KONTRAK

KONTRAK BETAJAR
1) Perkuliahan
Terlambat lebih dari 20 menit, mahasiswa tidak
diperbolehkan masuk ke kelas.
TUGAS DI KELAS +
ASISTENSI
= 25o/o
TUJUAN INSTRUKSIONAL
UMUM
Mahasiswa dapat menguasai
dasardasar perhitungan kapasitas

daya dukung, besarnya penurunan,
dan gaya-gaya yang bekerja pada
pondasi dangkal dan dalam untuk
d iterapkan pada PERANGANGAN
PONDASI DANGKAL dan
PONDASI DALAi'I-
Sipillhla 2(X)6-Pqe3
i:.
MATERT KULTAH (1)

1) Pendahuluan : jenis-jenis
pondasi
2)
3)
'
Daya dukung pondasi

dangkal berdasarkan
parameter tanah hasil uji
laboratorium : Daya Dukung
Terzaghi, Meyerhof &
Brinch Hansen
Daya dukung pondasi dangkal berdasarkan
parameter tanah hasil uji lapangan : CPT &
' 4) Perancangan Pondasi Dangkal +
Perhitungan Settlement
SifillbnG 2)06 -Page4
MATERT KULTAH (21

5) Jenis dan penggunaan
6)
7)
pondasi dalam.
Daya dukung aksial pondasi
dalam berdasarkan
parameter tanah hasil uji
laboratorium.
Daya dukung aksial pondasi dalam berdasarkan
parameter tanah hasil uji lapangan : CPT &
SPT.
8) Daya dukung aksial pondasi
dalam
pembebanan
berdasarkan hasil uji
di
lapangan.
Siid lbnas 2006
Page 5
MATERT KULTAH (21

9)
Perancangan Pondasi
Dalam : daya dukung
kelompok tiang &
settlement.
Sitillbn6 An6-P{eo
PENDAHUU.,AN
STRUKTUR PONDASI
fugian/elernan struktur
(biosorryo terletak palirg bawah dori suotu bongunan) yong
berfungsi menstronsfer/memindohkon/menyolurkon bebon-bebon
loin dqri strukfur bangunon tersebut (superstructure) don berat
sendiri struktur pondosi ke dolom tonoh otou batu pondasi.
TANAI{ ATAU BATU PONDASI : Tonah otou botu yong tnenerino

beban-bebqn dari sfruktur pondosi.
Terdapot perbedoon kekuaton ontoro tonah pondosi dengon struktur
ofos (superstructures) sehinggo diperlukon struktur pondosi untuk
menyeborkon bebqn dori struktur atas (superstrtctures) ke tonah
pondasi yang lebih lenoh dibanding struktur otds (super structures).
Sipilltenas 2006
KEKUATAN TANAH BERUBAH-UBAH SESUAI DENoAN
JENIS DAN KONDTST rANAI{
rru.
JENIS TANAH : Tonoh kohesif (Cohesion Soil) seperti lempung

don tonoh tidok kohesif (Cohesionless soil) seperti posir.
KONDISI TANAH
Tonoh tidak jenuh
- P4e
\A
\N
t"f"N
oir don tanoh jenuh oir
(soturated soil).
Tonoh pondosi mempunyai sifot KEttiAirlPATAN yong songot

besar dibonding bojo don beton karena tonoh menpunyai pori
yang besor sedongkon baja dan beton harnpir tidok mernpunyai
pori.
KLASIFIKASI TANAH BERDASARKAN DIAIAETER BUTTR

1.
stiff. stiff, hord, very hord

stiff. stiff, hard, very hard
Lempurg (Cloy) : very soft, soft, mediunr
2. Lnnou (Silt) : very soft. soft, medium

3. Posir (Sand) : very loose, loose, medium dense. dense, very dense
4. Kerikil(6ravel):
5. Botu (Rock) : A,B,C, D class.
KLASIFIKASI TAMH BERDASARKAN DIAIAETER BUTIR
ASI M U.i::.r,1 I
n..,r,rirl
i
ilq,; 1,,1..x | ,1,."6
c:
ffrl"
".H!.rr
__
ni,,!:,
, _
g
t: f_; ,r,
j
r
.r,;r {irr,
.
rNvl.rr,ridi
:F;'ia
Sipit
ltena
2006
Page 9
JE].1[5-JE]dI5 STRUKTUR PONDASI

1.
.
.
Berdasorkon kedolomon
Stnrktur pondosi dcngkol : jiko kedohman (Dt) lebor (B),
kedqlomon : 3 sompoi 4 koli lebor telah disorankon fermosuk
pondosidorykal.
Struktur pondasi dolon : kedElomon lebih dori 4 koli lebor siruktur
pondosi
2. Berdasorkan Cara Pemindohan Beban

Stnukfur pondasi langsurg dan plot (spreod footing ond
Sfrukfur pondosi riarg (pile foundation)
.
.
.
rofts)
Strukfur pondosi bore pile (drilled pier foundation)
3. Berdosorkcn Bohon/llioferiol
Kctu/ Timber, contohnyc struktur pondosi pendopo (rutnoh di Jowo),
struktur pondci rurroh ponggung di NTB
Batu/stone masonry, contohrrya struktur pondosi rumoh
concrste, contohnyc untuk gedurg, pobrik, tnnoro, jembcton.
ialsteel, contonyo unfuk kilcng minyok, pipa nirryok, gos, dermago,
Sipil lten6 2006
Page 10
CONTOH.CONTO}I PEI.TILIHAN JENIS PONDASI

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CONTOH PONDAS|I
Sipil
lbnc
2006
- PAe
11
ZD6
- P4e
12
DA}.lIilL : podosi lorynng ctor

5 Podc;
Telapa*
ffiffiffi
ffiffi
'o'
t;ffirnTnT
rrF*-Tn F.;:-:;:;1
l'il
l,i,,.=*i
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lbes
POIIDASI TIAlrl6nILE FOUNDATION

Pondasi tiarg/pile odqloh suotu jenis pondosi dalon
menstronsfer/ memindohkon/menyclurkan
struktur bongunon otos (superstructure) tersebut ke
pondosi tonpc risiko keruntuhon okibot geser (shear
penurunon yong berlebihan (excessive settlemenf).
Pondosi jenis pile digunokon
jikc
beban-beban hin
bcngunon yang okan ditronsf erldipi ndahkcn/d isolurkon ka

pondosi rnelalui suotu lapisan tonah lemoh (weok soil) otou
tanoh yarg nrudoh tnemompot (compressible soil) otau oir.
lAocan-nocon Pondasi Tiangr' Pile

Berdosorkon motarial t ster;|, concrete, titnber
2. Berdossrkon bentuk : bulat, bujur songkor, se.gi
1.
segitigc
3. Berdosdrkon goyo : and beoring pile, friction pile
4. Berdasorkan caro kerjo : single pile. group pile.
BORE PIIE FA'NDATION/DRIIIED PIER

Pondosi bor/bore pile foundotion adoloh suotu jenis pondosi dolom
yang berfungsi menstronsfer/ memindahkon/menyalurlon bebonbeban loin dari struktur atos (superstructure) ke dolom tonah pondasi
PONDASI BC'R
dergan nembuof lubong
bor bulot sanpai
kedolornon terientu
kemudion mengisirryo dengon beton/ beton barfulong
jiko beban-beban dori struktur ofos cukup

besor, sehingga diperlukon diatnater pondasi yong lebih besar
dibonding pondasi ticng. Dampok pemoltongon pondosi bor pado
Pondosi jenis ini dignrnokon
lingkungon sekitor lebih baik dibonding pondosi ticng koreno dilokukon
ionpo getaran..
liocom-nocon Podosi borrc pile

Berdasarkan kondisi dinding bor : (s1961 casing. tanpa cosing
2. Berdosarkon bentuk dossr : samo seponjang bore pile, membesar.
1.
Sipil ltenas
206 -
Page 15
Page 16
PONDAST KAISON CAI5SON Fq/NDATION

Pondqsi koison/caisson foundotion odaloh suotu jenis pondosi dolom
yong berfungsi menstronster/ memitfiahkan/menyolurkon bebqnbebon loin dori struktur otos (supersfrtrctune) ke dalam tonah pondosi
dengan mengeluorkon tonah golion dori doscr struktur bulot yang
terbuct dori beton bertulong sehinggo struktur bulot tqrsebut dopot
terbensm ke dolarn tonoh kareno berotnyo sendiri hinggo nencopai
kedalamon ycng dikehendoki, kemudion mengisi ruarg
bulot tersebut dengon posir atou oir.
jiko bebon-bebon dcri

besor keoroh vertikol otcu horizontol, sehinggo
Pondosi jenis ini digunokan

pondcsi yong lebor.
lllocon-mocon Pondosi bore pilc

1. l(oison
terbuko
2. Koison Tekonon.
Sipil ltenas 2006
PERBAIKAN TANAH
ATAU BATU PONDASI diperlukan jiko

IiUMKIN
penggunqon pondasi dongkal otou pondasi dqlom TIDAK
LANGSUNG BISA DILAKUKAN koreno kendola d<ryo dukung yong

rendah, penurunon yong tinggi, permeobilitos ycng besor otou bicyo
konstruksi yong besor jikc meneropkon pondosi dongkol otou dalom.
IAETODA PERBAIKAN TANAH ATAU BATU PONDASI:

l. ttieningkofkon keropatan tonoh dengon penrodoton.
2. iieningkotkon keropoton tanoh dengon mengeluorkon oir yong
terkandung di dalon tanah.
3. lltlengkonsolidosi tonoh atou bstu dengon penombahon atou injeksi
bohon stabilisosi.
4. lAenggonti dengon noteriolyong lebih boik.
Sipilltenas 2006
CONTOH PERBAIKAN TANAI{ ATAU BATU PONDASI
- Pqe
17
Groutilrg, menginjeksi cqtflpuran oir semen ofau bohon kimio tertentu

kedalom tonoh pondosi untuk meningkatkan dcyc dukung. nengurangi
rembeson, mengurorgi tekonon hidrostotik don nenyotukon nosso
botuon. Contoh : perboikon tonoh pondcsi untuk bendungon, bendung
otou bongunan oir loinnyo.
Sond, lime otau stone column, merggnill tanoh lunak dengan pcsir, kopur
otou botu nelolui pemboran. ConEh r pertoikcn tanoh pondosi unfuk jalon
tol.
Prelooding don verticol droin, untuk mempercpat pr6es keluarnyo air
pori (proses konsolidcsi) podo pondosi jenis clcy sehinggo dcyc dukung
tanoh neningkot don penurunon akibat konsolidosi dopot dipercepot.
Contoh : perbaikon tonoh pondosi berupa tanoh rawa untuk pabrik.
Dynamic compaction, untuk memadotkon pondosi tqnoh posir lepos ogar fidak
terjodi liquefoction. Contoh : perboikan fonoh pondosi tongki bohon bokar
minyok.
Soil-cement mix yoitu mencompur tonoh lunak dengon semen

kemudion dipadatkon untuk meningkatkon dcyo dukung tonoh
pondasi. Contoh r perboikan tonah pondasi untukjolon rayo di
pulou Bongka.
Sipil ltenas 2006
Page 18
Pemokoion terucuk, popon koyu. lemboran geofexiile, balok koyu,

posir, grovel don boulder untuk meningkotkon dcyo dukung diatos
tonoh gcmbut atou lumpur. Contoh : pondosi untuk jolon kerja,

jclcn rrya, jolon kereto opi atou landosan pesowat terbong.
tlAemberi lembaran onyonon banbu, geotextile, lapison posir,
lapisan grovel/batu, rnemberi fosilitos droinase untuk
meningkatkon dcyo dukurg don mengurangi penurunon sehinggra
olai berot dopot beroperosi qtau untuk lolu lintos jalan roya
Cutoft wall, mengganti tanah porous/pervious dengron beton.
melolui penboran. Contoh : perbcikon tonoh pondosi untuk

bendungon ogor rembeson yong melolui pondosi rneqiodi
berkurang.
Page 19
Sipillbn6 2N6 -
Page 20
Sipil ltenas 2006
I,IACAI,I.fiIACAIA ASAL BEBAN YANE DITERIfiIA

STRUKTUR PONDASI
1.
Berat sandiri struktur pondosi
?.&dutg
3. Bangunon oir (bendungon, bendung, saluran. dll)
4. Jembaton/ jolan
5. Pipa
6. Aianoro
7. Tangki
8. ttiesin
9. Dsb.
I,IACAflI-IIIACAIA BENTUK BEBAN YAhI6 DITERI,UA

STRUKTUR PC'NDASI
1. Terpusot
A. Vertikol
B.lrliring
C.
Horizontol
2. f,ierota
A. Vertikol : lingkoron, segienpot, tropesium

B. Miring : segitigo. troPesium
C. Horizoniol : segitigu, tropesium
IiACAIA-IIiACAI'T PO$ST EEBAN/RES{.'LTAN BEBAN PADA

STRUKTUR PC'NDASI
1.
Centris
2. Berjcrok terhadop sumbu x

3. Berjorok ferhodop sumbu y
4. Berjorok terhadop sumbu x don y.
llen6
2006
Page 21
Sipil ltenas 2006
Page 22
Sipil
Sebutan FOUNDATION EMINEER (Ahli Pondasi) diberikan

kepodo seseorong yang telah nergenyom pendidikon forrnol di
bidong geoteknik (mekoniko tonoh, gealogi, rekoyoso pondosi)
don rekoyoso struktur (anolysis, perenconoon beton bertulang,
bojo don kcyu) don felah mengikuti berbogoi nocom pelotihon,
kursus, konferensi, seminar don feloh berpergoloman cukup
dolonr pergombilan keputuson-keputuson berkoiton dengon
perencarunn don pelcksonoon pondosi.
Tigo prinsip utamo yorg mininol horus dipenuhi dolon
perenconoon pondosi
1.
Anon
2. Ekonomis
3. Proktis (dopqt diloksonokon derEon menggunckon bohon,
tenogo don peraloton ycng odo).
Duo hol
pnting yong menjodi pertimbangon utoma
perencorunn pondasi berkoiton dengon geoteknik yoitu

1.
dolom
Strength
2. Deformosi
Seloin sfrergth don deformotion sebogai faktor yong meqiodi pertinbongon
utomo, beberopa fEktor dibowoh ini jugo horus dipertinbonkon :
harus cukup dolom untuk menghindori erosi,

pertumbuhan perakoron tonomon don pengoruh pengrgnlion pondasi
bangunon disebeloh, serto pergeseron.
2. Yeberadmn expons ive so i l.
3. Foktor kearnonon ferhodap gulirg, gese?, don upliff (flototion)
4. Aman terhadcp korosi don kemunduron mutu bahon.
5. Sistem pondasi memungkinkon untuk menerimo bebon tambohan dengon
odonyo perubohon lopongon otou geometri konsiruksi don perubohon
struktur otas.
6. Pondosi dopot dibongun menggunokon sumber nateriol,
peraloton don orang yang cdo.
7. Perenconoan pondosi diusahakon ogor dopat memenuhi
stondor lingkungon yong berloku.
1. Kedolomon pondosi
Sipil ltenas 2006
Page 23
Dolan perenconoon pondosi umumnys diperlukon longkoh-hngkoh

berikut;
sebogoi
l. Evaluasi terhodap lokosi dan posisi bebon.
2. Pemeriksoon phisik lcpongon neliputi ospek geologi don bukfi-bukti
yorg mungkin berpotensi untuk menimbulkon rnosoloh di kemudion hori.

3. Penefapon progrom inv*ligosi/prryelidilon lcporgan tndupun pengujion
laborotoriun.
4. lllenentukan porotneter tonah/bafu untuk perenconoan ydng diperlukon
berdosorkan dctc uji yang terintegrusi, mengikuti coro-coro ilmiah don
erginecrirg judgmant. Dolom longkoh ini mungkin diperlukon analysis
menggunokon computer otou nElokukan perbondingan dengcn dota-doto
yang direkomendasikan oleh literotura-literof ur otou Konsulton Geofeknik
loinrryo.
5. Perenconson pondosi nenggunokan porometer-porotnefer dori lcngkoh no.4.
Sipilltene 2ffi6
- P4e
24
Porunetcr tomh atou botu unfuk Per.ctrcomcn Strukfur Pondosi
Sifot-sifot phisik don mEkonik dori tonoh otau botu yong umum digunokon \
untuk onalysis dan perencanoon pondosi odoloh tetapi tidok terbatos podo :
1.
Strength Poromefers
a. Siress-strqin |ttodulus, Es.

b. Sheor liodulus,6
c. Poisson rotio. p
d. Interrul friction orEle,O
e. Soilcohesion, c
2. Compressibility Index ond rote
Compression Tndex, Cc
3. Gravimetric-volutnetric doto
of Settlement
a. Unii weight,y
b. Specific Arovify, 6s
Void rotio, e
Porosity, n
Woter content, w
Lig$id
Linit (LL), Plostic
Limat (PL), dan Plosticiiy Index (PI)
Sipil llenas 20{F
Sfondords Test untuk filcmpadah

1.
2.
Palunetcr
Percrrconaan
Page 25
sNI (Standcr l&sional fndonesio)

ASTI (Americon Society for Testirg ond ltltoteriols)
3. BS (Bnitish Stondord)
4. AASI{TO (Americon Associotion
5. JIS (Jopon fndustrial Stcndcrd)
6. AS (Austrolion Stondard), dll
Jsnis Tcst (PcrEuJian) uffirk ilsmpqloleh Ponornctcr Pcrcnconoor
L Peryqjion Laparyon:
o" Tst pit (pocket penstroncfer. rrune shcor)
Rigid Phte l,ooditg (l5Ttl D 4394)
Ducth Cone Panetrotion (DCF) Test (2 ton. 1O lon, 20 ton).
Californio Bcoring Rotio (CBR) Tart (ASTlrl D
Stordord Perutmton Teri (sPT)
Tesf itcrhod for Bcariqg Capocity of Soil for Static l,ood on Spneod Footing ( ASTlrt
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
9.
h.
i.
119f)
Test tliethod for Density of Soil in Phcc by Sond Corc licthod (ASTA'I b 1556).
Test Alpthod for Pilcs Urder Stqfic Axiol Compressiw Lood (ASTtl D 1143)
ltlstfiod of Tceting Piles Urder Ldterul todds (ASTrti D 3910)
of Testirg Xndividuol Piles Urder Sfaiic Lood Terih Lood (ASTI D 3689)
Sipilltenas 2@6
Page 26
2. Paqqiion
2.1.
Loborotorim
Ir&x T"st
o. Wotcr conncnt, w (ASTtll D 22!6)

b. eru&crg lturib,ll, f'L. Pf (AsTlrt
D 431E)
c. Spedfic gnodty,or(AsTlrl DE {)
d. Sicrc onolysie ond hrydronctcr, gradalion (AST,ti D,122, 4e21, ll40)
e. Dcnsiiy, I {ASTtti
f. Srcllitg, %(ASTJf, 04546)
?.2 TFhxiql
tJU :c.o(ASTAtlD2850)
(onfsiA/ :C,d(ASTil D475n
c. Koffligi CD : C,d
o" Kodisi
b.
2.3 Dircct Shec : c,0 (ASTiI D 3080)

2.4 Unconfincd compnsssion tcst. qu (ASI$ D
2.5 Rclcliw Dcneily, Dr
2.6 Coruolidclion, Cc.Pc, C! (ASTlt D 2435)
2.7 Peflwtuilit1, k (r{5Tlrl D
?.E Conrpcciion, y
1*,
e66)
OlilC
39 Cclifornio Bcoring Raiio (49R). %
$iSilltenas AX)6
- P4e
Sidl lbnas 2006
27
REFERENCE BOOK
X) Pruncfpfe af Forymda#on fi.ngineeriffSr
Perugarang: Braje M" Eas
23 Fsundatisn Ama/ysis & Desrgn

Fengarans: Jsseph Scwles
3)
trelqnik Fondasi
PengarasTs: Dr. ln $uhardjito
Pradctc
4)
tutelqanika Tanah dan Teknik Po

Hditor : Dn. lr. Suyono Sosroda
Kazutn Nakazawa
Page 28
10
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
lntroductions
Two main characteristics :
1) The foundations have to be safe against overall
shear failure in the soil that supports them.
2) The foundations cannot undergo excessive
displacement or settlement
The load per unit area of the foundations at which

shear failure in soil occurs is called
the ultimate bearing capacity.
Sipil llenas 2007
Page 2
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Ultimate Bearing Capacity
General concepts:
1) Astrip foundation with a width of B resting on the surface of
a dense sand or stificohesive soil.
E#
to =@
the foundations, settlement \ZXy
willincrease.
rn -H
tf a toad graduauy applied
r-..-'*dar
[==t
L/
+/
- when the load per unit are equals qu - a

sudden failure in the soil supporting the foundation will take
place, and the failure surface in the surface in the soilwill extend
to the ground surface.
At a certain point
The foad per unit are, gu,ls usually refened to as the

uftimate bearing capacity of the foundation. When such
sudden failure in soil takes place, it is called
genenl shearfallure.
fii$llluus 2t07-Pry
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
en-
2) lf the foundation under consideration rests on sand or clayey

soil of medium compaction,
an increase in the load
foundation willalso be
accompanied by an increase
in settlement.
The failure surface in the soil will gr:adually extend outward from
the foundation. When the load per unit area on the foundation
equal qun,, movement of the foundation will be accompanied by
sudden jerks.
Aconsiderable movementof the foundation is then
required for the failure surface in soil to extend to the
ground surface. The load per nit area atwhich this
happens isthe ultimate beaing capacity, qu.
SiSrillbna 2007-Page 1
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Ultimate Bearing Gapacity
Beyond that point, an increase in load will accompanied by a
large increase in foundation settlement. The load per unit area
of the foundation, Qug, is refened to as the first failure load. A
peak value of g is not realized in this type of fiailure, which is
called the localsfearfailure in soil.
3) lf the foundation supported by a fairly loose soil, the failure

surfiace in soilwill not extend to the ground surface.
Beyond the ultimate

failure load, qu, the
load-settlement plot will
be steep and practically
This type of failure in soil is called ihe punching
shearfailurc..
Sipilltenas 2007
- P4e
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Vesic (1973) proposed a relationship for
the mode of bearing capacity failure of
foundations resting on sands.
D"
t ldltd@ltt,o,
reiarive debily of r6rd
Or = dc#lr of fonnd*tloo rnclsrlrd
a'=&
shete fi * dtlth
L = ltngtt
f.rs
lbt] grousd sorfuc
of iourdrtioo
of founrlati<nr
For square foundations, B=L; for circular

foundations, B = L= diameter, so B* = B
'l
Modes of foundation failure in sand.
Sipil lbnas 2007
- Page 6
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Terzaghi's Bearing Capacity Theory
Tezaghi (1943) was the first to present a comprehensive theory for
the evaluation of the ultimate bearing capaci$ of rough shallow
foundation.
Terzaghi suggested that for a continuous or strip foundation, the
failure surface in soilat ultimate load may be assumed: general
gflggg fgih rra
l.-o-l
Bearing capacity failure in soil under a rough

rigid continuous foundations.
Sipillbna 2m7 -
Page 2
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Terzaghi's Bearing Gapacity Theory
The failure zone under the foundation celn be separated into three
parts:
1) The triangular mne ACD immediately under the foundation.
2) The radialshearzones ADF and CDE, with the curves DEand
DF being arcs of a logarithmic spiral.
3) Two triangular Rankine passive zones AFH and CEG.
The angles CAD and ACD are assumed to be equal to the soil
friction angle f. With the replacement of the soil above the bottom
of the ioundation by an equivalend surcharge q, the shear
resistance of the soil along the fiailure surfaces G/ and HJ was
neglected.
fttl
Siipillbn6 2{n7
Page 3
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Using equilibrium analysis, Tezaghiexpressed the ultimate bearing
capacity in the form:
Assumed:
genenlshar
hllurc
wherc
c'?=
oolsiooofrolt
oahnci*htolsil
c-t4
- bcchgcspdcily
iV. ,V, lVr
lirlrdtt
fuctffi.hor nb d@diefidond
of dF n$l
ftidinaqh#
ild srr fu*.
n'-*{ffi -']= *'ot+-'|) iv.=ffiffi

B = widthldiameter of
foundation.
"-i{#'-r}r*o'
wt'sre
tr(, - paslvc
Stpil
pmtsurc EocfficiEol
lbo6
2007
Page 4
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Tezaghi's bearing
capacity factor:
3
,t
5
6
7
&
lo
t1
E
t3
l4
t,
l6
l,
l8
l9
20
11
a,
3I
J.?t
6.q,
6J0
e6
6,g,
?34
1"?t
&rJ
[J0
olt{
g.fl
1{lt6
to?6
ili!
lllt
l?J*
li66
1{.60
r5-r2
l6J6
t1#
i*9:
?.lt
a$
ai.[t
r.i,.f,,t.
lfit
01il
00t
Ll
La 004
l.$ d(5
t#l tuo
IJ'l O.l4
r.El 0?0
r'fll lun
2.?l r]15
1{4 0.'l*
adl ff6
069
efl
J.tg oEJ
tfg J.rx
t&. |.t0
,Ltl lje
a.cg llll
td5 218
6.0* zt9
6.flr t'1't
?.{.t t^d4
&26 4Jl
to?3 6,flr
ttJo r,rs
lzr2 &1{
t.
26
n
a8
8
30
31
3a
3:
-1r
lt
*
v
!8
3t
'10
{l
4t
,ll
4
*5
d6
r,
49
fll
lLE
t{zt
2ll*
ts.s
tl$l
x.*t
3{-14 lr.S
!r.16 1r-4rt
4o,4I 5za
t4ia
28,52
S00 JA,S
ad4
36.9]
{l.d{
tt75
ir?,l6
65t
?l$r
tLgl
?7J0 6ri$
z16l
3ft?
9ti6
8lJ?
ltSEI 9l.tS
119.6? llB,7J
l34J* lj!6.Jt}
r5rr5 14134
lTZ.2l l?ats
ls.a
a4.l9
2l,t-1i r,lLfrl
?9871
:r4?st 4lJ,u
'4{.6
9.84
llial
lL?l
lilr
19,13
2ai5
&,tI
il.r4
,&0{
{A4l
s.Jf
6d27
?&6t
{1,6
tl53t
rintl
t?1.9t
2llj6
?6l.j0
lail4
tr.ll
tlz.t{
El,r!'
lo?!,et
fiifillbnas 2fl)7 - P4e 5
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
For foundations that exhibit the local shear failure mode in soils,
Terzaghi suggested the following modification:
{srripfourxt*tion}
A. = !"'.V: + qiri + hElvi
q' - O*fi?ctfl {- d'Ji + &47AI9i {squrrt fomdu*m}
c,
0ff?cr,f! + 4/vi + &Svfttri (cirotlartounduiott)
N"', Nq'and Nr', the modified bearing capacity factors, can be

calculated by using the bearing capacity equations (for N", No, and
respectively) by replacing 0' by 0' = tan-1 (%tan l'1
N'
Sit'illbn6 2007-Page6
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Terzaghins Bearing Capacity Theory
Tezaghi's modified
bearing capacity
factor:
r.
&xt,{'
t,zr
$,$
Al0
63D
6Jl
C?4
6$t
7&.
?37
?.?4
alE'
&Ja
&63
&!6
*il
9i?
roffi
lo.fr
l(}s
il*r6
lltr
lLTl
,zn
ti.'t
t4.t4
tdf,r
0
I
2
I
{
5
6
7
s
I
$
il
12
$
l.
t5
f6
l?
l8
19
8
2t
t2
?3
4
lt
llD
0ff1
lJn 0fi6
l-t4 ltfr.
t&,
0jlr
1"30 tr,tr'
l-!D olrtrl
L,{t &lt}
t3'
ol:8
t.?o 0.li
t&
Dg|
t,94 0.24
o3lt
e0
zgt oJ6
ljt
,0e
0r*
lJJ
L?t oJt
ttz
otr?
x,t! t?6
3J6 0,8e
t.8
3'fl
xrf, r,u
iLlT IJJ
4.,.11 t.t!
dta n4
5.4 $I
2J3
'fr
A
,1
20
lo
3t
3T
3J
3|
lt
fi
$
38
,lll
41
a
*l
td
t5
{6
41
.lft
49
JO
ttsr
1630
t?.13
t8,{E
ta99
?o$
:t,t6
r2je
aaa
2J,15
lt77
28.5t
to.{r
3a5B
3rt
flt1
.l0'$
'Lltl
{?-t3
fl.r7
5S?3
d(t9l
66.fr1
ts,t5
StJl
ii
fiE
d.54
7.il1
7fi
*Jl
9.01
s'la
r{ut
lt5?
t175
lJD
:JE
tt9
t16
4iilt
4At
JJI
fta
1,a,
nrs
t5,9'
9,*1
tJ.!n
10.s
l6,Ec
r8-q6
tx?t
r4.tl
30J0
l?:1
?5tt
t9.?t
2150
3t"}*
:rt40
30.,1S
,11.?0
4&tt
ag"It
En
?ln6
tt.il
Sr]{it
5'*l
6t.dt
8*
36.{L
fi,&
?r.*5
8!7t
Si$llbnas
2(X)7
- P4e
- Pqe
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Factor of Safety (FS)
Calculating the gross allowable load bearing capaci$ of shallow
foundation requires the application of a factor of safety (FS) to the
gross ultimate bearing capacity,
{r
or:q.. -
Fg
The net ultimate bearing capacity is defined as the ultimate

pressure per unit are of the foundation that can be supported by the
soil in excess of the pressure cause by the sunounding soil at the
foundation level,
wtcrc
So,
,la
{dttll-B-
- natultittutcl'EarfugcEPacity
q'tDt
qraol
ttr
$ipillbn6
2007
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Example #1
Asquare foundation is 1.5 m x 1.5 m in plan. The soilsupporting
the foundation has a ftiction dngle 6'=26o, and c' = 15.2 KPa. The
unit weigh of soil, y, is 17.8 KN/m3. Determine the allowable gross
load on the foundation with a factor of safety (FS) of a. Assume
that the depth of the foundation (D) is 1 meter and that general
shear failure oocurs in soil.
Answer:
From table:
Sipil
lbna
2007
Page 9
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Example #2
Repeat example #1, asssuming that local shear failure occurs in
the soil supporting the foundation.
Answer: f''ij*,ili#E$:i f.$,i
Sipillbn6 Zn7 -
Page 10
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Modification of Bearing Gapacity Equations for
Water Table
lf the water table is close to the foundation, some modification of the
bearing capacity equations will be
necessary:
-1
#*,trfuffi[itri1]ffi:-(
form: s -
cffcd"elurtt$F
* G?,t &fu*,- r*)
The value of y in the last term of the

equations has to be replaced by y'
n Gase ll: lf the water table is located

t- - rdua.d
**do
that0<d<B: q*rfir
The value of y in the last tenn of the equations has to be
rePlacedbYT where
i,:$**H*
lo
t6il''scitirat U > B, the

Case lll: lf the water table is
will no effect on the ultimate bearing capacity. sipilbns zoo7-pee it
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Meyerhof's Bearing CaPacity Theory
Meyerhof (1963) suggested the following form of the general
bearing capacity equation:
**-,a:al1r r+qfffi4.ftF;*&in;rbF,irt
Where:
r,'-
ctlxsion
{=
elT*etivc itrc$s at lb$
d1,"' fn, Ji, f,,a, Fa1, F6 ?
4r, Fr,
,il* ffr
rbe bnttom of rhe foundation
wljth of louodilion {.= dierneter for
a circular
found*tioo)
duPc factors
tlcFth factors
4t = bad inclinatkrn
krel of
unit wcight ofsoil
fnctore
= berrrlng,capacitY faaors
for the case of rectiangular foundation (0 < B/L < 1) and

account the shearing resistiance along the failure surface
in soilabove the bottom the foundation.
Sipil
lbnc
2007
Page 2
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
lldeyerhcf's Bearing Capacity Tlreory
khe.op"11l...^-,,'q*rnorr.*rEgustbtr (3.22)(iri-
- llcot$- !
|
n
t' *
'*'(ut f)'t-*n
-N.
rlran(t.id');ffi-
(rYr
I I oJ{a/l)
I
+0.?(8/t)la#{{s+dlz}
I + trr(a/L)taB
(45 +
*'/?)
I + 42@r!B'
I
I + 0.?{Prl8}latr(45 + O?}
0.1 (Dlrrf )bn(45 + d /3)
|+
Sipil
liene
2007
Page 3
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Meyerhofns Bearing Gapacity Theory
Example #l!
A square foundation has to carry a gross
allowable total mass of '15.290 kg. The depth
of foundation is 0.7m. The load is inclined at
an angle of 20o to vertical. Determine the

width of the foundation, B. Use Meyerhofs
Bearing Capacity theory and a factor of safety
of 3.
Answer:
l*-a-'l
From table:
N" = 30.14, No = 18.40, Nr = 15.67
q = T Df = 18 * A.7 = 12.6 kN/m2
Fo"
= F* = 1+0.1 (B/L) tan2 (45+6'nl

$pillbnas ZX)7- Pry5
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tJt
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u
tu H tEE
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=
ta
c(l)
=
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o
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+,
o
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IJI
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- (tr
II
=o:
=
L,' dt rF
"gE=6
S
oE*o
:fh 3
-o E;5
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=: EE ii
\t
E;
F E;
o=oo)
=
9
o
fi:PgE E
S?6t
t
'\'-
Ci
5rga
t&E
9,--T*F
a
z
o
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z3
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IJ.
o
J
(E
g
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=\ll .= lc
6,
E
rrl
J
I
I
II
*r,
l-
T{
CN
.a
e+ o)o
E3ÊE
A-r+7O-
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={^g
|otro-c.
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cE a.=-c
(U
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IT
E
a>
fi FT*SE E
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Vertical Stress lncrease in A Soil Mass
Stress Due ToA Concentrated Load
ln 1885, Boussinesq developed
the mathematical relationships for
determining the normaland shear
stress at any point inside
homogeneus, elastic, and
isotropic medium due to a
concentrated load located at the
surface.
Aqs
Sipil lten6 2007
Page 2
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Stress Due To A Gircularly Loaded Area
Boussinesq's equation can also be usd to
determine the verticalstress below the centre
of a flexible circularly loaded area. Let the
radius of the loaded areaBl2, and let qo be the
uniformly distributed load per unit area.
(.
fn f -'x
8s=)d0 "-[_"
'(qidttdrl
1.";F(JT
-"{'-F;ffi}
Sipillbne 2)07 - Prue 3
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Stress Below A Rectangular Area
The integration technique of Boussinesq's
equation also allows the verticalstress at
any point below the comer of a flexible
reciangular load area to be evaluated.
l+*--r.-*---{
I
I
t / zanVurt* ot'. t rtr {- lt3 t 2 ltL
, - trtlutru.._ tts{"r
- G\r",, n: .,,rlr: + l.;;T;:l
n-;
i
. lrnrfiiJ,FT
--' \
=lirn'- a' + tf 4 I - Hr/rl
,
= influcocl'fucttr
n=;
I
I
I
la
,i + i mr + a'+ 2 I
r t I- arur.4Fi
,- .. ;-:--'--=-:-----;-:-+rr+nrtr
4nLPf
- I nr+n-+ I II al+#+l<
-l
- .t
{ ra''\,'
++++t+)J
Sipil
lbn6
2007
Page 4
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Stress BelowA RectangularArea
(2 : 1 Method)
Based on assumption that

the stress from the
foundation spreads out
along lines with a vertical-tohorizontal slope of 2 : 1.
l
y{r{}rrr}Yl
I
Sirtl [enas 2007
Page 5
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Stress lncrease Under An Embankment
Figure shows the cross
section of an embankment
of height H. For this two
dimensional loading
condition, the vertical stress
increase may be expressed
as:
*herc
4o
f,
yll
* ''rit
qeaElrt of
lh* Dbo.lment soil
= trcishr of ths eobaalsmnr
,,= *, '(4+&)-
,(?)
",- *"'(?)
Sipil
lien6
2907
Page 6
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Exercise
Find average increase in
pressure (Ao"") at clay layer
caused by load of
foundation.
J
Sidllbn6
2007 -Page 7
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Elastic Settlement
Elastic Settlement Based on The Theory of Elasticity
The elastic settlement of a shallow foundation can be estimated by
using the theory of elasticity. From Hook's law:
* = I':o' -
if
,*,
&,aa,
*;r,a',)r/:
Where:
S"
El
$ar.
:
*
rnodulus ofelasticity of soil

thickncss of the soil lrwr
pr, -- Poisron's rrlio of thc sail
*
Alr. stres* increa* duc to the nel apFlied foundation lmd in
lhe r" }i and a directionq respeaivcly
Jl
A<r.,
= elasticsenlemcnt
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Elastic Settlement
Theoretically, if the foundation is perfectly flexible, the settlement
may be expressed as:
Where:
.tr
nsl dFPlitll prcsurs on thc lhundelion

of soil
nrodulur of clsstkily of thu soit under thc
= Foison's ratio
l; B
"noogc
mearuredffirmc = 0toaboute =
= fF forcsnteroffourdation
tomdgtifl'
'lll
6 for eomcr uf foundation
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Elastic Settlement
Elastic Seftlement Based on The Theory of Elasticity
l,
*rrye frcror ($ehrlrenqer,I934)
- 7',+!--fu.^
- r -rr,
frcrortbat depcnds otl the torntio! on fte ffimdrttoo rriatc$rdemnr is bsing cahuhted
Center of foundation:
Fr=;(,{.'+Ar)
q=4
.L
m'-E
4 = $m'-,e'
(t * *6F n r) {trTv
Corner of foundation:
rt'=
ô- n'ln\
'4u ;
c*l
*:t5
.il
"-e)
II
n'= E
-(t - r,4"m=)
(^'*rfffi * i\tlm
,t = In\_---\fiaTft;1-
._-
^2
tr
m'
--
,rr'i6aT';Ei'r
dryrh hctsr tFox,
-rr
ls{t) -
4?.*.-* i)
Sipil ltenas 2007
Page 4
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Elastic Settlement
Due to the nonhomogeneous nature of soil deposits, the magnitude of
Es may vary with depth. For that reason, Bowles (1987)
recommended using a weighted average of Es:
e=!6,,,r'ta
- sril srodulus ofLstiify within I dcplhAr
i - Il or 58. whichevcr ls srnaller
where ,q
Sipilltenas 2007
P4e 5
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Elastic Settlement
Example #6
A rigid *allow founfitiod t n x 2 m is shotrr in Egure 5.t5. Celorlate the
tiE sctdernst rtthe centEr dthe fr$ndmin.
dx-
v. (0,
Iterias
-I
2ff.7- Page 6
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Elastic Settlement
- P4e
Sipilltenas 2007
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Primary Consolidation Settlement
Consolidation settlement occu rs
over time in saturated clayey
soils subjected to an increased
load caused by construction of
the foundation.
On the basis of the onedimensional consolidation
settlement equations:
s.rnr
$rm
t
Jc.d:
whcrc
er
wrlical strail
r!e
l+c"
Ae
- change olrnid r.tic

- /(4.Fi,ilnd Ar')
)
Sipil
ltenc
2007
Page 8
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Primary Gonsolidation Settlement
CJt" . a! + Aai.
G:;rog "l
CJf" , o|+ LoL
r"r'r-]T[rQ-4
(for norndly conroldlted

clrys)
- *
rdPr
(for overconsolidaM days
wlthrrl+.Ari*<a!)
s*,*** r'rfr*ffir*SJ3r+
(for ovrconrolidEted clayE
wilhr!<rl<ol+
Arrl,)
rrj = lwralp elFcoivc
pressune on the clay layer hefore the corretilcdon

of the $ourdarlon
Aoi = il1sra*. increase in efiective prcrsqru on tbe clay hyer caued by
the cffiU$ctior of tlr6 foundrtion
ol = fcorroli.htim prrcslns
e"
irltlal roid mtio trf the day la}l:r
C. r'ompresrlon inder
*
C, l{" -
swellfu!index
fbickaeso
oflhe
c{ay
hter
Sipil
lbn*
2007
Page 9
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Note that the increase in
effective pressure, Ao', on the
clay layer is not constant with
depth. The magnitude of ao will
decrease with the increase in
depth measured from the
bottom of the foundation. The
average increase may be
approximated by:
"*)
)
Where Aoi, Aor', and Ao5' are respectively, the

effective pressure increases at the up, middle,
-,:r- bottom of the clay layer that are caused by
and
the construction of the foundation.
I
I}erli,
)
Sipil lbnas 2t07
Page 10
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Example #7
A phn of r found*rbp
diiisn scttlencrt olthe
In x 2m irshoqn in Fgure5z9;&timste
fo$ndstiod, '
ahe
iqrloli
Sipil ltenas 2@7
- P4e
Sipil ltenm 2007
11
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Example #7
Tbe ctay is normally oonsolideted,Thu*
C"H.. rri+Arr!"
s"=frts*;60
r; -
(25)(t6-5) + (05) (17-5 - 9al ) + (lr5)(16

+ t.gs + ?.?i{,= 52!4 kN/pr
4r:5
=
qryrEq,t54).
- e.8l)
",lc;" =f1Arj
+ 4Ad-+
Atri),,
:.1 rn.): .'

*..l
.: id-&{l
dlflel
. .f,! '
4
','. llt90rr- :28j*Airl
. *gS&Ji.1a?t*A.r;j
65
0
ll-O{li 6.75 - Asi
Nos' the follo,ning tahh:i:sri be prepared (Note L = 2 m; B
rrrri4t
dmt
I
2+25p=tli
2 + 2-5 - 45
a,: 2
fTflhld 5,3
rEq; (5.101
Page 12
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Example #7
t[b tJ
vnriillion uf l" r*'ilh n1 arxl
n1
o,sl;
0.976
o.932
o.gru
{LtD7 0-99?
0.977 0,9?7
0,936 0,936
0.rrB o.89,
0al{ o.$l?
o.?d8 0.753
0.flr5 0.ffl1
0.6:? (Lffi6
0.5?3 {1585
0'5L5 0.5.1{1
[997 . 0.99?
0.9{r?
0yt?
n"*r o:Jn osiT
0-tt3?
0.937 0.9fi
0.s8t 0.881
0-93?
0.9vt
0.881
0lllB
0,7Sd
0.ffj4
0.6v1
osfil
0..5d.5
{1881
0"t{t8 0.$ts tlsl8

0.?"5.5 0.755 {L?sS
0.6s5 0.695 {t.696
o.Gr0 &64t o.riil
0,591 0.59e 0J9?
[54? (L54$ OJ49
SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Example #7
Norrl
Sipil ltenas 2007
Page 14
P,
i '':'
&o^jlbtt s,rrL_ t
sa,utt*g Ful/a.ra*+i t . r
rou,, a*ri o
i,-
-,L
rw:
;Iy:y;:r; ; :;; ;; ;,rr," *:-_*

::
tr
-.
rryF eair NEitw oF ,!v)1,
\* ,, ,r' {;^,:"
.-''*'',
wi *s wF M ta'd,+t
turr t&4* sn, ;r;* ;;' :,I
:m' ff
aF
ry
rregr
Asun,*
v'tt?+v,
rW &q/t1 *x tuv
ffi,y-"' 6*,,,rR,,e
tMuviaN
+vn ; -
sw* wd*t4,,r::fif
#Jr*
{r,
9,
/ m *Nb
d**.^JrsB*a s/*srr*.
*rtidretr
_
SQu+*r FoprJpnn,ilN -*f
rfi**'p ri6WM
3.? t
r#hrt,
*r,ffI)":: r:*
tLr
ftn #.r d o
q, s /.seNe * q. Nft*u,y#q,Ny
&e = /V.*
r'/x
= f. v
07';
q
nu1
.f
s fr'"s)fld axrr'
n +{'' T'F s}(F. v3 + ( o,y)t*âJ(r,s)f*)

-- 3?g. ir* r3r, re * J*3 |
.
: rj-r & */, ,
1'=
'fu , *t't,0w*&t6
Loa
**oE tw
fu_Lge**k
4 *Y'
i_c^ o r
,n?e
wF ftv^/&'w?'bu *
8hhLt-':. Tfi,a\nY''
)- lru/^t
t33.7r
Fr -- -T == /??
py****r
p*a, ttrtir
e4ey3_
q = 4*ur x fwa*tbiqvi6,)
= t33.1r
.,n".
r f *rx a-r)
3oO AaAl .
l&}* =
Tonaghi's Bearing Capacity Theory
a
2
o
tJ
fl
)t
t0
E.
I
!0
o;
AL:
5.2
e
d
Angle of friction of soil, C (deg)

Figure
3.4
Tecaghi's bearing capacity factors for general shear failure-q. (3.3)
125
?z
l
%pmry spnt* L
sou'tr"r-
frJut/,v,>l//
lrf n4 x 1{*, tu potel. ngaiz eup,uenartr ,vf

frvtarriw 4r * r-Bicnipu
+,wc
AilA e: /e 2 nTr, .
7w uttir hr# ar'qir',
"r)=roo
tr $'B 'ru/rt. rF?zreutlt ftrr,+*/0t*ry&/F
r,
6nor Leld 0a
w ftvlJd*ft't,tt Dry 4 *7a7* ** ,.h/wr(r'.) {F ?.
*ss?us:
'f
a*,W 0F w r4ttue66p*
tl+ rr r n 4,u)
tli+r tt la+L sl|tffi. NwR#
', occut"r ia- itg.oit sw*A,>,nrtr {out&ri>iw
'}7itv
{aluil*r,
nA ' -
Loc+r_
fibz,rxrryhfupr
-'sqa4/2+.
fun
*ryurta.r
Thw-'
fluu2vy1ou
J,$
?w<
_l
q?
p= ze, e
* o,S6Z ,A/e,.
Nrl :tz
rx'"!
lV6 =
:
fru O
t gUer+o,?* Su;
/,/
atlln4\\+{txtT
sfue\*/n.,r\r
s tn.t +rt. z *-rt,,z =,r\i\;y;rX,ot/ls//*)
_
Lta@=
3. T'*
7Wr, r?) nrat.

Q
Bt. e
ey*,
t&o*+a# 6aor? Lato
s Q*ax rda66v;ru h+m

= 6t,? (,s x r,r)
^
'bf-iff
s,osan pue:
r0r08v60I
jp
(zr:s)
't,N ",N:srope; Aloedec 6urreeq peglporu s.;q6ezral
(8aPI?'lpd ]o uo$rp;
9'g arn614
3o a13uy
I'0
(!
F'
f.
0'r a
o
o!tI
9.
g
l)
rs -,'N:o:
v
OI
fr
a-:
.<
olrvoNnoJr,ro-r-lvHs gntdeq3
9Zt
p4urotl rD4z 3
/j
,
4 Squ**.6'
Lota
of
eoLutqrl teuudo-+zON /,/+f lD e-+*zF +6/20{T hLLOD4/|tr r>7+t/so tN. 7V? lFpft+ 0f 7T?ft)uil).fvay tr o.7 n . ryF tw rb
lNednn)
+tv 4,\tt-7tr
oF 2-oo Tv uwTietL
tr
s776util
ru inrzr
&tWtLt,
,lVltr tvi
tiuf
bftl 0F n frutlbhl7'fuNl B.
QtE QuHToN ! ie-xtspln BE*R;Lb cailAl? qu+i\N.
tlse q FrtqDA p; e;rry oF 3
bglZrtt
Cs o
p,300
t=
ts LN/\3
'Bl
,SOIUiON
6t'//ai+
o+pnciry
fq atn'D N
â#t'ilf,
?r" e Ne fts F"a Fe; + ?. Nq
l4)/ffi+-t
e:
\,, e4G, n * y"n rf 0rfr, ?r,
eatftauu
Fffisty7 sw=T h7- r|t lElttu oF Tft B,rtDn ryflapmbN

x=
wa d,r- or -rwt
f, = uo)'
B * ilO7U OF ruuNDAn'7N (= iltaqA-tuA 4 c)ncut+a fuuualnort)
lg , FXsrn = sPPvTss: freJA,Rs
Fa,
Qa",6d' bF7ry fttlOrZs

fr; , f;,; ,fdi = Lo+l rr,tchtt,m'fN
f7f+fu4s
9r= Df x( =0"/(/S)=)2-1 LNh"
I = lP 4l/h3
,4
fROr4
Wt 3-2 : A*duf
f\n P:
c#,ru'ry ft-cn{ hrT** Vftie (Bnt{+
*' o/t {) ffiFB))/
3oo
Ne = 30.ty
4q . /8.y
Nt'
22'7
frory w2Le 3.y s/lms,bep7vt/tilb t).unrrn'2n

'
frtaa-r /^7c2r.7r4fpJt> rv(.
t/JF (Bft"rJ4 ot
6s=
&
II
/* t.#
Adrunteo,
&l tOr'
FI
t*+ ffi
+ fart g ., + f turr Joo : /.r/)

Ftrr: /-o."f =/-o.?* .= 0.6
rl
4," --, t
$t
D/t, ftlF /3?)
T=rf St.
6d s t + 0. ? T = r+ o.? (t+) .
fXl " t + z +aAp (t-s;, /), 2f B
B
fvlsl
*TOc
- F?r; = (,
E
)' f,
9oot = t
,l; 3 (r -61L:f,-!)'
t' 3d
2oo
.z
w)
= o.6of
F-
$l
.=
o^ll
l/TJc, .F2K 9=O
Xr= 1 Ns,'q, Q,aQ ;

= Yz Q(
+ t Y - a Ntr Frrla*7;
il-v)(r'r/! ( +
s 2t2.2* @. *
'f
t3.S
)ct.6,.) + s,\rs\(
B
B)(22 ,t)(at)1 t)go.tr
y,
l.s{d
:.i
Wr,
Qu_- fS.7J+
a
Q^tt,:
ZALL: --'-t /3.7s+
i:
$rtb-tt
= ront *Luurgu
lvno
;f
/d,m
lro
a01.+dL -
ff
?!y3B
= Xutx
m$rhAtfiailtTe+
5 Trtrx Bz oR'
/sA
r,
= rc.?tn'r{
re. vs n
tlr ra*t- h^rb EpntL 7 $:1,3 h. e#eq, T a , "'ok./
a
eDNn7
n4t
'?,
h sQamg rpuu/4n'L,\/ /,r lryt x /,.g/,) n pLgu. rrc- rilz suplaRl7'Nf rnr rwtlnotv
lhr + r'9'cn'1'v hVfLg CIf g 20u
=
A4) e = /5-2 nyrr, 7//r ury)r uathfotr *uitr , ir /f B a */n, Dr-rrBaa)NE
f
:
a , 7W +u0 wtt(F ttosr
L,/+_r 0N
routtl+n,ou
W
'(0. r7E
drv
uFr hil\duate L,+o fi/L vlE Fut/ilp4np[
4 Fh,raB
ftsrQur
0r t4p7y {r, aF ,.
0r fVs fluNA4n'Oa (J;)

4 1rwhntL ttffiA
tu/Lu/zF u TecuLr n ru= -roif
T/ti+t- /7rf ALzTV
/r
r (ourl
4"v)
soLqTiou
faA GFtttrz*t s/./n-/L miWfg
MD
fr^n
tqu/rrc rDvnlry/)p41
fr'67'tfrF
3,?,
?r= /'3eilc +4*rroo,//silt
ftx / - zto frvxv46rp,r Bs+tiilf_c+pteirytutba,v<

rr
No
t- : t_7 t
6p-ntgvryL tdt?t<
'T'r
Nn4 = 2-u
,/,',
Ny =-
tr
ibr
az4+
p tfrc,lT,fl t (r r17 s)G"f) +- (o.r)(ry.gg_rS7s_)

^=- sY? * /3/. + f3.
1 = 13?. 8) xf_r-r^ dt/r z
72
"Vr
/+LlltilftBLF LyM
ptz up)f ht4 0r zEflUilL+VtM :
qor+tc 1q "lt =/3l,fs-Lo//^,

rr = ?
ftar, ryE-rzryL
&=
4.Dztt_f6gnr)
%'bt ^ t = t xt7't = /7'E /<a/rz
f.
ntur,
#laktl
+rt0q/4/2b 6Usr" Lyr,rD
?n,
mu^tPqvsl +rti+
^ /33.7r x ts xB
= /32-Fx (lrx't'r1
= 3m,g k3sOkN.
z/.
%r =
?^
'
r3r nr/^.
P)[tza) =y
%uer(+u)'
thn/*,
U# =ry
= /2x 3/tL7rz
tbte-e, Qtnr(tu)=
fia+(e) x rnthdDlml^)/rtzat
pg.3 /u/^z x (t's xtr)hL
29/ -lu'
t,
'6
(!
0.
(l
C)
6 : o; N.:
5.7
bo
q
L
c!
(,)
ce
d-0;No:l
d-0;Nr:0
Angle of friction of soil, 0 (deg)

Figure
3.4
Terzaghi's bearing capacity factors for general shear fairure-Eq. (3.3)
i25
Q),
/3
QNrnt ,n,fL 9*
/rf
.fTg4py dfft.tlkruK f,pA+n' BU/A^ JT',)67q,rA t34+tlqt4try

td+zt'tlilp4l;
W4fl y+ilf r,tealAU/qt^lf t;4kf,R f1,ilA+/1'
0414/
e s /rt2 %^ ,
4F t/r t .
-0g;d'ts)zzfrmaJ+?
TTnnllc+d
'qrbt*r',
{'
'/
/s
v/'f,t4'
'2oo
Ary'trtf
a, rkA+U /VPA Y4-rJf bTTiut'a''t
h4D4 #4n7vs1fr^"+t;
'8.hB'tNMxti\Ytd)fulsi/vt+nv'Wat177ypv'tttfrPbl+tit
DFNth^t ustrlSv^1n
W lWroa ffftl44N/N (fk) s / .
u
Dpdano', tqy4l*r414*4 2p6ft* tr7ztlkru, pilb4h'/t)t//r// ot)'t
Phr'4 W'h/ fluO4s7' d*#th/
Dft^t k-e,zeutnlft?ril Wf
@+il
rr
r
$P117v4 &3r/?- Fh euPs
FYryystaWrw
n?'c?ry 7 Aa . = f,3 eAt, Nqr+oflf Ailt

"q
J u
2ntn/rc 'EnWzan.f ttwt*.

-Wwn hoilAtrT Aiineouna"z
4il
3., tre*rf4a'/r Aat*12; C4/Aa'ry ,frry& frA'@bz*1

4E7YL 4tar+ BU* at -D+' rytt /zr)
ctAsnlrcP=z0o 1 /tc=ry.V "
D+A tr*,natrc
Nf,-/Y
q4 =
bf *7.= /
cw'^t&f
fi
't=r
x/,F s /,Ff/ô
4.rz)(,n) * /,fg (/,v)*

^ ,r Sytg/r /)t lfz
f f,,sY
+
s .fi/ .C */*,.
= (,,?)6
0,?( +?s)(t
r)gr7
Q,4
r+ri /bv4^/ tt)at Ea. taas' -ffi4ava2 PfuNAffi' (E ot ) ,pAul
Lars H:
tVt*uSV1 BEB4^1 @nR
= 8,37
YNf
14'
oitci,,ttc+at PIPA .r7vt1Bva4
AODA'tu,'
4aryld :
& c hAL
X lA+f DbJ+R s44et//qun P1ND'ft
f
/3.3y' x (r'-r x zs)
s 3olop DN,
,\gerr", b;ru
u +r
.rTie,{*rtrn tudAttr'
MJlu
& *ra)
t3,tnr^
:
? -f ntg-T,+A
'ry = /21g3 f/q,
=
fk/
ER-
HU"rr*,
14
rFtt'w614 RtBhtr
ffit ,q{f
ilidptctrnt PtoNn'qrcruR ,Qtt&p1'
kxnn*:
x Lunt o+tM. t772'qtan/^ ,0pD487',
Q = fr
*on
lcgoaruL$at
/2
/% x
z?,
/tr x/,r)
7VN,
me-*wtlf kgl**a'e/t ety'Nl'ry ftwhry

h4?/rf hh|*r) Uwt*tl,ttt uartUlc sAnlrflt lI .
6,1*u4aa
(3h
(,
(!
a
(!
(,
d - 0; AL:
5.2
bo
C
6g
a)
d:o;No-l
d:0;
N.,
Angle of friction of soil, 0 (deg)
Figure
3.4
Terzaghi's bearing capacity factors for general shear failure-Ec. (3.3)
125
'j.
erzaghi's f:earing Capaciry Theory
a
u
li.t
(,
(!
(,
(!
o.
6
(,
d-o;Irt:5.7
d:o;4:1
Figure-
3.4
Angle of friction of soil, d (deg)

Terzaghi's bearing c'apacity factors for general shear failure-Eq. (3.3)
125
qMr?H 4r,tr- 6.
A sQuq*E pryto4tJOat lr t/r?Aq/ )at fi'6Vr+ eADD . 4gzlbt fl'/+lr

TTF A+p E eeNt7vo'ry , 2 = o, /f lv , AeZluittp 7VE t67i*O*
LoM, Qun
+=-o{
tryt
f\ff'"
SbLun'1N ;
u-rF 17/ 66 uA*L gsaAttlr
?,q
= LileEsFua.fi;
o+*|eft 4urt*lu Fan'a\t
*frNqn'7^Gi+tY
c DF x / c o-/ x /B c' /2'6 t'u/rz
Vtic t97t) ffn+x4
ffi?A (hfvtT?L
?,2 r Mh'uf- s+pAdry
M DFrrt pOtf t3) t FlR pf = gO o , Ne= SL.ry
Nn s /P.?
Ntr' Lz.Y
B- 2L = lf -(zxo.t) = /,2 rvt
Fve c = o
Fna Fy"-
FzAyt TTaE
Bt =
'
BNtFrrF*+;
X,; s cAle Er foa Fei + 4 uqr6,, fqte.,; + t tr B'$nou,

Q
hvF4
) n u, \ *0, FTret 2o, o t y B, rtTrrn *;
ru4 frr|t
3.y ,l++tf t M?ryr N) tpeh'rs+nw ftt?k /+Ttt/4rtt^r4/

ntL ArY {A,zm+ rvt,DF,ptlF tfi) i cOpoin'oU(a1 :
,
DI=
b
'lt.r -(r.VY
F *,
@/
\t
-^,
* { b, /
=/
* (#)tu,
Bo'
Qa. / * 2 'lart l/(t^ sin )D)z f
= trz?hzt 3ou6r^sri sa,)r(Y)
*(z a4 gTf a,rr) (o,?q)

= r t (r. ,g )(".rj^)Co,?0)
s 1 ? tz (r, nh? c+ra

Lt=L).
e ffW,
=t
wtru B,)
s / + o,/J{
- /. /3f,
6 ' /# o,?( {,)
*r'
= r-o,?
( ;*) c0,68 ^\}) (,N w? e+tE'
t/:
L).
'..a
rVit'ri
.
il ?, P?n F1,r Q,atai r t y a' ,tr 0r0^ *;
=/
F =o,
= (rz 6)(s r)('qz)(t.ts)(,) + t (rt)(r.z)(zz.?)(aeeJ(\r)
e 3 ty. s * t6y. tv = syg. B Ly*r"
llewc,
Qurr
. ?; x
Ewrcnr hQq s7 FowDtitdtt
s %; x('*t').
s ry|.e * (/.zxls)
2gg kN,
pwttftr.
3.5
General Eearing Capacity Equation
Table
3,2
Bearing Capacity Factorsf
N.
N.
N,
4
5
5.14
5.38
5.61
5.90
6.19
6.49
6.81
1.00t.o9
1.20 4
l.3l
1.43 !
1.57 ''
t.72
1.88 1.
2.06 It'':
2.25 2-47
2.7t
2-97
3.26
3-59 .
3.94 ,
434 |
4.77
5-26
5.80
6-,f0
7.O7
7.82
8-66
9.60
10.66
11.85
13.20
t4-72
0-00
0.0?
0.15
o.24
0.34
0.45
0.57
O.7l
7.t6
7.53
7.92
8.35
8.80
9-28
9.81
8
9
l0
ll
t2
l3
l4
l5
l6
to.37
10.98
I1.63
t2.34
t7
l8
l9
13.10
20
14.83
t5..82
16.88
18.05
r3.93
2r
22
21
24
19-32
25
2A-72
26
27
a3
22.25
23.94
25.80
re
a
31
32
33
x4
35
36
37
38
39
,10
41
42
43
44
131
27-86 r6.M
12.67
35-49
38-64
42.t6
46.t2
50.59
55-63
61.35
67.87
75.31
83.86
91.7r
r05.n
1t8.3?
133.88
l52.to
L73-&
t99.26
229.93
266.A9
036
1.03
t-22
t.44
r.69
1.97
2.29
2.65
3.06
3.53
4.O7
4.68
5.39
6.2C
7.t1
8.20
9.44
10.88
t2.54
t4.47
t6.72
19.34
';. N./N.
0.20
o.20
o-2r
o.22
o.23
o.24
o.25
4.26
o-27
0.?s
o.30
0.31
0.32
o.33
0.35
0.36
o-37
0.39
0.40
o.42
0.43
0.45
0.46
0.
o-50
0.51
0.53
0.55
o.57
0.59
0.61
0.63
0.65
0.68
o-70
o.72
0.75
0-77
0.80
o.a2
0.85
0.88
0.91
0.94
0-97
2A-63 25-99
23-tA n-22
26.09 35-19
29.44 41.06
33-30 48.03
37.75 56.31
42.92 6,6.19
48.93 78.03
55.96 92.25
64.20 l09.4r
73.90 tn-n
85.38 155.55
99_02 186.54'
I15.31 224.64
114.98 271.76
t58.5r 3?A35
t87.2t 40.7.67
222-3L 496.01
265.51 613.16
3r9-O7 762-89
Aftcr Vcsic (19?3)
l.0l
1.04
l.O8
l-12
1.15
t.20
tan d
0.00
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.0?
0.09
0.1l
0.t2
0.1,1
0.16
0.18
0.19
0.21
0.21
0.25
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.32
0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
0.42
0.45
0.47
0.49
0.5r
0.53
0.55
0.58
0.60
0.62
0.65
0.67
0.70
0.71
0.?5
0.?8
0.81
0.84
0.87
0.90
0.93
0.97
l.0o
l.O4
t.07
l.l I
l.l5
l.l9
)W FOUNDATIONS
3.5
,33
General Eearing Capaciry Equarion
Table 3.4 Shape, Depth. and lnclination Factors Recommended

for Use
Factor
Rclationship
Shafre'
v' F,,: t
-:.t
De Beer (t9?0)
t'Fn:l+-tand
v Fn:r-o.nf
I, : lcngth of the
foundation (L >
where
Condition (a)
-. .'f!'g"15sn
(19?o)
k F.:l+O.44-)
)-
F*:
E
I + 2rang.(l -sin
,f +
-r
Condition (b):
DrlB > |
Fa: | +to.+1,"'-'(&)
Fa: I + 2 ran {(t -
4.,
sin C),
,.',_,(?)
Fra: I
inclination factors
,ther reiationships
Inclination
F"
Table 3.5.
if,*('-t*)'
'":
o.
(' - f)'
i/l1-*t
I fit:{ififtst
Mcyerhof (1963); Hanna

and Mcyerhof (1981)
f : inclination
of the load on thc
where
foun&tion with respect
nate pressure per

til in excess of the
r level. Assuming
ed in the founda(3.2o)
to the vertical
' Thcc
D
shapc factors arc cmpirical rclatioos bascd on crtc-nsitc
Thc factor t:n - t 1DrlB; is in mdias
tabontory tests
For undrained loading conditions (d :0 concept) in clayey soils, the

tEq. (3.16)] iakes the iorm (vertical
general load-bearing capacity equation

load)
qu: cNrFrrF.o t
the factors 9 and 7
nodifications. The
I in Section 3.4. }(
(3.2r)
Hence, the net ultimate bearing capacity is equal to (venical load)

gncr(rf
Qo
- 9:
cN. Fr"F"a
(3.22)
64
q)NtuH -t74L
f.
A !qo**,e fruup4ioa /r il/ott^t )u n'Su4g Alou. ASU4F
7Te bM H*f "A Ta7-wtty FccNrteiciTf ,.
Qi vrN
- e7 = Q.3 ,vt
-18 s o,t5m
DEttqitttr ! V/r utrtu,+t> b*r, Qutf ,
TVrtf
..
'f!o
u't/rt
F=)ot
L= 0
F-
13=
t,f,a ---{'l
.+
'1
=
ig=o,,9
ar
l.frt
lal=q
_-g
--
l/\
-f= Lrh-l
S-Otu7i g tt/ .
e//Er*
, +L I 2p
T
LL
o,3
/.s
%_
AJC
/."r
= 0,2
'= 0,1
-eL
L
ô t!
l.[-
"-{
< o,,r
\.rLB.L
;(
*GE
*>
)
'--t
I
I
*--g
------+
fu"t n'rul?
&-,va
3.rz (a) ,r*xn/F/+1w
fle re %tE otr e%< o'r
O
I
P+6r t?s1
+L
= o.B,f ,^) Lr -
4LV s o.2/
Lz
p,Ar)(f1 = /.2ff ,,
'
(a.u)6t"$) = 0,3rr
ry
*.*Eer;vF ArzA= ht
= $ (t,,*/>). B.= $ (/.2F* 0.vr)(.rs r/g3 hz

6-pVg-q7'VE ten/nV
= L'- L, on.L, (ari"11sysg r tt,eete.), fr,
L' = Lt c /. z/z
,,.1
Bt. +//
=.
,4t_=0.916^1
/.zVz
'vv
erilE*t BehlL,'^tr u*rt+ry otru,rnba ffia7 oaq+zzB2Fo :

lla" eNeEs trq.E; * ?, Nql"ho E,; * t r B Nt&5^n
utE fifF
q: =
q
* Df,
^
r.atr; *
4, fi,an; * + /
tr = o.V xrP =tz.A Lyn,
c AtsFsE
q,
^lq
ru^4 7w3t 3..2 , a.e*d$ Mff

t4- D+t f+trf BD
/
fVA d.J7,
fort c=o,
frl-?n(
f?e uE Ud+
n- Ltrr
Nl5.*n rr;
[h,?nc Wie /l/])(*W+
Ne= 3"0.t/
*r, = tg,y
NA = 2^.Y
xr' = I NaftrGai,z + ty
#0n 77faL Z.f r l4t6l
ts'
^B'n/
*" 3"U
ns7rt/ r Hv) ir*lirt+np^t fVt-fu< ,@va^tDD
i+tr nts '
of -'tt <I--'>CortbiiaNa-t o['''

Y=
t,r =o'?f
A
l3
4,
,n
fi
"?",/
/*
('E) taq
4*. t*z@f (,-thP)'
3oo
= t'vzY
c t + a*a,, gor(t-sn 3o')" (.X),^r
l)
/),
f:Kffir
t)iT r).
A
= lr ( z +u 3 o' [0.2r)( o' t/6

s t r (r. n ) p.zr) (0. ?t
f 0./3f
= /. tgr.
rlrs /* o^r ( #l= /*ov ('#')'o?o('
=/
fYa
= 't
4r' s (, uqQrfflTfq;+ * trt' Ni htFnF,
*qi tfi= t,
t&*up
8r. 6)(rs-:')(,. v>vxr

e tT/. 13 ..LN&L
Q,rq = Cr' * e+wrtiuE ,ntfr or maa+rio*t

s ,ro/-rz x tA' *L')
o/.%x (t.?gAxtzTz)
s 6oY.7y.lrN.
o'
nr)() + t (p) p"t tt1 122.r )0r6x,y,l
l*ilt-Fl
/-
(r.t')
B':7
Case
IIz eilL <Q.5
shown in Figure
A'
< eslB < {.. ttre effecdverea for this
and 0
case is
3.12a. e, ( LtL
:t(Lt + Lz)B o, g (
(3.44)
o,t66
"B
Effeaive
*l
_a
For
obtaining
0.4
0.6
Lo LIL
LttL, L{L
(b)
<|"(afterHighterand
Figure3.12 Effectiveareaforthecaseof e./LcO.5 and,oceJE
Anders, 1985)
3.5
General Eearing Capacity quation
3.2
Table
Eearing Capacity Factors'
. N.lN. tan {
5.14 1.00 _ 0.00 0.20 0.00
5.38 l.O9 0.07 0.20 0.02
5.61 t.20 v 0.t5 o.2t 0.03
5.90 r.3l
O.24 0.22 0.05
6.19 t.43a 0.34 0.23 0.07
6.49 1.5?
0.45 0.24 0.O9
6.81 t.72
0.57 0.25 0.1r
7.t6
1.88 ,
0.71 0.26 0.t2
7.53 2.06+,:'...9.96.:'r, O..27 0.14
752
2-25 1.03 O.29 0rt6
8.35 2-47 r.22 0.30 0.18
1.,14 0.31 0.19
8.8O 2.71
9-28 2.97
1.69 0.32 0.21
9.81 3.26
1.97 0.73 0.21
10.37 3.59 2.29 0.35 0.25
10.98 3-94, 2.6s 0.36 0.27
11.63 4.34'': 3.06 O.37 0.29
t2.34 4.77 3.53 0.39 0.31
13.10 5-26 4-O7 0.40 0.32
t3-93 5-80 4.68 0.42 0.y
14.83 6.40 5.39 0.43 0.36
t5-a2 7.O7 6.2C 0.{5 0.38
16.88 7 -82 1.ti
0.,16 0.,()
18.05 8.66 8.20 0.48 0.42
t9.32 9.60 9-44 0.50 0.45
2n.72 10.66 10.88 0.51 O.47
22-25 I r.85 t2.54 0.53 0.49
23.94 t3.20 14.47 0.55 0.51
25.80 14.72 t6.72 0.57 0.53
27.86 t6.44 19.34 0.59 0.55
30.14 18.40 22.& I 0.61 0.58
0.63 0.60
32 1s.49 23-t8 n-22 0.65 0.62
33 38.64 26.09 35.19 0.68 0.65
34 42.t6 29.44 41.06 0.70 0.67
35 46-12 33-30 48.03 0.72 0.?0
36 50.59 17.75 56.31 0_75 0.73
37 55.63 42-92 66.19 0.TI 4.75
38 6r-35 48.93 78.03 0.80 0.?8
39 67-87 55.96 92-25 0.82 0.81
.l{) 75.3t &.20 l09.4l 0.85 0.84
41 83.86 73-90 130.22 0.88 0.87
42 93.7t 85-38 155.55 0.91 0.90
99n2 186.54. 0.94 0.93
43 l05.ll
44 I r8.3? I15.3t 224.& O.97 0.97
133.88 134.98 27r-76 l.0l
l.0O
152.10 158.51 310-35 1.04 l.O{
t77.64 187.21 403.67 1.08 1.07
l.l I
t99.26 222-ft 496.01 t.tz
229-91 265-51 613.16 r.l5
t.l5
266.a9 319-07 762.89 1.20 l.l9
C
o
I
2
3
4
5
. 6
7
..:f,: gr::
9
r0
ll
t2
13
14
15
16
t7
l8
19
20
2t
22
2t
24
25
26
27
28
a
I 30
N.
A.ftcr
N.
Vcic (1973)
N,
131
*@qq*+::,:n
3.5
133
General Bearing Capacity Equation
w'
^
Table 3.4
Shape. Depth. and lnclination Factors Recommended for-Usg
Shafrc'
Sourcc
Rclationship
Factor
aN,. F,,: I +;.#

L
/Y.
.:
y' F,,: t +
Dc Bccr (19?0)
.B
Ttzl:.
Fn= I
-0.4;
whcrc L : lcogrh of the

foundation (L >
Condition (a)
Dcpth!
Hanscn (1970)
I na
,\r),,\ \
kFa:l+0.4;
\F,r=l+2tan0'(l
sin drr
1-
A
B
\t Fl:l
il
Condition(b):D1lB>l
.g:.:-.
,,,..
F,t: | + (0.4) tan-' (&)
I
I
"'-'
Fnt:
t:+ 2 t s'0(1' -
Fr.:
'611'"t1"6.t.(2)
,"5)=('-#)'o.
Inclination
','- ('p -
whcrc
i)'
itvl'* t
i nFtinn5t
Mcycrhof (1963); Hanna

and Mcycrhof (t981)
- inclirutioo
of tbc load on thc

foundation with rcspcct
ro the vcrtical
erc copiricel rchtioos
'r Thcsc sbepc factor:
Tbc fector ta- t tDtl8; is ia r.dians
b$Gd oo Grtedsirc l'bo-etory
t6t3
For undrained toading conditions (d :0 concept) in clayey soils' the

general load-bearing capacity cquation fEq. (3.t6)] takes the form (vertical
load)
g"
\.
= cN, F", Fr, +
(3.2r)
Hcnce, the ner ultimate bearing capacity is cqual to (vertical load)

{nc(,t
q"
- q: cN. Fo Fra
()-22,
eD^)mil
filrr- I
Mp* n n67UtE /Jfutil. 4 fuu^rbrfrAv /. f 4 x I t'4 tr tOc47P rf lr b9"7tl

(t.g)of /n /ryA eury.4.Otrchf t+yt'/? rL\e+&V rrr*o#IV
(t+1 0p / n ,,l*4tttw, Wkl W Annlbt 0F W ftw&ilnt .
eitmt !
- fvR nf a'ry Ufyn
ttrb
Unttn,+1
CrWtlffi s /20 -LU/rz

(tNtr wr)fW : /6.' fu/r t
{lf24
-frtL B2mq ebT W*

Qn
b4oiu*V tffire sagwffi
s lB -l,a/4 z
?dr wtftlfr s
/6,2 .!LN/k, L
cL'/l
Bxt
t\
\B'
wp ut{e4
BOTTD,',1
L,IT*
tl.8 Ltt/^t
%0\z lLo 4N/*z
/t,> -' b
y,=,
CLhY
tz = t6. z Ltl/rz
CupT' VE
pt);0
jnt
lilzztaaa'ta flE iraotr klt\A*lttf tAtl f?A 7/rtAea:A+nop

ftaryA 0F tffi'a 0F ? ,
SoLun'lil
d4
qivd : qtt)= /20 i-{/rz i Cq[4= Yg lcV/^z ,

-I\t"'+!)
tlxl W- ' > ?"tr= [rc'4(iler,(r-)
't-q
&t4
* y, Ds- .< ptc'. r{*))ottile+
Vt
Dy
2,
U4IAE B:/tvr
L -- Ir4
Df=,'
t/ olrot
Nc - g,ty
frun
t,*/6,8ttr/nt
ruq n?ecr s.t9r ftA
77rsL
I.z tutc /
o)
rwu4ae 0F
= #0, o.?r
tO,= 42,
Sbt fo = p-g)fi>il = IoB tcn/^,
ffi
tor |rr=[*L'ztin^&,
Ne+
(,. *)(M1+ /, b.t
- Zn.613& + tl.B = 6rC.y -l.N/v,z

Now
Al&k
%,^' tr *P''>$[ ar,) "' + N, bt

* p,r\C{rfA*y" q t gth8/r\
=0
= 69, + t(-! = 7/r'P^ Lu/nu
$,
6 rr. y t*N/r,
fru =
nr,u'
tffr,!;
or rw urar c*teru+Ez
u+'=tbY'14'/5'
totm- irLloh/utttr Lo+o [Qrtt)

&+,1\ ( A)
LFo
't
= (16o'r)(r)(r'r)
zvt
'r 4N '

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KONTRAK BETAJAR

dasardasar perhitungan kapasitas

MATERT KULTAH (1)

Daya dukung pondasi

MATERT KULTAH (21

8) Daya dukung aksial pondasi

MATERT KULTAH (21

TANAI{ ATAU BATU PONDASI : Tonah otou botu yong tnenerino

KEKUATAN TANAH BERUBAH-UBAH SESUAI DENoAN

JENIS DAN KONDTST rANAI{

JENIS TANAH : Tonoh kohesif (Cohesion Soil) seperti lempung

Tonoh tidak jenuh

oir don tanoh jenuh oir

Tonoh pondosi mempunyai sifot KEttiAirlPATAN yong songot

KLASIFIKASI TANAH BERDASARKAN DIAIAETER BUTTR

stiff. stiff, hord, very hord

Lempurg (Cloy) : very soft, soft, mediunr

2. Lnnou (Silt) : very soft. soft, medium

KLASIFIKASI TAMH BERDASARKAN DIAIAETER BUTIR

JE].1[5-JE]dI5 STRUKTUR PONDASI

2. Berdasorkan Cara Pemindohan Beban

Strukfur pondosi bore pile (drilled pier foundation)

Sipil lten6 2006

CONTOH.CONTO}I PEI.TILIHAN JENIS PONDASI

(*. aJ Cld rdd Ua. b?lnr Fidrrq

DA}.lIilL : podosi lorynng ctor

ld) Tunpd Fl,.l

Cb.5,2 J6* roed !.lrf.k

POIIDASI TIAlrl6nILE FOUNDATION

bcngunon yang okan ditronsf erldipi ndahkcn/d isolurkon ka

lAocan-nocon Pondasi Tiangr' Pile

BORE PIIE FA'NDATION/DRIIIED PIER

dergan nembuof lubong

bor bulot sanpai

kemudion mengisirryo dengon beton/ beton barfulong

jiko beban-beban dori struktur ofos cukup

lingkungon sekitor lebih baik dibonding pondosi ticng koreno dilokukon

liocom-nocon Podosi borrc pile

PONDAST KAISON CAI5SON Fq/NDATION

jiko bebon-bebon dcri

Pondosi jenis ini digunokan

lllocon-mocon Pondosi bore pilc

Sipil ltenas 2006

ATAU BATU PONDASI diperlukan jiko

penggunqon pondasi dongkal otou pondasi dqlom TIDAK

LANGSUNG BISA DILAKUKAN koreno kendola d<ryo dukung yong

IAETODA PERBAIKAN TANAH ATAU BATU PONDASI:

CONTOH PERBAIKAN TANAI{ ATAU BATU PONDASI

Groutilrg, menginjeksi cqtflpuran oir semen ofau bohon kimio tertentu

Soil-cement mix yoitu mencompur tonoh lunak dengon semen

Pemokoion terucuk, popon koyu. lemboran geofexiile, balok koyu,

tonoh gcmbut atou lumpur. Contoh : pondosi untuk jolon kerja,

Cutoft wall, mengganti tanah porous/pervious dengron beton.

melolui penboran. Contoh : perbcikon tonoh pondosi untuk

Sipil ltenas 2006

I,IACAI,I.fiIACAIA ASAL BEBAN YANE DITERIfiIA

Berat sandiri struktur pondosi

I,IACAflI-IIIACAIA BENTUK BEBAN YAhI6 DITERI,UA

A. Vertikol : lingkoron, segienpot, tropesium

IiACAIA-IIiACAI'T PO$ST EEBAN/RES{.'LTAN BEBAN PADA

2. Berjcrok terhadop sumbu x

Sipil ltenas 2006

Sebutan FOUNDATION EMINEER (Ahli Pondasi) diberikan

n'-{ffi -']= 'ot+-'|) iv.=ffiffi

* G?,t &fu,- r)