115

115

115

115

An Introduction

x191Wz

x13Wz

K
W

KLL J1
K J2

W
J1

J2

115

J3

EKKKF

115

Physical Measurements

WIntroduction 1 J1

K
W

Kmeasurement units of dimensional quantitiesEF J1

Kunits dimensionsEF J2

W EF
K J1

J2

J1

115

J3

J4

K J5
J6

WMeasurement Units 1 J2
J J

KSystem International(SI)International System

International bureau of

weight and measures

K

J2 J

115

W
E1 J1F

E1F

E1 J1FK
KE J1 J1F

Quantity

(SI) Unit

Symbol

length

meter

mass

kilogram

kg

time

second

thermodynamics
temperature

kelvin

electric current

ampere

luminous

candela

cd

amount of
substance

mole

mol

E1FE1 J1F

Quantity

(SI) Unit

Symbol

plane angle

radian

rad

solid angle

steradian

sr.

E J1 J1F

W
WThe Metric System1 J2 J1

(MKS

E1 J1F

KE1 J4FE1 J6FE1F

KE1 J6FK E1F

J3 J

115

(Meter, Kilogram,

system)

K(K)KelvinSecond)
WThe Gaussian system (CGS)1 J2 J2

(MKS)
K

(CGS

system) Gauss

(Centimeter, Gram, Second)

K(K)

WThe British System (FPS)1 J2 J3

W

(FPS System)

KFahrenheit(Foot, Pound, Second)

(CGS) (MKS) K

KK

WInternational System Units (SI)1 J3

KK
J4 J

115

WDimensions1 J4

dimensional

W {consistency

and units consistency

W

[L]

[K]

[M]

[A]

[Mol]

[T]

[Cd]

xz

W
K J1
K J2
K J3
K(CGS)(MKS) J4

W
v=

x
t

W
J5 J

115

[v] = [L] = [L][T ]1

[T ]
xz

(1) xTz xLz

W

[L] [T ]1 = m s1
W
(MKS) ( m / s )

K
E1 J1F

Application

Isaac

Newton

WForce
r

F = mar

( ar ) (m)

W ( s ) ( m / s )
r
r v ( m / s )
a= =
= ( m / s2 )
t
(s)

( 1 m / s2 ) ( 1 kg )
r
r
F = ma = ( kg )( m / s 2 )

[ M ][ L ][ T ] 2 W

J6 J

115

K ( kg . m / s 2 )
E1 J2F

Application

W
rr
W = F .r

( rv ) ( F )

W
m
)( m )
s2
m2
= ( kg 2 )
s

J = ( kg

K [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 2

( 1 N )

( 1 m )

KVoltCoulomb

? ?

KDimensions and units theory

EF

J7 J

115

K
E1 J3F

Application

(m)

K()
WSolution

W(A)
A = CL M T

( , , )

W
m2
J = kg 2
s

[M ]1 [LT 1 ]2
[L] [M ] [T ]

= 1, = 2, = -2

W
W

K=

1
mv 2
2

W
C = (1/ 2 )

KE1 J5F

J8 J

115

Factor

Prefix

10 24

yotta-

10 21

zetta-

10 18

exa-

10 15

peta-

10 12

tera-

10 9

giga-

10 6

mega-

10 3

kilo-

10 2

hecto-

10 1

deka-

Symbol

Factor

Prefix

10 -24

yocto

10 -21

zepto-

10 -18

atto-

10 -15

femto-

10 -12

pico-

10 -9

nano-

10 -6

micro-

10 -3

milli-

10 -2

centi-

da

10 -1

deci

Symbol

y
z
a
f
p
n

m
c
d

E1FE1 J5F
Prefixes for (SI) units

(yotta) prefixes

K(yocto)

KE1 J1F

KE5 J1F

( r )
K

J JE1F
K

J9 J

115

Wdimensional analysis
E1 J4F

Application

Q = kA

( T2 T1 )
t
d

W
Wkconducting heatWQ
W ( T2 ,T1 ) WA thermal

conduction coefficient

KWdWt
WSolution
WJoule

Q = [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 2

k = [ M ][ L ][ T ] 3 [ K ] 1
A = [ L]2

Z
Z

T = [K]
d = [ L]

[ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 2 = [ M ][ L ][ T ] 3 [ K ] 1 [ L ] 2 [ K ][ L ] 1 [ T ]
[ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 2 = [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 2

K
J10 J

115

E1 J5F

Application

( I ) ( R )

K(P)resistive power
WSolution
W
R = [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 3 [ A ] 2

W
P = [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 3

W
I = [ A]

( P )

P I R

W
[ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 3 = K [ A ] [ M ] [ L ] 2 [ T ] 3 [ A ] 2
= K [ A ] 2 [ M ] [ L ] 2 [ T ] 3

W
2 = 0
= 2

W[L]
2 = 2

=1

J11 J

115

=2

W
[ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 3 = K [ A ] 2 [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 3 [ A ] 2
[ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 3 [ A ] 2 = R
[ A]2 = I 2

P = KI 2 R

K = 1

KE1 J6F(SI)
E1F

Quantity

Dimensions

area

amount of substance

acceleration

angular momentum

current

capacitance

mass density

energy

electric charge

L2

m2

Mol

mol

EF

LT 2

ms 2

ML2 T 1

kg m2 s 1

M 1 L2 T 4 A 2

kg 1 m2 s 4 A2

ML3

kg m3

ML2 T 2

kg m2 s 2

AT

A s 1

E1 J6F

Quantity

electric potential

electric field strength

Dimensions

ML2 T 3 A 1

kg m2 s 3 A1

ML T 3 A 1

kg m s 3 A1

KE1F

J12 J

115

Quantity

Dimensions

ML2 T 3 A 2

kg m2 s 3 A2

T 1

s 1

ML T 2

kg m s 2

inductance

ML2 T 2 A 2

kg m2 s 2 A2

length

luminous intensity

Cd

cd

luminous flux

CdSr

cd sr

luminance

Cd L2

cd m2

mass

kg

moment of inertia

ML2

kg m2

magnetic flux

ML2 T 2 A 1

kg m2 s 1 A1

MT 2 A 1

kg s 2 A1

electric resistance

frequency

force

magnetic field density

magnetic pole

LA

mA

magnetic field
strength

L1 A

m1 A

km

permeability

MLT 2 A 2

kg s 2 A2

surface tension

M T 2

kg s 2

specific heat

L2 T 2 K 1

m s 2 K 1

time

temperature

torque

ML2 T 2

kg m2 s 2

thermal conductivity

MLT 3 K 1

kg m s 3 K 1

volume

L3

L3

velocity

LT 1

LT 1

E1 J6F

J13 J

115

[ ] J JW

E1 J7F

capitallower

case

K ( , , , , )

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )
solid

anglePlane angle

( ) K
K ( Z )

Greek Name
Alpha
Beta
Gamma
Delta
Epsilon
Zeta
Eta
Theta
Iota
Kappa
Lambda
Mu

Lower case

Capital

Greek Name

Lower case

Capital

Xi

Omicron
Pi

Rho

Sigma

Tau

Upsilon

Phi

Chi

Psi

Omega

J14 J

Nu

115

E1FE1 J7F

E1 J6F

Application

(x) Projectile

K ( gr ) ( vo )

K
WSolution
x ( vo , g )

(K)

( , )
x = K vo g

[L]W

{[ L ][ T ] } {[ L ][ T ] }
1

= [ L ] [ T ] [ L ] [ T ] 2
= [ L ] + [ T ] 2

W
[ L ] = [ L ] + { T ] 2

KE1F

J15 J

115

[ T ] 0

[ L ][ T ] 0 = [ L ] + [ T ] 2

dimensions analysis

+ = 1 = 1-

(1)

--2 = 0 - = 2

-(1-) = 2
-1 + = 2
2- = -1

= -1

(2)

W(1)
= 1- = 1-(-1) = 2

x=K

vo2
g

K
E1 J7F

Application

W a ( x )
x = xo + vo t + ( 1 / 2 )at 2

( vo ) ( t ) ( xo )

KEFK
WSolution

[L]

J16 J

115

[ L ] + [ L ][ T ] 1 [ T ] + [ L ][ T ] 2 [ T ] 2

W
[ L] = [ L]
= [ L ][ T ] 1 [ T ] = [ L ]
= [ L ][ T ] 2 [ T ] 2 = [ L ]

K
E1 J8F
r

Application

( F ) ( f ) oscillationfrequency

KE l m/Fmass per unit length

K
WSolution

W
f ( F , l, m / l )

K(K)

v = KF l m
l

dimensions

KEFanalysis

K(s-1)(SI)

[ T ] 1 = K [ M ][ L ][ T 2 ] [ L ] [ M ] [ L ]
= K [ M ] + [ L ] + [ T ] 2

J17 J

115

W [ M ] 0 [ L ] 0

[ M ] 0 [ L ] 0 [ T ] 1 = K [ M ] + [ L ] + [ T ] 2

EF

+ = 0 + = 0

2 =

EF

EF

= 0 =

2 = 1 = 1 / 2
= 1 / 2
= 1

m
f = KF l
l
1
2

1
2 1

= KF l m

K
l

1
2

1
2

F
m

(m / l ) 2 W
1

( l )1

K ( m / l ) (m) (m / l ) 2
1

J18 J

115

Summary

K(SI)

(CGS)(MKS)

W(SI)

J(FPS)

J
K

J
J

K ( 1 dyne cm 2 esu 2 ) ( 9 10 9 Nm 2 C 1 )

E1 J5F

J19 J

115

Self Test Exams

W
{
( l ) ( p ) ( p / l )

K ( r ) ( ) ( visconsity )

W
W

r2
= K
( s l )g
v

( r ) Stocks law

( g ) ( ) ( l ) ( v ) ( s )
K K =

2
9

W
( T ) ( A ) black body
K ( t ) (Q)

W
Q =

Stefen-Boltzman

A t T4

constant ( )

K(SI)
J20 J

115

KEF

J21 J

115

Unit One Exercises & Problems

1 J1
K(SI)

W 1 J2
r

F = mar

W J
r

K ( ar ) (m) ( F )
F = G m1 m2 2
r

W J
r

( r ) ( m2 ) ( m1 ) ( F )
K ( G )

W J
v = vo + x t

x = xo + v t + ( 1 / 2 )x t 2

( xo ) ( x ) ( vo ) ( v )
K ( t )

1 J3
( l )

K ( g ) ( T ) ( m )

1 J4
W
r

F = kx

J22 J

W J

115

K ( k ) ( x ) ( F )
r

F = G m1 m2 2
r

W J

( r ) ( m2 ) ( m1 ) ( F )
K ( G )

1 J5
K(CGS)K(CGS)(MKS)

1 J6
K J
K J
K J
K J
K
W ( 6.37 106 m ) 1 J7
J
J
K J

J23 J

115

Optional Problems

K ( 3 108 m . s 1 ) 1 J1
KL

KL

1 J2
K ( 1 u ) ( 1 u )

K J
( 1.4 1021 kg ) J

J24 J

J24

115

Scalars & Vectors
WIntroduction 2 J1
scalars

vectors

(y)(x)(x-y

plane)

(x)
counter

clockwise

K J1
J2
K

J3
K

J4
K

J25 J

115

J5
K

WScalars2 J2
Wscalar

K magnitude J1
Kmeasurment unit J2
W unit

(5)

(5 kg)W

WVectors2 J3
W

Kmagnitude J1

K(xyz)(xy)direction J2
Kaction point J3
Kaction axis J4

J26 J

115

force
velocity magnetic

field displacement

arrow Kmomentum acceleration

(N-W direction)(10 N)
(1 N)

KE2 J1F

E1F(10 N) ( F ) E2 J1F

(A) ( A )
r

( F ) E2 J1F

E1F
K(135)(45)

J27 J

115

W (F

= 10 N)

W
K

WAdding Vectors: Graphical Method2 J4

KE2 J2FK ( B ) ( A )

r
r
( B ) ( A ) E2 J2F

( A ) E1F
r

( A ) ( B )
r

( B ) ( A )
r

K ( A + B = B + A ) ( C = A + B ) (A)E1F

J28 J

115

( B ) ( A ) ( C )
r

W ( B ) ( A )

r r r
C= A+B
(2-5)

KE2 J2F

E2 J2F

( C )

cosine law
r

( B ) ( A )
r

W?? ( B ) ( A )
C 2 = A2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos ( )

K
K

??
ApplicationE2 J1F

J29 J

115

r
r
( B ) ( A )

K ( = 90 ) E2 J3F

E2 J3F

WSolution

W ( = 90 )
C 2 = A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos ( )
= ( 4 ) 2 + ( 2 ) 2 + 2( 4 )( 2 ) cos ( 90 ) = 16 + 4 = 20
C 2 = 20
C = 4.47
r

( C ) W

K
ApplicationE2 J2F

cosine

law

( A = 3, B = 4 )

K ( = 30 ) E2 J4F

E2 J4F

J30 J

115

WSolution

C 2 = A2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos ( )
C 2 = ( 3 )2 + ( 4 )2 + 2( 3 4 ) cos ( 30 )
C 2 = 9 + 16 + 24( 0.8660 ) = 45.78
C = 6.76

ApplicationE2 J3F
r

( F2

r
= 9 N ) ( F1 = 6 N )

E2 J5F(P)
K ( = 120 )

E2 J5F

WSolution
E2 J2F

F = F12 + F22 + 2F1F2 Cos ( )

= ( 6 )2 + ( 9 )2 + 2( 6 )( 9 ) Cos ( 120 )
= 7.9 N

J31 J

115

( F )

K ( F )

WVectors Addition Properties

2 J4 J1

W
r

( B ) ( A ) Wcommutative law J1

r r r r
A+ B = B+ A
(2-6)

Wassosiation

law

J2
r

WE C B A F

r r
r r
r r
( A+ B)+C = A+(B +C )
(2-7)
r
r
W ( A ) ( A )
r
r
A + ( A ) = 0
(2-8)

WVectors Subtraction2 J4 J2

K ( B ) ( B )
r

J32 J

115

r r r
r
A B = A + ( B)
(2-9)
v
( B )

K ( A )

WVectors and their ComponentsEF2 J5

vector

E2 J4F

K
(x, y)

cartesian axes
y-

x-components

Wcomponents

(0.0) J1

J2

K J

(sin) J3

(tan)(cos)
K

( A ) E2 J10F

( ) ( Ay ) ( Ax )
r

K ( A )

J33 J

115

WE2 J6F
r

K ( A ) ( Ay ) ( Ax ) J1
E1F J2

(a b c)K
r

(0,0) ( A ) ( Ay ) ( Ax )
K

(x, y)E A FE2 J6F

J3

( ) ( Ay ) ( Ax )
r

K ( A )

cos ( ) =

Ax

Ax = A cos ( )
(2-10)
KE1F

J34 J

115

sin ( ) =

Ay

Ay = A sin ( )
(2-11)

(x, y)

K ( )

W (

= 90 ) J1

Ax = A cos ( 90 ) = 0

W
Ay = A sin ( 90 ) = A

K ( Ay )

W ( = 0 ) J2
Ax = A cos ( 0 ) = A

W ( Ax )

Ay = A sin ( 0 ) = 0

( = 0 )

W(2-11)(2-12) J3
J35 J

115

Ay
Ax

tan ( ) =

A sin ( )
A cos ( )

Ay
Ax

(2-12)

(2-12)

{ ( Ax ) ( Ay )
r r r

W ( A1 , A2 , A3 ,...)
W ( Ay ) ( Ay )

= Ay1 + Ay 2 + Ay3 + ...

W ( Ax ) ( Ax )

= Ax1 + Ax2 + Ax3 + ...

r r

K ( A1 , A2 ,...)
( )

W(2-12)

A
A
A

tan( ) =

= tan1

(2-13)

(2-13)(2-12)

(2-

W ( Ay / Ax ) 13)

J36 J

115

tan ( ) = 1

= tan1 ( 1 )
= 45

(a b c)E2 J7F

(a b c) ( Ay ) ( Ax ) E2 J7F

( Ay ) ( Ax )
r

E A F (a

b c)

A 2 = Ax2 + Ay2

A=

Ax2 + Ay2

(2-14)

(2-13) (2-12)

K(2-15)(2-14)

A=

( A ) + ( A )
2

(2-15)
r
( A )

( Ax ) ( Ay ) ( Ay ) ( Ax )

ApplicationE2 J4F

J37 J

115

(22) )

KE2 J8F
(215 km
WSolution
r

(0.0) ( A )

W(90-22)
A = 215 km
r

K ( A )
Ax = A cos ( )
= 215 cos ( 68 ) = 80.5 km
r

K ( A )
Ay = A sin ( )
= 215 sin ( 68 ) = 199.34 km

E2 J4FE2 J8F

(2-

W(2-14)13)

J38 J

115

A =
=

(Ax )2 + (Ay )2
(80.5)2 + (199.34)2

= 215 km
tan ( ) =

Ay
Ax

199.34
= 2.476
80.5
= tan 1 ( 2.476 ) = 68
=

WUnit Vectors2 J6

( x , y , z )

K unit

vectors

( x , y , z ) ( i , j , k )

( i , j , k )

( Ax ) ( x , y ) ( j ) ( i )

K ( A ) ( Ay )

KE2 J9F

J39 J

115

r
k
A = Ax i + Ay j + A
z

(2-16)

E2 J9F

( i , j , k )

E2 J7F
r

( Ay ) ( Ax )

A = Ax i + Ay j

(2-17)

KE2 J5F
ApplicationE2 J5F

W ( A )
r
A = 4i 5 j + 3k

W
+ 4i , 5 j , 3k

J40 J

115

+ 4 , 5, + 3

(x, y, z)

WE2 J10F

r
( A ) E2 J10F

Adding Vectors by Adding their

2 J7
WComponents

( A )
r

r
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k

W ( C ) ( B )

(2-18)
r
B = B x i + B y j + B z k
(2-19)
r
C = C x i + C y j + C z k
(2-20)

J41 J

115

W
R x = Ax + B x + C x
(2-21)
R y = Ay + B y + C y
(2-22)

R z = Az + B z + C z
(2-23)
r
R = R x i + R y j + R z k

(2-24)

( x , y , z )
r
( R ) ( Rx , R y , Rz ) W

K ( i , j , k )

ApplicationE2 J6F
r

W ( R )
r
A = 4i + 6 j + 2k
r
B = 3i + 3 j 2k
r
C = i 4 j + 2k

WSolution
Rx = 4 + 3 + 1 = 8
Ry = 6 + 3 4 = 5
Rz = 2 2 + 2 = 2

W
J42 J

115

r
R = 8i + 5 j + 2k

WVectors Product2 J8

KKW
WDot ProductEKF2 J8 J1

EKF scalar
W

rr
A.B = A B cos ( )
(2-25)

( )

r
r
( B ) ( A )
r
r
KE2 J11FE A dot B FE1F

r
r
( B ) ( A ) E2 J11F

( 90 ) W

E F

( 360 ??( ) 1

K- )

J43 J

115

J 1
i .i = 1 1 cos ( ) = 1 1 cos ( 0 ) = 1

i . j =

i . k =

J 2
1 cos ( 90 ) = 0

J 3
1 cos ( 90 ) = 0

W
i = j = k =1

J4

r r
A.B = ( Ax i + Ay j + Az k )( B x i + B y j + B z k )

r
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k
r
B = B x i + B y j + B z k

E2 J7F

Kdistribution law
ApplicationE2 J7F

J44 J

115

W ( B ) ( A ) ( )
r
A = 3i 4 j
r
B = 2i + 3k

WSolution

r r
A.B = A B cos ( )
Ax2 + Ay2 =

(3)2 + ( 4 )2

=5

B = B x2 + B z2 =

( 2 )2 + (3)2

= 3.6

A=

r r
A.B = ( Ax i + Ay j )( B x i + B z k )

= ( 3i 4 j )( 2i + 3k )
= ( 3i ).( 2i ) + ( 3i ).( 3k ) + ( 4 j ).( 2i ) + ( 4 j ).( 3k )
= ( 6 )( 1 ) + ( 9 )( 0 ) + 8( 0 ) ( 12 )( 0 ) = 6

W
cos ( ) =

6
= 0.333
18

= cos-1 (-0.333) = 110

r

K ( = 110 ) ( B ) ( A )


Cross ProductEXF2 J8 J2

vector

r r r
A B = C = A B sin ( )
(2-26)

J45 J

115

( ) (C)
r

KE A cross B FE2 J12F ( B ) ( A )

r
E B

r
FE A FE2 J12F

( C )

E2 J12F

( A )

( B )
W ( C )

B A = A B

(2-27)

r r
A B = ( Ax i + Ay j + Az k ) ( B x i + B y j + B z k )

(2-28)

distribution

r r
law ( A B )

J46 J

115

( x , y , z )
W
W ( j ) ( i )

i j = i j sin ( )

W
i = j =1

( k ) ( = 90 )

W ( j ) ( i )
i j = 1 1 sin ( 90 ) = 1( k ) = k

WK ( z ) ( k )
i j = k
(2-29)
j k = i
(2-30)
k i = j
(2-31)

KE2 J13F

(k)(j)(i)E2 J13F

J47 J

115

ApplicationE2 J8F
W

r
A = 3i 4 j
r
B = 2i + 3k
r r r
C = A B W

WSolution

r
r r
C = A B = ( 3i 4 j ) ( 2i + 3k )
= ( 3i 2i ) + ( 3i 3k ) + ( 4 j 2i ) ( 4 j 3k )
= 0 + 9 ( j ) + 8( k ) 12( i )
r
C = 12i 9 j 8 k

i i = j j = k k = 0
(2-32)
i i = 1 1 sin ( 0 ) = 0 W

K ( k k ) ( j j )

J48 J

115

Summary

A
A

= A1 x + A2 x + ...

= A1 y + A2 y + ...

tan( ) =

A
A

W
W ( i , j , k )

r
A = Ax i + Ay j + Az k
r
B = Bx i + B y j + Bz k
r
C = Cxi + C y j + Cz k

R = Rx i + R y j + Rz k

J49 J

115

(B,

A) W

r
C = A 2 + B 2 + 2 AB cos( )

( B ) ( A )
K ( )

( B, A ) W

r r

A . B = A B cos( )
B

K ( )

( B, A ) W
W

A B = A B sin( )
r
( C )

( B, A )
K

J50 J

115

Self Test Exams

K
W
r r r

KE2 J14F ( m ) ( F1 , F2 , F3 )
K J1
K J2

E2 J14F

J51 J

115

W
y-componentx-component

KE2 J22F

E2 J15F

W E2 J15F

K Fx J1
K Fy J2

J52 J

115

J3

W
r

W ( B ) ( A )
r
A = 2i + 3 j
r
B = 3i + 3 j

W
r

K ( 2B ) ( 3 A ) J1
r

K ( B ) ( A ) J2
r

K ( A B ) ( A + B ) J3
r

K ( B ) ( A ) ( ) J4
r r

K ( A . B ) J5
r

K ( A B ) J6
W

KEF

J53 J

115

Unit Two Exercises & Problems

(7) ( A ) 2 J1

(250)
( x, y )
r

K ( A )

W ( A ) 2 J2
x = -25
y = 40

K ( A ) J1
r

K ( A ) J2
( 15 m )

r
( R ) 2 J3

( 30 )

K ( x, y )

2 J4
KE2 J16F ( 20 ) ( 12.5 m )

E2 J4FE2 J16F

K J1
J54 J

115

K J2
r

W ( D ) ( C ) 2 J5
Cx = 7.4, C y = 3.8, Cz = 6.1
Dx = 4.4, Dy = 2.0, Dz = 0
r

K ( R )
r

W ( B ) ( A ) 2 J6
r
A = 4 i + 3 j
r
B = 13 i + 7 j

K ( j ) ( i ) J1
r

K ( A + B ) ( R ) J2
r

W ( B ) ( A ) 2 J7
r
A = 3 i + 4 j
r
B = 5 i j

r r r
R = A+ B
r r r
R= BA
r
r
W ( B ) ( A ) 2 J8
r
A = 4 i 3 j + k
r
B = i + j + 4 k
r

K ( A + B ) J1W
K ( A B ) J2

W ( C ) J3
r

A B+C =0
r

W ( C ) ( B ) ( A ) 2 J9
J55 J

115

r r
r
A B = 2C
r r
r
A + B = 4C
r
C = 3 i + 4 j
r

K ( B ) ( A )
r

(10)E2 J17F ( B ) ( A ) 2 J10

K

E2 J10FE2 J17F

K ( B ) ( A ) ( R ) J1
r

K ( R ) J2
r

K ( R ) J3
K2 J11

( 6 m ) ( 12 m )

( 3 m )

KE2 J18FK

J56 J

115

E2 J11FE2 J18F

2 J12
W

i .i = j . j = k . k = 1
-1
i . j = j . k = k .i = 0
-2
i i = j j = k k = 0
-3
i j = k , k i = j , j k = i
-4

(10) ( A ) 2 J13
r

W(60)(6) ( B )
r

K ( B ) ( A ) J1
r

K ( B ) ( A ) J2
r

W ( B ) ( A ) 2 J14
r
A = 3 i + 3 j + 3 k
r
B = 2 i + j + 3 k

r r
A . B = A B cos ( )
r r
A . B = Ax Bx + Ay By + Ay By

K
r

W ( B ) ( A ) 2 J15
r
A = 3 i + 5 j
r
B = 2 i + 4 j

W
J57 J

115

1
2
3

r r
A B
rr
A.B
r r r
( A + B ).B

J58 J

115

Optional Problems

2 J1
W

K ( 40 ) ( 1200 m ) J1

( 123 ) J2

E2 J19F ( 258 m )

E2 J19F

W ( C ) ( B ) ( A ) 2 J2
r
A = 3 i + 3 j 2 k
r
B = i 4 j + 2 k
r
C = 2 i + 2 j + k

r
r r r r r r r r
A ( B + C ), A .( B + C ), A .( B C )
r
r
E2 J20F ( B ) ( A ) 2 J3
1 r r
A B
2

J59 J

115

E2 J20F

J60 J

J64

115

Force & Motion

WIntroduction3 J1

KE1F

forcemechanics
motion
K

W
microscopic W J1
atoms
molecules
K?quantum mechanics?

E1F
K

J61

115

W J2
speed of light
Krelativity

EF
W
J1
K

J2
K

J3
K

J4

K J5
K J6

J62 J

115

WDisplacement3 J2
E3 J1F B A

displacement
KBA

E1F

E3 J1F E2F

Wdistance
B A B A
K

E3 J1F

WAverage Velocity3 J3
( v ) average velocity

( t ) ( x )

W K

v=

x x2 x1
=
t t2 t1

(3-1)

( v )

J63 J

115

( x2 ,t2 ) (x,

t)

( x1 ,t1 )
W

x = f(t)
(3-2)

(x) (t) function (x)

Kvector

ApplicationE3 J1F

x = 3t 4t2 + t3

K ( 1, 2 ,3,4 ) J1

K ( t2 = 4s ) ( t1 = 0 ) J2

K ( t2 = 4 s ) ( t1 = 2 s ) J3
WSolution
x(1 s) = 3(1) 4(1)2 + (1)3 = 0
-1
x(2 s) = 3(2) 4(2)2 + (2)3 = -2 m
x(3 s) = 3(3) 4(3)2 + (3)3 = 0
x(4 s) = 3(4) 4(4)2 + (4)3
= 12 64+ 64 = 12 m

x = x(4 s) x(0 s)
-2

x = 12 m 0 = 12 m
v=

x 12 m
=
= 3( m / s )
t
4s
-3

J64 J

115

x = x(4 s) x(2 s) = 12 (-2) = 14 m

t = 4 s 2 s = 2 s
v=

x 14 m
=
= 7( m / s )
t
2s

WInstantaneous Velocity3 J4
intanntaneous velocity

average velocity
W

v = limt 0

x dx
=
t dt

(3-3)

(3-3) (v)

(t) (x)

ApplicationE3 J2F
W
x = 2 - 2t + 4t2

K(t)(x)
Kt = 1 s
WSolution
Wt = 1 s
v ( 1s ) =

dx d
= ( 2 2t + 4t 2 )
dt dt
= 2 + 8t = 2 + 8( 1 )
= 6( m / s)

J65 J

115

WAcceleration3 J5
( v1 )

( v2 )

average acceleration
W ( a )

v2 v1 v
=
t2 t1 t
(3-4)
a=

Winstantanous acceleration
r dv
a=
dt
(3-5)

(3-5) (3-3)

(t) (v)

W(t)(x)
ApplicationE3 J3F
W
x = 50t + 10t 2
(t1 = (t)(x)

W 0)

K J1
Kt2 = 3 s J2
Kt2 = 3 s J3
WSolution

Kt2 = 3 st1 = 0 J1
J66 J

115

x ( t = 3s ) x ( t = 0 )
t
x ( t = 3s ) = 50 ( 3 ) + 10 ( 3 )2 = 240 ( m )

v=

x(t = 0 ) = 0
t = t2 t1 = 3 0 = 3 ( s )
v=

240 ( m )
= 80 ( m / s )
3( s )

W J2
v=
vt =3

d
( 50t + 10t 2 )
dt
= 50 + 20t

vt =3 = 50 + 20 3 = 110 ( m / s )

W J3
dv
dt
d
a = ( 50 + 20t )
dt
at =3 = 20 ( m / s 2 )
a=

K
WConstant Acceleration Motion3 J6

W
J67 J

115

a=

dv
= ao = const .
dt

( ao )

Kt = 0

W
d v = ad t

W EF

dv = a dt
v = at + const .
(3-6)

const.

v = vo
t=o
vo = a ( o ) + const

vo = const

W(3-5)
v = a t + vo

(a) ( v )

( vo ) ( v )

W(3-6) ( a = ao ) ( vo )

v = a t + vo

(3-7)

K
W
J68 J

115

v = dx = at + vo
dt

dx = at dt + vo dt

W J J

dx = a tdt + v dt
1

x=a

t
+ vo t + const
2

(3-8)

W
t=o

x = xo

xo = a ( o ) + vo ( o ) + const

W
W

xo = const

W(3-7)
x=

1 2
at + vo t + xo
2

( x )

( xo ) ( xo ) ( x )

( x xo ) =

1 2
at + vo t
2

(3-9)

W(3-9)(3-7)
v vo
a
(3-10)

W(t)(3-7)

t=

W(3-9)
J69 J

115

( v vo )
1 ( v vo )2
+ vo
a
2
2
a
a
2
2
1 ( v + vo 2v vo ) v vo v 2
=
+
2
a
a
2
2
2
v + vo 2v vo + 2v vo 2vo
=
2a
2
2
v vo
=
2a

( x xo ) =

v 2 vo2 = 2a( x xo )
(3-11)

W
W

WE1F

v = vo + at

1 2

at + vo t
( x xo ) =
2

2
2
( v vo ) = 2a ( x xo )

ApplicationE3 J4F

(160 m) (50 m/s) (30 m/s)

W

K J1

K(30 m/s) J2

K(30 m/s) J3
WSolution

(3-11) J1

( x xo ) E1F
K ( x xo ) = d W ( d )

J70 J

115

a=

v 2 vo2
2 ( x xo )

m
( 50 ) ( 30 )
s = 5 ( m / s2 )
=
2 ( 160 ) m
v
a=
t
v ( v vo ) ( 50 30 ) m / s
=
=
t =
a
a
5 m / s2
= 4( s )
2

W(30 m/s) J2
30 (m / s )
v
=
a
5 (m / s 2 )
= 6 (s)
1 2
x xo =
at + vo t
2

t=

xo = 0

W J3

vo = 0
1 2
at
2
1
x =
(5 m / s 2 )(6s ) 2
2
= 90 (m)
x =

WNewtons First Law3 J7

J71 J

115

reference

system

inertia law

K??

?
?
equilibrium

conditions

W
r

F =0
W
r
r
p = mv

( vr ) (m)momemtum ( pr )

J72 J

115

WNewtons Second Law3 J8

(m) ( F )
r

( ar )

r r
F
a

(3-11)
W
F1 F2 F3
=
=
= const .
a1 a 2 a 3

(m)

K
r

W(3-11)

F = ma

(3-12)
external forces

internal forces

(3-12)

(x, y, z)K

Fr
Fr
F

x
y

r
= ma x
r
= ma y
r
= ma z

(3-13)
J73 J

115

(3-13)
(ax,

ay, az)(m)

(SI)(3-12)

W
N = (1 kg)(1 m/sI2)
ApplicationE3 J5F

(8

kg)

W (30 N)
K(3 N) J1

J2

WSolution

E3 J5FE3 J2F

( f k , F ) J1

W (x)

= F fk
30 3 = 8 ( ax )
ax =

27
= 3.375 ( m / s 2 )
8

J2

J74 J

115

= ma
30 = 8 ( ax )
ax =

30
= 3.75 ( m / s 2 )
8

ApplicationE3 J6F

(15 m/s)(20 kg)

K(45 N)

K J1
K J2
J3

WSolution

E3 J6FE3 J3F

( vo = 15 m / s ) J1

K ( F = 0 )

W J2
r
r
F
x = max

F f k = max
0 45 = 20 ( ax )
a=

45
= 2.25 ( m / s 2 )
20

J75 J

115

J3

v vo
t
v vo
0 15
t=
=
= 6.6 ( s )
a
2.25
a=

K(6.6 s)
ApplicationE3 J7F

(9.110-31

kg)

( vo = 106 m / s )

K(10-8 s)(8 10-17 N)

K
WSolution

W{

v = vo + at

ax = 0
voy = 0

J76 J

115

= mea y

Fy = mea y
ay =

Fy
me

F
vy = vo y + y t
me
8 10 17
10 8
= 0 +
31

9
.
1
10

5
= 8.79 10 ( m / s )

WWeight3 J9
weight
r

( F = mar )

gravetational

attraction

W
r
r
W = mg
(3-14)

( gr ) (m)
( gr )

K ( ar )

(3-14)

( j ) (y)

r
r
W = mgj
(3-15)

J77 J

115

K(y-axis)
W
K J1

K(g) J2
W
Winertia mass J

minertia =

F
a

(3-16)
Wattraction mass J

K
r r

(W1 ,W2 )

K ( m1g , m2 g )

m1 g
m2 g

r
W1
= r
W2

(3-17)

gravitational acceleration

K(g)free falling acceleration

J78 J

115

r
W1 = ( m1 )( g )
r

W2 = ( m2 )( g )

(3-18)
W(3-17)(3-18)
m1 g
m2 g

m1
= const .
m2

W
m mg

W
m
=1
mg

m = mg

K
WNewtons Third Law

3 J10

K
r

( FAB ) (A)E3 J4F

r

E FBA F(B)(B)

(A)
W

J79 J

115

r
r
FAB = FBA

(3-19)

E3 J4F

W
K

intertial frames

actionK

Kreaction

KE3 J5F

( F2 ,F2 ) ( F1 ,F1 ) E3 J5F

W
J
r

( W )
r

K ( N )

J80 J

115

J
r

K ( N ) ( F )
r

( F ) J
r

K ( N )
WFriction

3 J11

( F )

EFEF

friction force

K J1
K J2
W3 J11 J1

Wstatic frictional force J

J81 J

115

( F )

( f s ) static frictional force

r

( N ) ( f s )
K

Wkinetic frictional force J

r

( F )

kinetic frictional force

K ( f k )

W
r

( F ) J1

r r
F fs

(3-15)
r

( f s ) ( f s ) ( F )
r

E3 J6F ( F )

(fs

max) ( f s ) J2

r
r
f s max = s N

(3-16)
r

( s ) ( W ) ( N )

Kcoefficient of static friction

J82 J

115

fkfsE3 J6F

J3
r

( f s )

r
r
fk = k N
(3-17)

coefficient of kinetic
( k )

Kfriction

W3 J11 J2

Nonfrictional incline

E F J

Wsurface motion

KE3 J7F
J83 J

115

E3 J7F

(W)(m)

()

(x, y)
W
r
( W = mg ) W

J1

(g)

K ( N ) J2
r

( N ) ( W )

W
Wx=W sin

Wy = W cos

(Wy)(N)

W
Wy + N = 0

J84 J

115

(Wx)

W
Wx = mg sin () = ma

a = g sin

(3-18)
(3-18)

K
ApplicationE3 J8F

K(45)(20 kg)E3 J7F

(g
= 9.8 m/s2)
WSolution
W(3-18)

= 45

= g sin
= (9.8) sin (45) = 6.93 (m/s2)

K
W

K(3-18)

Frictional incline E F

Wsurface motion

E3 J8F

J85 J

115

E3 J8F

( W ) (m)

()
( x , y )

W
r

K ( W

= mg ) W

J1

(g)

K ( N ) J2
r

( N ) ( W )

Wx = W sin
Wy = W cos
r
r
( W y ) ( N )

( f k ) ( Wx )

J86 J

115

= W x f k = ma

mg sin f k = ma
a=

mg sin f k
m

(3-19)
ApplicationE3 J9F

E3 J8F
(20 N)(12

kg)

(30)

K(9.8 m/s2)
WSolution

W (3-19)
= 30
m = 12 kg
fk = 20 N
g = 9.8 (m/s2)
a=

( 12 )( 9.8 ) sin( 30 ) 20
12

= 3.2 (m/s2)

K(3-19)

J87 J

115

Summary

W
r
v = 0

K
W

(m)

ar =

F
m

K
?WW

K?

J88 J

115

m = F
a

W
(W1,

W2)

W ( m1g , m2 g )

m1 g
m2 g

W1
W2

W
F

fs

r
r
f s max = s N

( s )

W(fk)

fk

r
= k N

K ( k )
r

W ( a )
v = vo + at

1 2
( x xo ) = at + vo t
2

2
2
( v vo ) = 2a ( x xo )

W
J89 J

115

KWv

KWvo

KWx

KWxo

KWa

KWt

J90 J

115

Self Test Exams

K
W

(97 kg)

K(470 N)
KE3 J9F

W
(15 m)

(6 m/s) J1

(110 g)
KE3 J10F

J2

KEF

J91 J

115

Unit Three Exercises & Problems

( vo = 30 m / s ) 3 J1
( v = 40 m / s ) (20 s)
K

(40 m/s) 3 J2
W K(-2 m/s2)

K J

J
K

(6 (80 kg) 3 J3

Wkm/h)

K J

K(4 s) J
E3 J9F(100 kg) 3 J4

K(g = 9.8 m/s2)

KE3 J9F(3 m/s2) J

K(3 m/s) J
3 J9F(3 m/s2) J

KE

J92 J

115

E3 J9F

E3 J9F

(16 kg) 3 J5

K(4 m/s2)(40 N)

J
K

K J
(15 kg) 3 J6
E3 J10F (35)

K (50 N)

K J

K
J
KE f k f s F

J93 J

115

E3 J6FE3 J10F

( x ) 3 J7
W ( t )

x = 2 + 10 t + t 2

W ( tx ) ( x )
K ( t1 = 1 s ) ( t2 = 3 s ) ( t ) J1

K ( t1 = 1 s ) ( t2 = 3 s ) J2
K ( t1 = 1 s ) ( t2 = 3 s ) J3
K ( t = 2 s ) J4

J94 J

115

AppendixEF
Physical Constants

6.022 10 23 particles / mole

NO

absolute zero
temperature
acceleration due
to gravity at sea
level
(W h
d
Avogadros number

1.6022 10 19 C

charge of an electron

8.988 10 9 N .m 2 / kg 2

6.673 10 11 N .m 2 / kg 2

constant in
Coulombs
gravitational constant

9.109 10 31 kg

me

mass of an electron

1.673 10 27 kg

mp

mass of a proton

Plancks constant

2.99792458 10 8 m / s ( exact )

1.67492 10 27 kg

mn

speed of light in a
vacuum
mass of neutron

8.85 10 12 F / m

permittivity of space

4 10 7 T .m / A

permeability constant

273.15 C

0K

9.801 m / s 2

6.626 10 34 J / Hz
4.136 10 15 eV . s

J95 J

115

Conversion Factors
=

atomic mass 1

electronvolt1

1 N .m

Joule1

1 V .C

Joule1

6.242 10 18 ( elementary ch arg e units )

coulomb1

1.661 10 27 kg = 931.5 MeV / c 2

1.602 10

19

J96 J

unit

115

AppendixEF
WMathematical Signs

>

<<

<

>>

WArithmatic Power of10

10 a 10b = 10 a +b

10a / 10b = 10a b

(10 ) = 10
a b

ab

WAlgebra
:Fractions
b

c = b
d
cd

ab
b
a =
c
c

ac
a c
=
b d bd

a
b
c
d

= ad
bc

a
c
ad + bc
+
=
b
d
bd

:
K x =

b b 2 4ac
2a

K x =

ax 2 + bx + c = 0

x 2 + 2x +

J97 J

= 0

115

WTrigonometry
:Definitions of trigonometnc Functions
u = sin EFWinverse functions
K

= sin 1 u Eu1 JF = arc sin u EuF

K arc tan u arc cos u W

y
r
x
cos =
r
sin
y
tan =
=
cos
x

1
r
=
sin
y
1
r
=
sec =
cos
x
1
x
ctn =
=
tan
y

sin =

csc =

:Simple Properties

J98 J

115

sin ( ) = sin

cos ( ) = cos

tan ( ) = tan

sin
= cos
2

sin ( ) = sin

cos
= m sin
2

cos ( ) = cos

tan
= ctn
=
2
tan

tan ( ) = tan

:Properties of a triangle
+ + =
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos
b 2 = c 2 + a 2 2ca cos
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos
a
b
c
=
=
sin
sin
sin

a 2 + b 2 = c 2 W =

2

:Trigonometric functions

J99 J

115

W
sin ( ) = sin
cos ( ) = cos
tan ( ) = tan

W
sin ( + ) = sin
cos ( + ) = cos
tan ( + ) = tan

J100 J

115

sin ( ) = sin
cos ( ) = cos
tan ( ) = tan

W
csc =

1
sin

sec =

1
cos

J101 J

ctn =

1
tan

115

Appendix EF

J102
J
-102-

115

AppendixEF

J
W
QW
P
Q r
l

P
Q = K r
l

W
[ M ] 0 [ L ] 3 [ T ] 1 =

K {[ M ]{ L ][ T ] 2 [ L ] 2 [ L ] 1} {[ M ][ L ] 1 [ T ] 1} [ L ]

[ M ] [ L ] 2 [ T ] 2 [ M ] [ L ] [ T ] [ L ]
[ M ] + [ L ] 2 + [ T ] 2

+ = 0 =

(1)
2 + = 3
(2)
2 = 1 2 + = 1
(3)

W (3)
= 1 = 1

W (1) ( )
= 1

W (2) ( ) ( )
2 +1+ = 3
1+ = 3 = 4
1

P
Q = K 1 r 4
l

J103 J

115

Q=K

Pr 4
l

(SI)
K

WW
= [ M ] [ L ] 1 [ T ] 1

W
F L
A v

=
1

( kg )( m )( s ) 2 s
=
( m )
1
m2
m
1 1
= kg .m .s
= [ M ] [ L ] 1 [ T ] 1

W
W
r2
s g
v
m2 kg m
= kg .m1s 1
m.s 1 m3 s 2

W
[ M ] [ L ] 1 [ T ] 1

J104 J

115

r2
l g
v
m2 kg m
=
= kg .m1.s 1
3 2
1
m.s m s

W
[ M ] [ L ] 1 [ T ] 1

K(SI)

K
W

Q
A t T4

WW
N .m = kg

m
m2
.
m
=
kg
= [ M ][ L ] 2 [ T ] 2
2
2
s
s

W W
A = area = m2 = [L] 2
T = time = s = [T]
T 4 = temperatur = K 4 = [K] 4

W
=

[ M ] [ L ] 2 [ T ] 2
[ L ]2 [T ] [ K ]4

= [ M ][ T ] 3 [ K ] 4
= kg .s 3 K 4

J105 J

115

K
WW
= 5.67 10 8 kg .s 3 .K 4

J106 J

115

J
W

F1x = F1 cos ( 1 ) = 4 cos ( 40 )

F1 y = F1 sin ( 1 ) = 4 sin ( 40 )

= 3.06 N
F2 x = F2 cos ( 2 ) = 2 cos ( 135 )

= 2.57 N
F2 y = F2 sin ( 2 ) = 2 sin ( 135 )

= 1.41 N
F3x = F3 cos ( 3 ) = 3 cos ( 290 )

= 1.41 N
F3 y = F3 sin ( 3 ) = 3 sin ( 290 )

= 1.026 N

= 2.676 N

F=

( F ) + ( F )

(2.676 )2 + (1.16 )2

= 1.16 N

tan ( ) =

= 2.82

F
F

= 2.91 N

1.16
= 0.433
2.676

= tan 1( 0.433 ) = 23.43

( x, y ) W

K ( F ,Fy ,Fx )
W

K
WE2 J14F

J107 J

115

F1x = F1 cos ( 1 )

= 10 cos ( 45 )
= 7.07 N

F1 y = F1 sin ( 1 )

= 10 sin ( 45 )
= 7.07 N

F2 x = F2 cos ( 2 )

= 7 cos ( 60 )

F2 y = F2 sin ( 2 )

= 3 .5 N
= 7 sin ( 60 )

F3 x = F3 cos ( 3 )

= 6.06 N
= 6 cos ( 135 )

F3 y = F3 sin ( 3 )

= 4.24 N
= 6 sin ( 135 )

F4 x = F4 cos ( 4 )

= 4.24 N
= 6 cos ( 330 )

F4 y = F4 sin ( 4 )

= 5.19 N
= 6 sin ( 330 )
= 3 N

W
1 Fx = F1x + F2 x + F3 x + F4 x
= 7.07 + 3.5 + 4.24 + 5.19 = 11.52 N
2 Fy = F1y + F2 y + F3 y + F4 y
= 7.07 + 6.06 + 4.24 3 = 14.37
3

( F ) + ( F )
2

F=

= ( 11.52 )2 + ( 14.37 )2

= 18.4 N
tan =

F
F

14.37
= 1.247
11.52

= tan ( 1.247 ) = 51.28

1

J108 J

115

W
r

r
3 A = 6i + 9 j

W ( 3 A ) J1
r

W ( 2B )

r
2 B = 6i + 6 j
r
W ( A ) J2
A =

( Ax )2 + (Ay )2

(2) 2 + (3) 2 =

B =

(B x )2 + (B y )2

(3) 2 + (3) 2 =

4+9 =

9+9 =

13 = 3.6

18 = 4.24

W ( A + B ) J3

r r
( A + B ) = ( Ax + Bx ) i + ( Ay + By ) i

= ( 2 3 ) i + ( 3 + 3 ) j = i + 9 j
r r
W ( A B )

r r
( A B ) = ( Ax Bx ) i ( Ay By ) i

= (2 ( 3 ))i ( 3 3 ) j = 5i 0 j = 5i

J109 J

115

( ) J4

r r
A . B = A B cos ( )
r r
A . B = ( 2i + 3 j ) . ( 3i + 3 j )
= ( 2 )( 3 ) i .i + ( 2 )( 3 ) i . j + ( 3 )( 3 ) j .i + ( 3 )( 3 ) j . j
= 6 + 9 = 3

W
( i . j = j .i = 0 )
A. B
3
=
= 0.196
(3.6) (4.24)
A B

cos ( ) =

= cos 1 (0.196) = 78.68

r

W ( A . B ) J5
r r
( A . B) = A B cos ( )

= (3.6) (4.24) cos (78.68 ) =

= 2.996

KE4F
r

W ( A B ) J6

r r
( A B ) = A B sin ( )

= ( 2i + 3 j ) ( 3i + 3 j )
= ( 2 )( 3 )i i + ( 2 )( 3 )i j + ( 3 )( 3 ) j i + ( 3 )( 3 ) j j
= 6 k ( 9 )( k ) = 6 k + 9k = 15k

K ( j i = k ) ( i j = k ) ( i i = j j = 0 ) W

J110 J

115

J
W

W
r

KW N

KW mgr

W
r
f k = k N

fk
470 N
=
N ( 79 kg )( 9.8 m / s 2 )
= 0.61
k = 0.61

k =

W
K

W
J111 J

115

r
r
f k = ma

r
r
r
v f2 = vo2 + 2ax
r
vf = 0
r v2
( 6 m / s2 )
a= o =
= 1.2 m / s 2
2x
2( 15 m )
r
f k = ( 1.2 m / s 2 )( 0.11 kg ) = 0.13 N
r
f k = 0.13 N
r
r
f k = k N
r
r
N mg = 0
r
r
N = mg
r
r
f k = k mg
r
fk
0.13 N
k =
=
mg ( 0.11 kg )( 9.8 m / s 2 )
k = 0.12

J112 J

115

Contents

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

7 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K1

J1

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K1

J2

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K1 J2 J1

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K1 J2 J3

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K1 J2 J2

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 1

J3

10

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K1

J4

22

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

23

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

24

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

26

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

27

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KW

27

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K2

J1

28

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 2

J2

28

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K2

J3

29

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K2

J4

33

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K2 J4 J2

33

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 2

32

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K2 J4 J1

J5

115

37

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 2

J6

41

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K2

J7

39

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K2

J8

40

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K2 J8 J2

42

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

47

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

50

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

54

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

55

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W

56

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K3

J1

56

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K3

J2

57

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 3

J3

58

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 3

J4

58

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K3

J5

59

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K3

J6

63

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K3

J7

64

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 3

J8

67

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K3

J9

68

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 3

J10

70

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 3

J11

39

70
71

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K2 J8 J1

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 3 J11 J1
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K 3 J11 J2

115

75

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

77

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

78

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

88

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EF

89

K K K K K K K K K K K K 10EF

93

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EF

94

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K EF

103 K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K

115

K
References

WArabic References
?? J1

K19912 J1

?? J2

K1985 J

?? J3

K1981K J

?? J4

K1977K

?? J5

K1984

?? J6

K1977

?? J7

K1981 J3 J2 J1

?? J8

J
K1983

?? J9

115

K1982 J
WEnglish References
1-

"Fundamentals of physics"
Halliday. Resniek. Walker. Fourth EditionK John Willey & sons. 1997.

2-

"College Physics"
Francis Weston Sears. Addison - Wesely. 1984.

3-

"Electric Devices and Circuits"

Millman & Halkias. Mc Graw - Hill. 1967.

4-

"Electronics"
Millman & seely. Mc Graw - Hill. 1951.

5-

"Menill Physics Principles And Problems"

Third Edition, Mc Graw-Hill, 1995.

6-

"Electronic Devices and Circuits"

Millman & Halkias, Mc Graw-Hill, 1997.