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Bones
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Learning objectives
Learning objectives
What we will learn in this presentation:
How bones form (ossification) and their composition
How diet and exercise effect bone density
The functions of the skeleton
The way bones affect body shape and size and their
effect upon weight and performance
How bones provide support, movement and
protection
To recognise and name bones
The 5 regions of the vertebral column
To classify different types of bones.
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Ossification
Ossification is the process by which bone is formed
from cartilage. The cartilage cells die off and are
calcified to produce bone.
In the womb the skeleton of the
foetus is initially formed from an
elastic tissue called cartilage
(except for the clavicle and parts
of the cranium).
Bone growth
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Bone composition
epiphysis
diaphysis
epiphysis
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Bone composition
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Bone composition
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Support
The skeleton acts as a framework.
It gives the body support, enabling
us to stand and walk upright.
The bones of the back and chest
support internal organs and help to
keep them in place.
The bones of the body are held
together by ligaments.
The skeleton provides a framework
for the muscles, which are attached
to bones by tendons.
Can you imagine what humans would look like if
they didnt have bones to support them?
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Movement
Bones work with muscles to produce movement.
Muscles are attached to bones by tendons.
Bones have surfaces that allow for strong attachment.
Tendons fuse with the tough Periosteum membrane on the
outside of the bone.
Muscle
Tendon
Periosteum
Bone
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Movement
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Protection
Some of our body parts, such as the
brain, are very delicate and need
protection from external forces.
cranium
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Red
marrow
embedded
in spongy
bone
Yellow
bone
marrow in
the shaft
Naming bones
Clavicle
(collar bone)
Ribs
Cranium (skull)
Sternum
(breast bone)
Humerus
Ilium
(part of
the pelvis)
Patella
(knee cap)
Radius
Ulna
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
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Naming bones
Scapula (shoulder blade)
Vertebral column (spine)
HAND
Carpals
Metacarpals
FOOT
Tarsals
Metatarsals
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Phalanges
Boardworks Ltd 2006
Naming bones
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Long bone
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Cranium
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carpals
patella
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Exam-style questions
1. Name the process by which bone is formed from cartilage.
2. Bones perform a number of functions in the body.
a) Name two functions of the skeleton.
b) Give an example of a bone which performs each of
the functions you listed above.
3. Karim wants to become a professional basketball player.
a) How may Karims skeleton affect his performance?
b) Suggest two things that Karim could do to make
sure that his bones stay healthy as he gets older.
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Osteoporosis
Cartilage
Vertebral column
Epiphysis
Long bones
Diaphysis
Short bones
Periosteum
Flat bones
Compact bone
Irregular bones
Cancellous bone
Growth plate
Bone marrow
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