DIGESTIVE APPARATUS

Matter and energy we need we get from food. In cells only can can get small
molecules (monomers), very rare in nature, Where did that abound are large
molecules (polymers). Therefore we must transform supplying monomers to
polymers in these cells. This is done by the digestive enzymes, which are
molecules (proteins) very specific. The digestive tract is the responsible for
transforming food into simple molecules (monomers). It does through a process
that happens step by step in its different parts: mouth, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum and ileum), large intestine
(cecum, colon ascending, transverse colon, descending and right) colon and
anus. Different enzymes, secreted by the gut wall or by specialized glands (sex
glands) completely break down food, leaving it ready to be distributed to cells
The digestive system is really a tube. The food during his tour of the it is
subjected to a series of actions that are transformed. These actions are of two
types: a mechanical (the food fragments, kneaded, mixing, etc.) and other
chemicals (certain substances, digestive enzymes attack the decomposing
food, other chemicals help the action of enzymes). Therefore, in addition to a
charge attached gut glands secrete exist Many of these substances (other
secrete tube walls themselves). Digestive function is the transformation of
complex molecules food in simple and easily usable by the body substances.
These simple nutritional compounds are absorbed by the intestinal villi, which
lining the small intestine. Thus, enter the blood and feed every one of body
cells From the mouth to the anus, the digestive tube is about seven meters
long. In mouth and starts proper digestion. Teeth crush the food and secretions
from the salivary glands of wet and begin their chemical breakdown. Then in
swallowing, the bolus passes the pharynx, the esophagus continues and
reaches the stomach, a muscular bag liter medium capacity, whose secret
mucosa the potent gastric juice in the stomach, food is stirred into a mush
called chyme. On leaving the stomach, the digestive tract extends to the small
intestine, about seven meters long, although very retracted about himself. In
the first portion or duodenum receives secretions from glands intestine, bile
and pancreatic juices. These secretions contain a large degrading enzymes
amount food and transformed into simple soluble substances. The digestive
tract continues through the large intestine, of just over five feet length. His
final portion is the rectum, which ends at the anus, where are evacuated to
remains outside the indigestible food.

ANATOMIC DESCRIPTION
The gastrointestinal tract is formed by: oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, intestines
which is divided into small duodenum, jejunum, ileum. The large intestine.
which comprises
of: blind, appendix, colon and rectum.

The attached glands:

The liver (with the gallbladder and pancreas) are part of the digestive system,
although no gut.

Oral cavity:
The mouth is the point of entry of food into the body. In it are different
structures that prepare:
TEETH
Teeth that fragment, glands that secrete saliva and tongue that moves and
mix. To properly fragment the different types of food there are different types
of teeth: the cutting, the tearing and grinding.

Teeth are hard calcified tissue organs, have a complex structure formed by
tissue known comoperiodonto, whose role is to support and protection teeth.
The structures are:
Crown: the part of the tooth we can see.
Root: the part of the tooth that is within the gum.
Enamel: covering the white part the crown, especially compound salts
calcium and phosphorus.
Dentin: the part that is below the It enamel on the crown, is a less hard tissue
and the yellowish enamel.
Gum: Healthy gingiva is pink pale and shaped as Shell orange, which is the
part between teeth is triangular and is called Mobile papila.Ayuda keep teeth
fixed jaw facilitates the sliding of the preventing food deposit on teeth.
Pulp: the soft part is located inside the tooth, in a cavity Call pulp chamber
dentin formed. It is responsible for nurturing tissue and defend the tooth, it has
blood vessels, nerves also react to any painful stimulus.

West: It is thin and compact that holds the tooth roots fixed in the bone,
disappearing when teeth are extracted by atrophy. Their structure, their
number and arrangement varies in children and adults. Number of Teeth
Primary, deciduous or deciduous, teething is composed of what is known teeth
"baby". 20 is formed by teeth arranged in the two arches, top and bottom.

Eight incisors, four canines and eight molars are distinguished. As the child
grows these teeth are falling and begin to appear the permanent teeth. So
there is a time when in the child's mouth are teeth of the two types. The
permanent or permanent dentition consists of 32 teeth among which there are
8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars and 12 molars.

LANGUAGE
The tongue is a muscular organ, movable, besides experience taste sensation
serves other functions such as speech, masticamiento and swallowing food.
The language contains a set of specialized cells, called buds taste, which are
special organs of taste. Besides these, the Language also has other cells that
produce saliva, which is necessary swallowing food. Taste buds are distributed
unevenly on the surface of the tongue and in the throat adjacent
structures.From the mouth to the esophagus food passes through the pharynx.
The pharynx is a common section of the respiratory and digestive tract, ie, it is
a passageway both air and the food. To prevent food will airways is a kind of
cover closing these. Is the epiglottis.

Esophagus:
The esophagus is a tube membranous muscle extending from the pharynxto
the stomach. Incisors to cardia portion where the esophagus is continuous with
the stomach there is about 40 cm. Esophagus neck starts, runs through the
thorax and abdomen passes through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm.
Usually is a virtual cavity. (Ie walls and are joined only open when the bolus
passes).

Stomach:
The stomach is an organ that forms varies depending on the state of repletion
(quantity present nutritional content of the gastric cavity) where it is, J. usually
shaped consists of several parts: fundus, body, antrum and pylorus. Its less
extensive edge is called lesser curvature and a larger curvature. The cardia is
the boundary between the esophagus and the stomach and pylorus is the
boundary between the stomach and duodenum. In an individual is
approximately 25cm cardia to the pylorus and the transverse diameter of
12cm.

Small intestine:
Small intestine begins and ends at the pylorus in the ileocecal valve, which it
binds to the first part of the large intestine. Its length is variable and its caliber
gradually decreases from its origin to the ileocecal valve. Duodenum, part of
the small intestine, is about 25 to 30 cm long; the small intestine consists of a
next or portion and a distal jejunum or ileum; the boundary between the two
portions is not very apparent. Duodenum jejunum binds to 30cm after from the
pylorus. The jejunum-ileum is part of the small intestine that is characterized
by a relatively fixed ends: The first originates in the duodenum and the second
ileocecal borders lavlvula and first portion of the blind. Its size decreases
slowly but progressively towards the large intestine. The boundary between the
jejunum and ileum is not appreciable. The small intestine has numerous villi
which increase the surface of intestinal absorption of nutrients.

Large intestine:
The large intestine. it starts from the valve an ileocecal pouch called blind from
where elapndice vermiforme and ends at the rectum. From the cecum to the
rectum describes a series of curves, forming a frame in the center are the
handles the yeyunoleon. Its length is variable, between 120 and 160 cm, and
its size decreases steadily with the narrowest portion the region where it joins
the rectum or rectosigmoid junction where its diameter is not normally exceed
3 cm, while the blind is 6 or 7 cm. After the blind, the second portion of the
large intestine is called and ascending colon with a length of 15cm, to give
birth to the third portion is the transverse colon with an average length of 50
cm, resulting in onethe fourth portion is the descending colon to 10cm long.
Lastly Unlike the sigmoid, rectum and anus colon. The rectum is the last part of
the tuve digestive. It is the continuation of the sigmoid colon and ends opening
to the outsidethe anal orifice.

Pancreas:
It is a closely related gland with duodenum, the excretory duct of the pncreas
ends meet with the bile through the ampulla of Vater, their secretions are
important in the digestion of food.

Liver:

The liver is the largest internal organ of the body weighs 1500 grams. It
consists of two lobes. The bile ducts are excretory ducts of the liver, bile by
them is conveyed to the duodenum. usually get two channels: right and left,
which converge together to form a single conduit. thehepatic duct receives a
thinner duct, cystic duct, which comes gallbladder in housed liver visceral
surface. Meeting of the cystic duct and the common bile liver, descending
duodenum is formed in which flows along with the excretory duct of the
pancreas. The gallbladder i one reservoir musculomembranous placed in
parallel on the bile duct Main. Contains 50-60 cm3 bile. Is oval or slightly
piriform and its larger diameter is about 8 to 10 cm.
Spleen:
The spleen, for its main functions should be considered an organ system
circulatory. Its size depends on the amount of blood contained therein.

U NIVERSIDAD REGIONAL DEL

SURESTE

Alumno: Agustn Barradas Ramrez

Materia: Gastroenterologa

Catedrtico:

Fecha de entrega: 29/04/15