Basic Telephony

Basic Telephony
TCS1
By
S.M.Hafeez Ali, Lecturer/Tele
I R I S E T, Secunderabad

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T12A - Basic Telephony

Basic Telephony

Standard Telephone Set

Telephone tele from a far,
phone sound/ voice
An apparatus for reproducing sound, especially
that of the human voice (speech) at a great
distance by means of electricity; consisting of
transmitting & receiving instruments connected by
a line or wire which conveys the electric current

Basic Telephony

History
It was one of those moments when the world
changes forever. On March 10, 1876, Thomas
Watson was staring at a strange piece of mechanical
apparatus when he heard it speak the words that
made history: "Mr Watson! Come here! I want to
see you!" Those three short exclamations mark the
moment when the telephone properly came into
being, thanks to Watson's brilliant colleague
Alexander Graham Bell (18471922). Since that
moment, a little over a century ago, the telephone
has become one of the most commonplace
inventions in the world.
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T12A - Basic Telephony

Basic Telephony

Long-distance service was first made available in 1881.

However, the transmission rates were not good and it was
difficult to hear.
In 1912, the vacuum tube was adapted to the phone as
an amplifier. This made it possible to have
a transcontinental phone line, first demonstrated in 1915.
In 1956, a submarine cable was laid across the Atlantic to
allow transatlantic telephone communication.
The telecommunication industry was revolutionized in 1962
when orbiting communication satellites were utilized.
In 1980, a fiber-optic system was introduced, again
revolutionizing the industry.
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T12A - Basic Telephony

Basic Telephony

Bell's patent
1.The speaker talks into a horn.
2.The sound of their voice makes a diaphragm
vibrate.
3.The vibrations move a coil near a magnet,
converting the mechanical sound energy into a
fluctuating electric current.
4.The electric current travels down a wire,
which can (in theory) be any length.
5.At the receiving end, similar equipment
reverses the process. The electric current
flows into a coil placed near a magnet, making
the coil move back and forth, and pushing
another diaphragm.
6.The diaphragm, stretched over a second
horn, recreates the original sound. The
narrowing shape of the diaphragm helps to
amplify the sound.
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T12A - Basic Telephony

Basic Telephony

Simple Telephone Circuit

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T12A - Basic Telephony

Basic Telephony

What's inside a telephone?

1.Dial mechanism
2.Bells
3.Electromagnet: When the phone
rings, this electrically controlled
magnet switches on and off
rapidly, moving a clapper in
between the bells at the front and
making them ring.
4.Tilting switch mechanism
5.Circuit board
LT 2, SMHA

T12A - Basic Telephony

Basic Telephony

ROTARY AND TOUCH-TONE DIALING

Basic Telephony

Components of a Telephone Set

Transmitter

Receiver
Electrical network for equalization

Associated circuitry
to control sidetone level
to regulate signal power

Signaling circuitry

Basic Telephony

Essential Components
Ringer Circuit
Electronic oscilllator
To alert the destination party of the incoming calls

On/Off Hook Circuit

Simple single throw-double-pole STDP switch
Placed across the tip and ring
On hook (idle, open switch), off-hook (in use, closed
switch)

Basic Telephony

Essential Components
Equalizer circuit
Combination of passive components (resistors &
capacitors)
To regulate the amplitude & frequency response of
the voice signals

Speaker/receiver
Converts electrical signals received from the local
loop to acoustical signals (sound waves)
Enclosed in the handset of the telephone along
with a microphone

Basic Telephony

Essential Components
Microphone
Transmitter
Converts acoustical signals in the form of sound
pressure waves from the caller to electrical signals

Hybrid network
Hybrid coil/duplex coil
Special balanced transformer used to convert 2wire (local loop) circuit into 4-wire (telephone set)
circuit

Basic Telephony

Essential Components
Dialing circuit
Enables the subscriber to output signals
representing digits
Rotary dialer/Electronic dial pulsing circuit/touch
tone keypad

Basic Telephony

CONSTITUENTS OF TELEPHONY
a) Telephones

b) Telephone exchange
c) Human speech and its transmission

d) Types of currents
e) Cables, MDF, IDF
f) Power Supply
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T12A - Basic Telephony

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Basic Telephony

MDF AND PROTECTIVE DEVICES

Functions:
a) All incoming lines from subscribers and out going lines towards
exchange are terminated at MDF.
b) It is a place suitable for testing the line side and equipment side
with line test case.

c) It carries protective devices like fuses & Integrated Protection

Module (IPM).
Fuses - are connected in series with the line
GD Tubes - are connected in parallel to the line
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T12A - Basic Telephony

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Basic Telephony

Main Distribution Frame (MDF)

Krone Tag Blocks 100 pair

Main Distribution Frame (MDF)

Professional IDC insertion tool

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PROTECTIVE DEVICES

Gas Discharge Tube

Metal Oxide Varistors :MOV s are voltage dependent,
non- linear devices which are manufactures using a semiconducting
metal-oxide, i.e., ZnO (zinc oxide).
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Telephone Exchange Protective Devices

E
X
C
H
A
N
G
E

Fuse
200 mA

GD Tube
180 V

Fuse
200 mA

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Basic Telephony

TELEPHONE EXCHANGES IN INDIAN RAILWAYS

Manual Telephone Exchange

Operations are performed by humans

Automatic Telephone Exchange

Operations are performed by electric/electronic circuits
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Telephone Exchanges on IR
1. C-DoT - India
2. OKI - Japan
3. ARIA - Korea
4. IRIS - India
5. Coral Flexicom - Israel
6. Siemens - Germany

7. Tata - India
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Basic Telephony

TELEPHONE INSTRUMENTS
Types Of Telephones in IR

1. Magneto Phone - used for group communication

2. Selective Calling Phone - used for group communication
3. Control Phone - used for train operations
4. Portable Control Phone - used for emergency in mid section
5. Autophone - used in telephone exchanges
* Hotline phone is not a specific phone. Any phone can be used for
hotline circuit.
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Types of Telephones used in IR

S.
No.

Description

Selective
Magneto
Calling
Phone
Phone

Control
Phone

Portable
Control
Phone

Autophone

No. of Wires

Power Supply

3V

12V

12V

3V

---

Type of
Signaling

75V/
25Hz

DTMF

DTMF

---

Pulse/
Tone

Circuit
Connection

Dial Pad

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Omnibus Omnibus Omnibus Omnibus

No

Yes
T12A - Basic Telephony

No

No

Point to
Point
Yes
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Basic Telephony

TELEPHONE INSTRUMENTS
a) Push button Telephones:
(i) Single line (ii) Double line
b) Main & Extension (1+1) type Telephones.
c) Hand free Telephone with caller ID (CLIP phone)
d) Integraded telephones
(i) Single line with Data connection &speaker phone facility.
(ii) Two line with speaker phone facility
(iii) Caller ID compatible
(iv) Two line CLIP with speaker phone facility
(v) Cord less phone
e) DMKT
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Developments in Telephone instruments

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