandingofstructuralinstabilitiesforbothformandfunction.Inthis
journalclub,we'regoingtolookatresearchonthewrinkling,crumpling,andsnappingofsoftorslender
structures.
BendingandTwistingofSoftMaterialsbyNonHomogenousSwelling,D.P.Holmes,M.Roch,T.Sinha,
andH.A.Stone,SoftMatter,7,5188,2011
ABSTRACT:Softmaterials,e.g.biologicaltissuesandgels,undergomorphologicalchanges,motion,and
instabilitieswhensubjectedtoexternalstimuli.Tissuescanexhibitresidualinternalstressesinducedbygrowth,
andgenerateelasticdeformationstomoveinresponsetolightortouch,curlarticularcartilage,aidinseed
dispersal,andactuatehygromorphs,suchaspinecones.Understandingthedynamicsofsuchosmoticallydriven
movements,intheinfluenceofgeometryandboundaryconditions,iscrucialtothecontrolleddeformationof
softmaterials.Weexaminehowthinelasticplatesundergorapidbendingandbucklinginstabilitiesafter
exposuretoasolventthatswellsthenetwork.Acirculardiscbendsandbuckleswithmultiplecurvatures,anda
largeamplitudetravelingwaverotatesazimuthallyaroundthedisc.
DrapingFilms:AWrinkletoFoldTransition,D.P.HolmesandA.J.Crosby,PhysicalReviewLetters,105,
038303,2010
ABSTRACT:Apolymerfilmdrapingoverapointofcontactwillwrinkleduetothestrainimposedbythe
underlyingsubstrate.Thewrinklewavelengthisdictatedbyabalanceofmaterialpropertiesandgeometry;
mostdirectlythethicknessofthedrapingfilm.Atacriticalstrain,thestressinthefilmwilllocalize,causing
hundredsofwrinklestocollapseintoseveraldiscretefolds.Inthispaper,weexaminethedeformationofan
axisymmetricsheetandquantifytheforcerequiredtogenerateafold.Theonsetoffolding,intermsofacritical
forceordisplacement,scalesasthethicknesstothefourninthpower,whichwepredictfromtheenergybalance
ofthesystem.Thefoldsincreasethetensionintheremainderofthefilmcausingtheradialstresstoincrease,
therebydecreasingthewavelengthoftheremainingwrinkles.
CrumpledSurfaceStructures,D.P.Holmes,M.Ursiny,andA.J.Crosby.SoftMatter,4,82,2008.
ABSTRACT:Thetopographiccontrolofpatternfeaturesisofgreatinterestforarangeofapplications
includingthegenerationofultrahydrophobicsurfaces,microfluidicdevices,andthecontrolandtuningof
adhesion.Intheseareas,surfacepatterningisachievedbyavarietyoftechniquesincluding:photolithography,
imprintlithography,andsurfaceswrinkling.Inthispaper,wepresentascalablepatterningmethodbasedon
surfaceplatebuckling,orcrumpling,togenerateavarietyoftopographiesthatcandynamicallychangeshape
andaspectratioinresponsetostimuli.
SnappingSurfaces,D.P.HolmesandA.J.Crosby.AdvancedMaterials,19,3589,2007
ABSTRACT:TheresponsivemechanismoftheVenusflytraphascapturedtheinterestofscientistsfor
centuries.AlthoughacompleteunderstandingofthemechanismcontrollingtheVenusflytrapmovementhas
yettobedetermined,arecentpublicationhighlightstheimportanceofgeometryandmaterialpropertiesforthis

fast,stimuliresponsivemovement.Specifically,themovementisattributedtoasnapthroughelasticinstability
whosesensitivityisdictatedbythelengthscale,geometry,andmaterialspropertiesofthefeatures.Here,we
uselessonsfromtheVenusflytraptodesignsurfacesthatdynamicallymodifytheirtopography.Wepresenta
simple,biomimeticresponsivesurfacebasedonanarrayofmicrolensshellsthatsnapfromonecurvatureto
anotherwhenacriticalstressdevelopsintheshellstructure.
SLFok,UniversityofManchesterManchesterSchoolofEngineeringUK,
DJAllwright.MathematicalInstituteOCIAMOxford,UK,Bucklingofasphericalshellembeddedinan
elasticmediumloadedbyafarfieldhydrostaticpressure,TheJournalofStrainAnalysisforEngineering
Design,Vol.36,No.6/2001,pp.535544,doi:10.1243/0309324011514692
ABSTRACT:Elasticbucklingofasphericalshell,embeddedinanelasticmaterialandloadedbyafarfield
hydrostaticpressureisanalysedusingtheenergymethodtogetherwithaRayleighRitztrialfunction.For
simplicity,onlyaxisymmetricdeformationsareconsideredandinextensionalbucklingisassumed.Thestrains
withinthestructurethatareprecriticalareassumedtobesmallforthelineartheorytobeapplicable.An
expressionisderivedrelatingthepressureloadtothebucklingmodenumber,fromwhichtheupperbound
criticalloadcanbedetermined.Itisfoundthatthepresenceofthesurroundingelasticmediumincreasesthe
criticalloadoftheshellandthecorrespondingbucklingmodenumber.However,theresultsalsoshowthatthe
strainoftheshellatthepointofinstabilitymaynotbesmallfortypicalvaluesofmaterialandgeometric
constants.
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S.L.Fok(UniversityofManchesterManchesterSchoolofEngineeringSimonBuilding,OxfordRoad,
ManchesterM139PL,UK),Analysisofthebucklingoflongcylindricalshellsembeddedinanelasticmedium
usingtheenergymethod,TheJournalofStrainAnalysisforEngineeringDesign,Vol.37,No.5,2002,pp.
375383,doi:10.1243/030932402760203847
ABSTRACT:Bucklingofalongcylindricalshell,embeddedinanelasticmaterialandloadedbyafarfield
hydrostaticpressure,isreanalysedusingtheenergymethodtogetherwithaRayleighRitztrialfunction.For
simplicity,linearelasticitytheoryisemployedandinextensionalbucklingisassumed.Anexpressionisderived
relatingthepressureloadtothebucklingmodenumber,fromwhichthecriticalloadcanbedetermined.The
solutionissimilartothatgivenbyForrestalandHermannusingamoreelaborateapproach.However,the
presentsolutionpredictslowerbucklingloadifPoisson'sratioofthesurroundingmediumislessthan0.5and
henceseemstoprovidebetteragreementwithexperiments.
N.J.Mallon(N.J.Mallon@tue.nl),R.H.B.Fey(R.H.B.Fey@tue.nl),H.Nijmeijer(H.Nijmeijer@tue.nl),
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,EindhovenUniversityofTechnology,Dynamicbucklingofabase
excitedthincylindricalshellcarryingatopmass,ArticSummerConferenceonDynamics,Vibrationsand
Control,August610,2007,Ivalo,Finland.Seealso:InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.45,
No.6,March2008,pp.15871613,doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2007.10.011
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carryingatopmass.BasedonDonnellsnonlinearshelltheory,asemianalyticalmodelisderivedwhich
exactlysatisfiesthe(inplane)boundaryconditions.Thismodelisnumericallyvalidatedthroughacomparison
withquasistaticandmodalanalysisresultsobtainedusingfiniteelementmodelling.Thesteadystatenonlinear
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preloadedbytheweightofthetopmass.Thispreloadingresultsinasingleunbuckledstablestaticequilibrium
state.Acriticalvaluefortheamplitudeoftheharmonicbaseexcitationisdetermined.Abovethiscriticalvalue,
theshellexhibitsaninstationarybeatingtypeofresponsewithtimeintervalsshowingsevereoutofplane
deformations(itbucklesdynamically).Similarasforthestaticbucklingcase,thecriticalvaluehighlydepends
ontheinitialimperfectionspresentintheshell.
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IMECE,Nov.510,Paper13148,Chicago,USA,2006,pp.110.
[17]F.Pellicano,K.Avramov,Linearandnonlineardynamicsofacircularcylindricalshellconnectedtoarigiddisk,Comm.in
NonlinearScienceandNumericalSimulation12(4)(2007)496518.
[18]M.Amabili,M.Padoussis,Reviewofstudiesongeometricallynonlinearvibrationsanddynamicsofcircularcylindricalshells
andpanels,withandwithoutfluidstructureinteraction,AppliedMechanics
Reviews56(4)(2003)349356.
[19]M.Amabili,Acomparisonofshelltheoriesforlargeamplitudevibrationsofcircularcylindricalshells:Lagrangianapproach,J.
ofSoundandVibr.264(5)(2003)10911125.
[20]E.Jansen,Nonstationaryflexuralvibrationbehaviourofacylindricalshell,Int.J.NonLinearMech.37(45)(2002)937949.
[21]Maplesoft,MapleR10,WaterlooMapleInc.(2005).
[22]TheMathWorksInc.,MATLABR14(2005).
[23]MSC.Software,MSC.MarcmanualVolumeB,ElementLibrary,MSC.Softwarecorporation(2005).
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Continuationandbifurcationsoftwareforordinarydifferentialequations(withHOMCONT),TechnicalReport,ConcordiaUniversity
(1998).
[25]G.Hunt,G.Lord,M.Peletier,Cylindricalshellbuckling:acharacterizationoflocalizationandperiodicity,Discreteand
ContinuousDynamicalSystemsB3(4)(2003)505518.
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N.J.Mallon(1),R.H.B.Fey(2)andH.Nijmeijer(2)
(1)TNOBuiltEnvironmentandGeosciences,CentreforMechanicalandMaritimeStructures,POBox49,
2600AADelft,TheNetherlands
(2)EindhovenUniversityofTechnology,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,POBox513,5600MB
Eindhoven,TheNetherlands
Dynamicstabilityofabaseexcitedthinorthotropiccylindricalshellwithtopmass:Simulationsand
experiments,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.329,No.15,July2010,pp.31493170,
doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2010.02.007
ABSTRACT:Consideringbothanexperimentalandanumericalapproach,thedynamicstabilityofa
harmonicallybaseexcitedthinorthotropiccylindricalshellcarryingatopmassisexamined.Tobeableto
comparetheexperimentallyobtainedresultswithnumericalresults,asemianalyticalcoupledshakerstructure
modelisderived.Usingthesemianalyticalmodel,itisshownthatthedynamicstabilityanalysisofthebase
excitedcylindricalshellwithtopmassshouldbeconcentratednearalowfrequencyresonance,correspondingto
amode,inwhichaxialvibrationsofthe(cylindricalshellwith)topmassdominate.Inthisfrequencyregion,the
shellmayexhibitanaperiodicbeatingtypeofresponse,ifsomecriticalvalueoftheamplitudeoftheharmonic
baseexcitationisexceeded.Thisbeatingresponseischaracterizedbysevereoutofplanedeformations.The
experimentalresultsqualitativelyconfirmthenumericalobservations.
Z.M.Ye(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,ShanghaiUniversity,149YanChangRoad,Shanghai,200072,
People'sRepublicofChina),TheNonLinearVibrationAndDynamicInstabilityOfThinShallowShells,
JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.202,No.3,May1997,pp.303311,
doi:10.1006/jsvi.1996.0827

ABSTRACT:Inthispaper,thenonlinearvibrationanddynamicinstabilityofthinshallowsphericaland
conicalshellssubjectedtoperiodictransverseandinplaneloadsareinvestigated.TheMarguerretypedynamic
equationsusedfortheanalysisofshallowshells,whentreatedbytheGalerkinmethod,willresultinasystemof
totaldifferentialequationsinthetimefunctions,knownasDuffingandMathieuequations,fromwhichthe
variouskindsofnonlinearvibrationanddynamicinstabilityaredeterminedbyusingnumericalmethods.
Numericalresultsarepresentedforaxisymmetricvibrationsanddynamicinstabilitiesofshallowsphericaland
conicalshellswith(a)clampedand(b)supportededgeconditions.Asnumericalexamples,nonlinearvibration
frequenciesandinstabilityregionsforshellsaredetermined.Theeffectsofstaticloadaswellasstaticsnap
throughbucklingontheinstabilityarealsoinvestigated.
H.Ohnabe(IshikawajimaHarimaHeavyIndustriesCo.Ltd,35Mukodaicho,Tanashishi,Tokyo,188,
Japan),Nonlinearvibrationofheatedorthotropicsandwichplatesandshallowshells,InternationalJournalof
NonLinearMechanics,Vol.30,No.4,July1995,pp.501508,doi:10.1016/00207462(95)00010L
ABSTRACT:Asystemofgoverningequationsfornonlinearvibrationsofheatedsandwichshallowshellsis
derivedusingHamilton'sprincipleincombinationwithReissnerHellinger'svariationalprinciple.Thesystem
containsfourunknownfunctionswhichcharacterizethedeflection,theAirystressfunctionandtheshearing
displacements.Forarectangularsimplysupportedshallowshellduetoatemperaturedifferencebetweenthe
upperandlowerfacesandpreventedfrominplanemotionsonthecontour,thegoverningtimeequationis
derivedbymeansofaGalerkinprocedureappliedtothefieldequationoftheverticalmotion.Numericalresults
areshowninthegraphs.
A.V.Singh,L.ZhuandS.Mirza
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofWesternOntario,London,Ontario,CanadaN6A5B9
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofOttawa,Ottawa,Ontario,CanadaK1N6N5
Onasymmetricvibrationsoflayeredorthotropicshellsofrevolution,JournalofSoundandVibration,
Vol.148,No.2,July1991,pp.265277,doi:10.1016/0022460X(91)905755
ABSTRACT:Asimpleandcomputationallyefficientnumericalapproachisemployedinthisstudyforfree
vibrationsofcomplicatedshapedlayeredshellsofrevolution.Eachlayeroftheshellisassumedtobe
constructedfromanorthotropicmaterial.Theeffectsofsheardeformationandrotaryinertiahavebeenincluded
intheformulation,wherestiffnessandconsistentmassmatricesareevaluatedusingreducedintegration
technique.Theapproachyieldsaccurateresultsforshells,ifthemidsurfacesarerepresentedbyaseriesof
mutuallytangentialcirculararcs.Numericalexamplesincludethenaturalfrequenciesandcorrespondingmode
shapesofthreelayeredfreelysupportedcircularcylindricalshells,clampedshallowsphericalshellsanda
cylindricalshellclosedbyatorisphericalhead.
A.V.Singh(DepartmentofMechanicalandMaterialsEngineering,TheUniversityofWesternOntario,
London,Ontario,N6A5B9,Canada),Linearandgeometricallynonlinearvibrationsoffiberreinforced
laminatedplatesandshallowshells,Computers&Structures,Vol.76,Nos.13,June2000,pp.277285,
doi:10.1016/S00457949(99)001558
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdealswiththefreeflexuralvibrationoflaminatedquadrilateralplatesandshallow
shellsusingtheRayleighRitzmethod.Equationsarederivedusingthefirstordersheardeformationtheoryof

platesandshells.Nonlinearityispresentonlyintheinplanestraincomponents.Thetransverseshearstrains,
curvatureandinertialtermsarelinear.Thegeometryismappedusingthenaturalcoordinates.Admissible
displacementfieldsareconstructedbytakingtheproductoftwosimplepolynomialsineachofthetwo
parametriccoordinates.Bycontrollingthecoefficientsofthesepolynomials,thegeometricboundaryconditions
aresatisfied.Numericalresultsarepresentedforthefourlayerangleplyplatesandcylindricalshallowshells
supportedontrapezoidalboundary.Theinfluencesofthelargeamplitudeandalsoofthegeometryonthe
naturalfrequencyareexamined.
T.Irie,G.YamadaandT.Kanada(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,HokkaidoUniversity,Sapporo,060
Japan),Vibrationandstabilityofacircularcylindricalshellsubjectedtoatorque,JournalofSoundand
Vibration,Vol.91,No.1,November1983,pp.3744,doi:10.1016/0022460X(83)904492
ABSTRACT:Ananalysisispresentedforthevibrationandstabilityofacircularcylindricalshellsubjectedtoa
torque.Thedisplacementsofacircularshellarewritteninaseriesofbeameigenfunctionssatisfyingthe
boundaryconditions.Thekineticandstrainenergiesoftheshellareevaluatedanalytically,andthefrequency
eauationoftheshellisderivedbytheRitzmethod.Themethodisappliedtocircularcylindricalshellsunder
twotypesofboundaryconditionsattheedges;thenaturalfrequenciesandthedivergencetorquesarecalculated
numerically,andtheeffectsofthethicknessratio,lengthratioandedgeconditionsonthevibrationandstability
arestudied.
A.Abe(1),Y.Kobayashi(2)andG.Yamada(2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FukuiUniversity,Fukui,9108507,Japan
(2)DivisionofMechanicalScience,HokkaidoUniversity,Sapporo,0608628,Japan
NonLinearVibrationCharacteristicsofClampedLaminatedShallowShells,JournalofSoundandVibration,
Vol.234,No.3,July2000,pp.405426,doi:10.1006/jsvi.1999.2877
ABSTRACT:Thispaperexaminesnonlinearfreevibrationcharacteristicsoffirstandsecondvibrationmodes
oflaminatedshallowshellswithrigidlyclampededges.Nonlinearequationsofmotionfortheshellsbasedon
thefirstordersheardeformationandclassicalshelltheoriesarederivedbymeansofHamilton'sprinciple.We
applyGalerkin'sproceduretotheequationsofmotioninwhicheigenvectorsforfirstandsecondmodesof
linearvibrationobtainedbytheRitzmethodareemployedastrialfunctions.Thensimultaneousnonlinear
ordinarydifferentialequationsarederivedintermsofamplitudesofthefirstandsecondvibrationmodes.
BackbonecurvesforthefirstandsecondvibrationmodesaresolvednumericallybytheGaussLegendre
integrationmethodandtheshootingmethodrespectively.Theeffectsoflaminationsequencesandtransverse
sheardeformationonthebehaviorarediscussed.Itisalsoshownthatthemotionofthefirstvibrationmode
affectstheresponseforthesecondvibrationmode.
A.Abe(1),Y.Kobayashi(2)andG.Yamada(2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,FukuiUniversity,Fukui9108507,Japan
(2)DivisionofMechanicalScience,HokkaidoUniversity,Sapporo0608628,Japan
OnetoOneInternalResonanceofSymmetricCrossplyLaminatedShallowShells,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.68,
No.4,July2001,pp.640649,doi:10.1115/1.1356416
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentstheresponseofsymmetriccrossplylaminatedshallowshellswithaninternal

resonanceomega2approximatelyequaltoomega3,whereomega2andomega3arethelinearnatural
frequenciesoftheasymmetricvibrationmodes(2,1)and(1,2),respectively.Galerkin'sprocedureisappliedto
thenonlineargoverningequationsfortheshellsbasedonthevonKrmntypegeometricnonlineartheoryand
thefirstordersheardeformationtheory,andtheshootingmethodisusedtoobtainthesteadystateresponse
whenadrivingfrequencyOmegaisnearomega2.Inordertotakeintoaccounttheinfluenceofquadratic
nonlinearities,thedisplacementfunctionsoftheshellsareapproximatedbytheeigenfunctionsforthelinear
vibrationmode(1,1)inadditiontotheonesforthemodes(2,1)and(1,2).Thisapproximationovercomesthe
shortcomingsinGalerkin'sprocedure.Inthenumericalexamples,theeffectofthe(1,1)modeontheprimary
resonanceofthe(2,1)modeisexaminedindetail,whichallowsustoconcludethattheconsiderationofthe
(1,1)modeisindispensableforanalyzingnonlinearvibrationsofasymmetricvibrationmodesofshells.
M.P.Padoussis,S.P.ChanandA.K.Misra(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,McGillUniversity,
Montreal,Quebec,Canada),Dynamicsandstabilityofcoaxialcylindricalshellscontainingflowingfluid,
JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.97,No.2,November1984,pp.201235,
doi:10.1016/0022460X(84)903195
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsananalyticalmodelforthedynamicsandstabilityofcoaxialcylindrical
shellsconveyingincompressibleorcompressiblefluidintheinnershellandintheannulusbetweenthetwo
shells.ShellmotionsaredescribedbyFlgge'sthinshellequationsandthefluidforcesaredeterminedby
meansoflinearizedpotentialflowtheoryandformulatedwiththeaidofgeneralizedforceFouriertransform
techniques.Calculationshavebeenconductedwithtwoflexibleshellsorwithonereplacedbyanidenticalrigid
cylinder,withinnerorannularflow,orboth,mainlywithincompressibleflowsbutalsowithcompressible
ones;withsteelorrubbershellsconveyingeitherwaterorair.Itisfoundthat,forthesystemsstudied,annular
flowdestabilizesthesystematlowerflowvelocitiesthanflowintheinnershellandthatthestabilitythreshold
islowerwhenbothshellsareflexible.Thecriticalflowvelocitiesareintherangeofinterestforindustrial
systems.Theeffectofcompressibilityisfoundtobesmall.
F.Pellicano(1),M.Amabili(2)andM.P.Padoussis(3)
(1)DipartimentodiScienzedell'Ingegneria,UniversitdiModenaeReggioEmilia,ViaVignolese905,
ModenaI41100,Italy
(2)DipartimentodiIngegneriaIndustriale,UniversitdiParma,ParcoAreadelleScienze181/A,ParmaI
43100,Italy
(3)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,McGillUniversity,817SherbrookeStreetWest,Montreal,Qu.,
CanadaH3A2K6
Effectofthegeometryonthenonlinearvibrationofcircularcylindricalshells,InternationalJournalofNon
LinearMechanics,Vol.37,No.7,October2002,pp.11811198,doi:10.1016/S00207462(01)001391
ABSTRACT:Thenonlinearvibrationofsimplysupported,circularcylindricalshellsisanalysed.Geometric
nonlinearitiesduetofiniteamplitudeshellmotionareconsideredbyusingDonnell'snonlinearshallowshell
theory;theeffectofviscousstructuraldampingistakenintoaccount.Adiscretizationmethodbasedonaseries
expansionofanunlimitednumberoflinearmodes,includingaxisymmetricandasymmetricmodes,following
theGalerkinprocedure,isdeveloped.Bothdrivenandcompanionmodesareincluded,allowingfortravelling
waveresponseoftheshell.Axisymmetricmodesareincludedbecausetheyareessentialinsimulatingthe
inwardmeandeflectionoftheoscillationwithrespecttotheequilibriumposition.Thefundamentalroleofthe

axisymmetricmodesisconfirmedandtheroleofhigherorderasymmetricmodesisclarifiedinordertoobtain
thecorrectcharacterofthecircularcylindricalshellnonlinearity.Theeffectofthegeometricshell
characteristics,i.e.,radius,lengthandthickness,onthenonlinearbehaviourisanalysed:veryshortorthick
shellsdisplayahardeningnonlinearity;conversely,asofteningtypenonlinearityisfoundinawiderangeof
shellgeometries.
M.Amabili,M.PellegriniandM.Tommesani(DipartimentodiIngegneriaIndustriale,UniversitdiParma,
ParcoAreadelleScienze181/A,43100,Parma,Italy),Experimentsonlargeamplitudevibrationsofacircular
cylindricalpanel,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.260,No.3,February2003,pp.537547,
doi:10.1016/S0022460X(02)009598
ABSTRACT:Thevibrationresponseofathincircularcylindricalpaneltoharmonicexcitationinthe
neighborhoodofthefirstthreenaturalfrequencieshasbeenmeasuredfordifferentforcelevels.The
experimentalboundaryconditionsapproximate(i)onthecurvededges:zeroradial,axialandcircumferential
displacements;allrotationswereallowed;(ii)onthestraightedges:zeroradialandaxialdisplacements;all
rotationsandcircumferentialdisplacementswereallowed.Thedifferentlevelsofexcitationpermitted
reconstructionoftherelativelystrong,softeningtypenonlinearityofthepanel.
M.Amabili(DipartimentodiIngegneriaIndustriale,UniversitdiParma,ParcoAreadelleScienze181/A,
Parma43100,Italy),Acomparisonofshelltheoriesforlargeamplitudevibrationsofcircularcylindrical
shells:Lagrangianapproach,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.264,No.5,July2003,pp.10911125,
doi:10.1016/S0022460X(02)013858
ABSTRACT:Largeamplitude(geometricallynonlinear)vibrationsofcircularcylindricalshellssubjectedto
radialharmonicexcitationinthespectralneighbourhoodofthelowestresonancesareinvestigated.The
Lagrangeequationsofmotionareobtainedbyanenergyapproach,retainingdampingthroughRayleigh's
dissipationfunction.Fourdifferentnonlinearthinshelltheories,namelyDonnell's,SandersKoiter,Flgge
LureByrneandNovozhilov'stheories,whichneglectrotaryinertiaandsheardeformation,areusedtocalculate
theelasticstrainenergy.Theformulationisalsovalidfororthotropicandsymmetriccrossplylaminated
compositeshells.Thelargeamplituderesponseofperfectandimperfect,simplysupportedcircularcylindrical
shellstoharmonicexcitationinthespectralneighbourhoodofthelowestnaturalfrequencyiscomputedforall
theseshelltheories.Numericalresponsesobtainedbyusingthesefournonlinearshelltheoriesarealso
comparedtoresultsobtainedbyusingtheDonnell'snonlinearshallowshellequationofmotion.Avalidation
ofcalculationsbycomparisonwithexperimentalresultsisalsoperformed.Bothemptyandfluidfilledshells
areinvestigatedbyusingapotentialfluidmodel.Theeffectsofradialpressureandaxialloadarealsostudied.
Boundaryconditionsforsimplysupportedshellsareexactlysatisfied.Differentexpansionsinvolvingfrom14
to48generalizedcoordinates,associatedwithnaturalmodesofsimplysupportedshells,areused.Thenon
linearequationsofmotionarestudiedbyusingacodebasedonanarclengthcontinuationmethodallowing
bifurcationanalysis.
K.N.Karagiozis,M.P.Padoussis,E.Grinevich,A.K.MisraandM.Amabili,StabilityandNonLinear
DynamicsofClampedCircularCylindricalShellsinContactwithFlowingFluid,IUTAMSymposiumon
IntegratedModelingofFullyCoupledFluidStructureInteractionsUsingAnalysis,Computationsand

Experiments,FluidMechanicsandItsApplications,2004,Vol.75,pp.375390,
doi:10.1007/9789400709959_27
ABSTRACT:Thisstudypresentsexperimentalresultsonthenonlineardynamicsandstabilitycharacteristics
ofathinwalledclampedclampedcircularcylindricalshellincontactwithfluid.Italsodiscussestheoretical
resultsforsimplysupportedshellsconveyinginviscidandincompressiblefluid.ThenonlinearDonnell
shallowshelltheory,withstructuraldamping,isusedtodescribethelargeamplitudeshellvibrations.The
interactionbetweentheflowingfluidandtheshellstructureisformulatedwithlinearpotentialflowtheory.The
aimoftheexperimentalstudywastogatherforthefirsttimeimportantdatapointsofthecriticalflowvelocity
forinstabilityandmaximumflexuraldisplacement,andtoanalyzetheexperimentalresultstovalidatethe
theoreticalmodel.Theexperimentalstudyinvolvedtwosetups:onecontainingaclampedclampedsilicone
rubbershellandflowingairininternalandexternalflowconfigurations,andthesecondanaluminumshelland
waterastheflowingfluid.Theinteractionbetweentheshellandthefullydevelopedflow,inbothcases,gives
instabilitiesintheformofdivergenceatsufficientlyhighflowvelocities.Theexperimentalresultsshowa
softeningtypenonlinearbehaviourwithalargehysteresisinthevelocityfortheonsetandcessationof
divergence.
K.N.Karagiozis,M.P.Padoussis,A.K.MisraandE.Grinevich(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,
McGillUniversity,817SherbrookeStreetWest,Montreal,Qubec,CanadaH3A2K6),Anexperimentalstudy
ofthenonlineardynamicsofcylindricalshellswithclampedendssubjectedtoaxialflow,JournalofFluids
andStructures,Vol.20,No.6,August2005,pp.801816,SpecialIssue:AxialFlowFluidStructure
Interactions,doi:10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2005.03.007
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsexperimentalresultsonthenonlineardynamicsandstabilitycharacteristicsof
thinwalledclampedclampedcircularcylindricalshellsincontactwithflowingfluid.Theexperimentswere
conductedwiththreeexperimentalsetups:oneforexperimentswithelastomershellsinannularairflow,the
secondforelastomershellswithinternalairflow,andthelastoneforaluminiumorplasticcylindricalshells
withinternalwaterflow.Inallcasestheinteractionbetweentheshellandthefullydevelopedflowgivesriseto
instabilitiesintheformofstaticordynamicdivergenceatsufficientlyhighflowvelocities.Theaimofthe
experimentalstudywas(i)togatherdataonthecriticalflowvelocityforinstabilityandonthepostcritical
flow/displacementamplituderelationship,and(ii)toundertakeananalysisoftheexperimentalresultsandto
comparethemqualitativelywiththeoreticalpredictions.Theexperimentalresultsshowasofteningtype
nonlinearbehaviour,withalargehysteresisinthevelocityfortheonsetandcessationofdivergence.
K.N.Karagiozis(1),M.Amabili(2),M.P.Padoussisa(1)andA.K.Misra(1)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,McGillUniversity,817SherbrookeStreetWest,Montreal,Qubec,
CanadaH3A2K6
(2)DipartimentodiIngegneriaIndustriale,UniversitdiParma,ParcoAreadelleScienze181/A,ParmaI
43100,Italy
Nonlinearvibrationsoffluidfilledclampedcircularcylindricalshells,JournalofFluidsandStructures,
Vol.21,Nos.57,December2005,pp.579595,SpecialIssueinHonourofProfessorMichaelP.Padoussis,
doi:10.1016/j.jfluidstructs.2005.07.020
ABSTRACT:Inthisstudy,thenonlinearvibrationsareinvestigatedofcircularcylindricalshells,emptyor
fluidfilled,clampedatbothendsandsubjectedtoaradialharmonicforceexcitation.Twodifferenttheoretical

modelsaredeveloped.Inthefirstmodel,thestandardformoftheDonnell'snonlinearshallowshellequationsis
used;inthesecond,theequationsofmotionarederivedbyavariationalapproachwhichpermitstheinclusion
ofconstrainingspringsattheshellextremitiesandtakinginplaneinertialtermsintoaccount.Inbothcases,the
solutionincludesbothdrivenandcompanionmodes,thusallowingforatravellingwaveinthecircumferential
direction;theyalsoincludeaxisymmetricmodestocapturethenonlinearinwardshellcontractionandthe
correcttype(softening)nonlinearbehaviourobservedinexperiments.Inthefirstmodel,theclampedbeam
eigenfunctionsareusedtodescribetheaxialvariationsoftheshelldeformation,automaticallysatisfyingthe
boundaryconditions,leadingtoa7degreeoffreedom(dof)expansionforthesolution.Inthesecondmodel,
rotationalspringsareusedattheendsoftheshell,whichwhenlargeenoughreproduceaclampedend;the
solutioninvolvesasineseriesforaxialvariationsoftheshelldeformation,leadingtoa54dofexpansionforthe
solution.Inbothcasesthemodalexpansionssatisfytheboundaryconditionsandthecircumferentialcontinuity
conditionexactly.TheGalerkinmethodisusedtodiscretizetheequationsofmotion,andAUTOtointegrate
thediscretizedequationsnumerically.Whentheshellsarefluidfilled,thefluidisassumedtobeincompressible
andinviscid,andthefluidstructureinteractionisdescribedbylinearpotentialflowtheory.Theresultsfromthe
twotheoreticalmodelsarecomparedwithexistingexperimentaldata,andinallcasesgoodqualitativeand
quantitativeagreementisobserved.
M.Amabili(DipartimentodiIngegneriaIndustriale,UniversitdiParma,ParcoAreadelleScienze181/A,
43100Parma,Italy),Nonlinearvibrationsofcircularcylindricalpanels,JournalofSoundandVibration,
Vol.281,Nos.35,March2005,pp.509535,doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2004.01.021
ABSTRACT:Largeamplitude(geometricallynonlinear)vibrationsofcircularcylindricalpanelswith
rectangularbase,simplysupportedatthefouredgesandsubjectedtoradialharmonicexcitationinthespectral
neighbourhoodofthelowestresonancesareinvestigated.Twodifferentnonlinearstraindisplacement
relationships,fromtheDonnell'sandNovozhilov'sshelltheories,areusedtocalculatetheelasticstrainenergy.
Inplaneinertiaandgeometricimperfectionsaretakenintoaccount.ThesolutionisobtainedbyLagrangian
approach.Thenonlinearequationsofmotionarestudiedbyusing(i)acodebasedonarclengthcontinuation
methodthatallowsbifurcationanalysisand(ii)directtimeintegration.Numericalresultsarecomparedtothose
availableintheliteratureandconvergenceofthesolutionisshown.Interactionofmodeshavingintegerratio
amongtheirnaturalfrequencies,givingrisetointernalresonances,isalsodiscussed.
M.Amabili(DipartimentodiIngegneriaIndustriale,UniversitdiParma,ParcoAreadelleScienze181/A,
Parma,43100,Italy),Nonlinearvibrationsofdoublycurvedshallowshells,InternationalJournalofNon
LinearMechanics,Vol.40,No.5,June2005,pp.683710,doi:10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2004.08.007
ABSTRACT:Largeamplitude(geometricallynonlinear)vibrationsofdoublycurvedshallowshellswith
rectangularbase,simplysupportedatthefouredgesandsubjectedtoharmonicexcitationnormaltothesurface
inthespectralneighbourhoodofthefundamentalmodeareinvestigated.Twodifferentnonlinearstrain
displacementrelationships,fromtheDonnell'sandNovozhilov'sshelltheories,areusedtocalculatetheelastic
strainenergy.Inplaneinertiaandgeometricimperfectionsaretakenintoaccount.Thesolutionisobtainedby
Lagrangianapproach.Thenonlinearequationsofmotionarestudiedbyusing(i)acodebasedonarclength
continuationmethodthatallowsbifurcationanalysisand(ii)directtimeintegration.Numericalresultsare
comparedtothoseavailableintheliteratureandconvergenceofthesolutionisshown.Interactionofmodes
havingintegerratioamongtheirnaturalfrequencies,givingrisetointernalresonances,isdiscussed.Shell

stabilityunderstaticanddynamicloadisalsoinvestigatedbyusingcontinuationmethod,bifurcationdiagram
fromdirecttimeintegrationandcalculationoftheLyapunovexponentsandLyapunovdimension.Interesting
phenomenasuchas(i)snapthroughinstability,(ii)subharmonicresponse,(iii)perioddoublingbifurcationsand
(iv)chaoticbehaviourhavebeenobserved.
M.Amabili(DipartimentodiIngegneriaIndustriale,UniversitdiParma,ParcoAreadelleScienze181/A,
Parma43100,Italy),Theoryandexperimentsforlargeamplitudevibrationsofcircularcylindricalpanelswith
geometricimperfections,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.298,Nos.12,November2006,pp.4372,
doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2006.04.038
ABSTRACT:Largeamplitudevibrationsofcircularcylindricalpanels(openshells)subjectedtoharmonic
excitationarenumericallyandexperimentallyinvestigated.TheDonnellnonlinearstraindisplacement
relationshipsareusedtodescribethegeometricnonlinearity;inplaneinertiaistakenintoaccount.Specific
boundaryconditions,withzerotransversedisplacementatthepaneledgesandfreeorelasticallyrestrainedin
planedisplacements,notpreviouslyconsidered,havebeenintroducedinordertomodeltheexperimental
boundaryconditions.ThenonlinearequationsofmotionareobtainedbytheLagrangeequationswithmulti
modeapproach,andarestudiedbyusingacodebasedonthepseudoarclengthcontinuationmethod.Twothin
circularcylindricalpanelsofdifferentdimensionsandmadeofstainlesssteelhavebeenexperimentallytested
inthelaboratoryforseveralexcitationamplitudesinordertocharacterizethenonlinearity.Thedimensionsof
thetwopanelshavebeenchoseninordertohavethefundamentalmodewithoneandtwocircumferentialhalf
waves,respectively.Numericalresultsareabletoreproducetheexperimentalresultswithhighaccuracyfor
bothpanels.Theeffectofgeometricimperfectionsonthetrendofnonlinearityandonnaturalfrequenciesis
shown;convergenceofthesolutionwiththenumberofgeneralizedcoordinatesisnumericallyverified.
K.N.Karagiozis(1),M.P.Padoussis(1)andM.Amabili(2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,McGillUniversity,Montreal,Qubec,Canada
(2)DipartimentodiIngegneriaIndustriale,UniversitdiParma,Parma,Italy
Effectofgeometryonthestabilityofcylindricalclampedshellssubjectedtointernalfluidflow,Computers&
Structures,Vol.85,Nos.1114,JuneJuly2007,pp.645659,SpecialIssue:FourthMITConferenceon
ComputationalFluidandSolidMechanics,doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2007.01.026
ABSTRACT:Inthispaper,thenonlinearstabilityofcircularcylindricalshellssubjectedtointernal
incompressibleflowisstudiedbymeansoftheDonnellnonlinearshallowshellequationsandalinearfluid
structureinteractionmodel.Specifically,theeffectofvaryingthethicknesstoradius(h/R)andlengthtoradius
(L/R)ratiosisinvestigated.Ingeneral,thesystemlosesstabilitybyasubcriticalpitchforkbifurcation,leading
toastabledivergenceofincreasingamplitudewithflow;nooscillatorysolutionsarefound.Increasingthevalue
ofthecircumferentialwavenumberforshellswiththesameh/Rratioreducesthenaturalfrequencyand
enhancesthesubcriticalbehaviouroftheshell.InterestingresultsarefoundfordifferentL/Rcasesinwhichthe
solutionchangesfromsubcriticaltosupercriticalnonlinearbehaviour.
K.N.Karagiozis(1),M.P.Padoussis(1),M.Amabili(2)andA.K.Misra(1)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,McGillUniversity,817SherbrookeStreetWest,Montreal,Qubec,
CanadaH3A2K6

(2)DipartimentodiIngegneriaIndustriale,UniversitdiParma,ParcoAreadelleScienze181/A,ParmaI
43100,Italy
Nonlinearstabilityofcylindricalshellssubjectedtoaxialflow:Theoryandexperiments,JournalofSound
andVibration,Vol.309,Nos.35,January2008,pp.637676,doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2007.07.061
ABSTRACT:Thispaper,isconcernedwiththenonlineardynamicsandstabilityofthincircularcylindrical
shellsclampedatbothendsandsubjectedtoaxialfluidflow.Inparticular,itdescribesthedevelopmentofa
nonlineartheoreticalmodelandpresentstheoreticalresultsdisplayingthenonlinearbehaviouroftheclamped
shellsubjectedtoflowingfluid.ThetheoreticalmodelemploystheDonnellnonlinearshallowshellequationsto
describethegeometricallynonlinearstructure.Theclampedbeameigenfunctionsareusedtodescribetheaxial
variationsoftheshelldeformation,automaticallysatisfyingtheboundaryconditionsandthecircumferential
continuityconditionexactly.Thefluidisassumedtobeincompressibleandinviscid,andthefluidstructure
interactionisdescribedbylinearpotentialflowtheory.Thepartialdifferentialequationofmotionisdiscretized
usingtheGalerkinmethodandthefinalsetofordinarydifferentialequationsareintegratednumericallyusinga
pseudoarclengthcontinuationandcollocationtechniquesandtheGearbackwarddifferentiationformula.A
theoreticalmodelforshellswithsimplysupportedendsispresentedaswell.Experimentsarealsodescribedfor
(i)elastomershellssubjectedtoannular(external)airflowand(ii)aluminiumandplasticshellswithinternal
waterflow.Theexperimentalresultsalongwiththetheoreticalonesindicatelossofstabilitybydivergencewith
asubcriticalnonlinearbehaviour.Finally,theoryandexperimentsarecompared,showinggoodqualitativeand
reasonablequantitativeagreement.
MarcoAmabili(1),KostasKaragiozis(2)andMichaelP.Padoussis(3)
(1)DipartimentodiIngegneriaIndustraile,UnversitadiParmi,Italy,email:marco@me.unipr.it
(2)MechanicalScienceandEngineeringDept,UniversityofIllinois,Urbana,IL,USA,email:
kostask@uiuc.edu
(3)MechanicalEngineeringDept.,McGillUniversity,Montreal,QCCanada,email:mary.fiorilli@mcgill.ca
Effectofgeometricimperfectionsonnonlinearstabilityofcylindricalshellsconveyingfluid,ENOC2008,
SaintPetersburg,Russia,June,30July,42008
ABSTRACT:Circularcylindricalshellsconveyingsubsonicflowareaddressedinthisstudy;theylosestability
bydivergencewhentheflowspeedreachesacriticalvalue.Thedivergenceisstronglysubcritical,becoming
supercriticalforlargeramplitudes.Thereforetheshell,ifperturbedfromtheinitialconfiguration,undergoes
severedeformationscausingfailuremuchbeforethecriticalvelocitypredictedbythelinearthreshold.Both
DonnellsnonlineartheoryretaininginplanedisplacementsandthenonlinearSandersKoitertheoryareused
fortheshell.Thefluidismodelledbypotentialflowtheory.Geometricimperfectionsareintroducedandfully
studied.Nonclassicalboundaryconditionsareusedtoexactlysimulatetheconditionsoftheexperiments
performed.Comparisonofnumericalandexperimentalresultsisperformed.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
Amabili,M.(2008).NonlinearVibrationsandStabilityofShellsandPlates.CambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork,USA.
Amabili,M.(2003).Nonlinearvibrationsofcircularcylindricalshellswithdifferentboundaryconditions.AIAAJournal,41,pp.
11191130.
Amabili,M.andGarziera,R.(2002a).Vibrationsofcircularcylindricalshellswithnonuniformconstraints,elasticbedandadded
mass;PartII:shellscontainingorimmersedinaxialflow.JournalofFluidsandStructures,16,pp.3151.
Amabili,M.AndGarziera,R.(2002b).Vibrationsofcircularcylindricalshellswithnonuniformconstraints,elasticbedandadded
mass;PartIII:shellscontainingorimmersedinaxialflow.JournalofFluidsandStructures,16,pp.796809.
Amabili,M.andPadoussis,M.P.(2003).Reviewofstudiesongeometricallynonlinearvibrationsanddynamicsofcircular
cylindricalshellsandpanels,withandwithoutfluidstructureinteraction.AppliedMechanicsReviews56,pp.349381.

Amabili,M.Pellicano,F.andPadoussis,M.P.(1999).Nonlineardynamicsandstabilityofcircularcylindricalshellscontaining
flowingfluid.PartI:Stability.JournalofSoundandVibration225,pp.655699.
Gonalves,P.B.andBatista,R.C.(1988).Nonlinearvibrationanalysisoffluidfilledcylindricalshells.JournalofSoundand
Vibration127,pp.133143.
Horn,W.,Barr,G.W.,Carter,L.,andStearman,R.O.(1974).Recentcontributionstoexperimentsoncylindricalshellpanelflutter.
AIAAJournal12,pp.14811490.
Karagiozis,K.N.(2006).Experimentsandtheoryonthenonlineardynamicsandstabilityofclampedshellssubjectedtoaxialfluid
floworharmonicexcitation.Ph.D.Thesis,McGillUniversity,Montreal,Canada.
Karagiozis,K.N.,Padoussis,M.P.,Misra,A.K.,andGrinevich,E.(2005).Anexperimentalstudyofthenonlineardynamicsof
cylindricalshellswithclampedendssubjectedtoaxialflow.JournalofFluidsandStructures20,pp.801816.
Karagiozis,K.N.,Padoussis,M.P.,Amabili,M.,andMisra,A.K.(2008).Nonlinearstabilityofcylindricalshellssubjectedtoaxial
flow:Theoryandexperiments.JournalofSoundandVibration,309,pp.637676.
Padoussis,M.P.(1998).FluidStructureInteractions:SlenderStructuresandAxialFlow,Vol.1.London:AcademicPress.
Padoussis,M.P.(2004).FluidStructureInteractions:SlenderStructuresandAxialFlow,Vol.2.ElsevierAcademicPress,London,
UK.
Padoussis,M.P.andDenise,J.P.(1972).Flutterofthincylindricalshellsconveyingfluid.JournalofSoundandVibration,20,pp.9
26.
Weaver,D.S.andUnny,T.E.(1973).Onthedynamicstabilityoffluidconveyingpipes.JournalofAppliedMechanics,40,pp.4852.

M.Amabili(1),K.Karagiozis(2)andM.P.Padoussis(1)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,McGillUniversity,817SherbrookeStreetW.,Montreal,Qubec,
CanadaH3A2K6
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalScienceandEngineering,UniversityofIllinoisatUrbanaChampaign,Urbana,
IL,USA
Effectofgeometricimperfectionsonnonlinearstabilityofcircularcylindricalshellsconveyingfluid,
InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,Vol.44,No.3,April2009,pp.276289,
doi:10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2008.11.006
ABSTRACT:Circularcylindricalshellsconveyingincompressibleflowareaddressedinthisstudy;theylose
stabilitybydivergencewhentheflowvelocityreachesacriticalvalue.Thedivergenceisstronglysubcritical,
becomingsupercriticalforlargeramplitudes.Thereforetheshell,ifperturbedfromtheinitialconfiguration,has
severedeformationscausingfailuremuchbeforethecriticalvelocitypredictedbythelinearthreshold.Both
Donnell'snonlineartheoryretaininginplanedisplacementsandtheSandersKoiternonlineartheoryareused
fortheshell.Thefluidismodelledbypotentialflowtheorybuttheeffectofsteadyviscousforcesistakeninto
account.Geometricimperfectionsareintroducedandfullystudied.Nonclassicalboundaryconditionsareused
tosimulatetheconditionsofexperimentaltestsinawatertunnel.Comparisonofnumericalandexperimental
resultsisperformed.
K.Karagiozis,M.AmabiliandM.P.Padoussis(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,McGillUniversity,
817SherbrookeStreetWest,Montreal,Qubec,CanadaH3A2K6),Nonlineardynamicsofharmonically
excitedcircularcylindricalshellscontainingfluidflow,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.329,No.18,
August2010,pp.38133834,doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2010.03.022
ABSTRACT:Inthepresentstudy,thegeometricallynonlinearvibrationsofcircularcylindricalshells,
subjectedtointernalfluidflowandtoaradialharmonicexcitationinthespectralneighbourhoodofoneofthe
lowestfrequencymodes,areinvestigatedfordifferentflowvelocities.TheshellismodelledbyDonnell's
nonlinearshelltheory,retaininginplaneinertiaandgeometricimperfections;thefluidismodelledasa

potentialflowwiththeadditionofunsteadyviscoustermsobtainedbyusingthetimeaveragedNavierStokes
equations.Aharmonicconcentratedforceisappliedatmidlengthoftheshell,actingintheradialdirection.The
shellisconsideredtobeimmersedinanexternalconfinedquiescentliquidandtocontainafluidflow,inorder
toreproduceconditionsinpreviouswatertunnelexperiments.Forthesamereason,complexboundary
conditionsareappliedattheshellendssimulatingconditionsintermediatebetweenclampedandsimply
supportedends.Numericalresultsobtainedbyusingpseudoarclengthcontinuationmethodsandbifurcation
analysisshowthenonlinearresponseatdifferentflowvelocitiesfor(i)afixedexcitationamplitudeandvariable
excitationfrequency,and(ii)fixedexcitationfrequencybyvaryingtheexcitationamplitude.Bifurcation
diagramsofPoincarmapsobtainedfromdirecttimeintegrationarepresented,aswellasthemaximum
Lyapunovexponent,inordertoclassifythesystemdynamics.Inparticular,periodic,quasiperiodic,sub
harmonicandchaoticresponseshavebeendetected.ThefullspectrumoftheLyapunovexponentsandthe
Lyapunovdimensionhavebeencalculatedforthechaoticresponse;theyrevealtheoccurrenceoflarge
dimensionhyperchaos.
MarcoAmabili(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,McGillUniversity,MacdonaldEngineeringBuilding,
817SherbrookeStreetWest,Montreal,PQ,CanadaH3A2K6),Nonlinearvibrationsoflaminatedcircular
cylindricalshells:Comparisonofdifferentshelltheories,CompositeStructures,ArticleinPress,
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2011.07.001
ABSTRACT:Thegeometricallynonlinearforcedvibrationsoflaminatedcircularcylindricalshellsarestudied
byusingtheAmabiliReddyhigherordersheardeformationtheory.AnenergyapproachbasedonLagrange
equations,retainingmodaldamping,isusedinordertoobtaintheequationsofmotion.Anharmonicpoint
excitationisappliedinradialdirectionandsimplysupportedboundaryconditionsareassumed.Theequations
ofmotionarestudiedbyusingthepseudoarclengthcontinuationmethodandbifurcationanalysis.Aonetoone
internalresonanceisalwayspresentforacompletecircularcylindricalshell,givingrisetopitchfork
bifurcationsofthenonlinearresponsewithappearanceofasecondbranchwithtravellingwaveresponseand
quasiperiodicvibrations.ThenumericalresultsobtainedbyusingtheAmabiliReddyshelltheoryare
comparedtothoseobtainedbyusinganhigherordersheardeformationtheoryretainingonlynonlineartermof
vonKrmntypeandtheNovozhilovclassicalshelltheory.
M.Amabili(1),K.Karazis(1),R.Mongrain(1,2),M.P.Padoussis(1)andR.Cartier(2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,McGillUniversity,Qubec,Canada
(2)MontrealHeartInstituteResearchCentre,Qubec,Canada
Athreelayermodelforbucklingofahumanaorticsegmentunderspecificflowpressureconditions,
ABSTRACT:Humanaortasaresubjectedtolargemechanicalstressesbecauseofbloodflowpressurizationand
throughcontactwiththesurroundingtissue.Itisessentialthattheaortadoesnotlosestabilitybybucklingwith
deformationofthecrosssection(shelllikebuckling)(i)foritsproperfunctioningtoensurebloodflowand(ii)
toavoidhighstressesintheaorticwall.Anumericalbifurcationanalysisemploysarefinedreducedorder
modeltoinvestigatethestabilityofastraightaortasegmentconveyingbloodflow.Thestructuralmodel
assumesanonlinearcylindricalorthotropiclaminatedcompositeshellcomposedofthreelayersrepresentingthe
tunicaintima,mediaandadventitia.Residualstressesbecauseofpressurizationareevaluatedandincludedin
themodel.Thefluidisformulatedusingahybridmodelthatcontainstheunsteadyeffectsobtainedfromlinear
potentialflowtheoryandthesteadyviscouseffectsobtainedfromthetimeaveragedNavierStokesequations.

Theaorticsegmentlosesstabilitybydivergencewithdeformationofthecrosssectionatacriticalflowvelocity
foragivenstaticpressure,exhibitingastrongsubcriticalbehaviourwithpartialortotalcollapseoftheinner
wall.Preliminaryresultssuggestdirectionsforfurtherstudyinrelationtotheappearanceandgrowthof
dissectionintheaorta.
MarcoAmabili(1),FrancescoPellicano(2)andMichaelP.Pa doussis(3)
(1)DipartimentodiIngegneriaIndustriale,UniversitdiParma,ParcoAreadelleScienze181/A,ParmaI
43100,Italy
(2)DipartimentodiIngegneriaMeccanicaCivile,UniversitdiModenaeReggioEmilia,ViaVignolese905,
ModenaI41100,Italy
(3)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,McGillUniversity,817SherbrookeStreetWest,Montreal,Canada,
H3A2K6
Nonlineardynamicsandstabilityofcircularcylindricalshellsconveyingflowingfluid,Computers&
Structures,Vol.80,Nos.910,April2002,pp.899906,doi:10.1016/S00457949(02)00055X
ABSTRACT:Thenonlineardynamicsandstabilityofsimplysupported,circularcylindricalshellscontaining
inviscid,incompressiblefluidflowisanalyzed.Geometricnonlinearitiesoftheshellareconsideredbyusing
theDonnell'snonlinearshallowshelltheory.Aviscousdampingmechanismisconsideredinordertotakeinto
accountstructuralandfluiddissipation.Linearpotentialflowtheoryisappliedtodescribethefluidstructure
interaction.ThesystemisdiscretizedbyGalerkin'smethodandisinvestigatedbyusingtwomodels:(i)a
simplermodelobtainedbyusingabaseofsevenmodesfortheshelldeflection,and(ii)arelativelyhigh
dimensionaldynamicmodelwith18modes.Bothmodelsallowtravellingwaveresponseoftheshellandshell
axisymmetriccontraction.Boundaryconditionsonradialdisplacementandthecontinuityofcircumferential
displacementareexactlysatisfied.Stability,bifurcationandperiodicresponsesareanalyzedbymeansofthe
computercodeAUTOforthecontinuationofthesolutionofordinarydifferentialequations.Nonstationary
motionsareanalyzedwithdirectintegrationtechniques.Anaccurateanalysisoftheshellresponseisperformed
bymeansofphasespacerepresentation,Fourierspectra,Poincarsectionsandtheirbifurcationdiagrams.A
complexdynamicalbehaviourhasbeenfound.Theshellbifurcatesstatically(divergence)inabsenceofexternal
dynamicloadsbyusingtheflowvelocityasbifurcationparameter.Underharmonicloadashellconveyingflow
cangiverisetoperiodic,quasiperiodicandchaoticresponses,dependingonflowvelocity,amplitudeand
frequencyofharmonicexcitation.
G.Catellani(1),F.Pellicano(1),D.DallAsta(1)andM.Amabili(2)
(1)DipartimentodiIngegneriaMeccanicaeCivile,UniversitdiModenaeReggioEmilia,ViaVignolese905,
41100Modena,Italy
(2)DipartimentodiIngegneriaIndustriale,UniversitdiParma,ParcoAreadelleScienze181/A,43100Parma,
Italy
Parametricinstabilityofacircularcylindricalshellwithgeometricimperfections,Computers&Structures,
Vol.82,Nos.3132,December2004,pp.26352645,SpecialIssue:NonlinearDynamicsofContinuous
Systems,doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2004.07.006
ABSTRACT:Thestaticanddynamicbehaviorofacompressedcircularcylindricalshellhavinggeometric
imperfectionsisanalyzed.TheanalysisismainlyperformedbymeansoftheDonnellsnonlinearshallowshell
theory.However,therefinedSandersshelltheoryisalsousedforcomparison.Asuitableexpansionofthe

radialdisplacement,abletodescribebothbucklinganddynamicbehaviorsisdeveloped;theeffectofgeometric
imperfectionsisaccountedforbymeansofamodalrepresentation.Theresponseoftheshellsubjectedtoa
sinusoidalaxialexcitationatitsends,givingrisetoaparametricexcitation,isconsidered.Theeffectof
imperfectionsonthecriticalvalueofthedynamicload,thatcausesthelossofstabilityofthesystem,is
analyzed.Interestingnonlineardynamicphenomenaareobserved:directresonancewithsofteningbehaviorand
parametricinstabilitywithperioddoublingresponse.
F.Pellicano(1)andM.Amabili(2)
(1)DipartimentodiIngegneriaMeccanicaeCivile,UniversitdiModenaeReggioEmilia,V.Vignolese,905,
ModenaI41100,Italy
(2)DipartimentodiIngegneriaIndustriale,UniversitdiParma,ParcoAreadelleScienze,181/A,Parma,I
43100,Italy
Dynamicinstabilityandchaosofemptyandfluidfilledcircularcylindricalshellsunderperiodicaxialloads,
JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.293,Nos.12,May2006,pp.227252,
doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2005.09.032
ABSTRACT:Inthepresentpaperthedynamicstabilityofcircularcylindricalshellssubjectedtostaticand
dynamicaxialloadsisinvestigated.BothDonnell'snonlinearshallowshellandSandersKoitershelltheories
havebeenappliedtomodelfiniteamplitudestaticanddynamicdeformations.Resultsarecomparedinorderto
evaluatetheaccuracyofthesetheoriesinpredictinginstabilityonsetandpostcriticalnonlinearresponse.The
effectofacontainedfluidonthestabilityandthepostcriticalbehaviourisanalyzedindetail.Geometric
imperfectionsareconsideredandtheirinfluenceonthedynamicinstabilityandpostcriticalbehaviouris
investigated.Chaoticdynamicsofprecompressedshellsisinvestigatedbymeansofnonlineartimeseries
techniques,extractingcorrelationdimensionandLyapunovexponents.
F.Pellicano(1)andK.V.Avramov(2)
(1)DipartimentodiIngegneriaMeccanicaeCivile,UniversitdiModenaeReggioEmilia,V.Vignolese,905,
ModenaI41100,Italy
(2)DepartmentofFluidandGasMechanics,FacultyofPhysicsandEngineering,NationalTechnicalUniversity
KhPI,FrunzeSt.21,Kharkov61002,Ukraine
Linearandnonlineardynamicsofacircularcylindricalshellconnectedtoarigiddisk,Communicationsin
NonlinearScienceandNumericalSimulation,Vol.12,No.4,July2007,pp.496518,
doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2005.04.004
ABSTRACT:Thedynamicsofacircularcylindricalshellcarryingarigiddiskonthetopandclampedatthe
baseisinvestigated.TheSandersKoitertheoryisconsideredtodevelopanonlinearanalyticalmodelfor
moderatelylargeshellvibration.AreducedorderdynamicalsystemisobtainedusingLagrangeequations:
radialandinplanedisplacementfieldsareexpandedbyusingtrialfunctionsthatrespectthegeometric
boundaryconditions.Thetheoreticalmodeliscomparedwithexperimentsandwithafiniteelementmodel
developedwithcommercialsoftware:comparisonsarecarriedoutonlineardynamics.Thedynamicstabilityof
thesystemisstudied,whenaperiodicverticalmotionofthebaseisimposed.Bothaperturbationapproachand
adirectnumericaltechniqueareused.Theperturbationmethodallowstoobtaininstabilityboundariesbymeans
ofelementaryformulae;thenumericalapproachallowstoperformacompleteanalysisofthelinearand
nonlinearresponse.

FrancescoPellicano(DipartimentodiIngegneriaMeccanicaeCivile,UniversitdiModenaeReggioEmilia,V.
Vignolese905,41100Modena,Italy),Dynamicstabilityandsensitivitytogeometricimperfectionsofstrongly
compressedcircularcylindricalshellsunderdynamicaxialloads,CommunicationsinNonlinearScienceand
NumericalSimulation,Vol.14,No.8,August2009,pp.34493462,doi:10.1016/j.cnsns.2009.01.018
ABSTRACT:Inthepresentpaper,thedynamicstabilityofcircularcylindricalshellsisinvestigated;the
combinedeffectofcompressivestaticandperiodicaxialloadsisconsidered.TheSandersKoitertheoryis
appliedtomodelthenonlineardynamicsofthesysteminthecaseoffiniteamplitudeofvibration;Lagrange
equationsareusedtoreducethenonlinearpartialdifferentialequationstoasetofordinarydifferential
equations.Thedynamicstabilityisinvestigatedusingdirectnumericalsimulationandadichotomicalgorithm
tofindtheinstabilityboundariesastheexcitationfrequencyisvaried;theeffectofgeometricimperfectionsis
investigatedindetail.Theaccuracyoftheapproachischeckedbymeansofcomparisonswiththeliterature.
FrancescoPellicano(DipartimentodiIngegneriaMeccanicaeCivile,UniversitdiModenaeReggioEmilia,V.
Vignolese905,41100Modena,Italy),Dynamicinstabilityofacircularcylindricalshellcarryingatopmass
underbaseexcitation:Experimentsandtheory,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.48,Nos.3
4,February2011,pp.408427,doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2010.09.024
ABSTRACT:Thepresentpaperisfocusedontheexperimentalandtheoreticalanalysisofcircularcylindrical
shellsunderbaseexcitation.Theshellaxisisvertical,itisclampedatthebaseandconnectedtoarigidbodyon
thetop;thebaseprovidesaverticalseismiclikeexcitation.Thegoalistoinvestigatetheshellresponsewhena
resonantharmonicforcingisapplied:thefirstaxisymmetricmodeisexcitedaroundtheresonanceatrelatively
lowfrequencyandlowamplitudeofexcitation.Aviolentresonantphenomenonisexperimentallyobservedas
wellasaninterestingsaturationphenomenonclosetothepreviouslymentionedresonance.Atheoreticalmodel
isdevelopedtoreproducetheexperimentalevidenceandprovideanexplanationofthecomplexdynamics
observedexperimentally;themodeltakesintoaccountgeometricshellnonlinearities,electrodynamicshaker
equationsandtheshellshakerinteraction.
Gonalves,P(1)andCroll,J(2)
(1)Dept.ofCiv.Engrg.,PontificiaUniversidadeCatlicaPUC/RJ,RiodeJaneiro22453,Brazil
(2)Dept.ofCiv.andMunicipalEngrg.,Univ.Coll.London,London,WC1E6BT,England
AxisymmetricBucklingofPressureLoadedSphericalCaps,ASCEJournalofStructuralEngineering,Vol.
118,No.4,April1992
ABSTRACT:Theaxisymmetricbucklingbehaviorofclampedshallowsphericalshellsunderuniformpressure
isinvestigatedusingMarguerre'sshallowshellequationsof1939.Thedeflectedshapeoftheshellaswellasthe
stressfunctionaredescribedbylinearcombinationsofBesselfunctionsandmodifiedBesselfunctionsthat
satisfyalltherelevantboundaryandcontinuityconditions.Thebucklingcharacteristicsofthesecapsare
examinedusingafullynonlinearGalerkinsolutionprocedure,aclassicalbifurcationanalysis,andareduced
stiffnessbifurcationanalysis.Thisallowstheelucidationoftheimperfectionsensitivityandnonlinearbehavior
ofthisimportantclassofshellstructures.Asystematicparametricanalysishighlightstheinterplaybetween
thesecontrastingapproaches,anddemonstratesthelowerboundednessofthereducedstiffnessanalytical
procedureforpredictingimperfectionsensitiveelasticcollapsepressuresanditspotentialimportanceasa

designmethodology.Asimpleclosedformsolutionisgivenforthisanalyticallowerbound.Thiscompares
favorablywithalargecollectionofavailableexperimentalresultsbutdemonstratesthevariabilityandpossible
inadequaciesinsomeoftheexistingdesignrulesforsphericalshellstructures
PauloB.GonalvesandZennJ.G.N.DelPrado,NonlinearOscillationsandStabilityofParametrically
ExcitedCylindricalShells,Meccanica,Vol.37,No.6,2002,pp.569597,doi:10.1023/A:1020972109600
ABSTRACT:BasedonDonnellshallowshellequations,thenonlinearvibrationsanddynamicinstabilityof
axiallyloadedcircularcylindricalshellsunderbothstaticandharmonicforcesistheoreticallyanalyzed.First
theproblemisreducedtoafinitedegreeoffreedomonebyusingtheGalerkinmethod;thentheresultingsetof
couplednonlinearordinarydifferentialequationsofmotionaresolvedbytheRungeKuttamethod.Tostudy
thenonlinearbehavioroftheshell,severalnumericalstrategieswereusedtoobtainPoincarmaps,Lyapunov
exponents,stableandunstablefixedpoints,bifurcationdiagrams,andbasinsofattraction.Particularattentionis
paidtotwodynamicinstabilityphenomenathatmayariseundertheseloadingconditions:parametricexcitation
offlexuralmodesandescapefromtheprebucklingpotentialwell.Calculationsarecarriedoutfortheprincipal
andsecondaryinstabilityregionsassociatedwiththelowestnaturalfrequencyoftheshell.Specialattentionis
giventothedeterminationoftheinstabilityboundariesincontrolspaceandtheidentificationofthe
bifurcationaleventsconnectedwiththeseboundaries.Theresultsclarifytheimportanceofmodalcouplingin
thepostbucklingsolutionandthestrongroleofnonlinearitiesonthedynamicsofcylindricalshells.
P.B.Gonalves(1)andZ.G.delPrado(2)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,CatholicUniversity,PUCRio22453900RiodeJaneiro,Brazil
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineeringDepartment,FederalUniversityofGois,UFG74605220Goinia,Brazil
Effectofnonlinearmodalinteractiononthedynamicinstabilityofaxiallyexcitedcylindricalshells,
Computers&Structures,Vol.82,Nos.3132,December2004,pp.26212634,SpecialIssue:Nonlinear
DynamicsofContinuousSystems,doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2004.04.020
ABSTRACT:Thenonlinearvibrationsandinstabilitiesofcylindricalshellsunderpulsatingaxialloadsare
investigatedusingDonnellsshallowshellequations.Basedonphysicalandmathematicalreasoning,a
meaningfullowdimensionalmodelisderivedandusedtogetherwithGalerkinmethodtoobtainasetof
couplednonlinearequationsofmotion.Particularattentionispaidtotheinvestigationofmodalinteraction
betweennonlinearvibrationmodeswithequalornearlyequalnaturalfrequenciesandtoitsinfluenceon
parametricinstabilityandsnapthroughbuckling.Aparametricanalysisusingcontinuationtechniquesidentifies
therelevantbifurcationsconnectedwiththemodalinteractionandhighlightstheirrelevanceindesign.
PauloGonalvesandZenndelPrado(CivilEngineeringDepartment,CatholicUniversity,PUCRio,22453
900,RiodeJaneiro,Brazil,Paulo@civ.pucrio.br),TheNonLinearDynamicsofThinWalledShellStructures,
IUTAMSymposiumonChaoticDynamicsandControlofSystemsandProcessesinMechanics,Solid
MechanicsandItsApplications,2005,Vol.122,No.III.,pp.213222,doi:10.1007/1402032684_20
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdiscussesthenonlinearoscillationsanddynamicinstabilitiesofthinwalledshells
subjectedtoharmonicloads.Duetothepresenceofstrongnonlinearitiesandhighsensitivitytosmall
variationsincontrolparameters,thinshellsmaydisplayacomplexdynamicbehaviorand,despitetherecent
advancesinthisfield,thereisstillalackofsatisfactorysolutionstothisclassofproblems.Thereareseveral

complicatedissuesrelatingtothedynamicsofsuchstructures.Inthisworksomeofthesetopicsareaddressed,
namelyshelldiscretizationprocesses,influenceofmodalcouplingonnonlinearvibrationmodes,modal
interactionbetweendifferentnonlinearvibrationmodes,imperfectionsensitivityandfractalbasinboundaries.
Tothisend,thetheoryforquasishallowshellsisusedtostudythenonlinearvibrationsandinstabilitiesofthin
cylindricalshellsunderaxialload.
PauloB.GonalvesandZennJ.G.N.DelPrado,LowDimensionalGalerkinModelsforNonlinearVibration
andInstabilityAnalysisofCylindricalShells,NonlinearDynamics,Vol.41,Nos.13,2005,pp.129145,doi:
10.1007/s1107100528023
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdiscussesthederivationofdiscretelowdimensionalmodelsforthenonlinear
vibrationanalysisofthinshells.Inordertounderstandthepeculiaritiesinherenttothisclassofstructural
problems,thenonlinearvibrationsanddynamicstabilityofacircularcylindricalshellsubjectedtodynamic
axialloadsareanalyzed.Thischoiceisbasedonthefactthatcylindricalshellsexhibitahighlynonlinear
behaviorunderbothstaticanddynamicaxialloads.Geometricnonlinearitiesduetofiniteamplitudeshell
motionsareconsideredbyusingDonnellsnonlinearshallowshelltheory.Aperturbationprocedure,validated
inpreviousstudies,isusedtoderiveageneralexpressionforthenonlinearvibrationmodesandthediscretized
equationsofmotionareobtainedbytheGalerkinmethod.Theresponsesofseverallowdimensionalmodelsare
compared.Theseareusedtostudytheinfluenceofthemodellingontheconvergenceofcriticalloads,
bifurcationdiagrams,attractorsandlargeamplituderesponsesoftheshell.Itisshownthatratherlow
dimensionalandproperlyselectedmodelscandescribewithgoodaccuracytheresponseoftheshelluptovery
largevibrationamplitudes.
PauloB.Gonalves(1),FredericoM.A.Silva(1)andZennJ.G.N.delPrado(2)
(1)CivilEngineeringDepartment,PontificalCatholicUniversity,PUCRio,22453900RiodeJaneiro,RJ,
Brazil
(2)CivilEngineeringDepartment,FederalUniversityofGois,UFG,74605220Goinia,GO,Brazil
Transientandsteadystatestabilityofcylindricalshellsunderharmonicaxialloads,InternationalJournalof
NonLinearMechanics,Vol.42,No.1,January2007,pp.5870,SpecialIssue:NonlinearDynamicStabilityof
NonconservativeDissipativeSystems,doi:10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2006.12.011
ABSTRACT:Thetransientandsteadystateinstabilityofanaxiallyloadedcylindricalshellisdiscussedinthe
presentpaper.Donnell'sshallowshelltheoryisusedandtheshellspatialdiscretizationisobtainedbythe
Galerkinmethod.First,analternativevisionofthebucklingproblemthroughtheevolutionanderosionofsafe
basinsusingenergyandgeometricconsiderationsispresented,usinganautonomousconservativelow
dimensionalbutqualitativelyconsistentmodel.Then,theresponseofthecorrespondingdissipativesystemis
studiedintermsoftransientandsteadystatebehavior.Basedontheseresults,thebehavioroftheshellunder
harmonicaxialloadisinvestigatedthroughtheevolutionofbasinsofattraction.Bothparametricinstabilityand
escapefromasafeprebucklingwellareconsidered.Itisshownthatdampinghasabeneficialinfluenceonthe
magnitudeofthesteadystatebasinsofattractionbutmustbeconsideredwithcarewhentransientstabilityisof
concern.Basinboundariesofforceddissipativesystemsusuallybecomefractalleadingtoacomplex
topologicalstructureandswifterosionunderincreasingforcingamplitude.Wearguethattheanalysisofthe
evolutionofsafesteadystateandtransientbasinsandthespecificationofappropriatemeasuresoftheir
robustnessisanessentialstepinthederivationofsafedesignproceduresformultiwellandmultiattractor

systems.Themethodologypresentedinthisworkisparticularlysuitedtostructuralsystemsliabletounstable
bifurcation.
P.B.Gonalves,D.PamplonaandS.R.X.Lopes(CivilEngineeringDepartment,PontificalCatholicUniversity,
PUCRio22453900,RiodeJaneiro,Brazil),Finitedeformationsofaninitiallystressedcylindricalshellunder
internalpressure,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.50,No.1,January2008,pp.92103,
doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2007.05.001
ABSTRACT:Thispaperinvestigatesthelargedeformationsofanextendedthickcylindricaltubeunderinternal
pressure,withemphasisonthestaticnonlinearbehaviorandinstabilitiesoftheshell.Thickelastictubesthat
undergolargeelasticdeformationsunderinternalpressurecanexhibitnovelinstabilities.Aftersome
deformation,partofthetubebecomeshighlydeformedtakingtheformofabulge,whiletheremainderappears
almostunchanged.Thislocalinstabilityphenomenoncorrespondstoalimitpointalongthenonlinear
equilibriumpath.Aftertheonsetofthesehighlynonuniformdeformations,thelocalbulgeinitiallygrowswitha
markeddecreaseininternalpressurewhiletherestofthetubeunloads.First,adetailedexperimentalanalysisis
carriedoutinvolvingdifferentgeometriesandinitialaxialforcesandtheinfluenceoftheaxialforceandofthe
internalpressureonthecriticalpressureisinvestigated.Theshellusedintheexperimentsiscomposedofan
isotropic,homogeneousandhyperelasticrubber,whichismodeledasaMooneyRivlinincompressible
material,describedbytwoelasticconstants.Theseconstantsareobtainedbycomparingtheexperimentaland
numericalsolutionsfortheshellunderaxialtension.Thegoverningshellequationsaresolvednumerically
usingthefiniteelementmethod,usingtheprogramABAQUS.Theexperimentalresultsare,asshowninthe
paper,insatisfactoryagreementwiththenumericalanalysis.
PauloB.Gonalves(1)andDonaldMarkSantee(2)
(1)DepartamentodeEngenhariaCivil,PontifciaUniversidadeCatlicadoRiodeJaneiro(PUCRio),Rua
MarqusdeSoVicente225,Gvea,22453900RiodeJaneiro,RJ,Brazil,email:paulo@civ.pucrio.br
(2)DepartmentofMathematics,FederalUniversityofGois(UFG),CampusofCatalo,75705220Catalo,
GO,Brazil
InfluenceofUncertaintiesontheDynamicBucklingLoadsofStructuresLiabletoAsymmetricPostbuckling
Behavior,MathematicalProblemsinEngineeringVolume2008,ArticleID490137,24pages
doi:10.1155/2008/490137
ABSTRACT:Structuralsystemsliabletoasymmetricbifurcationusuallybecomeunstableatstaticloadlevels
lowerthanthelinearbucklingloadoftheperfectstructure.Thisismainlyduetotheimperfectionspresentin
realstructures.Theimperfectionsensitivityofstructuresunderstaticloadingiswellstudiedinliterature,but
littleisknowonthesensitivityofthesestructuresunderdynamicloads.Theaimofthepresentworkistostudy
thebehaviorofanarchetypalmodelofaharmonicallyforcedstructure,whichexhibits,underincreasingstatic
load,asymmetricbifurcation.First,theintegrityofthesystemunderstaticloadisinvestigatedintermsofthe
evolutionofthesafebasinofattraction.Then,thestabilityboundariesoftheharmonicallyexcitedstructureare
obtained,consideringdifferentloadingprocesses.Thebifurcationsconnectedwiththeseboundariesare
identifiedandtheirinfluenceontheevolutionofsafebasinsisinvestigated.Then,aparametricanalysisis
conductedtoinvestigatetheinfluenceofuncertaintiesinsystemparametersandrandomperturbationsofthe
forcingonthedynamicbucklingload.Finally,asafelowerboundforthebucklingload,obtainedbythe
applicationoftheMelnikovcriterion,isproposedwhichcomparewellwiththescatterofbucklingloads

obtainednumerically.
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Department,CatholicUniversity,PUCRio,RiodeJaneiro,Brazil,1999.
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vol.29,no.2,pp.101120,1994.
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London.SeriesA,vol.421,no.1861,pp.195225,1989.
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(12)J.M.T.ThompsonandM.S.Soliman,Indeterminatejumpstoresonancefromatangledsaddlenodebifurcation,Proceedings
oftheRoyalSocietyofLondon.SeriesA,vol.432,no.1884,pp.101111,1991.
(13)A.N.Lansbury,J.M.T.Thompson,andH.B.Stewart,BasinerosioninthetwinwellDuffingoscillator:twodistinct
bifurcationscenarios,InternationalJournalofBifurcationandChaos,vol.2,no.3,
pp.505532,1992.
(14)L.N.Virgin,IntroductiontoExperimentalNonlinearDynamics,CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,UK,2000.
(15)M.Amabili,NonlinearVibrationsandStabilityofShellsandPlates,CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,UK,2008.
(16)J.GuckenheimerandP.Holmes,NonlinearOscillations,DynamicalSystems,andBifurcationsofVectorFields,vol.42of
AppliedMathematicalSciences,Springer,NewYork,NY,USA,1983.
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oscillators,NonlinearAnalysis:Theory,Methods&Applications,vol.63,no.57,pp.902914,2005.
(19)J.Roorda,Instabilityofimperfectelasticstructures,Ph.D.Thesis,UniversityCollegeLondon,London,UK,1965.
(20)A.S.Galvo,P.B.Gonalves,andR.A.M.Silveira,PostbucklingbehaviorandimperfectionsensitivityofLframes,
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Engineering,vol.118,no.4,pp.970985,1992.
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126,no.1,pp.157165,1988.
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andVibration,vol.278,no.45,pp.10511080,2004.
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NY,USA,3rdedition,2004.
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NonlinearDynamics,vol.5,no.2,pp.153160,1994.
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Dynamics,vol.7,no.2,pp.129147,1995.
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P.B.Gonalves(1),F.M.A.Silva(1)andZ.J.G.N.DelPrado(2)
(1)CivilEngineeringDepartment,PontificalCatholicUniversity,PUCRio,22451900RiodeJaneiro,RJ,
Brazil
(2)CivilEngineeringDepartment,FederalUniversityofGois,UFG,74605220Goinia,GO,Brazil
Lowdimensionalmodelsforthenonlinearvibrationanalysisofcylindricalshellsbasedonaperturbation
procedureandproperorthogonaldecomposition,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.315,No.3,19August
2008,pp.641663,SpecialIssue:EUROMECHcolloquium483,Geometricallynonlinearvibrationsof
structures,doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2008.01.063
ABSTRACT:Informulatingmathematicalmodelsfordynamicalsystems,obtainingahighdegreeof
qualitativecorrectness(i.e.predictivecapability)maynotbetheonlyobjective.Themodelmustbeusefulfor
itsintendedapplication,andmodelsofreducedcomplexityareattractiveinmanycaseswheretimeconsuming
numericalproceduresarerequired.Thispaperdiscussesthederivationofdiscretelowdimensionalmodelsfor
thenonlinearvibrationanalysisofthincylindricalshells.Inordertounderstandthepeculiaritiesinherenttothis
classofstructuralproblems,thenonlinearvibrationsanddynamicstabilityofacircularcylindricalshell
subjectedtostaticanddynamicloadsareanalyzed.Thischoiceisbasedonthefactthatcylindricalshells
exhibitahighlynonlinearbehaviorunderbothstaticanddynamicloads.Geometricnonlinearitiesduetofinite
amplitudeshellmotionsareconsideredbyusingDonnell'snonlinearshallowshelltheory.Aperturbation
procedure,validatedinpreviousstudies,isusedtoderiveageneralexpressionforthenonlinearvibrationmodes
andthediscretizedequationsofmotionareobtainedbytheGalerkinmethodusingmodalexpansionsforthe
displacementsthatsatisfyalltherelevantboundaryandsymmetryconditions.Next,themodelisanalyzedvia
theKarhunenLoveexpansiontoinvestigatetherelativeimportanceofeachmodeobtainedbytheperturbation
solutiononthenonlinearresponseandtotalenergyofthesystem.Theresponsesofseverallowdimensional
modelsarecompared.Itisshownthatratherlowdimensionalbutproperlyselectedmodelscandescribewith
goodaccuracytheresponseoftheshelluptoverylargevibrationamplitudes.
Z.delPrado(1),P.B.Gonalves(2)andM.P.Padoussis(3)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,FederalUniversityofGois,74605200Goinia,GO,Brazil
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,CatholicUniversity,PUCRio,22453900RiodeJaneiro,RJ,Brazil
(3)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,McGillUniversity,817SherbrookeStreetW.,Montreal,Qubec,
CanadaH3A2K6
Nonlinearvibrationsandimperfectionsensitivityofacylindricalshellcontainingaxialfluidflow,Journalof
SoundandVibration,Vol.327,Nos.12,October2009,pp.211230,doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2009.06.016
ABSTRACT:Thehighimperfectionsensitivityofcylindricalshellsunderstaticcompressiveaxialloadsisa
wellknownphenomenoninstructuralstability.Ontheotherhand,lessisknownoftheinfluenceof
imperfectionsonthenonlinearvibrationsoftheseshellsunderharmonicaxialloads.Theaimofthisworkisto
studythesimultaneousinfluenceofgeometricimperfectionsandanaxialfluidflowonthenonlinearvibrations
andinstabilitiesofsimplysupportedcircularcylindricalshellsunderaxialload.Thefluidisassumedtobenon
viscousandincompressibleandtheflowtobeisentropicandirrotational.Thebehaviorofthethinwalledshell

ismodeledbyDonnell'snonlinearshallowshellequations.Itissubjectedtoastaticuniformcompressiveaxial
preloadplusaharmonicaxialload.Alowdimensionalmodalexpansion,whichsatisfiestherelevantboundary
andcontinuityconditions,andtakesintoaccountallrelevantnonlinearmodalinteractionsobservedinthepast
inthenonlinearvibrationsofcylindricalshellswithandwithoutflowisusedtogetherwiththeGalerkinmethod
toderiveasetofeightcouplednonlinearordinarydifferentialequationsofmotionwhichare,inturn,solvedby
theRungeKuttamethod.Theshellisconsideredtobeinitiallyatrest,inapositioncorrespondingtoapre
bucklingconfiguration.Then,aharmonicexcitationisappliedandconditionsforparametricinstabilityand
dynamicsnapthrougharesought.Theresultsclarifythemarkedinfluenceofgeometricimperfectionsandfluid
flowonthedynamicstabilityboundaries,bifurcationsandbasinsofattraction.
ZenonN.delPrado(1)andPauloB.Gonalves(2)
(1)SchoolofCivilEngineering,FederalUniversityofGois,UFG,74605200,Goinia,GO,Brazil
zenon@eec.ufg.br
(2)CivilEngineeringDepartment,CatholicUniversity,PUCRio,22453900,RiodeJaneiro,RJ,Brazil
paulo@pucrio.br
InfluenceofGeometryontheDynamicBucklingandBifurcationsofCylindricalShells,SDSSRio2010
StabilitysndDuctilityofSteelStructuresE.Batista,P.Vellasco,L.deLima(Eds.)RiodeJaneiro,Brazil,
September810,2010
ABSTRACT:Inthiswork,Donnellsnonlinearshallowshellequationsareusedtostudythedynamicbuckling
andbifurcationsofsimplysupportedcylindricalshellssubjectedtoaxialorlateralload.Amodalexpansion
witheightdegreesoffreedomcontainingthefundamental,companion,axiallyasymmetricandfiveaxi
symmetricmodesisusedtodescribethelateraldisplacementoftheshell.TheGalerkinmethodisusedtoobtain
thenonlinearequationsofmotionwhichare,inturn,solvedbytheRungeKuttamethod.Severalstudiesonthe
nonlineardynamicsofcylindricalshellsarefoundinliteraturebuttheyarerestrictedtospecificgeometries.In
thispaperweintendtostudythroughadetailedparametricanalysistheinfluenceoftheshellgeometry,
specificallyBatdorfsparameter,lengthtoradiusratioandradiustothicknessratioonthemainnonlinear
dynamiccharacteristicsoftheshell.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
[1]Amabili,M.andPadoussis,M.P.Reviewofstudiesongeometricallynonlinearvibrationsanddynamicsofcircularcylindrical
shellsandpanels,withandwithoutfluidstructureinteraction,AppliedMechanicsReviews,56,349381,2003.
[2]Karagiosis,K.N.Experimentsandtheoryonthenonlineardynamicsandstabilityofclampedshellssubjectedtoaxialfluidflow
orharmonicexcitation,PhDthesis,McGillUniversity,Montreal,Canada,2005.
[3]Padoussis,M.P.FluidStructureInteractions.SlenderStructuresandAxialFlow,Vol.2,ElsevierAcademicPress,London,2004.
[4]Amabili,M.NonlinearVibrationsandStabilityofShellsandPlates,CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,UK,2008.
[5]Evensen,D.A.Nonlinearflexuralvibrationsofthinwalledcircularcylinders.NASATND4090,1967.
[6]Dowell,E.H.andVentres,C.S.Modalequationsforthenonlinearflexuralvibrationsofacylindricalshell,InternationalJournal
ofSolidsandStructures,4,975991,1968.
[7]Ginsberg,J.H.Largeamplitudeforcedvibrationsofsimplysupportedthincylindricalshells,JournalofAppliedMechanics,40,
471477,1973.
[8]Chen,J.C.andBabcock,C.D.Nonlinearvibrationofcylindricalshells,AmericanInstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics
Journal,13,868876,1975.
[9]Gonalves,P.B.andBatista,R.C.Nonlinearvibrationanalysisoffluidfilledcylindricalshells,JournalofSoundandVibration,
127,133143,1988.
[10]Amabili,M.,Pellicano,F.,Padoussis,M.P.Nonlineardynamicsandstabilityofcircularcylindricalshellscontainingflowing
fluid.PartI:stability,JournalofSoundandVibration,225,655699,1999a.
[11]Amabili,M.,Pellicano,F.,Padoussis,M.P.Nonlineardynamicsandstabilityofcircularcylindricalshellscontainingflowing

fluid.PartII:largeamplitudevibrationswithoutflow,JournalofSoundandVibration,228,11031124,1999b.
[12]Amabili,M.,Pellicano,F.,Padoussis,M.P.Nonlineardynamicsandstabilityofcircularcylindricalshellscontainingflowing
fluid.PartIII:truncationeffectwithoutflowandexperiments,JournalofSoundandVibration,237,617640,2000a.
[13]Amabili,M.,Pellicano,F.,Padoussis,M.P.Nonlineardynamicsandstabilityofcircularcylindricalshellscontainingflowing
fluid.PartIV:largeamplitudevibrationswithflow,JournalofSoundandVibration,237,641666,2000b.
[14]DelPrado,Z.J.G.N.,Gonalves,P.B.,Padoussis,M.P.Nonlinearvibrationsandimperfectionsensitivityofacylindricalshell
containingaxialfluidflow,JournalofSoundandVibration,327,211230,,2009
[15]Pellicano,F.andAmabili,M.Dynamicinstabilityandchaosofemptyandfluidfilledcircularcylindricalshellsunderperiodic
axialloads,JournalofSoundandVibration,293,227252,2006.
[16]Catellani,G.,Pellicano,F.,DallAsta,D.,Amabili,M.Parametricinstabilityofacircularcylindricalshellwithgeometric
imperfections,Computers&Structures,82,26352645,2004.
[17]Gonalves,P.B.andDelPrado,Z.J.G.N.Nonlinearoscillationsandstabilityofparametricallyexcitedcylindricalshells,
Meccanica,37,569597,2002.
[18]Brush,D.O.andAlmroth,B.O.BucklingofBars,PlatesandShells.McGrawHillBookCompany,NewYork,1975.

ZenondelPrado(1),PauloB.Gonalves(2)andMichaelP.Padoussis(3)
(1)CivilEngineeringDepartment,UFG,74605220,Goinia,GO,Brazil
(2)CivilEngineeringDepartment,CatholicUniversity,PUCRio,22451900RiodeJaneiro,RJ,Brazil
(3)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,McGillUniversity,817SherbrookeStreetW.,Montral,Qubec,
CanadaH3A2K6
Nonlinearvibrationsandinstabilitiesoforthotropiccylindricalshellswithinternalflowingfluid,
InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.52,No.11,November2010,pp.14371457,SpecialIssue
onNonlinearOscillations,doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2010.03.016
ABSTRACT:Inthiswork,Donnellsnonlinearshallowshellequationsareusedtostudythedynamic
instabilityofperfectsimplysupportedorthotropiccylindricalshellswithinternalflowingfluidandsubjectedto
eitheracompressiveaxialstaticpreloadplusaharmonicaxialloadoraharmoniclateralpressure.Thefluidis
assumedtobenonviscousandincompressibleandtheflow,isentropicandirrotational.Anexpansionwith
eightdegreesoffreedom,containingthefundamental,companion,gyroscopic,andfouraxisymmetricmodesis
usedtodescribethelateraldisplacementoftheshell.TheGalerkinmethodisusedtoobtainthenonlinear
equationsofmotionwhicharesolvedbytheRungeKuttamethod.Adetailedparametricanalysisclarifiesthe
influenceoftheorthotropicmaterialpropertiesonthenonlinearbucklingandvibrationcharacteristicsofthe
shell.Numericalmethodsareusedtoidentifytheeffectofthefluidflowandappliedloadscontrolparameters
onthebifurcationsandstabilityoftheshellmotions.
P.B.Gonalves(1)andR.C.Batista(2)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,PontifciaUniversidadeCatlicaPUC/RJ,RiodeJaneiro22453,Brasil
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,COPPE/UniversidadeFederaldoRiodeJaneiro,RiodeJaneiro,CP
6850621945,Brasil
Nonlinearvibrationanalysisoffluidfilledcylindricalshells,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.127,
No.1,November1988,pp.133143,doi:10.1016/0022460X(88)903549
ABSTRACT:Atheoreticalanalysisispresentedfordeterminingtheelasticnonlinearvibrationsofa
prestressedthinwalledcylindricalshellfilledwithanidealfluid.Forthevibrationsoftheshellitself,the
dynamicversionoftheSandersnonlinearequationsforthecaseofmoderatelysmallrotationsisemployed.
Modalexpansionsareusedforthedisplacementsoftheshellmiddlesurfacethatarerequiredtosatisfythe
classicalsimplysupportedboundaryconditionsandthecircumferentialperiodicitycondition.Thefluidis

takenasnonviscousandincompressible,andthecouplingbetweenthedeformableshellandthismediumis
takenintoaccount.ThevelocitypotentialisexpandedintermsofharmonicfunctionswhichsatisfytheLaplace
equationtermbyterm.TheGalerkinmethodisusedtoreducetheproblemtoasystemofcoupledalgebraic
nonlinearequationsforthemodalamplitudes.Solutionsarepresentedtoshowtheeffectsoffluidandshell
parametersonthenonlinearvibrationsoftheshell.
FredericoM.A.Silva,PauloB.GonalvesandZennJ.G.N.delPrado,Analternativeprocedureforthenon
linearvibrationanalysisoffluidfilledcylindricalshells,NonlinearDynamics,2011,
doi:10.1007/s110710110037z
PARTIALABSTRACT:UsingDonnellnonlinearshallowshellequationsintermsofthedisplacementsand
thepotentialflowtheory,thisworkpresentsaqualitativelyaccuratelowdimensionalmodeltostudythenon
lineardynamicbehaviorandstabilityofafluidfilledcylindricalshellunderlateralpressureandaxialloading.
First,thereducedordermodelisderivedtakingintoaccounttheinfluenceofthedrivenandcompanionmodes.
Forthisamodalsolutionisobtainedbyaperturbationtechniquewhichsatisfiesexactlytheinplane
equilibriumequationsandallboundary,continuity,andsymmetryconditions.Finally,theequationofmotionin
thetransveraldirectionisdescretizedbytheGalerkinmethod.
FredericoM.A.Silva(1);PauloB.Gonalves(2);ZennJ.G.N.DelPrado(3)
(1)silvafma@eec.ufg.brFederalUniversityofGoisCivilEngineeringDepartment74605220Goinia,Gois,
Brazil
(2)paulo@pucrio.brPontificalCatholicUniversityofRiodeJaneiroCivilEngineeringDepartment22453900
RiodeJaneiro,RJ,Brazil
(3)zenon@eec.ufg.brFederalUniversityofGoisCivilEngineeringDepartment74605220Goinia,Gois,
Brazil
Influenceofphysicalandgeometricalsystemparametersuncertaintiesonthenonlinearoscillationsof
cylindricalshells,J.Braz.Soc.Mech.Sci.&Eng.vol.34no.spe2RiodeJaneiro2012
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S167858782012000600011

ABSTRACT:Thisworkinvestigatestheinfluenceofphysicalandgeometricalsystemparametersuncertainties
andexcitationnoiseonthenonlinearvibrationsandstabilityofsimplysupportedcylindricalshells.These
parametersarecomposedofbothdeterministicandrandomterms.Donnell'snonlinearshallowshelltheoryis
usedtostudythenonlinearvibrationsoftheshell.Todiscretizethepartialdifferentialequationsofmotion,
first,ageneralexpressionforthetransversaldisplacementisobtainedbyaperturbationprocedurewhich
identifiesallmodesthatcouplewiththelinearmodesthroughthequadraticandcubicnonlinearities.Then,a
particularsolutionisselectedwhichensurestheconvergenceoftheresponseuptoverylargedeflections.
Finally,theinplanedisplacementsareobtainedasafunctionofthetransversaldisplacementbysolvingthein
planeequationsanalyticallyandimposingthenecessaryboundary,continuityandsymmetryconditions.
SubstitutingtheobtainedmodalexpansionsintotheequationofmotionandapplyingtheGalerkin'smethod,a
discretesystemintimedomainisobtained.Severalnumericalstrategiesareusedtostudythenonlinear
behavioroftheshellconsideringtheuncertaintiesinthephysicalandgeometricalsystemparameters.Special
attentionisgiventotheinfluenceoftheuncertaintiesontheparametricinstabilityandescapeboundaries.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
Amabili,M.,2008,"NonlinearVibrationsandStabilityofShellsandPlates",CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,United
Kingdom,374p.

Amabili,M.andPadoussis,M.P.,2003,"Reviewofstudiesongeometricallynonlinearvibrationsanddynamicsofcircular
cylindricalshellsandpanels,withandwithoutfluidstructureinteraction",AppliedMechanicsReviews,Vol.56,pp.655699.
Batista,R.C.andGonalves,P.B.,1994,"NonLinearLowerBoundsforShellBucklingDesign",JournalofConstructionalSteel
Research,Vol.29,pp.101120.
Bazant,Z.andCedolin,L.,1991,"StabilityofStructures",OxfordUniversityPress,Oxford,UnitedKingdom,1011p.
Chu,H.N.,1961,"Influenceoflargeamplitudesonflexuralvibrationsofathincircularcylindricalshells",JournalofAerospace
Science,Vol.28,pp.302609.
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ColinG.Foster(DepartmentofCivilandMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofTasmania,GPOBox252C,
Hobart,Tasmania,7001,Australia),Interactionofbucklingmodesinthinwalledcylinders(Resultsof
combinedloadtestsinbucklingthinwalledcylindersshowthatexistingpublisheddatamaybeinadequate),
ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.21,No.3,1981,pp.124128,doi:10.1007/BF02326369
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsasummaryofsomerecentbucklingtestsconductedonthinwalledcylinders.
Thesetestsweremadewiththecylindersinaxialcompression,hoopcompression,torsionandcombinationsof
allthree.Resultsshowthatpresentlyavailabledesignmaterialontheinteractionofbucklingmodesmayneed
tobeupdated.

C.G.Foster(DepartmentofCivilandMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofTasmania,GPOBox252C,
Hobart,Tasmania,7001,Australia),Onthebucklingofthinwalledcylindersloadedinaxialcompression,
TheJournalofStrainAnalysisforEngineeringDesign,Vol.16,No.3,1981,pp.205210,
doi:10.1243/03093247V163205
ABSTRACT:Collapseloadsforthinwalledcylindersloadedinaxialcompressioncanbeestimatedby
consideringthebucklingfailureofequivalentspaceframes.Theseloadsarepresentedintheformofadesign
chartwherethecollapseloadforanycylindercanbedeterminedprovidedtheradiustothicknessratioofthe
cylinderandthesizeoftheshapedefectsinthecylinderareknown.Itisdemonstratedhowthesedefectscanbe
evaluatedbyanopticalexaminationofaproofloadedcylinder.Thereisgoodagreementbetweenestimated
collapseloadsforcylinderswithknownshapedefectsandmeasuredcollapseloads.
ColinG.Foster(DepartmentofCivilandMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofTasmania,GPOBox252C,
Hobart,Tasmania,7001,Australia),Axialcompressionbucklingofconicalandcylindricalshells,
ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.27,No.3,1987,pp.255261,doi:10.1007/BF02318091
ABSTRACT:Experimentsontheaxialcompressionbucklingofhighqualityepoxycylindricalshellswith
imposeddimpletypedefectsaredescribed.Additionally,atechniqueforthemanufactureofhighqualityepoxy
conicalshellswhichbuckleatloadsapproachingtheclassicalcriticalloadispresented.Forbothtypesofshells,
prebucklingdeformationshavebeenmonitoredoptically.Thesizesofdefectsdeterminedfromtheoptical
examinationwhenappliedinthespaceframeapproachtoshellbucklinghaveledtopredictedknockdown
factorswhichareremarkablyconsistentwithmeasuredknockdownfactors(i.e.,theratioofactualcollapseto
classicalcriticalload).
S.Krishnakumar(1)andC.G.Foster(2)
(1)UniversityofTorontoInstituteforAerospaceStudies,4925DufferinStreet,Downsview,OntarioM3H5T6,
Canada
(2)DepartmentofCivilandMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofTasmania,GPOBox252C,Hobart,
Tasmania,7001,Australia
Wholefieldopticalexaminationofcylindricalshelldeformation,ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.29,No.1,
1989,pp.1622,doi:10.1007/BF02327776
ABSTRACT:Inthispaperanopticaltechniqueforthemeasurementofradialdeformationincircular
cylindricalshellsisdiscussed.Thetechniqueisamodificationandimprovementonanearliermethod,usinga
conicalmirrorofsimplegeometrytoviewagratingreflectedfromtheinnersurfaceoftheshell.Thenew
systemallowsmoreprecisealignmentofthecomponentsoftheopticalsystemwiththeshell.Fringesobtained
bysuperpositionasintheLigtenbergmoirmethod,ordeviationsoflinesfromaregularpatternina
photographicimageprovideameasureoftheslopechangesonthesurfaceoftheshell.Theoreticalrelationsare
presentedforthreegridorientations,atleasttwoofwhichhavetobeusedinconjunctiontodeterminethetwo
componentsofslope.Illustrationsfortheuseandaccuracyofthetechniquearepresentedfortwocases.Inthe
first,deflectionsduetoatiltoftheaxisofthetestshellaremeasured;inthesecond,deformationsassociated
witharadialpointloadappliedatthefreeendofacylindricalshellwithoneendbuiltinaredetermined.

S.Krishnakumar(1)andC.G.Foster(2)
(1)UniversityofTorontoInstituteforAerospaceStudies,4925DufferinStreet,Downsview,OntarioM3H5T6,
Canada
(2)DepartmentofCivilandMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofTasmania,GPOBox252C,Hobart,
Tasmania,7001,Australia
Measurementofaxisymmetricprebucklingdeformationsinaxiallycompressedcylindricalshells,
ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.31,No.1,1991,pp.4751,doi:10.1007/BF02325723
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdescribesteststhatwereconductedonhighqualitycircularcylindricalshellsloadedin
axialcompression.Duringtheloadingsequencetheshellswerecontinuouslyexaminedbyanopticaltechnique
employingreflectedgridlines.Becauseofthehighsensitivityoftheopticalsystem,axisymmetricrippletype
prebucklingdeformationsweredetectedeventhoughtheshellscollapsedintotheconventionaldimpletype
bucklepattern.Althoughthisaxisymmetrictypedeformationispredictedbytheoreticalconsiderationsonly
limitedevidenceofitsexistencehasbeenpreviouslyreported.
S.Krishnakumar(1)andC.G.Foster(2)
(1)UniversityofTorontoInstituteforAerospaceStudies,4925DufferinStreet,Downsview,OntarioM3H5T6,
Canada
(2)DepartmentofCivilandMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofTasmania,GPOBox252C,Hobart,
Tasmania,7001,Australia
Bucklingofaxiallycompressedcylindricalshellswithlocalgeometricimperfections,inBucklingofshell
structures,onland,inthesea,andintheair,editedbyJ.F.Jullien,ElsevierAppliedSciencePublishingCo.,
Inc.,NewYork,1991
ABSTRACT:Theinfluenceoflargelocalizedgeometricimperfectionsonthestabilityandaxialloadcarrying
capacityofthinisotropiccircularcylindricalshellswasinvestigatedexperimentally.Diamondshaped
Yoshimurafacettypedimpleswereintroducedinotherwisenearperfectcylinders,andtheirbehaviorunder
compressiveloadwasmonitoredusingawholefieldgridreflectiontechnique.Bucklingtestswereconductedto
determinetheeffectsofshellgeometryandvariationsinthesizeandnjumberofdefects.Anempiricalformula
wasdevelopedforestimatingthedegradationinbucklingstrengthcausedbysingleormultiplelocalfacettype
defects.
S.KrishnakumarandC.G.Foster,Axialloadcapacityofcylindricalshellswithlocalgeometricdefects
ExperimentalMechanics,Vol.31,No.2,June1991,pp.104110,doi:10.1007/BF02327560
ABSTRACT:Theeffectoflocalgeometricdefectsonthebucklingloadofaxiallycompressedthincircular
cylindricalshellsisinvestigatedexperimentally.Defects,intheformofdiamondshapedlocaldimples,similar
tothebucklesoftheYoshimurapattern,wereintroducedinotherwisenearperfectisotropicepoxyshellsby
locallyheatingtheshellwall.Thebehaviorofthedefectsunderloadwasmonitoredopticallyusingaspecial
wholefieldgridreflectiontechnique.Theeffectsofvariationsinshellgeometryanddefectsizearealso
investigated.Ingeneral,theresultsindicatethattheeffectoflocaldiamondshapeddefectsonthestabilityof
theaxiallyloadedcylinderisnotasdetrimentalasthatoftheglobalinitialimperfectionshithertoinvestigated.

Anonymous,Bucklingandultimatestrengthassessmentforoffshorestructures,AmericanBureauofShipping
(ABS),April2004,updatedMarch2013,updatedFebruary2014
FOREWORD:ThisGuidefortheBucklingandUltimateStrengthAssessmentofOffshoreStructuresisreferred
tohereinasthisGuide.ThisGuideprovidescriteriathatcanbeusedinassociationwithspecificRulesand
GuidesissuedbyABSfortheclassificationofspecifictypesofOffshoreStructures.ThespecificRulesand
GuidesthatthisGuidesupplementsarethelatesteditionsofthefollowing.

RulesforBuildingandClassingOffshoreInstallations[forsteelstructureonly]

RulesforBuildingandClassingMobileOffshoreDrillingUnits(MODUs)

RulesforBuildingandClassingSinglePointMoorings(SPMs)

RulesforBuildingandClassingFloatingProductionInstallations(FPIs)[fornonshiptypehulls].
IncaseofconflictbetweenthecriteriacontainedinthisGuideandtheabovementionedRules,thelatterwill
haveprecedence.
HaiHongSun(HSun@eagle.org)andPaoLinTan(PTan@eagle.org),AmericanBureauofShipping,
BackgroundofABSBucklingStrengthAssessmentCriteriaforCylindricalShellsinOffshoreStructures,
ProceedingsofOMAE200625thInternationalConferenceonOffshoreMechanicsandArcticEngineeringJune
49,2006,Hamburg,Germany,OMAE200692408.
ABSTRACT:Cylindricalshells,unstiffenedorstiffenedwithringsand/orstringersarecommonlyusedin
offshorestructuresasmainloadingcarryingmembers.Comprehensivetheoreticalworkandexperimental
studiesonthebucklingbehaviorofcylindricalshellshavebeencarriedoutinthepast.Theincreasingoffshore
applicationofstiffenedcylindricalshellshasraisedsomenewchallengesthatneedtobeaddressed.
ThispaperprovidesthefundamentalprinciplesandtechnicalbackgroundoftheABSbucklingstrength
assessmentcriteriaforcylindricalshellsappliedinoffshorestructures.TheaccuracyofABSbucklingcriteria
forassessingthecylindricalshellsisestablishedbybenchmarkingtheresultsagainstanextensivedatabaseof
testresultsassembledbyAmericanBureauofShipping.Theresultsarealsocomparedagainstcurrent
recognizedoffshorestandards,suchasAPIBulletins2UandDnVCN30.1.ItisdemonstratedthattheABS
criteriaprovideveryeffectiveandsufficientlyaccuratepredictionsforthecylindricalshellbuckling
calculations.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
Das,PK,Faulkner,DandZimmerRA(1992b).EfficientReliabilityBasedDesignofRingandStringerStiffenedCylindersUnder
CombinedLoads,ProceedingsofBehaviorofOffshoreStructures(BOSS)'92,London.
DnV(1995).DNVClassificationNotesNo.30.1,BucklingStrengthAnalysis.
DnV(2002).DNVRPC202,BucklingStrengthofShellStructures.
Ellinas,CP,Supple,WJandWalker,AC(1984).BucklingofOffshoreStructures.J.P.Kenny.
Faulkner,D(1976).BucklingResearchNeedsforEfficientandSafeDesignofOffshoreSteelStructures,UniversityofGlasgow
ReportNAOE7603,5November1976.
Faulkner,D(1977).SomeThoughtsontheNatureofHazardsAffectingStructuresinDeeperWaters,JournalSUT,Vol.3.
Faulkner,D,Chen,YNandDeOliveira,JG(1983).LimitStateDesignCriteriaforStiffenedCylindersofOffshoreStructures,
AmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineersoftheNationalCongressofPressureVesselsandPipingTechnology,Portland,Oregon.
Faulkner,
D(1983).Private Communication,Conoco/ABSRuleCaseCommitteePaperRCC(c)21.
Miller,CD,Frieze,PA,Zimmer,RAandJan,HY(1983).CollapseTestsofFabricatedStiffenedCylindersunderCombined
Loads,AMSE4thNationalCongressofPressureVesselandPipingTechnology,Portland,OR.
Sun,HHandWang,X(2005).BucklingandUltimateStrengthAssessmentforFPSOStructures,SNAMETrans.,113,D04(D23),
Houston,TX.

D.Faulkner(1)andP.K.Das(2)
(1)UniversityofGlasgow,Glasgow,Scotland,UK
(2)BMTCORTECLtd.,Wallsend,TyneandWear,UK
Applicationofreliabilitytheorytostructuraldesignandassessmentofsubmarinesandotherexternally
pressurizedcylindricalstructures,inIntegrityofoffshorestructures4,editedbyD.Faulkner,M.J.Cowling,
andA.Incecik,1991,Elsevier,1994,SponPress,11NewFetterLane,London,EC4P4EE
ABSTRACT:ThepressurehullsofsubmersiblesarefrequentlydesignedtoBS5500whichevolvedfromRN
submarinedesign.Inthis,failurebylocalinterframeshellcollapseissoughtasabasisfordesignsincethe
strengthpredictionsarebasedongoodexperimentaldata.Overallmodesoffailureinvolvingframebendingor
trippingareavoidedbecauseoftheirgreatershapesensitivity.Thisisachievedbyacombinationofhigher
safetyfactorsand/orconservativeassumptions.
A.C.Morandi,P.K.DasandD.Faulkner(U.ofGlasgow),RingFrameDesigninOrthogonallyStiffened
CylindricalStructures,OffshoreTechnologyConference,1May4May1995,Houston,Texas,PaperNo.
7801MS,doi:10.4043/7801MS
ABSTRACT:Ringframedesignistheaspectleastwelltreatedintheavailabledesigncodesfororthogonally
stiffenedcylinders,particularlywhereaxialloadisdominant.Recentadvancesinthisparticularareaare
reviewed,togetherwiththerelevanttheoryandexperiments.DetailedFiniteElementanalysesofatypicalTLP
column,aswellasofitsredesignedversion,arepresentedandtheresultsarecomparedwithpresentprediction
methods.
A.C.Morandi,D.FaulknerandP.K.Das(Dept.NavalArchitecture&OceanEngineering,JamesWatt
Building,UniversityofGlasgow,Glasgow,G128QQ,UK),Frametrippinginringstiffenedexternally
pressurisedcylinders,MarineStructures,Vol.9,No.6,1996,pp.585608,
doi:10.1016/09518339(95)000208
ABSTRACT:Thispaperaddressestheproblemofdesigningringframesinexternallypressurisedcylindersto
avoidsideswaytripping.Aclosedformsolutionisproposedfortheelastictrippingpressure,includingthe
effectoftherotationalconstraintprovidedbytheshelltothetoeofthewebaswellasthewebdeformation
effect.SuchtheorycomparedreasonablywellwithnumericalresultsgivenbyABAQUSaswellasBOSOR4
andN9E.Thedifferencesbecomeunimportantwhenacolumncurveisusedforinelastictripping,calculated
withastructuraltangentmodulusapproach.Asafetyfactorforpreliminarydesignisproposedbasedon
parametricstudies.
WangBenHanMingbaoHuangZhupingYangQingchun(PekingUniversity),DynamicPlasticBucklingof
CylindricalShellUnderAxialImpactAnExperimentalStudy,ActaMechanicaSinica,198305.doi:
cnki:ISSN:04591879.0.198305009
ABSTRACT:ThepapergivestheresultsofanexperimentalstudyonthreesetsofAMaluminumalloy
cylindricalshellsunderaxialimpact.Thelengthoftheshellis100mm.Threedifferentthicknesses1.00mm,
1.42mm.and2.00mm.areused,andtheshellisfixedonajigandstruckbyamovingmassM(54gm.).The
influenceofdifferentimpactvelocitiesonbucklingbehaviorisdiscussed(seePig.2andphotograghs1,2).Itis
foundthatwhentheimpactvelocityislessthanacertaincriticalvalueVc1,eq.(4),theshellwillonlyexhibit

uniformplasticdeformationinboththeaxialandradialdirectionsanddoesnotproducesinusoidalwaves.Vc1
isthecriticalvelocityusuallydiscussedintheliterature,whenthisvelocityisexceeded,theshellbuckles.When
theimpactvelocityexceedsanothercriticalvalueVc2.theshellwillfurtherchangefromtheaxisymmetric
modeintoanonuniformtypeoflargedeformation.Theshellshortensgreatlyanditbeginstoloseitsload
carryingcapacity.Webelievethatthissecondcriticalvelocityisalsoquiteimportantinthestudyofdynamic
plasticbucklingcharacteristics.AnapproximatetheoreticalformulaforestimatingVc2basedonstrainrate
reversal(violationofeq.5)isgivenbyeq.(7).
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1LiuLiLiuTuguangZhangTaoLiTianyun(DepartmentofNavalArchitectureandOceanEngineering,HuazhongUniversityof
ScienceandTechnology,Wuhan,430074);ElasticPlasticDynamicBucklingOfCylindricalShellsUnderAxialNonUniformImpact
Loading[J];ActaArmamentarii;200204
2ZhangYanjiao(HuadongInstituteofTechnology)HanMingbao(PekingUniversity);AnExperimentalStudyOfInstabilityOf
CylindricalShellsUnderExternalPressureAndAxialImpact[J];ExplosionandShockWaves;198802
3LIULi,LIUTuguang,LITianyun(DepartmentofNavalArchitectureandOceanEngineering,HUST,Wuhan
430074,China);BucklingofCylindricalShellsunderAxialImpact[J];ExplosionAndShockWaves;200002
4ZHANGShanyuan,CHENGGuoqiang,MAHongwei,YANGGuitong(InstituteofAppliedMechanics,TaiyuanUniversityof
Technology,TaiyuanShanxi030024,China);DynamicPlasticBucklingofCylindricalShellsunderAxialImpact[J];ExplosionAnd
ShockWaves;200004
5LIULi,LIUTuguang,ZHANGTao,LITianyun(_DepartmentofNavalArchitectureandOceanEngineering,Huanzhong
UniversityofScienceandTechnology,Wuhan430074,Hubei,China_);ElasticplasticDynamicBucklingofCylindricalSheells
underCombinedLoading[J];ExplosionandShockWaves;200202
6ZHENGBo,WANGAnwen(DepartmentofMechanics,NavalUniversityofEngineering,Wuhan
430033,Hubei,China);Axisymmetricdynamicplasticbucklingofcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompressionwaves[J];Explosionand
ShockWaves;200803
7XuXinsheng,LiuShutian,LiuKaixin,LiYunpeng(InstituteofEngineeringMechanics,DalianUniversityof
Technology,Dalian,116023);NonAxisymmetricBucklingOfElasticCylindricalShellUnderAxialStressWave[J];ExplosionAnd
ShockWaves;199703
8DuSiqingChengduCollegeofGeology;TheFoldShiftPhenomenonAndShiftFoldsProducedBySuperpositionOfFlexural
Folds[J];GeologicalReview;198604
9WangDeyuYangGuitong(TaiyuanUniversityofTechnology);DynamicElasticBucklingOfCylindricalShellsUnderTorsional
ImpactBasedOnTheCatastropheTheory[J];EngineeringMechanics;199202
10YuanBi,ZhouHuizhong,XueSong(InstituteofNuclearEnergyTechnologyofTsinghuaUniversity,Beijing100084);TheDesign
ofHTR10ControlRodDamper[J];HighTechnologyLetters;200202

B.Prabu,N.Bujjibabu,S.Saravanan,A.Venkatraman,EffectofaDentofDifferentSizesandAnglesof
InclinationonBucklingStrengthofaShortStainlessSteelCylindricalShellSubjectedtoUniformAxial
Compression,AdvancesinStructuralEngineering,Vol.10,No.5,October2007,pp.581591,
doi:10.1260/136943307782417735
ABSTRACT:Generally,thincylindricalshellsaresusceptibleforgeometricalimperfectionslikenon
circularity,noncylindricity,dents,swellingsetc.Allthesegeometricalimperfectionsdecreasethestatic
bucklingstrengthofthincylindricalshells,butinthispaperonlyeffectofadentonstrengthofashort(L/D
"<1andR/t=280)stainlesssteelcylindricalshellisconsideredforanalysis.ThedentismodeledontheFE
surfaceofperfectcylindricalshellfordifferentanglesofinclinationandsizesathalftheheightofcylindrical
shell.Thecylindricalshellswithadentareanalyzedusingnonlinearstaticbucklinganalysis.Fromtheresults
itisfoundthatincaseofshorterdents,sizeandangleofinclinationdentsdonothavemucheffectonstatic
bucklingstrengthofthincylindricalshells,whereasinthecaseoflongdents,sizeandangleofinclinationof
dentshavesignificanteffect.Butbothshortandlongdentsreducethestaticbucklingstrengthdrastically.

B.Prabu,N.Rathinam,R.Srinivasan,K.A.S.Naarayen,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,Pondicherry
EngineeringCollege,Pondicherry605014,India,FiniteElementAnalysisofBucklingofThinCylindrical
ShellSubjectedtoUniformExternalPressure,JournalofSolidMechanicsVol.1,No.2(2009)pp.148158.
ABSTRACT:Oneofthecommonfailuremodesofthincylindricalshellsubjectedexternalpressureisbuckling.
Thebucklingpressureoftheseshellstructuresaredominantlyaffectedbythegeometricalimperfectionspresent
inthecylindricalshellwhichareverydifficulttoalleviateduringmanufacturingprocess.Inthiswork,only
threetypesofgeometricalimperfectionpatternsareconsiderednamely(a)eigenaffinemodeimperfection
pattern,(b)inwardhalflobeaxisymmetricimperfectionpatternextendedthroughouttheheightofthe
cylindricalshelland(c)localgeometricalimperfectionpatternssuchasinwarddimplewithvaryingwave
lengthslocatedatthemidheightofthecylindricalshell.ANSYSFEnonlinearbucklinganalysisincluding
bothmaterialandgeometricalnonlinearitiesisusedtodeterminethecriticalbucklingpressure.Fromthe
analysisitisfoundthatwhenthemaximumamplitudeofimperfectionsis1t,theeigenaffineimperfection
patterngivesoutthelowestcriticalbucklingpressurewhencomparedtotheotherimperfectionpatterns
considered.Whentheamplitudeofimperfectionsisabove1t,theinnerhalflobeaxisymmetricimperfection
patterngivesoutthelowestcriticalbucklingpressurewhencomparedtotheotherimperfectionpatterns
considered.
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[1]
RossC.T.F.,LittleA.P.F.,AdeniyiK.A.,2005,Plasticbucklingofringstiffenedconicalshellundereternalhydrostatic
pressure,OceanEngineering32:2136.
[2]
RossC.T.F.,LittleA.P.F.,AllsopR.,Smith,C.,EngelhardtM.,2007,PlasticGeneralinstabilityofringreinforcedconical
shellsunderuniformexternalpressure,MarineTechnology44(4):268277.
[3]
SchienderW.,BredeA.,2005,Consistentequivalentgeometricimperfectionsforthenumericalbucklingstrengthverification
ofcylindricalshellsunderuniformexternalpressure,ThinWalledStructures43(2):175188.
[4]
TimoshenkoP.S.,GereM.J.,1965,TheoryofElasticStability,McGrawHillPublications,SecondEdition,Singapore.
[5]
BrushD.O.,AlmrothB.O.,1975,BucklingofBars,PlatesandShells,Chapter5,McGrawHill,NewYork.
[6]
BushnellD.,1985,ComputerizedBucklingAnalysisofShells,MartinusNijhoffPublishers,Doedrecht.[7] TengJ.G.,Song
C.Y.,2001,Numericalmodelsfornonlinearanalysisofelasticshellswitheigenmodeaffineimperfections,InternationalJournalof
SolidsandStructures38:32633280.
[8]
FeatherstonC.A.,2003,Imperfectionsensitivityofcurvedpanelsundercombinedcompressionandshear,InternationalJournal
ofNonLinearMechanics38:225238.
[9]
KimSeungEock,KimChangSung,2002,Bucklingstrengthofthecylindricalshellandtanksubjectedtoaxiallycompressive
loads,ThinWalledStructures40:329353.
[10] Khelil,2002,Bucklingofsteelshellssubjectedtononuniformaxialandpressureloadings,ThinWalledStructures40:955
970.
[11] PircherM.,BerryP.A.,DingX.,BridgeR.Q.,2001,Theshapeofcircumferentialweldinducedimperfectionsinthinwalled
steelsilosandtanks,ThinWalledStructures39(12):9991014.
[12] KoiterW.T.,2001,Elasticstabilityandpostbucklingbehaviour,JournalofStructuralEngineering127(10):11291136.
[13] KhamlichiA.,BezzaziM.,LimamA.,2004,Bucklingofelasticcylindricalshellsconsideringtheeffectoflocalized
axisymmetricimperfections,ThinWalledStructures42:10351047.
[14] SchienderW.,2006,Stimulatingequivalentgeometricimperfectionsforthenumericalbucklingstrengthverificationofaxially
compressedcylindricalsteelshells,Comput.Mech.37:530536.
[15] HutchinsonJ.W.,TennysonR.C.,MuggeridgeD.B.,1971,Effectoflocalaxisymmetricalimperfectiononthebuckling
behaviorofacircularcylindricalshellunderaxialcompression,AIAAJournal9:4852.
[16] AmazigoJ.C.,BudianskyB.,1972,Asymptoticformulasforthebucklingstressesofaxiallycompressedcylinderswith
localizedorrandomaxisymmetricimperfections,ASMETransactions,JournalofAppliedMechanics39:179184.
[17] ShenHS.,LiQ.S.,2002,Thermomechanicalpostbucklingofsheardeformablelaminatedcylindricalshellswithlocal
geometricimperfections,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures39:45254542.

[18] SongC.Y.,TengJ.G.,RotterJ.M.,2004,Imperfectionssensitivityofthinelasticcylindricalshellssubjectedtoaxial
compression,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures41:71557180.
[19] ArboczJ.,StranesJ.H.,2004,Onaverifiedhighfidelityanalysisforaxiallycompressedcylindricalshells,in:45 th
AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamics&MaterialsConference,1922April2004,PalmSprings,California,
AIAA20041712.
[20] ANSYS10UserManual.

A.V.Raviprakash,B.Prabu,N.Alagumurthi,M.Naresh,A.Giriprasath(DepartmentofMechanical
Engineering,PondicherryEngineeringCollege,Pondicherry605014,India),EffectofThroughStationary
EdgeandCenterCracksonStaticBucklingStrengthofThinPlatesunderUniformAxialCompression,Journal
ofSolidMechanicsVol.1,No.2(2009)pp.118129
ABSTRACT:Thinplatestructuresaremorewidelyusedinmanyengineeringapplicationsasoneofthe
structuralmembers.Generally,bucklingstrengthofthinshellstructuresistheultimateloadcarryingcapacityof
thesestructures.Thepresenceofcracksinathinshellstructurecanconsiderablyaffectitsloadcarrying
capacity.Hence,inthiswork,staticbucklingstrengthofathinsquareplatewithacentreoredgecrackunder
axialcompressionhasbeenstudiedusinggeneralpurposeFiniteElementAnalysissoftwareANSYS.
Sensitivityofstaticbucklingloadofaplatewithacentreoraedgecrackforcracklengthvariationandits
verticalandhorizontalorientationshavebeeninvestigated.Eigenbucklinganalysisisusedtodeterminethe
staticbucklingstrengthofperfectandcrackedthinplates.First,bifurcationbucklingloadsofaperfectthin
platewithitsmodeshapesfromFEeigenbucklinganalysisarecomparedwithanalyticalsolutionforvalidating
theFEmodels.Fromtheanalysisofthecrackedthinplates,itisfoundthatverticalcracksaremoredominant
thanhorizontalcracksinreducingbucklingstrengthofthethinplates.Further,itisalsofoundthatasthecrack
lengthincreases,bucklingstrengthdecreases.
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[1]
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[11] ANSYSusermanual11.0.

B.Prabu(bp_pec@yahoo.com),A.V.Raviprakash,N.Rathinam,Parametricstudyonbucklingbehaviourof
thinstainlesssteelcylindricalshellsforcirculardentdimensionalvariationsunderuniformaxialcompression,
InternationalJournalofEngineering,ScienceandTechnologyVol.2,No.4,2010,pp.134149.

ABSTRACT:Itiswellknownthatthincylindricalshellstructureshavewideapplicationsasoneofthe
importantstructuralelementsinmanyengineeringfieldsanditsloadcarryingcapacityisdecidedbyits
bucklingstrengthwhichinturnpredominantlydependsongeometricalimperfectionspresentinit.Geometrical
imperfectionscanbeclassifiedaslocalanddistributedgeometricalimperfections.Butinthiswork,onlylocal
geometricalimperfectionnamelydentisconsideredforanalysis.Themainaimofthisstudyistodeterminethe
moreinfluentialdimensionalparameteroutoftwodentdimensionalparameters,oneistheextentofdent
presentoverasurfaceareaandtheotherisdentdepth,whichaffectthebucklingstrengthofthecylindrical
shellsdrastically.Toaccountfortheparameterextentofdentpresentoveranarea,thedentisconsideredas
circulardentanditsamplitudeisconsideredasdentdepth.Forthispurpose,finiteelement(FE)modelsof
cylindricalshellswithacirculardentathalftheheightofcylindricalshellshavingdifferentdentsizesare
generated.TheseFEmodelsareanalyzedusingANSYSnonlinearbucklinganalysis.Itisconcludedthat
extentofdentpresentoveranareaismoreinfluentialthandentdepth.Toverifythisconclusionfurther,FE
modelsofcylindricalshellswithtwocirculardentsathalftheheightofcylindricalshellplacedat180apart
havingdifferentdentsizesaregeneratedandanalyzed.
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B.Prabu(1),A.V.Raviprakash(1)andA.Venkatraman(2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,PondicherryEngineeringCollege,Puducherry605014,India
(2)RajivGandhiCollegeofEngineering&Technology,Puducherry607402,India
Parametricstudyonbucklingbehaviourofdentedshortcarbonsteelcylindricalshellsubjectedtouniform
axialcompression,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.48,No.8,August2010,pp.639649,
doi:10.1016/j.tws.2010.02.009
ABSTRACT:Generally,thincylindricalshellsaresusceptibleforgeometricalimperfectionslikenon
circularity,noncylindricity,dents,swellings,etc.Allthesegeometricalimperfectionsdecreasethestatic
bucklingstrengthofthincylindricalshells,butinthispaperonlyeffectofadentonstrengthofashort
(Lc/Rcnot,vert,similar1,Rc/t=117,175,280)cylindricalshellisconsideredforanalysis.Thedentismodeled
ontheFEsurfaceofperfectcylindricalshellfordifferentanglesofinclinationandsizesathalftheheightof
cylindricalshell.Thecylindricalshellswithadentareanalyzedusingnonlinearstaticbucklinganalysis.From
theresultsitisfoundthatincaseofshorterdents,sizeandangleofinclinationofdentsdonothavemucheffect
onstaticbucklingstrengthofthincylindricalshells,whereasinthecaseoflongdents,sizeandangleof
inclinationofdentshavesignificanteffect.Butbothshortandlongdentsreducethestaticbucklingstrength
drastically.Itisalsofoundthatthereductioninbucklingstrengthofthincylindricalshellwithadentofsame
sizeandorientationincreaseswithincreaseinshellthickness.
B.Prabu(1),A.V.Raviprakash(1)andA.Venkatraman(2)
(1)Dept.ofMechanicalEngineering,PondicherryEngineeringCollege,Puducherry605014,India
Email:bp_pec@yahoo.comandavrp@sify.com
(2)RajivGandhiCollegeofEnginering&Technology,Puducherry607402,India,
Email:avr2s@rediffmail.com
Neighbourhoodeffectoftwoshortdentsonbucklingbehaviourofshortthinstainlesssteelcylindricalshells,
Int.J.ComputerAidedEngineeringandTechnology,Vol.4,No.2,2012
ABSTRACT:Generally,thincylindricalshellsaresusceptibleforgeometricalimperfectionslikenon
circularity,noncylindricity,dents,swellingsetc.Allthesegeometricalimperfectionsdecreasethestatic
bucklingstrengthofthincylindricalshells.Inthiswork,neighbourhoodeffectoftwocircumferentialshort
dentsonthebucklingbehaviourofthinshortstainlesssteelcylindricalshellisstudiedindetail.Thedentsare
modelledontheFEsurfaceofperfectcylindricalshellathalftheheightofthecylindricalshellbyvaryingthe
centredistancebetweenthedents.ThesecylindricalshellsareanalysedusingnonlinearFEstaticbuckling
analysisandtheirbucklingbehavioursarecomparedwiththatofcylindricalshellwithashortcircumferential
dent.Itisfoundthattheeffectoftwoshortdentsanditsnearnesseffectseemtobenegligiblecomparedwith
theeffectofsingledentinreducingthebucklingstrengthofcylindricalshell.
Prabu,B.,Raviprakash,A.V.andRathinam,N.,Numericalbucklinganalysisofthincylindricalshellswith
combineddistributedandlocalgeometricalimperfectionsunderuniformaxialcompression,International
JournalofComputerAidedEngineeringandTechnology,Vol.4,No.4,July2012,pp.295320,
DOI:10.1504/IJCAET.2012.047813
ABSTRACT:Inthispaper,individualandcombinedeffectsofdistributedandlocalgeometricalimperfections
onthelimitloadofanisotropic,thinwalledcylindricalshellunderaxialcompressionareinvestigated.First
eigenaffinemodeshapeimperfectionpattern(FEAMSIP)istakenasdistributedgeometricalimperfectionsand

dentaslocalgeometricalimperfections.Limitloadofthecylindricalshellsaredeterminedusingnonlinear
staticfiniteelementanalysismoduleofgeneralpurposeFEsoftwareANSYS.Aparametricstudyontheeffect
ofbothimperfectionpatternsisdonebyvaryingthesizeandorientationofthedent.Fromthenumericalresults
obtained,itisfoundthatdistributedgeometricalimperfectionsnamely,FEAMSIPhavemoreinfluenceon
bucklingstrengththanlocalgeometricalimperfectionsnamelydent.
N.RathinamandB.Prabu,Staticbucklinganalysisofthincylindricalshellwithcentrallylocateddentunder
uniformlateralpressure,InternationalJournalofSteelStructures,Vol.13,No.3,pp.509518,2013
ABSTRACT:Oneofthecommonfailuremodesofthincylindricalshellsubjectedtoexternalpressureis
buckling.Thebucklingpressureoftheseshellstructuresaredominantlyaffectedbythegeometrical
imperfectionspresentinthecylindricalshellwhichareverydifficulttoalleviateduringmanufacturingprocess.
Dentisoneofthecommongeometricalimperfectionspresentinthinshellstructureswhichmaybeformeddue
tomechanicaldamagecausedbyaccidentalloadingorimpact.Inthiswork,influenceofvariousdent
parameters(dentlength,dentwidth,dentdepthandangleoforientationofthedent)onthecriticalbuckling
pressureofthincylindricalshellswithacentrallylocateddentisstudiedusingnonlinearstaticfiniteelement
analysisofANSYSunderexternalpressurewithsimplysupportedboundaryconditionsatthetopandbottom
edgesofthethincylindricalshell.
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wavenumbersqmayexistabovetheinstabilitythreshold.

N.DamilandM.PotierFerry(LaboratoiredePhysiqueetMcaniquedesMatriaux,UnitdeRecherche
AssocieauCNRS1215,FacultdesSciences,IleduSaulcy,57000Metz,France),ANewmethodto
computeperturbedbifurcations:Applicationtothebucklingofimperfectelasticstructures,International
JournalofEngineeringScience,Vol.28,No.9,1990,pp.943957,doi:10.1016/00207225(90)90043I
ABSTRACT:Wepresentanewasymptoticnumericalmethodforthebucklinganalysisofimperfectelastic
structures.Itimprovestheclassicalestimategivenbythetheoriesofpostbucklingorofperturbedbifurcation.
Bythisway,weareabletocomputenumericallyaclassofnonlinearproblemsbyinvertingonlyonestiffness
matrix.
R.Abdelmoula(1),N.Damil(2),M.PotierFerry(3)
(1)EDF,Clamart,France
(2)UniversitHassanII,FacultdesSciencesII,BenM'sik,Casablanca,Morocco
(3)LaboratoiredePhysiqueetMcaniquedesMatriaux,UnitdeRechercheAssocieauCNRS1215,Facult
desSciences,IleduSaulcy,57045,Metz,France
Influenceofdistributedandlocalizedimperfectionsonthebucklingofcyindricalshellsunderexternal
pressure,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.29,No.1,1992,pp.125,
doi:10.1016/00207683(92)900928
ABSTRACT:Theinfluenceofdistributedand/orlocalizedimperfectionsonthebucklingloadisanalysed
withintheframeworkofcellularbifurcationtheory.Weproposeanalyticalformulaeforthereductionofthe
criticalbucklingpressureofthoseshellsinthepresenceofvarioustypesofimperfections.
R.Abdelmoula(1)andA.Leger(2)
(1)LaboratoiredesPropritsMcaniquesetThermodynamiquesdesMatriaux,InstitutGalile,Universit
ParisNord,Avenuej.b.Clment,93430Villetaneuse,France
(2)LaboratoiredeMcaniqueetd'Acoustique,CNRS,31,cheminJosephAiguier,13402Marseillecedex20,
France
Singularperturbationanalysisofthebucklingofcircularcylindricalshells,EuropeanJournalofMechanics
A/Solids,Vol.27,No.4,JulyAugust2008,pp.706729,doi:10.1016/j.euromechsol.2007.11.010
ABSTRACT:ThispaperdealswiththebucklingofthincylindricalshellswithverylargeBatdorfparameters
underexternalpressure.Wefirstperformasimplifiedanalysisfromwhichweobtainexplicitformulaeforthe
criticalload.Anasymptoticanalysisiscarriedoutwithaviewtodeterminingtheeffectsoftheboundary
conditionsonthecriticalloadsandbucklingshapes.TheinverseoftheBatdorfparameteristheconvenient
smallparameteroftheanalysis.Amongthewholesetofboundaryconditions,theaxialboundaryconditionsare
foundtobehavecruciallyimportantatthefirstorder.Thisanalysisalsoshowstheexistenceofboundarylayers
inwhichtheremainingboundaryconditionsareonlysignificantatthesecondorder,attheverymost.
A.Zghal(1),A.Naddari(2)andM.PotierFerry(2)
(1)LaboratoiredeMcaniquedesSolidesetdesStructurescoleSuprieuredesSciencesetTechniques5
AvenueTahaHussein1008MontfleuryTunisTunisie

(2)LaboratoiredePhysiqueetMcaniquedesMatriaux,UMRCNRS7554UniversitdeMetz,ISGMPIledu
SaulcyF57045MetzCedex01France
BucklingAnalysisBasedonPolycristallinePlasticity,RevuedeMecaniqueAppliqueeetTheorique,Vol.1,
No.1,2000,pp.4161
ABSTRACT:Werevisitthedelicateproblemofchoosinganappropriateconstitutivelawtomodelbucklingof
thinwalledstructures.Theclassicalflowanddeformationtheoriesarecomparedwithamicromechanical
model.Weestablishthatapolycrystallinemodellingisabletoexplainwhythedeformationtheoryisbetterthan
theflowtheorytopredictplasticbuckling.Thiscomparisonisachievedforasimplebucklingproblem,witha
viewtodesigncharacterizationtestsfortheevaluationofthetangentstiffnessmatrix.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1.BushnellD.,Bifurcationbucklingofshellsofrevolutionincludinglargedeflections,plasticityandcreep.,Int.J.SolidsStructures
Vol.10.pp.12891305,(1974).
2.ChristoffersenJ.andHutchinsonJ.W.,Aclassofphenomenologicalcornertheoriesofplasticity,J.Mech.Phys.Solids,Vol.27.
pp.465487,(1979).
3.CombescureA.,Etudedelastabilitnonlinairegomtriqueetnonlinairematriaudescoquesminces,Habilitationdirigerdes
recherches,INSAdeLyon,(1995).
4.DesbordesO.,editorMateriaux,Mcanique,Modlisation.RevueEuropennedesElmentsFinisVol.3,pp.491595,(1994).
5.FranciosiP.,GlidemechanismsinBCCcrystals,ActaMetall,Vol.31,pp.13311341,(1983).
6.HihiA.,Nouvelleformulationetmiseenoeuvred'unmodleselfconsistentpourl'analysedel'coulementanisotropeetdes
texturesdedformationdepolycristauxmtalliques,Thsed'tat,UniversitParisXIII,(1982).
7.HillR.,Ageneraltheoryofuniquenessandstabilityinelasticplasticsolids,J.Mech.Phys.Solids
Vol.6,pp.236249,(1958).
8.HillR.,Continuummicromechanicsofelastoplasticpolycristals,J.Mech.Phys.Solids,Vol.13,pp.
89101,(1965).
9.HutchinsonJ.W.,Plasticbuckling,Adv.AppliedMechanicsVol.14,pp.67144,(1974).
10.HutchinsonJ.W.andBudianskyB.,Analyticalandnumericalstudyoftheeffectsofinitialimperfectionsontheinelasticbuckling
ofcruciformcolumn.Bucklingofstructures,(ed.B.Budiansky)Springer,Berlin,pp.98105,(1976).
11.Hutchinson,J.W.,Elasticplasticbehaviourofpolycrystallinemetalsandcomposites,Proc.Roy.Soc..Lond.A319.pp.247.272,
(1970).
12.IwakumaT.andNematNasserS.,Finiteelasticplasticdeformationofpoycristallinemetals,Proc.Roy.Soc.Lond.A304.pp.87
119,(1984).
13.LipinskiP.andBerveillerM.,Elastoplasticityofmicroinhomogeneousmetalsatlargestrains,.Int.J.Plast.5,pp.149172,(1989).
14.LipinskiP.,KrierJ.andBerveillerM.,Elastoplasticitdesmtauxengrandesdformations:comportementglobaletvolutionde
lastructureinterne,Rev.Phys.Appl.25.pp.149172,(1990).
15.LipinskiP.,NaddariA.andBerveillerM.,Recentresultsconcerningthemodellingofpolycrystallineplasticityatlargestrains,Int.
J.SolidsStructures,Vol.29,pp.18731881,(1992).
16.NealeK.W.,Phenomenologicalconstitutivelawsinfiniteplasticity,SMArchivesVol.6,pp.79128,(1981).
17.NguyenQ.S.,Editor,Bifurcationandstabilityofdissipativesystems,CISMcollection,Springer,Vienna,(1993).
18.SewellM.J.,Asurveyofplasticbucklinginstability,(edH.Leipholz)Univ.ofWaterlooPress.pp.85197,(1972).
19.ShanleyF.R.,Inelasticcolumntheory,J.Aeronaut.Sci.Vol.14,pp.261267,(1947).
20.TvergaardV.,Effectofplasticityonpostbucklingbehaviour,LecturesNotesinphysics288.J.Arbocz,M.PotierFerry,J.Singer
andV.Tvergaard,bucklingandpostbuckling.SpringerVerlag.
Heidelberg,pp.143180,(1987).

F.Ayari(1and2),AliZghal(1)andE.Bayraktar(2)
(1)LaboratoryofMechanics,CollegeofScienceandTechnology,1008Montfleury,Tunis,Tunisia
(2)Supmca/LISMMAParis,SchoolofMechanicalandManufacturingEngineering,France
NumericalStudyofCrackedTitaniumShellunderCompression,AdvancedMaterialsResearch(Volumes

264265),June2011,pp.490495,doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.264265.490
ABSTRACT:Inmanyindustrialconditions,lightthintitaniumshellsarewellusedundervarioussevere
loadingconditions.Itisofinteresttoknowtherealconditionsthatgoverntheinstabilityofacrackedpanel
subjecttobucklingloadsinordertoconserveasmaximumaspossiblethestrengthofthestructure.Several
parameterscanbevariedinordertoachievethisobjective.Theaimofthisstudyistodeterminetheevolution
oftheseparametersinordertoachieveoptimalcrackpropagationconditionswhilekeepingtheseparameters
withinreasonablelimitsofphysicalandeconomicfeasibility.Forthepurposeofthecurrentstudythe
consideredstructurecanberegardedasthincylindricalshellofradiusr,thicknesstwithaninitialthroughcrack
oflengtha.Thetitaniumcylindricalshellissealedononeedgeandcompressionisappliedontheother.An
additionalappliedpressurecangeneratesastressanddeformationfieldaroundthecracktipthathasbending
stressesandmembranestressesandappearsasabulgearoundthecrackarea.Thispapergivedetailsofa
simulationwithFEAnumericalanalysisthatdeterminegoverninginstabilityconditionsofaTitaniumshell
underparticularloadingconditionsandtoputinlighttheeffectofbulgingonthestressintensityfactoratthe
cracktips.Thisbulgingfactormeasurestheseverityofthestressintensityinthebulgedcrackcomparedtoa
planeshellsubjectedtoequivalentloadingconditions.
AhmadElhageHussein(1),MichelPotierFerry(1)andNoureddineDamil(2)
(1)LaboratoiredePhysiqueetMcaniquedesMatriaux,UMRCNRS7554,InstitutSuprieurdeGnie
McaniqueetProductique,UniversitdeMetz,IleduSaulcy,57045Metzcedex01,France
(2)LaboratoiredeCalculScientifiqueenMcanique,FacultdesSciencesBenM'Sik,UniversitHassanII,
SidiOthman,Casablanca7955,Morocco
AnumericalcontinuationmethodbasedonPadapproximants,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,
Vol.37,Nos.4647,November2000,pp.69817001,doi:10.1016/S00207683(99)003236
ABSTRACT:Acontinuationalgorithmispresentedwithanewpredictor,whichisbasedonarational
representationofthesolutionpath.Thisalgorithmbelongstotheclassofasymptoticnumericalmethodsthat
connectperturbationtechniqueswithadiscretizationprinciplewithouttheuseofacorrectionprocess.Several
examplesfromshellbucklingandfromcontactmechanicsareanalyzed,toassesstheefficiencyandthe
reliabilityofthemethod.
M.Jamal(1),L.Lahlou(1),M.Midani(1),H.Zahrouni(2),A.Limam(3),N.Damil(1)and
M.PotierFerry(2)
(1)FacultdessciencesBenMSik,LaboratoiredeCalculScientifiqueenMcanique,UniversitHassanII
Mohammedia,B.P.7955,SidiOthman,Casablanca,Morocco
(2)LPMM,UMRCNRS7554,ISGMP,UniversitdeMetz,IleduSaulcy,57045,MetzCedex01,France
(3)INSALyon,URGCStructures,Bt.30420,avenueAlbertEinstein,69621,VilleurbanneCedex,France
Asemianalyticalbucklinganalysisofimperfectcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,International
JournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.40,No.5,March2003,pp.13111327,
doi:10.1016/S00207683(02)005838
ABSTRACT:Intheframeworkofthecellularbifurcationtheory,weinvestigatetheeffectofdistributedand/or
localizedimperfectionsonthebucklingoflongcylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression.Usingadoublescale
perturbativeapproachincludingmodesinteraction,weestablishthattheevolutionofamplitudesofinstability
patternsisgovernedbyanonhomogeneoussecondordersystemofthreenonlinearcomplexequations.The

localizedimperfectionsareincludedbyemployingjumpconditionsfortheiramplitudeandpermitting
discontinuousderivatives.Bysolvingtheseamplitudeequations,weshowtheinfluenceofdistributedand/or
localizedimperfectionsonthereductionofthecriticalload.Toassessthevalidityofthepresentmethod,our
resultsarecomparedtothosegivenbytwofiniteelementcodes.
E.H.E.H.Boutyour(1),H.Zahrouni(2),M.PotierFerry(2)andM.Boudi(3)
(1)FacultdesSciencesetTechniques,UniversitHassanI,SettatB.P.577,Morocco
(2)LaboratoiredePhysiqueetMecaniquesdesMateriaux,U.M.R.CNRS7554,I.S.G.M.P.,Universitde
Metz,IleduSaulcy,MetzCedex0157045,France
(3)EcoleMohammadiad'Ingnieurs,UniversitMohamedV,BdIbnSinaB.P.765,AgdalRabat,Morocco
Asymptoticnumericalmethodforbucklinganalysisofshellstructureswithlargerotations,Journalof
ComputationalandAppliedMathematics,Vol.168,Nos.12,July2004,pp.7785,SpecialIssue:Selected
PapersfromtheSecondInternationalConferenceonAdvancedComputationalMethodsinEngineering
(ACOMEN2002),doi:10.1016/j.cam.2003.05.010
ABSTRACT:Inthispaperthebucklingandpostbucklingofelasticstructurestakingintoaccountlarge
rotationsareinvestigatedusinganasymptoticnumericalmethod.Thecriticalpointsaredetectedbytwo
differentways:firstbyabifurcationindicator,secondbyanalysingthepolesofaPadapproximant.Thefirst
stepofthepostbucklingbranchiscomputedstartingfromthebifurcationpointandusinganextendedsystem.
Theremainingbifurcatingbranchisfollowedbythesamealgorithmasforthefundamentalpath.Several
examplesaretestedtoshowtheeffectivenessoftheproposedmethod.
S.ElBorgi,W.AloulouandA.Zghal,Bucklingofafunctionallygradedcoatingwithanembeddedcrack
bondedtoahomogeneoussubstrate,InternationalJournalofFracture,Vol.142,Nos.12,2006,pp.137150,
doi:10.1007/s1070400690318
ABSTRACT:Inanattempttosimulatebucklingofnonuniformcoatings,weconsidertheproblemofan
embeddedcrackinafunctionallygradedcoatingbondedtoahomogeneoussubstratesubjectedtoa
compressiveloading.Thecoatingisgradedinthethicknessdirectionandthematerialgradientisorthogonalto
thecrackdirectionwhichisparallelwiththefreesurface.Theloadingconsistsofauniformcompressivestrain
appliedawayfromthecrackregion.Thegradedcoatingismodeledasanonhomogeneousmediumwithan
isotropicstressstrainlaw.Usinganonlinearcontinuumtheoryandasuitableperturbationtechnique,theplane
strainproblemisreducedtoaneigenvalueproblemdescribingtheonsetofbuckling.Usingintegraltransforms,
theresultingplaneelasticityequationsareconvertedanalyticallyintosingularintegralequationswhichare
solvednumericallytogivethecriticalbucklingstrainandthecorrespondingcrackopeningdisplacement
shapes.Themainobjectiveofthepaperistostudytheinfluenceofmaterialnonhomogeneityonthebuckling
resistanceofthegradedlayerforvariouscrackpositionsandcoatingthicknesses.
FoudilMohri(1and3),CherifBouzerira(2)andMichelPotierFerry(3)
(1)DpartementGnieCivil.LeMontet,Nancyuniversit,UniversitHenriPoincar,IUTNancyBrabois,
RueduDoyenUrionCS90137,54601VillerslesNancy,France
(2)NonDestructiveTestsLaboratory,CivilEngineeringDepartment,JijelUniversity,Algeria
(3)LPMM,UMRCNRS7554,ISGMP,UniversitPaulVerlaineMetz,IleduSaulcy,57045Metz,France

Lateralbucklingofthinwalledbeamcolumnelementsundercombinedaxialandbendingloads,ThinWalled
Structures,Vol.46,No.3,March2008,pp.290302,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2007.07.017
ABSTRACT:Basedonanonlinearstabilitymodel,analyticalsolutionsarederivedforsimplysupported
beamcolumnelementswithbisymmetricIsectionsundercombinedbendingandaxialforces.Anunique
compactclosedformisusedforsomerepresentativeloadcasesneededindesign.Itincludesfirstorderbending
distribution,loadheightlevel,prebucklingdeflectioneffectsandpresenceofaxialloads.Theproposed
solutionsarevalidatedbyrecoursetononlinearFEMsoftwarewhereshellelementsareusedinmeshprocess.
Theagreementoftheproposedsolutionswithbifurcationsobservedonnonlinearequilibriumpathsisgood.It
isprovedthatclassicallinearstabilitysolutionsunderestimatetherealresistanceofsuchelementinlateral
bucklingstabilityespeciallyforIsectionwithlargeflanges.Numericalstudyofincidenceofaxialforceson
lateralbucklingresistanceofredundantbeamsiscarriedout.Whenaxialdisplacementsofabeamareprevented
importanttensionaxialforcesaregeneratedinthebeam.Thisresultsinimportantreductionofdisplacements
andforsomesections,thebeambehaviourbecomesnonlinearwithoutanybifurcation.
NoureddineDamil(1)andMichelPotierFerry(2)
(1)LaboratoiredeCalculScientifiqueenMcanique,FacultdesSciencesBenMSik,UniversitHassanII
MohammediaCasablanca,SidiOthman,Casablanca,Morocco
(2)LaboratoiredePhysiqueetMcaniquedesMatriaux,FRECNRS3236,UniversitPaulVerlainedeMetz,
IleduSaulcy,57045Metz,France
Influenceoflocalwrinklingonmembranebehaviour:Anewapproachbythetechniqueofslowlyvariable
Fouriercoefficients,JournaloftheMechanicsandPhysicsofSolids,Vol.58,No.8,August2010,pp.1139
1153,doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2010.04.002
ABSTRACT:Inthispaper,anewtechniqueusingslowlyvariableFouriercoefficientsandtheasymptotic
LandauGinzburgapproacharerediscussedandcompared.Theaimistodefinesimplemacroscopicmodels
describingtheinfluenceoflocalwrinklingonmembranebehaviour.Thisquestionisanalyzedbyconsidering
thesimpleexampleofabeamrestingonanonlinearWinklerfoundation.
SiaNematNasser,JeomYongChoi,JonB.Isaacs,andDavidW.Lischer(UniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,
CenterofExcellenceforAdvancedMaterials9500GilmanDrive,LaJolla,CA920930416,email:
sia@ucsd.edu),ExperimentalObservationofHighrateBucklingofThinCylindricalShapememoryShells,
SmartStructuresandMaterials2005:ActiveMaterials:BehaviorandMechanics, 347EditedbyWilliamD.
Armstrong,ProceedingsofSPIEVol.5761(SPIE,Bellingham,WA,2005)doi:10.1117/12.600238
ABSTRACT:Weinvestigatethebucklingbehaviorofthincylindricalshapememoryshellsatroom
temperature,usingamodifiedsplitHopkinsonbarandanInstronhydraulictestingmachine.Thequasistatic
bucklingresponseisdirectlyobservedusingadigitalcamerawithacloseuplensandtwobackmirrors.Ahigh
speedImacon200framingcameraisusedtorecordthedynamicbucklingmodes.Theshapememoryshells
withanaustenitefinishtemperaturelessthantheroomtemperature,bucklegraduallyandgracefullyinquasi
staticloading,andfullyrecoveruponunloading,showingasuperelasticproperty,whereaswhensuitably
annealed,theshellsdonotrecoverspontaneouslyuponunloading,buttheydosoonceheated,showingashape
memoryeffect.Thegradualandgracefulbucklingoftheshapememoryshellsisassociatedwiththestress
inducedmartensiteformationandseemstohaveaprofoundeffectontheunstabledeformationsofthin
structuresmadefromshapememoryalloys.

Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

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Saadat,S.,Salichs,J.,Noori,M.,Davood,H.,Baron,I.,Suzuki,Y.,andMasuda,A.,2002,Anoverviewofvibrationand
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Elzey,D.M.,Sofla,A.Y.N.,andWadley,H.N.G.,2002,Shapememorybasedmultifunctionalstructuralactuatorpanels,
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Thompson,S.P.,andLoughlan,J.,2000,Thecontrolofthepostbucklingresponseinthincompositeplatesusingsmart
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Abramowicz,W.,andJones,N.,1984,Dynamicaxialcrushingofcirculartubes,Inter.J.ImpactEng.,2,pp.263281.
[10] Jones,N.,1989,Structuralimpact,CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge,UK.
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usedasimpactenergyabsorbers,Inter.J.Mech.Sci.,35,pp.10351052.
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inbucklingofthinwalledstructures,JohnWileyandSonsInc,NewYork,USA.
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studiesonthequasistaticaxialcrushingofsteelcolumnsfilledwithaluminumfoam,Inter.J.SolidsStruct.,37,pp.41254147.
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plate,Smartstructuresandmaterials:activematerials:behaviorandmechanics,SPIEVol.5387,pp.218226.
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JinHoRoh(1),IlKwonOh(2),SeungManYang(1),JaeHungHan(1)andInLee(1)
(1)DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,KoreaAdvancedInstituteofScienceandTechnology,3731
Guseongdong,Yuseonggu,Daejeon,305701,Korea
(2)SchoolofMechanicalSystemsEngineering,ChonnamNationalUniversity,300,Yongbongdong,Bukgu,
Gwangju,500757,Korea
Thermalpostbucklinganalysisofshapememoryalloyhybridcompositeshellpanels,SmartMaterialsand
Structures,Vol.13,No.6,1337,2004,doi:10.1088/09641726/13/6/006
ABSTRACT:Thethermalpostbucklingresponsesofshapememoryalloyhybridcomposite(SMAHC)shell
panelsareinvestigatedusingafiniteelementmethodformulatedonthebasisofthelayerwisetheory.Thevon
Karmannonlineardisplacementstrainrelationshipsareappliedtoconsiderlargedeflectionsduetothermal
loads.Thecylindricalarclengthmethodisusedtotakeaccountofthesnappingphenomenonwhichisan
unstablebehaviorobservedintheshellpanels.AnonlinearfiniteelementprocedurebasedonBrinson'smodel
isdevelopedtoinvestigatethebehaviorsofshapememoryalloy(SMA)wire.Theresultsofnumericalanalysis

showthattherecoverystressesofSMAwirescanenhancethestiffnessofstructureandtheSMAHCshellpanel
exhibitssuperiorbehaviorsofthermalpostbucklingcomparedtotheconventionalcompositepanel.Itisalso
shownthatembeddingSMAwiresinacompositestructurecanpreventtheunstablepostbucklingbehavior.
GuanghuiShi,QingshengYangandQiangZhang(BeijingUniv.ofTechnology,China),Investigationof
bucklingbehaviorofcarbonnanotube/shapememorypolymercompositeshell,Proc.SPIE8409,Third
InternationalConferenceonSmartMaterialsandNanotechnologyinEngineering,840916(April2,2012);
doi:10.1117/12.923313
ABSTRACT:Shapememorypolymer(SMP)isaclassofsmartmaterialsusedinintelligentbiomedicaldevices
andindustrialapplicationassensorsoractuatorsfortheirabilitytochangeshapeunderapredetermined
stimulus.Carbonnanotube(CNT)/shapememorypolymer(SMP)compositesdemonstrategoodmechanical
propertiesandshapememoryeffect.Inthiswork,amodelofCNT/SMPcompositeshellwithavaultedcross
sectionwasestablished.ThiscompositeshellstructurecouldfurtherelevatetherecoverystressofCNT/SMP
composites.ThefoldingpropertiesofCNT/SMPcompositeshellstructurewereanalyzedbyfiniteelement
methodandtheinfluenceofstructuralparametersonthebucklingbehavioroftheshellwasstudiedusingthe
energyconservationprinciple.Theresultsindicatethatvaultedcrosssectionshellhaduniquemechanical
properties.Thestructuralparameters,suchasthevaultedradiusandthetotallengthhaveagreatimpacton
bucklingmomentoftheshell.Thisshellstructureisexpectedtoachieveeffectivecontrolofbucklingand
deployingprocess,relyingonthespecialshapememorypropertyofSMPandhighelasticmodulusCNTs.
Moreover,itcouldalsolargelyavoidthevibrationproblemduringthedeployingprocess.
MahmoudRezaAminiandSiaNematNasser(CenterofExcellenceforAdvancedMaterialsDepartmentof
MechanicalandAerospaceEngineeringUniversityofCalifornia,SanDiego,9500GilmanDrive,LaJolla,CA
920930416EMail:mamini@ucsd.edu),DynamicBucklingandRecoveryofThinCylindricalShape
MemoryShells,SmartStructuresandMaterials2005:ActiveMaterials:BehaviorandMechanics,editedby
WilliamD.Armstrong.ProceedingsofSPIEVol.5761(SPIE,Bellingham,WA,2005).0277786X/05/$15.
doi:10.1117/12/601178
ABSTRACT:Shapememoryalloyscansustainrelativelylargestrainsandfullyrecoverwithoutnoticeable
residualstrains.Thisisreferredtoassuperelasticity.Wehavebeenstudyingquasistaticanddynamicbuckling
ofrelativelythincircularcylindricalshellsconsistingofshapememoryalloysinordertounderstandthe
responsewhenusedasthecoreofthesandwichstructures.Theworkconsistsofexperimentalcharacterization
ofthebucklingprocess,aswellasnumericalsimulation.Forcomparison,wehavealsostudiedbothdynamic
andquasistaticbucklingofaluminumtubesofsimilardimensions.Thispresentationwillfocusonnumerical
simulationofdynamicbucklingofthesetubesandcorrelationwithexperimentalobservations.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

1.NematNasserS,KangWJ,McGeeJD,GueWG,andIssacsJB,Experimentalinvestigationofenergyabsorptioncharacteristicsof
sandwichstructures,2004.
2.AuricchioF,TaylorRT,LublinerJ,Shapememoryalloys:marcomodellingand
numericalsimulationsofthesuperelasticbehavior,Computermethodsinappliedmechanicsandengineering,1997,281312.
3.ReidSR,Plasticdeformationmechanismsinaxiallycompressedmetaltubesusedasimpactenergyabsorbers,Int.J.Mech.Sci.
1993,12:10351052.
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5.JonesN,AbramowiczW,Staticanddynamicaxialcrushingofcircularsquaretubes,Int.J.SolidStructures,1997,6:567591.

6.NematNasserS,IsaacsJB,Directmeasurementofisothermalflowstressofmetalsatelevatedtemperaturesandhighstrainrates
withapplicationtoTaandTaW
alloys,ActaMater.,1997,45,907919
7.AlexanderJM,Anapproximateanalysisofthecollapseofthincylindricalshellsunderaxialloading,/quart.J.Mech.Appl.Math.,
1960,13:1015.
8.ArboczJ,BabcockCD,Theeffectofgeneralimperfectionsonthebucklingofcylindricalshells,JournalofApplied
Mechanics,1969,pp:2838.
9.TanovR,TabieiA,Staticanddynamicbucklingoflaminatedcompositeshells,MechanicsofCompositeMaterialsandStructures,
1999,6:195206.
10.BudianskyB,HutchinsonJW,ASurveyofsomebucklingproblems,AIAAJournal,1966,4:15051510.
11.AbramowiczW,JonesN,Dynamicaxialcrushingofcirculartubes,Int.J.ImpactEngng.,1984,Vol.2,No.3,pp.263281.
12.NematNasserS,JeomYongC,WeiGuoG,IsaacsJB,VeryhighstrainrateresponseofaNiTishapememoryalloy,Mechanics
ofmaterials,2005,37:287298.

A.TabieiandG.Simitses(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineeringandEngineeringMechanics,Universityof
Cincinnati,Cincinnati,OH45221,U.S.A.),Imperfectionsensitivityofsheardeformablemoderatelythick
laminatedcylindricalshells,Computers&Structures,Vol.62,No.1,January1997,pp.165174,
doi:10.1016/S00457949(96)002374
ABSTRACT:Theproblemofinstabilityofimperfect,laminated,circularcylindricalshellsundertheactionof
uniformaxialcompressionisinvestigated.Theanalysisisbasedonnonlinearkinematicrelationswherethe
effectoftransversesheardeformationistakenintoaccount.Thebucklingisassumedtobeelasticandthe
geometrytohaveinitialgeometricimperfections.Thekinematicrelations,governingequationsandtherelated
boundaryconditionsforthenonlinearanalysisarederivedandpresented.Asolutionmethodologyhasbeen
developedandemployedingeneratingresults.Theimperfectionsensitivityisinvestigated.Theresultsobtained
indicatethatgeometricimperfectionshavelittleeffectonthelimitpointloadformoderatelythickcylindrical
shells.
A.TabieiandY.Jiang(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineeringandEngineeringMechanics,Universityof
Cincinnati,Cincinnati,OH452210070,U.S.A.),Instabilityoflaminatedcylindricalshellswithmaterialnon
lineareffect,InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,Vol.33,No.3,May1998,pp.407415,
doi:10.1016/S00207462(97)000309
ABSTRACT:Ananalyticalmethodologyispresentedtostudythepostbucklingbehavioroflaminated
cylindricalshellsunderaxialcompressionandlateralpressure.Nonlinearinplanestressstrainrelationsfor
transverse(E22)andshear(G12)modulusisconsidered.TheuserdefinedmaterialsubroutineUMATinfinite
elementanalysispackage,ABAQUS,withanupdatedLagrangianformulation,andlargedisplacementand
smallstrainkinematicrelations,isemployedinthisstudy.Numericalanalysesareconductedtodemonstratethe
effectofmaterialnonlinearityandstackingsequenceonthepostbucklingbehavioroflaminatedshells.
RomilTanovandAlaTabiei(CenterofExcellenceinLSDYNAAnalysisUniversityofCincinnati,Cincinnati,
OH4522100700,StaticandDynamicBucklingofLaminatedCompositeShells,MechanicsofComposite
MaterialsandStructures,1999,6:195206.
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentstheresultsfromnumericalinvestigationofthebehaviorofcylindrical
laminatedshellssubjectedtosuddenlyappliedloading.Anumericalapproachisusedcombiningthefinite
elementmethodwithtwodifferentstabilitycriterianamelytheBudianskyRothandthephaseplanebuckling

criteria.InthefiniteelementanalysisanexplicittimeintegrationschemeisusedimplementedintheLSDYNA
commercialcode.Theresponseofthecompositeshellshasbeeninvestigatedatthepresenceandabsenceof
staticpreloading.Resultsarepresentedfordifferentvaluesoftheshelllength,imperfectionfactors,stacking
sequence,andlaminaeorientation,andfordifferentstaticpreloadingmagnitudes.Basedonthepresented
resultsimportantconclusionscanbedrawnconcerningtheshellbehavioranditssensitivitytodifferentsystem
parametervariations.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

ALHASSANI,S.T.S.,DUNCAN,J.L.andJOHNSON,W.(1970).TheMagnetohydraulicFormingofTubes,Experimentand
Theory,InternationalJournalofMechanicalScience,Vol.12,pp.371392.
BUDIANSKY,B.andROTH,R.S.(1962).AxisymmetricDynamicBucklingofClampedShallowSphericalShells,In:Collected
PapersonInstabilityofShellStructures,NASATND1510.
COPPA,A.P.andNASH,W.A.(1964).DynamicBucklingofShellStructureSubjecttoLongitudinalImpact,Technical
DocumentaryReportNo.FDLTDR6465.
GILAT,R.andABOUDI,J.(1995).DynamicBucklingofNonlinearResinMatrixCompositeStructures,CompositeStructures,
Vol.32,pp.8188.
GU,W.,TANG,W.andLIU,T.(1996).DynamicPulseBucklingofCylindricalShellsSubjectedtoExternalImpulsiveLoading,
ASMEJournalofPressureVesselTechnology,Vol.118,pp.3337.
HSU,C.S.(1974).OnParametricExcitationandSnapThroughStabilityProblemsofShells,In:ThinShellStructures,Fund,Y.C.
andSechler,E.E.,Eds,PrenticeHallEnglewoodCliffs,NJ,pp.103131.
HUYAN,X.andSIMITSES,G.J.(1997).DynamicBucklingofImperfectCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompressionandBending
Moment,AIAAJournal,Vol.35,No.8,pp.14041412.
KIRKPATRICK,S.W.andHOLMES,B.S.(1988).StructuralResponseofThinCylindricalShellSubjectedtoImpulsiveExternal
Loads,AIAAJournal,Vol.26,No.1,pp.96103.
KIRKPATRICK,S.W.andHOLMES,B.S.(1989).EffectofInitialImperfectionsonDynamicBucklingofShells,Journalof
EngineeringMechanics,Vol.115,No.5,pp.10751093.
LINDBERG,H.E.andFLORENCE,A.L.(1987).DynamicPulseBuckling:TheoryandExperiment,MartinusNijhoff,Dordrecht,
TheNetherlands.
MUSTAFA,B.,ALHASSANI,S.T.S.andREID,S.R.(1993).AxisymmetricDynamicBucklingofSubmergedCylindricalShells,
Computers&Structures,Vol.47,No.3,pp.399405.
PEGG,N.G.(1991).DynamicPulseBucklingofCylindersofVariousa/hRatios,Computers&Structures,Vol.39,No.1/2,pp.
173183.
PEGG,N.G.(1994).EffectsofImpulseDurationandCombinedImpulseHydrostaticPressureonBucklingStabilityofCylindrical
Structures,JournalofShipResearch,Vol.38,No.2,pp.164171.
ROTH,R.S.andKLOSNER,J.M.(1964).NonlinearResponsesofCylindricalShellsSubjectedtoDynamicAxialLoads,AIAA
Journal,Vol.12,No.10,pp.17881794.
SCHOKKER,A.,SRIDHARAN,S.andKASAGI,A.(1996).DynamicBucklingofCompositeShells,Computers&Structures,
Vol.59,No.1,pp.4353.
SHAW,D.,SHEN,Y.L.andTSAI,P.(1993).DynamicBucklingofanImperfectCompositeCircularCylindricalShell,Computers
&Structures,Vol.48,No.3,pp.467472.
SIMITSES,G.J.(1983).EffectofStaticPreloadingontheDynamicStabilityofStructures,AIAAJournal,Vol.21,pp.11741180.
SIMITSES,G.J.(1987).InstabilityofDynamicallyLoadedStructures,AppliedMechanicsReviews,Vol.40,No.10,pp.1403
1408.
SIMITSES,G.J.(1989).DynamicStabilityofSuddenlyLoadedStructures,SpringerVerlag,NewYork.
SVALBONAS,V.andKALNINS,A.(1977).DynamicBucklingofShells:EvaluationofVariousMethods,NuclearEngineering
andDesign,Vol.44,No.3,pp.331356.
TABIEI,A.,TANOV,R.R.,andSIMITSES,G.J.(1998).Numerical Simulation ofCylindricalLaminatedShellsunderImpulsive
LateralPressure,CollectionofTechnicalPapers39thAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHSStructures,StructuralDynamics&Materials
Conference.V1,1998.AIAA,NewYork,NY,USA.pp509514.
TAMURA,Y.S.andBABCOCK,C.D.(1975).DynamicStabilityofCylindricalShellsunderStepLoading,JournalofApplied
Mechanics,Vol.42,No.1,pp.190194.
VOLMIR,A.S.(1958).OntheStabilityofDynamicallyLoadedCylindricalShells,DokladiAkademiiNaukSSSR,Vol.123,No.5,
pp.806808.(inRussian),translatedin:SovietPhysicsDoklady,Vol.3,1958,pp.12871289.

RomilTanovandAlaTabiei(CenterofExcellenceinDYNA3DAnalysis,DepartmentofAerospace
EngineeringandEngineeringMechanics,UniversityofCincinnati,OH452210070,USA),Asimple
correctiontothefirstordersheardeformationshellfiniteelementformulations,FiniteElementsinAnalysis
andDesign,Vol.35,No.2,May2000,pp.189197,doi:10.1016/S0168874X(99)000694
ABSTRACT:Thepresentworkconcentratesonthedevelopmentofcorrectrepresentationofthetransverse
shearstrainsandstressesinMindlintypedisplacementbasedshellfiniteelements.Theformulationutilizesthe
robuststandardfirstordersheardeformationshellfiniteelementforimplementationoftheproposed
representationofthetransverseshearstressesandstrains.Inthismannertheneedfortheshearcorrectionfactor
iseliminated.Inaddition,modificationtoanyexistingshellfiniteelementforthecorrectrepresentationof
transverseshearquantitiesisminimal.SomemodificationstocorrectMindlintypeelementsarepresentedin
theliterature.Thesemodificationscorrectthedistributionofthetransverseshearstressesonlyandusethe
constanttransverseshearstrainsthroughthethickness.Ascomparedtotheabove,thepresentformulationuses
thecorrectdistributionandisconsistentforbothtransverseshearstressesaswellastransverseshearstrains.
RomilR.Tanov(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,UniversityofCincinnati),AContributiontothe
FiniteElementFormulationfortheAnalysisofCompositeSandwichShells,PhDDissertation,2000
ABSTRACT:Theultimategoalofthepresentresearchistocomeupwithanaccurateandefficientanalysis
approachforcompositeandsandwichshells,whichissimpleenoughtobecapableofimplementingintoaFE
codewithoutsignificantlyaffectingitscomputationalefficiency,andatthesametimegivesgoodaccuracyin
predictingthebehavioroflayeredshells.Ithastobecapableofaccuratelymodelingbothoverallbehavior,and
thelocaldistributionofstrainsandstressesinalllayersandallconstituentsinthecompositelaminae.Two
differentapproachesareutilizedintheattempttofulfillthefinalresearchobjectiveofthepresentwork.First,a
homogenizationprocedurefortheFEanalysisofsandwichshellsisdeveloped.Theprocedureworksonthe
materialconstitutivelevel.Ahomogenizationofthesandwichshellisperformedateachcallofthe
correspondingconstitutivesubroutine.ThusthesandwichnatureoftheproblemishiddenfromthemainFE
program.Asaconsequencethereisnoneedtodevelopanewshellelementformulation,butinsteadthe
availablehomogeneousshellelementsintheutilizedFEcodecanbeusedfortheanalysisofsandwichshells.
However,thedefinedhomogenizationprocedureworkswithfirstordersheardeformableshellelements,which
setsalimittotheaccuracywithwhichthetransversedistributionoftheunknownsisrepresented.Toovercome
this,ahigherordersheardeformableshellelementisformulatedandimplementedintoageneralnonlinear
explicitFEcode.Usingthedifferentialequilibriumequationsandtheinterlayerrequirements,specialtreatment
isdevelopedforthetransverseshear,resultinginacontinuous,piecewisequarticdistributionofthetransverse
shearstressesthroughtheshellthickness.Asimilarapproachisappliedtothetransversenormalstresses,which
arerepresentedbyacontinuouspiecewisecubicfunction.TheFEimplementationiscastintoa4noded
quadrilateralshellelementwith9degreesoffreedompernode.OnlyC0continuityofthedisplacement
functionsisrequiredintheshellplane,whichmakesthepresentformulationapplicabletothemostpopular4
nodedbilinearisoparametricshellelements.Expressionsaredevelopedforthecriticaltimestepoftheexplicit
timeintegrationfororthotropichomogeneousandlayeredshellsbasedonthedevelopedthirdorder
formulation.Finally,tobeabletoanalyzeshellswithwovencompositelayers,twomicromechanicalmodelsfor
analysisofwovenfabriccompositesaredeveloped.Bothmodelsutilizetherepresentativevolumecellapproach
anddividearepresentativeunitofthewovenlaminaintosubcellsofhomogeneousmaterial.Startingwiththe

averagestrainsintherepresentativevolumecellandbasedoncontinuityrequirementsatthesubcellinterfaces,
thestrainsandstressesinthecompositeconstituentsaredeterminedaswellastheaveragestressesinthe
lamina.Equivalenthomogenizedmaterialpropertiesarealsodetermined.Theirverygoodaccuracytogether
withthesimplicityofformulationmakesthesemodelsattractiveforthenonlinearFEanalysisofcomposite
laminatesandcanbeefficientlyutilizedinexplicitandimplicitFEcodes.Theformulationsdevelopedwithin
theresearchprovideanefficientanalysisapproachtolayeredshellsincludingsandwichshellswithcomposite
facings.Furthermore,thedevelopedmicromechanicalmodelscanbeusedtodeterminethestressandstrain
fieldsinthecompositelayerconstituents.Thiswouldenableimportantstrengthanddurabilityphenomenaas
failure,damage,andpropertydegradationoftheconstituentstobeincludedintotheFEanalysisoflayered
shells.
(noreferencesgiveninthepdffile)
T.Dirgantara,I.S.Putra,A.A.Sucipto,A.Jusuf,Bucklinganalysisofcylindricalshellshavingalongitudinal
crack,KeyEngineeringMaterials,Vols.306308(2006)pp.4954,doi:
10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.306308.49
ABSTRACT:Thepresenceofcracksorsimilarimperfectionscanconsiderablyreducethebucklingloadofa
shellstructure.Inthispaper,bucklinganalysisofcylindricalshellswithalongitudinalcrackispresented.
NumericalbucklinganalysesofcylindricalshellswereperformedusingFEM,andverifiedbyexperiment.The
numericalanalysesandexperimentswereconductedforseveralcracklengthsandradiusofcurvature,andtwo
differentboundaryconditionswereapplied,i.e.simplysupportandclampinallsides.Theresultsshowthe
effectofthepresenceofcracktothecriticalbucklingloadoftheshells.Therearegoodagreementsbetween
experimentalandnumericalresults.
T.Dirgantara,I.S.Putra,A.A.Sucipto,A.Jusuf,BucklingAnalysisofCylindricalShellsHavinga
LongitudinalCrack,KeyEngineeringMaterials,Volumes306308,pp.4954,March2006
DOI:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.306308.49
ABSTRACT:Thepresenceofcracksorsimilarimperfectionscanconsiderablyreducethebucklingloadofa
shellstructure.Inthispaper,bucklinganalysisofcylindricalshellswithalongitudinalcrackispresented.
NumericalbucklinganalysesofcylindricalshellswereperformedusingFEM,andverifiedbyexperiment.The
numericalanalysesandexperimentswereconductedforseveralcracklengthsandradiusofcurvature,andtwo
differentboundaryconditionswereapplied,i.e.simplysupportandclampinallsides.Theresultsshowthe
effectofthepresenceofcracktothecriticalbucklingloadoftheshells.Therearegoodagreementsbetween
experimentalandnumericalresults.
JiantaoLiu;PinganDu;MingjingHuang;YaobingXiao;
Sch.ofMech.Eng.,Univ.ofElectron.Sci.&Technol.ofChina,Chengdu,China.
Bucklinganalysisonfinitesizedshellstructures,MechatronicsandAutomation,2009.ICMA2009.
InternationalConferenceon.,ISBN9781424426928,912Aug.2009,pp.42674271,
doi:10.1109/ICMA.2009.5246529
ABSTRACT:Thetheoreticalanalysisoffiniteelementmethodforbucklingphenomenontofinitesizedshell
structureisfirstintroduced.Then,arealapplicationusingaprobefordetectingthepressureinsideturbopropsis
analyzedthoroughlywithANSYS10.0,includingsectionprofile,dimensions,andlocalcharacteristics.Based

onthesolvedresults,severalrulesbetweencriticalloadandinfluencefactorsareobtained,whichwouldbe
helpfulforsimilarstructuresdesignandapplication.Finally,severalusefulconclusionsaboutthebestprofile
andratiobetweendimensionsareobtained.
J.G.A.CrollandC.P.Ellinas(UniversityCollegeLondon,GowerStreet,LondonWCIE5BT,England),
Reducedstiffnessaxialloadbucklingofcylinders,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.19,
No.5,1983,pp.461477,doi:10.1016/00207683(83)900562
ABSTRACT:Areducedstiffnessmethodispresentedfortheestimationoflowerboundstotheimperfection
sensitivegeneralbucklingofaxiallyloaded,orthotropcallystiffened,elasticcylinders.Itpredictsmany
previouslyinexplicableempiricalobservationsandprovideslowerboundstothescatterofavailabletest
bucklingloads,thusbecomingusefulasadesigntool.
SeishiYamada(1)andJ.G.A.Croll(2)
(1)ToyohashiUniversityofTechnology,Toyohashi441,Japan
(2)DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityCollegeLondon,LondonWC1E6BT,U.K.
BucklingandPostbucklingCharacteristicsofPressureLoadedCylinders,JournalofAppliedMechanics,
Vol.60,No.2,pp.290299,June1993,DOI:10.1115/1.2900792
ABSTRACT:NonlinearRitzanalysisisusedtoinvestigatetheelasticbucklingbehaviorofpressureloaded
cylinders.Carefulanalysisoftheenergychangesduringthebucklingprocessallowsdefinitionofareduced
stiffnesstheoreticalmodel.Thisreducedstiffnessmodelprovidesaconvenientmeansforestimatinglower
boundstotheimperfectionsensitiveelasticbucklingbehavior.
JamesG.A.Croll(DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityCollege,London,UK,
WC1E6BT),Towardsarationallybasedelasticplasticshellbucklingdesignmethodology,ThinWalled
Structures,Vol.23,Nos.14,1995,pp.6784,SpecialIssue:BucklingStrengthofImperfectionsensitive
Shells,doi:10.1016/02638231(95)00005X
ABSTRACT:Thereducedstiffnessmethodfortheanalysisofshellbucklingwasdevelopedtoovercomea
trendtowardsincreasinglysophisticatedanalysisthathasbecomedivorcedfromitsbasicallysimpleunderlying
physics.Thispaperoutlinesthedevelopmentsofthereducedstiffnessmethodfromitsoriginsinthelate1960s,
throughitsexperimentalconfirmation,generalisationandelaborationoverthepast20years,toitsmorerecent
consolidationusingcarefullycontrollednonlinearnumericalexperiments.Itissuggestedthatthemethodhas
nowreachedastagewhereitcouldprofitablybeadoptedasabasisforanimprovedshellbucklingdesign
methodology.
Croll,JGAandWisuthseriwong,P(1998)Afreshlookatthebucklingofconcreteshellroofs.In:
(Proceedings)Structuralengineeringworldcongress.:SanFransisco.
(noabstractgiven)
J.G.A.Croll(1)andG.D.Gavrilenko(2)
(1)UniversityCollege,London,UK

(2)TimoshenkoInstituteofMechanics,NationalAcademyofSciencesofUkraine,Kiev,Ukraine
Reducedstiffnessmethodinthetheoryofbucklingofstiffenedshells,StrengthofMaterials,Vol.32,No.2,
2000,pp.168177,doi:10.1007/BF02511677
ABSTRACT:Thereducedstiffnessmethodisusedtoestablishthelowerboundsofbucklingloadsforstringer
orringstiffenedcylindricalshells.Thenumericalresultsobtainedbyusingthismethodarecomparedwiththe
experimentaldata.Wealsoconsidertheproblemofapplicabilityofthereducedstiffnessmethodindesign
practiceaswellastheprospectsforitsdevelopmentandgeneralization.
J.G.A.Croll:ThefollowingtextismostofaJuly8,2013,emailmessagefromJ.G.A.CrolltoChrisCalladine
andMikeThompson,withcopiestoAllanMcRobie,JohnHutchinson,IsaacElishakoff,GilesHunt,Alan
Champneys,GertVanDerHeijden,MarkPeletier,DavidBushnell:
Ihavebeenarguingthecasefortheremarkablysimpleandeffectivereducedstiffnessmethodformorethan40
years.Forthefirst15orsoyearsthetheorywasfoundeduponsimplemechanicsreasoningandsome
remarkablygoodcorrelationsbetweenitspredictionsandexperimentalobservation,forwideclassesofshell
bucklingproblem.YoumayalsorecallthatattheIUTAMSymposiumweheldinLondon(1982)Professor
Yamakibroughtoveranumberofhiscoworkerswhopresentedtothebestofmyunderstandingthefirstfully
nonlinearanalysisofaxialloadshellbuckling;thisreproducedineverydetailcarefullyconducted
experimentalobservationonshellsforwhichthepreciseformoftheinitialgeometricimperfectionshadbeen
recorded.AftertheIUTAMSymposiumIcontactedProfYamakitosuggestweundertakeajointresearch
programmetoseeifthepredictionsfromreducedstiffnesstheorycouldbereproducedthroughcarefully
controllednumericalexperimentinwhichthelevelsandformsofinitialimperfectioncouldbesystematically
variedinordertoaccuratelyidentifythelowerbounds.YamakisresponsewastosendtoLondononeofthe
youngresearchers,DrSeishiYamada,whohaddevelopedtheirsosuccessfulnonlinearshellbucklinganalysis
algorithm.SeishispentayearworkingwithmeinIthink1986andwehadbeenworkingtogethersinceinwhat
Ibelievehasbeenanextremelysuccessfulcollaboration.Thishasallowedtheidentificationoftheimperfection
sensitivelowerboundsformostoftheclassicalshellbucklingproblems,andmostgratifyinglytherelevanceof
thereducedstiffnesstheoryinpredictingtheselowerbounds.ForhisremarkablecontributionsSeishiwas
awardedaGoldmedalbytheJapanArchitecturalInstitute.
WereitnotforSeishistragicanduntimelydeathafewweeksagoIwouldprobablyhavenottakenthetimeto
respondtothedialogueyourveryinterestingpaperhasgenerated.Afterall,ifmorethan200papersby
increasinglylargenumbersofindependentworkershasnotconvincedyouandothersoftherelevanceofthe
RSM[ReducedStiffnessMethod],itisunlikeanyshortemailwithinthecontextofthisdiscussionwillchange
toomanyminds!ButIhavetosayIhavefounditdifficulttounderstandwhysomanygoodfriendsand
colleagueshavefounditsodifficulttoacceptthebeautifulsimplicityoftheRSMandtheremarkable
effectivenessofitspredictions.
IwouldofcoursewelcomethechancetoenterintoanydiscussionastotherelevanceoftheRSMwithyour
contributors.
Ciao,Jim
pshereisaselectionofarticlesdescribingvariouscontributionsshowingtherelevanceoftheRSM;someof
thesemightbeofinterest.

1.(withAHChilver)ApproximateEstimationoftheStabilityofCoolingTowersunderWindLoading,Int.
Assoc.ShellStructuresColloquium,Brussels,May,1971.ThiswasthefirstuseofwhatIthen
characterisedasaquasiinextensionaltheoryofshellbuckling.ThiswasextendedandpresentedtoTWSG
in:
2.TowardsSimpleEstimatesofShellBucklingLoads,presentedtoThinWalledStructuresStudyGroup,
Cranfield,March,1972.LaterthatyearIspentafewweekspresentingsimilarpapersatanumberof
GermanuniversitiesincludingDarmstadtwherecolleaguesofProfKloppelurgedmetopublishthework
inderStahlbau.Isubmittedthisinlate1972onlytofindthepapersatuponuntil1975!Iteventually
appeared:
3.TowardsSimpleEstimatesofShellBucklingLoads,DerStahlbau:PartI,Heft8,August1975;PartII,
Heft9,September1975.Whiletheworktothispointwasabletoexplainbucklingofpressureloaded
shellstherewasclearlysomethingmissingfortheexplanationofaxiallyloadedrotationallysymmetric
shellsincludingaxiallyloadedcylinders.ItwasthisproblemIaskedRonaldoBatistatoaddressinhis
PhDresearch.TheresultwasIbelieveextremelyimportantandallowedthemethodtobeextendedtothis
thornyoldproblem.Seeforexample:
4.(withRCBatista)ADesignApproachforAxiallyCompressedUnstiffenedCylinders,Chapter21,
StabilityProblemsinEngineeringStructuresandComponents,AppliedSciencePublishersLtd,1979,377
399.
5.(withRCBatista)ADesignApproachtotheBucklingofCylindersunderExternalPressure,International
ConferenceonThinWalledStructures,36April1979,UniversityofStrathclyde.Itwasaroundthistime
thatItriedtogetsomeresearchcouncilfundingundertheumbrellaoftheMarinetechnologyProgramme
onlytofindthattheapproachwasrejectedonthegroundsthatitdidnotcovertheproblemofplasticity
whichwasclearlysoimportantfortheshellscantlingsbeingusedintheoffshorecontext.Forthisreasona
coupleofpaperswerepreparedshowinghoweasilythemethodcouldbeextendedtoprovidelowerbounds
tomtheelasticplasticbuckling.Seeforexample:
6.LowerBoundElastoPlasicBucklingofCylinders,Proc.Inst.Civ.Engs.Part2,71,March1981,235
264.
7.(withCPEllinasandRCBatista)OverallBucklingofStringerStiffenedCylinders,Proc.Inst.Civ.
Engrs.Part2,71,June1981,pp479512.
8.(withCPEllinas)OverallBucklingforRingStiffenedCylinders,Proc.Inst.Civ.Engrs.Part2,71,Sept
1981,pp637662.
9.ElasticPlasticBucklingofPressureandAxialLoadedCylinders,Proc.Inst.Civ.Engrs.Part2,72,March
1982.
10.CollapseLoadsofGeometricallyImperfectCylinders,Proc.9thNationalCongressofAppliedMechanics,
CornellUniversity,Ithaca,June1982.
11.(withCPEllinas)ElasticPlasticGeneralBucklingofRingStiffenedCylinders,inCollapse:TheBuckling
ofStructuresinTheoryandPractice,CambridgeUniversityPress,1983,93109.
12.(withRCBatista)AsimplifiedTheoryfortheBucklingofExternallyPressurisedCylinders,Jof
EngineeringMechanicsDivision,ASCE,108,No3,January1983.
13.(withCPEllinas)ExperimentalandTheoreticalCorrelationsforElasticBucklingofAxiallyCompressed
StringerStiffenedCylinders,JStrainAnalysis,18(1),1983,4167.
14.(withCPEllinas)ElasticplasticBucklingDesignofCylindricalShellssubjecttoCombinedAxial
CompressionandPressureLoading,Int.J.SolidStructures,22,1986,10071017.
15.LowerBoundstoCollapseofMetalShells,in'developmentsinThinWalledStructures3',ed:J.Rhodes

andACWalker,ElsevierAppliedSciencePublishers,1987,30pages.
16.(withSYamada)'NonlinearBucklingResponseofPressureLoadedCylindricalPanelsandits
InterpretationforDesign',TechnologyReportofTohokuUniversity,l53,March1988,7195.Thiswas
thefirstjointworkfromthecollaborationwithSeishiYamada.Itwasquicklyfollowedbyothers
including:
17.(withSYamada)'BucklingBehaviourofPressureLoadedCylindricalPanels',J.Eng.Mech.,ASCE,115,
February1989,327344.
18.(withPBGoncalves)'AnalysisofNonlinearBucklingofSphericalShells',J.SolidsandStructures,1990.
19.(withPBGoncalves)'LowerBoundstotheBucklingofSphericalShells',ASME,J.MechEngng.Sci.,
1990.
20.(withGoncalves,PB)AxisymmetricBucklingofPressureLoadedSphericalCaps,JStructEngng.,ASCE,
118(4),1992,970985.
21.(withYamada,S)BucklingandPostbucklingBucklingCharacteristicsofPressureLoadedCylinders,J
AppliedMechanics,ASME,60,1993,290299.Thiswasanimportantworkthatdemonstratedthe
relevanceoftheRSMtothebucklingofpressureloadedshells.
22.TowardsaRationallyBasedElasticplasticShellBucklingDesignMethodology,ThinWalledStructures,
23,1995,6784.
23.ShellBuckling:AReturntoBasicMechanics,AppliedMechanicsintheAmericas,1,1995,410417.
24. (with Ohga, M, Yamada, S and Nakamura, D) Buckling Analysis of Orthotropic Cylindrical Shells
SubjectedtoLateralLoads.JournalofAppliedMechanics,l,1998,489496.
25. (withGavrilenko,GD)ObochobahneMetodaYmehb.(inRussian),IntJStrengthofMaterials,5
1998,3958.
26.(withGavrilenko,GD)SubstantiationoftheMethodofReducedStiffness,IntJ.ofStrengthofMaterials,
30(5),1998,481496
27.(withOhga,MandNakamura,D)BucklingAnalysisofOrthotropicCylindricalSandwichShellsSubjectto
LateralLoads,JAppliedMechanics,JSCE,1,1998,489496.
28.(withOhga,M,Yamada,S,andNakamura,D)BucklingAnalysisofCylindricalSandwichShellsUnder
ExternalLoads.TheJapanSocietyforComputationalEngineeringandScience,3,1998,809812.
29.(withGavrilenko,GD)MethodofLowerStiffnessintheTheoryofSmoothShellBucklingandtheCritical
AnalysisofStability,(inRussian)IntJofStrengthofMaterials,2,1999,4566.
30.(withYamada,S)ContributionstoUnderstandingtheBucklingofAxiallyCompressedCylinders,Jof
AppliedMechanics,ASME,66,1999,299309.Thiswasanimportantworkthatdemonstratedthe
relevanceoftheBatistaextensiontotheRSMtohandletheadditionalstabilizingmembraneenergyterms
experiencedwithaxiallyloadedcylinders.
31.(withOhga,Metalia)ElasticBucklingStrengthsofCylindricalSandwichShellsunderExternalPressure,
xxxx
32.(withOhga,MandNakamura,D)BucklingStrengthofSphericalSandwichShellsbyReducedStiffness
Method,xxxx,45,1999,16.
33.(withGavrilenko,GD)TheStabilityofImperfectRibbedShells,JInstofMathematics,Kiev,1999,1190.
34.(withGavrilenko,GD)ReducedStiffnessMethodintheTheoryofSmoothShellsandtheClassical
AnalysisofStability(review),IntJofStrengthofMaterials,31(2),1999,138154.
35.(withGavrilenko,GD)ReducedStiffnessMethodintheTheoryofBucklingofStiffenedShells,IntJ
StrengthofMaterials,32(2),2000,168177.
36..*StabilityinShells,NonlinearDynamics,43,2006,1728.

37.(withHongtaoWang)Optimisationofshellbucklingusinglowerboundcapacities.ThinwalledStructures,
inpress,2008.
38.(withHongtaoWang)Lowerboundbucklingdesignoptimisationforfibrereinforcedcompositeshells(in
preparation).
39.(withSeishiYamadaandNobuhusaYamamoto)NonlinearBucklingofCompressedFRPCylindrical
ShellsandtheirImperfectionSensitivity,JAppliedmechanics,ASME,75,May,2008,10pp.
40.(withHongtaoWang)Safeestimatesforimperfectionsensitivebucklingloadsforshellstructures.
StructuralEngineering,MechanicsandComputation3,A.Zingoni(Ed),Millperess,Netherlands,2007,99103.
A.A.Popov,J.M.T.ThompsonandJ.G.A.Croll,BifurcationAnalysesintheParametricallyExcited
VibrationsofCylindricalPanels,NonlinearDynamics,Vol.17,No.3,1998,pp.205225,
doi:10.1023/A:1008396603655
ABSTRACT:Weconsiderparametricallyexcitedvibrationsofshallowcylindricalpanels.Thegoverning
systemoftwocouplednonlinearpartialdifferentialequationsisdiscretizedbyusingtheBubnovGalerkin
method.Thecomputationsaresimplifiedsignificantlybytheapplicationofcomputeralgebra,andasaresult
lowdimensionalmodelsofshellvibrationsarereadilyobtained.Afterapplyingnumericalcontinuation
techniquesandideasfromdynamicalsystemstheory,completebifurcationdiagramsareconstructed.Our
principalaimistoinvestigatetheinteractionbetweendifferentmodesofshellvibrationsunderparametric
excitation.Resultsforsystemmodelswithfourofthelowestmodesarereported.Weessentiallyinvestigate
periodicsolutions,theirstabilityandbifurcationswithintherangeofexcitationfrequencythatcorrespondsto
theparametricresonancesatthelowestmodeofvibration.
F.A.Mcrobie(1),A.A.Popov(1)AndJ.M.T.Thompson(2)
(1)EngineeringDepartment,UniversityofCambridge,TrumpingtonStreet,Cambridge,CB21PZ,England
(2)CentreforNonlinearDynamicsanditsApplications,UniversityCollegeLondon,GowerStreet,London,
WC1E6BT,England
AutoParametricResonanceinCylindricalShellsUsingGeometricAveraging,JournalofSoundand
Vibration,Vol.227,No.1,October1999,pp.6584,
doi:10.1006/jsvi.1999.2325
ABSTRACT:Astudyispresentedofinternalautoparametricinstabilitiesinthefreenonlinearvibrationsofa
cylindricalshell,focussedontwomodes(aconcertinamodeandachequerboardmode)whosenonlinear
interactionbreakstheinoutsymmetryofthelinearvibrationtheory:thetwomodeinteractionleadsto
preferredvibrationpatternswithlargerdeflectioninwardsthanoutwards,andatinternalresonance,significant
energytransferoccursbetweenthemodes.ARayleighRitzdiscretizationofthevonKrmnDonnell
equationsleadstotheHamiltonianandtransformationintoactionanglecoordinatesfollowedbyaveraging
providesreadilyageometricdescriptionofthemodalinteraction.Itwasestablishedthattheinteractionshould
bemostpronouncedwhenthereareslightlylessthan2Nsquarechequerboardpanelscircumferentially,where
Nistheratioofshellradiustothickness.
A.A.Popov(SchoolofMechanical,Materials,ManufacturingEngineeringandManagement,Universityof
Nottingham,UniversityPark,NottinghamNG72RD,UK),Parametricresonanceincylindricalshells:acase

studyinthenonlinearvibrationofstructuralshells,EngineeringStructures,Vol.25,No.6,May2003,pp.789
799,doi:10.1016/S01410296(03)000063
ABSTRACT:Theaimofthisworkistodemonstrateinatutorialfashionhowrecentideasandmethodsof
bifurcationtheoryandnonlineardynamicshaveimprovedtheunderstandingofstructuralbucklingunder
dynamicloadsandvibrationofshellsunderparametricexcitation.Thepaperfocusesongeometrically
nonlinearforcedvibrationsofcircularcylindricalshells.Theemphasisisonfundamentalissuesanddifferences
betweenresultsobtainedbylinearandnonlinearanalysis.Analyticalandnumericalresultsforshellmodelsare
presentedanddiscussedinthelightofnonlinearmodeinteractionandparametricresonance.Themain
conclusionfromthecasestudiedisthatlineartheoryprovidesonlyincompleteandinsomecasesinaccurate
results,whenthevibrationamplitudebecomescomparabletotheshellthickness.
A.A.Popov(SchoolofMechanical,MaterialsandManufacturingEngineeringandManagement,Universityof
Nottingham,UniversityPark,NottinghamNG72RD,UK),TheapplicationofHamiltoniandynamicsand
averagingtononlinearshellvibration,Computers&Structures,Vol.82,Nos.3132,December2004,
pp.26592670,SpecialIssue:NonlinearDynamicsofContinuousSystems,
doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2004.03.078
ABSTRACT:Internalautoparametricinstabilitiesinthenonlinearvibrationofundampedandunloaded
cylindricalshellsarediscussed.Thefocusisonthecouplingbetweenafewsimplemodesthatcancombineto
breaktheinoutsymmetryandgiveanenergeticallyfavourablepatternofdeformation.Whentheratioofthe
naturalfrequenciesisclosetoaresonance,internalautoparametricinstabilitytriggersenergytransferbetween
someofthemodes.ARayleighRitzdiscretizationofthevonKrmnDonnellequationsleadstothe
Hamiltonianandtransformationintoactionanglecoordinatesfollowedbyaveragingprovidesreadilya
geometricdescriptionofthemodalinteraction.Itisestablishedthattheinteractionshouldbemostpronounced
betweenconcertinaandchequerboardmodeswithnoenergytransferbetweenthechequerboardmodes.A
simplemechanicalsystemthatexhibitssimilardynamicsistheextensible(spring)sphericalpendulum.
J.G.A.CrollandG.D.Gavrilenko,Substantiationofthemethodofreducedstiffness,StrengthofMaterials,
Vol.30,No.5,1998,pp.481496,doi:10.1007/BF02522630
ABSTRACT:Wesuggestthetheoreticalfundamentalsofthemethodofreducedstiffnessforthedetermination
ofthelowerboundsofsensitivityoflongitudinallycompressedshellswhoseshapesareclosetocylindricalto
imperfectionsoftheshapeundertheconditionselasticbuckling.Thetheoreticalandexperimentaldata
demonstratingthevalidityofthemethodofreducedstiffnessarealsopresented.
J.G.A.CrollandG.D.Gavrilenko,Reducedstiffnessmethodinthetheoryofsmoothshellsandtheclassical
analysisofstability(review),StrengthofMaterials,Vol.31,No.2,1999,pp.138154,
doi:10.1007/BF02511103
ABSTRACT:Wepresentapromisingmethodfortheinvestigationoftheloadcarryingcapacityofimperfect
shellsbasedonsimpleanalyticapproaches.Thismethodiscalledthereducedstiffnessmethod.Inmanycases,
itenablesonetoobtainanalyticrelationsfortheestimationofthelowerboundsofbucklingloadsforactual
shells.Wepresenttheexactlowerboundsofthebucklingloadsforcompressedsmoothcylindricalshells.For
comparison,wealsousedtheclassicalapproachtotheanalysisofthecriticalloadsforshells.

MitaoOhga(1),ArunaSanjeewaWijenayaka(1)andJamesG.A.Croll(2)
(1)DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,EhimeUniversity,3,Bunkyocho,Matsuyama790
8577,Japan
(2)DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityCollageofLondon,LondonWC1E6BT,
UK
Reducedstiffnessbucklingofsandwichcylindricalshellsunderuniformexternalpressure,ThinWalled
Structures,Vol.43,No.8,August2005,pp.11881201,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2005.03.006
ABSTRACT:Areducedstiffnesslowerboundmethodforthebucklingoflaterallypressureloadedsandwich
cylindricalshellisproposed.Also,anattemptismadetoassessthevalidityoftheproposedreducedstiffness
lowerboundwithFEMnumericalexamples.Inaddition,theproposedmethodiscomparedwithclassicaland
Plantema'sapproachesofthebucklingofthelaterallypressureloadedsandwichcylindricalshell.Comparison
oftheproposedreducedstiffnesslowerboundwiththatobtainedfromnonlinearFEManalysisverifiesthatit
indeedprovidesasafelowerboundtothebucklingoflaterallypressureloadedsandwichcylindricalshells.The
attractivefeatureoftheproposedreducedstiffnessmethodisthatitcanbereadilyusedindesigninglaterally
pressureloadedsandwichcylindricalshellswithoutbeingconcernedaboutgeometricalimperfections.
MitaoOhga(1),ArunaSanjeewaWijenayaka(1)andJamesG.A.Croll(2)
(1)DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,EhimeUniversity,3BunkyoCho,Matsuyama790
8577,Japan
(2)DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityCollageofLondon,LondonWC1E6BT,
UK
Lowerboundbucklingstrengthofaxiallyloadedsandwichcylindricalshellunderlateralpressure,Thin
WalledStructures,Vol.44,No.7,July2006,pp.800807,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2006.04.013
ABSTRACT:EffectsofthelateralpressureontheFEMandreducedstiffnesslowerboundbucklingstrengthof
axiallyloadedsandwichcylindricalshellareexamined.Further,areducedstiffnesslowerboundbuckling
strengthfortheaxiallyloadedsandwichcylindricalshellunderlateralpressureisproposed.Theeffectofthe
lateralpressureontheFEMandreducedstiffnesslowerboundsarecorresponding;itcausesthemtoreduce
slightly.However,reducedstiffnessbucklingmodeshaperemainsthesame.Inaddition,theproposedreduced
stiffnesslowerboundbucklingstrengthisshowntoprovideeffectiveandvalidforcoreshavingdifferentshear
stiffness.Itprovidescomparativelycloselowerboundstoshortaxiallyloadedsandwichcylindricalshellsunder
lateralpressure.Further,itprovidesasafelowerboundthatdoesnotdependonprecisegeometrical
imperfectionspectraandlateralpressureanditissimpleandeasytoemploy.
EduardoM.Sosa(1),LuisA.Godoy(2)andJamesG.A.Croll(3)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineering,WestVirginiaUniversity,Morgantown26506
6106,WestVirginia
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineeringandSurveying,UniversityofPuertoRicoatMayagez,Mayagez
Campus,Mayagez006819041,PuertoRico
(3)DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityCollege,LondonWC1E6BT,United
Kingdom

Computationoflowerboundelasticbucklingloadsusinggeneralpurposefiniteelementcodes,Computers&
Structures,Vol.84,Nos.2930,November2006,pp.19341945,doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2006.08.016
ABSTRACT:Thispaperinvestigateswaystohaveacomputationalimplementationofalowerboundapproach
forthebucklingofimperfectionsensitiveshellsusinggeneralpurposefiniteelementcodes.Thisapproachwas
developedbyCrollandothers,andhasbeenmainlyemployedbydevelopingspecialpurposeprogramsor
analyticalsolutions.However,itisfeltthatthislimitsthepossibilitiesoftheuser,andthisshortcomingis
addressedinthepaper.First,theformulationispresentedinawaytohighlightwhatcomputationscanbedone
followingareducedenergyapproach.Then,amethodologyisimplementedinconjunctionwithageneral
purposeprogramtocomputethelowerboundbucklingloadforcylindricalshellswithdifferentgeometric
configurationsunderuniformpressure.Theaccuracyoftheprocedureandthedifficultiesinthe
implementation,dependingonthefiniteelementchosenforthediscretizationareshown.Resultsdemonstrate
thattheproposedreducedenergymodelcanpredictthelowerboundloadforcylindricalshellsunderuniform
pressuredistributions.
RossanaC.Jaca(1),LuisA.Godoy(2and3),FernandoG.Flores(2and3)andJamesG.A.Croll(4)
(1)ConstructionsDepartment,EngineeringSchool,NationalUniversityofComahue,BuenosAires1400,8300
Neuqun,Argentina
(2)StructuresDepartment,FCEFyN,NationalUniversityofCrdoba,P.O.Box916,5000Crdoba,Argentina
(3)ScienceandTechnologyResearchCouncilofArgentina(CONICET),Argentina
(4)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,UniversityCollegeLondon,GowerStreet,LondonWC1E6BT,UK
Areducedstiffnessapproachforthebucklingofopencylindricaltanksunderwindloads,ThinWalled
Structures,Vol.45,No.9,September2007,pp.727736,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2007.07.001
ABSTRACT:Thispaperreportsontheimplementationofalowerboundapproachtothebucklinganalysisof
cylindricalshellsfortankssubjectedtowindloads.Theformulationisbasedonareducedenergymodelofthe
shelladaptedtoaspecialpurpose,semianalytical,finiteelementprograminwhichitispossibletoseparately
computethemembraneandbendingenergycontributions.First,theenergycomponentsareinvestigated,in
ordertoidentifystabilizinganddestabilizingcontributions.Second,aneigenvalueanalysisiscarriedoutusing
areducedvalueofthestiffness,inwhichmembranecomponentsareeliminatedonthebasisthattheyare
assumedtobeerodedasaresultofmodecouplingcatalyzedbyimperfections.Themethodologyisemployed
forthinwalled,aboveground,tanksunderwindpressures.Itisshownthattheresultingcriticalloadsconstitute
lowerboundstothoseobtainedusinganonlinearanalysisoftheshell,includingimperfections,andalsoto
thoseobtainedfromexperiments.
HongtaoWangandJamesG.A.Croll(DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineeringUniversityCollege
London,WC1E6BT),Optimisationofshellbucklingusinglowerboundcapacities,ThinWalledStructures,
Vol.46,Nos.79,JulySeptember2008,pp.10111020,SpecialissuetomarktheRetiralofProfessorJim
Rhodes,FoundingEditor,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2008.01.035
ABSTRACT:Inthecontextofaerospaceandmarineapplicationsthereareconsiderableincentivesfor
designerstoadoptthinshells,whoseperformancesareenhancedbyappropriatelychosenribstiffenersorusing
highperformancecompositematerials.Imperfectionsensitivebucklinginthesecircumstancesiscontrolledby
extremelyhighnumbersofindependentmaterialandgeometricparameters.Asabasisfordesign,traditional
relianceuponscatteroftestresultsissuggestedtobeuntenableandtheincreasingtendencytoreplacethis

approachbyuseofnonlinearfiniteelementsisarguedtobringwithitallsortsofotherquiteconsiderable
practicalproblems.Thispaperdescribeshowthelongestablishedandverysimplereducedstiffnessmethod
(RSM)isabletoprovideanalternativedesignstrategy.Itshowshowaverystraightforwardextensionof
classicalcriticalloadanalysisallowsthedefinitionoflowerboundstothepotentialimperfectionsensitivityin
eachmodeandconsequentlythedelineationofthemodeandloadlikelytoprovidethecontrollinginfluenceon
design.Reliabilityofitspredictionsisbrieflydemonstratedthroughcomparisonswithextensivetest
programmesandconfirmationthroughcarefullycontrollednonlinearnumericalstudies.UseoftheRSMis
showntoofferscopeforidentifyingmaterialandgeometricparametersthatresultinimprovedandeven
optimumbucklingloads.Casestudiesfrompastandacurrentprogrammeofresearchlookingatthebuckling
ofcompositeshellsareusedtoillustratethisdesignpotential.
HongtaoWangandJamesGACroll(DepartmentofCivil,Environmental,andGeomaticEngineering,
UniversityCollegeLondon,London,WC1E6BT,UKEmail:hongtao.wang@ucl.ac.uk),FiniteElement
ValidationofsLowerBoundDesignMethodforOptimisingBucklingCapacitiesofFRPShells,(cocomat.de,
publisheranddatenotgiveninthepdffile;mostrecentreferenceis2007)
ABSTRACT:ThebucklingloadsofthinFRPlaminatedshellsaresensitivetoinitialgeometricimperfections.
Alargenumberofgeometricandmaterialvariablesprohibitthetraditionallowerboundexperimentaldesign
methodologyforisotropicshellsfrombeingappliedtocompositeshells.Asanalternative,asocalledreduced
stiffnessmethod(RSM)hasbeenappliedtothelowerboundbucklinganalysisofFRPlaminatedshells.The
RSManalysishasshownthattheclassicalcriticalmodewhichgivesthelowestreducedstiffnesscriticalloadis
oftendifferentfromthemodegivingtheminimumclassicalcriticalload.Thispaperpresentsaseriesoffinite
elementnumericalexperimentstotestthevalidityoftheRSM.Byexaminingtheeffectsofinitialimperfections
intheformoftherecognisedclassicalcriticalmodes,itisshownthattheRSMprovideareliablelowerbound
methodforbucklingdesignofFRPshells.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1.J.ArboczandJ.H.StarnesJr.,Futuredirectionsandchallengesinshellstabilityanalysis,ThinWalledStructures128(2002)pp.
729754.
2.H.Wang,andJ.G.ACroll,Bucklingdesignoptimisationoffibrereinforcedpolymershellsusinglowerboundpostbuckling
capacities.Int.Conf.onExperimentalMechanics,ICEM13,July162007,Alexandroupolis,Greece.
3.S.YamadaandJ.G.ACroll,Contributionstotheunderstandingofaxiallycompressedcylinders,ASME,J.Appl.Mech.66(1999)
pp.299309.

HsuanTehHuandSuSuWang,NationalCenterforCompositeMaterialsResearch,CollegeofEngineering,
UniversityofIllinois,Urbana,IL61801,Optimizationforbucklingresistanceoffibercompositelaminate
shellswithandwithoutcutouts,Computers&Structures,Vol22(1992)313
ABSTRACT:Asequentiallinearprogrammingmethodwithasimplemovelimitstrategyisusedtoinvestigate
thefollowingthreeimportantbucklingoptinmizationproblemsofcompositeshells:(1)optimizationoffiber
orientationsformaximizingbucklingresistanceofcompositeshellswithoutcutouts;(2)optimizationoffiber
orientationsformaximizingbucklingresistanceofcompositeshellswithcircularcutouts;and(3)optimization
ofcutoutgeometryformaximizingbucklingresistanceofacompositeshell.Fromtheresultsofoptimization
study,ithasbeenshownthat,givenastructuralgeometry,loadingconditionandmaterialsystem,thebuckling
resistanceofacylindricalcompositeshellisstronglyinfluencedbyfiberorientations,endconditions,the
presenceofcutoutandthegeometryofcutout.

Langhaar,HenryLouisandBoresi,ArthurPeter,Bucklingandpostbucklingbehaviorofacylindricalshell
subjectedtoexternalpressure,TAMReport93,Dept.ofTheoreticalandAppliedMechanics(UIUC),April
1956,http://www.ideals.illinois.edu/handle/2142/18754.
ABSTRACT:Inanearlierreport(TAMReportNo.80),theauthorsconsideredthebucklingandpostbuckling
behaviorofanidealelasticcylindricalshellloadedbyuniformexternalpressureonitslateralsurface,andbyan
axialcompressiveforce.Assumptionswereintroducedwhichreducedtheshelltoasystemwithonedegreeof
freedom.Thepresentinvestigationisageneralizationandarefinementofthistheory.Theshellistreatedasa
systemwith21degreesoffreedom.Bytheimpositionofconstraintsonthe21generalizedcoordinates,various
endconditionscanberealized;forexample,simplysupportedendswithflexibleendplates(noaxial
constraint),simplysupportedendswithrigidendplates,andclampedends.Also,effectsofreinforcingrings
havebeenincorporatedinamoregeneralwaythaninTAMReportNo.80.Therestrictiveassumptionthatthe
centroidalaxisofaringcoincideswiththemiddlesurfaceoftheshellhasbeeneliminated.Apressure
deflectioncurveforanidealcylindricalshellthatisloadedbyexternalpressurehasthegeneralformshownin
Figure1.Thefallingpartofthecurve(dottedinthefigure)representsunstableequilibriumconfigurations.
Also,thecontinuationoflineOE(dotted)representsunstableunbuckledconfigurations.Actually,theshell
snapsfromsomeconfigurationAtoanotherconfigurationB,asindicatedbythedashedlineinFigure1.
Theoretically,pointAcoincideswiththemaximumpointEonlhecurve,butinitialimperfectionsand
accidentaldisturbancespreventtheshellfromreachingthispoint.PointEisthebucklingpressureofthe
classicalinfinitesimaltheory(calledthe"Eulercrticalpressure",sinceEulerappliedtheinfinitesimaltheoryto
columns).Tosomeextent,pointAisindeterminate,butitispresumablyhigherthantheminimumpointC
unlesstheshellhasexcessiveinitialdentsorlopsidedness.InTAMReportNo.80.ahypothesisofTsienwas
usedtolocatepointA.Inthepresentinvestigation,pointAisnotconsidered.Rather,attentionisfocusedonthe
developmentofatheorythatwilldeterminetheentireloaddeflectioncurve.Forshortthickshells,suchasthe
interringbaysofasubmarinehull,theEulercriticalpressures,determinedbyTAMReportNo.80,aretoo
high,presumablybecausetheassumptionthattheshellbuckleswithoutincrementalhoopstrainisinadmissible
inthisrange.Thepresentreportcorrectsthiserror.NumericaldataontheEulercriticalpressuresofshellswith
simplysupportedendsandflexibleendplateshavebeenobtainedwiththeaidoflheIlliac,anelectronicdigital
computer.ThedataaretabulatedattheendofthisreportoForshortshellswithoutrings,thebucklingpressures
areappreciablylowerthanthosedeterminedbyvonMises'theory.ThenumericaldatafortheEulerbuckling
pressuresofsheUswithuniformlyspacedreinforcingringsaresufficientlyextensivetopermitinterpolationto
estimateeffectsofvariousringsizes.Someexploratorynumericalinvestigationsofpostbucklingbehaviorhave
beenconductedwiththeIlliac.ltisnotfeasible,atthepresenttime,tohandlenonlinearequilibriumproblems
forsystemswith18degreesoffreedom.Consequently,forthenumericalwork,somehigherharmonicswere
discardedsothatthesystemwasreduaedto7degreesoffreedom.Eventhen,thenumericalproblemis
formidable.ThecalculationswereconfinedprincipallytothedeterminationoftheminimumpointConthe
postbucklingcurve(Figure1).ThepressureatpointCistheminimumpressureatwhichabuckledformcan
exist.ItisfoundthattheordinateofpointC,determinedbyTAMreportNo.80,issomewhattoohigh.Thetwo
theoriesarecomparedbyatableanqcurvesattheendofthisreport.
N.V.Naumova,DepartmentofTheoreticalandAppliedMechanics,FacultyofMathematicsandMechanics,St.
PetersburgStateUniversity,Universitetskiyav.,28,StaryPeterhof,St.Petersburg,198504,Russiaemail:

naumova@troll.phys.spbu.ru
LocalVibrationandBucklingModesofaConicShell.ComparisonofNumericalandAsymptoticResults,
TECHNISCHEMECHANIK,Band25,Heft34,(2005),218229Manuskripteingang:04.Juni2005.
ABSTRACT:Freevibrationsandbucklingunderuniformexternallateralpressureofathinconicshellare
analyzed.Theasymptoticandfiniteelementmethodsareusedtoobtainthevibrationfrequencies,criticalloads,
andvibrationsandbucklingmodes.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

Bathe,K.J.:FiniteElementProceduresinEngineeringAnalysis.PrenticeHallInc.,NewJersey,(1984).Godunov,S.K.:About
numericalsolutionofboundaryvalueproblemsforthesystemsoflineardifferentialequations.UspekhiMat.Nauk,16,(1961),171
174.
Tovstik,P.E.:Bucklingofthethinshells:asymptoticmethods.Moskwa(inRussin)(1995).
Tovstik,P.E.:Someproblemsofthebucklingofthecylindricalandconicshells.Prikladnayamekhanika,47/5,Leningrad(inRussin)
(1983),815822.
Filippov,S.B.:Theoryofconnectedandstiffenedshells.St.PetersburgStateUniversity,St.Petersburg(inRussian)(1999).
Bauer,S.M.;Filippov,S.B.;Smirnov,A.L.;Tovstik,P.E.:Asymptoticmethodsinmechanicswithapplicationstothinshellsand
plates.In:R.Vaillacourt;A.L.Smirnov,eds.,Asymptoticmethodsinmechanics,CRMProc.andLect.Notes,AMS,Providence,
RhodeIslandUSA(1993).

JeraldM.Jenkins,AmesResearchCenter,DrydenFlightResearchFacility,Edwards,California,A
Comparisonofexperimentalandcalculatedthinshellleadingedgebucklingduetothermalstresses,NASA
TechnicalMemorandum100416,July1988.
SUMMARY:HightemperaturethinshellleadingedgebucklingtestdataareanalyzedusingNASA
STRUCTURALANALYSIS(NASTRAN)asafiniteelementtoolforpredictingthermalbuckling
characteristics.Etc.
Fivereferences:
[1]GeorgeGerardandHerbertBecker,HandbookofStructuralStability,PartIBucklingofFlatPlates,NACATN3781,1957
[2]Jenkins,J.M.andSefic,W.J.,Experimentalinvestigationofthermalbucklingcharacteristicsofflanged,thinshellleading
edges,NASATND3243,1966
[3]NASACOSMIC:NASTRANUsersManual,NASASP222(06),1983
[4]SyracuseUniversity:AerospaceStructuralMetalsHandbook,Vol.2,NonferrousAlloys,SyracuseUniversityPress,Dec.1982
[5]Timoshenko,S.P.andGere,J.M.,TheoryofElasticStability,SecondEdition,McGrawHillBookCompany,Inc.,1961

IlKwonOhandInLee(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,KoreaAdvancedInstituteofScienceand
Technology,3731Kusongdong,Yusonggu,Taejon305701,SouthKorea),Thermalsnappingandvibration
characteristicsofcylindricalcompositepanelsusinglayerwisetheory,CompositeStructures,Vol.51,No.1,
January2001,pp.4961,doi:10.1016/S02638223(00)001239
ABSTRACT:Thethermalsnappingandvibrationanalysisofcylindricallaminatedpanelsubjecttothermal
loadandpressureisperformedusinglayerwisefiniteelements.Toconsiderlargedeflectionsdueto
thermomechanicalloads,vonKrmnnonlineardisplacementstrainrelationshipsbasedonthelayerwise
theoryareapplied.Cylindricalarclengthmethodisusedtotakeintoaccountthesnappingphenomena.Thermal
snappingandvibrationcharacteristicsversusvariousparameterssuchasthicknessratio,shallowness,boundary
conditionsandloadingtypeareinvestigated.Thepresentresultsshowthatthermalsnappingchangesvibration
characteristicsaswellasstaticdeformations.

JungJinLee(1),IlKwonOh(1and2),InLee(2)andJungJooRhiu(1)
(1)KoreaAerospaceResearchInstitute,52Oundong,Yusonggu,Taejon305333,SouthKorea
(2)DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,KoreaAdvancedInstituteofScienceandTechnology,3731
Kusongdong,Yusonggu,Taejon,305701,SouthKorea
Nonlinearstaticanddynamicinstabilityofcompletesphericalshellsusingmixedfiniteelementformulation,
InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,Vol.38,No.6,September2003,pp.923934,
doi:10.1016/S00207462(02)000380
ABSTRACT:ThefiniteelementmethodbasedonthetotalLagrangiandescriptionofthemotionandthe
HellingerReissnerprinciplewithindependentstrainisappliedtoinvestigatethenonlinearstaticanddynamic
responsesofsphericallaminatedshellsunderexternalpressure.Thenonlineardynamicproblemissolvedby
employingtheimplicittimeintegrationmethod.Thecriticalloadofthinsphericallaminatedpanelsis
investigatedbyexaminingthestaticanddynamicresponses.Thecriticaldynamicloadisdeterminedbythe
phaseplaneandtheBudianskyRothcriteria.TheeffectoftheartificialcoefficientofRayleighdampingonthe
dynamicresponseisconsidered.Thedynamicresponsewithdampingincludedconvergestothestaticresponse.
Thedampingcoefficientgreatlyaffectsahighlynonlineardynamicresponse.Forathinsphericalpanelwith
thesnappingphenomena,thecriticaldynamicloadislowerthanthestaticone.
JinHoRoh(1),IlKwonOh(2),SeungManYang(1),JaeHungHan(1)andInLee(1)
(1)DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,KoreaAdvancedInstituteofScienceandTechnology,3731
Guseongdong,Yuseonggu,Daejeon,305701,Korea
(2)SchoolofMechanicalSystemsEngineering,ChonnamNationalUniversity,300,Yongbongdong,Bukgu,
Gwangju,500757,Korea,
Thermalpostbucklinganalysisofshapememoryalloyhybridcompositeshellpanels,SmartMater.Struct.
131337doi:10.1088/09641726/13/6/006
ABSTRACT:Thethermalpostbucklingresponsesofshapememoryalloyhybridcomposite(SMAHC)shell
panelsareinvestigatedusingafiniteelementmethodformulatedonthebasisofthelayerwisetheory.Thevon
Krmnnonlineardisplacementstrainrelationshipsareappliedtoconsiderlargedeflectionsduetothermal
loads.Thecylindricalarclengthmethodisusedtotakeaccountofthesnappingphenomenonwhichisan
unstablebehaviorobservedintheshellpanels.AnonlinearfiniteelementprocedurebasedonBrinson'smodel
isdevelopedtoinvestigatethebehaviorsofshapememoryalloy(SMA)wire.Theresultsofnumericalanalysis
showthattherecoverystressesofSMAwirescanenhancethestiffnessofstructureandtheSMAHCshellpanel
exhibitssuperiorbehaviorsofthermalpostbucklingcomparedtotheconventionalcompositepanel.Itisalso
shownthatembeddingSMAwiresinacompositestructurecanpreventtheunstablepostbucklingbehavior.
ShiauLeChung(InstituteofAeronauticsandAstronautics,NationalChengKungUniversity,Tainan,Taiwan,
R.O.C.),Afiniteelementprocedureforinelasticdynamicanalysisofcylindricalstructures,Computers&
Structures,Vol.48,No.3,August1993,pp.481486,doi:10.1016/00457949(93)903258
ABSTRACT:Afiniteelementprocedurefortheinelasticdynamicanalysisofcylindricalstructuressubjectedto
lateraldynamicloadandaxialthrustisgiven.Theplasticstrainsdevelopedinthestructurearetreatedas
fictitiousequivalentloadsandtheneutralaxisateachsectionisdeterminedbyusingasubsectionconcept.
Equationsofmotionarethensolvednumericallybythedirectionintegrationmethod.Thefiniteelement
procedureisverifiedbytheexactsolutionusingacontinuumanalysis.Applicationoftheprocedureismadeto
investigatetheeffectsofaxialthrustontheinelasticdynamicresponseofatallcylindricalstructure.The

presentmethodmaybeappliedtotheanalysisofpracticaldesignsofcylindricalstructures.
ShihYaoKuo(1),LeChungShiau(2)andKeHanChen(2)
(1)Dept.ofAviationServiceManagement,AletheiaUniversity,Tainan,Taiwan,ROC
(2)Dept.ofAeronauticsandAstronautics,NationalChengKungUniversity,Tainan,Taiwan,ROC
Bucklinganalysisofshapememoryalloyreinforcedcompositelaminates,CompositeStructures,Vol.90,
No.2,September2009,pp.188195,doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2009.03.007
ABSTRACT:Theeffectofshapememoryalloy(SMA)onthebucklingbehaviorofarectangularcomposite
laminatewasinvestigatedbythefiniteelementmethod.TheinfluenceofSMAonbucklingofcomposite
laminatesbyvaryingtheSMAfiberspacingwasstudied.Theformulationofthelocationdependentstiffness
matrixduetononhomogeneousmaterialpropertiesandthetemperaturedependentrecoverystressstiffness
matrixwerederived.TheresultsshowthattheActiveStrainEnergyTuningmethodismuchbetterthanthe
ActivePropertyTuningmethodinimprovingthebucklingperformanceoftheplate.WhentheSMAfibersare
concentratedinthecenterareaoftheplate,thebucklingloadoftheplatewillbeimprovedsignificantly.Ifthe
stiffnessoftheSMAlayerislowerthanotherlayers,theinfluenceoftheSMAonthebucklingloadoftheplate
willbecomesubordinate.
JinHanJeon(1),TaiHongCheng(2)andIlKwonOh(1)
(1)SchoolofMechanicalSystemsEngineering,ChonnamNationalUniversity,300Yongbongdong,Bukgu,
Gwangju,500757,RepublicofKorea
(2)CollegeofMechanicalandElectricalEngineering,WenzhouUniversity,WenzhouHigherEducationPark,
Zhejiang325035,People'sRepublicofChina
SnapthroughdynamicsofbuckledIPMCactuator,SensorsandActuatorsA:Physical,Vol.158,No.2,
March2010,pp.300305,doi:10.1016/j.sna.2010.01.030
ABSTRACT:ThesnapthroughdynamicsofbistablebuckledIPMCactuatorswithdoubleclampedboundary
conditionswasinvestigatedtogeneratemuchlargerdisplacementandperiodicalstablelocomotionbasedon
jumpingphenomenawithrelativelowinputpower.Amongsquare,convex,andconcavebuckledIPMC
actuators,thejumpingphenomenonoftheconcaveIPMCactuatorwasremarkablyobservedintheharmonic
responsesofhighinputvoltageandlowexcitationfrequency.Presentresultsshowthattheendshortening,the
drivingvoltageandtheexcitationfrequencyofthedoubleclampedIPMCactuatorsstronglyaffectthelarge
deformation,rapidjumps,andlowpowerconsumptionduetothesnapthroughphenomena.
JinHoRoh(1),JaeSungBae(1),andInLee(2)
(1)SchoolofAerospaceandMechanicalEngineering,KoreaAerospaceUniversity,Korea
(2)DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,KoreaAdvancedInstituteofScienceandTechnology,Korea
ThermalPostbucklingandVibrationCharacteristicsofCompositeConicalShellStructures,(publisherand
datenotgiveninthepdffile;latestreferenceis2006)
ABSTRACT:Thevibrationandthethermalpostbucklingresponsesofthecompositeconicalshellstructures
areinvestigated.Thenonlinearfiniteelementformulationsofthecompositeconicalshellarederivedbasedon
thelayerwisedisplacementtheory.ThevonKarmannonlineardisplacementstrainrelationshipsareappliedto
considerlargedeflectionsduetothermalloads.Thecylindricalarclengthmethodisusedtoaccountforthe

snappingphenomenon.Theeffectofstructuralparameters,suchasthesemiconeangle,thicknessratio,and
shallownessangle(curvature),onthestructuralstabilityofcompositeconicalshellsubjectedtothermalloadis
observed.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
(1)Tong,L.,FreeVibrationofCompositeLaminatedConicalShells,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,35(1),4761,
1993.
(2)Bardell,N.S.,Dunsdon,J.M.andLangley,R.S.,FreeVibrationofThin,Isotropic,Open,ConicalPanels,JournalofSoundand
Vibration,217(2),297320,1998.
(3)Patel,B.P.,Shukla,K.K.,andNath,Y.,NonlinearThermoelasticStabilityCharacteristicsofCrossplyLaminatedOval
Cylindrical/ConicalShells,FiniteElementsinAnalysisandDesign,42,10611070,2006.
(4)Patel,B.P.,Shukal,K.K.,andNath,Y.,ThermalPostbucklingAnalysisofLaminatedCrossplyTruncatedCircularConical
Shells,CompositeStructures,71,101114,2005.
(5)Jabareen,M.andSheinman,I.,EffectoftheNonlinearPrebucklingStateontheBifurcationPointofConicalShells,
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,43,21462159,2006.
(6)Yang,H.T.Y.,Saigal,S.,Masud,A.andKapania,R.K.,ASurveyofRecentShellFiniteElements,InternationalJournalfor
NumericalMethodsinEngineering,47,101127,2000.
(7)Reddy,J.N.,Mechanicsoflaminatedcompositeplates:Theoryandanalysis(CRCPress)651722,1996.

JinHoRoh(1)JiHyeWoo(2)andInLee(2)
(1)SchoolofAerospaceandMechanicalEngineering,KoreaAerospaceUniversity,Goyangcity,Geonggido,
Korea
(2)DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering,KoreaAdvancedInstituteofScienceandTechnology,Yuseonggu,
Daejeon,Korea
ThermalPostBucklingandVibrationAnalysisofCompositeConicalShellStructuresUsingLayerwise
Theory,JournalofThermalStresses,Vol.32,Nos.1&2,2009,pp.4164,
doi:10.1080/01495730802540031
ABSTRACT:Thethermalpostbucklingandvibrationcharacteristicsofcompositeconicalshellsare
investigatedusingafiniteelementmethod.BasedonthelayerwisetheoryandthevonKrmndisplacement
strainrelationships,thenonlinearfiniteelementequationsofmotionarederivedforthethermoelasticresponse
ofthecompositeconicalshellstructure.Thecylindricalarclengthmethodisusedtoaccountforthesnapping
phenomenon.Theinfluenceofthestructuralparameters,suchasthesemiconeangle,thicknessratio,and
shallownessangle(curvature),onthestructuralstabilityofthecompositeconicalshellsubjectedtothethermal
loadisalsoobserved.
J.Wu(1),H.C.JuvkamWold(2)andR.Lu(2)
(1)MaurerEngineeringInc.,Houston,TX770187098
(2)TexasA&MUniversity,CollegeStation,TX778433116
HelicalBucklingofPipesinExtendedReachandHorizontalWellsPart1:PreventingHelicalBuckling,
ASMEJournalofEnergyResourcesTechnology,Vol.115,No.3,pp190195,September1993,
doi:10.1115/1.2905992
ABSTRACT:Thispaperstudiesthehelicalbucklingofpipes(drillstringandtubing)inextendedreachand
horizontalwells,theoreticallyandexperimentally,resultinginnewequationstocorrectlypredictandeffectively
preventthehelicalbucklingofpipesinsuchwells.Thetheoreticalstudyshowsthatthesocalledhelical
bucklingloadthatappearsinthecurrentliteratureisonlytheaverageaxialloadinthehelicalbuckling
developmentprocess.Thelaboratoryexperimentsconfirmthetheoreticalanalysis.Thenewhelicalbuckling

loadequationsareformalizedbycombiningthetheoreticalanalysisandtheexperimentalresults,thereby
resolvingtheexistingassumptionandresultinconsistencyinthecurrentliterature.Thenewequationpredicts
thetruehelicalbucklingloadtobeabout1.3timesthesocalledhelicalbucklingloadinthecurrentliterature,
andabout1.8timesthecriticalbucklingloadthatpredictstheonsetofsinusoidalbuckling.Consequaently,
largerbitweightsorpackersettingloadscanbeappliedtoincreasethedrillingrateortoensureaproperseal,
beforethehelicalbucklingofthepipescanoccur.
J.Wu(1)andH.C.JuvkamWold(2)
(1)MaurerEngineeringInc.,Houston,TX770187098
(2)TexasA&MUniversity,CollegeStation,TX778433116
HelicalBucklingofPipesinExtendedReachandHorizontalWellsPart2:FrictionalDragAnalysis,ASME
JournalofEnergyResourcesTechnology,Vol.115,No.3,pp196201,September1993,doi:10.1115/1.2905993
ABSTRACT:Thispaperstudiesthefrictionaldragofhelicallybuckledpipes(drillstringandtubing)in
extendedreachandhorizontalwellstocorrectlypredicttheactualbitweightorpackerload,incaseswhere
helicalbucklingofpipesmayhaveoccurred.Helicalbucklingofpipesinsuchwellsmayoccur,sincelarge
axialloadsareoftenrequired.Thedifferentialequationofaxialforcebalancewithconsidrationoftheaxial
frictionforhelicallybuckledpipesisresolved,andthesolutionshowsthatwhenthepipesarehelicallybuckled,
thefrictionaldragwillbecomeverylarge.Theactualbitweightfordrillingorpackerloadforwellcompletion
maythereforebecomemuchsmallerthanestimatedundertheunbuckledpipeconditions.Theanalytical
solutionisalsoshowntoagreewiththeresultsfromlaboratoryexperiments,whichsimulatetherealwellbore
pipeconditions.Anexampleisprovidedtoshowthecalculationprocedureandtheimportanceoftheresults.
J.Wu(1)andH.C.JuvkamWold(2)
(1)MaurerEngineeringInc.,Houston,TX770187098
(2)TexasA&MUniversity,CollegeStation,TX778433116
BucklingandLockupofTubularsinInclinedWellbores,JournalofEnergyResourcesTechnology,Vol.117,
No.3,pp.208213e,September1995,DOI:10.1115/1.2835342
ABSTRACT:Thispaperstudiessinusoidalandhelicalbucklingoftubularsininclinedwellboresandthe
lockupoftubularsduetobuckling.Theresultsshowthattubularbucklingstartsfromthetubularbottomin
lowinclinationwellbores,wheretheaxialcompressiveloadislargestduetotubularweight.Inhighinclination
wellboresitmaystartfromthetopportionofthetubular,wheretheaxialcompressiveloadislargestdueto
frictionaldrag.Thisclarifiestheconfusiononwhetherornotthetubularbucklesatonceonitsentirelengthin
inclinedwellbores.Newsinusoidalandhelicalbucklingloadequationsarepresentedtobetterpredicttubular
bucklingininclinedwellbores(090deg).Thelowerthewellboreinclinationangle,thesmallertheaxial
compressiveloadrequiredtoinitiatetubularbuckling.However,acertainnonzeroaxialcompressiveloadis
stillneededtobucklethetubularsinverticalwellbores.Whentubularsbucklehelically,alargewallcontact
forcewillbegenerated,andtheslackoffweightatthesurfacewillnotbefullytransmittedtothetubular
bottomduetolargeresultantfrictionaldrag.Thelockupoftubularsmayevenoccur,wherethetubular
bottomloadcannotbeincreasedbyslackingoffweightatthesurface.
HongliDing(1),JikeWu(1)andBingyeXu(2)

(1)DepartmentofMechanicsandEngineeringScience,BeijingUniversity,Beijing100871,People'sRepublic
ofChina
(2)DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,TsinghuaUniversity,Beijing100084,People'sRepublicofChina
Theoreticalanalysesofthermalpostbucklingproblemsoflinershells,NuclearEngineeringandDesign,Vol.
180,No.3,April1998,pp.243250,doi:10.1016/S00295493(97)003270
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingoflinershellsisamajorprobleminreactorcontainmentdesign.Inthispaper,the
locallinershellisconsideredasthelinerplatewithspecialinitialimperfectionform,basedonwhich,Koiter's
asymptotictheoryofinitialpostbucklingisusedtoobtainexpressionsforthepostbucklingequilibriumpaths
andpostbucklingminimumloadsforperfectandimperfectlinershells.Thepostbucklingbehaviorsofthree
linershellmodels(fourpointsupportedlinershell,clampedlinershell,andfivepointsupportedlinershell)are
investigated.Theinfluenceoftheinitialimperfectionstudspacingandlinerthicknessonthepostbuckling
minimumloadsisalsogiven.
C.D.Babcock(DepartmentofAeronauticalEngineerin,g,CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology),The
PropagatingBuckleInMarinePipelines,PaperNo.82M001,AnnualMeetingPapers,DivisonofProduction,
April47,1982,SanAntonio,TX,AmericalPetroleumInstitute
ABSTRACTANDINTRODUCTION:Aninvestigationhasbeencarriedoutinordertounderstandthe
dynamicsofthepropagatingbuckleandtofindabasisfordesigningefficientandeffectivearrestingdevices.
Thevelocityofpropagationwasmeasuredasafunctionofdiametertothicknessratioandpressure.Thesewere
carriedoutindifferentpressuremedia.Itwasfoundthatthepropagationvelocityisaffectedbythepressurizing
mediumusedaswellasthepressure.Amethodologyforexperimentallystudyingtheefficiencyofarrestorswas
established.thesocalled\"SlipOn\"arrestorwasstudiedusingthismethod.Anempiricalformulaisderived
fortheefficiencyofthisarrestor.Itwasalsofoundthatquasistaticdesigncriteriaunderestimatethearrestor
efficiencyunderdynamicconditions.Anygapbetweenthearrestorandthepipegreatlyreducestheefficiency.
Introduction:Thepropagatingbuckleisoneofthenewproblemsthathasappearedasaresultoftheincreased
interestinoffshorenaturalresources.theproblemscanoccurduringoffshorepipelayingoperationswhenthe
pipeisundercombinationofloadssuchasexternalpressureandbendingmoment.Alocalbucklinginitiatedby
theseloadscanpropagatedownthepipelineiftheexternalpressureisaboveacriticalpressureknownasthe
propagationpressure.Anumberofinvestigators(ref.1,L)havestudiedtheproblem.Theirstudiesresultedin
empiricalrelationsforthepropagationpressure.Testsonsomebucklearrestorsdesigns(ref.3)werealso
carriedout.
S.KyriakidesandP.K.Shaw(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineeringandEngineeringMechanics,The
UniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,TX78712,U.S.A.),Responseandstabilityofelastoplasticcircular
pipesundercombinedbendingandexternalpressure,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.18,
No.11,1982,pp.957973,doi:10.1016/00207683(82)900865
ABSTRACT:Theresponseandstabilityofelastoplasticcircularpipesundercombinedbendingandexternal
pressureareinvestigatedbothanalyticallyaswellasexperimentally.Avirtualworkapproachisusedto
formulatetheproblem,whichresultsinasetofnonlinearalgebraicequationswhicharesolvednumerically.
Themaximummomentandcurvaturefordifferentpressuresaredeterminedasafunctionofthematerialand
geometricparametersoftheproblem.Fortherangeofparameterswherelimitloadinstabilitydominates,the
resultscompareverywellwithexperimentalresultsforbothsteelandaluminiumpipes.

S.KyriakidesandS.K.Youn(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineeringandEngineeringMechanics,The
UniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,TX78712,U.S.A.),Onthecollapseofcircularconfinedringsunder
externalpressure,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.20,No.7,1984,pp.699713,
doi:10.1016/00207683(84)900258
ABSTRACT:Thepaperpresentsastudyofthelargedeflectioncollapseofcircularringsconfinedinarigid
cavityunderexternalpressure.Theringisassumedtobeinextensionalandtohaveaninitiallocalized
imperfectionwhichcausesasmallsectionofitscircumferencetobedetachedfromtheconfiningwall.The
cavityformedispressurizedanditsgrowthexamined.Theformulationisgeneralenoughtoallowforlarge
deflectionsoftheringaswellasmaterialnonlinearities.Thepressureversuschangeinvolumeresponseofthe
confinedringisfoundtobecharacterizedbyalimitloadforbothelasticandinelasticmaterialbehavior.The
limitloadisshowntobedependentonboththegeometryoftheinitialimperfectionaswellastheyieldandpost
yieldcharacteristicsoftheringmaterial.Theresponsebeyondthelimitloadisunstableuntilthecrownofthe
ringtouchestheoppositesideafterwhichitbecomesstableagain.
SteliosKyriakides(DepartmentofAerospaceEngineeringandEngineeringMechanics,TheUniversityof
TexasatAustin,Austin,TX78712,U.S.A),Propagatingbucklesinlongconfinedcylindricalshells,
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.22,No.12,1986,pp.15791597,
doi:10.1016/00207683(86)900648
ABSTRACT:Inmanypracticalengineeringapplications,relativelystiff,long,circularcavitiesarelinedwith
morecompliantlinershells.Pressureappliedthroughtheporouswallsoftheconfiningmediumcancause
bucklingoftheshells.Suchbucklingisusuallylocalinnatureandoccursatasectionwiththebiggest
geometricimperfection.Thepaperpresentsexperimentalevidencewhichdemonstratesthat,oncesuchashell
hasbeenlocallydented,abucklewhichpropagateswithintheconfinesofthecavitycanbeinitiated.Sucha
bucklehasthepotentialofcompletelycollapsingtheliner.Thelowestpressureatwhichthisbucklewill
propagateisestablishedexperimentallythroughaparametricstudyoftheproblem.Thephenomenonisfoundto
bephysicallysimilartothepropagatingbuckleproblemwhichcandevelopinoffshorepipelines.Adifference
isthatinthecaseoftheconfinedshell,theinstabilityisshowntohaveastronggeometricdependenceand,asa
result,itcanbedevelopedinthecaseofthinelasticaswellaselastoplasticshells.
SteliosKyriakidesandChangYuChung(EngineeringMechanicsResearchLaboratory,Departmentof
AerospaceEngineeringandEnineeringMechanics,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,TX78712
U.S.A.),Ontheinflationofalongelastictubeinthepresenceofaxialload,InternationalJournalofSolids
andStructures,Vol.26,Nos.910,1990,pp.975991,doi:10.1016/00207683(90)90012K
ABSTRACT:Wheninflatinglongcirculartubesmadefromsomerubbercompoundsitispossiblefora
localizationtypeofinstabilitytooccur.Thelocalizationtakestheformofabulgewhichformssomewhere
alongthelengthofthetube.Furtherinflationresultsinaxialenlargementofthebulgedsection.Thisoccursata
valueofpressurewhichissubstantiallylowerthanthepressureatwhichthebulgewasfirstinitiated.Thepaper
presentsexperimentalandanalyticalresultswhichshowhowtheinitiationandsteadystatepropagationofsuch
bulgesinlatexrubbertubesisaffectedbythepresenceofaxialtensileload.

EdmundoCoronaandSteliosKyriakides(EngineeringMechanicsResearchLaboratory,Departmentof
AerospaceEngineeringandEngineeringMechanics,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,Texas78712,
USA),Anexperimentalinvestigationofthedegradationandbucklingofcirculartubesundercyclicbending
andexternalpressure,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.12,No.3,1991,pp.229263,
doi:10.1016/02638231(91)90048N
ABSTRACT:Cyclicbendingoftubesintotheplasticrangeofthematerialleadstoaprogressiveaccumulation
ofovalizationofthetubecrosssection.Persistentcyclingleadstolocalcatastrophicbucklingofthetube.This
paperpresentsanexperimentalstudyoftheproblem.Themainobjectiveofthestudywastoestablishtheeffect
ofthecyclicbendinghistoryandoftheexternalpresdureontherateofaccumulationofovalizationandonthe
onsetofinstability.Thecyclicloadinghistoriesexaminedincludecurvaturesymmetricbending,bendingabout
ameanvalueofcurvatureandmomentcontrolledbendingaboutameanvalueofmoment.Therateatwhich
ovalizationaccumulatesincurvaturecontrolledcyclicbendingwasfoundnottobesignificantlyaffectedbya
meancurvatureinthecycles.Momentcontrolledbendingaboutameanmomentleadstoratchetingincurvature
aswellasinovalization.Externalpressureacceleratestheaccumulationofovalizationandleadstobucklingin
fewercyclesthaninthecorrespondingpurebendingcases.Thiswasfoundtobetrueforallbendinghistories
considered.Significantsimilaritieswereobservedbetweentheresponseandonsetofinstabilityinthe
monotonicbendingcaseandallcyclicbendingcases.Foragroupofaluminumtubesinstabilitywasfoundto
occurwhentheovalizationofthecrosssectionreachedacriticalvalue.Thiscriticalvaluewasfoundtobe
relativelyindependentofthebendinghistoryfollowed.
SteliosKyriakidesandChangYuChung(EngineeringMechanicsResearchLaboratory,Departmentof
AerospaceEngineeringandEngineeringMechanics,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,TX78712,
U.S.A.),Theinitiationandpropagationofalocalizedinstabilityinaninflatedelastictube,International
JournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.27,No.9,1991,pp.10851111,doi:10.1016/00207683(91)90113T
ABSTRACT:Athinelastictube,wheninflated,firstexpandstoacylindricalshape.aftersomedeformation,
thisisinterruptedbythedevelopmentofabulgesomewherealongthelengthofthetube.Forsomerubber
materials,thebulgeinitiallygrowswithdecreasingpressure,whereastherestofthetubeunloads.aftergrowing
toacertaindiameter,thebulgestartsspreadingaxially.Thiscanoccuratawelldefinedvalueofpressurewhich
ismuchlowerthanthepressurerequiredtoinitiatethebulge.themechanismsthroughwhichthebulgeis
initiated,itsinitialgrowthanditseventualpropagationalongthelengthofthetubearestudiedexperimentally
andanalytically.Theresultsvividlyillustratelocalizationandpropagationtypesofinstabilitieswhichgovern
themechanicalbehaviorofavarietyofsolidsandstructures.
S.KyriakidesandY.C.Chang(EngineeringMechanicsResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofAerospace
EngineeringandEngineeringMechanics,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,TX78712,U.S.A.),On
theeffectofaxialtensiononthepropagationpressureoflongcylindricalshells,InternationalJournalof
MechanicalSciences,Vol.34,No.1,January1992,pp.315,doi:10.1016/00207403(92)90049M
ABSTRACT:Localimperfectionsinducedtolongtubessubjectedtohighexternalpressurescanleadtolocal
collapsefromwhichapropagatingbucklecanbeinitiated.Thiscanresultincatastrophiccollapseoflarge
sectionsofthestructure.Thelowestpressureatwhichsuchabucklewillpropagate,knownasthepropagation
pressureofthetube,istypicallyhalfanorderofmagnitudelowerthanthecollapsepressureoftheintacttube.

Inanumberofmoderndeepwaterapplications,longtubularstructuresaresubjecttohighaxialtensionin
additiontoexternalpressure.Thepaperdescribestheresultsofanexperimentalstudyinwhichthepropagation
pressureoflongmetaltubeswasmeasuredinthepresenceofaconstant,axialtensileforce.Tensionwasfound
tosignificantlyreducethepropagationpressure.Aparametricstudyoftheproblem,augmentedbyasimple
modelofthephenomenon,hasyieldedapproximateexpressionsforthepropagationpressureinthepresenceof
axialtension.
J.Y.DyauandS.Kyriakides(EngineeringMechanicsResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofAerospace
EngineeringandEngineeringMechanics,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,TX787121085,U.S.A.),
Onthepropagationpressureoflongcylindricalshellsunderexternalpressure,InternationalJournalof
MechanicalSciences,Vol.35,No.8,August1993,pp.675713,doi:10.1016/00207403(93)90018P
ABSTRACT:Localimperfectionsinducedinlongtubessubjectedtohighexternalpressurescanleadtolocal
collapse,fromwhichapropagatingbucklecanbeinitiated.Thiscanresultincatastrophiccollapseoflarge
sectionsofthestructure.Thepropagationpressureisthelowestpressureatwhichsuchabucklewillpropagate.
Forcommonstructuralmetaltubeswithdiametertothicknessratiosoflessthan100,thepropagationpressure
istypicallyhalfanorderofmagnitudelowerthanthecollapsepressureoftheintacttubes.Asaresult,the
designofseveraltubularstructureswithexternalpressureloadingrequiresthatthecollapseandpropagation
pressuresbeaccuratelyknown.Thispaperdealswiththeexperimentalandanalyticalchallengesofestablishing
thepropagationpressure.Aspecialpurposethreedimensionalanalysis,incombinationwithexperimental
observationsandresults,isusedtodemonstrateamechanismofinitiationofpropagatingbucklesinlongtubes,
tostudytheparametricdependenceofthepropagationpressureandtoillustratetheeffectofaxialtensiononthe
propagationpressure.Propagationpressurespredictedwiththisanalysisareusedtoevaluatethestrengthsand
weaknessesofsimplermodelsdevelopedinthepast.
S.Kyriakides,R.Arseculeratne,E.J.PerryandK.M.Liechti(EngineeringMechanicsResearchLaboratory,
DepartmentofAerospaceEngineeringandEngineeringMechanics,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,
TX78712,U.S.A.),Onthecompressivefailureoffiberreinforcedcomposites,InternationalJournalofSolids
andStructures,Vol.32,Nos.67,MarchApril1995,pp.689738,SpecialIssue:TimeDependentProblemsin
Mechanics,doi:10.1016/00207683(94)00157R
ABSTRACT:Inthispaperacombinationofexperimentationandanalysisisusedtoidentifyandstudythe
mechanismsthatgovernthefailureofunidirectionalfibercompositesundercompression.Theexperimentalpart
includesexperimentsinwhichthecompressivestrengthandtheprevalentfailuremechanismsofAS4/PEEK
compositeareestablished,testsforestablishingtheconstitutivepropertiesofthecompositeanditsconstituents,
andanevaluationoftheextentofmisalignmentoffibersinmanufacturedcomposites.Thefailureloadofthe
compositewasconfirmedtobeaffectedbygeometricimperfectionsintheformoffiberwaviness,andfailure
wasfoundtoleadtokinkbandswithdistinctorientationsandwidths.Motivatedbytheexperimentalfindings,
thecompositewasidealizedasatwodimensionalsolidwithalternatingfiberandmatrixlayers,eachhavingthe
measuredpropertiesofthetwoconstituents.Thecompressiveresponsesofmicrosectionsoffinitewidthwith
imperfectionsofvariousspatialdistributionswereestablishednumerically.Thecalculatedresponsesare
characterizedbyaninitiallystiff,stableregimeterminatedbyalimitloadinstabilitywhichisassociatedwith
thestrengthofthecomposite.Followingthelimitload,thedeformationlocalizedintoinclinedbandswith
distinctwidths.Ithasbeenverifiedthat,asthelocalizationprocessprogresses,thefiberbendingstressesatthe

endsofthesebandsgrowtovaluescomparabletothoseofthefiberstrength.Thesensitivityofthecalculated
responsetothegeometriccharacteristicsoftheimperfectionswasstudiedparametrically.
T.L.PowerandS.Kyriakides(EngineeringMechanicsResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofAerospace
EngineeringandEngineeringMechanics,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,Texas78712,U.S.A.),
Circumferentialstiffenersasbucklearrestorsinlongpanels,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,
Vol.33,No.13,May1996,pp.18371851,doi:10.1016/00207683(95)001336
ABSTRACT:Itiswellknownthatcertainlargerstructuresaresusceptibletoatypeofcollapsewhichstarts
locallybutunderfavorableconditionscanspreadandhasthepotentialofaffectingthewholestructure.The
lowestloadwhichcansustainthisspreadingofcollapsepropagationloadisusuallysignificantlylowerthanthe
criticalbucklingloadofthegeometricallyintactstructure.Asaresult,theoptionofavoidingthepotentialityof
propagatingcollapsebyusingthepropagationloadasthedesigncriterioncanresultinsignificantpenaltiesin
costandweight.Analternativeistobasethedesignonthecriticalbucklingloadofthestructurewhile
includingperiodicstiffenerstoarrestpotentialpropagatingcollapseandkeepitseffectlocal.Thispaper
illustratesthisnewdesignphilosophythroughanexampleinvolvingalongpressureloadedpanelwithsparsely
spacedcircumferentialstiffenerscastintheroleofbucklearrestors.Ananalysisispresentedwhichmodelsthe
processofquasistaticbucklepenetrationthroughsuchastiffener.Ageneralmeasureofarrestingperformance
isdefined,basedonthemaximumpressureexperiencedduringthepenetrationprocess.Ageneralframework
forestablishingthedependenceofthestiffenerarrestingefficiencyontheproblemparametersisdeveloped.
Furthermore,fundamentalconceptsregardinglimitingvaluesforstiffenerlengthandthicknessareintroduced,
andresultsarepresentedwhichindicatethatinthisproblemshort,thickstiffenersprovidethemostarresting
capacityforagivenamountofstiffenermaterial.
T.D.ParkandS.Kyriakides(EngineeringMechanicsResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofAerospace
EngineeringandEngineeringMechanics,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,TX78712,U.S.A.),On
thecollapseofdentedcylindersunderexternalpressure,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.38,
No.5,May1996,pp.557578,doi:10.1016/00207403(95)000658
ABSTRACT:Inthispaperthereductioninthecollapsepressureoflongcylinderswhichhavelocaldentsis
evaluatedthroughacombinationofexperimentandanalysis.Anumberofstainlesssteeltubes,withdiameter
tothicknessratiosofapproximately33,24and19,wereindentedtovariousdegreeswithsphericalindentorsof
twodiameters.Thegeometryofeachdentwasrecordedusinganimperfectionscanningsystemandthe
cylindersweresubsequentlycollapsedunderexternalpressure.Dentingreducesthelocalcollapseresistanceof
thecylinder.Forlargerdentsthecollapsepressurewasfoundtoapproachthepropagationpressureofthetube.
Collapsewasfoundtoberelativelyinsensitivetothedetailedgeometryofadentbuttobecriticallydependent
onthemaximumovalizationofitsmostdeformedcrosssection(delta0d).Thecollapsepressuresoftubeswith
dentsproducedbyindentorsofdifferentdiameterscouldbewellcorrelatedthroughthismeasureofthedent
geometry.Thedentingandcollapseprocessesweresimulatednumericallyusingappropriatelynonlinear
elastoplasticshellanalyses.Bothstepsofsuchsimulationswereshowntobeingoodagreementwith
experimentalresultsforabroadvariationoftheparametersoftheproblem.Thekeyroleofthegeometric
parameterdelta0dwasexploitedinordertogenerateaUniversalCollapseResistanceCurvefordented
cylinders.Itwaspossibletoshowthatthepostlimitloadresponse(Pdelta0d)ofacylinder,withasmallbut
axiallyuniforminitialovality,providesaverygoodlowerboundtothecollapsepressuresofthedented

cylindersplottedagainstthedentparameterdelta0d.Thesignificanceofthiscurveisthatitcanbeusedto
estimatethereductioninthecollapsepressureofacylinderwithanydentgeometryfromonlyonerelatively
simplemeasurementofthegeometryofthedentedsection.
T.J.VoglerandS.Kyriakides(ResearchCenterforMechanicsofSolids,Structures&Materials,The
UniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,TX78712,U.S.A.),Initiationandaxialpropagationofkinkbandsin
fibercomposites,ActaMaterialia,Vol.45,No.6,June1997,pp.24432454,
doi:10.1016/S13596454(96)003503
ABSTRACT:Thefailureoffiberreinforcedcompositesincompressionissudden,uncontrolledandresultsin
thedynamicformationofnarrowzonesofinclinedkinkedfibersandinadrasticreductioninloadbearing
capacity.Experimentalresultsarepresentedwhichdemonstratethatsuchmaterialsdomaintainsignificantpost
failurestrengthandductility.Followingtheonsetoffailure,kinkbandswhichwereinitiateddynamically
couldbemadetopropagate(broaden)inthefiberdirection.Underdisplacementcontrolledloading,the
propagationofthebandstakesplaceinasteadystatemanner.InthecaseoftheAPC2/AS4composite
analyzed,quasistaticpropagationofthisfailuretookplaceatastresslevelwhichwas40%ofthestrengthof
theintactmaterial.Thepropagationofthebandinvolvedprogressiveadditionofnarrowzonesoffibersfrom
theadjacentintactmaterialbyrotationandbreaking.Thisnewcharacteristicstressofsuchmaterialshasbeen
calledpropagationstress.Severalrequirementsandguidelinesforestablishingthetruevalueofthismaterial
property,freeofinfluencefromexperimentalconditionsandspecimengeometry,areoutlined.
S.Kyriakides,T.D.ParkandT.A.Netto(ResearchCenterforMechanicsofSolids,StructuresandMaterials,
TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,WRW110,Austin,TX78712,USA),Onthedesignofintegralbuckle
arrestorsforoffshorepipelines,AppliedOceanResearch,Vol.20,Nos.12,FebruaryApril1998,pp.95104,
SpecialIssue:OffshoreTechnologyinFocus,doi:10.1016/S01411187(98)000078
ABSTRACT:Acommonmethodoflimitingtheextentofdamageinducedbyapropagatingbuckletoadeep
waterpipelineistoperiodicallyinstallalongthelinethickringsweldedbetweenadjacentstringsofthepipe
(integralbucklearrestor).Theringslocallyincreasetheresistancetocollapseand,whenproperlydesigned,
arrestanincomingbuckle.Theeffectivenessofthistypeoflocalreinforcementasabucklearrestorwasstudied
throughaseriesoffullscaleexperimentsandthroughanumericalmodel.Themodelwasfirstproventobe
capableofaccuratelysimulatingthequasistaticcrossingofsucharrestorsbyabuckleandwasthenusedto
studythearrestingefficiencyofthisdeviceasafunctionofthepipeandarrestorgeometricandmaterial
parameters.Thispaperbrieflysummarizestheseresultswhicharesubsequentlyusedtoestablishsomebounds
forthearrestorthicknessandlengthandtodevelopempiricaldesignformulaeforsuchdevices.
T.J.VoglerandS.Kyriakides(ResearchCenterforMechanicsofSolids,StructuresandMaterialsThe
UniversityofTexasatAustin,WRW110,Austin,TX78712,USA),Ontheaxialpropagationofkinkbandsin
fibercomposites:PartIexperiments,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.36,No.4,February
1999,pp.557574,doi:10.1016/S00207683(98)000298
ABSTRACT:Inmanyfibercomposites,longitudinalcompressivefailureleadstotheformationofkinkbands.
Ithasbeenfoundthatthesekinkbands,onceformed,canbemadetopropagate(broaden)inasteadystate
mannerataconstantstresslevelcalledthepropagationstress(sigmaP).Thisisacharacteristicstressofthe

materialwhich,fortheAS4/PEEKcompositeusedinthestudyreportedhere,isapproximately40%ofits
compressivestrength.Thisphenomenonisinvestigatedexperimentallyusingaspecialconfiningsetupthat
allowsdirectobservationofthepropagationprocess.Forthecompositestudied,thekinkbandshavea
repeatableinclination(beta)ofapproximately15degrees,andthefiberswithinthebandsarerotatedtoabout30
degreesintheabsenceofaload.WhenloadedtosigmaP,however,theyarefoundtorotatefurtherto40
degrees,thatis,substantiallygreaterthanthe2betareportedelsewhere.Themechanismofpropagationisfound
tobeabendbreakrotatesequenceundergonebyshortsegmentsoffibersattheedgeofthekinkband.Itiswell
knownthatpolymericmatrixcompositessuchastheoneusedinthisstudyexhibitratedependentbehavior.
Experimentalresultsarepresentedwhichshowthatthekinkbandpropagationstressisalsoratedependent.
S.Y.Hsu,T.J.VoglerandS.Kyriakides(ResearchCenterforMechanicsofSolids,StructuresandMaterials,
TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,WRW110,Austin,TX78712,USA),Ontheaxialpropagationofkink
bandsinfibercomposites:PartIIanalysis,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.36,No.4,
February1999,pp.575595,doi:10.1016/S00207683(98)000304
ABSTRACT:Anewmicromechanicalmodelispresentedtosimulatethesteadystateaxialpropagationofkink
bandsinvestigatedexperimentallyintheaccompanyingpaper(PartI).Thefibersareinahexagonalarrayand
areassumedtobeisotropicandlinearlyelastic,whilethematrixismodeledasanelasticpowerlawviscoplastic
solid.Matrixpropertiesforthemodelaredeterminedfromsheartestsonthecompositeandcompressiontests
onneatPEEK.Themodelisusedtopredictthepropagationstress(sigmaP)oftheAS4/PEEKcompositeand
toinvestigatethesensitivityofsigmaPtobandinclination,matrixproperties,andloadingrate.Asimplemodel
recentlyreportedintheliteratureiscalibratedtothecurrentmaterialsystemandcomparedwiththepresent
experimentaldataandmodelpredictions.Themicromechanicalmodelisfoundtopredictthepropagationstress
reasonablywellandtocapturetheratedependenceofthecomposite.Thesimplemodelisfoundtocapturethe
trendsofthebehavior.
T.J.VoglerandS.Kyriakides(ResearchCenterforMechanicsofSolids,StructuresandMaterials,The
UniversityofTexasatAustinWRW110/C0600,Austin,TX787121085,USA),Ontheinitiationandgrowth
ofkinkbandsinfibercomposites:PartI.experiments,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Volume
38,No.15,April2001,pp.26392651,doi:10.1016/S00207683(00)001748
ABSTRACT:Theinitiationandgrowthofakinkbandinauniaxialcompositeisinvestigatedexperimentally.
ExperimentsonunidirectionalplatesofAS4/PEEKwereconductedusingacustombiaxialtestingdevice.A
relativelystablepostfailureresponsewhichoccursfordisplacementcontrolledshearingunderacompressive
preloadisexploitedtoobservequasistatickinkbandgrowth.Thebandinitiatesfromastressconcentrationon
oneofthefreeedgesandgrowsacrossthespecimenwithaconstantinclinationofabout12.Detailedinsitu
measurementsshowthatthefiberrotationandbandwidthatapointincreaseasthebandgoespastit.After
traversingthespecimen,thebandpropagates(broadens)withconstantfiberrotation.Theobservedkinkband
characteristicsweresimilartothoseofkinkbandswhichgrewdynamicallyinthesamecompositetestedunder
purecompression.Adifferenceisthattheendsofthebandsformedundercombinedcompressionandshearare
highlybentbutnotbroken.
T.J.Vogler,S.Y.HsuandS.Kyriakides(ResearchCenterforMechanicsofSolids,StructuresandMaterials,

UniversityofTexasatAustin,WRW110/C0600,Austin,TX787121085,USA),Ontheinitiationandgrowth
ofkinkbandsinfibercomposites.PartII:analysis,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.38,
No.15,April2001,pp.26532682,doi:10.1016/S00207683(00)00175X
ABSTRACT:MotivatedbytheexperimentalfindingsinPartI,thegrowthofakinkbandinauniaxial
compositeisinvestigatedusingtwoandthreedimensionalmicromechanicalmodels.Themodelsincludeboth
alocalandaglobalimperfectionandwerepreloadedincompressionandthenshearedunderdisplacement
control.Aninclinedkinkbandinitiatesfromthelocalimperfectionandgrowsacrossthespecimen.Similar
resultswereobtainedforpurecompressionloading.Thesimulatedkinkbandsarequitesimilartothose
observedexperimentally;though,whenJ2plasticityisusedtomodeltheinelasticmatrix,theirinclinationis
lowerthaninexperiments.Thecalculatedbandinclinationisshowntobeinsensitivetomanymodelparameters
includingimperfectioncharacteristics,fiberdiameter,volumefraction,andmatrixyieldstress.However,itis
quitesensitivetothedilatancyofthematrixasdemonstratedbytheuseoftheDruckerPragerconstitutive
modelforthematrix.Itwasfoundthattheabilityofthematrixtodeforminthedirectiontransversetothefibers
playsanimportantroleinallowinglarger,morerealistickinkbandinclinationstobeobtained.
J.R.Fowler(1)andC.G.Langner(2)
(1)StreessEngineeringServiceInc.
(2)ShellDevelopmentCo.
PerformanceLimitsforDeepwaterPipelines,PaperNumber6757MS, OffshoreTechnologyConference,6
May9May1991,Houston,Texas,doi:10.4043/6757MS
ABSTRACT:Thispaperhighlightsthedifferencesbetweenonshoreandoffshorepipelinedesign.Itthen
summarizestheresultsofcombinedexternalpressure,tension,andbendingtestingonfullscale65/8"and16"
pipe,andusestheseresultstosupportsuggestionsforappropriatedesignformulasforcombinedexternal
pressure,tension,andbendingloads.Finally,purchasingsuggestionsforpipesubjectedtoseveredeepwater
loadingsarepresented.
CarlG.Langner(Langner&Associates),BuckleArrestorsforDeepwaterPipelines,PaperNumber10711
MS,OffshoreTechnologyConference,3May6May1999,Houston,Texas,doi: 10.4043/10711MS
ABSTRACT:Progresshasbeenmadeinthedesignofbucklearrestors,ormorepreciselycollapsearrestors,for
deepwaterpipelines.Empiricalrelationshipshavebeendevelopedforthedesignofbothintegralringand
groutedsleevearrestors,formingthebasisofasimpleandstraightforwarddesignprocedure.Thegood
agreementbetweenthelatestdesignformulasandthecrossoverpressuredataobtainedfromlargescaletestsby
ShellE&PTechnologyCompanyandbyProfessorKyriakidesatU.T.Austinoverthepastfewyears,should
resultinmoreefficientandreliablebucklearrestorsfordeepwaterpipelines.
T.A.NettoandS.Kyriakides(ResearchCenterforMechanicsofSolids,Structures&Materials,The
UniversityofTexasatAustin,WRW110/C0600,Austin,Texas78712,USA),Dynamicperformanceof
integralbucklearrestorsforoffshorepipelines.PartI:Experiments,InternationalJournalofMechanical
Sciences,Vol.42,No.7,July2000,pp.14051423,doi:10.1016/S00207403(99)000521
ABSTRACT:Adesignmethodologyforintegralbucklearrestorsfordeepwaterpipelineswaspresentedina
previousstudy(ParkTD,andKyriakidesS.,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences1997;39:64369).It

wasbasedonexperimentsandanalysesinwhichbucklesengagedthearrestorsquasistatically.Inthistwopart
paperseries,theperformanceofthesamearrestorsisreevaluatedunderthemorerealisticdynamicbuckle
propagationconditionsencounteredinthesea.TheexperimentalprogramdescribedinPartIinvolvestubes
withD/t=27.9andarrestorswithLa/D=0.5.Thequasistaticarrestingefficiencyofbucklearrestorsisfirst
establishedexperimentallyasafunctionofthearrestorthickness.Thesamearrestordesignsarethentested
againinconstantpressureenvironmentswherebucklespropagateatvelocitiesof4001100ft/s.Experiments
areconductedusingbothwaterandairaspressurizingmedia.Atypicaltestspecimeninvolvesarelativelylong
upstreamsectionoftubeweldedtoanarrestorandtoadownstreamtube.Thebuckleisinitiatedintheupstream
tube,acceleratestosteadystatepropagation,engagesthearrestorandiseitherarrestedorcrossesover.Foreach
arrestordesignseveralsuchtestsarerequiredinordertobracketthedynamiccrossoverpressure.Forallcases
considered,thedynamiccrossoverpressurewasfoundtoexceedthecorrespondingquasistaticvalue.The
reasonsforthisenhancementinperformancearediscussedinPartIIinthelightofresultsfromnumerical
simulationsofthisprocess.
T.A.NettoandS.Kyriakides(ResearchCenterforMechanicsofSolids,Structures&Materials,The
UniversityofTexasatAustin,WRW110/C0600,Austin,TX787121085,USA),Dynamicperformanceof
integralbucklearrestorsforoffshorepipelines.PartII:Analysis,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,
Vol.42,No.7,July2000,pp.14251452,doi:10.1016/S00207403(99)000533
ABSTRACT:Inthesecondpartofthisstudywepresentmodelsforsimulatingthequasistaticanddynamic
propagationandarrestofbucklesinpipelines.Themodelsaredevelopedwithintheframeworkofthenonlinear
finiteelementABAQUSandareusedtosimulatethequasistaticanddynamicarrestexperimentsinPartI.
Theyarebasedonfinitedeformationkinematicsandproperlytreatthecontactthatdevelopsinthecollapsed
tubebehindthepropagatingbuckle.Inthequasistaticmodel,thetubeandarrestormaterialsaremodeledasJ2
flowtheorysolidswithisotropichardening.Inthedynamicmodel,theratedependenceofSS304isassumedto
exhibitanoverstresspowerlawdependence.Thepressurizingmediumisassumedtobevacuum.Thedynamic
modelisshowntoreproduceaccuratelytheconditionsofsteadystatebucklepropagationaswellasthe
dynamicengagementofabucklewithanarrestor.Forbucklevelocitiesofinterest,thebuckleprofilewasfound
tohavesharpenedconsiderablycomparedtothequasistaticone.Thenumericalresultsshowedthesame
dynamicenhancementofarrestorperformanceobservedintheexperiments.Whenthemuchsharperdynamic
buckleprofileengagesanarrestor,itinitiallyinducestoitandtothedownstreamtubesignificantreverse
ovality.Thistendstoobstructanddelaytheflatteningofthearrestorandtubewhichisthecauseofthecrossing
ofarrestorswithquasistaticefficienciesoflessthan0.7.Thenetresultisthatahigherpressureisrequiredto
crossthearrestorswhenthebuckleisrunning.Asintheexperiments,thebiggestdynamicenhancementwas
foundtooccurforarrestorsofefficienciesintherangeof0.350.6.Basedontheresultsofthisstudyitis
concludedthatquasistaticdesignproceduresforintegralbucklearrestorsproposedpreviouslyareconservative.
S.KyriakidesandT.A.Netto(ResearchCenterforMechanicsofSolids,StructuresandMaterials,WRW110,
TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,TX787121085,USA),Onthedynamicsofpropagatingbucklesin
pipelines,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.37,Nos.4647,November2000,pp.68436867,
doi:10.1016/S00207683(99)003170
ABSTRACT:Acombinedexperimentalandanalyticalstudyofthedynamicpropagationofbucklesinitiatedin
longpipesunderexternalpressureispresented.Theexperimentsinvolvemeasurementofthesteadystate

velocityofbucklesinitiatedinstainlesssteeltubeswithD/t=27.9.Resultsfromtubespressurizedbyairor
waterarepresentedforpressurelevelsrangingfromthepropagationpressuretothecollapsepressureofthe
tube.Thebucklevelocityinairwasfoundtobesignificantlyhigherthaninwateratthesamepressure.The
flipflopmodeofbucklepropagationwasfoundtotakeplaceforpressurelevels13%belowthecollapse
pressureandhigher.Afiniteelementmodel,capableofsimulatingthedynamicinitiationandpropagationof
suchbuckleshasbeendeveloped.Themodelaccountsfortheinertiaofthepipe,thenonlinearityintroducedby
contactbetweenthecollapsingwallsofthepipewhilethematerialismodeledasafinitelydeformingelastic
viscoplasticsolid.Thebucklingandcollapseareassumedtotakeplaceinvacuum.Themodelisshownto
reproducewellthedynamicinitiationandpropagationofbucklesinairandthepredictedvelocitiesareingood
agreementwiththosemeasuredinthismedium.Thebucklewasfoundtosharpensignificantlywithpressure.
Thissharpening,coupledwithhigherpressure,causesanincreaseintheamplitudeofreverseovalityinazone
justaheadofthepropagatingbucklefront.Athigherpressures,thereverseovalityisshowntobehighenough
toinitiatecollapseatanewsite.Thenewcollapseisat90totheoriginalone.Thissequenceofeventsis
repeated,resultingintheflipflopmodeofbucklepropagation.
SteliosKyriakides(ResearchCenterforMechanicsofSolids,StructuresandMaterials,UniversityofTexasat
Austin,WRW110/C0600Austin,TX78712,USA),Bucklepropagationinpipeinpipesystems.:PartI.
Experiments,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.39,No.2,January2002,pp.351366,
doi:10.1016/S00207683(01)001639
ABSTRACT:Pipeinpipesystemsareextensivelyusedinoffshorepipelineapplicationsinwhichthermal
insulationofthepipelineisnecessary.Typically,thespacebetweenthetwopipesiseitheremptyorcontains
insulationmaterialwhichprovideminimalmechanicalsupporttothesystem.Indeepwaterapplications,the
carrierpipemustbedesignedtoresistcollapseduetotheambientexternalpressurewhilethedesignofthe
innerpipeisusuallygovernedbythepressureofthehydrocarbonsitcarries.Theintegrityofthetwopipe
systemintheeventofaccidentalcollapseofthecarrierpipeisanissueofconcern.InPartIofthistwopart
report,theresultsofanextensiveexperimentalstudyoftheproblemarepresented.Theexperimentswere
carriedoutontwoinchdiametercarriertubeswithD/tvaluesof24.1,21.1and16.7andinnertubesofseveral
diametersandwallthicknesses.Inmostcaseslocalcollapseoftheoutertubeledtosimultaneouscollapseofthe
innerone.Subsequently,thecollapsepropagatedsimultaneouslycollapsingbothpipes.Thepropagation
pressureofthetwopipesystem(PP2)hasbeenquantifiedparametrically.Aninterestingsecondmodeof
collapsepropagationwasalsodiscoveredinwhichthecarrierpipecollapsesleavingtheinneroneintact.
Propagationofcollapseaffectingbothpipesisstillpossiblebutusuallyatahigherpressurelevel.Thepressure
atwhichthisswitchtakesplacehasbeenfoundtocloselycorrespondtothepropagationpressureofacarrier
pipewithasolidrodinsert(PPS)ofthesamediameterastheinnerpipe.TheparametricdependenceofPPShas
alsobeenestablishedexperimentally.PartIfinisheswithadiscussionofhowthesenewcriticalpressuresof
pipeinpipesystemsshouldinfluencethedesignofsuchpipelines.
SteliosKyriakidesandTracyJVogler(ResearchCenterforMechanicsofSolids,StructuresandMaterials,
UniversityofTexasatAustin,WRW110/C0600,Austin,TX787121085,USA),Bucklepropagationinpipe
inpipesystems.:PartII.Analysis,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.39,No.2,January2002,
pp.367392,doi:10.1016/S00207683(01)001640
ABSTRACT:InPartIIweexamineandevaluatetheperformanceofthreelevelsofmodelsforestimatingthe

twonewpropagationpressuresofpipeinpipesystemsintroducedinPartI(PP2andPPS).Thefirsttypeof
modelinvolvesuniformcollapseofthesystemthroughakinematicallyadmissiblemechanismresultingfrom
theformationofplastichinges.ClosedformexpressionsforPP2andPPSarederivedwhichprovideavaluable
qualitativeviewonhowtheydependonthemainparametersoftheproblem.Thepredictions,however,
significantlyunderpredictthemeasuredvalues.Thesecondtypeofmodelalsoinvolvesuniformcollapsebutis
conductednumericallyinstead.Anenergybalancebetweenprebucklingandcollapsedconfigurationsobtained
fromauniformcollapsemodelyieldsapproximatevaluesofPP2andPPS.Itisdemonstratedthatsuch
predictionsarewithinacceptableengineeringaccuracy.Thethirdtypeofmodelinvolvesfullythree
dimensionalnumericalsimulationoftheinitiationandsteadystatepropagationofcollapse.Itisdemonstrated
that,providedthegeometricandmaterialcharacteristicsofthepipesusedareaccuratelyrepresentedinsuch
models,bothPP2andPPScanbepredictedtogreataccuracy.Suchmodelsare,however,numericallyintensive.
PartIIfinisheswithconclusionsanddesignrecommendationsdrawnfromboththeexperimentalandanalytical
partsofthestudy.
ErlendOlsoandSteliosKyriakides(ResearchCenterforMechanicsofSolids,Structures&Materials,WRW
110,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,TX78712,USA),Internalringbucklearrestorsforpipein
pipesystems,InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,Vol.38,No.2,March2003,pp.267284,
doi:10.1016/S00207462(01)001123
ABSTRACT:Anewbucklearrestorconceptforpipeinpipesystemsisintroducedandtheresultsofa
systematicstudyofitsperformanceispresented.Theconceptinvolveseitheronesingleringoranumberof
closelypackednarrowringsplacedintheannulusbetweenthetwopipes.Itseffectivenesshasbeenstudied
throughacombinationofexperimentsandanalyses.Theexperimentsinvolvedtwoinchcarriertubesofthree
differentD/tvaluesandinternalringsofvariousdimensions.Anumberofexperimentswerefirstconducted
usingpipeinpipesystems.Itwasfoundthattheinnertubehadonlyasmalleffectonthecrossoverpressureof
thisarrestorand,asaresult,inmanyofthefollowingexperimentsinnertubeswerenotincluded.Thecrossover
pressureoftheringarrestorswasstudiedbyvaryingtheirlength,wallthicknessandyieldstress.Other
parametersvariedwerethedimensionsandpropertiesofthetwotubesandthegapbetweenthearrestorandthe
carriertube.Theprocessresultedinanempiricaldesignformulaforthearrestingefficiencyexpressedasa
functionofthekeynondimensionalvariablesoftheproblem.Largescalefiniteelementmodelswhichsimulate
thebucklecrossoverprocesshavealsobeendeveloped.Theyhavebeenshowncapableofreproducing
experimentsaccurately.Suchmodelscanbeusedtoproveanarrestordesigndevelopedthroughtheempirical
processdescribedinthereport.
S.Kyriakides(1)andT.A.Netto(2)
(1)CenterforMechanicsofSolids,StructuresandMaterials,UniversityofTexasatAustin,WRW110,Austin,
TX78712,USA
(2)UniversidadeFederaldoRiodeJaneiro,COPPEProgramadeEngenhariaOceanica,CaixaPostal68508,
RiodeJaneiroRJ21945970,Brazil
Onthedynamicpropagationandarrestofbucklesinpipeinpipesystems,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,Vol.41,No.20,October2004,pp.54635482,doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2004.04.035
ABSTRACT:Experimentsandlargescalenumericalsimulationsareusedtostudythedynamicsandthearrest
ofpropagatingbucklesinpipeinpipesystems.Inthefirstsetofexperimentsthevelocityofbucklesinitiatedin

aconstantpressureenvironmentismeasuredasafunctionofpressureusingfirstwaterandthenairas
pressurizingmedia.Fortheouterandinnerpipeparametersused,thebucklevelocitiescorrelatedwellwith
valuesmeasuredinsinglepipes.Thedynamicpropagationexperimentsinairwerethensimulatednumerically.
Calculatedbucklevelocitiesfollowedthesametrendasthemeasuredvaluesalthoughtheyweresomewhat
higher.Inthesecondsetofexperimentstheeffectivenessofinternalringbucklearrestorsdesignedwith
previouslydevelopedquasistaticdesignproceduresisreevaluatedunderdynamicbucklepropagation.Inall
casesexaminedthedynamicarrestingefficiencywasfoundtobehigherthanthequasistaticone.Thesame
behaviorwasalsoobservedincorrespondingnumericalsimulations.Thisindicatesthatdesignofsuchdevices
usingquasistaticdesigncriteriashouldbeconservative.
S.KyriakidesandL.H.Lee(CenterforMechanicsofSolids,StructuresandMaterials,WRW110,University
ofTexasatAustin,Austin,TX78712,USA),Bucklepropagationinconfinedsteeltubes,International
JournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.47,Nos.45,AprilMay2005,pp.603620,SpecialIssueinHonourof
ProfessorStephenR.Reid's60thBirthday,doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2004.11.009
ABSTRACT:Itiswellknownthattubularlinersofstiffcavitiessuchasgroutedoilwellcasingcanbe
collapsedbyexternalpressure.Collapseisinitiallylocalbutcanpropagateatarelativelylowpressurewith
catastrophicresults.Thepaperpresentsaquantitativestudyofthelowestpressureatwhichconfinedcollapse
canpropagateknownasconfinedpropagationpressure.Experimentsandanalysisareusedtodevelopan
improvedexpressionrelatingthiscriticalpressuretothematerialandgeometricparametersofthelinertube.It
isshownthattheseincludetheyieldstressandpostyieldcharacteristicsofthematerial,andthetubeD/t.The
newempiricalrelationshipdevelopedcanprovideengineeringtypeestimatesoftheconfinedpropagation
pressure.Thequasistaticinitiationandpropagationofconfinedcollapsewasalsomodeledusingthree
dimentionalfiniteelements.Themodelaccountsforthefinitedeformationsandaddressesthecontact
nonlinearitieswhichgovernthephenomenon.Thematerialismodeledasafinitelydeformingelasticplastic
solid.Itisdemonstratedthatthemodelcanpredicttheconfinedpropagationpressuretoaverysignificant
degreeofaccuracy.Itisthusaviabletoolforobtainingaccuratepredictionsofthiscriticalpressure.
S.Kyriakides,F.C.Bardi,andJ.A.Paquette(ResearchCenterforMechanicsofSolids,Structures&Materials,
TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,WRW110,C0600,Austin,TX78712),WrinklingofCircularTubesUnder
AxialCompression:EffectofAnisotropy,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.72,No.2,March2005.301(5pages),
doi:10.1115/1.1839590
(Abstractnotgiven)
J.A.PaquetteandS.Kyriakides(ResearchCenterforMechanicsofSolids,Structures&Materials,WRW110,
C0600,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,TX78712,USA),Plasticbucklingoftubesunderaxial
compressionandinternalpressure,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.48,No.8,August2006,
pp.855867,doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2006.03.003
ABSRACT:Theplasticbucklingandcollapseoflongcylindersundercombinedinternalpressureandaxial
compressionwasinvestigatedthroughacombinationofexperimentsandanalysis.Stainlesssteelcylinderswith
diametertothicknessvaluesof28.3and39.8werecompressedtofailureatfixedvaluesofinternalpressureup
tovalues75%oftheyieldpressure.Thefirsteffectofinternalpressureisaloweringoftheaxialstressstrain

response.Inaddition,atsomeplasticstrainlevel,thecylinderdevelopsuniformaxisymmetricwrinkling.Under
continuedcompression,thewrinklesgrowstably,graduallyreducingtheaxialrigidityofthestructureand
eventuallyleadtoalimitloadinstability.Allpressurizedcylindersremainedaxisymmetricuntiltheendofthe
testpastthelimitload.Thecriticalstressandwavelengthwereestablishedusingclassicalplasticbifurcation
theorybasedonthedeformationtheoryofplasticity.Theevolutionofwrinkling,andtheresultantlimitstate,
wereestablishedbymodelingaperiodicdomainthatisonehalfofthecriticalwavelengthlong.Thedomain
wasassignedaninitialimperfectioncorrespondingtotheaxisymmetricbucklingmodecalculatedthroughthe
bifurcationcheck.Theinelasticmaterialbehaviorwasmodeledthroughtheflowtheoryofplasticitywith
isotropichardening.Thevariationsoftheaxialresponseandofthelimitstrainwithpressureobservedinthe
experimentswerereproducedwellbythemodel.InclusionofHilltypeanisotropicyieldinginallconstitutive
modelswasrequiredforgoodagreementbetweenpredictionsandexperiments.
E.Corona(1),L.H.Lee(2)andS.Kyriakides(2)
(1)DepartmentofAerospaceandMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofNotreDame,365FitzpatrickHall,
NotreDame,IN46556,USA
(2)ResearchCenterforMechanicsofSolids,StructuresandMaterials,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,
WRW110,C0600,Austin,TX78712,USA
Yieldanisotropyeffectsonbucklingofcirculartubesunderbending,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,Vol.43,Nos.2223,November2006,pp.70997118,doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2006.03.005
ABSTRACT:Relativelythinwalledtubesbentintotheplasticrangebucklebyaxialwrinkling.Thewrinkles
initiallygrowstablybuteventuallylocalizeandcausecatastrophicfailureintheformofsharplocalkinking.
Theonsetofaxialwrinklingwaspreviouslyestablishedbybifurcationanalysesthatuseinstantaneous
deformationtheorymoduli.Thecurvaturesatbifurcationwerepredictedaccurately,butthewrinkle
wavelengthswereconsistentlylongerthanmeasuredvalues.Thesubjectisrevisitedwiththeaimofresolving
thisdiscrepancy.Asetofnewbendingexperimentsisconductedonaluminumalloytubes.Theresultsare
showntobeinlinewithpreviousones.However,thetubesusedwerefoundtoexhibitplasticanisotropy,which
wasmeasuredandcharacterizedthroughHillsquadraticanisotropicyieldfunction.Theanisotropywas
incorporatedintheflowtheoryusedforprebucklingandpostbucklingcalculationsaswellasinthedeformation
theoryusedforbifurcationchecks.Withtheanisotropyaccountedfor,calculatedtuberesponsesarefoundtobe
inexcellentagreementwiththemeasuredoneswhilethepredictedbifurcationcurvaturesandwrinkle
wavelengthsfallinlinewiththemeasurementsalso.Thepostbucklingresponseisestablishedusingafinite
elementmodelofatubeassignedaninitialaxisymmetricimperfectionwiththecalculatedwavelength.The
responsedevelopsalimitmomentthatisfollowedbyasharpkinkthatgrowswhiletheoverallmomentdrops.
Thecurvatureatthelimitmomentagreeswellwiththeexperimentalonsetoffailure.Fromparametricstudies
ofthevariousinstabilitiesitisconcludedthat,foroptimumpredictions,anisotropymustbeincorporatedinboth
bifurcationbucklingaswellasinpostbucklingcalculations.
L.H.Lee(1),S.Kyriakides(1)andT.A.Netto(2)
(1)ResearchCenterforMechanicsofSolids,Structures&Materials,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,WRW
110,Austin,TX78712,USA
(2)COPPEFederalUniversityofRiodeJaneiro,RiodeJaneiro,RJ91945970,Brazil
Integralbucklearrestorsforoffshorepipelines:Enhanceddesigncriteria,InternationalJournalofMechanical

Sciences,Vol.50,No.6,June2008,pp.10581064,doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2008.02.008
ABSTRACT:Integralbucklearrestorsarerelativelythickwallringsperiodicallyweldedinanoffshorepipeline
atintervalsofseveralhundredmetersinordertosafeguardthelineincaseapropagatingbuckleinitiates.They
provideadditionalcircumferentialrigidityandthusimpededownstreampropagationofcollapse,limitingthe
damagetothelengthofpipeseparatingthetwoarrestors.Theeffectivenessofsuchdeviceswasstudied
parametricallythroughexperimentsandnumericalsimulationsinParkandKyriakides[Onthedesignof
integralbucklearrestorsforoffshorepipelines.InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences1997;39(6):643
69].Theexperimentsinvolvedquasistaticpropagationofcollapsetowardsanarrestor,engagementofthe
arrestor,temporaryarrest,andtheeventualcrossingofcollapsetothedownstreampipeatahigherpressure.
Thesameprocessesweresimulatedwithfiniteelementmodelsthatincludedfinitedeformationplasticityand
contact.Theexperimentalcrossoverpressuresenrichedwithnumericallygeneratedvalueswereusedtodevelop
anempiricaldesignformulaforthearrestingefficiencyofsuchdevices.Arecentexperimentalextensionofthis
workrevealedthatforsomecombinationsofarrestorandpipeyieldstresses,thedesignformulawasoverly
conservative.Motivatedbythisfinding,anewbroaderparametricstudyoftheproblemwasundertaken,which
demonstratedthatthedifferencebetweenthepipeandthearrestoryieldstressaffectssignificantlythearrestor
performance.Theoriginalarrestordesignformulawasthenmodifiedtoincludethenewexperimentaland
numericalresultsproducinganexpressionwithamuchwiderapplicability.
RongJiaoandSteliosKyriakides(ResearchCenterforMechanicsofSolids,Structures&Materials,WRW110,
C0600,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,TX78712,USA),Ratcheting,wrinklingandcollapseof
tubesunderaxialcycling,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.46,Nos.1415,July2009,pp.
28562870,doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2009.03.018
ABSTRACT:Circulartubescompressedintotheplasticrangefirstbuckleintoaxisymmetricwrinklingmodes.
Initiallythewrinkleamplitudegrowswithincreasingload.Thewrinklesgraduallyinduceareductioninaxial
rigidityeventuallyleadingtoalimitloadinstabilityfollowedbycollapse.Thetwoinstabilitiescanbeseparated
bystrainlevelsofafewpercent.Thisworkinvestigateswhetheratubethatdevelopssmallamplitudewrinkles
canbesubsequentlycollapsedbypersistentcycling.TheproblemisfirstinvestigatedexperimentallyusingSAF
2507superduplexsteeltubeswithD/tof28.5.Thetubesarefirstcompressedtostrainlevelshighenoughfor
mildwrinklestoform;theyarethencycledaxiallyunderstresscontrolaboutacompressivemeanstress.This
typeofcyclingusuallyresultsinmaterialratchetingoraccumulationofcompressivestrain;hereitis
accompaniedbyaccumulationofstructuraldamageduetothegrowthoftheamplitudeoftheinitialwrinkles.
Thetubeaveragestraininitiallygrowsnearlylinearlywiththenumberofcycles,butasacriticalvalueof
wrinkleamplitudeisapproached,wrinklinglocalizes,therateofratchetinggrowsexponentiallyandthetube
collapses.Therateofratchetingandthenumberofcyclestofailuredependontheinitialcompressiveprestrain
andontheamplitudeofthestresscycles.However,collapsewasfoundtooccurwhentheaccumulatedaverage
strainreachesthevalueatwhichthetubelocalizesundermonotoniccompression.Acustomshellmodelofthe
tubewithinitialaxisymmetricimperfections,coupledtoacyclicplasticitymodel,arepresentedandusedto
simulatetheseriesofexperimentsperformedsuccessfully.Asensitivitystudyoftheformulationtothe
imperfectionsandtokeyconstitutivemodelparametersisthenperformed.
RongJiaoandSteliosKyriakides(ResearchCenterforMechanicsofSolids,StructuresandMaterials,WRW
110,C0600,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,TX78712),WrinklingofTubesbyAxialCycling,J.

Appl.Mech.,Vol.77,No.3,May2010,031012(11pages),doi:10.1115/1.4000431
ABSTRACT:Circulartubescompressedintotheplasticrangefirstbuckleintoaxisymmetricwrinkling.
Initially,thewrinkleamplitudegrowswithincreasingload,butinducesagradualreductioninaxialrigiditythat
eventuallyleadstoalimitloadinstabilityandcollapse.ForlowerD/ttubes,thetwoinstabilitiescanbe
separatedbystrainlevelsofafewpercent.Persistentstresscontrolledcyclingcancauseaccumulationof
deformationbyratcheting.Here,theinteractionofratchetingandwrinklingisinvestigated.Inparticular,itis
askedifcompressiveratchetingcanfirstinitiatewrinklingandthengrowittoamplitudesassociatedwith
collapse.ExperimentsonSAF2507superduplexsteeltubeswithD/tof28.5haveshownthatageometrically
intacttubecycledunderstresscontrolinitiallydeformsuniformlyduetomaterialratcheting.However,inthe
neighborhoodofthecriticalwrinklingstrainundermonotonicloading,smallamplitudeaxisymmetricwrinkles
develop.Thishappensdespitethefactthatthemaximumstressofthecyclescanbesmallerthanthecritical
stressundermonotonicloading.Inotherwords,wrinklingappearstobestrainratherthanstressdriven,asis
conventionallyunderstood.Oncethewrinklesareformed,theiramplitudegrowswithcontinuedcycling,andas
acriticalvalueofamplitudeisapproached,wrinklinglocalizes,therateofratchetinggrowsexponentially,and
thetubecollapses.Interestingly,collapsewasalsofoundtooccurwhentheaccumulatedaveragestrainreaches
thevalueatwhichthetubelocalizesundermonotoniccompression.Acustomshellmodelwithsmallinitial
axisymmetricimperfections,coupledtoacyclicplasticitymodel,isusedtosimulatethesecyclicphenomena
successfully.
EdmundoCoronaandAshokRodrigues(UniversityofNotreDame,DepartmentofAerospaceandMechanical
Engineering,NotreDame,IN465565637,U.S.A.),Bendingoflongcrossplycompositecircularcylinders,
CompositesEngineering,Vol.5,No.2,1995,pp.163179,181182,doi:10.1016/09619526(95)90711J
ABSTRACT:Theresponseoflong,thinwalled,crossplycompositetubessubjectedtopurebendingwas
studiedanalytically.Theformulationincludesthreeparts:prebucklingresponse,materialfailureand
bifurcationbuckling.Theprebucklingresponseisanalyzedusingnonlinearkinematicstoaccommodatethe
ovalizationofthecrosssection.Theformulationisbasedontheprincipleofvirtualworkandisusedto
generateanumericalsolutionprocedure.TheTsaiWufailurecriterionisusedtodetectmaterialfailureinthe
prebucklingresponse.Themaximumstresscriterionwasalsoconsideredforcomparison.Finally,thebuckling
analysisconsidersthepossibilityofbifurcationintomodescontainingperiodicdisplacementsalongtheaxisof
thetube.Thetubesareassumedtobegeometricallyperfectandfreeofresidualstress.ThreematerialsAS3501
graphiteepoxy,Kevlar49epoxy,andEglassepoxyandthreediametertothicknessratios50,100and400are
considered.Themomentcurvatureresponseofthetubesisnonlinearduetotheovalizationofthecrosssection
(Braziereffect)whichinducesalimitmomentinstability.Eithermaterialfailureorbifurcationbucklingalways
occurspriortothelimitmomentinthecasesconsidered.Littledifferencewasobservedbetweenthefailure
loadspredictedbytheTsaiWuandthemaximumstresscriteria.Tubeswithpliesofcircumferentiallyoriented
fibersintheoutermostandinnermostpositionsinthewallprovedsuperiorinstrengthcomparedwiththeother
casesconsidered.
EdmundoCorona,PlasticBucklingandCollapseUnderAxialCompression,Chapter11inMechanicsof
OffshorePipelines:BucklingandCollapse,Vol.1(Elsevier,2007)
OVERVIEW:Longcylindricaltubesandpipesunderaxialcompressionwillusuallybend,behavingasbeam
columns.Shelltypelocalizedbucklingoccursmainlywhenthestructureisrestrainedfromlateralmovement.

This,forexample,isthecaseforapipelineburiedinatrench(Figure11.1)orrestingonadeformable
foundation.Compressioncanbecausedbythepassageofhothydrocarbonscarriedfromthewelltoacentral
gatheringpointbyburiedflowlinesinoffshoreoperations[11.1].Foundationmotioncausedbyfaultmovement,
landslides,groundsubsidence,permafrostmelting,orsoilliquefactioncanalsoresultinseverecompressionof
thelines[11.211.6].Bothloadingscenarioscanimposecompressivestrainshighenoughtoresultinshelltype
buckling.Inmostonshoreandoffshorepipelineoperations,diametertothicknessratios(D/t)andsteelgrades
aresuchthatbucklingoccursintheplasticrange.Inthischapter,themainfeaturesofplasticbucklingunder
axialcompressionarefirstillustratedexperimentally.Theformulationforpredictingtheonsetofplastic
wrinklingisthendeveloped,followedbyastudyofhowwrinklesgrow,localizeandleadtocollapse.
EdmundoCorona,Chapter9:BucklingandCollapseUnderCombinedBendingandExternalPressure,From
MechanicsofOffshorePipelines:BucklingandCollapse,Vol.1(Elsevier,2007)
ABSTRACT:Bendinginthepresenceofexternalpressureisexperiencedbypipelinesduringtheirinstallation
andalsosubsequentlyduringtheiroperation.IninstallationmethodssuchasSlay(Figure2.15),Jlay(Figure
2.19),andreeling(Figure2.4),thepipeisbentunderrelativelyhighexternalpressureinthesagbend[9.1,9.2].
Thepipelineisalsobentunderexternalpressureasitconformstosurfaceundulationsontheseafloor.Bending
attheseafloorcanalsobeexperiencedduetosnakingresultingfrompipeexpansioncausedbythepassageof
hothydrocarbons(insomecasespurposelyinduced,inothersaccidentally).Itisalsoaconditionthatcan
developincaseofupheavalbucklingofasectionofaburiedpipe.Bendingovalizesthepipecrosssection,
whichofcoursereducesitsresistancetoexternalpressure.Thisinteractionthroughovalizationisaggravatedby
inelasticmaterialeffects,whichusuallycomeintoplayinlowerD/tpipesusedforoffshoreapplications.This
chapterdealswiththemechanicsofinelasticbendinginthepresenceofexternalpressureandtheassociated
limitstates.Thedevelopmentofthisinteractionstartswiththebehaviorunderpurebendingandpureexternal
pressure.ThereaderwouldbenefitfromexposuretoChapters4and8beforeembarkingonthefollowing
material.
EdmundoCorona,Chapter12:CombinedInternalPressureandAxialCompression,FromMechanicsof
OffshorePipelines:BucklingandCollapse,Vol.1(Elsevier,2007)
ABSTRACT:Offshoreaswellasonshorepipelinesinoperationareunderinternalpressure.Thescenariosfor
developingaxialcompressionoutlinedinChapter11alsoapplytoapressurizedpipeline.Thegeneralfeatures
ofplasticbucklingunderaxialcompressionandinternalpressurearesimilartothoseofpureaxialloading,
presentedinFigure11.2.Thecylinderfirstwrinklesatanincreasingload.Thewrinkleamplitudegrows,
leadingeventuallytoalimitloadinstability.Apipelinewillfailbylocalizedcollapseatthisstrain,andasa
resultthisconstitutesalimitstate.Thebiaxialstateofstresslowerstheaxialstresslevelsofthevariouscritical
eventsdescribedinFigure11.2but,aswillbedemonstrated,hasasmallereffectonthecorrespondingstrains.
Inaddition,thepressurehasastabilizingeffectontheaxisymmetricmode,makingaswitchtonon
axisymmetricmodesmoredifficult.Thesefeaturesoftheproblemarefirstillustratedexperimentally.The
formulationforpredictingtheonsetofplasticwrinklingisthendeveloped,followedbyastudyofhowwrinkles
grow,localizeandleadtocollapse.
EdmundoCorona,Chapter4:BucklingandCollapseUnderExternalPressure,FromMechanicsofOffshore

Pipelines:BucklingandCollapse,Vol.1(Elsevier,2007)
ABSTRACT:Offshorepipelinesarecommonlyinstalledemptyinordertoreducetheinstallationtensiondueto
theweightofthesuspendedsection(seeChapter2).Inaddition,duringoperationtheyareperiodically
depressurizedformaintenance.Thus,externalpressureisanimportantloadparameterindesign;indeed,itis
oftentheprimeparameter.Thischapterdealswiththemechanicsofbucklingandcollapseoflongpipesunder
externalpressure.Thinnerpipesusedinshallowerwatersbuckleelastically,butcollapseduetopostbuckling
inelasticaction.TheclassicalelasticbucklingpressureisderivedinSection4.1,followedbythederivationof
Timoshenko'sdesignformulafortheonsetofcollapseofaninitiallyovalizedpipe.Thickerpipesusedindeeper
watersbuckleandcollapseintheplasticrange.InSection4.2,plasticbucklingequationsarederived.Their
relativesimplicitymakesthemusefultoolsindesign.Practicalfactorsthataffectcollapseincludeinitial
imperfectionssuchasovalityandwallthicknessvariations.Otherfactorsincluderesidualstresses,yield
anisotropy,etc.Theinfluenceofsuchfactorsisbesttreatednumerically.Section4.3presentstheexternal
pressurepartoftheformulationandsolutionprocedureofthecustomcomputercodeBEPTICO[4.1],capable
ofincludingtheseaspectsoftheproblem.Section4.4presentsaparametricstudyofbucklingandcollapseof
elasticplasticpipeunderexternalpressure.Section4.5outlineshowactualpipeimperfectionscanbemeasured.
Examplesoftypicalshapeandwallthicknessimperfectionsinseamlesspipesarepresentedandusedincollapse
calculations.
Ross,Carl,Little,Andrew,Short,D.andBrown,G.(2008)Inelasticbucklingofgeometricallyimperfecttubes
underexternalhydrostaticpressure,JournalofOceanTechnology,3(1).pp.7590.ISSN00994529
PARTIALABSTRACT:Thepaperreportsonthebucklingoftwelvethinwalledgeometricallyimperfecttubes,
whichweretestedtodestructionunderuniformexternalhydrostaticpressure.Thepaperalsoreportsonother
similarteststodestruction,carriedoutonalargenumberofgeometricallyimperfecttubes.Theoreticalstudies
werealsocarriedoutwithwellknownanalyticalsolutions,togetherwithanumericalsolutionusingafinite
elementcomputerpackage,namelyANSYS.Whereasthetheoreticalanalysesagreedwitheachother,theydid
notagreewiththeexperimentaldatafortheshortertubes;thiswasbecausetheshortertubescollapsedby
inelasticinstabilityduetoinitialgeometricalimperfectionsofthetubes.Exactanalysisofslightlygeometrically
imperfecttubes,withrandomdistributionhassofardefiedreliabletheoreticalsolutions.However,thepaper
presentsadesignchart,whichcancaterforthesegeometricalimperfections.Thedesignchartmayalsobe
suitableforlargevesselssuchassubmarines,offshoredrillingrigs,silos,etc.Circularcylindersunderexternal
pressure,oftenappearintheformofsubmarinepressurehulls,torpedoes,offshoredrillingrigs,silos,tunnels,
immersedtubes,rockets,medicalequipment,foodcans,etc.Suchvesselsaregoodforresistinginternalor
externalpressure,howeverunderuniformexternalpressuretheycancollapseatafractionofthepressurethat
willcausefailureunderinternalpressure.Failureofthesevesselsunderuniformexternalpressureiscallednon
symmetricbifurcationbucklingorshellinstability[1,2,3].Toimprovetheresistanceofthesevesselstothe
effectsofuniformexternalpressure,thevesselsareusuallystiffenedbyringstiffenersspacedatnearequal
distancesapart.If,however,theringstiffenersarenotstrongenough,theentireflankofthevesselcancollapse
bodilybyamodecalledgeneralinstability.Anothermodeoffailureisknownasaxisymmetricdeformation,
wherethecylinderimplodesaxisymmetrically,sothatitscrosssectionkeepsitscircularformwhilecollapsing.
Inthisstudy,wewillbeconcernedwithelasticandinelasticshellinstability;assuchvesselscancollapseat
pressuresofafractionofthatwhichcausethevesselstofailunderinternal

AndreaP.Assanelli,RitaG.ToscanoandEduardoN.Dvorkin(CenterforIndustrialResearch,FUDETEC,
Av.Crdoba320,1054BuenosAires,Argentina),AnalysisoftheCollapseofSteelTubesUnderExternal
Pressure(1998),http://sanlab.dlut.edu.cn/Proceeding/Wccm98/html/t,ComputationalMechanics:NewTrendsand
Applications,editedbyS.Idelshon,E.Oate,andE.Dvorkin,CIMNE,Barcelona,Spain,1998)
ABSTRACT:Thecollapseofsteeltubesunderexternalpressureisdescribedusingfiniteelementmodels.The
modelsarevalidatedcomparingtheirpredictionsagainsttheresultsofcollapsetestsperformedinour
laboratory.AndreaP.Assanelli,RitaG.Toscano,andEduardoN.Dvorkin.21INTRODUCTIONTheexternal
collapsepressureofverythinsteeltubesisgovernedbyclassicalelasticbucklingformulas1,2;however,for
thickertubesmoreinvolvedelastoplasticconsiderationshavetobetakenintoaccount.Therearemanyfactors
thathavesomedegreeofinfluenceontheexternalpressurethatproducethecollapseofasteeltube,among
them39:1.Therelation(outsidediameter/thickness)(D/tratio).2.Theyieldstressofthetubesteel(sy).3.
Theworkhardeningofthetubesteel.4.Theshapeofthetubesections(outsidediametershapeandthickness
distribution).5.Theresidualstresseslockedinthetubesteel.6.Thelocalizedimperfectionsintroducedeither...
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36,2838(1969).
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A.P.Assanelli,R.G.Toscano,D.H.Johnson,E.N.Dvorkin(CenterforIndustrialResearch/FUDETEC),
CollapseBehaviorofCasings:MeasurementTechniques,NumericalAnalysesandFullScaleTesting,Paper
Number51314MS,SPEAppliedTechnologyWorkshoponRiskBasedDesignofWellCasingandTubing,7
8May1998,TheWoodlands,Texas,doi:10.2118/51314MS
ABSTRACT:TheproductionofsteelOCTGproductswithguaranteedexternalcollapsepressure(highcollapse
casing)requirestheimplementationofanaccurateprocesscontrol.Todevelopthatprocesscontrolitis
necessarytoinvestigatehowdifferentparametersaffecttheexternalcollapsepressureofpipes.Two
dimensionalfiniteelementmodelsprovideanusefultoolforperformingthefirstapproachparametricstudies;
howeverabidimensionalrepresentationofthetubegeometry(asusedinmanyanalyticalandsemiempirical
formulas)isnotenoughfordeterminingtheexternalcollapsepressureofcasings.Weusethreedimensional
modelstofurtherinvestigatetheeffectsofthecasinggeometryonitsexternalcollapsepressure.Toacquirethe
datathatdescribesthegeometryofcasingsamples,wehavedevelopedanimperfectionsmeasurementsystem
followingpreviousdevelopmentsbyYehandKyriakides.WealsopresentfiniteelementmodelsofOCTG
connectionswhichareusedasatoolfortheevaluationofconnectionscollapsepressure.
AndreaP.Assanelli,RitaG.Toscano,DanielH.Johnson,EduardoN.Dvorkin(CenterforIndustrialResearch,
FUDETEC,BuenosAires,Argentina),Experimental/numericalanalysisofthecollapsebehaviorofsteel
pipes,EngineeringComputations,Vol.17,No.4,2000,pp.459486,doi:10.1108/02644400010334856
ABSTRACT: Theproductionofsteelpipeswithguaranteedexternalcollapsepressure(e.g.highcollapse
casingsforoilwells)requirestheimplementationofanaccurateprocesscontrol.Todevelopthatprocess
controlitisnecessarytoinvestigatehowdifferentparametersaffecttheexternalcollapsepressureofthepipes.
Experimental/numericaltechniquesimplementedtoinvestigatethecollapsebehaviorofsteelpipesare
presented.Thediscussionoftheexperimentaltechniquesincludesthedescriptionofthefacilitiesfor
performingexternalpressurecollapsetestsandthedescriptionofanimperfectionsmeasuringsystem.The
numericaltechniquesinclude2Dand3Dfiniteelementmodels.Theeffectsonthevalueofthepipesexternal
collapsepressureoftheirshape,residualstressesandmaterialpropertiesarediscussed.
YongBaiandQiangBai(editors),Chapter7:FiniteElementAnalysisofInSituBehavior,FromSubsea
PipelinesandRisers(2005)
INTRODUCTION:ThedesignofHighPressure/HighTemperature(HP/HT)pipelinesonanunevenseabed
hasbecomeanimportantissueintherecentyears.Theneedtogainfurtherinsightintohowexpansion,seabed
frictionandfreespansinfluenceonthepipelinebehaviorthroughselectedloadcasesisthebackgroundforthis
chapter.Thebehaviorofsuchpipelinesislargelycharacterizedbythetendencytoundergoglobalbuckling,
eitherverticallyiftrenchedorcovered,orlaterallyifthepipelineisleftfullyexposedontheseabed.Themain
concerninthedesignofslenderpipelinesoperatingunderHP/HTconditionsistocontrolglobalbucklingat
somecriticalaxialforce.Thelargehorizontaland/orverticaldisplacementsinducedbyglobalbucklingmay

resultinhighstressesandstrainsinthepipewallthatexceedcodelimits.Thesimulationofthedesigned
pipelineinarealisticthreedimensionalenvironmentobtainedbymeasurementsoftheseabedtopography,
allowstheengineerstoexploitanyopportunitiesthatthepipelinebehaviormayoffertodevelopbothsafeand
costeffectivesolutions.Forexample,thedesignercanfirstanalyzethepipelinebehaviorontheoriginalseabed.
Ifsomeoftheloadcasesresultinunacceptablyhighstressorstrain,seabedmodificationcanbesimulatedin
thefiniteelementmodelandtheanalysisreruntoconfirmthatthemodificationshaveleadtothedesired
decreaseinstressorstrain.Thefiniteelementmodelmaybeatoolforanalyzingtheinsitubehaviorofa
pipeline.Bythepipelineinsitubehavioritisheremeantthe...
ChristianHuehne(1),RaimundRolfes(1)andJanTessmer(2)
(1)InstituteofStructuralAnalysis,UniversityofHannover,Appelstr.9A,30167Hannover,Germany,
email:c.huehne@isd.unihannover.de,r.rolfes@isd.unihannover.de
(2)InstituteofCompositeStructuresandAdaptiveSystems,GermanAerosapaceCenter,Lilienthalplatz7,
38108Braunschweig,Germany,email:jan.tessmer@dlr.de
Anewapproachforrobustdesignofcompositecylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,Proceedingsofthe
EuropeanConferenceonSpacecraftStructures,MaterialsandMechanicalTesting2005(ESASP581).1012
May2005,Noordwijk,TheNetherlands.EditedbyKarenFletcher.PublishedonCDRom,#141.1,
doi:2005ESASP.581E.141H
ABSTRACT:Thinwalledshellstructureslikecircularcylindricalshellsarepronetobuckling.Imperfections
whicharedefinedasdeviationsfromperfectshapeandperfectloadingdistributionscanreducethebuckling
loaddrasticallycomparedtothatoftheperfectshell.DesigncriteriamonographslikeNASASP8007
recommendthatthebucklingloadoftheperfectshellshallbereducedbyusingaknockdownfactor.The
existingknockdownfactorsareveryconservative.Furthermore,thestructuralbehaviourofcompositematerial
isnotconsidered.Anewexperimentalapproachtodeterminethelowerboundofthebucklingloadofthin
walledcylindricalcompositeshellsispresented.Basedontestresultsthenumericalanalysisisvalidated.
PhilippBuermann(1),RaimundRolfes(2),JanTessmer(2)andMartinSchagerl(2)
(1)DLR,InstituteofStructuralMechanics,StructuralAnalysisSection,Lilienthalplatz7,38108Braunschweig,
Germany
(2)AirbusDeutschlandGmbH,ESAS,Kreetslag10,21129Hamburg,Germany
Asemianalyticalmodelforlocalpostbucklinganalysisofstringerandframestiffenedcylindricalpanels,
ThinWalledStructures,Vol.44,No.1,January2006,pp.102114,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2005.08.010
ABSTRACT:Afastsemianalyticalmodelforthepostbucklinganalysisofstiffenedcylindricalpanelsis
presented.Thepaneliscomprisedofaskin(shell)andstiffenersinbothlongitudinal(stringers)and
circumferentialdirection(frames).Localbucklingmodesareconsideredwheretheskinmaybucklewithina
bayandmayinducerotationofthestiffeners.Stringersandframesareconsideredasstructuralelementsandare
thusnotsmearedontotheskin.Largeoutofplanedeflectionsandthusnonlinearstraindisplacement
relationsofskinandstiffenersaretakenintoaccount.Thedisplacementsofskinandstiffenersare
approximatedbytrigonometricfunctions(Fourierseries).First,alinearbucklingeigenvalueanalysisiscarried
outandsomecombinationofbucklingeigenmodesischosenasimperfection.Thentheloadhistoryisstarted
andtheFouriercoefficientsaredeterminedbyminimizingthestiffenedpanel'senergyateachloadlevel.A
curvetracingalgorithm,theRiksmethod,isusedtosolvetheequations.Thepresentmodelcanbeusedto

assessthepostbucklingbehaviorofstiffenedpanels,forexample,aircraftfuselagesections.
RaimundRolfes,StefanTackeandRolfZimmermann(DLR,InstituteofStructuralMechanics,Lilienthalplatz
7,38108Braunschweig,Germany,email:raimund.rolfes@dlr.de),Developmentandexperimentalverification
ofFEmodelforstringerstiffenedfibrecompositepanelsundercombinedthermalandmechanicalloading
conditions(ProceedingsEuropeanConferenceon,1998,nopublishergiven)
ABSTRACT:InthispaperabucklingdesignruleforstringerstiffenedcurvedCFRPpanelssubjectedto
combinedmechanicalandthermalloadingisderivedbyparametricstudieswiththefiniteelementsystem
ANSYS.Atfirstafiniteelementmodeltosimulatethebucklingbehaviourofsuchpanelsisestablishedand
validatedwithtestresultsfromaformerstudy.Thenloadingandboundaryconditionsareadaptedtothoseof
theThermexBtestingsiteatDLRinBraunschweig,andresultsoflinearbifurcationanalyseswithconstant
materialpropertiesundercombinedmechanicalandthermalloadarepresented.Additionalnonlinear
computationswithtemperaturedependentmaterialpropertiesconfirmtheresultsofthelinearcomputations.
Theresultsofallcomputationsaresummarizedasthedesignrulelookedfor,andthenverifiedbytests.
H.R.MeyerPiening(1),B.Geier(2)andK.Rohwer(2)
(1)InstituteforLightweightStructures,ETHZurich,Switzerland
(2)DLRBraunschweig,Institutef.Strukturmechanik,Germany
Remarksontheeffectivewidthconceptfororthotropicthinshells,inBucklingofshellstructuresonland,in
theseaandintheair,editedbyJ.F.Jullien,ElsevierAppliedSciencePublishingCo.,Inc.,NewYork,1991
ABSTRACT:Thinwalledstiffenedpanelstendtobuckleundercompressiveand/orshearloadswithresulting
redistriutionofstressesinthestructure.Providedthatthestiffenersarecapableofsustainingtheadditionalload,
suchconditionsareacceptableinmanystructures.Sinceacompletepostbucklinganalysisforeachstateof
loadingisprohibitive,simpleapproximationsareinuse.Withtheappearanceoforthotropicpanelsitisdeemed
desireabletoextendsuchapproximationstopanelswithorthotropicproperties.Ashortreviewofavailable
recommendationsisgivenandaonetermapproachisusedtodemonstratetheeffectoforthotropy.Further,
recentpaneltestresultsfromETHZuricharereviewedaccordingly,andtwodifferentFEbasedpostbuckling
analyses(postbucklingatZurichandinitialpostbucklingatBraunschweig)areperformedtoprovide
confirmationthatthequalityofacrudeandsimplifyingformulaisacceptable.
B.Geier(1)andG.Singh(2)
(1)DeutscheForschungsanstaltfrLuftundRaumfahrte.V.,InstitutfrStrukturmechanik,Lilienthalpalatz7,
D38108,Braunschweig,Germany
(2)StructuralDesignandAnalysisDivision,StructuralEngineeringGroup,VikramSarabhaiSpaceCentre,
Trivandrum695022,India
Somesimplesolutionsforbucklingloadsofthinandmoderatelythickcylindricalshellsandpanelsmadeof
laminatedcompositematerial,AerospaceScienceandTechnology,Vol.1,No.1,January1997,pp.4763,
doi:10.1016/S12709638(97)900237
ABSTRACT:Theobjectiveofthepresentpaperistopresentasimpleanalyticalsolutionforcomputing
bifurcationbucklingloadsofthinandmoderatelythickorthotropiccylindricalshellsandpanelssubjectedto
axialcompressionandnormalpressure.Thatsolutiondoesnotnecessarilymakeuseofthesimplifying

assumptionsofshallowshelltheory,andtakestheflexibilitywithrespecttotransverseshearloadsintoaccount,
whichissupposedtoberelativelyhighwithlaminatedcompositestructures.Theanalysisisbasedonthe
governingnonlinearequationsandboundaryconditionsofdeepandshallowshelltheory.Theyarelinearisedto
yieldthedifferentialequationsforbifurcationbuckling.Thelinearisedsetadmitsasingletermanalytical
solutionwhenthecylinderendsorpaneledgesaresimplysupported.Itreducesthetasktoasmallsize(3*3)
algebraiceigenvalueproblemthatcanbesolvedbystandardmethods.AcomputerprogramBOSCAP
(BucklingofOrthotropicShearflexibleCylindersAndPanels)isdevelopedbasedontheabovementioned
formulationwhichisveryquickandeasytouseduringdesigntrialsorinautomatedoptimization.Aseriesof
numericalexamplesispresentedtodemonstrateeffectsoftransverseshearflexibilityandcurvature.Good
agreementwithsometestresultsisshown.
Sh.HosseiniHashemiandM.Fadaee(SchoolofMechanicalEngineering,IranUniversityofScienceand
Technology,Narmak,Tehran1684613114,Iran),Onthefreevibrationofmoderatelythicksphericalshell
panelAnewexactclosedformprocedure,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.330,No.17,August2011,
pp.43524367,SpecialIssue:ComputationalAeroAcoustics(CAA)ForAircraftNoisePredictionPartB,
doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2011.04.011
ABSTRACT:Anewexactclosedformprocedureforfreevibrationanalysisofmoderatelythicksphericalshell
panelispresentedbasedonthefirstordersheardeformationtheory.Thestraindisplacementrelationsof
DonnellandSanderstheoriesareusedtoillustratetheprocedure.Theshellhastwooppositeedgessimply
supported(i.e.,Lvytype).Basedonthepresentsolution,thegoverningequationsofthevibratedspherical
shellpanelwereexactlysolvedbyintroducingthenewauxiliaryandpotentialfunctionsaswellasusingthe
separationmethodofvariables.Theaccuracyandsuperiorityoftheformulationsarevalidatedbycomparingthe
resultswiththoseavailableintheliteratureandthe3Dfiniteelementanalysis.Theeffectsofvarious
stretchingbendingcouplingsonthefrequencyparametersarediscussed.Finally,thevalidityandtherangeof
applicabilityoftheSandersandDonnellshelltheoriesareinvestigated.
ChristianHuehne(christian.huehne@dlr.de),RolfZimmermann,RaimundRolfes,andBodoGeier,DLR
Braunschweig,InstituteofStructuralMechanics,Germany,Sensitivitiestogeometricalandloading
imperfectionsonbucklingofcompositecylindricalshells,(nopublisherordategiven,butthemostrecent
referencelistedattheendofthepaperis2002;copyingnotpermittedwithoutpermissionbyowner.)
ABSTRACT:Thinwalledshellstructurespronetobucklingaresensitivetoimperfections.Theinfluenceof
loadingandgeometricalimperfecdtionsonbucklingloadsofunstiffenedcompositecylindricalshellsis
investigatedbasedontestsandcomputations.Itisshownthattheireffectdependsonlaminatesetup.The
resultsshowthatunificationofimperfectionsensitivityisallowed;systemssensitivetogeometrical
imperfectionsarealsosensitivetoloadingimperfections.Theresultscanbeusedtodefinelowerlimitsfor
knockdownfactorsofcompositeshells.
Thereare13references,dated2002andearlier.Ownerwontpermitcopying,soIdontlistthemhere.)
R.Rolfes,C.Hhne,A.Kling,H.Temmen,B.Geier,H.Klein,J.Tessmer,R.Zimmermann(Instituteof
StructuralMechanics,DLR,Braunschweig,Germainy),Advancesincomputationalstabilityanalysisofthin
walledaerospacestructuresregardingpostbuckling,robustdesignanddynamicloading,inThinWalled

Structures:AdvancesinResearch,DesignandManufacturing...editedbyJ.Loughlan,FourthInternational
ConferenceonThinWalledStructures,2004,IOPPublishingLtd.
ABSTRACT:Exploitationofstructuralreservesinthinwalledcompositeaerospacestructuresrequiresaccurate
andexperimentallyvalidatedstabilityanalysisofrealstructuresunderrealisticloadingconditions.Forstringer
stiffenedpanelsexperimentalvalidationofpostbucklinganalysesandbehaviorunderdynamicloadingis
presented.Forunstiffenedcylindricalshellsarobustdesignmethodrelyingonbfactorsissuggested.
RichardDegenhardt,JanTessmer(DLR,InstituteofCompositeStructuresandAdaptiveSystems,
Lilienthalplatz7,38108Braunschweig,Germany),AdvancesinComputationalStabilityAnalysisof
CompositeAerospaceStructures,23rdCADFEMUsersMeeting2005InternationalCongressonFEM
TechnologywithANSYSCFX&ICEMCFDConference,November911,2005,InternationalCongress
CenterBundeshausBonn,Germany
ABSTRACT:Europeanaircraftindustrydemandsforreduceddevelopmentandoperatingcosts,by20%and
50%intheshortandlongterm,respectively.Structuralweightreductionbyexploitationofstructuralreserves
incompositeaerospacestructurescontributestothisaim,however,itrequiresaccurateandexperimentally
validatedstabilityanalysisofrealstructuresunderrealisticloadingconditions.Thispaperpresentsdifferent
advancesfromtheareaofcomputationalstabilityanalysisofcompositeaerospacestructureswhichcontribute
tothatfield.ForstringerstiffenedpanelsmainresultsofthefinishedEUprojectPOSICOSSandtherunning
followupEUprojectCOCOMATaregiven.Bothprojectsdealwithexploitationofreservesinprimaryfibre
compositefuselagestructuresthroughanaccurateandreliablesimulationofpostbucklingandcollapse.Next,
experimentalvalidationofpostbucklinganalyses,developmentoftwodifferentfasttoolsforthepostbuckling
simulationandfindingsonthestructuralbehaviourunderdynamicloadingispresented.Finally,forunstiffened
cylindricalshellsproblemsofarobustdesignmethodare.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
[1]ZimmermannR.andRolfesR.,POSICOSSImprovedPOstbucklingSImulationforDesignofFibreCOmpositeStiffened
FuselageStructures,InternationalConferenceonBucklingandPostbucklingBehaviorofCompositeLaminatedShellStructures,
Eilat,March12,2004.
[2]DegenhardtR.,RolfesR.,ZimmermannR.,RohwerK.,COCOMATImprovedMATerialExploitationatSafeDesignof
COmpositeAirframeStructuresbyAccurateSimulationofCOllapse,ProceedingsoftheInternationalConferenceonBucklingand
PostbucklingBehaviourofCompositeLaminatedShellStructures,Eilat,Israel,March12,2004
[3]KlingA.,DegenhardtR.,KleinH.,TessmerJ.,ZimmermannR.,Novelstabilitydesignscenarioforaircraftstructures
simulationandexperimentalvalidation,Proceedingsofthe5thInternationalConferenceonComputationofShellandSpatial
Structures,14June,2005Salzburg,Austria
[4]Roache,PJ.VerificationandValidationinComputationalScienceandEngineering,HermosaPublisher,1998.
[5]KlingA.,DegenhardtR.,ZimmermannR.,PostbucklingAnalysisofCFRPStringerStiffenedPanelsDevelopmentofaFast
DesignTool,ProceedingsoftheInternationalConferenceonBucklingandPostbucklingBehaviourofCompositeLaminatedShell
Structures,Eilat,Israel,March12,2004
[6]RolfesR.,TessmerJ.,DegenhardtR.,TemmenH.,BrmannP.,JuhaszJ.,NewDesignToolsforLightweightAerospace
Structures,ProceedingsoftheSeventhInternationalConferenceonComputationalStructuresTechnology,Lisbon,Portugal,79
September,2004
[7]SingerJ.,ArboczJ.andWellerT.(2002).Bucklingexperiments:experimentalmethodsinbucklingofthinwalledstructuresVol.
2.NewYork:JohnWiley&Sons.
[8]LauferN.,TemmenH.andZimmermannR.(2003).Internalpaper.
[9]RolfesR.,HhneC.,KlingA.,TemmenH.,GeierB.,KleinH.,TessmerJ.,ZimmermannR.,
AdvancesinComputationalStabilityAnalysisofThinwalledAerospaceStructuresregardingPostbuckling,RobustDesignand
DYNAMICLoading,Proceedingsofthe4thInternationalConferenceonThinWalledStructures,Loughborough,England,2224
June,2004

[10]KoiterW.T.(1967).OntheStabilityofElasticEquilibrium.NASATTF10833
[11]WeingartenV.I.,MorganE.J.andSeideP.(1965).Elasticstabilityofthinwalledcylindricaland
conicalshellsunderaxialcompression.AIAAJournal3:3,500505.
[12]SingerJ.,ArboczJ.andWellerT.(2002).Bucklingexperiments:experimentalmethodsinbucklingofthinwalledstructuresVol.
2.NewYork:JohnWiley&Sons.
[13]TennysonR.C.andHansenJ.S.(1983).Optimumdesignforbucklingoflaminatedcylinders.In:Collapse:thebuckling
structuresintheoryandpractice.(Ed.J.M.T.ThompsonandG.W.Hunt)409429,CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge.
[14]BuermannP.,RolfesR.,TessmerJ.,SchagerlM.:Asemianalyticalmodelforlocalpostbucklinganalysisofstringerandframe
stiffenedcylindricalpanels,acceptedforpublicationinThinwalledStructures,(2005)

R.Degenhardt,H.Klein,A.Kling,H.Temmen,R.Zimmermann(DLRInstituteofStructuralMechanics,
Braunschweig,Germany),Bucklingandpostbucklinganalysisofshellsunderquasistaticanddynamicloads,
undatedpdffile;noreferences;possiblycreatedabout2005.
SubjectstructuresarestringerstiffenedCFRPcylindricalpanelsunderaxialcompressionandinplaneshear.
R.ZimmermannandR.Rolfes(UniversityofHannover,InstituteforStructuralAnalysis,Appelstr.9A,D
30167Hannover,Germany),POSICOSSimprovedpostbucklingsimulationfordesignoffibrecomposite
stiffenedfuselagestructures,CompositeStructures,Vol.73,No.2,pp.171174,May2006
ABSTRACT:TheEuropeanCommissionwasfundingwithinitsfifthFrameworkProgrammetheproject
POSICOSS,whichcopedwiththedemandtodesignfibrecompositefuselagestructuresforpostbucklingunder
ultimateload.Themainobjectiveoftheworkwasthedevelopmentofimproved,fastandreliableprocedures
forpostbucklinganalysisanddesignoffibrecompositestiffenedpanelsoffuturefuselagestructures.Theywere
essential,becausesofarpostbucklingcalculationswereextremelytimeconsumingandassuchnotapplicable
fordesign.Anothersubstantialobjectivewasthecreationofcomprehensiveexperimentaldatabasesforthe
purposeofvalidation.ThepaperpresentsanintroductiontothePOSICOSSproject;itderivesthemain
objectiveoftheprojectfromthemaingeneralobjectivesforthedesignofthenextgenerationofaircraft
structures,anditsummarizestheworkdone.Theresultsachievedareonlytouched,becausedetailsofthemcan
befoundbyconsultingthereferencesgiven.
Anonymous,THEPOSICOSSPROJECT
(See:http://www.cocomat.de/Confdownloads/handout1_POSICOSS.pdf)
RichardDegenhardt(1)andJeanPierreDelsemme(2)
1DLR,InstituteofStructuralMechanics,Braunschweig,Germany
2SAMTECH,s.a.LigeBelgium
BucklingandPostbucklingAnalysisofaCFRPStiffenedPanelforaBetterMaterialExploitation,(no
publisherordategiveninthepdffile,2005?;latestreferenceisdated2004)
ABSTRACT:Thispaperwillpresentmainresultsofpostbucklinganalysesledduringtheactivityofthe
GARTEURactiongroup.ACFRPcurvedstringerstiffenedpanelunderaxialcompressionhasbeenstudied.
Thepanel,testedbyDLR,hasbeenimpactedinducingskinstringerseparation.Partnershavecarriedout
severalanalyseswithvariousinhouseandmaincommercialFEsoftwaretoidentifytheirabilitiesand
deficiencies.Thesimulationtoolsandanalysismethodswillbecomparedtogetherwithavailableexperimental
results.

Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

[1]DegenhardtR.,WagnerW.,DelsemmeJ.P.andDavidA.(2003),GARTEUROpen,SMAG25,"PostbucklingandCollapse
AnalysisBenchmark3EvaluationReportandCollectedContributions",IB1312003/29,Braunschweig,DLR,2003
[2]DegenhardtR.,RohwerK.,WagnerW.,DelsemmeJP."PostbucklingAndCollapseAnalysisOfCFRPStringerStiffenedPanels
AGarteurActivity",FourthInternationalConferenceonThinWalledStructuresICTWS2004,2224June2004

Degenhardt,RichardandBethge,ArneandKling,AlexanderandZimmermann,RolfandRohwer,Klausand
Temer,JanandCalvi,Adriano(2007),Probabilisticapproachforimprovedbucklingknockdownfactorsof
CFRPcylindricalshells,FirstCEASEuropeanAirandSpaceConference,2007091020070913,Berlin,
Deutschland.
ABSTRACT:Aerospaceindustrydemandsforsignificantlyreduceddevelopmentandoperatingcosts.
Reductionofstructuralweightatsafedesignisoneavenuetoachievethisobjective.TherunningESA
(EuropeanSpaceAgency)studyProbabilisticAspectsofBucklingKnockDownFactoractsonthisroute.It
concentratesonthinwalledcircularcylindricalCFRPshellssubjectedtoaxialcompression.Itiswellknown
thatsuchstructuresexhibitnotonlyahighloadcarryingcapacitybutalsoarepronetobucklingwhichishighly
imperfectionsensitive.Imperfectionsaredefinedasdeviationsfromperfectparameterslikeshape,thickness,
materialpropertiesandloadingdistributions,theycanreducethebucklingloaddrasticallycomparedtoa
perfectshell.Inordertoaccountfortheseimperfectionsthetheoreticalbucklingloadofaperfectcylindermust
bemultiplied,andthereforereduced,byaknockdownfactor(theratioofbucklingloadsofimperfectand
perfectcylindricalshell).Thustheclosertheknockdownfactorreflectstheeffectofimperfectionsthebetteris
thepredictionoftherealbucklingload.InthestillusedNASASP8007designguidelinefrom1968alower
boundcurvefortheknockdownfactorisproposed.Thefactordependsontheslenderness(theratioofradius
andwallthickness)anddecreaseswithincreasingslenderness.Thisfactorisratherconservativeandthe
structuralbehaviourofcompositematerialisnotconsideredadequately.Advancedthinwalledcylindricalshell
structuresundercompressionarethereforepenalizediftheknockdownfactorbasedonthisearlyNASAreport
mustbeapplied.ThecurrentESAstudystartedinMay2006andwillrunfor18months.Itsmainobjectiveisto
achieveabetterbucklingknockdownfactorforunstiffenedCFRPcylindricalshellsandtovalidatethelinear
andnonlinearbucklingsimulationsbytestresults.Themainresultswillcompriseanexperimentaldatabase
(materialproperties,measuredthicknesses,fullscaleshapeimperfections,loadshorteningcurves,strains,and
deformations)obtainedbytestingof10nominallyidenticalaxiallycompressedCFRPcylindricalshells,
sensitivityanalysesusingMonteCarlosimulation,validationwithtestsandadesignguidelineforthattypeof
structurewithalessconservativeknockdownfactorthantakenfromNASASP8007.AlltasksoftheESA
studyareperformedattheInstituteofCompositeStructuresandAdaptiveSystemsofDLRBraunschweig,
whichhasarichbodyofexperienceindesign,manufacturing,testingandanalysisofshellspronetobuckling.
ThepaperoutlinestheobjectivesandexpectedresultsoftherunningESAstudyandpresentstheresults
achievedsofar.
RichardDegenhardt(1),AlexanderKling(1),HermannKlein(1),WolfgangHillger(1),HansChristian
Goetting(1),RolfZimmermann(1),KlausRohwer(1)andAndreasGleiter(2)
(1)DLR,InstituteofCompositeStructuresandAdaptiveSystems,Lilienthalplatz7,38108Braunschweig,
Germany
(2)UniversityofStuttgart,InstituteofPolymerTechnology(IKT),DepartmentofNondestructiveTesting
(ZfP),Pfaffenwaldring32,70569Stuttgart(Vaihingen),Germany

ExperimentsonBucklingandPostbucklingofThinWalledCfrpStructuresUsingAdvancedMeasurement
Systems,InternationalJournalofStructuralStabilityandDynamics,Vol.7,No.2,June2007
DOI:10.1142/S0219455407002253
ABSTRACT:Theaircraftandspaceindustrystrivesforsignificantlyreduceddevelopmentandoperatingcosts.
Reductionofstructuralweightatsafedesignisonepossibilitytoreachthisobjectivewhichisaimedbythe
followingtworunningresearchprojects:theECproject"COCOMAT"andtheESAstudy"Probabilistic
AspectsofBucklingKnockDownFactors".Theseprojectsdevelopimprovedconceptsandtoolsforafastand
reliablesimulationofthebucklingandthepostbucklingbehaviorofthinwalledstructuresuptocollapse,
respectively,whichallowtheexploitationofconsiderablereservesinprimaryfibrecompositestructuresin
aerospaceapplications.Forthevalidationoftheconceptsandtools,asounddatabaseofexperimentsisneeded
whichisalsoperformedwithintheseprojects.Thispaperfocusesontheexperimentalactivitieswithinthese
projectsperformedatthebucklingtestfacilityoftheInstituteofCompositeStructuresandAdaptiveSystems
(DLR).ItpresentsanoverviewabouttheDLRbuckling,postbucklingandcollapsetestswhicharealready
finishedandgivesanoutlooktotheresultswhichareexpecteduntiltheendoftherunningprojects.Thispaper
explainstheworkingofthebucklingtestfacility,theadvancedmeasurementsystems,whicharerunningin
paralleltothetests,andgivesexemplarilytwotestresults.Thestructuresconsideredareunstiffenedcylinders
(ESAstudy)aswellaspanels,whichareunderstoodassectionsofcylinders,stiffenedbystringers
(COCOMATproject).Theunstiffenedcylindersaremorerelatedtospaceapplications(e.g.Arianebustersor
partsoftheinternationalspacestationISS)andthestiffenedpanelsfocusmoreonaircraftstructures(e.g.
fuselage).Theloadcaseconsideredforallinvestigationspresentedinthispaperisaxialcompressionunder
staticloadingalthoughthetestfacilityisalsoreadytoapplytorsionandinternalpressure,aswellasdynamic
axialimpact.
RichardDegenhardt(1and3),AlexanderKling(1),ArneBethge(1),JanaOrf(1),LuiseKrger(1),Rolf
Zimmermann(1),KlausRohwer(1)andAdrianoCalvi(2)
(1)DLR,InstituteofCompositeStructuresandAdaptiveSystems,Braunschweig,Germany
(2)ESA/ESTEC,StructuresSectionTECMCS,Noordwijk,Netherlands
(3)PrivateUniversityofAppliedSciencesGttingen,CompositeEngineeringCampusState,Germany
Investigationsonimperfectionsensitivityanddeductionofimprovedknockdownfactorsforunstiffened
CFRPcylindricalshells,CompositeStructures,Vol.92,No.8,July2010,pp.19391946,
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2009.12.014
ABSTRACT:Inthefieldofaerospaceengineeringbutalsointhefieldsofcivilandmechanicalengineeringthe
industrydemandsforsignificantlyreducedcostsfordevelopmentandoperating.Reductionofstructuralweight
atsafedesignisoneavenuetoachievethisobjective.Inmanycasesitresultsinthinwalledstructures,which
arepronetobucklingifsubjectedtocompressionorshear.ThepresentedpaperisbasedonarecentEuropean
SpaceAgency(ESA)study,conductedatDLRBraunschweig,onProbabilisticAspectsofBucklingKnock
DownFactorsandcontributestothisgoalbystrivingforanimprovedbucklingknockdownfactor(theratioof
bucklingloadsofimperfectandperfectstructures)forunstiffenedCFRPcylindricalshells.Bucklingtestsand
bucklingsimulationswereperformedtoinvestigatetheimperfectionsensitivityandtovalidatetheapplied
simulationmethodologies.Testresultsaswellasdeterministicandprobabilisticbucklingsimulationresultsare
presentedandcompared.Finally,improvedknockdownfactorsarededucedanddiscussed.

RichardDegenhardt(1,2),AlexanderKling(1),RolfZimmermann(1),FalkOdermann(1)andF.C.deArajo
(3)
(1)DLR,InstituteofCompositeStructuresandAdaptiveSystems,Braunschweig,Germany
(2)PFH,PrivateUniversityofAppliedSciencesGttingen,CompositeEngineeringCampusStade,Germany
(3)DeptCivilEng,UFOP,OuroPreto,MG,Brazil
DealingwithImperfectionSensitivityofCompositeStructuresPronetoBuckling,DOI:10.5772/45810,
Chapter1inAdvancesinComputationalStabilityAnalysis,editedbySafaRozkurtCoskun,ISBN978953
5106739,INTECHopenscience/openminds,August1,2012
INTRODUCTION:Currently,imperfectionsensitiveshellstructurespronetobucklingaredesignedaccording
theNASASP8007guidelineusingtheconservativelowerboundcurve.Thisguidelinedatesfrom1968,and
thestructuralbehaviourofcompositematerialisnotappropriatelyconsidered,inparticularsincethe
imperfectionsensitivityandthebucklingloadofshellsmadeofsuchmaterialsdependonthelayupdesign.
ThisisnotconsideredintheNASASP8007,whichallowsdesigningonlysocalled"blackmetal"structures.
Thereisahighneedforanewpreciseandfastdesignapproachforimperfectionsensitivecompositestructures
whichallowssignificantreductionofstructuralweightanddesigncost.Forthatpurposeacombined
methodologyfromtheSinglePerturbationLoadApproach(SPLA)andaspecificstochasticapproachis
proposedwhichguaranteesaneffectiveandrobustdesign.TheSPLAisbasedontheobservation,thatalarge
enoughdisturbingloadleadstotheworstimperfection;itdealswiththetraditional(geometricandloading)
imperfections[1].Thestochasticapproachconsidersthenontraditionalones,e.g.variationsofwallthickness
andstiffness.Thusthecombinedapproachcopeswithbothtypesofimperfections.Arecentinvestigation
demonstrated,thatapplyingthismethodologytoanaxiallyloadedunstiffenedcylinderisleadingdirectlytothe
designbucklingload45%highercomparedwiththerespectiveNASASP8007design[2].Thischapter
presentsinitsfirstpartthestateoftheartinbucklingofimperfectionsensitivecompositeshells.Thesecond
partdescribescurrentinvestigationsastotheSPLA,thestochasticapproachandtheircombination.Inathird
partanoutlookisgivenonfurtherstudiesonthistopic,whichwillbeperformedwithintheframeworkofthe
running3yearprojectDESICOS(NewRobustDESIgnGuidelineforImperfectionSensitiveCOmposite
LauncherStructures)fundedbytheEuropeanCommission;formostrelevantarchitecturesofcylindricaland
conicallauncherstructures(monolithic,sandwichwithoutandwithholes)thenewmethodologywillbe
furtherdeveloped,validatedbytestsandsummarizedinahandbookforthedesignofimperfectionsensitive
compositestructures.Thepotentialwillbedemonstratedwithindifferentindustriallydrivenusecases.
Referencecitedattheendofthepaper:

1.C.Hhne,R.Rolfes,E.Breitbach,J.Temer,.Robust,of.Design,Cylindrical.Composite,under.Shells,Compression.Axial
Simulation,Thin.ValidationWalled,Vol.Structures,2008947962
2.DegenhardtR.,KlingA.,BethgeA.,OrfJ.,KrgerL.,RohwerK.,ZimmermannR.,CalviA.,InvestigationsonImperfection
SensitivityandDeductionofImprovedKnockDownFactorsforUnstiffenedCFRPCylindricalShells,CompositeStructures
Vol.201019391946
3.P.Seide,V.I.Weingarten,J.P.Petersen,NASA/SP8007,Bucklingofthinwalledcircularcylinders,NASASPACEVEHICLE
DESIGNCRITERIA(Structures),NASA,Washington,DC,UnitedStates,September,1965
4.W.T.Koiter,OntheStabilityofElasticEquilibrium.NASATTF10833,1967
5.B.Geier,H.Klein,R.Zimmermann,tests.Buckling,axially.with,unstiffened.compressed,shells.cylindrical,from.C.F.R.P.
made,Int.Proceedings,ColloquiumonBucklingofshellStructures,onland,intheseaandintheair,J.F.Julien,ed.:ElsevierApplied
Sciences,LondonandNewYork,498507,1991
6.B.Geier,H.Klein,R.Zimmermann,on.Experiments,of.C.F.R.P.buckling,shells.cylindrical,nonuniform.under,load.axial,
Int.Proceedings,ConferenceonCompositeEngineering,ICCE/128August1994
7.C.Hhne,R.Zimmermann,R.Rolfes,B.Geier,imperfections.LoadingExperiments,Euromech.Computations,42.Colloquium,
The.Kerkrade,2.Netherlands,September2001
8.J.Albus,J.GomezGarcia,H.Oery,ControlofAssemblyInducedStressesandDeformationsduetoWavinessoftheInterface

FlangesoftheESCAUpperStage,52ndInternationalAstronauticalCongress,Toulouse,France,15Oct2001
9.T.Winterstetter,H.Schmidt,of.Stability,cylindrical.circular,shells.steel,combined.under,Thin.loadingWalled,4.Structures,
p.,893EOF910EOF2002
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Constructional.of,Research.Steel,57(5,p.,569EOF580EOF2001
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Applied.in,Mechanics,1.Engineering,p.[14],1997
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Structures,Material&MechanicalTesting,Noordwijk,TheNetherlands,ESASP3862729March1996
14.H.R.MeyerPiening,M.Farshad,B.Geier,R.Zimmermann,BucklingloadsofCFRPcompositecylindersundercombinedaxial
andtorsionloadingexperimentandcomputations,CompositeStructures53,427435,2001
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16.DegenhardtR.,KlingA.,KleinH.,HillgerW.,GoettingCh.,ZimmermannR.,RohwerK.,GleiterA.,ExperimentsonBuckling
andPostbucklingofThinWalledCFRPStructuresusingAdvancedMeasurementSystems,InternationalJournalofStructural
StabilityandDynamics,Vol.22007337358
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WCCMV,712July2002
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FEMUsersmeeting,Sonhofen,1999
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Conference,Paris,2000
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safetyinaerospace,ProceedingsoftheInternationalConferenceonSpacecraftStructuresandMechanicalTesting,pages679693,
CpadusEditions,**2210,Paris,France,1994
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sailcraft,Int,AstronauticalCongress,Bremen,Germany,28Sep.3Oct.,2003
22.E.Velds,TUD/LR/ASCMgraduationthesis,Adeterministicandprobabilisticapproachtofiniteelementbucklinganalysisof
imperfectcylindricalshells,May2002
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A.Shells,Volume.4.Journal,No,182318272005

ProfessorDr.IngRichardDegenhardt[GermanAerospaceCenter,InstituteofCompositeStructuresand
AdaptiveSystems,StructuralMechanics,Braunschweig(DLR)],WordsaboutProfessorDegenhardtsresearch
groupconcernedwithSTABILITY
(seethewebsite:http://www.dlr.de/fa/en/desktopdefault.aspx/tabid1462/2063_read3525/)
Stabilityofthinwalledcompositestructures:
Lightweightstructuresintheaerospace,mechanicalengineeringorcivilengineeringareontheonehandunder
compressionorshearloadingsusceptibleforbucklingbutontheotherhandtheyhavelargereservecapacities
inthepostbucklingregion.InordertosaveweightinthesefieldstheuseofmaterialsmadeofCarbonFibre
ReinforcedPlastics(CFRP)isincreasing.However,thedesignandcomputationofcompositestructuresismore
challengingthanusingclassicmaterials.Stability,nonlinearcomputationsanddegradationhavethereforehere
anessentialrelevance.Thestructuralbehaviourofstabilityanddeformationsissimulatedbynonlinear
numericalsimulationsandexperiments.Figure1illustratesthecomparisonofanexperimentandsimulationof
abuckled,stringerstiffened(onthereverseside)CFRPpanel.Theinstitutehasinthefieldofstabilityofthin
walledcompositestructurescompetenceinthefollowing4maintopics:Postbucklingbehaviour,Imperfection
tolerance,Bucklingduetodynamicloading,Thermomechanicalbuckling.Theobjectiveistodevelopfastand
reliablesoftwaretoolsinordertosimulatethebucklingandpostbucklingbehaviouruptocollapse.These

softwaretoolscanthenbeincorporatedintoadesignprocessaswellastodeducesimpledesignrules.Tofulfil
thesetasksnumericalandexperimentalworkisessential.Theexperimentalexaminationisemployedtoprovide
abetterunderstandingofthephysicalbehaviourofthestructureandtovalidatethedevelopedsoftwaretools.
Ourcompetence:
Postbuckling
Imperfectiontolerance
Dynamicbuckling
Thermalbuckling
Runningprojects:
COCOMAT(Coordinator,ImprovedMaterialExploitationofSafeDesignofCompositeStructuresbyAccurateSimulationof
Collapse,EC6thFP)
ALCAS(AdvancedlowcostAirframeStructures,EC6thFP)
MUSCA(NonlinearstaticMUltiSCAleanalysisoflargeaerostructures,EC6thFP)
DesignofoptimalCFRPpanelsforfuselagestructures(DLRChina)
AdvancedAerospaceStructures(FortschrittlicheFlugzeugstrukturen,DLREADS)
CompositeFuselageDemonstrator(DLRAirbus)
Probabilisticaspectsofbucklingknockdownfactors,Testsandanalysis(ESA)
BucklingHandbook(ESA,ECSSE3024)
Somefinishedprojects:
IBUCKafastsemianalyticaldesigntoolforstiffenedpanels(DLRAirbusDeutschland)
POSICOSS(Coordinator,ImprovedPostbucklingSimulationforDesignofFibreCompositeStiffenedFuselageStructures,EC5th
FP)
RobustDesign(DLRAirbusGermany)
GARTEURSMAG25(WPleader,PostbucklingandCollapseAnalysis,establishedrecommendationsforbuckling,postbuckling
andcollapseanalysisofCFRPshells)
GlobalesTragverhalten(Virtualtestingofstringerandframestiffenedshells,AirbusGermany)
Multiobjectiveoptimisationoffibrecompositestructuresendangeredbybuckling(DLRChina)
IdentificationoftheStiffnessesofStringerStiffenedLaminatedMaterials(DLRChina)
SchwarzerRumpf(Blackfuselage,DLRAirbusDeutschland)
Bucklingunderdynamicloading(GermanIsraelifoundation)
FESTIP(RefinementofBucklingPredictionTechniquesforLargeThinShellsUnderMechanicalandThermalLoadConditions,
ESA)
FractureMechanicsofComposites(DamagetoleranceofCFRPpanelsandcylinderspronetobuckling,ESA)
EDAVCOS(EfficientDesignandVerificationofCompositeStructures,EC5thFP)
DEVILS(DesignandValidationofImperfectionTolerantLaminatedShellStructures,EC4thFP)
GARTEURSMAG05(Chairman,BucklingandPostbucklingBehaviourofCompositePanels)
CompositeBulkhead(StabilityinvestigationofanAirbusCFRPbulkhead,A340500andA340600)

Arbelo,MarianoandZimmermann,R.andCastro,SaulloandDegenhardt,Richard(2013)Comparisonofnew
DesignGuidelinesforCompositeCylindricalShellspronetoBuckling.ICCST9Conference,24.26.April
2013,Sorrento,Italy.
ABSTRACT:Currently,imperfectionsensitiveshellstructurespronetobucklingaredesignedaccordingtothe
NASASP8007guideline,from1968,usingitsconservativelowerboundcurve.Inthisguidelinethestructural
behaviorofcompositematerialsisnotappropriatelyconsidered,sincetheimperfectionsensitivityandthe
bucklingloadofshellsmadeofsuchmaterialsdependonthelayupdesign.Duetothefactthatthisapproachis
outdatedforpreliminarydesignpurposes,severalauthorsareinvestigatinglessconservativemethodologies.

Someauthorsproposeanewlowerboundcurveapproachbasedonlyonstatisticalanalysisofexperimentaltest
oncompositecylinders.Theproblemwiththisapproachisthattherangeofapplicabilityislimitedtothe
databaseextension.Finiteelementmodelsarealsousedbymanyresearcherstocharacterizethebehaviorof
cylindricalshellconsideringdifferenttypesofmaterialandgeometricalimperfections.Arepresentativefinite
elementmodelallowsstudyingawidespreadareaofpossibilitiesfromthedesignpointofview.Inthiscontext
anumericalinvestigationaboutthedifferentmethodologiestocharacterizethebehaviorofimperfection
sensitivecompositestructuressubjectedtocompressiveloadsuptobucklingispresentedinthispaper.A
comparativestudyisaddressedbetweennewdeterministicmethodologies,suchastheSinglePerturbation
LoadApproachproposedbytheEuropeanprojectDESICOSandnewstatisticalapproachesbasedon
experimentaltestoncompositecylinders.Theaimofthisworkistodefinetherangeofapplicabilityofthese
methodologiesforunstiffenedcompositecylinders,advantageanddisadvantagetouseasadesigntool,to
providemeanstocalculatelessconservativeknockdownfactorsthantheobtainedwiththeNASASP8007
guideline.
Zimmermann,R.[GermanAerospaceCenter,InstituteofCompositeStructuresandAdaptiveSystems,
StructuralMechanics,Braunschweig(DLR)](1993)Multiobjectiveoptimizationoffibercompositeshellsfor
maximumbucklingloadandimperfectiontolerance.In:AdvancesinDesignAutomation,1993DEVol.
651.Eds.B.J.Gilmore;D.A.Hoeltzel;S.Azarm;H.E.Eschenauer.,pp.631636.AmericanSocietyof
MechanicalEngineers..19thDesignAutomationConference,Albuquerque/NewMexico,USA,19.22.Sept.
1993..
ABSTRACT:Theperformanceofthinwalledstructures,whichareendangeredbybuckling,isoftenstrongly
influencedbygeometricalimperfections.Itisimpossibletoknowinadvancetheimperfections,whichwillbe
presentintherealstructure.Nevertheless,theirinfluencehastobetakenintoaccountalreadyatthedesign
process.Attemptstoindentifycharacteristicimperfectionsduetospecificmanufacturingprocessesovercome
thisdifficultyonlypartly,astheydonotconsiderimperfectionscomingintoexistenceafterfabrication.The
remedyis,tobuildimperfectiontolerantstructures.Forthatpurpose,asimplemeanstomeasureimperfection
toleranceisdefinedandamultiobjectiveoptimizationformulationisproposedtodesignfibercompositeshell
structures,whichsimultaneouslyexhibithighimperfectiontoleranceandhighbucklingload.Byexampleof
axiallycompressedCFRPcylindricalshellsfirstcomputationalandexperimentalresultsaregivento
demonstratethefeasibilityoftheconcept,andtoidentifyneedsforfurtherresearch.
M.Seibel,B.Geier,R.ZimmermannandH.Eschenauer,Optimizationandexperimentalinvestigationsof
stiffened,axiallycompressedCFRPpanels,StructuralandMultidisciplinaryOptimization,Vol.15,No.2,
1998,pp.124131,doi:10.1007/BF01278498
ABSTRACT:Thinwalled,unstiffenedandstiffenedshellstructuresmadeoffibrecompositematerialsare
frequentlyappliedduetotheirhighstiffness/strengthtoweightratiosinallfieldsoflightweightconstructions.
Onemajordesigncriterionofthesestructuresistheirsensitivitywithrespecttobucklingfailurewhensubjected
toinplanecompressionandshearloads.ThispaperdescribeshowthestructuralanalysisprogramBEOS
(BucklingofEccentricallyOrthotropicSandwichshells)iscombinedwiththeoptimizationprocedureSAPOP
(StructuralAnalysisProgramandOptimizationProcedure)toproduceatoolfordesigningoptimumCFRP
panelsagainstbuckling.Experimentalinvestigationsareusedtojustifythedescribedprocedures.

ShangChaoHung(1),YanKuinSu(1),TeHuaFang(2),ShoouJinnChang(1)andLiangWenJi(3),
(1)InstituteofMicroelectronics,DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,NationalChengKungUniversity,
Tainan701,Taiwan
(2)InstituteofMechanicalandElectromechanicalEngineering,NationalFormosaUniversity,Yunlin632,Taiwan
(3)DepartmentofElectroOpticsEngineering,NationalFormosaUniversity,Yunlin632,Taiwan,
q1892112@ccmail.ncku.edu.tw,
BucklinginstabilitiesinGaNnanotubesunderuniaxialcompression,InstituteOfPhysicsPublishing:
Nanotechnology16(2005)22032208.
ABSTRACT:Wereportexperimentalobservationsofshellbucklinginstabilitiesinfreestanding,vertically
alignedGaNnanotubessubjectedtouniaxialcompression.HighlyuniformarraysoftheGaNnanotubes
standingonaGaNtemplatewerefabricatedandsubjectedtouniaxialcompressionusingananoindenter.The
bucklingloadwasfoundtobeoftheorderof150NfortheGaNnanotubeswithanouterradiusof40nm,an
innerradiusof20nm,andheightsof500and300nm.Goodagreementwasfoundbetweentheexperimental
observations,thestressstrainrelationequationstudyfindingsandthepredictionsfromthecylindricalshell
bucklingtheory.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

[1]YangP,WuYandFanR2002Int.J.Nano.11
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MichaelJForrestal,GeorgeHerrmann,Bucklingofalongcylindricalshellsurroundedbyanelasticmedium,
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures(1965,Vol.1,No.3,pp.297309,doi:10.1016/0020
7683(65)900351
ABSTRACT:Along,thin,circular,cylindricalshellissubjectedtouniformexternalpressureexertedbya
surroundingelasticmedium.Thestabilityofequilibriumoftheshellisexaminedbyconsideringpossible
neighboringequilibriumstates.Theloadingexertedbytheelasticmediumontheshellinthedeformedstateis
foundbysolvinganassociatedboundaryvalueproblemofthelinearizedtheoryofelasticityinthepresenceof
initialstress.Expressionsarederivedwhichgivethecriticalpressureforthecasesofabondedandasmooth
interface.
M.Oberguggenberger(michael.oberguggenberger@uibk.ac.at)(1)andJ.King(2)
(1)UnitforEngineering(athematics,FacultyofCivilEngineering,UniversityofInnsbruckInnsbruck,A6020,
Austria,10.
(2)AustrianAcademyofSciences,BreathResearchUnit,Dornbirn,A6850,Austria,
BUCKLINGANDCOLLAPSEOFSHELLSTRUCTURES:SENSITIVITYANALYSIS,(publisherand
datenotgiven.Latestreferencelistedattheendofthepaperisdated2007.)
www.cocomat.de/.../45University_of_Innsbruck_Oberguggenberger.pdf
ABSTRACT:Thisarticleaddressestheissueofbucklingfailureofshellstructures.Wearguethatagood
understandingoftheshellbehaviornearthelimitstatecanandshouldbeaddressedthroughsensitivityanalysis,
thatis,theassessmentoftheimpactofindividualinputparameters(loads,materialconstants,geometry)orsets
ofinputparametersonthefailureofthestructure.Amajorchallengeinmostapplicationsliesinthefactthat
highcomputationalcostshavetobefaced.Methodshavetobedevelopedthatadmitassertionsaboutthe
sensitivityoftheoutputwithasfewcomputationsaspossible.Thisarticlespresentsanumberofsensitivity
indicesbasedonMonteCarlosimulationtechniques.Wedevelopedthesemethodsinaprojectfromaerospace
engineeringwithlightweightshellstructures.Webelievethatthemethodswillbeusefulincomposite
laminatedstructures,whereequallyhighcomputationalcostsaretherule.Athoroughunderstandingofthe
sensitivitiesofastructurecanultimatelyserveasarobustbasisfordesignguidelines.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1.R.Degenhardt,A.Bethge,A.Kling,R.Zimmermann,K.Rohwer,H.Klein,J.Tessmer,A.Calvi,Probabilisticapproachfor
improvedbucklingknockdownfactorsofCFRPcylindricalshells,1stCEASEuropeanAirandSpaceConference,Berlin2007,CD
ISSN0700408,pp.30913100.
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analysis,ReliabilityEngineering&SystemSafety91(2006)pp.11751209.
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StatisticsSimulationandComputation11(1982)pp.311334.
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ProceedingsoftheFifthInternationalSymposiumonImpreciseProbability:TheoriesandApplications,eds.G.deCooman,J.
Vejnarova,M.Zaffalon(ActionMAgency,SIPTA,Prague2007)pp.317326.
6.M.Oberguggenberger,J.King,B.Schmelzer,Reliabilityofshellstructuresthroughsensitivityanalysis,1stCEASEuropeanAir
andSpaceConference,Berlin2007,CDISSN0700408,pp.18231832.
7.J.Shao,D.S.Tu,TheJackknifeandBootstrap(SpringerVerlag,NewYork,1995).

8.I.M.Sobol,Sensitivityanalysisfornonlinearmathematicalmodels.MathematicalModeling&ComputationalExperiment1(1993)
pp.407414.

DingHaixu,DepartmentofMarineStructures,ChinaShipScientificResearchCenter,Wuxi,Jiangsu214082,
PeoplesRepublicofChina,Strengthandstabilityofdoublecylindricalshellstructuresubjectedtohydrostatic
externalpressureII:stability,MarineStructures16(2003)397415,doi:10.1016/S09518339(03)000352
ABSTRACT:Thispaperisthesecondpartofthestructurestudyofdoublecylindricalshellsubjectedto
hydrostaticexternalpressure.Theauthormakesresearchesontherelationshipbetweeninnerandoutershellsof
pressurizeddoublecylindersusingequilibriumconditionsofforcesanddeformationcompatibilityconditions
withringplateorthogonallyconnectedtoinnerandoutershellsandputsforwardtheexpressionsoflongitudinal
andcircumferentialforcesofdoublepressurizedcylinder.Inthispaper,equilibriumequationsareestablished
foradoublecylindricalshellstiffenedlongitudinallyandtransverselyandsubjectedtouniformhydrostatic
externalpressurebyusinganadjacentequilibriummethodandasolutionwithhighaccuracyispresentedto
calculatetheoreticallycriticalpressuresofpanelbucklingandinterframeshellbuckling.Thesolutioncanbe
usedtoboththedoubleandsinglecylindricalshellswithoutlongitudinalstiffenersandtherefore,itmaybe
appliedwidelywithhigheraccuracy.Also,somesimplifiedformulaefortheengineeringapplicationaregiven
tocalculatethepanelbucklingandtheinterframeshellbucklingstrengh.
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externalpressure.CSSRC,TechnicalReport92090;1991.p.10.
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00174,June,2000.

Y.Goldfeld,TechnionIsraelInstituteofTechnology,Haifa32000,Israel,BucklingandInitialPostBuckling
ofGenerallyStiffenedConicalShells,47thAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamics,
andMaterialsConference,AIAA2006227514May2006,Newport,RhodeIsland.
ABSTRACT:Thesensitivityofstiffenedconicalshellstoimperfectionisconsidered,viatheinitialpost
bucklinganalysis.Unlikestiffenedcylindricalshells,inthecaseofgenerallystiffenedconicalshellsthe
stiffenersinclinationandthedistancebetweenthestiffenersvarywiththeshellcoordinates,whichcomplicates
theproblemconsiderably.Themainobjectiveofthestudyistoinvestigatetheinfluenceofthestiffenersonthe
bucklingloadandontheimperfectionsensitivity.Thus,byfindingtheparametersthatinfluencetheshells
imperfectionsensitivity,itispossibletoimprovethebehaviorofthewholestructure.

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7Koiter,W.T.,TheStabilityofElasticEquilibrium,Thesis,Delft,H.J.Paris,Amsterdam,1945;U.S.AirForceFlightDynamics
Lab.AirForceSystemCommand,AFFDLTR7025,WrightPattersonAFB,OH,Fed.1970(EnglishTranslation).
8Goldfeld,Y.,Sheinman,I.andBaruch,M."ImperfectionSensitivityofConicalShell."AIAAJournal,No.4,Vol.3,2003,pp.517
524.
9Goldfeld,Y.andArboczJ.,ElasticBucklingofLaminatedConicalShellsusingaHierarchicalHighFidelityAnalysisProcedure,
submittedforpublication,2005.
10Goldfeld,Y.,ImperfectionSensitivityofLaminatedConicalShells,submittedforpublication,2005.
11Baruch,M.andSinger,J.,EffectofEccentricityofStiffenersontheGeneralInstabilityofStiffenedCylindricalShellsunder
HydrostaticPressure,JournalofMechanicalEngineeringScience,Vol.5,No.1,1963,pp.2327.
12Budiansky,B.andHutchinson,J.W.,DynamicBucklingofImperfectionSensitiveStructures.ProceedingXIInternational
CongressonAppliedMechanics,Munich,1964,pp.83106.

WedadI.Alazzawy(MechanicalEngineeringDept.,BaghdadUniversity),Analyticalsolutionforbucklingof
laminatedconicalshells,NahrainUniversityCollegeofEngineeringJournal(NUCEJ),Vol.22,No.2,pp129
146,2009
ABSTRACT:Bucklinganalysisoflaminatedconicalshellsunderaxialcompressiveloadareinvestigated
analyticallyusinghighorderandLovesshelltheories.Powerseriesareusedtosolvethedevelopedequations
ofmotionforconicalshellswithdifferentsemivertexangles,lengthtoradiusratio,numberoflayersand
boundaryconditions.Thevalidityofthepresentedprocedureisconfirmed.
PraveenK.Malhotra,SeismicDesignofLiquidStorageTanks,AmericanSocietyofCivilEngineers(ASCE),
2006,Somenicephotographsofbuckledtanks.
(Noconferenceidentified,noabstract,nolistofreferencesinthisdocument.)
HeedoYunandSteliosKyriakides,EngineeringMechanicsResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofAerospace
EngineeringandEngineeringMechanics,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,Texas78712,USA,On
thebeamandshellmodesofbucklingofburiedpipelines,SoilDynamicsandEarthquakeEngineering
Vol.9,No.4,July1990,pp.179193doi:10.1016/S02677261(05)800090
ABSTRACT:Thepaperidentifiesandanalyzesthesocalledbeamandshellmodesofbucklingofburied
pipelines.Suchfailureshaveoccurredasaresultofcompressiveloadsinducedtopipelinesbylargeground
movementsinseismicallyactiveareas.Inthebeammodeofbuckling,thepipelinetearsthroughthegroundand
liftsoffinacharacteristic?configuration.Theshellmodeofbucklingisamorelocalizedfailurecharacteristic

ofshelltypestructures.Thetwotypesofinstabilityaresimulatednumericallyusingappropriatenonlinear
kinematics,inelasticmaterialbehaviourandapproximatemodellingofthesoilstructureinteraction
mechanisms.Parametricsensitivitystudiesarepresented.Itisdemonstratedthatinitialgeometricimperfections
canstronglyinfluencethecriticalloadsandstrainsofbothtypesofinstability.Conditionsunderwhichthetwo
modesofbucklinginteractarealsodiscussed.
Chiou,Y.J.[NationalChengKungUniv.,Tainan(Taiwan,ProvinceofChina).Dept.ofCivilEngineering];
Chi,S.Y.[SinotechEngineeringConsultant,Taipei(Taiwan,ProvinceofChina).GeotechnicalResearch
Center],Beamandshellmodesofbucklingofburiedpipesinducedbycompressivegroundfailure,U.S.
conferenceonlifelineearthquakeengineering,SanFrancisco,CA(UnitedStates),1012Aug1995
ABSTRACT:Thebucklingofburiedpipelineinducedbycompressivegroundfailurewasinvestigated.Both
thebeammodeofbucklingandlocalshellmodeofbuckling,andtheirinteractionswerestudied.Thepipeline
responsewasanalyzednumerically.Theresultsagreequalitativelywithpastresearchesandpossesssatisfactory
comparisonswithactualcasehistories.Therelationsofcriticalburieddepthversusratioofpipediameterto
thicknessforburiedpipewithdifferentimperfectionsandvarioussoilfoundationswereestablished.
S.KyriakidesandJuG.T.(EngineeringMechanicsResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering
andEngineeringMechanics,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,TX78712,U.S.A.),Bifurcationand
localizationinstabilitiesincylindricalshellsunderbendingI.Experiments,InternationalJournalofSolids
andStructures,Vol.29,No.9,1992,pp.11171142,doi:10.1016/00207683(92)90139K
ABSTRACT:Thistwopartseriesofpapersisconcernedwiththeresponseandvariousinstabilitieswhich
governthebehaviorofcircularcylindricalshellsunderpurebending.PartIdescribestheexperimentalpartof
thestudyandPartIIpresentsthenumericalsimulationofthevariousphenomenaobservedexperimentally.
Experimentswereconductedonlongaluminum6061T6shellswithIIdifferentdiametertothicknessratios
rangingfrom60.5to19.5.Forsuchgeometries,thestructuralresponseandinherentinstabilitiesarestrongly
influencedbytheplasticcharacteristicsofthematerial.Thinnershellswerefoundtodevelopshortwavelength
periodicripplesonthecompressedsideoftheshell.Theshellsbuckledlocallyandcollapsedsoonafterthe
appearanceoftheripples.Thickershellswerefoundtoexhibitalimitloadinstabilityasadirectconsequenceof
theovalizationoftheshellcrosssectioncausedbybending.Followingthelimitload,theovalizationwasfound
tolocalize,leadingtotheeventualcollapseoftheshells.ForshellswithintermediateD/tvalues,short
wavelengthripplesdevelopedatthesametimeaslocalizationofovalizationwasrecorded.Theshellsbuckled
locallyandcatastrophicallyfollowingthedevelopmentofalimitload.
G.T.Ju,etal,Ontheeffectoflocalimperfectionsonthestabilityofelasticplasticshellsinbending,in
Bucklingofshellstructures,onland,inthesea,andintheair,editedbyJ.F.Jullien,ElsevierAppliedScience
PublishingCo.,Inc.,NewYork,1991
(cannotobtaintheabstract)
G.T.JuandS.Kyriakides(EngineeringMechanicsResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofAerospaceEngineering
andEngineeringMechanics,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,TX78712,USA),Bifurcationand

localizationinstabilitiesincylindricalshellsunderbendingII.Predictions,InternationalJournalofSolids
andStructures,Vol.29,No.9,1992,pp.11431171,doi:10.1016/00207683(92)90140O
ABSTRACT:Thesecondpartofthisstudyisconcernedwiththepredictionoftheresponseandvarious
instabilitiesfoundinPartItogoverntheelasticplasticflexureofcircularcylindricalshells.Sanders'shell
kinematicsandtheprincipleofvirtualworkwereusedtoformulatetheproblem.ARayleighRitzprocedure
wasusedtodiscretizetheproblem.TheresultantnonlinearequationsweresolvediterativelyusingNewton's
method.Thethreetypesofbehaviorinvolvingbifurcationintoshortwavelengthripples,localizationfollowing
theattainmentofanaturallimitloadandinteractionofthetwowerestudied.Ineachcasethepredicted
responsewasfoundtobeinverygoodagreementwiththeexperimentalresult.
J.Y.DyauandS.Kyriakides(EngineeringMechanicsResearchLaboratory,DepartmentofAerospace
EngineeringandEngineeringMechanics,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,Austin,TX78712,U.S.A.),On
thelocalizationofcollapseincylindricalshellsunderexternalpressure,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,Vol.30,No.4,1993,pp.463482,doi:10.1016/00207683(93)901816
ABSTRACT:Itiswellknownthatlongcylindricalshellsusedinmanypracticalapplicationsinvolvingexternal
pressureloadingcollapsecatastrophicallyduetoalimitloadinstability.Thelimitloadisduetointeraction
betweengeometricnonlinearitiesandmaterialnonlinearitiesduetoplasticity.Thispaperaddressesthe
mechanismofcollapsetriggeredbythelimitloadinstability.Itisfoundthatfollowingthelimitloadthe
collapsequicklylocalizestoasectionoftheshellafewdiameterslong.Thedeformationsandstressesinthe
regionoflocalizationgrowwithadecreasingoverallpressurewhereastherestofthestructureremainsintact
andretainsonlyasmallresidualeffectfromthelimitloadinstabilityasitunloads.However,underfavorable
conditionsthelocalizedcollapsetriggersaninstabilitywhichpropagatesalongthelengthoftheshellandhas
thepotentialofcatastrophicallycollapsingthewholestructure.Thecharacteristicsofthelocalizationare
studiedparametricallythroughexperimentandanalysis.
F.C.Bardi,H.D.YunandS.Kyriakides(ResearchCenterforMechanicsofSolids,StructuresandMaterials,
TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,WRW110,Austin,TX78712,USA),Ontheaxisymmetricprogressive
crushingofcirculartubesunderaxialcompression,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.40,No.
12,June2003,pp.31373155,doi:10.1016/S00207683(03)001112
ABSTRACT:Moderatelythickcirculartubesundercompressioncrushprogressivelybyaxisymmetricfolding.
Thepaperpresentsacombinedexperimentalanalyticalstudyoftheonsetofcollapse,itslocalizationandthe
subsequentprogressivefolding.Resultsfromfourdisplacementcontrolledcrushingexperimentsarepresented
ontubesofvariousradiustothicknessratiosmadeofdifferentmetalalloys.Theexperimentalresultsinclude
thecrushingresponse,carefulmeasurementsofthegeometriccharacteristicsofthefoldsandthemechanical
propertiesofthealloys.Afiniteelementmodelofthecrushingprocesshasbeendevelopedandresultsfrom
simulationsaredirectlycomparedwiththeexperiments.Themodelisfoundtoreproducethecrushingresponse
toasignificantdegreeofaccuracy.Themeancrushingloadisessentiallythesameasintheexperiments;the
calculatedwavelengthofthefoldsarewithinafewpercentfrommeasuredvaluesasareothergeometric
variablesconsidered.Thus,thecrushingenergyperunitlengthoftubeispredictedtoaverygoodaccuracy.In
addition,themodelwasusedtodemonstratethatchangesintheloadingcycleswhichtakeplaceasthenumber
offoldsincreases,areduetosmalldifferencesbetweentheinnerandouterfoldswhichinturnaffecttheself
contactofthefoldwalls.Threesimplermodelstakenfromtheliteratureinwhichsteadystatefoldingis

modeledbykinematicallyadmissiblecollapsemechanismsarecriticallyreviewedbycomparingpredictionsof
keyvariablestomeasuredvalues.
F.C.BardiandS.Kyriakides(ResearchCenterforMechanicsofSolids,Structures&Materials,TheUniversity
ofTexasatAustin,WRW110,C0600,Austin,TX78712,USA),Plasticbucklingofcirculartubesunderaxial
compressionpartI:Experiments,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.48,No.8,August2006,
pp.830841,doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2006.03.005
ABSTRACT:Elasticbucklingofcylindricalshellsduetoaxialcompressionresultsinsuddenandcatastrophic
failure.Bycontrast,forthickershellsthatbuckleintheplasticrange,failureisprecededbyacascadeofevents,
wherethefirstinstabilityandfailurecanbeseparatedbystrainsof15%.Thefirstinstabilityisuniform
axisymmetricwrinklingthatistypicallytreatedasaplasticbifurcation.Thewrinkleamplitudegraduallygrows
and,intheprocess,reducestheaxialrigidityoftheshell.Thiseventuallyleadstoalimitloadinstability,
beyondwhichthecylinderfailsbylocalizedcollapse.Forsomecombinationsofgeometricandmaterial
characteristics,thislimitloadcanbeprecededbyasecondbifurcationthatinvolvesanonaxisymmetricmode
ofdeformation.Again,thisbucklingmodelocalizesresultinginfailure.Theproblemisrevisitedusinga
combinationofexperimentsandanalysis.InPartI,wepresenttheresultsofanexperimentalstudyinvolving
stainlesssteelspecimenswithdiametertothicknessratiosbetween23and52.Fifteenspecimensweredesigned
andmachinedtoachieveuniformloadingconditionsinthetestsection.Theyweresubsequentlycompressedto
failureunderdisplacementcontrol.Alongtheway,theevolutionofwrinkleswasmonitoredusingaspecial
surfacescanningdevice.BifurcationbucklingbasedontheJ2deformationtheoryofplasticitywasusedto
establishtheonsetofwrinkling.Comparisonofmeasuredandcalculatedresultsrevealedthatthewrinkle
wavelengthwassignificantlyoverpredicted.Thecauseofthediscrepancyisshowntobeanisotropypresentin
thetubesused.Modelingofthepostbucklingresponseandthepredictionofthelimitloadinstabilityfollowsin
PartII.
F.C.Bardi(1),S.Kyriakides(1)andH.D.Yun(2)
(1)ResearchCenterforMechanicsofSolids,Structures&Materials,TheUniversityofTexasatAustin,WRW
110,C0600,Austin,TX78712,USA
(2)ShellInternationalExplorationandProductionInc.,3737BellaireBlvd,Houston,TX770010481,USA
PlasticbucklingofcirculartubesunderaxialcompressionpartII:Analysis,InternationalJournalof
MechanicalSciences,Vol.48,No.8,August2006,pp.842854,doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2006.03.002
ABSTRACT:Inthesecondpartofthisstudy,theevolutionofuniformaxisymmetricwrinklinginaxially
compressedcylindersismodeledusingtheprincipleofvirtualwork.Aversionofthisformulationalsoallows
localizationofwrinkling.Themodeldomainisassignedaninitialaxisymmetricimperfectionofachosen
amplitudeandthewavelengthyieldedbythefirstbifurcationcheck.Thesolutioncorrectlysimulatesthegrowth
ofwrinklesandresultsinalimitloadinstability.Thelimitstrainisinfluencedbytheamplitudeofthe
imperfection.Beyondthelimitload,wrinklingtendstolocalize,eventuallyleadingtolocalfolding.The
possibilityofbifurcationoftheaxisymmetricsolutiontononaxisymmetricbucklingmodesisexaminedby
usingadedicatedbifurcationcheck.Thebifurcationcheckwasfoundtoyieldsuchbucklingmodescorrectly.
Theevolutionofsuchbucklingmodesissimulatedbyaseparatenonaxisymmetricmodelassigned
imperfectionswithaxisymmetricandnonaxisymmetriccomponents.Thedomainanalyzedisonecharacteristic
wavelengthlong(2_C).Initially,compressionactivatesmainlyaxisymmetricdeformation.Intheneighborhood

ofthebifurcationpoint,nonaxisymmetricdeformationstartstodevelop,eventuallyleadingtoalimitload
instability.Experimentalresponsesweresimulatedwithaccuracybyassigningappropriatevaluestothetwo
imperfectionamplitudes.Predictionofthelimitstrainsforthewholerangeofdiametertothicknessratios(D/t)
consideredintheexperimentswasachievedbymakingtheamplitudeofthenonaxisymmetricimperfection
proportionalto(D/t)2/m3(misthecircumferentialwavenumber).Matchingallaspectsoftheexperiments
requiredinclusionoftheanisotropymeasuredinthetubestestedthroughHill'syieldcriterioninallmodels.
SteliosKyriakidesandEdmundoCorona,11PlasticBucklingandCollapseUnderAxialCompression,
MechanicsofOffshorePipelines,Vol.IBucklingandCollapse,2007,Pages280318,
doi:10.1016/B9780080467320/500118
ABSTRACT:Longcylindricaltubesandpipesunderaxialcompressionwillusuallybend,behavingasbeam
columns.Shelltypelocalizedbucklingoccursmainlywhenthestructureisrestrainedfromlateralmovement.
This,forexample,isthecaseforapipilineburiedinatrenchorrestingonadeformablefoundation.
Compressioncanbecausedbythepassageofhothydrocarbonscarriedfromthewelltoacentralgathering
pointbyburiedflowlinesinoffshoreoperations.Foundationmotioncausedbyfaultmovement,landslides,
groundsubsidence,permafrostmelting,orsoilliquefactioncanalsoresultinseverecompressionofthelines.
Bothloadingscenarioscanimposecompressivestrainshighenoughtoresultinshelltypebuckling
F.Guarracino(DipartimentodiScienzadelleCostruzioni,UniversitdiNapoliFedericoII,viaClaudio,21
80125,Napoli,Italy),Ontheanalysisofcylindricaltubesunderflexure:theoreticalformulations,experimental
dataandfiniteelementanalyses,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.41,Nos.23,February2003,pp.127147,
doi:10.1016/S02638231(02)000836
ABSTRACT:Inthepresentpaperthebehaviourofcylindricalelastictubesunderpurebendingisdiscussed.
Thisbehaviourischaracterisedbyasmoothglobalmaximumontheloaddeflectioncurvewhichisduetothe
wellknownvonKrmneffect,thatistotheprogressiveflatteningofthecrosssectionofthetubeunder
bendingmoment.However,duringtheloadingprocessanothertypeoffailuremayalsooccurbeforethelimit
loadisreached,thatis,atacertainstagethecompressedregionofthebenttubewrinklesaxiallyandcangive
origintoalocalisedinstability.Evenifthesephenomenahavebeenextensivelyinvestigatedinmanyclassical
works,neverthelesstheanalysisofexperimentaldatashowsthattherearestillsomepointswhichseemtobe
worthyoffurtherconsiderations,especiallyfromanengineeringstandpointandfordesignpurposes.Tothis
aim,astraightforwardtreatmentoftheproblemispresentedwhichcanbeemployedtogiveclearreasonfor
severalexperimentalfindingsbymeansofplainexpressionsandwithaclearphysicalmeaning.Finally,the
resultsarecomparedtothoseobtainedbymeansofacommerciallyavailablenonlinearfiniteelementcode.
V.Reitmann,St.PetersburgStateUniversity,Russia,Email:VReitmann@aol.com,Estimationofdynamic
bucklingloadsinapproximateshellmodelsviafrequencydomainmethods,(Nopublisherordateorabstract
aregiven.Latestreferenceisdated2004.)
Firstsentenceintheonepagepdffileavailable:
Westudythestabilityanddissipativityofviscoelasticplateswithconstantthicknessunderdynamicloads
givenbytheequations([1,7])
Referenceslisted:

[1]Badalov,F.B.,Kh.Eshmatov,andU.I.Akbarov:Stabilityofviscoelasticplateunderdynamicloading.SovietAppl.Mech.
(Transl.fromPrikl.Mekh.),279,892899,1991.
[2]Bagley,R.L.andP.Torvik:Onthefractionalcalculusmodelofviscoelasticbehavior.J.Rheol.,30,233255,1986.
[3]Fabbri,R.,R.Johnson,andC.Nez:OntheYakubovichfrequencytheoremforlinearnonautonomouscontrolprocesses.
DiscreteContin.Dynam.Systems,9,677704,2003.
[4]Kantz,H.andV.Reitmann:Determiningfunctionalsforbifurcationsonanitetimeintervalinvariationalinequalities.In:Proc.
EQUADIFF2003,WorldScientific,Hasselt,Belgium,10981100,2003.
[5]Koryakin,Yu.A.,G.A.Leonov,andB.L.Neroslavskii:Ontheboundednessofsolutionsofalinearnonautonomoussystemof
differentialequations.Problemsinthetheoryofperiodicmotions.Ischevsk,3,2934,1979.(Russian)
[6]Lasiecka,I.,D.Lukas,andL.Pandol: InputdynamicsandnonstandardRiccatiequationswithapplicationstoboundarycontrolof
dampedwaveandplateequations.J.ofOptimiz.TheoryandAppl.,843,549574,1995.
[7]Sun,Y.X.andS.Y.Zhang:Chaoticdynamicanalysisofviscoelasticplates.Int.J.ofMech.Sc.,43,1195
[8]Triebel,H.:InterpolationTheory,FunctionSpaces,andDifferentialOperators.NorthHolland,Amsterdam,1978.
[9]Yakubovich,V.A.:LinearquadraticoptimizationproblemandthefrequencytheoremforperiodicsystemsI.Siber.Math.Jour.,
27,614630,1986.
[10]Yakubovich,V.A.,G.A.Leonov,andA.Kh.Gelig:StabilityofSystemswithDiscontinuousNonlinearities.Singapure,World
Scientific,2004.

XUXinsheng(1),SUXianyue(2),WANGRen(2)
(1)InstituteofEngineeringMechanics,DalianUniversityofTechnology,Dalian116023,China
(2)DepartmentofMechanics,PekingUniversity,Beijing100871,China
Dynamicbucklingofelasticplasticcylindricalshellsandaxialstresswaves,ScienceChinaMathematics,Vol.38,
No.4,pp.472480,1995,http://math.scichina.com:8081/sciAe/EN/
ABSTRACT:Themechanismforbifurcationofelasticplasticbucklingofthesemiinfinitecylindricalshellunder
impactingaxialloadsisproposedbasedonthetheoryofstresswave.Numericalresultsonthreekindsofend
supportsandstepandimpulseloadsaregiven.

XuXinsheng,LiuShutian,LiuKaixin,LiYunpeng(InstituteofEngineeringMechanics,DalianUniversityof
Technology,Dalian,116023);NonAxisymmetricBucklingOfElasticCylindricalShellUnderAxialStress
Wave;ExplosionAndShockWaves;199703
XinshengXu(1),YuanMa(1),C.W.Lim(2)andHongjieChu(1),
(1)StateKeyLaboratoryofStructureAnalysisofIndustrialEquipmentandDepartmentofEngineering
Mechanics,DalianUniversityofTechnology,Dalian116024,PRChina
(2)DepartmentofBuildingandConstruction,CityUniversityofHongKong,HongKong
Dynamicbucklingofcylindricalshellssubjecttoanaxialimpactinasymplecticsystem,International
JournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.43,No.13,June2006,pp.39053919,doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2005.03.005
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdiscussesthedynamicprebucklingoffinitecylindricalshellsinthepropagationand
reflectionofaxialstresswaves.ByintroducingtheHamiltoniansystemintodynamicbucklingofstructures,the
problemcanbedescribedmathematicallyinasymplecticspace.ThesolutionsofHamiltoniandualequations
shownincanonicalvariablesareobtained.Theproblemisreducedtothedeterminationofeigenvaluesand
eigensolutions,withtheformerindicatingcriticalbucklingloadsandthelatterbucklingmodes.Numerical
examplepresentedshowsphenomenaofaxisymmetricandnonaxisymmetricdynamicbucklingsubjectto
impactsofaxialload.
XinshengXu(1),HongjieChu(1)andC.W.Lim(2)

(1)StateKeyLaboratoryofStructureAnalysisofIndustrial,EquipmentandDepartmentofEngineering
Mechanics,DalianUniversityofTechnology,Dalian,116024,P.R.China
(2)DepartmentofBuildingandConstruction,CityUniversityofHongKong,HongKong,P.R.China
HamiltonianSystemforDynamicBucklingofTransverselyIsotropicCylindricalShellsSubjectedtoanAxial
Impact,InternationalJournalofStructuralStabilityandDynamics,Vol.8,No.3,September2008,
DOI:10.1142/S0219455408002764
ABSTRACT:Thispaperinvestigatestheprebucklingdynamicsoftransverselyisotropicthincylindershellsin
thecontextofpropagationandreflectionofaxialstresswaves.ByconstructingtheHamiltoniansystemofthe
governingequation,thesymplecticeigenvaluesandeigenfunctionsareobtaineddirectlyandrationallywithout
theneedforanytrialshapefunctions,suchastheclassicalsemiinversemethod.Thecriticalloadsandbuckling
modelsarereducedtotheproblemofeigenvaluesandeigensolutions,inwhichzeroeigenvaluesolutionsand
nonzeroeigenvaluesolutionscorrespondtoaxisymmetricbucklingandnonaxisymmetricbuckling,
respectively.Numericalresultsrevealthatenergyisconcentratedattheunconstrainedfreeendsoftheshelland
thebucklingmodeshavebiggerbellmouthedshapesatthesepositions.
XinshengXu(1),JianqingMa(1),C.W.Lim(2)andHongjieChu(1)
(1)StateKeyLaboratoryofStructureAnalysisofIndustrialEquipmentandDepartmentofEngineering
Mechanics,DalianUniversityofTechnology,Dalian,116024,China
(2)DepartmentofBuildingandConstruction,CityUniversityofHongKong,HongKong,China
Dynamiclocalandglobalbucklingofcylindricalshellsunderaxialimpact,EngineeringStructures,Vol.31,
No.5,May2009,pp.11321140,doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2009.01.009
ABSTRACT:Inthispaper,thelocalandglobalbucklingofcylindricalshellsunderaxial,compressiveimpact
loadsisstudied.AHamiltoniansystemisintroducedintheproblem.Thefundamentalprobleminthesystem
canbedescribedmathematicallybytheHamiltoniandualequations,whichareexpressedinfourpairsofdual
variables.Theproblemisreducedtoaproblemofeigenvaluesandeigensolutionsforcriticalloadsandbuckling
modes,respectively.Thebucklingmodescanbedescribedbytheirrespectiveordersandtheyaregroupedinto
twoclasses,theshortwaveorlocalbucklingandthelongwaveorglobalbuckling.Thesolutionsareobtained
analyticallyandnumerically,andsomerulesobservedareindicated.
XinshengXu(1),HongjieChu(1)andC.W.Lim(2)
(1)StateKeyLaboratoryofStructureAnalysisofIndustrial,EquipmentandDepartmentofEngineering
Mechanics,DalianUniversityofTechnology,Dalian,116024,P.R.China
(2)DepartmentofBuildingandConstruction,CityUniversityofHongKong,HongKong,P.R.China
ASymplecticHamiltonianApproachForThermalBucklingOfCylindricalShells,InternationalJournalof
StructuralStabilityandDynamics,Vol.10,No.2,June2010,DOI:10.1142/S0219455410003506
ABSTRACT:Thepaperdealswiththethermalbucklingofcylindricalshellsinauniformtemperaturefield
basedontheHamiltonianprincipleinasymplecticspace.Inthesystem,thebucklingproblemisreducedtoan
eigenvalueproblemwhichcorrespondstothecriticaltemperaturesandbucklingmodes.Unliketheclassical
approachwhereapredeterminedtrialshapefunctionsatisfyingthegeometricboundaryconditionsisrequiredat
theoutset,thesymplecticeigenvalueapproachiscompletelyrationalwheresolutionssatisfyingbothgeometric
andnaturalboundaryconditionsaresolvedwithcompletereasoning.Theresultsrevealdistinctaxisymmetric
bucklingandnonaxisymmetricbucklingmodesunderthermalloads.Besides,theinfluencefordifferent

boundaryconditionsisdiscussed.
SymplecticMethodsinDynamicandThermalBucklingofElasticCylindricalShells
Pubdate:20091228(nopublisher,noauthorgiven.FoundinLatestScienceArticles)
ABSTRACT:Thestabilityofstructureisanimportantresearchsubjectinmodernsolidmechanicsandmuch
attentionhasbeenfocusedontheprobleminindustryequipments.Sincecylindricalshellisabasicstructure,its
bucklingproblemsplayanimportantroleinthetheoriesofstructuralstability.Manyresearcheshavebeen
carriedoutandgreatprogresshasbeenmadeinsolvingmanypracticalproblems.Somephenomenawhichdeal
withlocalbucklingofacylindricalshellinexperimentsarereported.Toexplainthese,itisnecessaryto
considerbasictheoriesandanewmethodisneeded.Itiswellknownthatanobjectcanbeimpactedorheated.
Thebucklingphenomenaofacylindricalshellsubjectedtoanimpactloadorathermalloadarenotthesame
becauseoftheirdifferentcharacters.Whenashellisimpacted,theinternalforcescausedbytheimpactwillbe
propagatedandreflectedinastresswaveform.Becuasestresswavesareaffectedlocally,theshellwillbe
overallbuckedandaccompaniedwithlocalwrinkles,ifbothloadsareapplied.Highorderpartialdifferential
equationsoftenoccurwhenonesolvesproblemswhichdealwithprebucklingofacylindricalshell.Sometimes
traditionalseparationofvariablesisnotworkanymoreiftheproblemispresentedinaLagrangiansystem.
Whenthishappens,itisnecessarytointroduceanewsystem.Thispaperdealswithprebucklingofashell
subjectedtothermalload,impactloadorcouplingload.ByintroducingaHamiltonianfunction,the
Hamiltoniansystemfortheproblemisestablished.ThismeansthatthetransformationfromaLagrangian
systemtoaHamiltoniansystemisfinished.Inasymplecticspace,eigenvaluesandeigenfunctionstakethe
placeofthecriticalbucklingloadsandbucklingmodesoftheproblem.Thezeroeigenvaluesdescribe
axisymmetricbucklingandnonzeroeigenvaluesmeannonaxisymmetricbucking.Inprebucklingproblems,
smalldeformationtheoriesareused,whilelagerdeformationtheoriesareappliedinsolvingpostbuckling
problems.Basedonthecompletesolutionsobtainedintheprebucklingproblems,asymplecticeigenfunction
expansionmethodisdevelopedandthewholeprogressfromprebucklingtopostbucklingaredescribed.Anew
methodforsolvingsuchnonlinearproblemsispresented.Stresswavesplayanimportantroleinthelocal
bucklingofashellwhenthewavespropogate,reflectandtransmitintheshell.Afterstudyingtheseeffects,
criticalloadsandbucklingmodesofashellsubjectedtoimpactloads,thermalloadsandcouplingloadswith
differentboundarycondtionsarepresented.Numericalresultsshowthatwhenashellisimpacted,local
bucklingisunavoidableduetothelocaleffectsofthestresswaves.Therewillbeoverallbucklingifashellis
heated.Whenashellisimpacted,abigopenistendtooccurattheimpactendinthebeginningandwhenthe
stresswavesarereflected,thebigopenmayappearatthereflectend.Ifapulseisimposed,abamboonodetype
willcomeupinthemiddleoftheshell.Thepulseusuallyispruducedbythepropagation,reflectionand
transmissionofthestresswavesinthebullet.Infact,localbucklingofashellisatypeofenergyconcentration
intheshell.Itcanbeconcludedthatlocalbucklinginashellaremainlycausedbythepropagation,reflection
andtransmissionofstresswaves.Localbucklinghavesomethingtodowithnotonlythephisicalpropertiesof
theshellbutalsoitsgeometricfeatureparameters.Thelengthofapulseandthewaveimpedenceareofmajor
signifanceonabamboonodetype.Inpostbucklingproblems,anintialmodewhichisintheformofpre
bucklingsolutionsisadopted,andtheeffectsoftheinitialmodetothepostbucklingarediscussedinthree
ways,thatis,itsamplitudes,circularordersandaxialbranches.Itisfoundthattheshellisnotsensitivetothe
intialmode.Inpostbucklingprocess,athinnershellisinclinedtoahighercircularorderandalongershell
tendstoahigheraxialorder.Theseprovideimportantrulesforstructurestabilitydesigninengineering.

JiabinSun(1),XinshengXu(1)andC.W.Lim(2)
(1)StateKeyLaboratoryofStructureAnalysisofIndustrialEquipmentandDepartmentofEngineering
Mechanics,DalianUniversityofTechnology,Dalian,P.R.China
(2)DepartmentofCivilandArchitecturalEngineering,CityUniversityofHongKong,HongKong,P.R.China
TorsionalBucklingOfFunctionallyGradedCylindricalShellsWithTemperatureDependentProperties,
InternationalJournalofStructuralStabilityandDynamics,Vol.14,No.1,1350048(24pages),
DOI:10.1142/S021945541350048X
ABSTRACT:BasedonHamilton'sprinciple,anewaccuratesolutionmethodologyisdevelopedtostudythe
torsionalbifurcationbucklingoffunctionallygradedcylindricalshellsinathermalenvironment.Theeffective
propertiesoffunctionallygradedmaterials(FGMs)areassumedtobefunctionsoftheambienttemperatureas
wellasthethicknesscoordinateoftheshell.ByapplyingDonnell'sshelltheory,thelowerorderHamiltonian
canonicalequationsareestablished,fromwhichtheeigenvaluesandeigenvectorsaresolvedasthecriticalloads
andbucklingmodesoftheshellofconcern,respectively.Theeffectsofvariousaspects,includingthecombined
inplaneandtransverseboundaryconditions,dimensionlessgeometricparameters,FGMparametersand
changingthermalsurroundings,arediscussedindetail.Theresultsrevealthattheinplaneaxialedgesupports
dohaveacertaininfluenceonthebucklingloads.Ontheotherhand,thetransverseboundaryconditionsonly
affectextremelyshortshells.Withincreasingthermalloads,thematerialvolumefractionhasadifferent
influenceonthecriticalstresses.ItisconcludedthattheoptimizedFGMmixturestowithstandthermal
torsionalbucklingareSi3N4/SUS304andAl2O3/SUS304amongthematerialsstudiedinthispaper.
JiabinSun(1),XinshengXu(1)andC.W.Lim(2)
(1)StateKeyLaboratoryofStructureAnalysisofIndustrialEquipmentandDepartmentofEngineering
Mechanics,DalianUniversityofTechnology,Dalian,P.R.China
(2)DepartmentofCivilandArchitecturalEngineering,CityUniversityofHongKong,HongKong,P.R.China
SymplecticMethodForDynamicBucklingOfCylindricalShellsUnderCombinedLoadings,International
JournalofAppliedMechanics,Vol.05,No.04,December2013,DOI:10.1142/S1758825113500427
ABSTRACT:Asymplecticsystemisdevelopedfordynamicbucklingofcylindricalshellssubjectedtothe
combinedactionofaxialimpactload,torsionandpressure.Byintroducingthedualvariables,higherorder
stabilitygoverningequationsaretransformedintothelowerorderHamiltoniancanonicalequations.Critical
loadsandbucklingmodesareconvertedtosolvingforthesymplecticeigenvaluesandeigensolutions,
respectively.Analyticalsolutionsarepresentedundervariouscombinationsoftheinplaneandtransverse
boundaryconditions.Theresultsindicatedthatinplaneboundaryconditionshaveasignificantinfluenceonthis
problem,especiallyforthesimplysupportedshells.Fortheshellwithafreeimpactend,bucklingloadsshould
becomemuchlowerthanothers.Andthecorrespondingbucklingmodesappearasa"bell"shapeatthefree
end.Inaddition,itismucheasiertolosestabilityfortheexternalpressurizedshell.Theeffectoftheshell
thicknessonbucklingresultsisalsodiscussedindetail.
JiabinSun(1),XinshengXu(1)andC.W.Lim(2)
(1)StateKeyLaboratoryofStructureAnalysisofIndustrialEquipmentandDepartmentofEngineering
Mechanics,DalianUniversityofTechnology,Dalian,P.R.China
(2)DepartmentofCivilandArchitecturalEngineering,CityUniversityofHongKong,HongKong,P.R.China

BucklingofFunctionallyGradedCylindricalShellsUnderCombinedThermalandCompressiveLoads,
JournalofThermalStresses,Vol.37,No.3,pp.340362,2014,DOI:10.1080/01495739.2013.869143
ABSTRACT:ThisarticlefocusesonanalyticalsolutionsforbifurcationbucklingofFGMcylindricalshells
underthermalandcompressiveloads.AnewsolutionmethodologyisestablishedbasedonHamilton's
principle.Thefundamentalproblemissubsequentlytransformedintothesolutionsofsymplecticeigenvalues
andeigenvectors,respectively.Then,byapplyingaunidirectionalGalerkinmethod,imperfectionsensitivityof
animperfectFGMcylindricalshellisdiscussedindetail.Thesolutionsrevealthatboundaryconditions,volume
fractionexponent,FGMproperties,andtemperaturerisedistributionsignificantlyinfluencethebuckling
behavior.Criticalstressesarereducedgreatlyduetotheexistenceofinitialgeometricimperfections.
JiabinSun(1),XinshengXu(1)andC.W.Lim(2)
(1)StateKeyLaboratoryofStructureAnalysisofIndustrialEquipmentandDepartmentofEngineering
Mechanics,DalianUniversityofTechnology,Dalian,P.R.China
(2)DepartmentofCivilandArchitecturalEngineering,CityUniversityofHongKong,HongKong,P.R.China
BucklingofcylindricalshellsunderexternalpressureinaHamiltoniansystem,JournalofTheoreticaland
AppliedMechanics,Vol.52,No.3,pp.641653,2014
ABSTRACT:Inthisarticle,theelasticbucklingbehaviorofcylindricalshellsunderexternalpressureisstudied
byusingasymplecticmethod.BasedonDonnellsshelltheory,thegoverningequationswhichareexpressedin
stressfunctionandradialdisplacementarerearrangedintotheHamiltoniancanonicalequations.Thecritical
loadsandbucklingmodesarereducedtosolvingforsymplecticeigenvaluesandeigenvectors.Thebuckling
solutionsaremainlygroupedintofourcategoriesaccordingtothenaturesofthebucklingmodes.Theeffectsof
geometricalparametersandboundaryconditionsonthebucklingloadsandmodesareexaminedindetail.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1.AghajariS.,AbediK.,ShowkatiH.,2006,Bucklingandpostbucklingbehaviorofthinwalledcylindricalsteelshellswithvarying
thicknesssubjectedtouniformexternalpressure,ThinWalledStructures,44,904909
2.Armena`kasA.E.,HerrmannG.,1963,Bucklingofthinshellsunderexternalpressure,ProcessingofASCE,89EM3,131246
3.BatdorfS.B.,1947,Asimplifiedmethodofelasticstabilityanalysisforthincylindricalshells,NACAReport,874
4.FlggeW.,1973,StressesinShells,2ndEd.,SpringerVerlag
5.GalletlyG.D.,BartR.,1956,Effectsofboundaryconditionsandinitialoutofroundnessonthestrengthofthinwalledcylinders
subjecttoexternalhydrostaticpressure,JournalofAppliedMechanics,23,351358
6.GoncalvesP.B.,PamplonaD.,LopesS.R.X.,2008,Finitedeformationsofaninitiallystressedcylindricalshellunderinternal
pressure,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,50,92103
7.HbnerA.,AlbiezM.,KohlerD.,SaalH.,2007,Bucklingoflongsteelcylindricalshellssubjectedtoexternalpressure,Thin
WalledStructures,45,17
8.MisesR.V.,1914,DerKritischeAussendruckzylindrischerRohre,ZVDI,58,750755
9.NashW.A.,1954,Bucklingofthincylindricalshellssubjecttohydrostaticpressure,JournalofAeronauticsScience,21,354355
10.PinnaR.,RonaldsB.F.,2000,Hydrostaticbucklingofshellswithvariousboundaryconditions,JournalofConstructionalSteel
Research,56,116
11.ShenH.S.,2008,Boundarylayertheoryforthebucklingandpostbucklingofananisotropiclaminatedcylindricalshell,PartII:
Predictionunderexternalpressure,CompositeStructures,82,362370
12.SoongT.C.,1967,BucklingofcylindricalshellunderpressurebyusingSanderstheory,AIAAJournal,5,10491052
13.TengJ.G.,RotterJ.M.(Eds.),2004,BucklingofThinMetalShells,SponPress,Taylor&FrancisGroup,London,NewYork
14.TianJ.,WangC.M.,SwaddiwudhipongS.,1999,Elasticbucklinganalysisofringstiffenedcylindricalshellsundergeneral
pressureloadingviatheRitzmethod,ThinWalledstructures,35,124
15.VentselE.,KrauthammerT.,2001,ThinPlatesandShells,Theory,Analysis,andApplications,MarcelDekker,Inc.,NewYork,
Basel
(NOTE:Nos16and17aremissingfromthepublishedpaper.)

18.XueJ.,FattM.H.,2002,Bucklingofanonuniform,longcylindricalshellsubjectedtoexternal
hydrostaticpressure,EngineeringStructures,24,10271034
19.YamakiN.,1969,Bucklingofcircularcylindricalshellsunderexternalpressure,ReportofInstituteHighSpeedMechanics,20,
3545
20.ZhongW.X.,2004,DualitySysteminAppliedMechanicsandOptimalControl,KluwerAcademic
Publishers,Boston

Khamlchi,A.,ElBahaoui,J.,ElBakkali,L.Liman,A.,Bucklingloadreductionofaxiallycompressed
cylindricalshellsundertheactionoftwointeractinglocalizeddefects,SymposiumoftheInternational
AssociationforShellandSpatialStructures(50th.2009.Valencia).EvolutionandTrendsinDesign,Analysis
andConstructionofShellandSpatialStructures:Proceedings/AlbertoDomingoandCarlosLzaro,eds.,pp.
25232534,20091211,UniversitatPolitcnicadeValencia,doi:dspace.upv.es:10251/6587
ABSTRACT:Theeffectoftwolocalizedaxisymmetricinitialimperfectionsonthecriticalloadofelastic
cylindricalshellssubjectedtoaxialcompressionisstudiedthroughfiniteelementmodelling.Thiswascarried
outbymeansofthespecializedshellbucklingpackageStanlax.First,asingledefecthavingatriangular
geometryisconsideredinordertodeterminethemostadversedefectconfiguration,thentwodefectshavingthis
arrangementandwhicharesymmetricallydistributedalongtheshelllengthareintroducedintheproblemin
ordertoassesstheirglobalinteractingeffectonthebucklingloadreduction.Astatisticalapproachwhichis
basedonfullfactorialdesignofexperimenttablesandanalysisofvarianceisusedtoquantifytherelative
influenceofalltheinterveningfactors.Itisshownthattwointeractingdefectsyieldfurtherreductionofthe
shellcriticalload.
P.C.XirouchakisandNormanJones(DepartmentofOceanEngineering,MassachusettsInstituteof
Technology,Cambridge,MA02139,U.S.A.),Axisymmetricandbifurcationcreepbucklingofexternally
pressurisedsphericalshells,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.16,No.2,1980,pp.131148,
doi:10.1016/00207683(80)90030X
ABSTRACT:Thecreepbucklingbehaviorofageometricallyimperfectcompletesphericalshellsubjectedtoa
uniformexternalpressureisexaminedusingSanders'equilibriumandkinematicequationsappropriately
modifiedtoincludetheinfluenceofinitialstressfreeimperfectionsintheradius.TheNortonBailey
constitutiveequationsareusedtodescribethesecondarycreepbehaviorandelasticeffectsareretained.The
initialimperfectionshavethesameshapeastheclassicalaxisymmetricelasticbucklingmodeandtheinitial
elasticresponseisobtainedanalyticallyforexternalpressuressmallerthanthecorrespondingstaticcollapse
pressure.Numericalfinitedifferenceproceduresareusedtoobtaintheaxisymmetricalcreepbucklingbehavior
andtodeterminewhenabifurcationorlossofuniquenessintoanonaxisymmetricdeformationstateoccurs.
Thenumericalresultsforthecreepbucklingbehaviorofcompletesphericalshellsaresimilarforhydrostatic
anddeadweighttypeexternalpressures,atleastfortheparticularparametersexaminedherein,anddemonstrate
thatinitialimperfectionsexerciseanimportantinfluenceonthecriticaltimes.Itturnsoutfromapractical
viewpointthataxisymmetriccreepbucklinggovernsthebehaviorofthesphericalshellsexaminedinthis
article.Itwasobservedfromthepresentresultsthatthecreepbucklingtimesofexternallypressurisedcomplete
sphericalshellsarelongerthanthoseforequivalentaxiallyloadedcylindricalshells.
NormanJones(1)andE.A.Papageorgiou(2)

(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,TheUniversityofLiverpool,P.O.Box147,LiverpoolL693BX,
England
(2)DepartmentofOceanEngineering,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,Cambridge,MA02139,U.S.A.
Dynamicaxialplasticbucklingofstringerstiffenedcylindricalshells,InternationalJournalofMechanical
Sciences,Vol.24,No.1,1982,pp.120,doi:10.1016/00207403(82)900169
ABSTRACT:Aperturbationmethodofanalysishasbeenusedtoexaminethedynamicplasticbucklingofa
stringerstiffenedcylindricalshellsubjectedtoanaxialimpact.Ittranspiresthatitismoreefficienttoplace
stiffenersontheoutershellsurfaceratherthanontheinnersurface.Variousresultsarepresentedtodemonstrate
theinfluenceofthesecondmomentofarea,eccentricity,crosssectionalareaandnumberofstiffenersonthe
dynamicplasticresponse.
BoquanSong(1)andNormanJones(2)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,TheZhejiangUniversity,Hangzhou,People'sRepublicofChina
(2)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,TheUniversityofLiverpool,Liverpool,GreatBritain
DynamicElasticBucklingofCompleteSphericalShellswithInitialImperfections,MechanicsBasedDesign
ofStructuresandMachines:AnInternationalJournal,Vol.11,No.3,1983,pp.327350,
doi:10.1080/03601218308907446
ABSTRACT:Thedynamicelasticbucklingbehaviorofageometricallyimperfectcompletesphericalshellthat
issubjectedtoauniformexternalsteppressureisexaminedusingSander'sequilibriumandkinematicequations,
appropriatelymodifiedtoincludetheinfluenceofinertiaforcesandinitialstressfreeimperfectionsinthe
radius.AfinitedifferenceprocedurewitheithertheHouboltorParkmethodsoftimeintegrationisusedto
predicttheaxisymmetricdynamicelasticbucklingpressuresandassociatedcriticalmodenumbers.The
dynamicbucklingpressureissignificantlysmallerthanthecorrespondingstaticvalueforsmallinitial
imperfections,butislessimperfection.
BoquanSongandNormanJones(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,TheUniversityofLiverpool,P.O.
Box147,LiverpoolL693BX,U.K),Dynamicbucklingofelasticplasticcompletesphericalshellsunderstep
loading,InternationalJournalofImpactEngineering,Vol.1,No.1,1983,pp.5171,
doi:10.1016/0734743X(83)90012X
ABSTRACT:Thedynamicaxisymmetricalbehaviourofaperfectcompletesphericalshellmadefromabilinear
orworkhardeningmaterialandsubjectedtoauniformexternalsteppressureloadingisinvestigated.A
perturbationmethodofanalysisleadstoaMathieuequationwhichgivesthedynamicbucklingpressureand
associatedmodeforacompletesphericalshell.Theinfluenceoftheplasticparameteranddampingonthe
dynamicbucklingpressureandmodenumberarealsodiscussed.
WlodzimierzAbramowiczandNormanJones(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,TheUniversityof
Liverpool,P.O.Box147,LiverpoolL693BX,U.K.),Dynamicaxialcrushingofsquaretubes,International
JournalofImpactEngineering,Vol.2,No.2,1984,pp.179208,doi:10.1016/0734743X(84)900058
ABSTRACT:Eightyfourdynamictestsonthinwalledsquaresteeltubeshavingtwodifferentcrosssections
withc/h=30.25andc/h=32.18andvariouslengthswerecrushedaxiallyonadrophammerrig.Approximate
theoreticalpredictionsweredevelopedfortheaxialprogressivecrushingofsquareboxcolumnsusinga

kinematicallyadmissiblemethodofanalysis.Thistheoreticalstudypredictsfourdeformationmodeswhich
governthebehaviourfordifferentrangesoftheparameterc/h.Newasymmetricdeformationmodeswere
predictedtheoreticallyandconfirmedintheexperimentaltests.Theseasymmetricmodescauseaninclinationof
acolumnwhichcouldleadtocollapseinthesenseofEulerevenforrelativelyshortcolumns.Theeffective
crushingdistanceisconsideredintheapproximatetheoreticalanalysistogetherwiththeinfluenceofmaterial
strainratesensitivity,whichisimportantforsteelevenwhentheloadingsarequasistatic.Thesimpleequations
presentedhereinforthedesignofaxiallycrushedspuareboxcolumnsgivereasonableagreementwiththe
correspondingexperimentalresults.
W.AbramowiczandN.Jones(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,TheUniversityofLiverpool,P.O.Box
147,LiverpoolL693BX,U.K.),Dynamicprogressivebucklingofcircularandsquaretubes,International
JournalofImpactEngineering,Vol.4,No.4,1986,pp.243270,doi:10.1016/0734743X(86)900175
ABSTRACT:Aseriesofover120axialcrushingtestswereconductedoncircularandsquaresteeltubesloaded
eitherstaticallyordynamically.Approximatetheoreticalpredictionsforstaticanddynamicprogressive
bucklingaredeveloped.Fairagreementwiththeexperimentalresultsisachievedprovidedtheeffective
crushingdistanceistakenintoaccountandtheinfuenceofmaterialstrainratesensitivityisretainedfor
dynamicloads.
JianYaoandBoquanSong(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,ZhejiangUniversity,Hangzhou,Zhejiang
Province,310027,P.R.C.),Thedynamicelasticbucklingofacirculararchwithfinitedisplacementsandinitial
imperfections,InternationalJournalofImpactEngineering,Vol.11,No.4,1991,pp.503513,
doi:10.1016/0734743X(91)900169
ABSTRACT:Theequilibriumequationsforelasticcirculararchesareestablishedusingtheprincipleofvirtual
work.Thenonlinearpartialdifferentialequationsofmotionaresolvedusingafinitedifferencemethod(Park's
methodfortimedifference).Thedynamicstabilityofahingedandaclampedelasticcirculararchwitha
uniformsteploadisanalysedwithfinitedeformationsandinitialgeometricimperfections.Resultsshowthatthe
bucklingmodevarieswiththevalueofthearchhalfangle,theta0.Theboundaryconditionandinitial
imperfectionamplitudealsoeffectthebucklingmode.Anearlyperfectarchusuallybucklingwithadirect_
bucklingform,whileanimperfectarchwithanindirect_bucklingform.Theeffectoftheta0ontheratio
pd/ps(pdisthedynamiccriticalloadandpsthestaticcriticalload)isshownfordifferentinitialimperfections
anddifferentboundaryconditions.
R.S.BirchandNormanJones(ImpactResearchCentre,FacultyofEngineering,UniversityofLiverpool,PO
Box147,LiverpoolL693BX,UK),Dynamicandstaticaxialcrushingofaxiallystiffenedcylindricalshells,
ThinWalledStructures,Vol.9,Nos.14,1990,pp.2960,SpecialVolumeonThinWalledStructures:
DevelopmentsinTheoryandPractice,doi:10.1016/02638231(90)90038Z
ABSTRACT:Theaxialimpactofcylindricaltubes,whichincorporateaxialstiffeners,isexaminedinthis
paper.Forcomparisonpurposes,theeffectofstaticloadingisalsostudied.Anexaminationismadeintothe
influenceofstiffenerdepth(T),numberofstiffeners(N)andtheeffectofplacingthestiffenersexternallyor
internally.Theexperimentalresultsonmildsteelspecimensshowthatthereareconsiderabledifferences
betweenthestaticanddynamicmodesoffailure,andthatanoptimumT/Dratiomayexistforagivenvalueof

N.
D.Karagiozova(1)andNormanJones(2)
(1)InstituteofMechanics,BulgarianAcademyofSciences,Acad.G.BonchevStreet,Block4,Sofia,Bulgaria
(2)ImpactResearchCentre,TheUniversityofLiverpool,BrownlowStreet,LiverpoolL693GH,UK
Someobservationsonthedynamicelasticplasticbucklingofastructuralmodel,InternationalJournalof
ImpactEngineering,Vol.16,No.4,August1995,pp.621635,doi:10.1016/0734743X(94)000585
ABSTRACT:Theuseofasimpleimperfectionsensitiveelasticplasticmodelforstudyingthenonlinear
bucklingofshortcolumnsandcylndricalshellsunderdynamicaxialcompressionisdiscussedinthispaper.The
axialimpactloadingofthemodelbyamasswithaninitialvelocityisconsideredasaparticularexample.The
criticalimpactvelocitiesaredeterminedforwhollyelasticandelasticplasticmaterialswithlinearstrain
hardeningcharacteristics.Theresultsshowthatthemaximuminitialkineticenergyatthetransitionbetween
stableandunstablebehaviourafterimpactissensitivetothemagnitudeofthematerialstrainhardening
parameter.Itisalsoevidentfromtheresultsthatimpactduetolargermassesleadstolargerlateral
displacementsatbucklingandthattheinstabilityofacolumnismoresensitivetothepresenceofinitial
imperfectionsathigherimpactvelocities.Someguidanceisofferedonthechoiceofthevariousparametersin
theidealizedmodelfortheanalysisofpracticalengineeringstructures.
D.Karagiozova(1)andNormanJones(2)
(1)InstituteofMechanics,BulgarianAcademyofSciences,Acad.G.BonchevStreet,Block4,Sofia,Bulgaria
(2)ImpactResearchCentre,TheUniversityofLiverpool,BrownlowStreet,LiverpoolL693GH,UK
Dynamicelasticplasticbucklingofcircularcylindricalshellsunderaxialimpact,InternationalJournalof
SolidsandStructures,Vol.37,No.14,April2000,pp.20052034,doi:10.1016/S00207683(98)003436
ABSTRACT:Dynamicaxisymmetricbucklingofcircularcylindricalshellsstruckaxiallybyamassisstudied
inordertoclarifytheinitiationofbucklingandtoprovidesomeinsightintothebucklingmechanismasa
transientprocess.Itisassumedthatthematerialiselasticplasticwithlinearstrainhardeninganddisplayingthe
Bauschingereffect.Thedeformationprocessisanalysedbyanumericalsimulationusingadiscretemodel.
Particularattentionispaidtotheinfluenceofstresswavepropagationontheinitiationofbuckling.Itisfound
thatthedevelopmentofthebucklingshapedependsstronglyontheinertiapropertiesofthestrikerandonthe
geometryoftheshell.Thetheoreticalmethodisusedtoclarifysomeexperimentaldataandgoodagreementis
obtainedwithresultsonaluminiumalloytubes.
D.Karagiozova(1),M.Alves(2)andNormanJones(3)
(1)InstituteofMechanics,BulgarianAcademyofSciences,Acad.G.BonchevSt.,Block4,Sofia1113,
Bulgaria
(2)DepartmentofMechatronicsandMechanicalSystemsEngineering,UniversityofSoPaulo,SoPaulo
05508900,Brazil
(3)ImpactResearchCentre,DepartmentofEngineering(Mechanical),TheUniversityofLiverpool,Brownlow
Street,LiverpoolL693GH,UK
Inertiaeffectsinaxisymmetricallydeformedcylindricalshellsunderaxialimpact,InternationalJournalof
ImpactEngineering,Vol.24,No.10,November2000,pp.10831115,doi:10.1016/S0734743X(00)000282

ABSTRACT:Theaxisymmetricbucklingofelasticplasticcylindricalshellssubjectedtoaxialimpactare
studiedusingafiniteelementanalysis.Thisstudyrevealsthatshells,subjectedtoaxialimpact,arebothvelocity
andmasssensitive,sothatlargerenergiescanbeabsorbedbyashellforhighvelocityimpactswhendecreasing
thestrikingmass.Itisshownthattheinertiacharacteristicsoftheshell,togetherwiththematerialproperties,
determineparticularpatternsoftheaxialstresswavepropagation,thus,causingeitherdynamicplasticor
dynamicprogressivebucklingtodevelopduringtheinitialphaseoftheshellresponse.Domainsoftheload
parameters,wherethedifferentbucklingphenomenadevelop,areobtainedfortwoparticularshells.Strainrate
effectsarealsoconsideredwhendiscussingtheenergyabsorbingpropertiesoftheshells.
D.Karagiozova(1)andNormanJones(2)
(1)InstituteofMechanics,BulgarianAcademyofSciences,Acad.G.BonchevStreet,Block4,Sofia,Bulgaria
(2)ImpactResearchCentre,TheUniversityofLiverpool,BrownlowStreet,LiverpoolL693GH,UK
Dynamiceffectsonbucklingandenergyabsorptionofcylindricalshellsunderaxialimpact,ThinWalled
Structures,Vol.39,No.7,July2001,pp.583610,doi:10.1016/S02638231(01)000155
ABSTRACT:Thecrushingbehaviourofaluminiumandsteelcylindricalshells,whensubjectedtoanaxial
impact,isexaminedusinganumericalsimulation.Theinfluenceofthematerialproperties,shellgeometry,
boundaryconditionsandloadingtechniquesontheenergyabsorbedandthebucklingshapesisexplored.
Variousshellresponsecharacteristics,suchasthepeakload,foldlengths,axialcompressionandenergy
absorptionarestudied.Anexaminationisalsomadeoftheinfluenceoffilteringontheaccuracyofdata
obtainedusuallyindynamictests.
D.Karagiozova(1)andNormanJones(2)
(1)InstituteofMechanics,BulgarianAcademyofSciences,Acad.G.BonchevStreet,Block4,Sofia,Bulgaria
(2)ImpactResearchCentre,TheUniversityofLiverpool,BrownlowStreet,LiverpoolL693GH,UK
Influenceofstresswavesonthedynamicprogressiveanddynamicplasticbucklingofcylindricalshells,
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.38,Nos.3839,September2001,pp.67236749,
doi:10.1016/S00207683(01)001111
ABSTRACT:Anewconceptispresentedforthedynamicelasticplasticaxisymmetricbucklingofcircular
cylindricalshellsunderaxialimpact.Thephenomenaofdynamicplasticbuckling(whentheentirelengthofthe
shellwrinklesbeforethedevelopmentoflargeradialdisplacements)anddynamicprogressivebuckling(when
theshellfoldsformsequentially)areanalysedfromtheviewpointofstresswavepropagationresultingfroman
axialimpact.Theconditionsforthedevelopmentofdynamicplasticbucklingareobtained.Anumerical
analysisofthebucklingphenomenarevealsthatthematerialpropertiestogetherwiththegeometrical
characteristicsoftheshelldeterminetheparticulartypeofresponseforhighvelocityimpacts.Itisconcluded
thatshellsmadeofstrainrateinsensitivematerialscanrespondeitherbydynamicplasticbucklingordynamic
progressivebuckling,dependingontheinertiapropertiesoftheshell,whilethoseshellsmadeofstrainrate
sensitivematerialsrespondalwaysbydynamicprogressivebuckling.Itisshownthatthepredictionforthepeak
load,whichcandevelopinashellforahighvelocityimpact,dependsontheparticularyieldcriterionusedin
theanalysis.
D.Karagiozova(1)andNormanJones(2)

(1)InstituteofMechanics,BulgarianAcademyofSciences,Acad.G.BonchevSt.,Block4,Sofia1113,
Bulgaria
(2)ImpactResearchCentre,TheUniversityofLiverpool,BrownlowHill,LiverpoolL693GH,UK
Ondynamicbucklingphenomenainaxiallyloadedelasticplasticcylindricalshells,InternationalJournalof
NonLinearMechanics,Vol.37,No.7,October2002,pp.12231238,doi:10.1016/S00207462(01)001469
ABSTRACT:Somecharacteristicfeaturesofthedynamicinelasticbucklingbehaviourofcylindricalshells
subjectedtoaxialimpactloadsarediscussed.Itisshownthatthematerialpropertiesandtheirapproximations
intheplasticrangeinfluencetheinitialinstabilitypatternandthefinalbucklingshapeofashellhavingagiven
geometry.Thephenomenaofdynamicplasticbuckling(whentheentirelengthofacylindricalshellwrinkles
beforethedevelopmentoflargeradialdisplacements)anddynamicprogressivebuckling(whenthefoldsina
cylindricalshellformsequentially)areanalysedfromtheviewpointofstresswavepropagationresultingfrom
anaxialimpact.Itisshownthatahighvelocityimpactcausesaninstantaneouslyappliedload,withamaximum
valueatt=0andwhetherornotthisloadcausesaninelasticcollapsedependsonthemagnitudeoftheinitial
kineticenergy.
NormanJones(ImpactResearchCentre,DepartmentofEngineeringTheUniversityofLiverpool,Liverpool
L693GH,UK),Severalphenomenainstructuralimpactandstructuralcrashworthiness,EuropeanJournalof
MechanicsA/Solids,Vol.22,No.5,SeptemberOctober2003,pp.693707,SpecialIssue:Generaland
plenarylecturesfromthe5thEUROMECHSolidMechanicsConference,
doi:10.1016/S09977538(03)000779
ABSTRACT:Thisarticlediscussesthedynamicplasticinstabilityofvariousbasicstructuralmembers,
subjectedtolargeaxialimpactloads,whichisrelevanttothefieldsofstructuralimpactandstructural
crashworthiness.Inparticular,studiesonthedynamicaxialresponseofidealisedelasticplasticmodels,rods,
cylindricalshellsandsquaretubes,isdiscussedinsomedetail.Theanalysesforsomeoftherods,shellsand
tubesretainthesimultaneousinfluenceofelasticandplasticstresswaves(axialinertia)andthestructural
response(lateralinertia).Thepredictionsrevealtheprofoundinfluenceofstresswavepropagationphenomena
whichexplainthecharacteristicsofmanyoftheexperimentalresultsobtainedinlaboratoriesovertheyears.
Thesemorecompleteanalysesarevitalforthehighervelocityimpactscenariosencounteredincreasinglyin
designsandforcomparingproperlytherelativemeritsofdifferentductilematerialsinpotentialenergy
absorbingsystems.
D.Karagizova(1),NormanJones(2)
(1)BulgarianAcademyofSciences,IMech,Acad.G.BonchevSt.,Bl.4,Sofia1113,Bulgaria
(2)TheUniversityofLiverpool,BrownlowHill,L693GHLiverpool,UK,
Counterintuitiveresponseoflongcirculartubestoaxialimpact,XXIICTAM,1521August2004,Warsaw,
Poland
SummaryThedynamictransitionfromprogressivebucklingtoglobalbendingcollapseofalongcirculartube
underanaxialimpactisstudiedinordertoobtaintheenergyabsorptioncharacteristics.Thedeveloped
theoreticalmodesareusedtoanalysetheinfluenceofvariousparametersonthebucklingtransition.The
analysisrevealsaspecificimpactvelocity,whichcausesacounterintuitiveresponseofatube.Anempirical
criterionforthelowerandupperboundstothecriticallengthsforbucklingtransitionisproposed.
Referencelistedattheend:

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C.Poon(NationalAeronauticalEstablishment,Ottawa,Ontario,Canada),AReviewofCrashworthinessof
CompositeAircraftStructures,AeronauticalNoteNAEAN63,NRCNo.31276,February1990
DTICAccessionNumber:ADA221555,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA221555
ABSTRACT:AreviewofmajorresearchactivitiesinNorthAmericawithrespecttothecrashworthinessof
compositeaircraftstructureswasperformedwiththegoalofidentifyingpotentialCanadiancontributionto
R&DareaswhereeffortwouldberequiredtocomplementtheongoingprogramsintheUnitedStates.
Recommendationsincludeastudyontheeffectofaircraftsizeoncrashworthinessdesignrequirements;the
implementationoftheKRASHcodeinCanadatoestablishcommonalityinanalyticalmethodswithmajorU.S.
andEuropeanusers;aninvestigationontheenergyabsorptioncapabilitiesofthedesignfeaturesforsmall
aircraftcontainingcompositeand/orcomposite/hybridstructures;andaparametricstudyonthecrashworthiness
designofcompositetocompositeandcompositetometaljoints.
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37.Lamborn,L.C.,"CrewSeatStrokeRequirementsforHelicopterRolledAttitudeImpactCrashworthiness,"Proceedingsofthe
AmericanHelicopterSocietySpecialists'MeetingonCrashworthyDesignofRotorcraft,Atlanta,Georgia,April1986.
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851887,LongBeach,CA.,October1985.
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CR4040,Washington,D.C.,January
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40.Winter,R.andPifko,A.B.,"ModellingStrategiesforFiniteElementCrashSimulationofCompleteVehicles,"Proceedingsofthe
AmericanHelicopterSocietySpecialists'MeetingonCrashworthyDesignofRotorcraft,Atlanta,Georgia,April
1986.
41.Carden,H.D.andtayduk,R.J.,"AircraftSubfloorResponsetoCrashLoadings,"SAEPaper810614,1981.
42.AlfaroBou,E.,Williams,M.S.andFasanella,E.L.,"DeterminationofCrashTestPulsesandtheirApplicationtoAircraftSeat
Analysis,"SAEPaper810611,1981.
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CanadaResearchandDevelopmentCentreReportTP3927,1981.
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45.Tennyson,R.C.,Teichman,H.,Nanyaro,A.P.andMabson,G.,"StudyoftheCrashworthinessofLightAircraftStructures,"
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Georgia,1981.
46.Hansen,J.S.andTennyson,R.C.,"TheDynamicBehaviourofStiffenedCompositeFuselageShellStructures,"Proceedingsof
theAGARDConferenceonEnergyAbsorptionofAircraftStructuresasanAspectofCrashworthiness,Luxembourg,AGARDCP
443,May1988.
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DirkMohr,TomaszWierzbicki(ImpactandCrashworthinessLaboratory,MassachusettsInstituteof
Technology,Cambridge,MA02139),OntheCrashworthinessofShearRigidSandwichStructures,Journal
ofAppliedMechanics,Vol.73,No.4,pp.633641,November2005,doi:10.1115/1.2165232
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdealswiththeevaluationofthecrashworthinessofthinwalledsandwichbox
structuresforautomotiveapplications.Quasistaticcrushingsimulationsarecarriedouttoestimatetheenergy
absorptionofprismaticboxcolumnsmadefromsandwichsheets.Thesandwichsheetshaveperforatedcoresof
differentdensitieswithstaggeredholesperpendiculartothepanelfaces.Itisfoundthatthespecificenergy
absorptionofcolumnsmadeofsandwichsheetsisapproximatelythesameasthatofconventionalcolumns
composedofhomogeneoussheetsofthesametotalwallthickness.Furthermore,theoreticalanalysisindicates
thatbyincreasingthecorethickness,sandwichstructurescouldbeupto50%lighterwhileprovidingthesame
meancrushingforce.However,thesegainsmaynotbeachievedinpracticalapplicationssinceincreasingthe
corethicknessalsoincreasesthelikelihoodofprematurefacesheetfractureduringcrushing.
VivekB.Mariyanna(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,CollegeofEngineering,WichitaState
University,Wichita,Kansas,USA),Energyabsorptioncharacteristicsofstitchedcorrugatedsandwichpanels,
MastersThesis,December2005,URI: http://hdl.handle.net/10057/762
ABSTRACT:Thetailorabilityofcompositesandwichstructurewiththeirstrengthtoweightratiointerestsin
allfieldofcrashworthinessapplication.Aninvestigationofsandwichstructureunderstaticandhighspeed
conditionwillprovideusefulinformationforwidevarietyofapplications.Inthispresentthesis,the
characteristicsofstitchedcorrugatedsandwichpanelsasanenergyabsorptionmechanismareevaluated,using
experimentalandnumericalmethods.Edgewisecompressiontestsunderstaticanddynamicloadingconditions

areperformedonunstitchedandstitchedcorrugatedsandwichspecimensmadeofglass/epoxyfacesheetsand
polyurethanefoamcore.Parametersaffectingtheinstabilityofspecimensundercompressiveedgeloadsare
studiedfordifferentplyorientations,corrugationwavelengths,andplymaterial.Thelocalbucklingphenomena
arethencharacterizedforaparticularcorrugationconfiguration.Theparametricstudiesofthisthesisusing
experimentalmethodsindicateastrongdependenceofthedifferentinstabilitymodesonthestitchconfiguration
andthetestrateonthesandwichpanels.
Referenceslistedattheendofthethesis:
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HelicopterSociety41stAnnualForumProceedings,1985
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Elements,Proceedingsof9thEuropeanRotorcraftForum,1983.
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SergioSeijiTeramotoandMarclioAlves(DepartmentofMechatronicsandMechanicalSystemsEngineering,
GroupofSolidMechanicsandStructuralImpact,UniversityofSoPaulo,AVProfMelloMoraes,2231Cidade
Universitaria,Butanta,SoPaulo05508900,Brazil),Bucklingtransitionofaxiallyimpactedopenshells,
InternationalJournalofImpactEngineering,Vol.30,Nos.89,SeptemberOctober2004,pp.12411260,
SpecialIssue:EighthInternationalSymposiumonPlasticityandImpactMechanics(IMPLAST2003),
doi:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2004.06.001
ABSTRACT:Thetransitionbetweenglobalandprogressivebucklingisexploredinthispaperforthree
differentopencrosssectionshells.Theshellsweresimplysupportedorclampedatthebottomandwere
submittedtoaxialquasistaticloadsandtotheimpactofdifferentdropmasses.Theexperimentswere
complementedbyadetailedfiniteelementanalysis,whichrequiredaquasistaticmaterialcharacterisation
basedontensileandthreepointbendingtests.Itwasfoundthatbucklingtransitionfromaglobaltoa
progressivemodecannotbeclearlycharacterisedfortheseopenshellsbyconsideringonlytheoverallfinal
buckingshape.Usingthefiniteelementanalysis,amoremeaningfulparametertoindicatethecollapsemode,
thespecificenergy,wascalculated,allowingabetterdistinctionamongthemostcrashworthyprofiles.
D.Karagiozova(InstituteofMechanics,BulgarianAcademyofSciences,Acad.G.BonchevSt.,Block4,Sofia
1113,Bulgaria),Dynamicplasticanddynamicprogressivebucklingofelasticplasticcircularshells
revisited,LatinAmericaJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.1,No.4,2004,pp.423441
ABSTRACT:Twotypicalbucklingpatternsofcircularcylindricalshells,whichcanoccurduetoaxialimpact
loadings,arediscussed.Thephenomenaofdynamicplasticbuckling(whentheentirelengthofacylindrical
shellwrinklesbeforethedevelopmentoflargeradialdisplacements)anddynamicprogressivebuckling
(whenthefoldsinacylindricalshellformsequentially)areanalyzedfromtheviewpointofstresswave
propagationresultingfromanaxialimpact.Itisshownthattheparticularimpactvelocity,which
instantaneouslycausesstressesthatexceedtheelasticlimitofthematerialattheproximalendofashell,and
thereforecancausetheinitialinstabilitypatternwithinasustainedaxialplasticflow,dependsonthematerial
properties.Thepresentanalysisrevealsthatdynamicplasticbucklingcandevelopforrelativelylowimpact
velocity,tooprovidedthatashellhascertaininertiacharacteristics.Thelatterconclusionisincontrastwiththe
establishedperceptionthatthehighimpactvelocityisanecessaryconditionfortheinitialshellinstability
withinasustainedaxialplasticflow.Aphenomenologicalapproachisusedtopredictthebucklingmodeofa
circularshellunderaxialimpactwithagiveninitialvelocity.

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D.Karagiozova(1)andNormanJones(2)
(1)InstituteofMechanics,BulgarianAcademyofSciences,Acad.G.BonchevStreet,Block4,Sofia1113,
Bulgaria
(2)DepartmentofEngineering,TheUniversityofLiverpool,BrownlowHill,LiverpoolL693GH,UK
OnthemechanicsoftheglobalbendingcollapseofcirculartubesunderdynamicaxialloadDynamic
bucklingtransition,InternationalJournalofImpactEngineering,Vol.35,No.5,May2008,pp.397424,
doi:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2007.04.002
ABSTRACT:Thecommonfeaturesofthedeformationoflongcirculartubesmadefromdifferentaluminium
alloysandsubjectedtovariousaxialimpactloadingsareestablishedandusedtodevelopsimplifiedstructural
modelsforglobalbendingcollapseandprogressivebuckling.Atwophasedeformationmodelforaxially
loadedstructuralelementsisproposed,whichretainsthecharacteristicfeaturesoftheinitialcompressionand
subsequentbending/bucklingphases.Itisshownthatthevelocityhistoriesinthetwoprincipalcollapsemodes

oflongtubesplayanimportantrolefortheformationoftheparticulardeformationpattern.Thesimplified
structuralmodelsareverifiedwithsomenumericalfiniteelementresultsandtheirbehaviourisshowntobe
adequate.Aparametricanalysisofthemodelsisfurtherperformedinordertodivulgethemajorfactors,which
influencethedynamicbucklingtransition.Theanalysisrevealsthatthereisaspecificimpactvelocity
associatedwiththeparticulargeometricandmaterialpropertiesofacirculartube,whichcausesacounter
intuitiveresponse.Anempiricalcriterionforthelowerandupperboundstothecriticalimpactvelocityfora
bucklingtransitionisproposed.Further,theupperboundtotheimpactvelocityisusedtoformulateacriterion
forthedynamicbucklingtransition.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

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Sci1983;25:687696.
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Experimentalandnumericalobservations.IntJSolidsandStructures.2004;41:15651580.
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Theoreticalanalysis.IntJSolidsandStructures2004;41:15811604.
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Eng1995;16:661672.
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subjectedtoaxialloading.IntJImpactEng2004;30(89):9731003.

X.L.Dong(1and2),Z.Y.Gao(1)andT.X.Yu(1)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,HongKongUniversityofScienceAndTechnology,ClearWater
Bay,Kowloon,HongKong
(2)MechanicsandMaterialsScienceResearchCenter,NingboUniversity,Ningbo,ZhejiangProvince315211,
PRChina
Dynamiccrushingofthinwalledspheres:Anexperimentalstudy,InternationalJournalofImpact
Engineering,Vol.35,No.8,August2008,pp.717726,SpecialIssue:TwentyfifthAnniversaryCelebratory
IssueHonouringProfessorNormanJonesonhis70thBirthday,doi:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2007.11.004
ABSTRACT:Experimentalstudiesondynamicbehaviorofthinwalledspheresandspherearraysinresponse
todifferentimpactvelocityarepresented.Pingpongballsareselectedtostudythecollapseofthinwalled
spheres.ThetestswerecarriedoutbyamodifiedSplitHopkinsonPressureBar(SHPB)testsystem.The
experimentalresultsshowthatthedeformationofthinwalledsphericalshellsdependsontheimpactvelocity.
Thedynamicforceintherangeofsmallelasticdeformationislargerthanitsquasistaticcounterpart,but
significantlybelowthelatteraftersnapthroughoftheshell.Thedeformationandbucklingmodearesensitive
totheloadingrate.Itisnotedthatthestrainrateeffectofthematerialsandtheinertiaeffectoftheshellshould
beconsideredintheanalysisoftheshellsresponsetodynamicloading.
P.Xue,J.P.He,YuLongLi,PlasticCrushingBehaviorofThinWalledSpheres,AdvancedMaterials
Research(Volumes3337),March2008,pp.719724,doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.3337.719
ABSTRACT:Plasticcrushingbehaviorofthinwalledspheresundervariousloadingcasesisstudiedusing
FiniteElementMethod.Theentireplasticdeformationprocessistrackedduringthepostbucklingprocess.The
resultsarecomparedwiththeexperimentalresultsreportedinliterature[13],andverygoodagreements
betweenthenumericalsimulationandtheexperimentalresultareachieved.
MichaelD.Silcock(1),WayneHall(2),BronwynL.Fox(1)
(1)CentreforMaterialandFiberInnovation,DeakinUniversity,Geelong,Victoria,AUSTRALIA,3217
(2)SchoolofEngineering,UniversityofPlymouth,DrakeCircus,Plymouth,UK,PL48AA
FiniteElementModelingofCompositeTubularCrashStructureswithanExplicitCode,(nopublisherordate
giveninthepdffile;mostrecentreferenceis2006)
ABSTRACT:Asemissionsregulationstightenworldwide,automotivemanufacturersmustlookforwaysto
reducestructuralvehicleweight.Whileemployingalloysandexoticmetalsmayprovideadegreeofweight
reduction,amoresignificantreductioncanbeachievedthroughtheuseofcompositematerials.Importantly,
compositeshaveshownanabilitytoimprovevehiclecrashworthinessthroughhigherlevelsofspecificenergy
absorptionandalmostidealcrushcharacteristics.Theseadvantageshavenotbeenexploitedinmassproduced
vehicles,dueprimarilytothehighcostofcomponentmanufactureandlackofcomputationalmethodsfor
simulationofthecrashbehaviorofsuchmaterials.Whiledevelopmentofrapid,inexpensiveproduction
processescanincreasetheproductionvolumeandreducecost,manufacturerswillstillberequiredtoprototype
components.Theprovisionofaccuratecomputationalmodelsforthefailurebehaviorofcompositematerials
willreducethedemandonmanufacturerstoprototypedesignsandultimatelyresultinstructuresofhigher
performance.Herein,aphenomenologicalFiniteElement(FE)modelingmethodologyispresented,the

developmentofwhichfocusedontheaccurateconsiderationoftheexperimentallyobservedfailuremechanisms
typicalofthesplayingmodeoffailure.LSDYNAhasbeenemployedtovalidateamultishellmodelof
ContinuousFilamentRandomMat(CFRM)glass/polyestertubes.Thismodelingapproachutilizesaspotweld
approachtomodelingdelaminationwithdeformablebeamelements.Typicalconstrainttypedelamination
approachesdonotallowsheardeformationpriortodelaminationandresultinaninaccuraterepresentationof
laminatestiffness.Spotweldvalidationsimulationswereperformedon3pointbend,DoubleCantileverBeam
(DCB)andEndNotchFlexure(ENF)testswithexcellentcorrelationbeforeapplicationinfulltubesimulations.
Initiationofthesplayingmodeoffailurewasaccomplishedbypredefinitionofadebriswedge,thegeometryof
whichwasbasedonmicrographimagesoftheexperimentalcrushzone.Additionally,themethodologywas
appliedtosimulationsofpluginitiatortubecrushexperimentsandtheresultsarepresented.Ingeneral,the
loaddisplacementcorrelationoffulltubesimulationsispoordemonstratingthedifficultywithrepresentingthe
continuousfractureanddelaminationprocesseswithdiscreteelements.Futureworkwillbeaimedatimproving
thesimulateddelaminationbehaviortoenhancetheobservedfailuremechanisms.
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Section=PRB&template=/ContentManagement/ContentDisplay.cfm&ContentID=13658.Accessedon12/5/06
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8.
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Tubes,inCompositeMaterials:TestingandDesign,R.B.DeoandC.R.Saff,Editors.(1996),ASTMSTP1274.
9.
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p.109134.
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(1991).40:p.377421.
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JournalofCompositeMaterials,(2006).accepted22/03/06inpress.
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14.
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Mechanical,Materials,Manufacturing,EngineeringandManagement,UniversityofNottingham.(2002).
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Mechanical,Material,ManufacturingEngineeringandManagement,UniversityofNottingham.(2002).
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Materials,ManufacturingEngineeringandManagement,UniversityofNottingham.(2000).
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Farley,G.L.andR.Jones,M.,Predictionoftheenergyabsorptioncapabilityofcompositetubes.JournalofComposite
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Duckett,M.J.,RateDependentEffectsontheEnergyAbsorptionandMaterialPropertiesofPolymerComposites,PhDthesis

submittedatSchoolofMechanical,Materials,ManufacturingEngineeringandManagement,UniversityofNottingham.(2001).
21.
Mamalis,A.G.,D.E.Manolakos,G.A.Demosthenous,andM.B.Ioannidis,AnalysisofFailureMechanismsObservedinAxial
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Materials,(1992).26(1):p.3750.
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Failure.(1988).p.255279.
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Schweizerhof,K.,K.Weimar,T.Munz,andT.Rottner.CrashworthinessAnalysiswithEnhancedCompositeMaterialModels
inLSDYNAMeritsandLimits.inLSDYNAWorldConference.(1998).Detroit,Michigan.

M.Buragohain(1)andR.Velmurugan(2)
(1)AdvancedSystemsLaboratory,Hyderabad500058
(2)IndianInstituteofTechnologyMadras,Chennai600036,
BucklingAnalysisofCompositeHexagonalLatticeCylindricalShellusingSmearedStiffenerModel,
DefenceScienceJournal,Vol.59,No.3,May2009,pp.230238.
ABSTRACT:Hexagonallatticepatternformedbyhelicalandcircumferentialribsisthemostcommonamong
differentpossiblelatticepatterns.Anenergybasedsmearedstiffenermodel(SSM)isdevelopedtoobtain
equivalentstiffnesscoefficientsofacompositelatticecylindricalshellwithsuchhexagonallatticepatterns.
Usingtheequivalentstiffnesscoefficients,Ritzbucklinganalysiswascarriedout.Extensivefiniteelement
modellingcoveringdifferentrepresentativesizeshavebeencarriedout.SSMisvalidatedbycomparingthe
estimatedbucklingloads.Variationofmaterialpropertiesofribunidirectionalcompositesfromthoseofnormal
unidirectionalcompositesisaccountedforintheenergyformulations.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1.Vasiliev,V.V.;Barynin,V.A.&Rasin,A.F.,Anisogridlatticestructuressurveyofdevelopmentandapplication.Composite
Structures,2001,54,36170.
2.Jones,R.M.Bucklingofcircularcylindricalshellswithmultipleorthotropiclayersandeccentricstiffeners,AIAAJournal,1968,
6(12),2301305.
3.Velmurugan,R.&Buragohain,M.Bucklinganalysisofgridstiffenedcompositecylindricalshell.J.Aero.
Sci.Technol.,2007,59(4),28293.
4.Wodesenbet,E.;Kidane,S.&Pang,S.Optimisationforbucklingloadsofgridstiffenedcompositepanels,
CompositeStructures,2003,60,pp.15969.
5.Kidane,S.;Li,G.;Helms,J.;Pang,S.&Woldesenbet,E.,Bucklingloadanalysisofgridstiffenedcompositecylinders.Composites
PartB:Engineering,2003,34,19.
6.Jaunky,N.;Knight,N.F.&Damodar,R.A.,Formulationofanimprovedsmearedstiffenertheoryforbucklinganalysisofgrid
stiffenedcompositepanels,CompositesPartB:Engineering,1996,27B,51926.
7.Jaunky,N.&Knight,N.F.Optimaldesignofgridstiffenedcompositepanelsusingglobalandlocalbucklinganalyses.Journalof
Aircraft,1998,35,47886.
8.Damodar,R.A.&Jaunky,N.Optimaldesignofgridstiffenedpanelsandshellswithvariablecurvature.CompositeStructures,
2001,52,17380.
9.Slinchenko,D.&Verijenko,V.E.Structuralanalysisofcompositelatticeshellsofrevolutiononthebasisofsmearingstiffness.
CompositeStructures,2001,54,pp.34148.
10.Huybrechts,S.&Tsai,S.W.Analysisandbehaviourofgridstructures.Compo.Sci.Technol.,1996,56,1001015.
11.Wang,J.T.S.,Discreteanalysisofstiffenedcompositecylindricalshells.AIAAJournal,1985,23(11),1753760.
12.Jaunky,N.&Knight,N.F.Anassessmentofshelltheoriesforbucklingofcircularcylindricallaminatedcompositepanelsloaded
inaxialcompression,Int.J.SolidsStruct.,1998,36,pp.3799820.
13.Geier,B.&Singh,G.,Somesimplesolutionsforbucklingloadsofthinandmoderatelythickcylindricalshellsandpanelsmadeof
laminatedcompositematerial,Aeros.Sci.Technol.,1997,1,4763.

14.Reddy,J.N.Mechanicsoflaminatedcompositeplatesandshells.CRCPress.
15.Timoshenko,S.P.&Gere,J.M.Theoryofelasticstability.McGrawHillBookCo.

OptimalDesignofFilamentWoundGridstiffenedCompositeCylindricalStructures
MBuragohainDefenceScienceJournal,2010publications.drdo.gov.in(cannotfind)
...Keywords:Filamentwinding,gridstiffenedshell,latticecylinder,smearedstiffenersmodel,
buckling...Onceagain,elementsofthestiffnessmatrixoftheequivalentshellareusedinRitz
bucklinganalysisprocedurebyminimisingpotentialenergyoftheequivalentshell....

HimayatUllah(NESCOM,Islamabad)andSagheerAhmad(MEDUETTaxila),BucklingStabilityofThin
WalledCylindricalShellsUnderAxialCompression,FailureofEngineeringMaterials&Structures,
UniversityofEngineeringandTechnology,Taxila,MechanicalEngineeringDepartment,InternationalJournal
forNumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.79,No.11,pp.13321353,DOI:10.1002/nme.2612
ABSTRACT:Lightweightthinwalledcylindricalshellssubjectedtoexternalloadsarepronetobucklingrather
thanstrengthfailure.Inthispaper,bucklinginvestigationofthinwalledcylindricalshellsunderaxial
compressionispresented.Bucklingfailureisstudiedusinganalytical,numericalandsemiempiricalmodels.
AnalyticalmodelisdevelopedusingClassicalShellsmalldeflectiontheory.ASemiempiricalmodelis
obtainedbyemployingexperimentalcorrectionfactorsbasedontheavailabletestdatatothetheoreticalmodel.
AfiniteelementsmodelisbuiltusingANSYSFEACodeforthesameshell.Finally,thedifferentresults
obtainedusingthethreeanalysismethodsarecompared.Thecomparisonrevealsthatanalyticalandnumerical
linearmodelresultsmatchcloselywitheachotherbutarehigherthantheempiricalvalues.Toinvestigatethis
discrepancy,nonlinearbucklinganalysiswithlargedeflectioneffect,iscarriedout.Theeffectofgeometric
imperfectionisalsostudiedthroughanonlinearmodel.Thesenonlinearanalysesshowthattheeffectsof
nonlinearityandgeometricimperfectionsareresponsibleforthedifferencebetweentheoreticaland
experimentalresults.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1.Love,A.E.H,ATreatiseontheMathematicalTheoryofElasticity4theEd,DoverPublications,Inc.,NewYork1944.
2.BakerE.H.,KovalevskyL.andRishF.L.,StructuralAnalysisofShells,McGrawHillBookCompany,NewYork,1972.
3.DonnelL.H,StabilityofThinWalledTubesunderTorsionNACAReportNo479.
4.BatdorfS.B,AsimplifiedMethodofElasticStabilityAnalysisforThinCylindricalShellsNACAReport874.
5.S.B.Batdrof,MurrySchildcrout,andManuelStein,NACATechRepotNo:1343,CriticalStressofThinWalledCylinderinAxial
CompressionWashington1947.
6.VonKrmnandTsian,TheBucklingofThinCylindricalShellsUnderAxialCompressionJour.AeroSciences.Vol8,June,
1941.
7.Harris,Seurer,SkeeneandBenjamin,TheStabilityofThinWalledUnstiffenedCircularCylindersunderAxialCompression
Jour.AeroSciences.Vol24,August,1957.
8.NASASP8007,NASA,Spacevehicledesigncriteria.Bucklingofthinwalledcircularcylinder1968.
9.SeungEockKimandChangSungKimBucklingstrengthofthecylindricalshellandtanksubjectedtoaxiallycompressiveloads
JournalofThinWalledStructures2002;
40,329353.
10.S.L.ChenandS.F.LiStudyontheNonlinearBucklinginThinWalledMemberswithArbitraryInitialImperfectionJournal
ofThinWalledStructures.1994;19,253268
11.K.AthiannanandR.PalaninathanBucklingofcylindricalshellsundertransverseshearJournalofThinWalledStructures.
2004;42,13071328.
12.G.Catellani,F.Pellicano,D.Dall_AstaandM.AmabiliParametricinstabilityofacircularcylindricalshellwithgeometric
imperfectionsJournalofComputersandStructures2004;82,26352645.

13.UguralCAhsel,StressesinPlatesandShells,2nded.,McGrawHillBookCompany,NewYork,1999
14.E.FBruhn,AnalysisandDesignofFlightVehicleStructuresJacobsPublishing,USA.
15.Ansys,2004,ANSYSStructuralAnalysisGuide,BucklingAnalysis,Release10.0
ANSYS,Inc.
16.GerardandBecker,HandbookofStructuralStability,PartIII,BucklingofCurvedPlatesandShellsNACAT.N.3783,Aug
1957.
17.RodneyPinna,BeverleyF.Ronalds,HydrostaticBucklingofShellswithvariousboundaryconditionsJournalofConstructional
SteelResearch,May1999.
18.PhilipWalkerBucklingofCylinderswithlocalloadsnormaltotheshellTheUniversityofEdinburgh,EdinburghEH93JN,
2001ABAQUSUKUsersGroup
Conference.
19.EduardoManuelSosa,ComputationalBucklingAnalysisofCylindricalThinWalledAboveGroundTanksPhD,Thesis
UniversityofPuertoRico.
20.SamuelKidane,BucklingAnalysisofGridStiffenedCompositeStructuresMSThesis,LouisianaStateUniversity,2002.

Ullah,H.(NESCOM,P.O.Box2801,Islamabad,Pakistan),Bucklingofthinwalledcylindricalshellsunder
axialcompression,InternationalJournalforNumericalMethodsinEngineering,Vol.79,2009,pp.1332
1353.doi:10.1002/nme.2612
ABSTRACT:Lightweightthinwalledcylindricalshellssubjectedtoexternalloadsarepronetobucklingrather
thanstrengthfailure.Thebucklingofanaxiallycompressedshellisstudiedusinganalytical,numericaland
semiempiricalmodels.Ananalyticalmodelisdevelopedusingtheclassicalshellsmalldeflectiontheory.A
semiempiricalmodelisobtainedbyemployingexperimentalcorrectionfactorsbasedontheavailabletestdata
inthetheoreticalmodel.NumericalmodelisbuiltusingANSYSfiniteelementanalysiscodeforthesameshell.
Thecomparisonrevealsthattheanalyticalandnumericallinearmodelresultsmatchcloselywitheachotherbut
arehigherthantheempiricalvalues.Toinvestigatethisdiscrepancy,nonlinearbucklinganalyseswithlarge
deflectioneffectandgeometricimperfectionsarecarriedout.Theseanalysesshowthattheeffectsofnon
linearityandgeometricimperfectionsareresponsibleforthemismatchbetweentheoreticalandexperimental
results.Theeffectofshellthickness,radiusandlengthvariationonbucklingloadandbucklingmodehasalso
beenstudied.
D.Karagiozova(1)andMarclioAlves(2)
(1)InstituteofMechanics,BulgarianAcademyofSciences,Acad.G.BonchevSt.,Block4,Sofia1113,
Bulgaria
(2)DepartmentofMechatronicsandMechanicalSystemsEngineering,UniversityofSoPaulo,SoPaulo,SP
05508900,Brazil
TransitionfromprogressivebucklingtoglobalbendingofcircularshellsunderaxialimpactPartI:
Experimentalandnumericalobservations,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.41,Nos.56,
March2004,pp.15651580,doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2003.10.005
ABSTRACT:Theinfluenceofimpactvelocityandmaterialcharacteristicsonthedynamicbucklingresponseof
circularshellssubjectedtoaxialimpactloadsisstudied.Itisshownexperimentallythatthecriticalbuckling
length,whichmarksthetransitionbetweenprogressiveandglobalbucklingofaluminiumalloycirculartubes,
issignificantlyinfluencedbytheaxialimpactvelocity.Afiniteelementanalysisisundertakentofurther
exploretheeffectsofmaterialyieldstress,strainhardeningandstrainratesensitivityonthetransition
phenomenon.Itisobservedthatcirculartubesmadeofductilealloyswithahighyieldstressandlowstrain
hardeningcharacteristicshaveabetterperformanceasenergyabsorbersthantubesmadeofalloyswithalow

yieldstressandhighstrainhardeningcharacteristics.Theoreticalanalysisofsomeparticularfeaturesofthe
dynamicbucklingtransitionispresentedinPartII[InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures(2004)].
D.KaragiozovaandMarclioAlves,Transitionfromprogressivebucklingtoglobalbendingofcircularshells
underaxialimpactPartII:Theoreticalanalysis,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.41,Nos.
56,March2004,pp.15811604,doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2003.10.006
ABSTRACT:Thisisthesecondpaperofatwopartpaperinvestigatingthecomplexphenomenonofthe
dynamictransitionfromprogressivebucklingtoglobalbendingcollapseofalongcircularcylindricalshell
subjectedtoanaxialimpact.Thepaperfocusesonthetheoreticalanalysisofthephenomenon.Thetwophase
conceptforthedeformationofTypeIIstructuresisemployedtoexploretheinfluenceoftheloading
parametersandthematerialandgeometricalcharacteristicsofashellonthecriticallengththatmarksthe
transitionbetweenthetwocollapsemodes.Simplemodelsfortheinitialcompressivephaseinthecaseofglobal
bendingandforthedevelopmentofasingleaxisymmetricwrinkleinacircularshell,areusedtoanalysesome
numericalresultspresentedinPartIofthisstudy[InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures41(2004)
1565].
D.Karagiozova,InstituteofMechanics,BulgarianAcademyofSciencesAcad.G.BonchevSt.,Block4,Sofia
1113,Bulgaria,Dynamicplasticanddynamicprogressivebucklingofelasticplasticcircularshells
revisited,LatinAmericanJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.1(2004)pp.423441.
ABSTRACT:Twotypicalbucklingpatternsofcircularcylindricalshells,whichcanoccurduetoaxialimpact
loadings,arediscussed.Thephenomenaofdynamicplasticbuckling(whentheentirelengthofacylindrical
shellwrinklesbeforethedevelopmentoflargeradialdisplacements)anddynamicprogressivebuckling
(whenthefoldsinacylindricalshellformsequentially)areanalyzedfromtheviewpointofstresswave
propagationresultingfromanaxialimpact.Itisshownthattheparticularimpactvelocity,which
instantaneouslycausesstressesthatexceedtheelasticlimitofthematerialattheproximalendofashell,and
thereforecancausetheinitialinstabilitypatternwithinasustainedaxialplasticflow,dependsonthematerial
properties.Thepresentanalysisrevealsthatdynamicplasticbucklingcandevelopforrelativelylowimpact
velocity,tooprovidedthatashellhascertaininertiacharacteristics.Thelatterconclusionisincontrastwiththe
establishedperceptionthatthehighimpactvelocityisanecessaryconditionfortheinitialshellinstability
withinasustainedaxialplasticflow.Aphenomenologicalapproachisusedtopredictthebucklingmodeofa
circularshellunderaxialimpactwithagiveninitialvelocity.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
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LiMing,WangRenandHanMingbao(DepartmentofMechanics,PekingUniversity,Beijing10087,China),
AnexperimentalinvestigationonthedynamicaxialbucklingofcylindricalshellsusingaKolskyBar,Acta
MechanicaSinica,Vol.10,No.3,1994,pp.260266,doi:10.1007/BF02487614
ABSTRACT:SeveralexperimentswereperformedwithaKolskyBar(SplitHopkinsonPressureBar)deviceto
investigatethedynamicaxialbucklingofcylindricalshells.TheKolskyBarisaloadingaswellasameasuring
devicewhichcansubjecttheshellstoafairlygoodsquarepulse.Anattemptismadetounderstandthe
interactionbetweenthestresswaveandthedynamicbucklingofcylindricalshells.Itissuggestedthatthe
dynamicaxialbucklingoftheshells,elasticorelastoplastic,ismainlyduetothecompressivewaveratherthan
theflexuralorbendingwave.Theexperimentalresultsseemtosupportthetwocriticalvelocitytheoryfor
plasticbuckling,withVc1correspondingtoanaxisymmetricbucklingmodeandVc2correspondingtoanon
symmetricbucklingmode.
IvanMouraBelo,ivanbelo@gmail.comMarceloKrajncAlves,krajnc@emc.ufsc.brProgramadePs
GraduaoemEngenhariaMecnicaPOSMEC,UniversidadeFederaldeSantaCatarina,Campus
UniversitrioTrindade,Dep.EngenhariaMecnicaBlocoA,GMACPiso2,CEP:88.040900,
FlorianpolisSC,Brazil.
WilliamTaylorMatiasSilva,taylor@unb.br
ProgramadePsGraduaoemEstruturaseConstruoCivilPECC,UniversidadedeBraslia,Campus
DarcyRibeiro,Dep.EngenhariaCivileAmbiental,EdifcioSG121oandar,CEP:70.910900,BrasliaDF,
Brazil.
AConsistentNonlinearShellElementBasedOnACorotationalFormulationForHyperelasticMaterial
Models,20thInternationalCongressofMechanicalEngineeringNovember1520,2009,Gramado,RS,Brazil

ABSTRACT:Thecorotational(CR)kinematicdescriptionisthemostrecentoftheformulationsproposedfor
geometricallynonlinearstructuralanalysis.Becauseofthisnovelty,ithasnotreachedthesamelevelof
maturityoftheolderLagrangianformulations(TotalandUpdated).Muchworkremainstobedone,particularly
inmaterialnonlinearities.Therefore,theaimofthispaperistodevelopanefficientshellelementfor
hyperelasticanalysiswithtwoimportantassumptions:(i)strainsfromacorotatedconfigurationaresmallwhile
(ii)themagnitudeofrotationsfromabaseconfigurationisnotrestricted.Theassumednaturaldeviatoricstrain
(ANDES)threenodestriangularshellelementisimplementedforhyperelasticmaterialmodelsandits
applicationtodifferentconstitutivemodelsisdiscussed.Resultsprovidedbytheproposedshellelementare
comparedwiththeresultspresentedbyotherauthorsintheliteratureinordertoshowtheadequacyofthe
presentedtheoryandtheeffectivenessofthenumericalprocedureandshellelementemployedinthiswork.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
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AidedEngrg.,Vol.24,pp.514535.

WangRen,HanMingbao,HuangZhupingandYanQingchun(DepartmentofMechanics,PekingUniversity,
Beijing,China),Anexperimentalstudyonthedynamicaxialplasticbucklingofcylindricalshells,
InternationalJournalofImpactEngineering,Vol.1,No.3,1983,pp.249256,
doi:10.1016/0734743X(83)900210
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdealswithanexperimentalstudyonthedynamicplasticpostbucklingbehaviourofa
stationaryAM_aluminiumalloycylindricalshellunderaxialimpact.Accordingtocurrenttheory,itis

believedthatwithinacertainvelocityrange,theshellwillbuckleinauniformaxisymmetricalsinusoidalmode.
However,wefoundthatwhentheimpactvelocityislessthanacertaincriticalvalueVc1,theshellwillexhibit
onlyuniformplasticdeformationinboththeaxialandradialdirectionsanddoesnotproducethesinusoidal
waves.Ontheotherhand,whentheimpactvelocityexceedsanothercriticalvalueVc2,theshellwillchange
fromtheaxisymmetricmodeintoanonuniformtypeoflargedeformation,thenumberofwavesdecreases
slightlyandtheshellbeginstoloseitsloadcarryingcapacity.Experimentalresultsoncylinderswiththree
differentthicknessesarepresentedanddiscussed.AnapproximatetheoreticalformulaforestimatingVc2based
onstrainratereversalisalsogiven.
C.A.Felippa(1)andB.Haugen(2)
(1)DepartmentofAerospaceEngineeringSciencesandCenterforAerospaceStructures,Universityof
Colorado,CampusBox429,Boulder,CO803090429,UnitedStates
(2)FEDEMTechnologyInc.,29335thSt.,Boulder,CO80304,UnitedStates
Aunifiedformulationofsmallstraincorotationalfiniteelements:I.Theory,ComputerMethodsinApplied
MechanicsandEngineering,Vol.194,Nos.2124,June2005,pp.22852335,SpecialIssue:Computational
MethodsforShells
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsaunifiedtheoreticalframeworkforthecorotational(CR)formulationoffinite
elementsingeometricallynonlinearstructuralanalysis.ThekeyassumptionsbehindCRare:(i)strainsfroma
corotatedconfigurationaresmallwhile(ii)themagnitudeofrotationsfromabaseconfigurationisnot
restricted.FollowingahistoricaloutlinethebasicstepsoftheelementindependentCRformulationare
presented.Theelementinternalforceandconsistenttangentstiffnessmatrixarederivedbytakingvariationsof
theinternalenergywithrespecttonodalfreedoms.Itisshownthatthisframeworkpermitsthederivationofa
setofCRvariantsthroughselectivesimplifications.Thissetincludessomepreviouslyusedbyother
investigators.Thedifferentvariantsarecomparedwithrespecttoasetofdesirablequalities,includingself
equilibriuminthedeformedconfiguration,tangentstiffnessconsistency,invariance,symmetrizability,and
elementindependence.WediscussthemainbenefitsoftheCRformulationaswellasitsmodelinglimitations.
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DepartmentofMathematics,MechanicsDivision,UniversityofOslo,Oslo,Norway,1994.[80] C.Truesdell,Continuum
MechanicsI:TheMechanicalFoundationsofElasticityandFluidDynamics,Gordon&Breach,NewYork,1966;correctedreprintof
ibid.,J.RationalMech.Anal.,1,125300,1952.
[81]C.TruesdellandR.A.Toupin.Theclassicalfieldtheories,inS.Flgge,editor,HandbuchderPhysik,vol.III/1,226790,
SpringerVerlag,Berlin,1960.
[82]C.Truesdell,Hypoelasticity,J.RationalMech.,4,83133,10191020,1955.ReprintedinFoundationsofElasticityTheory,
Gordon&Breach,NewYork,1965.
[83]C.TruesdellandW.Noll,TheNonlinearFieldtheoriesofMechanics,ininS.Flgge,editor,HandbuchderPhysik,Vol.III/3,
SpringerVerlag,1965.
[84]H.W.Turnbull,TheTheoryofDeterminants,MatricesandInvariants,BlackieandSon,London,1929.
[85]K.C.Valanis,Atheoryofviscoplasticitywithoutayieldsurface,PartII:Applicationtomechanicalbehaviorofmetals,Arch.
Mech.,23,535551,1971.
[86]G.A.Wempner,Finiteelements,finiterotationsandsmallstrainsofflexibleshells,Int.J.SolidsStruc.,Vol5,117153,1969

M.L.Szwabowicz(InstituteofFluidFlowMachineryofthePolishAcademyofSciences,80952Gdansk,
Poland),Variationalformulationinthegeometricallynonlinearthinelasticshelltheory,InternationalJournal
ofSolidsandStructures,Vol.22,No.11,1986,pp.11611175,doi:10.1016/00207683(86)900739
ABSTRACT:Thevariationalformulationforthinelasticshellsundergoinglargedeflectionsisdiscussed.No
restrictionsareimposedonthemagnitudeoftherotationalpartofthedeformationgradient,yetitisassumed
thatthestrainsremainsmalleverywhereintheshell.Tenfunctionalandassociatedvariationalprinciplesare
derived,includingtheHuWashizu,theHellingerReissner,thegeneralizedcomplementaryenergyandthe
stationarypotentialenergyprinciples.ThetotalLagrangiandescription(TLD)isexclusivelyused.
EndreDulcska,LajosKollr,BucklingAnalysisofReticulatedShells,InternationalJournalofSpace
Structures,Vol.15,Nos.34/December2000,pp.195203,doi:10.1260/0266351001495134
ABSTRACT:Thepaperpresentsacomparativelysimplemethodforassessingtheglobalstabilityofsingleand
doublelayerreticulatedshells,assumingrigidconnectionsbetweenthebars.Withknowledgeoftherigidities
ofthereticulatedshell,astaticallyequivalentreplacementsolidshellisestablished,thebucklingofwhichis
extensivelytreatedintheliterature.Thecriticalloadofthisreplacementcontinuumisdeterminedbytakinginto
accounttheinfluencesofgeometricimperfections(eccentricity),plasticity,(local)barbucklingandinthe
caseofdoublelayerreticulatedshellsoftransversesheardeformation.Allthesearepresentedindetailfor

isotropicshells,butthemethodcanalsobeusedforanisotropicones.Finally,fordimensioningreticulated
shells,auniquesafetyfactorbasedonthetheoryofprobabilitiesisrecommended,whichdependsonthe
uncertaintiesofthevariouseffects.Numericalvaluesforthesafetyfactorarealsogiven.Themethodproposed
providesatransitionfromshellstoplaneplates,fromsurfacetobarstructures,andfromreticulatedtosolid
shells,thusensuringidenticalsafetylevelsforallthesestructures.
Atalkby:EmeritusProfChrisCalladine(CUED),UnderstandingTheBucklingofCylindricalShells,Friday
19January2007,15:0016:00,EngineeringDepartmentLR6.ThistalkispartoftheEngineeringDepartment
StructuresResearchSeminarsseries.
INITIALREMARKS:Theclassicaltheoryofbucklingofaxiallyloadedthincylindricalshellspredictsthatthe
bucklingstressisdirectlyproportionaltothethicknesst,otherthingsbeingequal.Butempiricaldatashow
clearlythatthebucklingstressisactuallyproportionaltot1.5,otherthingsbeingequal.Asiswellknown,there
iswidescatterinthebucklingstressdata,rangingfromonehalftotwicethemeanvalue.Currenttheoriesof
shellbucklingattributeboththescatterandthelowbucklingstressincomparisonwiththeclassicalto
imperfectionsensitive,nonlinearstructuralbehaviour.Butthosetheoriesalwaystaketheclassicalanalysis
ofanideal,perfectshellastheirpointofreference.Myaiminthistalkistoexplaindirectlytheobservedt1.5
law,includingthescatter,withouttheneedtoinvokethemisleadingclassicaltheory.
LIZhimin(SchoolofOceanandCivilEngineering,ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversity,Shanghai200030,China),
Bucklinganalysisofthreedimensionalbraidedcompositecylindricalshellsunderaxialcompression,
Structure&EnvironmentEngineering,200704,doi:CNKI:SUN:QDHJ.0.200704003
ABSTRACT:Abucklingandpostbucklinganalysisofclampedsupported3Dbraidedshellsoffinitelength
subjectedtoaxialcompressionispresented.ThegoverningequationsarebasedonReddyshigherordershear
deformationshelltheorywithvonKrmnDonnelltypeofkinematicnonlinearity,whichincludestheeffectsof
nonlinearprebucklingdeformations,largedeflectionsinthepostbucklingrangeandinitialgeometric
imperfectionsoftheshell.Asymptoticsolutionsofaboundarylayertheoryofshellbucklingareanalyzedby
singularperturbationmethod.Theinfluenceexercisedbythefibervolumefraction,andtheshellgeometric
parameterofthecylindricalshellonthebucklingbehaviorofthebraidedcompositeshellisinvestigated.Itis
concludedthatthefibervolumefractionandtheshellgeometricparameterhaveasignificanteffectonthe
bucklingloadandpostbucklingbehaviorofbraidedcompositecylindricalshells.
Zeng,Tao(a);Gu,Yu(b);Yan,Shi(a);Jiang,Lili(a);Fang,Daining(b),
(a)DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,HarbinUniversityofScienceandTechnology,P.R.China,
(b)DepartmentofMechanicsandAerospaceTechnology,PekingUniversity,
BucklingAnalysisof3DBraidedCompositeCylindricalShellsunderAxialLoads,InternationalJournalof
NonlinearSciencesandNumericalSimulation.Vol.10,No.10,2009,pp.12911300,ISSN(Online)2191
0294,ISSN(Print)15651339,doi:10.1515/IJNSNS.2009.10.10.1291
ABSTRACT:Asimplifiedtheoreticalmethodispresentedforanalyzingthebucklingbehaviorofa3Dbraided
compositecylindricalshell.Themethodisbasedontherefinedanisotropicplatemodel.Thebucklingloadwith
differentvaluesofgeometricparameterisdescribed.Inordertoverifytheproposedmodel,thefiniteelement
packageANSYSisusedtocalculatethebucklingload.Predictionsfromtheproposedmodelcorrelatewellwith

thesimulationresults.Theresultsrevealthatgeometricparametersandbraidanglehaveasignificaneffecton
thebucklingload.
Z.M.Li(1)andD.Q.Yang(2)
(1)SchoolofMechanicalEngineeringStateKeyLaboratoryofMechanicalSystemandVibrationShanghaiJiao
TongUniversityShanghai200240,P.R.China
(2)SchoolofNavalArchitectureOceanandCivilEngineering,ShanghaiJiaoTongUniversityShanghai
200240,P.R.China
ThermalPostbucklingAnalysisOf3dBraidedCompositeCylindricalShells,JournalofMechanics,Vol.26,
No.2,June2010,pp.113122
ABSTRACT:Thermalpostbucklinganalysisispresentedfor3Dbraidedcompositecylindricalshelloffinite
lengthsubjectedtoauniformtemperaturerise.Basedonamicromacromechanicalmodel,a3Dbraided
compositemaybeasacellsystemandthegeometryofeachcellisdeeplydependentonitspositioninthe
crosssectionofthecylindricalshell.Thematerialpropertiesofepoxyareexpressedasalinearfunctionof
temperature.ThegoverningequationsarebasedonReddy'shigherordersheardeformationshelltheorywitha
vonKrmnDonnelltypeofkinematicnonlinearityandincludingthermaleffects.Asingularperturbation
techniqueisemployedtodeterminethebucklingtemperaturesandpostbucklingbehaviorsof3Dbraided
compositecylindricalshells.Thenumericalillustrationsconcernthepostbucklingbehaviorofperfectand
imperfect,braidedcompositecylindricalshellswithdifferentvaluesofgeometricparameterandoffiber
volumefraction. Theresultsshowthattheshellhaslowerbucklingtemperaturesandpostbucklingequilibrium
pathswhenthetemperaturedependentpropertiesaretakenintoaccount.Theresultsrevealthatthefibervolume
fraction,braidingangleandtheshellgeometricparameterhaveasignificanteffectonthethermalbucklingand
postbucklingbehaviorofbraidedcompositecylindricalshells.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1.Wang,X.andDai,H.L.,ThermalBucklingforLocalDelaminationNeartheSurfaceofLaminatedCylindricalShellsand
DelaminatedGrowth,JournalofThermalStresses,26,pp.423442(2003).
2.Wang,X.,Lu,G.andXiao,D.G.,NonLinearThermalBucklingforLocalDelaminationNeartheSurfaceofLaminated
CylindricalShell,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,44,pp.947965(2002).
3.Chou,T.W.,MicrostructuralDesignofFiberComposites,CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge(1992).
4.Naik,R.A.,FailureAnalysisofWovenandBraidedFabricReinforcedComposites,JournalofCompositeMaterials,29,pp.
23342363(1995).
5.Wang,Y.Q.andWang,A.S.D.,SpatialDistributionofYarnsandMechanicalPropertiesin3DBraidedTubularComposites,
AppliedCompositeMaterials,4,pp.121132(1997).
6.Chen,L.,Tao,X.M.andChoy,C.L.,MechanicalAnalysisof3DCompositesbytheFiniteMultiphaseElementMethod,
CompositesScienceandTechnology,59,pp.23832391(1999).
7.Kalidindi,S.R.andAbusaieh,A.,LongitudinalandTransverseModuliandStrengthsofLowAngle3DBraidedComposites,
JournalofCompositeMaterials,30,pp.885905(1996).
8.Chen,Z.R.,Zhu,D.C.,Meng,L.andLin,Y.,EvaluationofElasticPropertiesof3D(4Step)RegularBraidedCompositesbya
HomogenisationMethod,CompositeStructures,47,pp.477482(1999).
9.Shu,C.Q.,Anthony,M.W.,Khaled,W.S.andVenkatesh,A.,CompressiveResponseandFailureofBraidedTextileComposites:
PartI,Experiments,InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,39,pp.635648(2004).
10.Shu,C.Q.,Anthony,M.W.,Khaled,W.S.andVenkatesh,A.,CompressiveResponseandFailureofBraidedTextile
Composites:PartII,Computations,InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,39,pp.649663(2004).
11.Calme,O.,Bigaud,D.andHamelin,P.,3DBraidedCompositeRingsUnderLateralCompression,CompositesScienceand
Technology,65,pp.95106(2005).
12.Kuo,W.S.,Ko,T.H.andShiah,Y.C.,CompressiveDamageinThreeAxisWovenThermoplasticComposites,Journalof
ThermoplasticCompositeMaterials,19,pp.357373(2006).

13.Gruber,M.B.,Lamontia,M.A.,Smoot,M.A.andPeros,V.,
Buckling Performance of
Hydrostatic
CompressionLoaded7InchDiameterThermoplasticCompositeMonocoqueCylinders,JournalofThermoplasticComposite
Materials,8,pp.94108(1995).
14.Kaddour,A.S.,Soden,P.D.andHinton,M.J.,Failureof55DegreeFilamentWoundGlass/EpoxyCompositeTubesUnder
BiaxialCompression,JournalofCompositeMaterials,32,pp.16181645(1998).
15.Harte,A.M.andFleck,N.A.,DeformationandFailureMechanicsofBraidedCompositeTubesinCompressionandTorsion,
ActaMaterialia,48,pp.12591271(2000).
16.Zeng,T.andWu,L.Z.,PostBucklingAnalysisofStiffenedBraidedCylindricalShellsUnderCombinedExternalPressureand
AxialCompression,CompositeStructures,60,pp.455466(2003).
17.Shen,H.S.,ThermalPostbucklingAnalysisofImperfectStiffenedLaminatedCylindricalShells,InternationalJournalofNon
linearMechanics,32,pp.259275(1997).
18.Shen,H.S.,BoundaryLayerTheoryfortheBucklingandPostbucklingofanAnisotropicLaminatedCylindricalShell,PartI,
PredictionUnderAxialCompression,CompositeStructures,82,pp.346361(2008).
19.Shen,H.S.,BoundaryLayerTheoryfortheBucklingandPostbucklingofanAnisotropicLaminatedCylindricalShell,PartII,
PredictionUnderExternalPressure,CompositeStructures,82,pp.362370(2008).
20.Shen,H.S.,BoundaryLayerTheoryfortheBucklingandPostbucklingofanAnisotropicLaminatedCylindricalShell,PartIII,
PredictionUnderTorsion,CompositeStructures,82,pp.371381(2008).
21.Li,Z.M.andShen,H.S.,PostbucklingAnalysisofThreeDimensionalTextileCompositeCylindricalShellsUnderAxial
CompressioninThermalEnvironments,CompositesScienceandTechnology,68,pp.872879(2008).
22.Li,Z.M.andShen,H.S.,PostbucklingAnalysisof3DBraidedCompositeCylindricalShellsUnderCombinedExternalPressure
andAxialCompressioninThermalEnvironments,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,50,pp.719731(2008).
23.Li,Z.M.andShen,H.S.,PostbucklingAnalysisof3DBraidedCompositeCylindricalShellsUnderTorsioninThermal
Environments,CompositeStructures,87,pp.242256(2009).
24.Chen,X.D.andLi,Z.M.,AnalysisoftheDynamicResponseof3DBraidedRectangularPlatesonanElasticFoundation,
MechanicsofCompositeMaterials,44,pp.607622(2008).
25.Reddy,J.N.andLiu,C.F.,AHigherOrderShearDeformationTheoryofLaminatedElasticShells,InternationalJournalof
EngineeringScience,23,pp.319330(1985).
26.Shen,H.S.,ThermalPostbucklingofShearDeformableFGMCylindricalShellswithTemperatureDependentProperties,
MechanicsofAdvancedMaterialsandStructures,14,pp.439452(2007).
27.Shapery,R.A.,ThermalExpansionCoefficientofCompositeMaterialsBasedonEnergyPrinciples,JournalofComposites
Materials,2,pp.380404(1968).
28.Ross,B.,Hoff,N.J.andHorton,W.H.,TheBucklingBehaviorofUniformlyHeatedThinCircularCylindricalShells,
ExperimentalMechanics,6,pp.529537(1966).
29.Mahmood,F.,FiniteElementAnalysisandExperimentalEvaluationofBucklingPhenomenainLaminatedCompositeTubesand
Plates,DoctorDissertation,UniversityofMissouriRolla,USA(1992).
30.Adams,D.F.andMiller,A.K.,HygrothermalMicrostressesinaUnidirectionalCompositeExhibitingInelasticMaterials
Behavior,JournalofCompositeMaterials,11,pp.285299(1977).
31.Islam,M.R.,Sjoind,S.G.andA.Paramil,A.,FiniteElementAnalysisofLinearThermalExpansionCoefficientsof
UnidirectionalCrackedComposites,JournalofCompositeMaterials,35,pp.17621776(2001).

TaoZengandLinzhiWu(CenterforCompositeMaterials,HarbinInstituteofTechnology,150001,Harbin,PR
China),Postbucklinganalysisofstiffenedbraidedcylindricalshellsundercombinedexternalpressureand
axialcompression,CompositeStructures,Vol.60,No.4,June2003,pp.455466,
doi:10.1016/S02638223(03)000187
ABSTRACT:Apostbucklinganalysisispresentedforastiffenedbraidedthinshellsubjectedtocombined
loadingofexternalpressureandaxialcompression.Theeffectsofthenonlinearlargedeflectionandtheinitial
geometricalimperfectionareconsideredintheformulations.Theanalysisusesperturbationmethodto
determinetheinteractivebucklingloadsandthepostbucklingequilibriumpathsandathreecellmodelareused
toobtaintheelasticconstantsofbraidedshell.Someeffectssuchasimperfectionparameter,stiffenedand
Braidingparametersonthepostbucklingpatharediscussedinthearticle.

A.Ghorbanpour,DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofKashan,Kashan,Iran,Critical
TemperatureofShortCylindricalShellsBasedonImprovedStabilityEquation,PakistanJournalofApplied
SciencesVol.2No.4,pp4480452,2002.
ABSTRACT:Thenonlinearstraindisplacementrelationsingeneralcylindricalcoordinatesaresimplifiedby
Sandersassumptionsforthecylindricalshellsandsubstitutedintothetotalpotentialenergyfunctionfor
thermoelasticloading.Animprovementisobservedintheresultingequationsasnolengthlimitationsare
imposedonathincylindricalshell.Basedontheimprovedequilibriumandstabilityequations,themagnitude
ofthermoelasticbucklingofthincylindricalshellsunderdefferentthermalloadingisobtained.Theresultsare
extendedtoshortandlongthincylindricalshells.
A.GhorbanpourArani,S.Golabi,A.LoghmanandH.Daneshi,Investigatingelasticstabilityofcylindrical
shellwithanelasticcoreunderaxialcompressionbyenergymethod,JournalofMechanicalScienceand
Technology,Vol.21,No.7,2007,pp.983996,doi:10.1007/BF03027648
ABSTRACT:Inthispaper,theelasticaxisymmetricbucklingofathin,isotropicandsimplysupported
cylindricalshellwithanelasticcoreunderaxialcompressionhasbeenanalyzedusingenergymethod.The
nonlinearstraindisplacementrelationsingeneralcylindricalcoordinatesaresimplifiedusingSanderskinematic
relations(Sanders,1963)foraxialcompression.Equilibriumequationsareobtainedbyusingminimum
potentialenergytogetherwithEulerequationsappliedforpotentialenergyfunctionincylindricalshell.To
acquirestabilityequationofcylindricalshellwithanelasticcore,minimumpotentialenergytheoryandTrefftz
criteriaareimplemented.Stabilityandcompatibilityequationsforanimperfectcylindricalshellwithanelastic
corearealsoobtainedbytheenergymethod,andthebucklinganalysisofshelliscarriedoutusingGalerkin
method.Criticalloadcurvesversustheaspectratioareobtainedandanalyzedforacylindricalshellwithan
elasticcore.Itisconcludedthattheapplicationofanelasticcoreincreaseselasticstabilityandsignificantly
reducestheweightofcylindricalshells.
A.GhorbanpourArani(1,2),M.Abdollahian(1),R.Kolahchi(1),A.H.Rahmati(1)
(1)FacultyofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofKashan,Kashan,IslamicRepublicofIran
(2)InstituteofNanoscience&Nanotechnology,UniversityofKashan,Kashan,IslamicRepublicofIran
ElectrothermotorsionalbucklingofanembeddedarmchairDWBNNTusingnonlocalsheardeformableshell
model,CompositesPartB:Engineering,Vol.51,August2013,pp291299
doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2013.03.017
ABSTRACT:Electrothermotorsionalbucklingresponseofadoublewalledboronnitridenanotube
(DWBNNT)hasbeeninvestigatedbasedonnonlocalelasticityandpiezoelasticitytheories.Theeffectsof
surroundingelasticmediumsuchasthespringconstantoftheWinklertypeandtheshearconstantofthe
Pasternaktypearetakenintoaccount.ThevanderWaals(vdW)forcesareconsideredbetweeninnerandouter
layersofnanotube.Accordingtotherelationshipbetweenthepiezoelectriccoefficientofarmchairboronnitride
nanotubes(BNNTs)andstresses,thefirstordersheardeformationtheory(FSDT)isused.Energymethodand
Hamiltonsprincipleareemployedtoobtaincoupleddifferentialequationscontainingdisplacements,rotations
andelectricpotentialterms.Thedetailedparameterstudyisconductedtoinvestigatetheeffectsofnonlocal
parameter,elasticfoundationmodulus,temperaturechange,piezoelectricanddielectricconstantsonthecritical

torsionalbucklingload.Resultsindicatethatthecriticalbucklingloaddecreaseswhenpiezoelectriceffectis
considered.
K.Magnucki,T.WegnerandW.Szyc,Onbucklingofellipsoidalcupsunderinternalpressure,Archiveof
AppliedMechanics,Vol.58,No.5,1988,pp.339342,doi:10.1007/BF00534353
ABSTRACT:Amethodforthecalculationofthecriticalloadforasemiellipsoidalshellwithastiffeningribat
theedgeispresented.Theexternalandinternalbucklingenergyoftheshellisdescribed.TheRayleighquotient
isusedasthestaticbucklingcriterion,assumingthedeflectionfunctiontodependonfourshapeparameters.
Somenumericalexamplesarepresentedshowingtheinfluenceoftheribstiffnessandtheshelldimensionson
thecriticalpressurevalue.
E.MagnuckaBlandziandK.Magnucki,PoznanUniversityofTechnologyPiotrowo3A,60965Poznan,
Poland,Elasticbucklingofanaxiallycompressedopencircularcylindricalshell,PAMMProc.Appl.Math.
Mech.4,546547(2004)/DOI10.1002/pamm.200410254
ABSTRACT:Thepaperisdevotedtostabilityproblemofanaxiallycompressedopenelasticcircular
cylindricalshell.Twocurvilinearedgesoftheopencylindricalshellaresimplysupportedwhiletwostraight
edgesarefree.Twoloadcasesoftheshellareassumed.Thefirstloadcasewastheinvariableaxiallynormal
forceintensity,andthesecondloadcasethelinearlyvaryingaxiallynormalforceintensity.Criticalloadsof
theshellforbothloadcasesaredetermined.Thesecriticalloadsarecomparedwithaclassicalloadforclosed
circularcylindricalshell.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
[1]ANDREEV,L.V.;OBODAN,N.I.;LEBIEDEV,A.G.:Stabilityofshellsfornonaxisymmetricaldeformation,Nauka,Moscow,
(1988)(inRussian).
[2]BAZANT,Z.P.;CEDOLIN,L.:Stabilityofstructures.OxfordUniversityPress,NewYork,Oxford,(1991).
[3]GRIGOLUK,E.I.;KABANOV,V.V.:Stabilityofshells.Nauka,Moscow,(1978)(inRussian).
[4]TOVSTIK,P.E.:Stabilityofthinwalledshells.Nauka,Moscow,(1995)(inRussian).
[5]YAMAKI,N.;Elasticstabilityofcircularcylindricalshells.SeriesinAppliedMathematicsandMechanics,NorthHolland,
Amsterdam,NewYork,Oxford(1984).

KrzysztofMagnuckiandPiotrStasiewicz(InstituteofAppliedMechanics,PoznanUniversityofTechnology),
ElasticBucklingofaPorousBeam,JournalofTheoreticalandAppliedMechanics,Vol.42,No.4,pp.859
868,Warsaw2004
ABSTRACT:Theworkdealswiththeproblemastraightbeamofarectangularcrosssectionpivotedatboth
endsandloadedwithalengthwisecompressiveforce.Thebeamismadeofanisotropicporousmaterial.Its
propertiesvarythroughthicknessofthebeam.Themodulusofelasticityisminimalonthebeamaxisand
assumesmaximumvaluesatitstopandbottomsurfaces.Theprincipleofstationarityofthetotalpotential
energyenablesonetodefineasystemofdifferentialequationsthatgovernthebeamstability.Thesystemis
analyticallysolved,whichleadstoanexplicitexpressionforthecriticalloadofthecompressedbeam.Results
ofthesolutionareverifiedonanexamplebeambymeansoftheFiniteElementMethod(COSMOS).
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1.BartSmithH.,HutchinsonJ.W.,EvansA.G.,2001,Measurementandanalysisofthestructuralperformanceofcellularmetal
sandwichconstruction,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,43,19451963

2.HutchinsonJ.R.,2001,ShearcoefficientsforTimoshenkobeamtheory,JournalofAppliedMechanics,68,8792
3.KoakowskiZ.,KowalMichalskaK.(edit.),1999,SelectedProblemsofInstabilitiesinCompositeStructures,Publishersof
TechnicalUniversityofLodz,dz
4.LibrescuL.,HauseT.,2000,Recentdevelopmentsinthemodelingandbehaviorofadvancedsandwichconstructions:asurvey,
CompositesStructure,117
5.LokT.S.,ChengQ.H.,2000,Elasticstiffnesspropertiesandbehavioroftrusscoresandwichpanel,JournalofStructural
Engineering,5,552559
6.MagnuckiK.,OstwaldM.(edit.),2001,Statecznoscioptymalizacjakonstrukcjitrjwarstwowych,Wyd.InstytutuTechnologii
EksploatacjiwRadomiu,PoznanZielonaGra
7.RomanwF.,1995,Wytrzymaosckonstrukcjiwarstwowych,Wyd.WyzszejSzkoyInzynierskiej,ZielonaGra
8.VinsonJ.R.,1999,TheBehaviorofSandwichStructuresofIsotropicandCompositeMaterials,TechnomicPublishingCompany,
Inc.Lancaster,Basel
9.WangC.M.,ReddyJ.N.,LeeK.H.,2000,ShearDeformableBeamsandPlates,ElsevierScience,AmsterdamLausanneNewYork
OxfordSingaporeTokyo

P.Jasion(1)andK.Magnucki(1and2)
(1)InstituteofAppliedMechanics,PoznanUniversityofTechnology,Poznan,Poland
(2)InstituteofRailVehicles,Tabor,ulWARSZAWSKI181,PL.61055,Poznan,Poland
Elasticbucklingofbarrelledshellunderexternalpressure,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.45,No.4,April
2007,pp.393399,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2007.04.001
ABSTRACT:Theaimofthepaperistopresentaprocedurefordesignofafamilyofshellsofrevolutionof
constantmassand,asanextstep,ofconstantvolume.Asareferenceacylindricalshellistakeninto
consideration.BydecreasingthevalueofthemeridionalradiusofcurvatureR1,whichforcylindricalshell
equalsinfinity,barrelledshellsarecreateduptothesphericalshellforwhichbothmeridionaland
circumferentialradiiofcurvatureareequal(R1=R2).Anumericalexampleofusingthepresentedprocedureis
considered.ThenforthefamilyofshellsofrevolutionofconstantmassabucklinganalysisusingFEMmethod
iscarriedout.ResultsoftheanalysisshowtherelationshipbetweentheradiusofcurvatureoftheshellR1and
thecriticalloadpcrinthecaseofuniformexternalpressure.
E.MagnuckaBlandzi(InstituteofMathematics,PoznanUniversityofTechnonogy,ul.Piotrowo3a,60965,
Poznan,Poland),Axisymmetricaldeflectionandbucklingofcircularporouscellularplate,ThinWalled
Structures,Vol.46,No.3,March2008,pp.333337,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2007.06.006
ABSTRACT:Themaingoalofthispaperisasolutionoftheproblemofbucklinganddeflection.Acircular
porousplatewithsimplysupportededgeunderradialuniformcompressionanduniformlydistributedload
(pressure)isconsidered.Mechanicalpropertiesoftheisotropicporousmaterialvaryacrossthethicknessofthe
plate.Middleplaneoftheplateisitssymmetryplane.Afieldofdisplacements(geometricmodelofnonlinear
hypothesis)isdescribed.Theprincipleofstationarityofthetotalpotentialenergyallowedtogetasystemof
differentialequationsthatgoverntheplatestability.Acriticalloadandadeflectionaredetermined.Theresults
obtainedforporousplatesarecomparedtohomogeneouscircularplates.
M.Malinowski,K.Magnucki,"BucklingofanIsotropicPorousCylindricalShell",inB.H.V.Topping,
(Editor),"ProceedingsoftheTenthInternationalConferenceonCivil,StructuralandEnvironmental
EngineeringComputing",CivilCompPress,Stirlingshire,UK,Paper53,2005.doi:10.4203/ccp.81.53

ABSTRACT:ThispaperconsidersanisotropicporousshellloadedbyaxialcompressionshowninFigure53.1.
Theeffectsofvaryingporousmaterialandgeometricparametersofthecylindricalshell,ontheelasticbuckling
loadarestudied.Theshellismadeofanisotropicporousmaterialwhichvariesonlyacrossthethicknessofthe
shellwall.Banhart[1]reviewedthepossibilitiesofmanufacturingmetalfoamsorotherporousmetallic
structuresaswellaswaysforcharacterizingthepropertiesofcellularmetals.Inthepresentpapertheporous
shellisageneralizationofasandwichconstruction.
KrzysztofMagnucki(Professor,DoctorHab.Engineer,InstituteofAppliedMechanics,PoznanUniversityof
Technology,ul.Piotrowo,3,PL60965,Poznan,Poland,email:krzysztof.magnucki@put.poznan.pl),Elastic
BucklingofSelectedFlangesofColdFormedThinWalledBeams,(journal,publisheranddatenotgivenin
thepdffile),ISSN18161545,Vol.3,pp.116128,2006
ABSTRACT:Thepaperisdevotedtofivedifferentflangesofcoldformedthinwalledbeams.Mathematical
modelsofeachoftheflangesareformulatedandsolved.Thetheoryofelasticstabilityofplatesand
cylindricalshallowshellsisappliedforthispurpose.Criticalstressforeachflangeofthebeamisdetermined.
Resultsofanalyticalsolutionsarediscussedandcomparedwithnumerical(FEM)andexperimental
investigations.Theformulasofcriticalstressesmaybeusedinpracticalapplications.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

[1]
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TomaszBelica(1),MarekMalinowski(1)andKrzysztofMagnucki(2)
(1)InstituteofMechanicalEngineeringandMachineOperation,UniversityofZielonaGora,Szafrana4,65246
ZielonaGora,Poland
(2)InstituteofAppliedMechanics,PoznanUniversityofTechnology,Piotrowo3,60965Poznan,Poland;
InstituteofRailVehicles,Tabor,Warszawska181,61055Poznan,Poland
DynamicStabilityofanIsotropicMetalFoamCylindricalShellSubjectedtoExternalPressureandAxial
Compression,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.78,No.4,July2011,041003(8pages),doi:10.1115/1.4003768
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsanonlinearapproachwithregardtothedynamicstabilityofanisotropic
metalfoamcircularcylindricalshellsubjectedtocombinedloads.Themechanicalpropertiesofmetalfoam
varyinthethicknessdirection.Combinationsofexternalpressureandaxialloadaretakenintoaccount.A
nonlinearhypothesisofdeformationofaplanecrosssectionisformulated.Thesystemofpartialdifferential
equationsofmotionforashellisderivedonthebasisofHamilton'sprinciple.Thesystemofequationsis
analyticallysolvedbyGalerkin'smethod.Numericalinvestigationsofdynamicstabilityforthefamilyof
cylindricalshellswithregardtoanalyticalsolutionarecarriedout.Moreover,finiteelementmodelanalysisis
presented,andtheresultsofthenumericalcalculationsareshowninfigures.
S.Joniak(1),K.Magnucki(1,2)andW.Szyc(1)
(1)InstituteofAppliedMechanics,PoznanUniversityofTechnologyul.Piotrowo3,60965Poznan,Poland
(2)InstituteofRailVehiclesTABOR,ul.Warszawska181,61055Poznan,Poland
BucklingStudyofSteelOpenCircularCylindricalShellsinPureBending,Strain,Vol.47,No.3,pp.209
214,June2011,DOI:10.1111/j.14751305.2009.00669.x
ABSTRACT:Thesubjectofthestudyareopencircularcylindricalthinshellswithtwoedgessupportedand
twoedgesfree.Theelasticbucklingandlimitloadoftheseshellsinpurebendingstateareinvestigated.The
studyincludessimpleanalyticaldescription,numericalanalysiswiththeuseoftheFiniteElementMethod
(FEM),andlaboratorytestsforshells.Theresultsofthesethreeinvestigationmethodsarecomparedand
presentedinfigures.Thecriticalloadandlimitloadfortheseshellsaredescribedindetail.Moreover,an
analyticalformulaofcriticalstressesforopencircularcylindricalthinshellsinpurebendingstateisproposed.

Themaingoalofthepaperiscomparisonoftheresultsofcriticalloadvaluesobtainedbyanalytical,numerical
(FEM),andexperimentalmethods.
Laszczyk,Z.andSzyc,W.(InstituteofAppliedMechanics,PoznanUniversityofTechnology,Poland),
Criticalloadofanaxiallycompressedsandwichcylindricalpanel,PAMM,Vol.6,2006,pp.239240,
doi:10.1002/pamm.200610100
ABSTRACT:Theproblemofcriticalloadofanaxiallycompressedopensandwichcylindricalshellwithtwo
straightlinearedgesfreeispresented.Largeangleoftheshellsector,geometricalandphysicalsymmetryofthe
facingsareassumed.Thesimplyformulaforcalculationcriticalstressintheshellispresented.
W. Szyc (1), Z. Laszczyk (1) and K. Magnucki (1,2)
(1) Institute of Applied Mechanics, Poznan University of Technology, ul. Piotrowo 3, 60965 Pozna_D, Poland
(2) Institute of Rail Vehicles _TABOR _, ul. Warszawska 181, 61-055 Poznan, Poland
Elasticbucklingofanaxiallycompressedsandwichcylindricalpanelwiththreeedgessimplysupportedand
oneedgefree,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.44,No.8,August2006,pp.910918,
doi:10.1016/j.tws.2006.07.004
ABSTRACT:Theproblemofelasticbucklingofanopensandwichcylindricalthinwalledpanelwiththree
edgessimplysupportedandoneedgefreeunderaxialcompressionisconsideredinthepaper.Theclassical
brokenlinehypothesisisreplacedbyitsmodifiedgeneralizedversion.Onthebasisofforceandmoment
equilibriumconditionsfortheshellelement,asetofthefundamentalequationsisderived.Thesetissolved
withthehelpoftheorthogonalizationalBubnovGalerkinmethod.Thenonlinearalgebraicequationis
obtained.Physicalandgeometricalparametersoftheshell,deflectionfactorandloadingareconnectedinthe
equation.Itispossible,amongothers,toobtainfromherethecriticalloadvalue.
PawelJasionandKrzysztofMagnucki(PoznanUniversityofTechnology,InstituteofAppliedMechanics,
Poznan,Polandemail:pawel.jasion@put.poznan.pl;krzysztof.magnucki@put.poznan.pl),FaceWrinklingof
SandwichBeamsunderPureBending,JournalofTheoreticalandAppliedMechanics,Vol.50,No.4,pp.933
941,Warsaw2012,50thAnniversaryofJTAM
ABSTRACT:Thepaperisdevotedtosandwichbeamsunderpurebending.Thelocalbucklingproblemis
analysed.Theanalyticaldescriptionoftheupperfacewrinklingisproposed.Fromtheprincipleofstationary
totalpotentialenergy,formulaedescribingcriticalstressesinthefacesofthebeamarederived.Thealgorithm
fordeterminingthecriticalstressesisshown.Twoparticularcasesofthesolutionfollowingthecoreproperties
arementioned.Thefiniteelementmodelofthesandwichbeamisformulated.Thecomparisonoftheresults
obtainedfromtheproposedanalyticalmodelandfromFEManalysisisshownforafamilyofsandwichbeams
withdifferentthicknessesandcoreproperties.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
1.AllenH.G.,1969,AnalysisandDesignofStructuralSandwichPanels,PergamonPress,London
2.BartSmithH.,HutchinsonJ.W.,EvansA.G.,2001,Measurementandanalysisofthestructuralperformanceofcellularmetal
sandwichconstruction,MechanicalScience,43,19451963
3.BazantZ.P.,CedolinL.,1991,Stabilityofstructures.Elastic,Inelastic,Fracture,andDamageTheories,OxfordUniversityPress,
NewYork,Oxford
4.ChenXW,YuT.X.,2000,Elasticplasticbeamonfoundationunderquasistaticloading,Int.JournalofMechanicalSciences,42,
22612281

5.HadiB.K.,2001,Wrinklingofsandwichcolumn:comparisonbetweenfiniteelementanalysisandanalyticalsolutions,Composite
Structures,53,477482
6.JasionP.,MagnuckaBlandziE.,SzycW.,WasilewiczP.,MagnuckiK.,2011,Globalandlocalbucklingofasandwichbeam
rectangularplatewithmetalfoamcore,Proc.6thInt.ConferenceonThinwalledStructures,Vol.2,DubinaD.,UngureanuV.(Eds.),
ECCSPublication,PrintedinMulticompLda,MemMartins,Portugal,ISBN(ECCS)9789291471027,707714
7.JasionP.,MagnuckiK.,2011,Bucklingwrinklingofafaceofsandwichbeamunderpurebending,ModelowanieInzynierskie,41,
151156,ISSN1896771X[inPolish]
8.KeslerO.,GibsonL.J.,2002,Sizeeffectsinmetallicfoamcoresandwichbeams,MaterialsScienceandEngineeringA,326,228
234
9.KoissinV.,ShipshaA.,SkvortsovV.,2010,Effectofphysicalnonlinearityonlocalbucklinginsandwichbeams,Journalof
SandwichStructuresandMaterials,12,7,477494
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columns,EuropeanJ.ofMech.A/Solids,21,683701
11.LiboveC.,ButdorfS.B.,1948,AGeneralSmallDeflectionTheoryforFlatSandwichPlates,NACATN1526
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Sons,NewYork
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14.ReissnerE.,1948,Finitedeflectionsofsandwichplates,JournaloftheAeronauticalScience,15,7,435440
15.SteevesC.A.,FleckN.A.,2004,Collapsemechanismsofsandwichbeamswithcompositefacesandafoamcore,loadedinthree
pointbending.PartI:analyticalmodelsandminimumweightdesign,Int.JournalMechanicalSciences,46,561583
16.StiftingerM.A.,RammerstorferF.G.,1997,FacelayerwrinklinginsandwichshellsTheoreticalandexperimentalinvestigations,
ThinWalledStructures,29,1/4,113127
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FizMatLit.,Moscow[inRussian]
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Zyczkowski(Edit.),PWN,Warszawa,241380[inPolish]

P.Jasion(1),E.MagnuckaBlandzi(2),W.Szyc(1)andK.Magnucki(1)
(1)InstituteofAppliedMechanics,PoznanUniversityofTechnology,ul.Piotrowo3,60965Poznan,Poland
(2)InstituteofMathematics,PoznanUniversityofTechnology,ul.Piotrowo3A,60965Poznan,Poland
Globalandlocalbucklingofsandwichcircularandbeamrectangularplateswithmetalfoamcore,Thin
WalledStructures,Vol.61,pp.154161,December2012,DOI:10.1016/j.tws.2012.04.013
ABSTRACT:Thepaperisdevotedtotheanalytical,numericalandexperimentalstudiesoftheglobalandlocal
bucklingwrinklingofthefacesheetsofsandwichbeamsandsandwichcircularplates.Amathematicalmodel
ofdisplacements,whichincludesasheareffect,ispresented.Thegoverningdifferentialequationsofsandwich
platesarederived.Theequationsareanalyticallysolvedandthecriticalloadsareobtained.Finiteelement
modelsoftheplatesareformulatedandthecriticalloadsandbucklingmodesarecalculated.Moreover,
experimentalinvestigationsarecarriedoutforthefamilyofsandwichbeamplates.Thevaluesofthecritical
loadobtainedbytheanalytical,numerical(FEM),andexperimentalmethodsarecompared.
KrzysztofMagnucki(1,2),PawelJasion(1),MarcinKrus(2),PawelKuligowski(2)andLeszekWittenbeck(2)
(1)PoznanUniversityofTechnology,InstituteofAppliedMechanics,Poznan,Poland
(2)InstituteofRailVehiclesTABOR,Poznan,Poland
StrengthandBucklingofSandwichBeamswithCorrugatedCore,JournalofTheoreticalandApplied

Mechanics,Vol.51,No.1,pp.1524,Warsaw2013
ABSTRACT:Thesubjectofthepaperisasandwichbeamwithacrosswiseorlengthwisecorrugatedcore.The
beamismadeofanaluminiumalloy.Theplanefacesandthecorrugatedcorearegluedtogether.Geometrical
propertiesandrigiditiesofthebeamsaredescribed.Theloadcasesinvestigatedintheworkarepurebending
andaxialcompression.Therelationshipbetweentheappliedbendingmomentandthedeflectionofthebeam
underfourpointbendingisdiscussed.Theanalyticalandnumerical(FEM)calculationsaswellasexperimental
resultsaredescribedandcompared.Moreover,fortheaxialcompression,theelasticglobalbucklingproblemof
theanalysedbeamsispresented.Thecriticalloadsforthebeamswiththecrosswiseandlengthwisecorrugated
corearedetermined.ThecomparisonoftheanalyticalandFEMresultsisshown.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

1.AbbesB.,GuoY.Q.,2010,Analytichomogenizationfortorsionoforthotropicsandwichplates:Applicationto
corrugatedcardboard,CompositeStructures,92,699706
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NewYork,Toronto,Sydney,Paris,Braunschweig
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Structures,23,2,129128
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afsdtandameshfreemethod,Comput.MethodsAppl.Mech.Eng.,196,23582376
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corrugatedboard,MechanicsofCellulosicMaterials,AMD145/MD36
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ASME2010PressureVesselsandPipingDivisionConference,Bellevue,Washington,USA,PVP201025221,17
12.MagnuckiK.,KrusM.,KuligowskiP.,WittenbeckL.,2011,Strengthofsandwichbeamswithcorrugatedcoreunder
purebending,The2011WorldCongressonAdvancesinStructuralEngineeringandMechanics(ASEM11+),Volumeof
Abstracts,Seoul,Korea(CD,321330)
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falistym,PojazdySzynowe,1,14
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Reviews,ASME,49,3,155199
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Wiley&Sons:NewYork,London,Sydney
17.ReissnerE.,1948,Finitedeflectionsofsandwichplates,JournaloftheAeronauticalScience,435440
18.RubinoV.,DeshpandeV.S.,FleckN.A.,2009,ThedynamicresponseofclampedrectangularYframeandcorrugated
coresandwichplates,EuropeanJournalofMechanicsA/Solids,28,1424
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sandwichplateswithbidirectionallycorrugatedcores,MaterialsandDesign,31,28042812
20.Vinson,J.R.,2001,Sandwichstructures,AppliedMechanicsReviews,ASME,54,3,201214

21.WasilewiczP.,JasionP.,2010,Strengthanalysesofsandwichbeams,PoznanUniversityof
Technology,Poznan,ReportinPolish,21361/2010
22.WittenbeckL.,MagnuckiK.,2009,Elasticbucklingoforthotropiccylindricalvessel,The12thInternational
ConferenceonPressureVesselTechnology,ICPVT12,Jeju,Korea,AbstractBook,pp16,(CD,98100)

MarekMalinowski(1),TomaszBelica(1)andKrzysztofMagnucki(2)
(1)FacultyofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofZielonaGra,emails:m.malinowski@ibem.uz,zgora,pl
andt.belica@ibem.uz.zgora.pl
(2)InstituteofAppliedMechanics,PoznanUniversityofTechnology,email:
krzysztof.magnucki@put.poznan.pl
Bucklingofsandwichcylindricalshellwithcorrugatedmaincoreandthreelayerfaces,ACSApplied
ComputerScience,Vol.10,No.4,2014
ABSTRACT:Thesubjectofnumericalresearchisasevenlayercylindricalshellsubjecteduniformly
distributedexternalpressure.Theshellisthinwalledsandwichstructurecomposedofmaincorrugatedcore
(madeofathinmetalsheet)andtwothreelayerfaces.Thecoresofthefacesareporousandmadeofisotropic
metalfoam.Thecorrugationofthemaincoreisalonglongitudinalaxisoftheshell.Theshellissimply
supportedatitsallouteredges.NumericalFEMmodeloftheshelliselaborated.Criticalpressureforthefamily
oftheseshellsarecalculated.Furthermore,developedamodelofanequivalentsinglelayershellwherein
diameter,andweightarethesameasthesevenlayershell.Ithasbeenshownseveraltimeshigherresistanceto
bucklingofasevenlayershellcomparedtothesinglelayershell.
PetriKere(1and2)andMikkoLyly(2)
(1)TampereUniversityofTechnology,InstituteofAppliedMechanicsandOptimization,P.O.Box589,FIN
33101Tampere,Finland
(2)CenterforScientificComputing,P.O.Box405,FIN02101Espoo,Finland
ReissnerMindlinVonKrmntypeplatemodelfornonlinearanalysisoflaminatedcompositestructures,
CompositeStructures,Vol.71,Nos.34,December2005,pp.289292,SpecialIssue:FifthInternational
ConferenceonCompositeScienceandTechnologyICCST/5,doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.09.007
ABSTRACT:Aplatemodelforanalysisanddesignoflaminatedcompositestructuressubjectedtolarge
deflectionsisconsidered.ThemodelisbasedonafacetapproximationofthemidsurfaceandReissner
MindlinVonKrmntypeplateequations.Thepotentialenergyfunctionalwherethelinearizedstraintensor
hasbeenreplacedbynonlinearfunctions,i.e.,theVonKrmnmodelforlargedeformationisformulated.The
nonlinearequationsaresolvediterativelybyRiksmethodwithCrisfieldsellipticalconstraintforarclength.
Thelinearizedequationsarediscretizedbythefiniteelementmethod.Loaddisplacementbehaviorofthe
structureaswellasfailurepredictionandidentificationofcriticalareasoftheFEmodelareillustratedwitha
numericalexample.
PetriKere(TampereUniversityofTechnology,InstituteofAppliedMechanicsandOptimization,P.O.Box
589,FI33101Tampere,Finland)
MikkoLyly(CSCScientificComputingLtd.,P.O.Box405,FI02101Espoo,Finland)
OnpostbucklinganalysisandexperimentalcorrelationofcylindricalcompositeshellswithReissnerMindlin
VonKrmntypefacetmodel,ComputersandStructures,Volume86Issue9,May,2008,pp.10061013,

doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2007.04.025
ABSTRACT:Inthispaperpostbucklinganalysisofcarbonfibrereinforcedplasticcylindricalshellsunder
axialcompressionisconsidered.ReissnerMindlinVonKrmntypeshellfacetmodelisusedinthe
computations.Theeffectofgeometricimperfectionshapeandamplitudeonnonlinearanalysisresultsis
discussed.Numericalexperimentalcorrelationisperformedusingtheresultsofexperimentalbucklingtests
foundintheliterature.Resultsshowthatbringingthediamondshapegeometricimperfectioninthemodel
significantlyimprovesthecorrelationandgivesgoodaccuracyinsimulatingcylindricalshellpostbuckling
behaviour.
PetriKere(1)(email:petri.kere@tut.f)andMikkoLyly(2),
(1)DepartmentofMechanicsandDesign,TampereUniversityofTechnology,Tampere,Finland
(2)CSCITCenterforScienceLtd.,Espoo,Finland(email:mikko.lyly@csc.f)
ReissnerMindlinVonKrmnTypeShellFacetModelforBucklingSimulationofImperfectCylindrical
CompositeShells,MechanicsofAdvancedMaterialsandStructures,Vol.18,No.2,2011,pp.115124,doi:
10.1080/15376494.2010.496063(7thEUROMECHSolidMechanicsConferenceJ.Ambrosioet.al.(eds.)
Lisbon,Portugal,711September2009)
ABSTRACT:Designofthinwalledcylindricalshellsfabricatedfromcompositematerialsleadstothe
requirementofvalidatedsimulationproceduresforthebucklingsimulationofrealistic,geometricallyimperfect
shells.Inthiswork,thesimulationisperformedwithageometricallynonlinearanalysisusingReissner
MindlinVonKrmntypeshellfacetmodel.Adiamondshapedgeometricimperfectionpatternisappliedin
thecomputationalmodel.Basedonthesimulation,limitsofbucklingloadsareestimatedforthecylindrical
CFRPshellsandcomparedtothetestresultsfromtheliterature.
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CompositeStructures,71,289292,2005.
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MindlinVonKrmnTypeShellFacetModel.Proc.6thInternationalConferenceonCompositeScienceandTechnology(ICCST/6).
2224January,2007,Durban,SouthAfrica.
[14]P.Kere,J.Lento,M.Lyly,A.Ters,AStructuralDesignOptimizationSystemExploitingDistributedGridResources.Proc.47th
AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASCStructures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,14May,2006,Newport,RI,USA.Paper
AIAA20061626.
[15]P.Kere,M.Lyly,OnPostBucklingAnalysisandExperimentalCorrelationofCylindricalCompositeShellswithReissner
MindlinVonKrmnTypeFacetModel.Computers&Structures,86,10061013,2008.
[16]P.Kere,M.Lyly,BucklingSimulationofImperfectCylindricalCompositeShellsUsingReissnerMindlinVonKrmnType
ShellFacetModel.Proc.XXIIInternationalCongressofTheoreticalandAppliedMechanics(ICTAM2008).2429August,2008,
Adelaide,Australia.Paper10341.
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[19]E.Ramm,StrategiesforTracingtheNonlinearResponseNearLimitPoints.NonlinearFiniteElementAnalysisinstructural
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1972.
[22]T.Winterstetter,H.Schmidt,StabilityofCircularCylindricalSteelShellsUnderCombinedLoading.ThinWalledStructures,40,
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[23]ElmerModelsManual,CSCScientificComputingLtd.,2007.Elmerwebsitewww.csc.fi/elmer.
[24]NorduGridMiddleware,theAdvancedResourceConnector,Release0.6.1,TheNorduGridCollaboration,2007.NorduGridweb
sitewww.nordugrid.org.

PetriKere(1)andMikkoLyly(2)
(1)TampereUniversityofTechnology,InstituteofAppliedMechanicsandOptimizationP.O.Box589,FIN
33101Tampere,Finland
(2)CenterforScientificComputing,P.O.Box405,FIN02101Espoo,Finland
ReissnerMindlinVonKrmnTypePlateModelforPostbucklingAnalysisofLaminatedComposite
Structures,2011,(publishernotgiveninpdffile;apparentlyinabookeditedbyW.GutkowskiandT.A.
Kowalewski.)
ABSTRACT:PostbucklingbehaviouroflaminatedcompositestructuresusingReissnerMindlinVonKrmn
typeplatemodelisconsidered.Thepotentialenergyfunctionalwherethelinearizedstraintensorhasbeen
replacedbynonlinearVonKrmnmodelforlargedeformationisformulated.ThestabilizedMITCtechnique
isusedtodiscretizetheproblembyfiniteelements.Loaddisplacementbehaviourofthestructureaswellasthe
failurepredictionandtheidentificationofthecriticalareasofthemodelareillustratedwithnumerical
examples.
Referenceslistredattheendofthepaper:

[1]ELMERwebsiteatwww.csc.fi/elmer.
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D.PoorveisandM.Z.Kabir(DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,AmirkabirUniversityof
Technology,Tehran,Iran),BucklingofDiscretelyStringerStiffenedCompositeCylindricalShellsuner
CombinedAxialCompressionandExternalPressure,ScientiaIranica,Vol.13,No.2,pp.113123,April
2006
ABSTRACT:Inthispaper,thestaticbucklingofespeciallyorthotropicstringerstiffenedcompositecylindrical
shellssubjectedtocombinedaxialcompressionandexternalpressureisinvestigated,basedongeometricalnon
linearanalysiswithconsideringprebucklingdeformations.Thekinematicrelationofshellsisbasedonthe
DonnellnonlineartheoryandFirstOrderShearDeformation(FOSD)isadoptedforbothshellandstiffeners.
Displacements,rotationsandinteractingforcesareexpressedintermsofFourierseriesexpansionsas
independentapproximatesolutionunctions.Unknowncoefficientsofshellandstringersarerelatedby
satisfyingcontinuityconditionsofdisplacementsattheircontactareasusingLagrangemultipliers.Thenon
linearequilibriumequationsareobtainedusingtheRitzmethod.Theeffectsofsensitivityparameters,e.g.,shell
layups,differentnumbersofstringersinthecircumference,locationofstiffeners(outsidevs.inside)andthe
discreteversussmearedapproachoninteractionbucklingcurvesareconsidered.Resultsindicateremarkable
differencesbetweenoutsideandinsidestringerstiffenedcylinderbucklingloadsandalsoillustratethe
fundamentalroleofshellstackingsequencesandstiffenedshellgeometryontheapplicabilityrangeofthe
smearedstiffenerapproach.
M.Z.KabirandA.RojhaniShirazi(CivilandEnvironmentEngineeringAmirKabirUniversityofTechnology,
Tehran,Iran),Optimumdesignoffilamentwoundlaminatedconicalshellsforbucklingusingthepenalty
function,ArchiveofSID,JournalofAerospaceScienceandTechnology(JAST),Vol.5,No.3,September
2008
ABSTRACT:Optimumlaminateconfigurationforminimumweightoffilamentwoundlamintedconicalshells
subjecttobucklingloadconstraintisinvestigated.Inthecaseofalaminatedconicalshell,thethicknessandthe
plyorientation(thedesignvariables)arefunctionsoftheshellcoordinates,influencingboththebucklingload
anditsweight.Theseeffectscomplicatetheoptimizationproblemconsiderably.Thefirstlevelofcomplexityis
attributedtothecorrelationbetweenthevolumeandthebucklingloadandtheirdependenceonthefiber
configuration.Thesecondlevelofcomplexityisassociatedwiththehighcomputationalcostinvolvedin
calculationofthebucklingload.Thus,themainobjectiveofthisstudyistosolvetheoptimizationproblemas
wellastoreducethecomputationalcostassociatedwithit.Basedonthecharacteristicbucklingbehaviorof
laminatedconicalshells,theusualpenaltyfunctionmethodisused.
JuanC.VirellaCrespo,LuisA.Godoy,andLuisE.Suarez(UniversityofPuertoRicoatMayaguez,
DepartmentofCivilEngineeringandSurveying),BucklingandRetrofitofSteelTanksSubjecttoWindand
EarthquakeLoadings,talkgivenin2002.Somenicephotographsofbuckledtanks.Thiscitationconsistsofvu
foils(likeaPowerPointpresentation).Noabstractnorreferencesaregiven.
X.Wang,H.K.YangandK.Dong(DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,SchoolofNavalArchitecture,
OceanandCivilEngineering,ShanghaiJiaotongUniversity,Shanghai200240,PRChina),Torsionalbuckling

ofmultiwalledcarbonnanotubes,MaterialsScienceandEngineering:A,Vol.404,Nos.12,September2005,
pp.314322,doi:10.1016/j.msea.2005.05.071
ABSTRACT:Thispaperinvestigatestorsionalbucklingofanindividualmultiwalledcarbonnanotubes.The
multipleshellmodelisadoptedandtheeffectofvanderWaalsforcesbetweenadjacentnanotubesistakeninto
account.Accordingtotheratioofradiustothickness,multiwalledcarbonnanotubesdiscussedhereare
classifiedintothreecases:thin,thick,andnearlysolid.Thecriticalshearstressandthetorsionalbucklingmode
arecalculatedforvariousradiustothicknessratios.Resultscarriedoutshowthatthebucklingmode(m,n)
correspondingthecriticalshearstressissole,whichisobviouslydifferentfromtheaxiallycompressedbuckling
ofanindividualmultiwalledcarbonnanotubes.Theinvestigationontorsionalbucklingofmultiwalledcarbon
nanotubesinthispapermaybeusedasausefulreferenceforthedesignsofnanooscillators,nanodrivedevices
andactuatorsinwhichmultiwalledcarbonnanotubesactasbasicelements.
Y.J.LuandX.Wang(DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,SchoolofNavalArchitecture,OceanandCivil
Engineering,ShanghaiJiaotongUniversity,Shanghai200240,People'sRepublicofChina,
email:xwang@sjtu.edu.cn),Combinedtorsionalbucklingofmultiwalledcarbonnanotubes,J.Phys.D:
Appl.Phys.Vol.39,2006,p.3380doi:10.1088/00223727/39/15/024
ABSTRACT:Thispaperreportstheresultsofaninvestigationoncombinedtorsionalbucklingofanindividual
multiwalledcarbonnanotube(MWNT)undercombinedtorqueandaxialloading.Here,amultipleshellmodel
isadoptedandtheeffectofvanderWaalsforcesbetweentwoadjacenttubesistakenintoaccount.According
totheratioofradiustothickness,MWNTsdiscussedinthispaperareclassifiedintothreetypes:thin,thickand
nearlysolid.ThecriticalshearstressandthecombinedbucklingmodearecalculatedforthreetypesofMWNTs
undercombinedtorqueandaxialloading.Resultscarriedoutshowthatthebucklingmode(m,n)corresponding
tothecriticalshearstressisunique,whichisobviouslydifferentfromthepurelyaxialcompressionbucklingof
anindividualMWNT.Numericalresultsalsoshowthatthecriticalshearstressesandthecorresponding
bucklingmodesofMWNTsundercombinedtorqueandaxialloadingaredependentontheaxialloadingform
andthetypesofMWNTs.Thenewfeaturesandmeaningfulnumericalresultsinthepresentworkoncombined
bucklingofMWNTsundercombinedtorqueandaxialloadingmaybeusedasausefulreferenceforthedesigns
ofnanodrivedevicesandrotationalactuatorsinwhichMWNTsactasbasicelements.
X.Wang(1),GuoxingLu(2)andY.J.Lu(1)
(1)SchoolofNavalArchitecture,OceanandCivilEngineering,ShanghaiJiaotongUniversity,Shanghai
200240,PeoplesRepublicofChina
(2)FacultyofEngineeringandIndustrialSciences,SwinburneUniversityofTechnology,Hawthorn,Vic.3122,
Australia
Bucklingofembeddedmultiwalledcarbonnanotubesundercombinedtorsionandaxialloading,
InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol.44,No.1,January2007,pp.336351,
doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2006.04.031
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdescribesaninvestigationintoelasticbucklingofanembeddedmultiwalledcarbon
nanotubeundercombinedtorsionandaxialloading,whichtakesaccountoftheradialconstraintfromthe
surroundingelasticmediumandvanderWaalsforcebetweentwoadjacenttubewalls.Dependingontheratio
ofradiustothickness,themultiwalledcarbonnanotubesdiscussedhereareclassifiedasthin,thick,andnearly
solid.Criticalbucklingloadwiththecorrespondingmodeisobtainedformultiwalledcarbonnanotubesunder

combinedtorsionandaxialloading,withvariousvaluesoftheradiustothicknessratioandsurroundedwith
differentelasticmedia.Thestudyindicatesthatthebucklingmode(m,n)ofanembeddedmultiwalledcarbon
nanotubeundercombinedtorsionandaxialloadingisuniqueanditisdifferentfromthatwithaxial
compressiononly.Newfeaturesforthebucklingofanembeddedmultiwalledcarbonnanotubeunder
combinedtorsionandaxialloadingandthemeaningfulnumericalresultsareusefulinthedesignofnanodrive
device,nanotorsionaloscillatorandrotationalactuators,wheremultiwalledcarbonnanotubesactasbasic
elements.
H.K.YangandX.Wang(DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,SchoolofNavalArchitecture,Oceanand
CivilEngineering,ShanghaiJiaotongUniversity,Shanghai200240,PeoplesRepublicofChina),Torsional
bucklingofmultiwallcarbonnanotubesembeddedinanelasticmedium,CompositeStructures,Vol.77,No.2,
January2007,pp.182192,doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.06.013
ABSTRACT:Thispaperinvestigatestorsionalbucklingofamultiwallcarbonnanotubeembeddedinanelastic
medium.TheeffectsofsurroundingelasticmediumandvanderWaalsforcesfromadjacentnanotubesare
takenintoaccount.Usingcontinuummechanics,anelasticlaminatedshellmodelispresentedtostudythe
torsionalbucklingofamultiwallcarbonnanotubeembeddedinanelasticmedium.Alaminatedcylinder
composedofamultiwallcarbonnanotubeandasurroundingelasticmediumisusedtodescribetheeffectof
elasticmediumonthemultiwallcarbonnanotubes.Accordingtotheratioofradiustothickness,multiwall
carbonnanotubesdiscussedhereareclassifiedintothreecases:thin,thick,andnearlysolid.Thecriticalshear
stressandthetorsionalbucklingmodearecalculatedforvariousradiustothicknessratiosandelasticmedium
effects.Resultscarriedoutshowthatthebucklingmode(m,n)correspondingthecriticalshearstressissole,
whichisobviouslydifferentfromtheaxiallycompressedbucklingofmultiwallcarbonnanotubes.The
investigationontorsionalbucklingofmultiwallcarbonnanotubesembeddedinanelasticmediuminthispaper
maybeusedasausefulreferenceforthedesignsofnanooscillatorsandactuatorsinwhichmultiwallcarbon
nanotubesactastorsionalsprings.
X.Y.WangandX.Wang(DepartmentofEngineeringMechanics,SchoolofNavalArchitectureOceanand
CivilEngineering,ShanghaiJiaotongUniversityShanghai200240,P.R.China,email:xwang@sjtu.edu.cn),
TorsionalBucklingofMultiwalledCarbonNanotubesSubjectedtoTorsionalLoads,JournalofReinforced
PlasticsandComposites,March2007,vol.26,no.5,pp.479494,doi:10.1177/0731684406072538
ABSTRACT:Thetorsionalbucklingofanindividualmultiwalledcarbonnanotubeundertwodifferentloading
conditionsisstudiedinthisarticle.ThemultipleshellmodelisadoptedandtheeffectsofvanderWaalsforces
betweenadjacentnanotubesaretakenintoaccount.Anexaminationwithanindividualdoublewalledcarbon
nanotubeshowsthattheeffectofthechangeofinterlayerspacingonthetorsionalbucklingforcecanbe
neglectedifonlytheinnermostradiusislargerthanacertainvalue.Underthiscondition,singlebuckling
equationsarederivedandexplicitformulasforthecriticaltorsionalloadsintermsofthebucklingmodesare
obtained.Itisfoundthatthecriticaltorsionalloadofamultiwalledcarbonnanotubewithtorqueexertedonthe
outermosttubeishigherthanthatofthesamemultiwalledcarbonnanotubesunderthetorquesbeing
proportionallyappliedtoeachindividuallayerofthemultiwalledcarbonnanotubes.Forthinmultiwalled
carbonnanotubeswithlargeradii,thecriticaltorquelinearlyscaleswithitsthickness,butthecriticalshear
force(perunitlength)ofthemultiwalledcarbonnanotubesuniformlytwistedalongthecrosssectiondoesnot
increaseasitslayernumber(thickness)increases,whichisduetotheinterlayerslipsbetweenadjacent

nanotubes.
HsaoW.Yap,RodericS.Lakes,andRobertW.Carpick(DepartmentofPhysics,DepartmentofEngineering
Physics,MaterialsScienceProgram,andRheologyResearchCenter,UniVersityofWisconsinsMadison,
Madison,Wisconsin53706),MechanicalInstabilitiesofIndividualMultiwalledCarbonNanotubesunder
CyclicAxialCompression,NanoLetters,2007,Vol.7,No.5,pp.11491154,doi:10.1021/nl062763b
ABSTRACT:Individualmultiwalledcarbonnanotubeswitharangeofaspectratiosaresubjectedtocyclic
axialcompressiontolargestrainsusingatomicforcemicroscopy.Distinctelasticbucklingandpostbuckling
phenomenaareobservedreproduciblyandareascribedtoEuler,asymmetricshellbuckling(i.e.,kinking),and
symmetricshellbuckling.Theseshowagreementwithcontinuumtheoriesthatrangefromapproximateto
remarkable.Shellbucklingyieldsreproducibleincrementalnegativestiffnessintheinitialpostbuckledregime.
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MotohiroSato(1),M.AhmerWadee(2),KohtarohIiboshi(1),TakafumiSekizawa(1),HiroyukiShima(3)
(1)DivisionofEngineeringandPolicyforSustainableEnvironment,FacultyofEngineering,Hokkaido
University,Kita13Nishi8,Kitaku,Sapporo,Japan
(2)DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,ImperialCollegeLondon,SW72AZ,UK
(3)DivisionofAppliedPhysics,FacultyofEngineering,HokkaidoUniversity,Kita13Nishi8,Kitaku,
Sapporo,Japan
Emailaddresses:tayu@eng.hokudai.ac.jp,m.sato@imperial.ac.uk(M.Sato),
a.wadee@imperial.ac.uk(M.A.Wadee),iiboshi@eng.hokudai.ac.jp(K.Iiboshi),fsksfmttk@ec.hokudai.ac.jp
(T.Sekizawa),shima@eng.hokudai.ac.jp(H.Shima)
Bucklingpatternsofcompletesphericalshellsfilledwithanelasticmediumunderexternalpressure,Cornell
UniversityLibrary,SubmittedtoInternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences.14Mar2011,24pages,9
figures,Citeas:arXiv.1103.2179v1
ABSTRACT:Thecriticalbucklingcharacteristicsofhydrostaticallypressurizedcompletesphericalshellsfilled
withanelasticmediumaredemonstrated.Amodelbasedonsmalldeflectionthinshelltheory,theequationsof
whicharesolvedinconjunctionwithvariationalprinciples,ispresented.Intheexactformulation,axisymmetric
andinextensionalassumptionsarenotusedinitiallyandtheelasticmediumismodelledasaWinkler
foundation,i.e.,usinguncoupledradialspringswithaconstantfoundationmodulusthatisindependentofwave
numbersofshellbucklingmodes.SimplifiedapproximationsbasedonaRayleighRitzapproacharealso
introducedforcriticalbucklingpressureandmodenumberwithaconsiderabledegreeofaccuracy.
Characteristicmodalshapesaredemonstratedforawiderangeofmaterialandgeometricparameters.Aphase
diagramisestablishedtoobtaintherequisitethicknesstoradius,andstiffnessratiosforadesiredmodeprofile.
Thepresentexactformulationcanbereadilyextendedtoapplytomoregeneralcasesofnonaxisymmetric
bucklingproblems.
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M.AhmerWadeeandLeroyGardner(DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,ImperialCollege
London,LondonSW72AZ,UK),CellularbucklingfrommodeinteractioninIbeamsunderuniformbending,
ProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietyA,Vol.468,No.2137,pp.245268,January2012,doi:10.1098/rspa.2011.0400
ABSTRACT:Beamsmadefromthinwalledelements,whileveryefficientintermsofthestructuralstrengthand
stiffnesstoweightratios,canbesusceptibletohighlycomplexinstabilityphenomena.Anonlinearanalytical
formulationbasedonvariationalprinciplesfortheubiquitousIbeamwiththinflangesunderuniformbendingis
presented.Theresultingsystemofdifferentialandintegralequationsaresolvedusingnumericalcontinuation
techniquessuchthattheresponsefarintothepostbucklingrangecanbeportrayed.Theinteractionbetweenglobal
lateraltorsionalbucklingofthebeamandlocalbucklingoftheflangeplateisfoundtoobligethebuckling
deformationtolocalizeinitiallyatthebeammidspanwithsubsequentcellularbuckling(snaking)beingpredicted
theoreticallyforthefirsttime.Solutionsfromthemodelcompareveryfavourablywithaseriesofclassic
experimentsandsomenewlyconductedtestswhichalsoexhibitthepredictedsequenceoflocalizedfollowedby
cellularbuckling.

M.AhmerWadeeandMaryamFarsi(DepartmentofCivil&EnvironmentalEngineering,ImperialCollege
London,LondonSW72AZ,UK),Cellularbucklinginstiffenedplates,AcceptedforpublicationinProc.
RoyalSoc.A,arXiv.1405.0216v1[condmat.mtrlsci]1May2014
ABSTRACT:Ananalyticalmodelbasedonvariationalprinciplesforathinwalledstiffenedplatesubjectedto
axialcompressionispresented.Asystemofnonlineardifferentialandintegralequationsisderivedandsolved
usingnumericalcontinuation.Theresultsshowthatthesystemissusceptibletohighlyunstablelocalglobal
modeinteractionafteraninitialinstabilityistriggered.Moreover,snapbacksintheresponseshowing
sequentialdestabilizationandrestabilization,knownascellularbucklingorsnaking,arise.Theanalyticalmodel
iscomparedtostaticfiniteelementmodelsforjointconditionsbetweenthestiffenerandthemainplatethat
havesignificantrotationalrestraint.However,itisknownfrompreviousstudiesthatthebehaviour,wherethe
samejointisinsignificantlyrestrainedrotationally,iscapturedbetterbyananalyticalapproachthanbystandard
finiteelementmethods;thelatterbeingunabletocapturecellularbucklingbehavioureventhoughthe

phenomenonisclearlyobservedinlaboratoryexperiments.
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SungJinPark,MotohiroSato,TetsuroIkeda,HiroyukiShima,HardtoSoftTransitioninRadialBucklingof
MultiConcentricNanocylinders,WorldJournalofMechanics(WJM),Vol.2,No.1,pp.4250,February2012,
DOI:10.4236/wjm.2012.21006,

http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?paperID=17690
ABSTRACT:Weinvestigatethecrosssectionalbucklingofmulticoncentrictubularnanomaterials,whichare
calledmultiwalledcarbonnanotubes(MWNTs),usingananalysisbasedonthinshelltheory.MWNTsunder
hydrostaticpressureexperienceradialbuckling.Asaresultofthis,differentbucklingmodesareobtaineddepending
ontheintertubeseparationdaswellasthenumberofconstituenttubesNandtheinnermosttubediameter.Allof
thebucklingmodesareclassifiedintotwodeformationphases.Inthefirstphase,whichcorrespondstoanelliptic
deformation,theradialstiffnessincreasesrapidlywithincreasingN.Incontrast,thesecondphaseyieldswavy,
corrugatedstructuresalongthecircumferenceforwhichtheradialstiffnessdeclineswithincreasingN.Thehardto
softphasetransitioninradialbucklingisadirectconsequenceofthecoreshellstructureofMWNTs.Special
attentionisdevotedtohowthevariationindaffectsthecriticaltubenumberNc,whichseparatesthetwo
deformationphasesobservedinNwallednanotubes,i.e.,theellipticphaseforN<Ncandthecorrugatedphasefor
N>Nc.WedemonstratethatalargerdtendstoresultinasmallerNc,whichisattributedtotheprimaryroleofthe
interatomicforcesbetweenconcentrictubesinthehardtosofttransitionduringtheradialbucklingofMWNTs.
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IreneAriasandMarinoArroyo(Dept.AppliedMathematics3,LaCN,UniversitatPolitcnicadeCatalunya(UPC),
Barcelona08034,Spain),SizeDependentNonlinearElasticScalingofMultiwalledCarbonNanotubes,Phys.Rev.
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nanotubes(MWCNTs)intorsionandbending.Weidentifyaunifiedlawconsistingoftwodistinctpowerlaw
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mechanicalresponseofMWCNTsisfoundtobestronglysizedependent,inthatthecriticalstrainbeyondwhich
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RichardSuperfine,MichaelFalvo,RussellM.Taylor,IIandSeanWashburn(DepartmentofPhysicsand
Astronomy,NorthCarolinaUniversityatChqpelHill),Nanomanipulation:Buckling,TransportandRollingat
theNanoscale,ResearchReport,2002
DTICAccessionNumber:ADA466718,Handle/proxyUrl:http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA466718
ABSTRACT:Thestudyofnovelmaterialsproducesmanychallengesintheareasofsynthesis,modelingand
characterization.Forthelatter,onewouldliketobeabletodeterminemechanical,electricalanddynamical
properties,andcorrelatethemwithstructure.Inthefollowingchapter,wedescribeworkperformedatthe
UniversityofNorthCarolinaChapelHill(UNC)inthedevelopmentofmicroscopyinstrumentsystems,
includinganaturalinterfaceforscannedprobemicroscopywecallthenanoManipulator.Wedescribethe
principledesignfeaturesoftheinstrumentsystemincludingthevisualdisplayofdata,thehaptic(force
feedback)controlanddisplaycapabilities.Second,wedescribethecombinationofmicroscopyand
manipulationinajointScanningElectronMicroscopy/ScanningProbeMicroscopysystem.Thesesystemshave
beenusedforstudiesofnanotubemechanicaldynamicalandelectricalproperties,8andforthestudyof
biologicalmacromolecularstructuressuchasviruses,fibers(pili,fibrin,microtubules,etc.)andmolecules
(DNA).Wedescribeexamplesofthesestudiesdrawnfromourworkonnanotubesandviruses.
L.J.Sudak(DepartmentofMechanicalandManufacturingEngineering,UniversityofCalgary,Calgary,
AlbertaT2N1N4,Canada),Columnbucklingofmultiwalledcarbonnanotubesusingnonlocalcontinuum
mechanics,J.Appl.Phys.94,7281(2003);doi:10.1063/1.1625437(7pages),
ABSTRACT:Amodel,basedonthetheoryofnonlocalcontinuummechanics,onthecolumnbucklingof
multiwalledcarbonnanotubesispresented.Thepresentanalysisconsidersthateachofthenestedconcentric
tubesisanindividualcolumnandthatthedeflectionofallthecolumnsiscoupledtogetherthroughthevander
Waalsinteractionsbetweenadjacenttubes.Basedonthisdescription,aconditionisderivedintermsofthe
parametersthatdescribethevanderWaalsforcesandthesmallinternallengthscaleeffects.Inparticular,an
explicitexpressionisderivedforthecriticalaxialstrainofadoublewalledcarbonnanotubewhichclearly
demonstratesthatsmallscaleeffectscontributesignificantlytothemechanicalbehaviorofmultiwalledcarbon
nanotubesandcannotbeignored.
C.Q.Ru(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,AlbertaT6G2G8,Canada),
Columnbucklingofmultiwalledcarbonnanotubeswithinterlayerradialdisplacements,Phys.Rev.B,Vol.62,
pp.1696216967(2000),doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.62.16962
ABSTRACT:Anelasticmodelispresentedforcolumnbucklingofamultiwalledcarbonnanotubeembeddedwithin
anelasticmedium.Theemphasisisplacedontheroleofinterlayerradialdisplacementsbetweenadjacentnanotubes.
Incontrasttoanexistingmodelwhichtreatstheentiremultiwallednanotubeasasinglecolumn,thepresentmodel
treatseachofthenestedtubesasanindividualcolumninteractingwithadjacentnanotubesthroughtheintertubevan
derWaalsforces.Basedonthismodel,aconditionisderivedintermsoftheparametersdescribingthevander
Waalsinteraction,underwhichtheeffectofthenoncoincidenceofalldeflectedcolumnaxesissosmallthatitdoes
notvirtuallyaffectthecriticalaxialstrain.Inparticular,thisconditionismetforcarbonmultiwallednanotubes
providedthatthehalfwavelengthofthebucklingmodeismuchlargerthantheoutermostdiameter.Inthiscase,the
criticalaxialstraincanbepredictedcorrectlybytheexistingsinglecolumnmodel.Ontheotherhand,theexisting
modelcouldoverestimatethecriticalaxialstrainwhenthehalfwavelengthofthebucklingmodeisclosetoor
smallerthantheoutermostradius.

C.Q.Ru(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,AlbertaT6G2G8,Canada),
Degradedaxialbucklingstrainofmultiwalledcarbonnanotubesduetointerlayerslips,J.Appl.Phys.89,3426
(2001);doi:10.1063/1.1347956(8pages)
ABSTRACT:Amultipleshellmodelispresentedforinfinitesimalaxiallycompressedbucklingofamultiwalled
carbonnanotubeembeddedwithinanelasticmatrix.Incontrasttoanexistingsingleshellmodelwhichtreatsthe
entiremultiwallednanotubeasasinglelayerelasticshell,thepresentmodelassumesthateachofthenested
concentrictubesisanindividualelasticshellandthedeflectionsofallshellsarecoupledthroughthevanderWaals
interactionbetweenadjacentnanotubes.Byexaminingadoublewalledcarbonnanotube,itisfoundthatthechange
ininterlayerspacinghasanegligibleeffectontheaxialbucklingstrainprovidedthattheinnermostradiusisatleast
afewnanometers.Underthiscondition,asingleequationisderivedwhichdeterminesthedeflectionofthe
multiwalledcarbonnanotube,anditisshownthatinfinitesimalaxialbucklingofaNwalledcarbonnanotubesis
equivalenttothatofasinglelayerelasticshellwhosebendingstiffnessisapproximatelyNtimestheeffective
bendingstiffnessofasinglewalledcarbonnanotube.Asaresult,theaxialbucklingstrainofaNwalledcarbon
nanotubeisabout5Ntimeslowerthanthatpredictedbytheexistingsingleshellmodel.Thedegradedaxial
bucklingstrainisattributedtotheinterlayerslipsbetweenadjacentnanotubes,whichrepresentsanessentialfeature
ofmechanicalbehaviorofmultiwalledcarbonnanotubes
C.Q.Ru(DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,AlbertaT6G2G8,Canada),
Bucklingofemptysphericalvirusesunderexternalpressure,JournalofAppliedPhysics,Vol.105,No.12,June
2009,pp.1247011247016,doi:10.1063/1.3141753
ABSTRACT:Motivatedbystructuralheterogeneityandthicknessnonuniformityofproteinshells(suchas
microtubulesandviralcapsids),arefinedelasticshellmodelissuggestedtostudytheeffectoftransverseshearand
effectivebendingthicknessonbucklingofanemptysphericalviralshellunderexternalpressure.Akeyfeatureof
themodelisthatthetransverseshearmodulusofviralshellsisallowedtobemuchlowerthantheinplaneshear
modulus,inaccordancewiththeweakresistanceoftwodimensionalproteinassembliestotransverseshear.The
resultsshowthatthetransverseshearinducedcriticalpressuredropcouldbeasbigas50%70%forsmallerradius
viralshellswhenthetransverseshearmodulusisaboutoneorderofmagnitudesmallerthantheinplaneshear
modulus,althoughtheeffectoftransverseshearisnegligibleifthetransverseshearmodulusisequaltoorlarger
thantheinplaneshearmodulus.Theseresultssuggestthattheclassicalhomogeneousshellmodelwidelyusedinthe
literaturewouldoverestimatethestrengthofviralshellsagainstbucklingunderexternalpressure.Therefinedmodel
suggestedherecouldextendtheapplicabilityofhomogeneouselasticshellmodelsfromlargerradiusviralshellsto
smallradiusones.

CiprianD.Coman,AndrewP.BassomandM.KhurramWadee,Elastoplasticlocalisedresponsesinone
dimensionalstructuralmodels,JournalofEngineeringMathematics,Vol.47,No.2,2003,pp.83100,
doi:10.1023/A:1025856602682
ABSTRACT:Thisworkcomplementsrecentdevelopmentsconcerningthebucklingofbeamslyingona
nonlinear(nonconvex)elasticfoundation,andalsoreportsonsomeinvestigationsontheroleofmaterial
nonlinearity.Twostructuralmodelsarestudiedusingasimpleelastoplasticconstitutiverelationship,and
bucklingproblemsareformulatedasreversiblefourthorderdifferentialequations.Itisdemonstratedthat
modulatedresponsesarepossibleundercertaincircumstances.Somenumericalsimulationsarepresented
supportingtheanalyticalfindings.

CiprianD.ComanandAndrewP.Bassom,Onthewrinklingofaprestressedannularthinfilmintension,Journal
oftheMechanicsandPhysicsofSolids,Vol.55,No.8,pp.16011617,August2007,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmps.2007.01.006
ABSTRACT:
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CiprianD.Coman(1)andAndrewP.Bassom(2)
(1)DepartmentofMathematics,UniversityofGlasgowUniversityGardens,GlasgowG128QW,UK
(2)SchoolofMathematicsandStatistics,UniversityofWesternAustralia
Crawley6009,Australia
Boundarylayersandstressconcentrationinthecircularshearingofannularthinfilms,ProceedingsoftheRoyal
SocietyA,Vol.463,No.2087,pp.30373053,November2007,DOI:10.1098/rspa.2007.0106
ABSTRACT:ThisworkaddressesageneralizationofDean'sclassicalproblem,whichsoughttoexplainhowan
annularthinelasticplatebucklesunderuniformshearingforcesappliedarounditsedges.Weadapttheoriginal
settingbyassumingthattheouteredgeisradiallystretchedwhiletheinnerrimundergoesinplanerotationthrough
somesmallangle.Boundarylayermethodsareusedtoinvestigateanalyticallythedeformationpatternwhichisset
upandlocalizedaroundtheinnerholewhenthisanglereachesawelldefinedcriticalwrinklingvalue.Linear
stabilitytheoryenablesustoidentifyboththecriticalloadandthepreferrednumberofwrinklesappearinginthe
deformedconfiguration.Ourasymptoticresultsarecomparedwithanumberofdirectnumericalsimulations.
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1617.doi:10.1016/j.jmps.2007.01.006.
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doi:10.1177/1081286507077107.
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Math.
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200.doi:10.1007/s0070700503072.
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HaughtonD.MandMcKayB.A,1995Wrinklingofannulardiscssubjectedtoradialdisplacements.Int.J.Eng.Sci.33,335350.
doi:10.1016/00207225(94)00068U.
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study.ASMEJ.Appl.Mech.71,532_540.doi:10.1115/1.1767171.
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Mech.Anal.49,321380.doi:10.1007/BF00253044.
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Struct.22,14071425.doi:10.1016/S01410296(99)001017.
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TimoshenkoS,1921berdieStabilittversteifterPlatten.DerEisenbau.12,147163.

CiprianD.Coman(UniversityofGlasgow,DepartmentofMathematics,UniversityGardens,Glasgow,G128QW,
UnitedKingdom),Remarksonelasticbucklingforsectorialplates,InternationalJournalofEngineeringScience
Vol.47,No.10,October2009,pp.10021013,doi:10.1016/j.ijengsci.2009.04.004
ABSTRACT:Thisworkinvestigatestheedgebucklingexperiencedbyasectorialplateinauniformbiaxialstateof

stressandsubjecttoinplanebending.Sincethegoverningdifferentialequationshavevariablecoefficients,itturns
outthattheneutrallystableeigenfunctionscanbequalitativelyquitedifferentasthemodenumbervaries.Our
interactiveboundarylayeranalysissucceedsincapturingthemostdangerousmodeassociatedwiththeglobal
minimumofthemarginalstabilitycurve,whileacomplementaryWKBroutesuppliesanexplanationforthe
morphologicaltransitionsexperiencedbytheeigenmodes.Thevalidityofouranalysisisconfirmedbydirect
numericalsimulationsofthefullfourthorderbucklingequation,whichareinexcellentagreementwiththe
theoreticalconsiderations.
XiangLiuandCiprianComan(UniversityofGlasgow,DepartmentofMathematics,UniversityGardens,Glasgow,
G128QW,UnitedKingdom),Thelocalizedwrinklingofastretchedbiannularthinplate,WorldAcademyof
Science,EngineeringandTechnology,Vol.6,No.11,November2012,waset.org/publications/12322
ABSTRACT:Thewrinklingofathinelasticbiannularplatewithpiecewiseconstantmechanicalproperties,
subjectedtoradialstretching,isconsidered.Thecriticalwrinklingstretchingloadingandthecorresponding
wrinklingpatternsareextensivelyinvestigated,togetherwiththerolesplayedbyboththegeometricaland
mechanicalparameters.
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T.Tarnai(HungarianInstituteforBuildingScience,DavidF.u.6,Budapest1113,Hungary),Buckling
patternsofshellsandsphericalhoneycombstructures,Computers&MathematicswithApplications,Vol.17,
Nos.46,1989,pps639652,SpecialIssue:Symmetry2,UnifyingHumanUnderstanding(Part2),
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mandrelinsideandtheformoflivingsphericalhoneycombstructuresisinvestigated.Theprimaryaimofthis

paperistodescribethetypicaltopologicalgeometricalpropertiesofthemultidimplebucklingpatternofa
completesphericalshellonthebasisofthisanalogy.Itwasfoundthat,althoughthesphereitselfisthemost
symmetricalform,thebucklingpatternonit(consistingofpentagons,hexagonsandheptagons)isasymmetric.
JackLidmar(1),LeonidMimy(2)andDavidR.Nelson(3)
(1)DepartmentofPhysics,RoyalInstituteofTechnology,AlbaNova,SE10691Stockholm,Sweden
(2)HarvardMITDivisionofHealthScienceandTechnology,MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,
Cambridge,Massachusetts02139,USA
(3)LymanLaboratoryofPhysics,HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,Massachusetts02138,USA
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ABSTRACT:WeshowthattheicosahedralpackingsofproteincapsomeresproposedbyCasparandKlugfor
sphericalvirusesbecomeunstabletofacetingforsufficientlylargevirussize,inanalogywiththebuckling
instabilityofdisclinationsintwodimensionalcrystals.Ourmodel,basedonthenonlinearphysicsofthinelastic
shells,producesexcellentoneparameterfitsinrealspacetothefullthreedimensionalshapeoflargespherical
viruses.ThefacetedshapedependsonlyonthedimensionlessFopplvonKarmannumbery=YR2/kappa,
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themeanvirusradius.Theshapecanbeparametrizedmorequantitativelyintermsofasphericalharmonic
expansion.Wealsoinvestigateelasticshelltheoryforextremelylargey,103<y<108,andfindresultsapplicable
toicosahedralshapesoflargevesiclesstudiedwithfreezefractureandelectronmicroscopy.
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AznarM,LuqueA,RegueraD.(DepartamentdeFsicaFonamental,UniversitatdeBarcelona,MartiFranqus
1,08028Barcelona,Spain.maznar@ffn.ub.es),Relevanceofcapsidstructureinthebucklingandmaturation
ofsphericalviruses,PhysBiol.2012Jun;9(3):036003.doi:10.1088/14783975/9/3/036003.Epub2012May4.
ABSTRACT:Theshapeandmechanicalpropertiesofviralcapsidsplayanimportantroleinseveralbiological
processesduringtheviruslifecycle.Inparticular,tobecomeinfective,manyvirusesrequireamaturationstage
wherethecapsidundergoesabucklingtransition,fromaninitialsphericalprocapsidintoafinalicosahedral
facetedshell.Herewestudy,usingaminimalphysicalmodel,howthecapsidshapeandthebucklingtransition
dependonthetriangulationnumberTandtheicosahedralclassPofthevirusstructure.Wefindthat,forsmall
shells,capsidswithP=1aremostlikelytoproducepolyhedralshapesthatminimizetheirenergyand
accumulatedstress,whereasviruseswithP=3prefertoremainspherical.Forbigcapsids,allshellsaremore
stableadoptinganicosahedralshape,inagreementwithcontinuumelastictheory.Moreover,sphericalviruses
showabucklingtransitiontopolyhedralshellsunderexpansion,inconsonancewithvirusmaturation.The
resultingicosahedralshellismechanicallystiffer,tolerateslargerexpansionsandwithstandshigherinternal
pressuresbeforefailing,whichcouldexplainwhysomedsDNAviruses,whichrelyonthepressurizationof
theirgeneticmaterialtofacilitatetheinfection,undergoabucklingtransition.Weemphasizethattheresultsare
generalandcouldalsobeappliedtononbiologicalsystems.

AntonioSiber(InstituteofPhysics,P.O.Box304,10001Zagreb,Croatia),Bucklingtransitioninicosahedral
shellssubjectedtovolumeconservationconstraintandpressure:Relationstovirusmaturation,Phys.Rev.E
73,061915(2006)[10pages],doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.73.061915
ABSTRACT:Minimalenergyshapesofclosed,elasticshellswith12pentagonaldisclinationsintroducedin
otherwisehexagonallycoordinatedcrystallinelatticearestudied.Thegeometryandthetotalenergyofshells
arestudiedasafunctionoftheelasticpropertiesofthematerialtheyaremadeof.Particularemphasisisputon
thebucklingtransitionoftheshells,thatis,astrongpreferenceoftheshellshapestobuckleoutinspatial
regionsclosetothepentagonaldisclinationsforacertainrangeoftheelasticparametersoftheproblem.The
transitioneffectivelyincreasesthemeansquareaspherityofshapes,makingthemlookmorelikeanicosahedron
ratherthanasphere,whichisapreferredshapepriortotheonsetofthetransition.Thepropertiesofthe
bucklingtransitionarestudiedincaseswhen(i)thetotalvolumeenclosedbytheelasticshellhastobefixed
andwhen(ii)thereisaninternalpressureactingontheshell.Thismayberelatedtothematurationprocessin
nonenvelopeddsDNAviruses,wheretheinsertionofthegeneticmaterialinapreformedproteinshell(viral
coating)mayeffectivelyimposethefixedvolumeand/orpressureconstraint.Severalscenariosthatmayexplain
theexperimentallyobservedfeatureofmaturevirusesbeingmoreaspherical(facetted)fromtheirimmature
precursorsarediscussed,andpredictionsfortheelasticpropertiesofviralcoatingsareobtainedonthebasisof
thepresentedstudies.
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MelissaM.GibbonsandWilliamS.Klug(DepartmentofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineering,University
ofCalifornia,LosAngeles,California90095,USA,klug@ucla.edu),Nonlinearfiniteelementanalysisof
nanoindentationofviralcapsids,Phys.Rev.E75,031901(2007)[11pages],doi:
10.1103/PhysRevE.75.031901
ABSTRACT:Recentatomicforcemicroscope(AFM)nanoindentationexperimentsmeasuringmechanical
responseoftheproteinshellsofviruseshaveprovidedaquantitativedescriptionoftheirstrengthandelasticity.
Tobetterunderstandandinterpretthesemeasurements,andtoelucidatetheunderlyingmechanisms,thispaper
adoptsacoursegrainedmodelingapproachwithintheframeworkofthreedimensionalnonlinearcontinuum
elasticity.Homogeneous,isotropic,elastic,thickshellmodelsareproposedfortwocapsids:thespherical
cowpeachloroticmottlevirus(CCMV),andtheellipsocylindricalbacteriophagephi29.Asanalyzedbythe
finiteelementmethod,thesemodelsenableparametriccharacterizationoftheeffectsofAFMtipgeometry,
capsiddimensions,andcapsidconstitutivedescriptions.Thegenerallynonlinearforceresponseofcapsidsto
indentationisshowntobeinsensitivetoconstitutiveparticulars,andgreatlyinfluencedbygeometricand
kinematicdetails.NonlinearstiffeningandsofteningoftheforceresponseisdependentontheAFMtip
dimensionsandshellthickness.Fitsofthemodelscapturetheroughlylinearbehaviorobservedinexperimental
measurementsandresultinestimatesofYoungsmoduliofapproximately280360MPaforCCMVand
approximately4.5GPaforphi29.
MelissaM.Gibbons(1)andWilliamS.Klug(1and2)
(1)DepartmentofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineering,UniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles,California
(2)CaliforniaNanoSystemsInstitute,andPrograminBiomedicalEngineering,UniversityofCalifornia,Los
Angeles,California
InfluenceofNonuniformGeometryonNanoindentationofViralCapsids,BiophysicalJournal,Vol.95,No.
8,October2008,pp.36403649,doi:10.1529/biophysj.108.136176
ABSTRACT:Aseriesofrecentnanoindentationexperimentsontheproteinshells(capsids)ofviruseshas
establishedatomicforcemicroscopy(AFM)asausefulframeworkforprobingthemechanicsoflargeprotein
assemblies.Specificallytheseexperimentsprovideanopportunitytostudythecouplingoftheglobalassembly
responsetolocalconformationalchanges.AFMexperimentsoncowpeachloroticmottlevirus,knownto
undergoapHcontrolledswellingconformationalchange,haverevealedapHdependentmechanicalresponse.
Previoustheoreticalstudieshaveshownthathomogeneouschangesinshellgeometrycanplayasignificantrole
inthemechanicalresponse.Thisarticledevelopsamethodforaccuratelycapturingtheheterogeneousgeometry
ofaviralcapsidandexploresitseffectonmechanicalresponsewithanonlinearcontinuumelasticitymodel.
Modelsofbothnativeandswollencowpeachloroticmottleviruscapsidsaregeneratedfromxraycrystal
structures,andareusedinfiniteelementsimulationsofAFMindentationalongtwo,three,andfivefold
icosahedralsymmetryorientations.Theforceresponseoftheswollencapsidmodelisobservedtobesofterby
roughlyafactoroftwo,significantlymorenonlinear,andmoreorientationdependentthanthatofanative
capsidwithequivalentelasticmoduli,demonstratingthatcapsidgeometricheterogeneitycanhavesignificant
effectsontheglobalstructuralresponse.

RonaldHustonandHaroldJosephs,Chapter31.BucklingofSphericalShells,Inthebook,PracticalStress
AnalysisinEngineeringDesign,ThirdEdition,CRCPress2008,PrintISBN:9781574447132,eBook
ISBN:9781420017823,doi:10.1201/9781420017823.ch31
INTRODUCTION:Bysphericalshell,wemeancompletesphericalconfigurations,hemisphericalheads
(suchaspressurevesselheads),andshallowsphericalcaps.Inanalyses,aspheicalcapmaybeusedtomodel
thebehaviorofacompletesphericalvesselwiththicknessdiscontinuities,reinforcements,andpenetrations.
Althoughtheresponseofasphericalshelltoexternalpressurehasreceivedconsiderableattentionfrom
analysts,thecalculationofcollapsepressurestillpresentssubstantialdifficultiesinthepresenceofgeometrical
discontinuitiesandmanufacturingimperfections.Thebulkofthetheoreticalworkcarriedoutsofarhashada
ratherlimitedeffectonthemethodofengineeringdesign,andthereforemuchexperimentalsupportisstill
needed.Atthesametime,theapplicationofsphericalgeometrytotheoptimumvesseldesignhascontinuedto
beattractiveinmanybranchesofindustrydealingwithsubmersibles,satelliteprobes,storagetanks,pressure
domes,diaphragms,andsimilarsystems.Thischapterdealswiththemechanicalresponseandworking
formulasforsphericalshelldesignintheelasticandplasticrangesofcollapse,whichcouldbeusedfor
undergroundandabovegroundapplications.Thematerialpresentedisbasedonstateoftheartknowledgein
pressurevesseldesignandanalysis.
ShahinNayyeriAmiri(Dept.ofCivilEngineering,KansasStateUniversity),Elasticandplasticbucklingof
sphericalshellsundervariousloadingconditions,Ph.Ddissertation,AdvisorHayderA.Rasheed,August
2011,URL:http://hdl.handle.net/2097/10855
ABSTRACT:Sphericalshellsarewidelyusedinaerospace,mechanical,marine,andotherindustrial
applications.Accordingly,theaccuratedeterminationoftheirbehaviorbecomesmoreandmoreimportant.One
ofthemostimportantproblemsinsphericalshellbehavioristhedeterminationofbucklingloadseither
experimentallyortheoretically.Therefore,inthisstudysomeelasticandplasticbucklingproblemsassociated
withsphericalshellsareinvestigated.Thefirstpartofthisresearchstudypresentstheanalytical,numerical,and
experimentalresultsofmoderatelythickandthinhemisphericalmetalshellsintotheplasticbucklingrange
illustratingtheimportanceofgeometrychangesonthebucklingload.Thehemisphericalshellisrigidly
supportedaroundthebasecircumferenceagainsthorizontaltranslationandtheloadisverticallyappliedbya
rigidcylindricalboss(Loadingactuator)attheapex.Kinematicsstagesofinitialbucklingandsubsequent
propagationofplasticdeformationforarigidperfectlyplasticshellmodelsareformulatedonthebasisof
DruckerShield'slimitedinteractionyieldcondition.Theeffectoftheradiusofthebossusedtoapplythe
loading,ontheinitialandsubsequentcollapseloadisstudied.Inthenumericalmodel,thematerialisassumed
tobeisotropicandlinearelasticperfectlyplasticwithoutstrainhardeningobeyingtheTrescaorVonMises
yieldcriterion.Finally,theresultsoftheanalyticalsolutionarecomparedandverifiedwiththenumerical
resultsusingABAQUSsoftwareandexperimentalfindings.Goodagreementisobservedbetweentheload
deflectioncurvesobtainedusingthreedifferentfundamentalapproaches.Inthesecondpart,theSouthwells
nondestructivemethodforcolumnsisanalyticallyextendedtosphericalshellssubjectedtouniformexternal
pressureactingradially.Subsequentlyfiniteelementsimulationandexperimentalworkshownthatthetheoryis
applicabletosphericalshellswithanarbitraryaxisymmetricalloadingtoo.Theresultsshowedthatthe
techniqueprovidesausefulestimateoftheelasticbucklingloadprovidedcareistakenininterpretingthe
results.Theusefulnessofthemethodliesinitsgenerality,simplicityandinthefactthat,itisnondestructive.
Moreover,itdoesnotmakeanyassumptionregardingthenumberofbucklingwavesortheexactlocalizationof

buckling.
MaloyK.Singha;L.S.Ramachandra;andJ.N.Bandyopadhyay,NonlinearResponseofLaminated
CylindricalShellPanelsSubjectedtoThermomechanicalLoads,ASCEJournalofEngeeringMechanics,
October2006,pp1088DOI:10.1061/(ASCE)07339399(2006)132:10(1088)
ABSTRACT:Thenonlinearresponseofmultilayeredcompositecylindricalshellpanelssubjectedto
thermomechanicalloadsarestudiedinthisarticle.Thestructuralmodelisbasedonthefirstordershear
deformationtheoryincorporatinggeometricnonlinearities.Thenonlinearequilibriumpathsaretracedusingthe
arclengthcontrolalgorithmwithintheframeworkoffiniteelementmethod.Hashinsfailurecriterionhasbeen
adoptedtopredictthefirstplyfailureofcylindricallaminates.Bothtemperatureindependentandtemperature
dependentelasticpropertiesareconsideredintheanalysis.Specificnumericalresultsarereportedtoshowthe
effectofradiustospanratio,thicknesstospanratio,laminatestackingsequence,andboundaryconditionon
stabilitycharacteristicsoflaminatedcylindricalshellpanelssubjectedtocombinedthermalandmechanical
transverseloads.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:
Argyris,J.,andTenek,L.
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1997.Recentadvancesincomputationalthermostructuralanalysisofcomposite
platesandshellswithstrongnonlinearities.J.Appl.Mech.,50,285306.
Bathe,K.J.
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1996.Finiteelementprocedures,PrenticeHall,EnglewoodCliffs,N.J.
Birman,V.,andBert,C.W.
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1993.Bucklingandpostbucklingofcompositeplatesandshellssubjectedto
elevatedtemperature.J.Appl.Mech.,60,514519.
Chang,JS.,andChiu,W.C.
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1991.Thermalbucklinganalysisofantisymmetriclaminatedcylindricalshell
panels.Int.J.SolidsStruct.,27,12951309.
Chen,J.K.,Sun,C.T.,andChang,C.I.
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1983.Anarclengthmethodincludinglinesearchesandaccelerations.Int.J.Numer.
MethodsEng.,19,12691289.
Eslami,M.R.,andJavaheri,R.
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1999.Bucklingofcompositecylindricalshellsundermechanicaland
thermalloads.J.Therm.Stresses,22,527545.
Eslami,M.R.,Ziaii,A.R.,andGhorbanpour,A.
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1996.Thermoelasticbucklingofthincylindricalshells
basedonimprovedstabilityequations.J.Therm.Stresses,19,299315.
Hashin,Z.
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1980.Failurecriteriaforunidirectionalfibercomposites.J.Appl.Mech.,47,329344.
Huang,N.N.,andTauchert,T.R.
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1991.Largedeflectionsoflaminatedcylindricalanddoublycurved
panelsunderthermalloading.Comput.Struct.,41,303312.
Lee,J.J.,Oh,I.K.,Lee,I.,andYeom,C.H.
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2002.Thermalpostbucklingbehaviorofpatchedlaminated
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1995.Thermomechanicalpostbucklingof
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2000a.Bucklingandnonlinearresponseofsandwichcurved
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2000b.Nonlinearresponseofflatandcurved
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Liu,M.L.,andTo,C.W.S.
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1998.Afurtherstudyofhybridstrainbasedthreenodeflattriangularshell
element.FiniteElem.Anal.Design,31,135152.
Madenci,E.,andBarut,A.
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1994.Thermalpostbucklinganalysisofcylindricallycurvedcomposite
laminateswithahole.Int.J.Numer.MethodsEng.,37,20732091.
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platesandshells.Appl.Mech.Rev.,45,419445.
Noor,A.K.,andPeters,J.M.
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1996.Nonlinearandpostbucklinganalysesofcurvedcompositepanels
subjectedtocombinedtemperaturechangeandedgeshear.Comput.Struct.,66,853874.
Noor,A.K.,andPeters,J.M.
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Rasheed,H.A.,andTassoulas,J.L.
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externalpressure.J.Eng.Mech.,12811,11741181.
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Shen,H.S.
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Shen,H.S.
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1
2001.Thermomechanicalstabilityandoptimizationofcompositeplatesandshells.Ph.D.
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RupeshDaripandM.K.Singh(DepartmentofAppliedMechanics,IndianInstituteofTechnologyDelhi,New
Delhi110016,India),Influenceofcornerstressesonthestabilitycharacteristicsofcompositeskewplates,
InternationalJournalofNonLinearMechanics,Vol.44,No.2,March2009,pp.138146,
doi:10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2008.10.003
ABSTRACT:Stabilitycharacteristicsofcompositeskewplatessubjectedtoinplanecompressiveloadare
investigatedhereusingthesheardeformablefiniteelementapproach.Theinfluencesofhighprebuckling
stressesatthecornerregionsofisotropicandcompositeskewplatesontheirstabilitycharacteristicsare
emphasizedfordifferentloaddirection,boundaryconditionandlaminatestackingsequence.Thenonlinear
governingequationsbasedonvonKrmn'sassumptionsaresolvedbyNewtonRaphsontechniquetogetthe
hithertounreportedpostbucklingequilibriumpathsofcompositeskewplatesloadedbetweentworigidflat
platens.Thevariationofoutofplanedeformationandendshorteningwithcompressiveinplaneloadare
examinedforsimplysupportedandclampedskewplatesmadeofisotropic,symmetricandunsymmetric
laminates.Marguerre'sshallowshelltheoryisemployedtostudytheeffectofsinusoidalimperfectiononthe
nonlinearbehaviorofcompositeskewplates.
RupeshDaripandM.K.Singh(DepartmentofAppliedMechanics,IndianInstituteofTechnologyDelhi,New
Delhi110016,India),Stabilityanalysisofcompositeplatesunderlocalizedinplaneload,ThinWalled
Structures,Vol.47,No.5,May2009,pp.601606,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2008.07.009
ABSTRACT:Stabilitycharacteristicsofisotropicandcompositeplatessubjectedtopartialorconcentrated
compressiveedgeloadsareinvestigatedhereusingafournodedshearflexiblequadrilateralhighprecision
platebendingelement.Acompletecubicpolynomialshapefunctionisusedtointerpolatetheinplane
displacementsforbetteraccuracyincapturingthehighstresszonenearthelocallydistributededgeload.The
influencesoflocationanddistributionofinplaneedgecompressiononthebucklingloadofcompositeplates
arestudied.ThenonlineargoverningequationsbasedonvonKrmn'sassumptionsaresolvedbyNewton
Raphsontechniquetogetthehithertounreportedpostbucklingequilibriumpathsofpartiallyloadedplatesmade

ofisotropic,symmetric,andunsymmetriclaminates.Marguerre'sshallowshelltheoryisemployedtostudythe
effectofsinusoidalimperfectiononthenonlinearbehaviorofcompositeplatesunderpartialinplaneload.
NamitaNandaandJ.N.Bandyopadhyay(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,
Kharagpur721302,India),JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.325,Nos.12,7August2009,pp.174185,
doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2009.02.044
ABSTRACT:Thenonlineartransientresponseofcompositeshellswith/withoutcutoutsandinitialgeometric
imperfectionisinvestigatedusingthefiniteelementmethod.Thepresentformulationconsidersdoublycurved
shellsincorporatingvonKrmntypenonlinearstrainsintothefirstordersheardeformationtheory.The
analysisiscarriedoutusingquadraticC0eightnodedisoparametricelement.Thegoverningnonlinear
equationsaresolvedbyusingtheNewmarkaverageaccelerationmethodinthetimeintegrationinconjunction
withmodifiedNewtonRaphsoniterationscheme.Thevalidityofthemodelisdemonstratedbycomparingthe
presentresultswiththoseavailableintheliterature.Parametricstudiesarecarriedoutvaryingtheradiusof
curvaturetowidthratioandamplitudeofinitialgeometricimperfectionoflaminatedcompositecylindrical,
sphericalandhyperbolicparaboloidshellswith/withoutcutouts.
S.PradyumnaandJ.N.Bandyopadhyay,(NationalInstituteofTechnology,Rourkela),Bucklingand
ParametricInstabilityBehaviorofFunctionallyGradedShells,ProceedingsICCMS09,IITBombay,
December2009,http://hdl.handle.net/2080/1101
ABSTRACT:Theconceptoffunctionallygraded(FG)materialswasfirstintroducedin1984byagroupof
materialscientistsinJapan,asultrahightemperatureresistantmaterialsforaircraft,spacevehiclesandother
engineeringapplications.FGmaterialsareaclassofcompositesthathaveacontinuousvariationofmaterial
propertiesfromonesurfacetoanotherandthuseliminateinterfaceproblemsfoundinlaminatedcomposites.
Thegradationinpropertiesofthematerialreducesthermalstresses,residualstressesandstressconcentration
factors.Thegradualvariationresultsinaveryefficientmaterialtailoredtosuittheneedsofthestructureand,
therefore,designatedasaFGmaterial.FGmaterialsaretypicallymanufacturedfromisotropiccomponentssuch
asmetalsandceramicssincetheyareusedasthermalbarrierstructuresinenvironmentswithseverethermal
gradients.FGmaterialshavetheadvantageofheatandcorrosionresistancetypicalofceramicsandmechanical
strengthandt...
References:(cannotcutandpaste)
S.Pradyumna(1)andJ.N.Bandyopadhyay(2)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,NationalInstituteofTechnologyRourkela,Rourkela,India
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnologyKharagpur,Kharagpur,India
Bucklingoflaminatedcompositehyparsandconoidsusingahigherordertheory,TheIESJournalPartA:
Civil&StructuralEngineering,Vol.3,No.2,2010,pp.8595,doi:10.1080/19373260903491958
ABSTRACT:AC0finiteelementformulationusingahigherordersheardeformationtheory(HSDT)is
developedandusedtoanalysethebucklingbehaviouroflaminatedhyparandconoids.Higherordertermsin
theTaylor'sseriesexpansionareusedtorepresentthehigherordertransversecrosssectionaldeformation
modes.TheformulationincludesSanders'approximationfordoublycurvedshellsconsideringtheeffectof
transverseshear.Arealisticparabolicdistributionoftransverseshearstrainsthroughtheshellthicknessis

assumedandtheuseofshearcorrectionfactorisavoided.Theaccuracyoftheformulationisvalidatedby
carryingoutconvergencestudyandcomparingtheresultswiththoseavailableintheliterature.
S.Pradyumna(1)andJ.N.Bandyopadhyay(2)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,NationalInstituteofTechnologyRourkela,Rourkela,India
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnologyKharagpur,Kharagpur,India
FreeVibrationAndBucklingOfFunctionallyGradedShellPanelsInThermalEnvironments,International
JournalofStructuralStabilityandDynamics,Vol.10,No.5,December2010,
DOI:10.1142/S0219455410003889
ABSTRACT:Thispaperinvestigatesthefreevibrationandbucklingbehaviorofsinglyanddoublycurvedshell
panelsmadeoffunctionallygradedmaterials(FGMs).Ahigherordersheardeformationtheoryisusedforthe
analysisoffiveshellpanels,namely,cylindrical(CYL),spherical(SPH),hyperbolicparaboloid(HPR),hypar
(HYP),andconoid(CON).Theshellpanelsaresubjectedtoatemperaturefieldandinthecaseofbuckling
analysis,theshellpanelsarealsosubjectedtoauniaxialcompressiveload.ThepropertiesofFGMsare
consideredtobetemperaturedependentandgradedinthethicknessdirectionaccordingtoasimplepowerlaw
distributionintermsofthevolumefractionsoftheconstituents.Theaccuracyoftheformulationisvalidatedby
comparingtheresultswiththoseavailableintheliterature.Theeffectsofgeometricproperties,material
composition,andboundaryconditionsonthefreevibrationandbucklingarestudied.
J.GirishandL.S.Ramachandra(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Kharagpur
721302,India),Thermomechanicalpostbucklinganalysisofsymmetricandantisymmetriccompositeplates
withimperfections,CompositeStructures,Vol.67,No.4,March2005,pp.453460,
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2004.02.004
ABSTRACT:Inthepresentpaperthepostbucklingresponseofsymmetricallyandantisymmetricallylaminated
compositeplatessubjectedtoacombinationofuniformtemperaturedistributionthroughthethicknessandin
planecompressiveedgeloadingispresented.Thestructuralmodelisbasedonahigherordersheardeformation
theoryincorporatingvonKarmannonlinearstraindisplacementrelations.AdoptingtheGalerkinprocedure,the
governingnonlinearpartialdifferentialequationsareconvertedintoasetofnonlinearalgebraicequations,
whicharesolvedusingtheNewtonRaphsoniterativeprocedure.Thecriticalbucklingtemperatureisobtained
fromthesolutionofthelineareigenvalueproblem.Postbuckledequilibriumpathsareobtainedfor
symmetricallylaminatedcrossply,quasiisotropicandantisymmetricangleplycompositeplateswithand
withoutinitialgeometricimperfections.Modalparticipationofeachmodeinthepostbucklingdeflectionis
reportedusingamultitermGalerkinprocedure.
J.GirishandL.S.Ramachandra(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IndianInstituteofTechnology,Kharagpur
721302,India),Thermalpostbuckledvibrationsofsymmetricallylaminatedcompositeplateswithinitial
geometricimperfections,JournalofSoundandVibration,Vol.282,Nos.35,April2005,pp.11371153,
doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2004.04.005
ABSTRACT:Inthepresentpaperthepostbucklingandpostbuckledvibrationsofsymmetricallylaminated
compositeplatesubjectedtoauniformtemperaturedistributionthroughthethicknessispresented.The
structuralmodelisbasedonahigherordersheardeformationtheoryincorporatingvonKrmnnonlinear

straindisplacementrelationsandinitialgeometricimperfections.AdoptingamultitermGalerkin's
approximation,thegoverningnonlinearpartialdifferentialequationsareconvertedintoasetofnonlinear
algebraicequationsinthecaseofpostbucklinganalysisandnonlinearordinarydifferentialequationsinthecase
offreevibrationanalysis.Thecriticalbucklingtemperaturesareobtainedfromthesolutionofthe
correspondinglineareigenvalueproblems.Postbuckledequilibriumpathsaretracedbysolvingthenonlinear
algebraicequations,viatheNewtonRaphsoniterativeprocedure.Thefreevibrationfrequenciesofathermally
postbuckledplatearereportedbysolvingtheeigenvalueproblemfordifferentpostbuckleddeflections.
J.Girish(1)andL.S.Ramachandra(2)
(1)Dept.ofCivilEngineering,IIT,Kharagpur721302,India.Email:girish@civil.iitkgp.ernet.in
(2)Dept.ofCivilEngineering,IIT,Kharagpur721302,India.Email:lsr@civil.iitkgp.ernet.in
ThermomechanicalPostbucklingAnalysisofCrossPlyLaminatedCylindricalShellPanels,ASCEJ.Eng.
Mech.Vol.132,133(2006);doi:10.1061/(ASCE)07339399(2006)132:2(133)(8pages)
ABSTRACT:Thepostbucklinganalysisofsymmetricandantisymmetriccrossplylaminatedcylindricalshell
panelssubjectedtothermomechanicalloadingisexaminedinthispaper.Theformulationisbasedonan
extensionofReissnersshallowshellsimplificationsandaccountsforparabolicdistributionoftransverseshear
strains.AdoptingamultitermGalerkinsmethod,thegoverningnonlinearpartialdifferentialequationsare
reducedintoasetofnonlinearalgebraicequations.Thenonlinearequilibriumpathsthroughlimitpointsare
tracedusingtheNewtonRaphsonmethodinconjunctionwithRiksapproach.Numericalresultsarepresented
forsymmetric[?start0/90/0end?]andantisymmetric[?start0/90end?]crossplylaminatedcylindricalshell
panels,thatillustratetheinfluenceofmechanicaledgeloads,lateraldistributedload,initialimperfection,and
temperaturefieldonthelimitloadsandsnapthroughbehavior.
J.Girish(1)andL.S.Ramachandra(2)
(1)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,BapatlaEngineeringCollege,Bapatla522101,India
(2)DepartmentofCivilEngineering,IIT,Kharagpur721302,India
StabilityandVibrationBehaviorofCompositeCylindricalShellPanelsUnderAxialCompressionand
SecondaryLoads,J.Appl.Mech.,Vol.75,No.4,041007(11pages),July2008,doi:10.1115/1.2910772
ABSTRACT:Thenonlinearstaticresponseandvibrationbehaviorofcrossplylaminatedcylindricalshell
panelssubjectedtoaxialcompressioncombinedwithothersecondaryloadingareexamined.Theshelltheory
adoptedinthepresentcaseisbasedonahigherordershallowshelltheory,includesgeometricimperfectionand
vonKrmntypegeometricnonlinearity.Thesolutionstothegoverningnonlinearpartialdifferentialequations
aresoughtusingthemultitermGalerkintechnique.Thenonlinearequilibriumpathsthroughlimitpointsand
bifurcationpointsaretracedusingtheNewtonRaphsonmethodcoupledwiththeRiksapproach.Thefree
vibrationfrequenciesofpostbuckledcylindricalpanelsaboutthestaticequilibriumstatearereportedby
solvingtheassociatedlineareigenvalueproblem.Resultsarepresentedforsimplysupportedcrossply
laminatedcylindricalshellpanels,whichillustratestheinfluenceofinitialgeometricimperfection,temperature
field,lateralpressureloads,andmechanicaledgeloadsonthestaticresponseandvibrationbehavioroftheshell
panel.
K.I.Romanov,BaumanMoscowStateTechnicalUniversity,2yaBaumanskaya5,Moscow,107005Russia,

ReceivedFebruary7,2005.PlateandShellBucklingbytheKrmnSchemeunderCreepConditions,
doi:10.3103/S002565440801010X
ABSTRACT:Theproblemofstabilityandbucklingofplatesundercreepconditionshasbeenstudiedinthe
fundamentalpapers[14].Inthepapers[5,6],thetheoryofbucklingofrodsandplatesisdevelopedinthe
frameworkofthedominatingbendingmodel[7],wheretheforcesinthemidplaneoftheplateweredetermined
independentlyofthesolutionofthebendingproblem.Inwhatfollows,weusetheKrmnscheme[8]toderive
twobasicdifferentialequationsofthecoupledtheoryoftheplanestressstateandbending.Wesolvethe
problemofbucklingofarectilinearplateforlinearlyviscous(Newtonian)mediumandshowthattheKrmn
schemegivesanessentialcorrectiontothesolutionofthebendingproblemforinitialdeflectionscomparable
withtheplatethickness.
(Referencesnotlisted)
RobertLevy(1)andWilliamR.Spillers(2),
(1)Sr.Lect.,Fac.ofCiv.Engrg.,TechnionIsraelInst.ofTech.,TechnionCity,Haifa32000Israel
(2)Prof.,Dept.ofCiv.Engrg.,RensselaerPolytechnicInst.,Troy,NY12181
OptimalDesignforAxisymmetricCylindricalShellBuckling,ASCEJ.Engrg.Mech.115,1683(1989);
doi:10.1061/(ASCE)07339399(1989)115:8(1683)
ABSTRACT:Thispaperdiscussesthestructuraloptimizationproblemoffindingtheoptimalwallfhicknessof
anaxisymmetriccylindricalshellsoastomaximizethebucklingloadwhenthevolumeofmaterialisfixed.An
optimalityconditionisderivedandthenthemethodoftruncatedFourierseriesisusedtofindanoptimaldesign
whichindicatesan83%increaseinbucklingloadovertheclassicalcriticalbucklingloadforthecaseof
uniformthickness.
RodneyPinna(1)andBeverleyF.Ronalds(2)
(1)CentreforOffshoreFoundationSystems,TheUniversityofWesternAustralia,Nedlands,Perth,W.A.6907,
Australia
(2)CentreforOil&GasEngineering,TheUniversityofWesternAustralia,Nedlands,Perth,W.A.6907,
Australia
Hydrostaticbucklingofshellswithvariousboundaryconditions,JournalofConstructionalSteelResearch,
Vol.56,No.1,October2000,pp.116,doi:10.1016/S0143974X(99)001042
ABSTRACT:Eigenvaluebucklingofcylindricalshellswithvariousboundaryconditionsunderhydrostaticload
isexamined,usinganenergymethod.Resultsarecomparedtoknownsolutions,wherethesesolutionsexist.It
isfoundthat,forshellsofintermediatelength,bucklingloadsfordifferentendconditionsmaybedetermined
byapplyingasimple,scalarmultipliertothepinendedcase.Thisdoesnotapplytolongshells,wherethe
circumferentialwavenumbern3.Forn=2,theringequationmaybeappliedtoallcases,astheboundary
conditionsnolongerinfluencethesolution.Itisseenforthecaseofashellwithoneendpinnedandtheother
endfreethatthebucklingsolutioncollapsestothelongshellsolution,forgeometriesofpracticalinterest.The
effectofradialelasticrestraintattheopenendisalsoexamined,asanintermediatecasebetweenpinnedand
freeends.Theworkhasapplicationtothedesignofsuctioncaissons,wherecylinderdimensionsareusuallyin
therangeofintermediatelengthshells.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

[1]DyvikR,AndersonKH,HansenSB,ChristophersenHP.FieldtestsofanchorsinclayI:Description.JGeotechEng
1993;119(10):151531.
[2]TjeltaTI.GeotechnicalexperiencefromtheinstallationofEuropipejacketwithbucketfoundations.In:Proceedingsofthe
OffshoreTechnologyConference,OTC7795,Houston,1995.
[3]CourantR.Variationalmethodsforthesolutionofproblemsofequilibriumandvibrations.BullAmMathSoc1943;49:123.
[4]LanghaarHL.EnergyMethodsinAppliedMechanics.NewYork:Wiley,1962.
[5]BrushDO,AlmrothBO.Bucklingofbars,platesandshells.NewYork:McGrawHill,1975.
[6]PinnaR,RonaldsBF.Eigenvaluebucklingofelasticallyrestrainedcylindersunderhydrostaticload,G1418.CentreforOffshore
FoundationSystems,UniversityofWesternAustralia,1999.
[7]ABAQUSUsersManual,version5.7.RhodeIsland(NY):Hibbit,KarlssonandSorenson,Inc,1997.
[8]KogaT,MorimatsuS.Bifurcationbucklingofcircularcylindricalshellsunderuniformexternalpressure.AIAAJ
1989;27(2):2428.
[9]OdlandJ.Onthestrengthofweldedringstiffenedcylindricalshellsprimarilysubjectedtoaxialcompression.TechnicalReport
UR8115,DivsionofMarineStructures,TheUniversityofTrondheim,TheNorwegianInstituteofTechnology,1981.
[10]MalikZ,MortonJ,RuizC.Bucklingundernormalpressureofcylindricalshellswithvariousendconditions.JPressVessel
Technol1980;102:10711.
[11]DetNorskVeritas,Bucklingstrengthanalysis.DetNorskVeritasClassicationAs,Veritasveien1,N1322Hovik,Norway,1995.
[12]CalladineCR.Theoryofshellstructures.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1983

R.Pinna(1),C.M.Martin(2),B.F.Ronalds(1),
(1)TheUniversityofWesternAustralia,Perth,Australia
(2)UniversityofOxford,Oxford,UK
Guidancefordesignofsuctioncaissonsagainstbucklingduringinstallationinclaysoils,Proceedingsofthe
11th(2001)InternationalOffshoreandPolarEngineeringConference,Stavanger,Norway,June1722,2001,
ISBN1880653516(set)
ABSTRACT:Suctioncaissonsareatypeoffoundationwhichispenetratedintotheseabedusingnetexternal
waterpressureratherthanmoreconventionaltechniques.Thegeometryofthesefoundationsissuchthat,
structurally,theyfallintothecategoryofshellstructures.Duetothetypeofloadingexperiencedbythese
foundations,whichispredominantlyhydrostatic,bucklingofthecaissonshellduringsuctioninstallation
becomesaconsideration.Thispaperexaminesthefactorsinfluencingthebucklingloadofthecaisson,
includingtheboundaryconditionsoftheshell,geometricimperfections,materialplasticity,embedmentratio
andtheamountoflateralrestraintofferedbythesurroundingsoil.Resultsareobtainedfromthreedimensional
finiteelementanalyses.(Referencesnotavailable.)
B.F.RonaldsandR.Pinna,Eigenbucklingofcylindricalshellsinoffshorestructures:influenceofgeometry,
loadingandendconditions,ProceedingsoftheICEStructuresandBuildings,Vol.156,No.2,pp.183191,
May2003,DOI:10.1680/stbu.2003.156.2.183
ABSTRACT:Shelleigenbucklingbehaviourisinvestigatedforcombinedaxialandlateralpressureloadingand
withvariousendconditions.Inadditiontothemorecommonpinned(P)andclamped(C)endconditions,
particularemphasisisplacedonshellswhereoneorbothoftheendsarefree(F).Thephysicalbehaviourin
differentgeometryrangesisusedtodevelopsimple,approximateeigenvalueformulae,whichareverified
againstthepredictionsoflinearshellbucklingtheoryusingthemethodofvariations.Thedifferentend
conditionsaretreatedthroughmultiplierstothewellknownpinended(PP)case.Itisfoundthat,forpractical
geometries,PFshellsareverymuchweakerthanCFshellsduetothelackofwarpingrestraint.Theresults
haveapplicationtothedesignofsuctioncaissonfoundationsforoffshoreplatforms.

R.PinnaandB.F.Ronalds(TheUniversityofWesternAustralia,SchoolofOil&GasEngineering,35Stirling
Hwy,Crawley,WesternAustralia,6009,Australia),Bucklingandpostbucklingofcylindricalshellswithone
endpinnedandtheotherendfree,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.41,No.6,June2003,pp.507527,
doi:10.1016/S02638231(03)000065
ABSTRACT:Usingfiniteelementanalysis,thispaperexaminesthelinearbifurcationbucklingloads,and
nonlinearcollapseloads,ofcylindricalshellswithoneendpinnedandtheotherendfree,underavarietyof
axialandpressureloadcombinations.Thepinnedendisformulatedsoastoprovidenoaxialrestraint.Forthe
bifurcationanalysis,loadsarerelatedbacktotheclassicalsolutionsforcylinderbucklingloads,toexplainthe
verylowvaluesfoundforthissetofboundaryconditions.Thenonlinearanalysisincludesbothimperfections
andmaterialplasticity.Inthisanalysis,itisfoundthatcylindricalshellswithpinnedfreeboundaryconditions
arenotablyimperfectioninsensitive,andforarangeofgeometriesareabletoreachcollapseloadssignificantly
greaterthantheirbifurcationload.Forothergeometries,collapseloadsveryclosetothebifurcationloadare
found.Thisunusualimperfectioninsensitivityforacylindricalshellisexplainedintermsofthelargeflexibility
engenderedbythepinnedfreeboundaryconditionsandtheovalbucklingmode.
RodneyPinnaandBeverleyF.Ronalds(SchoolofOil&GasEngineering,TheUniversityofWestern
Australia,35StirlingHwy,Crawley6009,Australia),Bucklingandcollapseofcylinderswithoneendopen
andoneendsimplysupportedwithvaryingaxialrestraint,InternationalJournalofMechanicalSciences,Vol.
46,No.4,April2004,pp.541559,doi:10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2004.05.002
ABSTRACT:hispaperexaminesthebucklingandcollapseofcylindricalshellsunderaxialloadwithoneend
radiallyandtangentiallyfixed,withvaryingaxialfixity,andtheotherendfree.Thebifurcationloadsarefound
forelasticcylinders,whilecollapseloadsarefoundforbothelasticandelasticperfectlyplasticcylinders.The
varyingaxialrestraintisappliedintheformoflinearsprings.Theeigenvaluebucklingloadsarecalculatedwith
conditionsmatchingthoseofaclassicalanalysis.Bifurcationloadsareshowntobeafunctionoftheaxial
restraint;astheaxialrestraintisincreased,thebifurcationloadincreasesdramatically,untilitreachesthatofa
semiinfinite,openendedcylinder.Anondimensionalformoftheaxialspringstiffnessisproposed,andshown
tobeapplicableacrossarangeofgeometries.Thecollapseloadandimperfectionsensitivityofcylinderswith
theboundaryconditionsexaminedhereisalsofoundtobeafunctionoftheaxialrestraint.Cylinderswithlow
axialrestraintareshowntobeimperfectioninsensitive,withcollapseloadsabove,orcloseto,thebifurcation
load.Astheamountofaxialrestraintincreases,thecollapsebehaviourdisplaysadegreeofimperfection
sensitivityassociatedwithmoreusualboundaryconditions.
W.Schneider,K.Hhn,I.TimmelandR.Thiele(InstituteofStaticsandDynamicsofStructuresLeipzig
University,Leipzig,Germanyemail:werner.schneider@unileipzig.de),QuasiCollapseAffine
ImperfectionsatSlenderWindLoadedCylindricalSteelShells,ECCM2001,EuropeanConferenceon
ComputationalMechanics,June2629,2001Cracow,Poland
ABSTRACT:Thepaperpresentsacontributiontofindadverseimperfectionsattheexampleofslenderwind
loadedcylindricalshells.Quasicollapseaffineimperfections,i.e.imperfectionswhichareorientatedbythe
failuremodeoftheperfectshell,haveanespeciallystronginfluenceontheloadbearingcapacity.Enlargements
oftheFEanalysisareproposedinordertoreceiveworstimperfections.Alsofailuremodesoftheperfectshell

withahigherlimitload,whichappearbysuppressingthefailuremodeofanaccuratestaticanalysis,aretobe
includedintheinvestigation,iftheyleadtoalowerpostbucklingload.
Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

[1]
prENV199316.DesignofSteelStructures,GeneralRules:SupplementaryRulesfortheStrengthandStabilityofShell
Structures.CEN/TC250/SC3/PT4,Brussels,(1997).
[2]
DIN18800T4.Stahlbauten,Stabilittsflle,Schalenbeulen(SteelStructures,Stability,BucklingofShells;GermanCode).
NABauimDINe.V.,Berlin,(1990).
[3]
ENV199124.ActionsonStructuresWindActions.CEN,Brussels,(1994).
[4]
D.A.Pecknold.LoadTransferMechanismsinWindLoadedCylinders.J.ofEng.Mech.,Vol.115,23532367,(1989).
[5]
W.SchneiderandR.Thiele.TheStressandStrainStateintheBaseAreaofWindLoadedSteelChimneys.Proc.5thISOPE
Conf.,Vol.IV,104108,TheHague,(1995).
[6]
R.GreinerandP.Derler.EffectofImperfectionsonWindLoadedCylindricalShells.ThinWalledStructures,Vol.23,271
281,(1995).
[7]
Y.BasarandW.B.Krtzig:AConsistentShellTheoryForFiniteDeformations.ActaMechanica76,7387(1989).
[8]
W.Zahlten.AContributiontothePhysicallyandGeometricallyNonlinearComputerAnalysisofGeneralReinforcedConcrete
Shells.TechnicalReport902,Dept.Civil.Eng.,UniversityofBochum,(1990).
[9]
W.Schneider,S.BohmandR.Thiele.FailureModesofSlenderWindLoadedCylindricalShells.In:P.MkelinenandP.
Hassinen,editors,LightWeightSteelandAluminiumStructuresICSAS99,407414,Elsevier,Amsterdam,(1999).
[10]W.Schneider.StrukturanalyseschlankersthlernerKreiszylinderschalenunterstatischerWindbelastung(StructuralAnalysisof
SlenderCylindricalSteelShellsunderWindLoad;inGerman).ShakerVerlag,Aachen,(2000).
[11]W.SchneiderandR.Thiele.StabilityofSlenderWindLoadedCylindricalSteelShells.Proc.Int.Coll.onStabilityandDuctility
ofSteelStructures,VolI,419426,Nagoya,(1997).
[12]J.W.Hutchinson,R.C.TennysonandD.B.Muggeridge.EffectofaLocalAxisymmetricImperfectionontheBucklingBenaviour
ofaCircularCylindricalShellunderAxialCompression.AIAAJournal,Vol.9,No.1,4852,(1971).
[13]P.KndelandT.Ummenhofer.SubstituteImperfectionsforthePredictionofBucklingLoadsinShellDesign.Proc.Int.
WorkshopImperf.inMetalSilos,INSA,87101,Lyon,(1996).
[14]W.Schneider,I.Timmel,K.HhnandR.Thiele.EinflussringfrmigerVorbeulenimFubereichaufdieTragfhigkeitschlanker
windbelasteterKreiszylinderschalen(InfluenceofRingShapedGeometricalImperfectionsattheBaseAreaontheLoadBearing
CapacityofSlenderCylindricalSteelShellsunderWindLoad;inGerman).LeipzigAnn.Civ.Eng.Rep.,5,405423,(2000).

W.Schneider(1)andW.Zahlten(2)
(1)InstituteofStaticsandDynamicsofStructures,UniversityofLeipzig,Marschnerstrasse31,04109,Leipzig,
Germany
(2)InstituteofStructuralMechanicsandNumericalMethods,UniversityofWuppertal,Pauluskirchstrasse7,
42285,Wuppertal,Germany
Loadbearingbehaviourandstructuralanalysisofslenderringstiffenedcylindricalshellsunderquasistatic
windload,JournalofConstructionalSteelResearch,Vol.60,No.1,January2004,pp.125146,
doi:10.1016/j.jcsr.2003.08.002
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentstheresultsofphysicallyandgeometricallynonlinearanalysesoftheload
bearingcapacityofslenderwindloadedcylindricalshells.Thesestructuresdonot,eventhoughtheirgeometry
isbeamlike,behaveasbeams.Thereasonforthisbehaviourdeviatingfromclassicbeamtheoryliesinthenon
uniformwindpressurealongthecircumference,whichleadstoanovalizationofthecrosssection.Thereare
twoglobalandonelocalfailuremodes.Theglobalfailuremodesarefundamentallydifferentfromthoseof
squatshellswithh/r<15.Thetopstiffenedshellinthegeometricaltransitionrangeofshellbeamdoesnot
presenttheworstcase.Additionalringstiffenersleadtoalossofloadbaringcapacity.Someconclusionsare
drawnfromnonlinearparameterstudiesforthedesignpractice.

WernerSchneider(InstituteforStaticsandDynamicsofStructures,Marschnerstr.31,04109,Leipzig,
Germany,email:Werner.Schneider@unileipzig.de),StimulatingEquivalentGeometricImperfectionsforthe
NumericalBucklingStrengthVerificationofSteelShellStructures,ComputationalMechanics,WCCMVIin
conjunctionwithAPCOM04,Sept.510,2004,Beijing,China
PARTIALABSTRACT:Currentlythemostsophisticatedandthenearfutureaccuratemethodofanumerical
bucklingstrngthverificationisageometricallyandmateriallynonlinearanalysiswithimperfectionsincluded
(GMNIA).Bythisway,equivalentgeometricimperfections,whichhavetocovertheinfluenceofalldeviations
fromthenominaldataoftheresistanceparameters,arefundamental.Theproblemofconsistentequivalent
geometricimperfectionsincludestheproblemsoftheirshapeandsize.Itisrecommendedtostartfromthe
failuremodesoftheperfectstructureinordertogetimperfectionpatternswhichareunfavorablewithrespectto
bucklingresistance,relevancereferringtomanufactureandeasytouse.Theinfluenceoftheimperfedtion
lengthisnotsufficientlyattendedinthepresentdesigncodes.Itisproposedtousethefullwavelengthofthe
idealringbucklingmodeastheimperfectionlengthoftheequivalentgeometricimperfectionforthebasic
bucklingcaseoftheaxiallycompressedcylindricalshell.Finally,proposalsaremadeforconsistentequivalent
geometricimperfectionamplitudesofthisbucklingcase.(13References)
WernerSchneider,IngoTimmelandKarstenHhn(InstituteforStructuralMechanics,UniversityofLeipzig,
Marschnerstr.31,04109Leipzig,Germany),Theconceptionofquasicollapseaffineimperfections:Anew
approachtounfavourableimperfectionsofthinwalledshellstructures,ThinWalledStructures,Vol.43,No.8,
August2005,pp.12021224,doi:10.1016/j.tws.2005.03.003
ABSTRACT:Despiteoftheintensiveresearcheffortofthelastdecadesthereareconsiderablegapsof
knowledgeconcerningtheimperfectionsensitivityofsteelshellstructures,evenwithregardtothebasic
bucklingcases.Itisexplainedinthepresentedpaperwhythemostunfavourableimperfectionpatterndoesnot
existforshellstructuresbutonlydifferentunfavourablepatternsdependingontheimperfectionamplitude.This
amplitudedependingpatterncannotbedeterminedwithcertaintybecauseofthesubstantialinfluenceofthe
materialnonlinearityandbecauseofthenumerouspostbucklingpathswhichcrosseachother.However,the
methodofquasicollapseaffineimperfectionsallowsareasonableapproximationtothemostunfavourable
imperfectionpattern.Thebasicthoughtsofthisconceptarepresented.Theapplicationoftheconcepttoslender
windloadedshellsillustratesitscapability.
W.Schneider,StimulatingEquivalentGeometricImperfectionsfortheNumericalBucklingStrength
VerificationofAxiallyCompressedCylindricalSteelShells,ComputationalMechanics,Vol.37,No.,6,2006,
pp.530536,doi:10.1007/s0046600507288
ABSTRACT:Ageometricallyandmateriallynonlinearanalysiswithimperfectionsincluded(GMNIA)is
currentlythemostsophisticatedandperspectivelythemostaccuratemethodofanumericalbucklingstrength
verification.Bythisway,equivalentgeometricimperfections,whichhavetocovertheinfluenceofall
deviationsfromthenominaldataoftheresistanceparameters,arefundamental.Theproblemofconsistent
equivalentgeometricimperfectionsincludestheproblemsoftheirshapeandsize.Itisrecommendedtostart
fromthefailuremodesoftheperfectstructureinordertogetimperfectionpatterns,whichareunfavourable
withrespecttobucklingresistance,relevantreferringtomanufactureandeasytouse.Theinfluenceofthe
imperfectionlengthisnotsufficientlyattendedinthepresentdesigncodes.Itisproposedtousethefullwave
lengthoftheidealringbucklingmodeastheimperfectionlengthoftheequivalentgeometricimperfectionfor

thebasicbucklingcaseoftheaxiallycompressedcylindricalshell.Finally,proposalsaremadeforconsistent
equivalentgeometricimperfectionamplitudesofthisbucklingcase.
JerzyZiolko(GdanskUniversityofTechnologyul.Gab.Narutowicza11/1280952Gdansk,Poland
jziolko@pg.gda.pl)
Imperfectionsensitivityofcylindricalshellssubjecttohoopcompressionnumericalbucklinganalysesversus
experimentalresults,8th.WorldCongressonComputationalMechanics(WCCM8)5th.EuropeanCongress
onComputationalMethodsinAppliedSciencesandEngineering(ECCOMAS2008)June30July5,2008
Venice,Italy.
ABSTRACT:Thestrongloaddropinthepostbucklingareaandthehugenumberofpossiblebucklingmodes
atalmostthesameloadlevelcauseaconsiderableimperfectionsensitivityofthinwalledshellstructures.Thus,
theinevitabledeviationsfromthenominalresistanceparametershavetobeexplicitlyincludedinthenumerical
simulation.Becauseofthebigdimensionsofthestructuresofcivilengineeringandplantengineering,
experimentsatoriginalstructuresareveryexpensiveandareonlyexceptionallymaintainable.Datafrom
bucklingexperimentsareavailableonlyforsomebasicbucklingcasesoffundamentalshellgeometries.
Howeverinthemostcases,onlythebucklingloadsbutnottheimperfectionsaredocumentedwell.
Inordertoassessthecarryingcapacityofbucklingcaseswhicharenotyetsufficientlyinvestigated,thenew
shellbucklingcodeEN199316:2007allowsnumericalbucklingstrengthverifications.Bearinginmindthe
complexity,diversityandsensitivityofshellbucklingphenomena,itisnotastonishing,thatanumberof
applicationproblemshavenotbeensolvedyet[4].Existingregulationdeficienciesmaybeexploredbestatthe
basicbucklingcasesbecauseoftheavailablecomparativeexperimentaldata.Inthepresentation,experiences
andresearchneedsarepresentedwhichresultfromperforminggeometricallyandmateriallynonlinear
calculationswithimperfectionsincludedforthebasicbucklingcaseofacircularcylindricalshellsubjectto
hoopcompression.ThementionedEurocodeadvisestheuseofequivalentgeometricimperfectionsinorderto
covertheeffectofdifferentaccidentalimperfectionsinasafemanner.
Inthefirstpartofthepresentation,thechallengeofequivalentgeometricimperfectionsisdiscussed.This
problemdividesupintothequestionsabouttheimperfectionpatternandtheimperfectionsize.Imperfection
modeswhichhavethemostdetrimentaleffectshouldbeusedaccordingtotheEurocode.Itisreasonedinthe
presentation,thateigenmodeaffineimperfectionsarenotappropriateforthebucklingcasehoopcompression.
Moreover,themostunfavourableimperfectionpatterndoesnotexistforshellstructuresbutonlydifferent
unfavourablepatternsdependingontheimperfectionamplitude[3].Thisamplitudedependingpatterncannot
bedeterminedwithcertaintybecauseofthesubstantialinfluenceofthematerialnonlinearityandbecauseof
thenumerouspostbucklingpathswhichcrosseachother.However,themethodofquasicollapseaffine
imperfectionsallowsareasonableapproximationtothemostunfavourableimperfectionpattern[3].Single
longitudinalpredeformationsresultingfromthisconceptarewellsuitedasequivalentimperfections.Regarding
theimperfectionamplitude,thequestionisaddressed,whatimperfectionamplitudesarenecessarytogain
numericallytheexperimentallybasedlowerboundbucklingresistanceofthestressdesign.Usingthe
imperfectionamplitudesrecommendedintheEurocode,partlyconsiderablediscrepanciesresultfroma
numericalanalysisofthecircularcylindricalshellsubjecttohoopcompression[2].Inordertoovercomethe
knowledgegapsandtorelatetheaccidentalimperfectionstothebucklingresistance,forthefirsttimeextensive
experimentalseriesoftestcylinderswiththesamenominaldatahavebeenperformedattheGdanskUniversity
ofTechnology.Thegeometricimperfectionsandthebucklingprocessarewelldocumented.
Thenumericalsimulationoftheseexperimentsisdealtwithinthesecondpartofthecontribution.Usingstatic

analyses,onlytheimperfectionpartswhichinitiatethebucklingprocessmaybereliablydetected.Incontrast,
thisstatementisnotvalidforthebucklingpattern.Theinertforcesmustnotbeneglectedperforminga
numericalsimulationofthebucklingprocess,becausethecollapsetakesplacewithhighvelocitieseventhough
theloadisincreasedveryslowly.Therefore,adynamicanalysisisnecessaryinordertosimulatethebucklingin
amechanicallyconsistentmanner[1].Bymeansofadynamicanalysis,thearisingbucklingpatternisclosely
captured.Dynamicanalysesareespeciallyreasonableatthebasicbucklingcasehoopcompression,becausethe
bucklingprocesstakesplacebyasequenceofseverallocalbucklingphenomena.Thesuccessionofstableand
unstableareasoftheloaddisplacementpathofastaticanalysis,whichisconnectedwithloadingandunloading,
doesnotcorrespondtomechanicalreality.Finally,theminordifferencesbetweenexperimentsandnumerical
simulations,whichunderlinethehighimperfectionsensitivityofshellbuckling,arediscussedindetail.
Summarising,conclusionsaredrawnconcerningtheimperfectionpartsinitiatingthebucklingprocessaswellas
concerningtheequivalentimperfectionmodesandamplitudeswhichshouldbyusedperforminganumerical
bucklingstrengthverification.
References:
[1]W.Schneider,andY.Ribakov,CollapseAnalysisofThinWalledCylindricalSteelShellsSubjectedtoConstantShearStress
ComputersandStructures,Vol.82/2930,pp.24632470,(2004).
[2]W.SchneiderandA.Brede,ConsistentEquivalentGeometricImperfectionsfortheNumericalBucklingStrengthVerificationof
CylindricalShellsunderUniformExternalPressure,ThinWalledStructuresVol.43/2,pp.175188,(2005).
[3]W.Schneider,I.TimmelandK.Hhn,TheConceptionofQuasiCollapseAffineImperfectionsAnewApproachto
UnfavourableImperfectionsofThinWalledShellStructures,ThinWalledStructuresVol.43/8,pp.12021224,(2005).
[4]W.SchneiderandM.Gettel,NumericalBucklingStrengthVerificationofCylindricalSteelShellStructuresSubjecttoCombined
Loading,Int.J.ofStructuralStabilityandDynamics,Vol.7,No.2,pp.295311,(2007).

Z.Zhou,P.F.Thomson,Y.C.LamandD.D.W.Yuen,Predictingquarterbucklingandherringbonebucklingin
rolledstrip,ProceedingsoftheInstitutionofMechanicalEngineersPartC;Feb2007,Vol.221Issue2,p143
ABSTRACT:Althoughedgewaveandcentrebucklesinrolledstriparebelievedtobelargelyselfequilibrated,
theresultofresidualstress,formationofherringboneandquarterbucklesinhotorcoldrolledstripisbelieved
torequireapplicationofexternalstress.Itisverifiedherethatstressdistributionssuchasthoseindicatedby
Robertsarepossiblecausesofquarterbucklingandherringbonebuckling.Quarterbucklingisbelievedtoresult
fromstressinthesheetorstripproducedbynonparabolicbendingoftheworkrolls.Herringbonebucklingis
attributedtolocalregionsofaxialtensionandcompressioninthetransversestressdistribution,causedby
misalignment,whicheffectivelyproducesashearinthesheetthatmaymanifestitselfindiagonalbuckling.
GilesHunt,BucklinginSpaceandTime,NonlinearDynamics,Vol.43,Nos.12,pp.2946,2006,
DOI:10.1007/s1107100607488
ABSTRACT:Abstract.Apersonaloverviewofthebucklingprocessisgiven,basedonmorethan30years
researchexperience.Afundamentaldistinctionisdrawnbetweenstructuresthattendtodistribute
theirpatternofbucklingovertheentireavailablelength,andthosethatfavourlimitingitto...
GilesW.Hunt(CentreofNonlinearMechanics,UniversityofBath,BathBA27AY,UK)
IchiroArio(DepartmentofCivilEngineering,HiroshimaUniversity,141Kagamiyama,Higashihiroshima
7398527,Japan)

Twistbucklingandthefoldablecylinder:anexerciseinorigami,InternationalJournalofNonLinear
Mechanics40(2005)833843,doi:10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2004.08.011
ABSTRACT:Basicmechanismsforthebucklingofathincylindricalshellundertorsionalloadingarereviewed
fromapostbucklingperspective.Deflectionsareconsideredsofarintothelargedeflectionrangethattheshell
isallowedtofoldtoaflattwodimensionalform,inamechanismreminiscentofadeployablestructure.
Criticalandinitialpostbucklingeffectsareexploredthroughconceptsofenergyminimizationandhidden
symmetries.Forcomparisonswiththefinallargedeflectionfoldedshape,atrusselementprogramisemployed.
Itisshownthat,asbucklingdevelops,themodeshapemustchangetoaccommodateboththesymmetry
breakingaspectsofthepredominatelyinwardsdeflection,andtherotationofpeakandvalleylinesofthebuckle
patternnecessarytoaccommodatethegeometryofthefinalfoldedshape.
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1984.
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BucklingofStructures,IUTAMSymposium,June1974,Cambridge,USA,AppliedMathematicsandMechanics,Springer,Berlin,
1976.
[4]G.W.Hunt,G.J.Lord,M.A.Peletier,Cylindricalshellbuckling:acharacterizationoflocalizationandperiodicity,DiscreteContin.
Dyn.Syst.B3(4)(2003)505518.
[5]Y.Yoshimura,Onthemechanismofbucklingofacircularcylindricalshellunderaxialcompressionandbending,Reportsofthe
InstituteofScienceandTechnologyoftheUniversityofTokyo,vol.5(5),(Englishtranslation:TechnicalMemorandum1390ofthe
NationalAdvisoryCommitteeforAeronautics,WashingtonDC,1955),1951.
[6]J.M.T.Thompson,G.W.Hunt,ElasticInstabilityPhenomena,Wiley,Chichester,1984.
[7]B.Kresling,FoldedtubesascomparedtoKikko(TortoiseShell)Bamboo,in:T.Hull(Ed.),Origami3,ThirdInternational
MeetingofOrigamiScience,MathematicsandEducation(2001AsilomarCalifornia),AKPeters,Natick,Massachusetts,2002,pp.
197207.
[8]G.J.Lord,A.R.Champneys,G.W.Hunt,Computationofhomoclinicorbitsinpartialdifferentialequations:anapplicationto
cylindricalshellbuckling,SIAMJ.Sci.Comput.21(2)(1999)591619.
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773777.
[10]S.D.Guest,S.Pellegrino,Thefoldingoftrianglulatedcylinders,II:thefoldingprocess,ASMEJ.Appl.Mech.61(1994)778
783.
[11]S.D.Guest,S.Pellegrino,Thefoldingoftrianglulatedcylinders,III:experiments,ASMEJ.Appl.Mech.63(1996)7783.
[12]G.W.Hunt,K.A.Williams,R.G.Cowell,Hiddensymmetryconceptsintheelasticbucklingofaxiallyloadedcylinders,Int.J.
SolidsandStruct.22(1986)15011515.
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[14]T.Nojima,Modellingoffoldingpatternsinflatmembranesandcylindersbyusingorigami,J.Amer.Soc.Mech.Engrs.643
(2000)10501056.
[15]J.M.T.Thompson,G.W.Hunt,AGeneralTheoryofElasticStability,Wiley,London,1973.
[16]A.R.Champneys,G.W.Hunt,J.M.T.Thompson(Eds.),LocalizationandSolitaryWavesinSolidMechanics,WorldScientific
Publishing,Singapore,1999.
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NewYork,1984.
[18]G.W.Hunt,Hidden(a)symmetriesofelasticandplasticbifurcation,Appl.Mech.Rev.39(8)(1986)11651186.
[19]G.W.Hunt,Bucklinginspaceandtime,2004,tobepublished(preprintavailable).
[20]P.M.Weaver,Anisotropyinducedspiralbucklingincompressionloadedcylindricalshells,AIAAJ.40(5)(2002)10011007.
[21]G.W.Hunt,M.A.Peletier,A.R.Champneys,P.D.Woods,M.AhmerWadee,C.J.Budd,G.J.Lord,Cellularbucklinginlong
structures,NonlinearDyn.21(1)(2000)329.

MarkSchenkandSimonD.Guest,Origamifolding:astructuralengineeringapproach,(publisheranddate
notgiveninthepdffile;2010?)
ABSTRACT:InthispaperwepresentanovelengineeringapplicationofOrigami,usingitforboththe
flexibilityandtherigiditythefoldingpatternsprovide.TheproposedFoldedTexturedSheetshaveseveral
interestingmechanicalproperties.Thefoldingpatternsaremodeledasapinjointedframework,whichallows
theuseofestablishedstructuralengineeringmethodstogaininsightintothekinematicsofthefoldedsheet.The
kinematicanalysiscanbenaturallydevelopedintoastiffnessmatrixapproach;bystudyingitssoftest
eigenmodes,importantdeformationsofapartiallyfoldedsheetcanbefound,whichaidsintheunderstandingof
Origamisheetsforengineeringapplications.
Referenceslistsedattheendofthepaper:
[Aldersonetal.10]A.Alderson,K.L.Alderson,G.Chirima,N.Ravirala,andK.M.Zied.Theinplanelinearelasticconstantsand
outofplanebendingof3coordinatedligamentandcylinderligamenthoneycombs.CompositesScienceandTechnology70:7
(2010),10341041.
[Balkcom04]DevinJ.Balkcom.Roboticorigamifolding.Ph.D.thesis,CarnegieMellonUniversity,2004.
[BasilyandElsayed04]B.BasilyandE.A.Elsayed.DynamicaxialcrushingofmultilayercorestructuresoffoldedChevron
patterns.InternationalJournalofMaterialsandProductTechnology21:13(2004),169185.
[Engel68]HeinoEngel.StructureSystems.Praeger,1968.
[GuestandPellegrino92]S.D.GuestandS.Pellegrino.InextensionalWrappingofFlatMembranes.InFirstInternational
ConferenceonStructuralMorphology,editedbyR.MotroandT.Wester,pp.203215.Montpellier,1992.
[Heimbsetal.07]S.Heimbs,P.Middendorf,S.Kilchert,A.F.Johnson,andM.Maier.ExperimentalandNumericalAnalysisof
CompositeFoldedSandwichCoreStructuresUnderCompression.JournalAppliedCompositeMaterials14:56(2007),363377.
[Huffman76]D.A.Huffman.CurvaturesandCreases:APrimeronPaper.IEEETransactionsonComputersC25:10(1976),
10101019.
[Kuribayashietal.06]KaoriKuribayashi,KoichiTsuchiya,ZhongYou,DacianTomus,MinoruUmemoto,TakahiroIto,and
MasahiroSasaki.SelfdeployableorigamistentgraftsasabiomedicalapplicationofNirichTiNishapememoryalloyfoil.Materials
ScienceandEngineering:A419:12(2006),131137.
[Lakes87]R.Lakes.FoamStructureswithaNegativePoissonsRatio.Science235:4792(1987),10381040.
[Lim07]TeikChengLim.OnsimultaneouspositiveandnegativePoissonsratiolaminates.PhysicaStatusSolidi(b)SolidState
Physics244:3(2007),910918.
[PellegrinoandCalladine86]S.PellegrinoandC.R.Calladine.Matrixanalysisofstaticallyandkinematicallyindeterminate
frameworks.InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures22:4(1986),409428.
[Tachi06]TomohiroTachi.SimulationofRigidOrigami.InProceedingsofTheFourthInternationalConferenceonOrigamiin
Science,Mathematics,andEducation(4OSME).CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,Pasadena,California,USA,2006.
[Temmerman07]NielsDeTemmerman.DesignandAnalysisofDeployableBarStructuresforMobileArchitecturalApplications.
Ph.D.thesis,VrijeUniversiteitBrussel,2007.
[Thilletal.08]C.Thill,J.Etches,I.Bond,K.Potter,andP.Weaver.MorphingskinsAreview.TheAeronauticalJournal
112:1129(2008),117138.
[WatanabeandKawaguchi06]NaohikoWatanabeandKenichiKawaguchi.TheMethodforJudgingRigidFoldability.In
ProceedingsofTheFourthInternationalConferenceonOrigamiinScience,Mathematics,andEducation(4OSME),editedbyR.
Lang.CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,Pasadena,California,USA.,2006.
[WeinaandYou10]WuWeinaandZhongYou.Energyabsorptionofthinwalledtubeswithorigamipatterns.In5thInternational
ConferenceonOrigamiinScience,MathematicsandEducation.Singapore,2010.

SergioPellegrino(UniversityofCambridge,Cambridge,UK),ElasticFoldingofShellStructures,Chapter5
inDeployablestructures,editedbySergioPellegrino,CISMCoursesandLecturesNo.412,InternationalCentre
forMechanicalSciences,Springer,2001
(cannotcutandpasteabstract)

E.Kebadze,S.D.GuestandS.Pellegrino(DepartmentofEngineering,UniversityofCambridge,Trumpington
Street,CambridgeCB21PZ,UK),Bistableprestressedshellstructures,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,Vol.41,Nos.1112,June2004,pp.28012820,doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2004.01.028
ABSTRACT:Thepaperinvestigatesacylindricalshellwhichhastwostableconfigurations,duetoaparticular
distributionofresidualstressesinducedbyplasticbending.Thebasicmechanicsofthebistabilityareexplained,
alongwithdetailsoftheplasticforming.Acomprehensiveanalyticalmodelisdevelopedwhichpredictsthe
residualstressdistributionandbistableconfigurationsoftheshell.Goodcorrelationhasbeenfoundbetween
experimentalresultsandpredictionsfromthismodel.
M.PagitzandS.Pellegrino(DepartmentofEngineering,UniversityofCambridgeTrumpingtonStreet,
Cambridge,CB21PZ,UK),Bucklingpressureofpumpkinballoons,InternationalJournalofSolidsand
Structures,Vol.44,No.21,October2007,pp.69636986,doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2007.03.021
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsacomputationalstudyofthecriticalbucklingpressureofpumpkinballoons,
whichconsistofathin,compliantmembraneconstrainedbystiffmeridionaltendons.Thenfoldsymmetric
shapeofapumpkinballoonwithnidenticallobesisexploitedbyadoptingasymmetryadaptedcoordinate
system,whichleadstothetangentstiffnessmatrixinanefficientblockdiagonalform;thesmallesteigenvalue
ofaparticularblockleadstothebucklingpressurefortheballoon.Twodifferenttypesofballoondesignare
considered.Extensiveresultsareobtainedforthebucklingpressuresofasetof10mdiameterexperimental
balloonsandalsoforan80mdiameterflightballoon.Thekeyfindingsareasfollows:thesametypeof
bucklingmode,formingfourcircumferentialwavesiscriticalformostoftheballoonsthathavebeenanalysed;
balloonswithflatterlobesaremorestable,andthebucklingpressurevarieswithaninversepowerlawofthe
numberoflobes;increasingtheYoungsmodulus,thePoissonsratioofthemembrane,orthediameterofthe
endfittinghastheeffectofincreasingthebucklingpressure;butincreasingtheaxialstiffnessofthetendonshas
theeffectofdecreasingthebucklingpressure.
M.Pagitz(1)andS.Pellegrino(2)
(1)AerospaceStructures,DelftUniversityofTechnology,2629HSDelft,TheNetherlands
(2)GraduateAerospaceLaboratories,CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,1200EastCaliforniaBoulevard,
Pasadena,CA91125,USA
Maximallystablelobedballoons,InternationalJournalofSolidsandStructures,Vol47,Nos.1112,June
2010,pp.14961507,doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2010.02.013
ABSTRACT:Thispaperisconcernedwiththeoptimizationofthecuttingpatternofnfoldsymmetricsuper
pressureballoonsmadefromidenticallobesconstrainedbystiffmeridionaltendons.Itisshownthatthecritical
bucklingpressureofsuchballoonsismaximizediftheunstressedsurfaceareaoftheballoonisminimized
underastressconstraint.Thisapproachresultsinfullystressedballoondesignsthatinsomecaseshavea
smallerunstressedsurfaceareathanthecorrespondingaxisymmetricsurfacethatisinequilibriumwithzero
hoopstress.Itisshownthat,comparedtocurrentdesigns,thebucklingpressurescanbeincreasedbyupto
300%withoutincreasingthemaximumstressinthelobe.
Deng,X.,andPellegrino,S.(CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,Pasadena,California91125)(2012)Wrinkling

oforthotropicviscoelasticmembranes.AIAAJournal,50(3),668681.
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsasimpliedsimulationtechniquefororthotropicviscoelasticmembranes.
Wrinklingisdetectedbyacombinedstressstraincriterionandaniterativeschemesearchesforthewrinkle
angleusingapseudoelasticmaterialstinessmatrixbasedonanonlinearviscoelasticconstitutivemodel.
ThissimpliedmodelhasbeenimplementedinABAQUS/Explicitandisabletocomputethebehaviorofa
membranestructurebysuperpositionofasmallnumberofresponseincrements.Themodelhasbeentested
againstapublishedsolutionforatimeindependentisotropicmembraneundersimpleshearandalsoagainst
experimentalresultsonStratoFilm420undersimpleshear.

Ning,X.,andPellegrino,S.(CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,Pasadena,CA91225),(2012).Designof
lightweightstructuralcomponentsfordirectdigitalmanufacturing.53rdAIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC
Structures,StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsConference,2326April2012Honolulu,Hawaii.
ABSTRACT:Therapidgrowthindirectdigitalmanufacturingtechnologieshasopenedthechallengeof
designingoptimalmicrostructuresforhighperformancecomponents.Currenttopologyoptimization
techniquesdonotworkwellforthistypeofproblemsandhenceinthispaperweproposeatechniquebasedon
animplicitrepresentationofthestructuraltopology.Thedetailedmicrostructureisdesignedbyacontinuous
variable,thesizedistributionfield,definedoverthedesigndomainbychosenshapefunctions.Wecanoptimize
thestructuraltopologybyoptimizingonlytheweightsofthesizedistributionand,foranygivensize
distribution,weusestandardmeshingsoftwaretodeterminetheactualdetailedmicrstructure.Wehave
implementedtheoptimizationloopusingcommercialCADandFEAsoftware,runningunderagenetic
algorithminMATLAB.Applicationthisnoveltechniquetothedesignofasandwichbeamhasproduced
designsthataresuperiortoanystandardsolidbeamorevenoptimizedtrussstructure.
XinNingandSergioPellegrino(CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,Pasadena,CA91125),Imperfection
InsensitiveAxiallyLoadedCylindricalShells,AIAAPaperNo.(notgiven),AIAA,54thAIAAStructures,
StructuralDynamicsandMaterialsmeetinginBoston,Massachusetts,April2013).Seealso,International
JournalofSolidsandStructures,xxx(2015)xxxxxx(13pages,inpress).
ABSTRACT:Thehighefficiencyofmonocoquecylindricalshellsincarryingaxialloadsiscurtailedbytheir
extremesensitivitytoimperfections.Forpracticalapplications,thisissuehasbeenalleviatedbyintroducing
closelystiffenedshellswhich,however,requireexpensivemanufacturing.Herewepresentanalternative
approachthatprovidesafundamentallydifferentsolution.Wedesignsymmetrybreakingwavycylindrical
shellsthatavoidimperfectionsensitivity.TheircrosssectionisformulatedbyNURBSinterpolationon
controlpointswhosepositionsareoptimizedbyevolutionaryalgorithms.Wehaveappliedourapproachtoboth
isotropicandorthotropicshellsandhavealsoconstructedoptimizedcompositewavyshellsandmeasuredtheir
imperfectionsandexperimentalbucklingloads.Throughtheseexperimentswehaveconfirmedthatoptimally
designedwavyshellsareimperfectioninsensitive.Wehavestudiedthemassefficiencyofthesenewshellsand
foundthemtobemoreefficientthanevenaperfectcircularcylindricalshellandmoststiffenedcylindrical
shells.

Referenceslistedattheendofthepaper:

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pp.3557,2012.
10vonKarman,T.andTsien,H.S.,TheBucklingofThinCylindricalShellsunderAxialCompression,JournaloftheAeronautical
Sciences,Vol.8,pp.303312,1941.
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29EosSystems,PhotoModelerPro5,UserManual,2004.
30Ashby,M.,MaterialSelectioninMechanicalDesign,Oxford,ButterworthHeinemann,2005.

XinNingandSergioPellegrino(CaltechEngineering&AppliedScience),Bucklingofcylindricalshells:
avoidanceofimperfectionsensitivitythroughshapeoptimization,2014IASSSymposium,Brasilia,Brasil
INTRODUCTION:

Formfindingisacentralprobleminthedesignofmodernshellstructures(Adriaenssens,Block,
Veenendaal,Williams2014).

TransitionfromanalyticallydefinedclassicalshellstofreeformshellsinitiatedbyIsler.

NumericalstudiesoffreeformshellsmadebyRammandmanyothers.

Twoformfindingoptimizationproblems:
1.Findshapewithminimalstrainenergy
2.Modifyshapefromoptimization1forminimalsensitivitytoimperfections
SergioPellegrino(GraduateAerospaceLaboratories,CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,Pasadena,CA91125),
Foldinganddeploymentofthinshellstructures.Pellegrinowrites:LastyearIgaveaseriesoflecturesonthe
foldinganddeploymentofthinshellstructures,aspartofacourseatCISM(inUdine,Italy)onExtremely
DeformableStructuresorganizedbyDavideBigoni.Theselecturesprovidedanopportunitytorevisitthework
thatIhaddoneoveraperiodofabout15years,withmanystudentsandcollaborators.Mywriteupofthe
lectureswillappearasabooktobeeditedbyDavide.Thereisalsoadownloadablepdffileonmywebsite
(http://pellegrino.caltech.edu/publications.html)
ABSTRACT:Thinshellsmadeofhighmodulusmaterialarewidelyusedaslightweightdeployablespace
structures.Thefocusofthischapteristhemostbasicdeployablethinshellstructure,namelyastraight,
transverselycurvedstripknownasatapespring.Followingareviewofthematerialsusedfortheconstruction
ofdeployablethinshellstructures,includingconstitutivemodelsandfailurecriteriadevelopedspecificallyfor
thistypeofstructures,thischapterprovidesanintroductiontothemechanicsoftapespringsandtapespring
hinges.Finiteelementtechniquestomodeldeployablestructurescontainingtapespringsarepresentedandthe
abilityofthesemodelstoaccuratelysimulateexperimentallyobservedbehaviorisdemonstrated.Thesetools
canbeusedtodesignstructuresabletoachievespecificbehaviors.Asanexample,thedesignofatwohinge
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Hung,S.C.;Su,Y.K.;Fang,T.H.;Chang,S.J.,Shellbucklingbehaviorinvestigationofindividualgallium
nitridehollownanocolumn,AppliedPhysicsA,Vol.84,No.4,pp.439443(yearnotgiven;2006?)

DOI:10.1007/s003390063632y
ABSTRACT:Thispaperpresentsresearchonthecalculatinganalysisandexperimentalobservationsofshell
bucklinginindividualgalliumnitridehollownanocolumnsusingnanoindentation.Byusingtheexperiment
resultsofcriticalbucklingstrainundercompression,weinvestigatedthestiffnessofhollownanocolumnswhich
wereverticallyalignedonatemplatebyusinglinearelasticshellbucklingtheory.Inaddition,morestudiesof
variouspossiblenanomechanicalbehaviormodesofgalliumnitridehollownanocolumnsbyshallmodelare
provided.Furthermore,therewasacomparisonbetweennanocolumnsbymoleculardynamicssimulation(one
dimensionalstructure)andthinfilmbynanoindentationexperiment(twodimensionalstructures).Finally,the
bucklingenergyofcompressionforanindividualgalliumnitridehollownanocolumnwasalsodiscussed.
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