CHO MNG NGY NH GIO VIT NAM 20.11.

2008

CNG NGH V NGUYN L HOT NG C BN CA ATM

TECHNOLOGY AND BASIC OPERATION PRINCIPLES OF ATM
(ASYNCHORONOUS TRANSFER MODE)
ThS. PHM TRNG TI
Khoa in TTB, Trng HHH
Tm tt:
Theo ITU-T, th mng a dch v bng thng rng B IDSN hot ng da trn c s
kiu truyn khng ng b ATM (Asynchoronous Transfer Mode) k thut chuyn mch
gi cht lng cao. Phng thc truyn ti nh hng, chuyn gi nhanh da trn
ghp khng ng b phn chia theo thi gian.
ATM s dng cc mch gi c kch thc nh v c nh gi l t bo ATM (ATM cell),
cc t bo cng vi tc truyn ln s lm cho tr truyn v bin ng tr nh i
vi thi gian thc. l c im quan trng ATM l cng ngh lm thay i b mt
ngnh vin thng trong tng lai.
Abstract:
According to ITU-I.21, operation of Broadband Integrated Services Digital Net Work B
IDSN is transferred Asynchoronous Mode with small packet switching and used Time
Division Multiple Access. Small packet is called ATM Cell. It transfer with high speed,
the result time delay is small to approach true time.
It is particular of ATM more important so the future it applied of communication.
1. t vn
Do tnh u vit ca mng ATM c s mn do v linh hot to ra s tng thch v mt tc
truyn ca cc t bo v ATM c th iu khin tt c cc kiu lu lng: Voice, Audio, Video,
Text, Data..., c ghp knh v chuyn mch trong mt mng chung.Trong mng ATM rng
bng c th gn li trong thi gian thc cho bt k kiu lu lng khc nhau no theo yu cu, c
th thy rng y l mt cng ngh cho mi mi trng Lan, Gan, PSTN... y l nguyn nhn ni
bt lm cho ATM c la chn lm cng ngh chuyn mch v truyn dn chung cho cc dch
v trong mng B-IDSN.
2. Gii thiu chung v ATM
a) Cc khi nim v ATM
ATM l phng thc truyn khng ng b k thut chuyn mch gi cht lng cao da
trn vic ghp khng ng b phn chia theo thi gian.
b) Cc c im ca ATM.
ATM truyn theo phng thc khng ng b c ngha l thng tin khi a vo u vo
ca h thng c np vo cc b nh, sau n c chia nh ra thnh cc t bo v truyn
qua mng. Vi k thut ny ATM c cc c im sau:
+ ATM s dng cc gi c kch thc nh v c nh c gi l t bo (ATM cell), cng
vi truyn vi tc cao s lm cho tr ng truyn v bin ng tr nh so vi dch v thi gian
thc, ngoi ra kch thc cc t bo nh to iu kin cho vic hp knh tc cao c d
dng.
+ Nhm mt mt vi knh o thnh mt ng o nhm gip cho vic nh tuyn c d
dng.
c) Cc yu cu.
+ ph hp vi vic truyn tn hiu thi gian thc th ATM phi t tr nh th
di ca cc t bo phi ngn hn di cc gi thng tin trong chuyn mch gi.
+ Cc t bo phi c on mo u nh nht lm tng hiu qu s dng v cc ng
truyn c tc rt cao.
+ m bo tr nh th cc t bo c truyn nhng khong thi gian xc nh
khng c khong trng gia cc t bo.
+ Trong ATM th t cc t bo bn pht v bn thu phi ging nhau (m bo nht
qun v th t).
d) S u vit ca ATM :
+ Ghp knh khng ng b (TDMA) v thng k cho mi kiu lu lng.
Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Hng hi

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CHO MNG NGY NH GIO VIT NAM 20.11.2008

+ Gn rng knh rt linh hot v mm do.

+ Gi thnh OA&M (Operation Administrantion and Maintenance) nh cng ngh cao v
ng nht. Bn cht ca ATM l lin kt truyn cc t bo vi cc thng tin c to ra v ATM
cung cp kh nng ghp knh thng k vi ng truyn. Do trong ATM tn dng c
dung lng truyn dn trong cc thi im c hot ng thp ca ngun thng tin vi thay v
truyn i cc t bo khng c ch, l cc t bo truyn i trong khong thi gian ny, s c cc
ngun thng tin khc nhau c thay th. Trong trng hp c nhiu ngun thng tin c thay
i (VBR) truyn i trn cng mt ng truyn th kh nng ghp knh thng k l rt cao.
T bo ATM c kch thc c nh v kt hp vi ghp knh, gip cho vic t hp nhiu ngun tn
hiu khc nhau trn mt ng truyn c d dng, t cc nh khai thc c th cung cp
nhiu dch v cho khch hng trn cng mt ng truyn.
e) Cc nhc im ca ATM:
+ Thi gian t hp t bo v tr bin ng t bo.
+ Tr bin ng t bo sinh ra bi cc gi tr tr khc nhau ti nhng im chuyn mch
v cc thit b tch/ghp knh, dn n khong cch cc t bo b thay i. Trong tn hiu thoi s
b nh hng rt nhiu nu xy ra tr ny.

Tr ca mng

Gi tr tr tng

Gi tr tr gim

Hnh 1. M t s bin i tr ca t bo

3. Cu trc t bo ATM
a) Cu trc mt t bo ATM
8

B y te
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3

P h n ti u
H e a d e r S e c tio n

4
5
6
P h n m a n g t h n g t i n d c h v
In f o r m a t io n S e c t i o n

52
53

Hnh 2. Cu trc mt t bo ATM

c im ca ATM l hng lin kt nn khc vi chuyn mch gi l a ch ngun, ch v

s th t cc gi tin l khng cn thit. ATM cng khng cung cp c ch iu khin lung gia
cc nt mng nhng c kh nng nhm mt vi knh o thnh mt ng o nhm gip cho vic
nh tuyn c d dng hn. V vy chc nng c bn ca phn tiu trong t bo ATM l
nhn dng cc cuc ni o.

b) Phn cp ATM :
Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Hng hi

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CHO MNG NGY NH GIO VIT NAM 20.11.2008

Mng cng
cng

Mng cng
cng

NNI
(Giao din gia cc nt mng)

Mng cng
cng

Mng cng
cng

UNI

(Giao din mng-khch hng)

Cc trm kt
cui SD

Cc trm kt
cui SD

Cc trm
kt cui SD

Cc trm
kt cui SD

Hnh 3. Cu trc phn cp ATM

Tng ng vi hai cp giao din trn, ngi ta a hai dng cu trc phn tiu tng
ng:
+ Cu trc phn tiu giao din gia ngi s dng v mng UNI.
+ Cu trc phn tiu giao din gia cc nt mng NNI.
Bit 8

Bit 8

7 6

4 3 2 1 octet

GFC

VPI

1.

GFC

VPI

1.

VPI

VCI

2.

VPI

VCI

2.

3.

VCI
GFC

PT

CLP

4.

GFC

5.

HEC
Phn mang thng tin ca
ngi s dng 48 byte
* Cu trc t bo ATM ti UNI

.
53

Byte

3.

VCI
PT

CLP

HEC
Phn mang thng tin ca
ngi s dng 48 byte
* Cu trc t bo ATM ti NNI

4.
5.
.
53

Byte

Hnh 4. Cu trc tiu t bo ATM

c) ngha cc trng trong phn tiu .
+GFC (General Flow Control) l trng iu khin lung chung. Trng ny ch dng cho
giao din UNI trong cu hnh im - im, c di gm 4 bit, trong 2 bit dng cho iu khin
v 2 bit dng lm tham s. c cu ny c tiu chun ha.
+ VPI (Virtual Path Identyfier) v VCI (Virtual Channel Identyfier) l hai trng nh tuyn
cho cc t bo trong qu trnh chuyn mch:
Vi UNI th c 8 bit VPI v 16 bit VCI. Vi NNI th c 12 bit VPI v 16 bit VCI.
Hai trng ny ghi nhn dng lung o v knh o. c tnh c bn ca ATM l chuyn
mch xy ra trn c s gi tr trng nh tuyn:
Nu chuyn mch xy ra trn VPI th gi l kt ni ng o.
Nu chuyn mch xy ra trn VPI v VCI th gi l kt ni knh o.
Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Hng hi

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CHO MNG NGY NH GIO VIT NAM 20.11.2008

+ PT (Payload Type) l trng ti thng tin xc nh xem t bo ny mang thng tin

khch hng hay thng tin iu khin. N cng xc nh qu ti ca t bo thng tin khch hng.
Trng ny c c hai giao din v c di 3 bit.
+ CLP (Cell Loss Priority) l trng u tin b t bo dng ch ra kh nng cho php
hoc khng cho php b cc t bo khi c hin tng qu ti xy ra.
Nu cc t bo c CLP = 0 th c mc u tin cao.
Nu cc t bo c CLP = 1 th c mc u tin thp
Trng ny ch nhn hai gi tr 0 hoc1 nn c di 1 bit v tn ti c hai giao din.
+ HEC (Heacler Error Check) l trng kim tra li phn tiu c di 8 bit. Dng
pht hin li ghp bit v sa li cho ng cc li ghp bit n . Cng vic ny c thc hin
lp vt l.
4. Nguyn l c bn ca ATM
Nguyn l c bn ca ATM l kt hp cc u im ca chuyn mch knh vi chuyn
mch gi v TDMA. Trong cng ngh k thut chuyn mch gi, v d trong giao thc X.25 cc gi
tin c phn tiu kh phc tp, kch thc kh ln v khng chun ho di gi tin. Nh vy
c ngha l x l chuyn mch gi tng i kh, kch thc ln nn tr ln, x l v truyn
dn chm ng thi kh qun l qu trnh.
Khc phc nhc im ny ca chuyn mch gi ATM ngi ta to ra cc gi tin
gi l t bo ATM, n c chun ho khch thc v nh dng cho ph hp nht, d
qun l nht, hiu qu nht v tiu n gin nht.
qun l lng thng tin ln l chia thnh cc gi tin nh nh vy d qun l hn. ATM
khng quan tm thng tin l ci g v n t u n. n gin l ATM ct bn tin cn pht thnh
cc t bo ATM c kch thc nh v bng nhau, gn tiu cho cc t bo sao cho c th nh
hng chng ti c ch mong mun, m bo cc yu cu trong sut qu trnh truyn tin. Mi
t bo ny theo ITT-T a ra kch thc l 53 byte, trong c 5 byte tiu v 48 byte trng
thng tin. Trng thng tin mang thng tin ca khch hng v phn tiu gi l mo u mang
thng tin mng nh thng tin nh tuyn.
V i trn cng mt ng truyn nn c th c nhiu t bo t cc ngun tn hiu khc
nhau ghp li vi nhau to nn mt lung t bo c chung mt ngun tn hiu. Vic ny c thc
hin bng thng tin mo u ca t bo.

Trng thng tin

Mo u

Hnh 5. Cu trc nguyn l dng t bo

5. La chn di cho t bo.

S dng gi c di c nh, vn t ra l chn t bo c kch thc bao nhiu. Kch
thc ca t bo s nh hng ti cc ch tiu sau:
+ Hiu sut bng truyn.
+ Tr (tr to gi, tr hng i, tr tho gi, bin ng tr).
+ phc tp khi thc hin.
a) Hiu sut bng truyn.
Hiu sut bng truyn c quyt nh bi t l gia kch thc phn tiu v kch
thc trng d liu. Kch thc trng d liu cng ln th hiu sut cng cao.
b) Tr.
+ Tr to gi: Ph thuc vo kch thc trng d liu trong t bo th hin hnh 5 hiu
sut truyn i vi cc t bo c di khc nhau (so snh 2 t bo c H=5 v H=4) v tr to gi
ca chng (so snh gia 2 tc truyn ting ni 64kb/s v 32kb/s).

Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Hng hi

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CHO MNG NGY NH GIO VIT NAM 20.11.2008

Tr
(ms)
(%)
4

Hi
u sut b ng truy
n
100

(H = 4)

90
5

(H + 5)

D(32K/bit)

di tr ng s li
u (byte)

Hnh 6. Hiu sut truyn v tr to gi i vi trng s liu c di khc.

+ Tr hng i: B nh hng bi t l gia ln ca trng s liu L v ln trng

tiu H.
Hnh 5. th hin s ph thuc ca tr hng i v t l L/H. ta nhn thy tr b nht khi
L/H c gi tr t 8 16, tng ng vi kch thc t bo t 32+4 byte ti 64+4 byte.
+ Tr tho gi: B nh hng bi di t bo. Tr ton mng theo khuyn ngh Q.161
ca ITU-T cn phi c gii hn sao cho gi tr ca n nh hn 25 ms. Theo kt qu nghin cu
ca ITU-T, di ca t bo c nh hng trc tip ti tr:
i vi cc t bo c di tng i ngn (32 byte hoc nh hn) th tr tng rt nh,
i vi cc t bo c di ln (hn 64 byte) th tr tng ln ng k, do lc ny s
c gii php khc phc: i vi cc gi c di trung bnh trong khong 32 64 byte, phn ln
cc trng hp ta u khng cn s dng b kh ting vang nu s nt chuyn mch, s ln
chuyn gia mng ATM v mng ng b, khong cch truyn khng qu ln.
c) phc tp khi thc hin.
phc tp ca h thng ph thuc vo hai thng s c bn, l tc x l v dung
lng b nh cn thit. gii hn t l mt t bo, ta cn phi cung cp mt hng i c kch
thc ln. V vy kch thc t bo cng ln th kch thc hng i cng phi cng ln. Mt
khc, khi c mt gi ti nt chuyn mch th phn tiu ca n cn phi c x l ngay trong
khong thi gian mt t bo, do kch thc t bo cng ln th thi gian dnh cho vic thc
hin cng nhiu v tc yu cu cng thp.
Cc gi tr di kch thc gia 32 byte v 64 byte c s dng ch yu. S la
chn ny ph thuc vo ba thng s chnh cp trn. Cui cng ITU-T la chn gii php
t bo ATM vi kch thc c nh c di 53 byte, trong phn trng d liu l 48 byte,
phn tiu l 5 byte.
6. Kt lun
ATM l ch truyn ti cc gi tin khng ng, n khc ch chuyn mch gi nhng
ni chung ATM c c trng ca chuyn mch gi ng thi cng c cc c tnh tr v tc
cao nh cng ngh chuyn mch knh.
TI LIU THAM KHO:
[1] Kari Melkko -Asynchoronous Transfer Mode Department of Computer Science and
Engineering Helsinki University of Technology.
[2] C s k thut chuyn mch - Hc vin Bu chnh Vin thng
[3] Cng ngh ATM - Gii php cho mng bng rng - Tng cng ty bu chnh Vin thng Vit
nam Trung tm thng tin Bu in NXB Bu in 1998
[4] Nguyn Hu Thanh - Tng quan v k thut mng B-IDSN - NXB Khoa hc v k thut 1997.
_______________________________________
Ngi phn bin: TS L Quc Vng

Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Hng hi

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