B khuch i thut ton:

B khuch i thut ton (ting Anh: operational amplifier,

thng c gi tt l op-amp) l mt mch khuch i "DCcoupled" (tn hiu u vo bao gm c tn hiu BIAS) vi h s
khuch i rt cao, c u vo vi sai, v thng thng c u
ra n. Trong nhng ng dng thng thng, u ra c
iu khin bng mt mch hi tip m sao cho c th xc nh
li u ra, tng tr u vo v tng tr u ra.
Cc B khuch i thut ton c nhng ng dng tri rng
trong rt nhiu cc thit b in t thi nay t cc thit b in
t dn dng, cng nghip v khoa hc. Cc B khuch i
thut ton thng dng hin nay c gi bn rt r. Cc thit k
hin i c in t ha cht ch hn trc y, v mt
s thit k cho php mch in chu ng c tnh trng
ngn mch u ra m khng lm h hng.
B khuch i thut ton l mt mch khuch i a nng, c
th lp rp x l rt nhiu thut ton khc nhau cho cc tn
hiu analog. Cc B khuch i thut ton c nhiu thng s
khc nhau, nhng d dng quan st, thit k v l lun
mch, ngi ta thng dng m hnh B khuch i thut ton
l tng.

B khuch i thut ton l tng:

B khuch i thut ton l tng l mch khuch i vi sai l

tng, c:
A0 = Ad =
Acm = 0
Ri =
Ro = 0
B = 

Chn ng vo c nh du + c gi l ng vo khng
o. . . .
Chn ng vo c nh du - c gi l ng vo o . . .
M hnh tng ng ca b khuch i thut ton, l mt
ngun in p ph thuc in p, vi li l:
A0 (v+ - v- ),
M hnh ny s kh n gin chng ta c th phn tch
mch.

Nguyn l vn hnh ca B khuch i thut ton l tng.

Vi li A0 = , Chng ta c th gi nh 3 quy lut vn hnh
sau:
1. Nu v+ > v- th vo tng . . .
2. Nu v+ < v- th vo gim . . .
3. Nu v+ = v- th vo khng thay i . . .
Trong mt B khuch i thut ton thc t, vo khng th vt
qu in p ngun nui, m chng ta khng v hnh trn.
Trong cc ng dng thng thng nh mch khuch i, B
khuch i thut ton s s dng hi tip m tc l ly mt
phn in p ra a vo u vo o ca mch.

Hot ng ca B khuch i thut ton vi hi tip m

Chng ta xem xt hiu qu ca hi tip m:
Nu v+ > v- th vo tng . . .
V mt phn ca vo c a n ng vo o, nn
v- tng . . .
Sai bit in th gia V+ v V- s gim i, v c th gim
n 0 . . .
Nh vy, Vo s thay i cho n khi t c tr s m c
th lm cho V+ - V- = 0!!!
Nu V+ < V- th Vo gim . . .
V mt phn ca vo c a n ng vo o, nn vgim . . .
Sai bit in th gia V+ v V- s gim i, v c th gim
n 0 . . .
Nh vy, Vo s thay i cho n khi t c tr s m c
th lm cho V+ - V- = 0!!!
Trong c hai trng hp, in th ng ra s thay i n mt
gi tr no sao cho
V+ - V- = 0!!!
Khi phn tch cc mch chng ta ch cn xc nh gi tr ca Vo
sao cho n gy ra kt qu l
V+ - V- = 0.

Tc bin thin in p
T u n gi chng ta cha ni g n tc tng hay gim
in th ng ra Vo.
. . . Gi tr ny c gi l tc bin thin in p.
Trong cc B khuch i thut ton l tng, chng ta coi tc
bin thin in p ny nhanh c th b qua.

B khuch i thut ton Mch khuch i o

p dng nhng nguyn l ca B khuch i thut ton l
tng vo mch di y, ta thy:

li in p
V B khuch i thut ton c Ri = , nn dng in ng vo
s bng 0.
iu ngha l i1 = i2 , i.e., cc in tr R1 v R2 hnh thnh
mt b chia in p.
T , chng ta s tm in p V- .

V c hi tip m, Vo s t n mt gi tr sao cho

V+ - V- = 0,
v v
V+ = 0 !!!
Do V- =0, v gii phng trnh trn ta s c c gi tr ca
Vo :

B khuch i thut ton Mch khuch i o

Xem li s trc ta thy

Tng tr ng vo
Tng tr ng vo c ngha l tng tr nhn t ngun tn hiu vi ,
ch khng phi tng tr ca B khuch i thut ton, vn rt
ln.
V v- = 0, nn in p t vo R1 s l vi . Do :

Tng tr ng ra:
Tng tr ng ra l tng tr tng ng Thevenin c nhin
t pha ti, ngc v ng ra ca mch.
i vi B khuch i thut ton l tng, tng tr tng
ng ca mch bng khng:
Ro=0

B khuch i thut ton Mch khuch i khng

o
Nu ta i ch gia 2 mi ni vi v t trong mch khuch i
o, ta s c mch khuch i khng o:

li in p
Trong trng hp ny, nguyn l vn hnh ca mch v cng
thc phn chia in p s dn n:
Trong :

VI=V+=V-=R1/(R1+R2)

Tng tr vo v tng tr ra:

Ngun tn hiu c ni trc tip vi u vo B khuch i
thut ton, do :
Rin = Ri =
Ti s nhn thy tng tr tng ng Thevenin ging nh
trng hp mch khuch i o:
Ro=0

B khuch i thut ton Mch theo in p

li in p
Mch ny c th tnh d dng:
Vi=V+=V-=Vo do AV=1
Ngha l in th ng ra s theo in th ng vo.

Tng tr vo v tng tr ra
Kho st mch ny ta thy tng tr vo c tr s ging nh
mch khuch i khng o:
Ri= Ro=0
Thc ra, mch theo in p ny chnh l mch khuch i
khng o, vi
R1 = v R2 = 0!!!

B khuch i thut ton Mch tng o du

y l mt bin th ca mch khuch i o:

li in p
Chng ta c th s dng phng php xp chng nh dng
trong mch khuch i o tiu chun, nhng vi mch gm 3
ngun s kh l lun. Chng ta s l lun bng phng php
sau thay th . . .
Nhc li: . . . vO s t tr s sao cho v- = v+ = 0 . . .
Nh vy in p ri trn RA l vA v in p ri trnRB l vB :

V dng ng vo ca B khuch i thut ton bng 0:

Cui cng in p tng cho n khi vO bng vi in p ri trn

RF:

B khuch i thut ton Mch khuch i vi sai

B khuch i thut ton c u vo vi sai, v th nn ta d
dng lp mt mch khuch i vi sai bng Khuch i thut
ton!!!

li in p
Nhc li, vO s t c in p yu cu khi v+ = v- .
Thus:

Ta c th thy dng in i1 , phi bng vi dng in i2 :

Bit i2 , chng ta c th tnh c in p ri trn R2 . . .

Sau chng ta cng thnh in p ng ra:

Chng ta ch tnh ring thnh phn v2 trong cng thc trn . . .

V cui cng quay tr li cng thc cui ca trang trc:

Nh vy vi iu kin chng ta c cc in tr tng ng vi

nhau, v vi B khuch i thut ton l tng, chng ta thc
s c c mch khuch i vi sai.

Bi tp thc hnh:

Lp rp mch in di y:

1. Mch 1
t tn hiu 1VDC vo im A.
o tn hiu DC ra im B.
Cho tn hiu 400Hz, 1VAC vo im A.
o tn hiu DC v AC ra im B.
Dng oscilloscope quan st dng sng v so pha 2 tn
hiu gia A v B.
2. Mch 2
t tn hiu 1VDC vo im C.
o tn hiu DC ra im D.
Cho tn hiu 400Hz, 1VAC vo im C.
o tn hiu DC v AC ra im D.
Dng oscilloscope quan st dng sng v so pha 2 tn
hiu gia C v D.

3. Mch 3
t tn hiu 1VDC vo im E.
o tn hiu DC ra im F.
Cho tn hiu 400Hz, 1VAC vo im E.
o tn hiu DC v AC ra im F.
Dng oscilloscope quan st dng sng v so pha 2 tn
hiu gia E v F.
4. Mch 4
t tn hiu 1VDC vo im G, im H b trng.
o tn hiu DC ra im I.
t tn hiu 1VDC vo im H, im G b trng.
o tn hiu DC ra im I.
t tn hiu 1VDC vo im G, 2VDC vo im H.
o tn hiu DC ra im I.
t tn hiu 1VDC vo im G, -2VDC vo im H.
o tn hiu DC ra im I.
Cho tn hiu 400Hz, 1VAC vo im H, 1 VDC vo im G.
o tn hiu DC v AC ra im I.
Dng oscilloscope quan st dng sng v so pha 2 tn
hiu gia G v I.
Cho tn hiu 400Hz, 1VAC vo im H, 500Hz, 1 VAC vo
im G.
o tn hiu DC v AC ra im I.
Dng oscilloscope quan st dng sng v so pha 2 tn
hiu gia G v I, gia H v I.

B khuch i thut ton Mch tch phn v mch

vi phn
Cc B khuch i thut ton khng b gii hn trong nhng
linh kin thun tr!!!

Mch tch phn

Da theo nguyn l v kinh nghim ca nhng mch trc, ta

bit v- = 0 v iR = iC , do . . .

T mi quan h i-v ca t in m ta bit:

Kt hp 2 cng thc trn v gi nh rng vO = - vC :

Thng thng vC (0) = 0 (nhng khng phi lun lun). Nh

vy in p ng ra s l tch phn ca in p ng vo
vi , o du v t l vi 1/RC.

Mch vi phn

Phn tch mch vi phn ny cng tng t nh trc.

T quy lut v kinh nghim trc, ta bit v- = 0 v iC = iR . . .
T mi quan h i-v ca t in:

Ta tnh c vO = -vR :

B khuch i thut ton cc so snh v mch a

hi
Cc B khuch i thut ton ngoi vic khuch i ra cn c
th s dng nh cc so snh v mch a hi!!!

Mch so snh mt ngng

Khi khng s dng hi tip m, b khuch i thut ton s c
li v cng ln. Do ngi ta s dng chng nh nhng
mch so snh rt tt . . .
Th d: mch o lng tn hiu m thanh (VU metter):

Bi tp thc hnh:

Lp rp mch in o lng tn hiu m thanh di y:

Cho tn hiu 400 Hz, 0.5 VAC vo u vo ca mch.

Theo di cc n LED.
o in p cc u vo v u ra.
Tng dn tn hiu ln 10V.
Theo di cc n LED.

Ghi nhn cc thng s in p vo mi khi c 1 LED i trng

thi.

B khuch i thut ton cc so snh v mch a

hi
Mch so snh hai ngng
Mch so snh hai ngng cn gi l Schmitt Triger, s dng
hi tip dng in p, to cho b khuch i thyut ton
chuyn mch nhanh hn.
Nh c 2 ngng cch nhau, nn ng ra b so snh khng b
dao ng khi tn hiu vo thay i trong phm vi nh xung
quanh gi tr cn so.
Mch ny cn dng bin dng sng bt k thnh sng ch
nht. . .

Gi s khi ng ra ang l cao (+12V). Cu phn p s lm cho

im B c in p l +1,1V. Khi in p ng vo im A cn
thp hn +1,1V th ng ra tip tc cao.
Khi in p ng vo vt ln trn +1,1V, b khuch i thut
ton s chuyn mch. Ng ra xung thp -12V.
Khi ng ra thp, cu phn p lm cho im B c in p -1.1V.
Khi in p ng vo im A c gim xung nhng cn cao hn
-1,1V th ng ra tip tc thp.
Khi in p ng vo gim xung thp hn -1,1V, b khuch i
thut ton s chuyn mch. Ng ra ln cao +12V.

B khuch i thut ton cc so snh v mch a

hi
Mch dao ng a hi.
Mch Khuch i thut ton khi kt hp gia mch hi tip
dng tuyn tnh v hi tip m tch phn, s thnh mt mch
dao ng a hi. . .

Gi s in p ng vo o ang thp hn ng vo khng

o. Ng ra ca mch s ln cao. in p cao ny s chia
lm 2 nhnh. Mt nhnh a v ng vo khng o, lm
cho ng vo khng o c mt in p dng ( tm gi l
in p ngng 1). Mt nhnh a v hi tip m qua
mch tch phn RC lm cho in p trn t (ng vo o)
tng ln. Khi in p ti ng vo o tng ln n in p
ngng 1, th ng ra s xung thp.
Khi ng ra ca mch xung thp, in p thp ny cng
chia lm 2 nhnh. Mt nhnh a v ng vo khng o,
lm cho ng vo khng o c mt in p m (tm gi l
in p ngng 2). Mt nhnh a v hi tip m qua
mch tch phn RC lm cho in p trn t (ng vo o)
gim xung. Khi in p ti ng vo o gim xung n
thp hn in p ngng 2, th ng ra s ln cao.

B khuch i thut ton cc so snh v mch a

hi
Mch to xung vung tam gic.

Mch ny to xung tam gic v xung vung. Mch khuch i

thut ton gi vai tr ca mt mch tch phn. Khi ra ca mch
so snh thp, mch tch phn ny s np in vo t C cho
n khi in th ng ra ca n t n in p ngng, sao
cho in p u phn p R1, RF cao hn so vi masse.
Khi , in p ra ca b so snh s chuyn ln mc cao.
Mch tch phn s x t v np theo chiu ngc li.
in p nh ng ra ca mch tch phn c tnh theo cng
thc:

Vout Vcc

R1
RF

V tn s uc tnh theo cng thc:

RF
4CR1R2

Bi tp thc hnh:

Lp rp mch in di y:

Mch 1
t tn hiu 0,5VDC vo im A.
o tn hiu DC ra im C v in th so snh im B
ln 1.
Thay i in th A n khi in th C thay i.
Ghi nhn in th ngng 1. So snh in th ngng 1
vi in th im B o ln 1.
o in th im B ln 2.
Gim tn hiu in th v 0, v gim tip theo hng m
cho n khi in th B thay i.
Ghi nhn in th ngng 2. So snh in th ngng 2
vi in th im B o ln 2.
Mch 2 v 3
Dng Ocillo scope xem dng sng ti cc im o.

Ngun: PQT