.

ags@math.uoc.gr
2012

( ) .

,
,
. ,


. email ags@math.uoc.gr,
, - .
,
. ,
.
.
2012

a|b : a b k Z, b = k a.
pk ka : pk p a. pk
a ( pk |a pk+1 6 | a).
a 6 | b : a b .
min {a1 , . . . , an } : a1 , . . . an .
max {a1 , . . . , an } : a1 , . . . an .
(a1 , . . . , an ) : ... a1 , . . . an .
[a1 , . . . , an ] : ... a1 , . . . an .
n! : n n! = 1 2 n n 2
0!=1, 1!=1.

a b (mod n) : a b modulo n ( n)
n|(a b).
ordn (a) : a modn (a, n) = 1, r ar 1 (mod n). ( )
ordn (a)|(n).
Z : {. . . , 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, . . .}.
N : {0, 1, 2, 3 . . .}.
: . ( ).

a, a 0
|a| : a |a| =
a, a < 0

1.1

() () 6= 0
() ()

= + , 0 <

.
1.1 6= 0,
,

= + , 0 < ||.
1.1 = 231 = 26 231 26
231 = 8 26 + 23

231 = 8 26 23
= 8 26 26 + 26 23
= 9 26 + 3
0 3 < 26 231 26 9
3.
: 231 26
231 26.

2
: ,
n n 0, 1, . . . , n 1.
k n, k n + 1, . . . , k n + (n 1). n = 2
0, 1. = 0 = 2k , = 1 = 2k + 1
.
1.2 a A =

a(a2 + 2)
.
3

:
a 3 0,1,2, a
a = 3k a = 3k + 1 a = 3k + 2, k Z.
a = 3k A =

3k[(3k2 )+2]
3

= k(9k 2 + 2) Z.
4

a = 3k + 1 A =

(3k+1)[(3k+1)2 +2]
3

= (3k + 1)(3k 2 + 2k + 1) Z.

a = 3k + 2 A =

(3k+2)[(3k+2)2 +2]
3

= (3k + 2)(3k 2 + 4k + 2) Z.
2

1.2

1.2

1.1 a b (b 6= 0) , . b
() a a () b a
b, b|a a = o.b.

b|a k Z a = k b.
: b a,
b 6 | a a 6= o.b. b|a a = kb
k Z a = (k)(b) b
a, b a.
.
:

(i) a|0 a Z ,
(ii) 0|b, b = 0,
(iii) a|b a|b a| b |a| | |b|
(iv) 1|a a|a a Z .
(v) b|a, kb|ka, k Z .

,
.
( ) .
1.1 a, b, c, d Z. :

(i) a|b b|c, a|c.

(ii) a|b c|d, ac|bd.
(iii) a|b a|b Z.
(iv) a|b a|c, a|b + c.
(v) a|b b 6= 0, |a| |b|.
(vi) a|b b|a, a = b a = b ( |a| = |b|).
6

: (iii), (iv)
a|b a|c, a|kb + mc, k, m Z. kb + mc
b c.
1.3 ( ) n
n.
:
k, k + 1, . . . , k + (n 1), n . A =
k(k + 1) (k + (n 1)). , ,
q, r ,

k = nq + r, 0 r n 1.
r = 0, n|k , n|A. r 6= 0 1 n r n 1.

A = k(k + 1) (k + n r) (k + n 1)
= (nq + r) (nq + r + n r) (nq + r + n 1).
nq + r + n r = n(q + 1), n|A.

2
1.4 m m + 1|m2 + 1.
:
m + 1|m + 1, 1.1 m +
1|m2 + m + 2. m2 + m + 2 = m(m + 1) + 2 m + 1|m(m + 1),
m + 1|2 m + 1 = 1, 2 m = 3, 2, 0, 1.

2
1.5 ( 1995) 6 . a b
. ab = 19951995;
:
3,
n n 1, n, n + 1 3n.
a, b 3 ab 9.
19951995 9
9.

2
1.6 ( 1995) x, y x2 + 4y = 1995.
.

1.2

:
x x = 2k + 1, k Z x2 = 4k(k + 1) + 1
x =.4+1. x x = 2k, k Z x2 = 4k 2
x2 =.4.
2

4y .4, x2 + 4y = .4 x2 + 4y =
.4+1 1995=.4+3 1 .

2
1.7 n

9|10n + 3 4n+2 + 5.
:
.

P (n) = 10n + 3 4n+2 + 5.

n = 0 P (0) = 54, 9. 9|P (k)
9|10k + 3 4k+2 + 5.

P (k + 1) = 10k+1 + 3 4k+3 + 5 = 10 10k + 3 4 4k+2 + 5

= 10k + 3 4k+2 + 5 + 9 10k + 9 4k+2 = P (k) + 9(10k + 4k+2 ).
9|P (k), 1.1 9|P (k + 1).
9|P (n) n N.

2
1.8 n Z 4 6 | n2 + 2.
:
, , n 4|n2 + 2.
n :
n = 2k , k Z, n2 + 2 = 4k 2 + 2. 4|n2 + 2,
4|4k 2 + 2, 4|2, .
n = 2k + 1, k Z, n2 + 2 = (2k + 1)2 + 2 = 4k 2 + 4k + 3.
4|4k 2 + 4k , 4|3, .
n Z 4 6 | n2 + 2.

2
1

(
).

1.3

(...)

1.2 ( ) S N.
S , , a S ,
a x, x S .
a1 , . . . , an 6= 0.
a1 , . . . , an
a1 , . . . , an . S
a1 , . . . , an . S 1 S . ak 6= 0 d S d|ak
d |ak |. S .
S (...)
a1 , . . . , an (a1 , . . . , an ). a Z,
a a. (a1 , . . . , an ) =
(|a1 |, . . . , |an |), ... . ,
0, (0, a1 , . . . , an ) = (a1 , . . . , an ).
a1 , . . . , an .
(a1 , . . . , an ) = 1, a1 , . . . , an .
(ai , aj ) = 1 i, j {1, . . . , n} i 6= j ,
a1 , . . . , an .
a1 , . . . , an ,
. .
1.2 ( Bezout) a1 , . . . , an d =
(a1 , . . . , an ). k1 , . . . , kn ,

d = k1 a1 + + kn an .

1.1 a1 , . . . , an . d
... a1 , . . . , an , :

(i) d|a1 , . . . , d|an ,

(ii) |a1 , . . . , |an , |d.
1.2 a1 , . . . , an . d
a1 , . . . , an d = k1 a1 + + kn an , k1 , . . . , kn Z,
d = (a1 , . . . , an ).
1.3 a1 , . . . , an . a1 , . . . , an
, , k1 , . . . , kn Z 1 =
k1 a1 + + kn an .
.

1.3

(...)

1.9 a, b .

(9a + 7b, 4a + 3b) = 1.

:
d ... 9a + 7b 4a + 3b. d|9a + 7b d|4a + 3b.
d|4(9a + 7b) 9(4a + 3b) d|3(9a + 7b) 7(4a + 3b), d|b
d|a . , 1.1 d|(a, b) d|1.
d = 1.

2
1.3 , a1 , . . . , an . :

(i) (a1 , . . . , an ) = ||(a1 , . . . , an ),

(ii) (a1 , . . . , an ) = d,

a1
, . . . , adn
d

= 1,

(iii) (a1 , . . . , an ) = (a1 + k2 a2 + + kn an , a2 , . . . , an ), k2 , . . . , kn Z.

1.10 a, b ,
(a + b, a b) = 1 2.
:
d = (a + b, a b). d|a + b d|a b.
d|(a + b) + (a b) d|(a + b) (a b), d|2a d|2b d|(2a, 2b)
1.3(i) (2a, 2b) = 2(a, b) = 2 d|2 d = 1 2.

2
1.4 a1 , . . . , an n > 2. k , 1
k n 2

(a1 , . . . , an ) = (a1 , . . . , ak , (ak+1 , . . . , an )) .

: ... ... .
1.5 ( ) a, b, c . a|bc
(a, b) = 1 a|c.
1.11 ( 2000) x, y z

5x 3y + 10z = 0 y(x + 2z) = 2004.

:
10

5x 3y + 10z = 0 (1) y(x + 2z) = 2004.

(1) : 5x + 10z = 3y 5(x + 2z) = 3y . 5|3y
(5, 3) = 1 5|y . 5|y(x + 2z) 5|2004 ( y(x + 2z) = 2004).
,
.

11

1.4

1.4

...
.
a, b Z, , b > 0,
b < 0, (a, b) = (a, |b|), b = 0, (a, b) = |a|.
d := (a, b).
q r ,
a = q0 b + r0 0 r0 < b.
(a, b) = (b, r0 ), d | a d | b, d | r0 = a q0 b.
b r0 d0 d, d0
a b, d
. , d = (b, r0 ).
, b r0 .

a
b
r0
r1

=
=
=
=

q0 b + r0 0 r0 < b
q1 r0 + r1 0 r1 < r0
q2 r1 + r2 0 r2 < r1
q3 r2 + r3 0 r3 < r2

..
.

b > r0 >
r1 > r2 > . . . , 0.
n- . rn = 0 .

d = (rk1 , rk ) = (rk , rk+1 ) k = 0, 1, 2, . . ., r1 = b. , d =

(rn1 , rn ) = (rn1 , 0) = rn1 .

, ... .
...
... d, a
b, Bezout. ( 1.2).
12

a q0 b
b q1 r0
r0 q2 r1
r1 q3 r2

=
=
=
=

r0
r1
r2
r3

..
.

rn3 qn1 rn2 = rn1

rn2 = qn rn1
, rk

b q1 (a q0 b)
(a q0 b) q2 (k1 a + l1 b)
(k1 a + l1 b) q3 (k2 a + l2 b)

=
=
=
..
.

k1 a + l1 b
k2 a + l2 b
k3 a + l3 b

=
=
=

r1
r2
r3

..
.

(kn3 a + ln3 b) qn (kn2 a + ln2 b) = kn1 a + ln1 b = rn1

1.12 ... 391 323, ...

391 323.
:

391 = 1 323 + 68
323 = 4 68 + 51
68 = 1 51 + 17
51 = 3 17 + 0.
(391,323)=17. x, y , 17 =

391x + 323y .
17 = 68 51 = 68 (323 4 68) = 323 + 5 68
= 323 + 5(391 323) = 5 391 6 323
17 = 5 391 + (6) 323.
1.13 ... a = 756 b = 595.
, r
, q k , l ki li . ,
(756, 595) = 7 37 756 47 595 = 7.

13

1.5

(...)

r
756
595
161
112
49
14
7
0

1.5

q
1
3
1
2
3
2

k
1
0
1
3
4
11
37

l
0
1
1
4
5
14
47

(...)

a1 , . . . , an Z. a1 , . . . , an
a1 |, . . . , an |. a1 , . . . , an
0, 0.
a1 , . . . , an . |a1 an |
a1 , . . . , an . , ( 1.2)
a1 , . . . , an ,
. (...)
a1 , . . . , an [a1 , . . . , an ]. a1 , . . . , an |a1 |, . . . , |an |,
[a1 , . . . , an ] = [|a1 |, . . . , |an |].
1.6 a1 , . . . , an . m
... a1 , . . . , an , ,

(i) a1 |m, . . . , an |m,

(ii) a1 |, . . . , an |, m|.
1.7 , a1 , . . . , an . :

(i) [a1 , . . . , an ] = ||[a1 , . . . , an ],



(ii) [a1 , . . . , an ] = m am1 , . . . , amn = 1.
1.8 a1 , . . . , an n > 2. k , 1
k n 2

[a1 , . . . , an ] = [a1 , . . . , ak , [ak+1 , . . . , an ]] .

: ... ... .

14

1.6

1.2 p > 1
1 p.
m m.
n > 1 , .
d, e ,

n = d e 1 < d e < n.
( 2 ).
1.9 a > 1 .
1.14 n
3n 4, 4n 5, 5n 3 .
:
3 ,
. 2. 3n 4 5n 3
. 3n 4 = 2 5n 3 = 2
n = 2 n = 1 . n = 2 3
.

2
1.15 (AHSME 1976) p q
x2 px + q = 0 , p q .
:
x1 x2 x1 < x2 , .
x px + q = (x x1 )(x x2 ), p = x1 + x2 q = x1 x2 .
q , x1 = 1. q = x2 p = x2 + 1
, q = 2 p = 3.
2

2
1.16 (ARML 2003)
1001001001 10000.
:

1001001001 = 1001 106 + 1001 = 1001 (106 + 1) = 7 11 13 (106 + 1).

x6 + 1 = (x2 )3 + 1 = (x2 + 1)(x4 x2 + 1).

.

15

1.6

106 + 1 = 101 9901, 1001001001 = 7 11 13 101 9901.

7,11,13 101
9901 1000,
9901.

2
n

1.17 n . 32 + 1
2 4 2 .
:
n

, 32 32 + 1 . ,
n

n1

32 = (32 )2

n1

= 92

= (8 + 1)2 .

 
 


m m1
m m2 2
m
(x + y) = x +
x
y+
x
y + +
xy m1 + y m ,
1
2
m1
m

x = 8, y = 1 m = 2n1 ,
( y m = 1), 8 ( 4).
n
32 4 1,
n
32 + 1 4 2.
:
modulo 4 ( ).

2
1.18 n 2n k31024 1.
:
12. 1024 = 210 x2 y 2 = (x y)(x + y).
,

210

 9
  9
 8
 8

2
2
2
2
1 = 3 +1 3 1 = 3 +1 3 +1 3 1
 9
 8

 1
 0

= = 32 + 1 32 + 1 32 + 1 32 + 1 (3 1)
29

(1.17), 2k32 + 1 k .
9+2+1=12.

2
2

2k32 + 1.

16

.
1.10 6k + 1
6k + 5.
1.3 .
:

p1 , . . . , pn .

A = p1 pn + 1.
1.9, p , p|A. p1 , . . . , pn
, p = pj j 1 j n.
p|A p|p1 pn p|1 . ,
.

2
1.11 pn n- , (
)
n1

pn 22

1.19 n > 1 n
, .
:
n

(n + 1)! + 2, (n + 1)! + 3, , (n + 1)! + (n + 1).

, m = 2, 3, , n +

1, (n + 1)! + m m 4 .
:
, .
, (
)
. . ..
5 6!+2, 6!+3, 6!+4, 6!+4, 6!+6 722, 723,
724, 725, 726. 5
24,25,26,27,28 (
).
3

.
4
(n + 1)! (n + 1), . . . , (n + 1)! 3, (n + 1)! 2 .

17

1.6

2
.
1.12 a > 1,

p, p a.
1.4 a > 1 p,

p n, a .

1.20 383 . 19 <

383 < 20. 19 2,3,5,7,11,13,17 19.

383. 383 .
1.13 a, b 6= 0, 1 p . p|ab p|a
p|b.
: a1 , . . . , an 6= 0, 1 p . p|a1 an
p|am m (1 m n).

.
1.4 ( ) a > 1 ,
.
1.3 , a > 1,
p1 , . . . , pk a1 , . . . , ak > 0 ,

a = pa11 pakk .
a a.
a

1.14 a > 1 a = pa11 pkk

. d a, , d = p1 1 pk k
0 i ai (i = 1, . . . , k ).
1.21 ( 1995)
x, y x2 = y 2 + 2y + 9.
:

x2 = y 2 + 2y + 9 x2 (y + 1)2 = 8 (x y 1)(x + y + 1) = 8.
x y, x + y ,
x y 1, x + y + 1 , .
x y x + y . x + y + 1
x y 1 . (x y 1, x + y + 1) = (2, 4) (4, 2)
(x, y) = (3, 0).
18

2
1.22 ( 1997) a, b (a, b N ) ,

a3 + 1 b 3 + 1
+
N.
b+1
a+1
a3 + 1 b 3 + 1

,
.
b+1 a+1
:

(a + 1, b + 1) = d. a + 1 = d p1 p2 pk b + 1 = d q1 q2 ql ,
pi , qj pi 6= qj , i = 1, 2 . . . , k j = 1, 2, . . . , l
pi qj .

a3 + 1 b 3 + 1
(a + 1)(a2 a + 1) (b + 1)(b2 b + 1)
+
=
+
b+1
a+1
b+1
a+1
d p1 p2 pk (a2 a + 1) d q1 q2 ql (b2 b + 1)
=
+
d q1 q2 ql
d p1 p2 pk
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
p p pk (a a + 1) + q1 q2 ql (b b + 1)
= 1 2
N
q1 q 2 ql p1 p2 pk
qj q12 q22 ql2 (b2 b + 1)

p21 p22 p2k (a2 a + 1) + q12 q22 ql2 (b2 b + 1),

p21 p22 p2k (a2 a + 1).
qj p21 p22 p2k qj a2 a + 1

a2 a + 1
d(a2 a + 1)
N
N
q1 q2 ql
d q1 q2 ql
d(a2 a + 1)

N
b+1
d(a2 a + 1)
p1 p2 pk
N
b+1
(a + 1)(a2 a + 1)
N

b+1
a3 + 1

N
b+1

a3 + 1 b 3 + 1
+
N
b+1
a+1

b3 +1
a+1

N.
2

19

1.7

... ..

1.7

... ..

1.15 a1 , . . . , an

|a1 | = pa111 pak1k , . . . , |an | = pa1n1 paknk

p1 , . . . , pk aij (i = 1, . . . , n, j = 1, . . . , k ).

(a1 , . . . , an ) = pd11 pdkk ,

dj = min {a1j , . . . , anj } (j = 1, . . . , k).
1.5 a1 , . . . , an m N.
m
m
(am
1 , . . . , an ) = (a1 , . . . , an ) .

1.16 a, b1 , , bn (n 2) b1 , , bn
.

(a, b1 , . . . , bn ) = (a, b1 ) (a, bn ).

1.6 a, b1 , . . . , bn (n 2) b1 , . . . , bn
. b1 |a, . . . , bn |a b1 bn |a.
1.23 n > 1.

24|n(n2 1).
:
A = n(n2 1) = (n 1)n(n + 1)
3 3|A. n
> 1, k N k 6= 0 , n = 2k + 1.

A = 4k(k + 1)(2k + 1).

k, k + 1 8|A. , (3, 8) = 1,
(3.1) 24|A.

2
1.17 a1 , . . . , an

|a1 | = pa111 pak1k , . . . , |an | = pa1n1 paknk

p1 , . . . , pk aij (i = 1, . . . , n, j = 1, . . . , k ).

[a1 , . . . , an ] = pc11 pckk ,

cj = max {a1j , . . . , anj } (j = 1, . . . , k).
20

1.7 a1 , . . . , an m N.
m
m
[am
1 , . . . , an ] = [a1 , . . . , an ] .

1.24 (1.15), (1.17)

... ...
. ...

(
, 0,
). ...

. , ...
49000 = 23 53 72 , 36400 = 24 52 7 13, 27500 = 22 54 11
22 52 70 110 130 = 100. ... 24 54 72 1113 = 70070000.
1.18 a, b .

(a, b) [a, b] = |ab|.

: ,
. ,

(a1 , . . . , an ) [a1 , . . . , an ] 6= |a1 an | n > 2.

, (6, 8, 10) [6, 8, 10] = 2 120 = 240 6= 480 = 6 8 10.

21

2.1

2.1 n . a, b
n, n .

a b (mod n)
a b n. a
b n,

a 6 b (mod n)
.
10 2 (mod 4), 11 15 (mod 13) 7 6 11 (mod 5).
2.1

a b (mod n) n|a b
.
2.1

(i) a a (mod n) ( ).

(ii) a b (mod n), b a (mod n) ( ).

(iii) a b (mod n) b c (mod n), a c (mod n)
( ).
2.2

(i) a 0 (mod n) n|a,

(ii) a , , a 0 (mod 2),

(iii) a , , a 1 (mod 2),
(iv) a b (mod n) m|n a b (mod m),
(v) a, b a b (mod 1),
(vi) a n , a (mod n).
2.1 a, b, c, d Z f (x) . a b (mod n) c d (mod n),

(i) a + c b + d (mod n) ac bd (mod n),

(ii) am bm (mod n), m N,
22

(iii) f (a) f (b) (mod n).

2.2 a, b, k Z k 6= 0 d = (n, k).

ka kb (mod n) a b (mod

n
).
d

.
, modulo 12

modulo 100.000. , 18, 6,
18 12,
245.000 Km, 45.000 Km,
245.000 100.000.
: 217
; (modulo)
;
;
2.1 A =
1323 2741 8.
:

132 = 169 9 1

(mod 8).

1323 = 13211+1 = 13 (132 )11 13 5

(mod 8).

27 3 (mod 8), 272 9 1 (mod 8).

2741 = 27220+1 = 27 (272 )20 27 3

(mod 8).

A 15 7 (mod 8) a Z , A = 8a + 7.
7.

2
2.2 22225555 + 55552222 0 (mod 7).
:
2222 3 (mod 7) 5555 4 (mod 7).
22225555 + 55552222 35555 + 42222 (mod 7).

35555 = (35 )1111 = (2)1111 = 21111

(mod 7)

42222 = (42 )1111 21111

(mod 7)

, .
.

23

2.1

2
2.3 N, A =
.

4
5 + 3 -

:
a . a 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 (mod 5)
a 0, 1, 4 (mod 5) a4 0, 1 (mod 5).
2

5 + 3 3 (mod 5), 5 + 3 a4
a Z. A . ( A4 = 5 + 3 3 (mod 5), ).
: ( 1997) a =
n Z.

5n2 + 10
2

2.4 () 121 n2 +
3n + 5 n Z.
:
121|n2 +3n+5. 11|n2 +3n+5. n2 +3n+5 0 33
(mod 11). n2 + 3n 28 0 (mod 11) 11|(n 4)(n + 7) 11|n 4
11|n + 7 (n = 11k + 4 n = 11k 7) n n2 + 3n + 5,
121 + 0 < < 121 .

2
2.5 ( 1997) a, b, c ,

(a b)(b c)(c a) = a + b + c.
a + b + c 27.
:
a, b, c a, b, c 0, 1 (mod 3).
3, a + b + c 1 +
0 + 1 = 0 (mod 3) (a b)(b c)(c a) 6 0 (mod 3).
, a, b a b 0 (mod 3)
(a b)(b c)(c a) 0 (mod 3) a + b + c 6 0 (mod 3).
a, b, c mod3. a b b c c a 0 (mod 3),
(a b)(b c)(c a) 0 (mod 27). (a b)(b c)(c a) = a + b + c
a + b + c 0 (mod 27) .

2
2.6 ( 1995) p, q
pp+1 + q q+1 .
:
24

p, q , pp+1 + q q+1
> 2 . 2 .
p = 2 q 0, 1, 1
(mod 3) . q 1 (mod 3), pp+1 + q q+1 8 + 1 0 (mod 3),
. q 1 (mod 3), pp+1 + q q+1 8 + 1 0 (mod 3) ( q
q + 1 ), . , q 0 (mod 3) q
q = 3 pp+1 + q q+1 = 89 .
p = 2, q = 3 ( p = 3, q = 2).

2
2.7 ( 1994) x3 +
1995x2 1994x + ;
:
1 , 2 , 3 .
V ieta

A = 1 + 2 + 3 = 1995 0

(mod 3) (1)

B = 1 2 + 2 3 + 3 1 = 1994 1

(mod 3).

(1) :

1 , 2 , 3 0 (mod 3) 1 , 2 , 3 1 (mod 3) 1 , 2 , 3 1 (mod 3)

1 0 (mod 3), 2 1 (mod 3), 3 1 (mod 3) (
). B B 0 (mod 3) B 1 (mod 3),
B 1 (mod 3).
.

2
- : a (mod 10n )
0 < 10n , n a
,
n. , 992007 + 3 (1)2007 + 3 = 2 (mod 102 ),
992007 + 3 02.

2
2.8 ( 1988) 270 .
:
224 223 ;
223 2. 2 . ,
.

25

2.1

,
.

02, [04, 08, 16, 32, 64, 28, 56, 12, 24, 48, 96, 92, 84, 68, 36, 72, 44, 88, 76, 52],
{z
}
|
20

04, 08, 26, 32 . . .

20.

270 = (220 )3 210 ,

270 210 ,
24.
: ( )

4, [2, 4, 8, 6], 2, 4, . . .

270 = (24 )17 22 .

270 22 4.

2
: ( 1989)
6 .
1989

2.9 ( )
7
77

.7
..

7| {z }

1001 7

:
74 1 (mod 10). ,

72k 1

(mod 4) 72k+1 3

(mod 4)

7
77

.7
..

a := 7| {z } 3

(mod 4) a = 3k + 4, k Z.

1000 7

,
7
77

.7
..

7| {z } = 7a = 74k+3 = 73 (74 )k 73 3

(mod 10).

1001 7

2
26

2.10 ( 1994)
4 1994 1993.
:

an an1 an2 . . . a4 1994 = 10000A + 1994 = A(5 1993 + 35) + 1993 + 1

|
{z
}
A

35 A + 1

(mod 1993)

35 A + 1 0 (mod 1993) 35A + 1 = 1993k, k Z

2k + 1
(1) 2k + 1 35.
A = 57k
35
k = 17 A = 968. 9681994 1993.
(1) .
2
2.11 n N

17|34n+2 + 2 43n+1 .
:
34 = 81 13 (mod 17).

34n+2 = 9 81n 9 13n

(mod 17).

43 = 64 13 (mod 17), 43n+1 = 4 (43 )n 4 13n (mod 17).

34n+2 + 2 43n+1 9 13n + 8 13n = 17 13n 0

(mod 17).

:
.

2
2.12 ( 1990) an a1 = 1, a2 = 3
an+2 = (n + 3)an+1 (n + 2)an , n 11|an .
:

an+2 an+1 = (n + 2)(an+1 an )

an+1 an = (n + 1)(an an1 )
..
.

a3 a2 = 3(a2 a1 )
a2 a1 = 2
.

27

2.2

an+2 an+1 = (n + 2)!

a1 = 1, a2 = 3, a3 = 9 11 . a4 = 33 11|a4 .
a5 = a4 + 5! 11 6 | 5! 11 6 | a5 . 11 6 | a6 11 6 | a7 .

a8 = a4 + 5! + 6! + 7! + 8! = a4 + 5!(1 + 6 + 6 7 + 6 7 8)
= a4 + 5!(7 7 + 6 7 8) = a4 + 5!7 55,
11|a8 . 11 6 | a9 11|a10

a10 = a8 + 9! + 10! = a8 + 9!(1 + 10).

a11 = a10 + 11!, 11|a11 .
n N n 11 11|n! 11|an

an = a10 + 11! + 12! + + n!

, 11|an n = 4, n = 8 n 10.

2
1.10

2.3 ( )

(i) p 6= 3 p2 1 (mod 3).

(ii) p 6= 2 p2 1 (mod 8).
(iii) p > 3 p2 1 (mod 12).
(iv) p > 3 p 1 (mod 6) (
1.10).

2.2

2.2 n a1 , . . . , an modn, a1 , . . . , an
{0, 1, . . . , n 1} 5 .
5

a1 , . . . , an
n {0, 1, . . . , n 1}.

28

modn
:

(i) modn: {0, 1, . . . , n 1}.

(ii) modn: {1, . . . , n}
(iii) modn:
n

n1
n1
, . . . , 1, 0, 1, . . . ,

2
2

n ,

n n

no

1 , . . . , 1, 0, 1, . . . ,
2
2
2.13 S = {14, 24, 9, 11, 34, 68, 21, 87} mod8. ,

14 6 (mod 8), 24 0 (mod 8), 9 1 (mod 8), 11 5 (mod 8),

34 2 (mod 8), 68 4 (mod 8), 21 3 (mod 8), 87 7 (mod 8).
{0, 1, . . . , 7} mod8
S mod8.
2
2.14 T = {1, 22 , 32 , . . . , n2 }
modn.
:
(n 1)2 1 = n2 2n, (n 1)2 1 (mod n)
T ( (n 1)2 1)
{0, 1, . . . , n} ( 1).

2
2.15 ( 1990) a7 a.
a , 42.
:

a7 a = a(a6 1) = a(a3 1)(a3 + 1) = a(a 1)(a + 1)(a2 + a + 1)(a2 a + 1).

a a, a + 1
2. a 1, a, a + 1
3 (2, 3) = 1 6|a(a 1)(a + 1). (6, 7) = 1
7.
.

29

2.2

a. a = 7k , 7.
a = 7k + 1, 7k 1 7|a 1, 7|a + 1 , .
a = 7k + 2 a = 7k 3 a2 + a + 1 7
a = 7k + 3 a = 7k 2 a2 a + 1 7. (
{3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3} mod7).

2
2.4 {x0 , x1 , . . . , xn1 } modn
a, b Z (a, n) = 1. {ax0 + b, . . . , axn1 + b}
modn.

30

2.3

Wilson - Fermat Euler

p .
2.2 ( Wilson) p > 1 ,
,

(p 1)! 1

(mod p).

2.3 p

(p 2)! 1

(mod p).

2.16 0 < s < p, p ,

(s 1)!(p s)! + (1)s1 0

(mod p).

:
s = 1 Wilson.

(s 2)!(p (s 1))! + (1)s2 0

(mod p)

(s 2)!(p s + 1)! + (1)s2 0 (mod p)

(s 2)!(p s)!(p s + 1) + (1)s2 0 (mod p)
(s 2)!(p s)!p (s 2)!(p s)!(s 1) + (1)s2 0
(s 2)!(s 1)(p s)! + (1)s2 0 (mod p)
(s 1)!(p s)! (1)s2 0 (mod p)
(s 1)!(p s)! + (1)s1 0 (mod p)

(mod p)

s 0 < s < p.
: s = p. ,

(p 1)!0! + (1)p1 = (p 1)! + 1 0

(mod p).
2

2.5 p .



 2 
p1
1 (mod p), p 1 (mod 4)
! =
1 (mod p), p 3 (mod 4)
2

31

2.3

Wilson - Fermat Euler

2.17 p > 2.

(p 1)! p 1

(mod 1 + 2 + + (p 1)).

:
1 + 2 + + (p 1) =

p(p 1)
,
2

p(p 1)
|(p 1)! (p 1).
2
Wilson, (p 1)! 1 (mod p), p|(p 1)! + 1
p|(p 1)! (p 1). , (p 1)! (p 1) = (p 1) ((p 2)! 1),
p 1|(p 1)! (p 1). (p, p 1) = 1

p(p 1)|(p 1)! (p 1).

p , (p 1)/2

p(p 1)
|(p 1)! (p 1).
2
2

, Fermat
2.3 ( Fermat) p a
p 6 | a.

ap1 1

(mod p).

2.4 p . a Z

ap a (mod p).
2.6 p a1 , . . . , an ,

(a1 + + an )p ap1 + + apn

(mod p).

2.18 n

5 6 | n 1, 5 6 | n, 5 6 | n + 1,
5|n2 + 1.
:
5 6 | n, Fermat,

n4 1

(mod 5) (n 1)(n + 1)(n2 + 1) 0

, 5 6 | n 1, 5 6 | n + 1 .
32

(mod 5)

2
() Fermat
Euler.
2.4 ( Euler) n > 1 a
, (a, n) = 1.

a(n) 1

(mod n).

2.19 106k+4 , k
N, 7.
:
(10, 7) = 1, Fermat 106 1 (mod 7), 106k 1
(mod 7).

104 34 = 92 22 = 4

(mod 7).

106k+4 4

(mod 7)

4.

2.20

7 19681968 3 6878
.
10

10|7 19681968 3 6878 .

Fermat 34 1 (mod 5).

19681968 31968 = 34

492

(mod 5).

94

(mod 5),

6878 378 = 9 34

19

7 19681968 3 6878 7 3 4 = 5 0

(mod 5).

5|7 19681968 3 6878 .

7 19681968 3 6878 (2, 5) = 1

10|7 19681968 3 6878 .

.

33

2.3

Wilson - Fermat Euler

2
2.21 n

2730|n13 n.
:
2730 2730 = 2 3 5 7 13.
2, 3, 5, 7, 13
n13 n.
n n13 n . ,
n , n13 n . n Z 2|n13 n.
(2.4) n Z

n3 n (mod 3), n5 n (mod 5), n7 n (mod 7), n13 n (mod 13).

n13 n n3

4

n n4 = n3 n2 n3 n (mod 3)

2
n13 n3 n5 n3 n2 = n5 n (mod 5)
n13 n6 n7 n6 n = n7 n (mod 7)

3|n13 n, 5|n13 n, 7|n13 n, 13|n13 n.

2
2.22 p . p|abp bap
a, b.
:
abp bap = ab(bp1 ap1 ).
p|ab p|abp bap , p 6 | ab (p, a) = (p, b) = 1
Fermat bp1 ap1 1 (mod p). p|bp1 ap1
p|abp bap p|abp bap .

2
2.23 ( ... 1995) p
p > 3, 20p|5p 4p 1.
:
34

p = 5 . p 7. 5p 4p 1

0 (1)p 1 = 0 (mod 5)
5p 4p 1 1p 0 1 = 0 (mod 4)
, 2.4, 5p 5 (mod p) 4p 4 (mod p)
5p 4p 1 5 4 1 = 0 (mod p) (4, 5, p) = 1
20p|5p 4p 1.
: (2 ... 1989) p
42p|3p 2p 1. ( : 7|3p 2p 1,
1.10).
2
2.24 p 7 .

11
. . . 1}
| {z

p1

p.
:

11
. . . 1} =
| {z

p1

10p1 1
9

Fermat 6 .

2.25 p p > 5. p8 1
(mod 240).
:
240 240 = 24 3 5.
Fermat, p2 1 (mod 3) p4 1 (mod 5).
24 (24 ) = 23
Euler, p8 1 (mod 16). p8 1 (mod m)
m = 3, 5, 16 ... 240 p8 1 (mod 240).
: n4 1 (mod 16) n 1, 3, 5, 7
(mod 16). p4 1
(mod 240) p > 5.

2
6

(10, p) = 1

35

2.3

Wilson - Fermat Euler

2.26 n

n2 1|2n! 1.
:
m = n + 1. m(m 2)|2(m1)! 1.
(m)|(m 1)!, 2(m) 1|2(m1)! 1 Euler
m|2(m) 1. , m|2(m1)! 1. , m 2|2(m1)! 1
m , (m, m 2) = 1 .

2
2.27 p 3k+2 a2 +ab+b2
a, b. a, b p.
:
p a. p|a2 + ab + b2 , p
a3 b3 = (a b)(a2 + ab + b2 ) a3 b3 (mod p).

a3k b3k

(mod p) (1)

p b. Fermat
ap1 bp1 1 (mod p),

a3k+1 b3k+1

(mod p) (2)

p a, (1), (2) a b (mod p).

a2 + ab + b2 0 (mod p) 3a2 0 (mod p).
, p 6= 3 p|a, .

2
, 3 13 1996.
: p 4k + 3 (k N). x, y Z
p|x2 + y 2 , p|x p|y .

2
2.28 ( 2005) a1 , a2 , . . .

an = 2n + 3n + 6n 1
n.
.
36

:
1. p an
n. p = 2 p = 3 a2 = 48.
p 5. Fermat
2
3p1 6p1 1 (mod p).
p1

3 2p1 + 2 3p1 + 6p1 3 + 2 + 1 0

(mod 6)

6(2p2 + 3p2 + 6p2 1) 0 (mod p), p|6ap2 . (p, 6) = 1,

ap2 p .

37

2.4

2.4

2.3 n > 1 a, b .

ax b (mod n),
x , .
x0

ax0 b (mod n).

: , y x0 y (mod n), . , ax b
(mod n) y x0 y (mod n) x0
.
, . .. 6x 1
(mod 8) (8|6x 1, 6x 1 ).
2.29 2x 10

(mod 6).
:
10 4 (mod 6), 2x 4
(mod 6). 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
mod6 :

2 0 = 0 6 4
2 3 = 6 6 4

(mod 6),

(mod 6),

2 1 = 2 6 4

2 4 = 8 6 4

(mod 6),

(mod 6),

224

(mod 6)

2 5 = 10 4

(mod 6).

x 2, 5 (mod 6).
:
n .
.
2.4 a modn ( )
b ab 1 (mod n). a1
1
.
a
3 mod7 5 3 5 1 (mod 7).
2.7 a Z a 6= 0. a,
, (a, n) = 1.
2.8 (a, n) = 1. ax b (mod n)
.
38

2.30 137x 4

(mod 102)
:
137 35 (mod 102), 35x
4 (mod 102). (102, 35) = 1 (
) 12 102 + 35 35 = 1.
35 35 1 (mod 102). 35 mod102,
, 35x 4
(mod 102) 35, x 4 35 38 (mod 102).

2
: (a, n) = 1 a
modn : r
ar 1 (mod n) (.. r = (n)). a modn,
ar1 modn. (a, n) = 1, ax b
(mod n) x bar1 (mod n).
2.31 7x 8 (mod 30).
:
(7, 30) = 1, . 7(30) 1
(mod 30). (30) = 8 7 mod30 7 , (30) = 8.
72 = 49 19 11 (mod 30) 74 (11)2 = 121 1
(mod 30). ord30 (7) = 4 ,
73

x 73 8 (77)8 (17)8 13 8 = 104 14

(mod 30).
2

2.5 ax b (mod n) d|b

d = (a, n). , x0 ,
d

x x0 , x0 +

n
n
n
, x0 + 2 , . . . , x0 + (d 1)
d
d
d

(mod n)

2.32

21x 6

(mod 33).

:
7

(a, n) = 1 a modn r
a 1 (mod n). ordn (a) ( ) ordn (a)|(n).
r

39

2.5

(21, 33) = 3 3|6. ,

3 . x 7x
2 (mod 11). 0,1,. . .,10
mod11.
5 . 7x 2
(mod 11) x 5 (mod 11). 5 21x 6 (mod 33).
, 21x 6
(mod 33) x 5, 16, 27 (mod 33).

2
2.33

2086x 1624

(mod 1729).

:
2086 357 (mod 1729) 1624 105 (mod 1729),
357x 105 (mod 1729).
(357, 1729) = 7 7 =
19 1729 92 357. 92 357 7 (mod 1729).
15 (9215)357 105 (mod 1729).
7

x 349, 596, 843, 1090, 1337, 1584, 102

(mod 1729).
2

2.5

2.5

a1 x b 1

(mod n1 )
..
.

ak x bk

(mod nk )

. ,
3x 9 (mod 10), 2x 1 (mod 5) 3.
, ,
.
a modc
a modc.
.
40

2.6 ( ) b1 , . . . , bk n1 , . . . , nk > 1,
.

x b1
x b2

(mod n1 )
(mod n2 )

..
.

x bk

(mod nk )

modn1 nk , :
Nj = n1 nj1 nj+1 nk Mj
Nj x 1 (mod nj ) 8 (
). x0 (mod n1 nk ),

x0 = b1 N1 M1 + + bk Nk Mk .
2.34

x2

(mod 5), x 3

(mod 7), x 4

(mod 11).

:
5, 7, 11 , , mod385.

N1 = 7 11 = 77, N2 = 5 11 = 55, N3 = 5 7 = 35.

,

77x 1

(mod 5), 55x 1

(mod 7), 35x 1

(mod 5), 6x 1

(mod 7), 2x 1

(mod 11),

2x 1

(mod 11),

x3

(mod 5), x 6

(mod 7), x 6

(mod 11),

. ,

x0 77 3 2 + 55 6 3 + 35 6 4 = 2292 367

(mod 385).
2

n1 , . . . , nk (Nj , nj ) = 1 j =
1, . . . , k , modnj .
.

41

2.5

2.7

x b1
x b2

(mod n1 )
(mod n2 )

..
.

x bk

(mod nk )

, , (ni , nj )|bi bj i, j i 6= j . x0
, x0 (mod [n1 nk ]).

.
2.35

x1

(mod 15), x 7

(mod 18).

:
(15, 18) = 3 3|1 7. [15, 18] = 90. ,
mod90. ,
.
x = 1 + 15y

1 + 15y 7

(mod 18).

15y 6 (mod 18) 5y 2 (mod 6).

4 .

x = 1 + 15 4 61

(mod 90).
2

2.36

x3

(mod 8), x 11

(mod 20), x 1

(mod 15).

:
(8, 20) = 4, (8, 15) = 1, (15, 20) = 5 4|3 11, 1|3 1, 5|1 11.
[8, 20, 15] = 120.
(mod 120).

x3

(mod 8), x 11
42

(mod 20), [8, 20] = 40.

x = 3 + 8y

3 + 8y 11

(mod 20),

y1

(mod 5),

x 3 + 8 = 11

(mod 40).

x 11

(mod 40), x 1

(mod 15).

x = 11 + 40y

11 + 40y 1

(mod 15).

y 2 (mod 3).

x 11 + 2 40 = 91

(mod 120).
2

2.7

ai x bi , i = 1, . . . , k.

a1 x b 1

(mod n1 )
..
.

ak x b k

(mod nk ).

,
, di |bi di = (ai , ni ), i = 1, . . . , k .
di |bi , i = 1, . . . , k . Ai , Bi , Ni Z (Ai , Ni ) = 1
ai = di Ai , bi = di Bi , ni = di Ni , i = 1, . . . , k .

A1 x B1

(mod N1 )
..
.

Ak x Bk
.

(mod Nk ).
43

2.5

(Ai , Ni ) = 1, Ai x Bi (mod Ni )
x Ci (mod Ni ), i = 1, . . . , k . ,

x C1

(mod N1 )
..
.

x Ck

(mod Nk ).

, .
2.37

8x 4

(mod 20), 15x 10

(mod 35), 9x 12

(mod 39).

:
(8, 20) = 4, (15, 35) = 5, (9, 39) = 3. 4|4, 5|10, 3|12,
.

2x 1

(mod 5), 3x 2

(mod 7), 3x 4

(mod 13).

x3

(mod 5), x 3

(mod 7), x 10

(mod 13).

5, 7, 13 .
mod455.

x3

(mod 5), x 3

(mod 7).

3 . (5, 7) = 1, () x 3 (mod 35).

x3

(mod 35), x 10

(mod 13).

x = 3 + 35y
3 + 35y 10 (mod 13), 9y 7 (mod 13).
y 8 (mod 13)

x 3 + 8 35 = 283

(mod 455).
2

44

1: ( Branmagupta, 7 ..)
2,3,4,5,6 , : 1,2,3,4,5
. 7 .
.
2: ( ) 17
( ).
. 3 . .
4 .
, . 5 .
.
;

45

Fermat

3.1 p a :

(i) ap a (mod p)
(ii) ( Fermat) (a, p) = 1
ap1 1

(mod p).

:
: Fermat .
- .

(i) . a = 1 .
p|ap a. p|(a + 1)p (a + 1).
Newton

(9)

 
 


p p1
p p2
p
(a + 1) = a +
a
+
a
+ +
a + 1.
1
2
p1
p

 
 


p p1
p p2
p
(a + 1) a 1 =
a
+
a
+ +
a.
1
2
p1
p

p ( 10 ) .
,

p | [(a + 1)p ap 1] + (ap a) = (a + 1)p (a + 1).

(ii) (i) p | ap a p | a(ap1 1)
(a, p) = 1
p | ap1 1.
9
10

(a + b) =

n  
X
n
k=0

ak bnk .

.
:

(a) n n!





p
(b) p , p1 , p2 , . . . , p1
p.

46

2
3.1
(i) (2, 11) = 1 11 , 2111 1
(mod 11). 210 = 1024 11,
1.

(ii) : .. 23 5 112 = 4840 101 101 , 4840100 1 (mod 101).

2
3.1 p a (a, p) = 1, d

ad 1

(mod p)

d | p 1.
.

Euler

n 1, (n)
n n.

:NN

(n) = ]{k N\k n (a, n) = 1}( 11 ) .

4.1 (9) = 6 6 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8 9.

2
Euler

(i) (1) = 1
11

]{. . .} {. . .}.

47

(ii) n = p , (p) = p 1
p, 1, 2, . . . , p 1, p.
(iii) (m, n) = 1,
(m n) = (m) (n)
( (21) = (3 7) = (3) (7) = (3 1) (7 1) = 12).

(iv) p ,
(pk ) = pk pk1 = pk1 (p 1)
[ pk
pk ( , p
pk1 )].

(v) , n = pk11 pk22 pkl l n (

) , (iii)
:

(n) = pk11 1 (p1 1) pk22 1 (p2 1) pkl l 1 (pl 1)


 


1
1
1
1
1
= n 1
p1
p2
pl


l
Y
1
= n
1
pi
i=1
2
4.2

1
(1200) = (2 3 5 ) = 1200 1
2
1 2 4
= 1200 = 320
2 3 5
2




1
1
1
1
3
5

, ,
1200 320.

2
4.3
(i) n N\{4}
(n) 2 (mod 4) n = pk
n = 2pk , k N p p 3 (mod 4).

(ii) n (n) = 14.

:
48

(i) n ,
3. , ,

n = pk11 pk22 pkl l , pi 3 i = 1, . . . , l l 2.

(n) = pk11 1 (p1 1)pk22 1 (p2 1) pkl l 1 (pl 1)

, l 2, 2
(p1 1), (p2 1), . . . , (pl 1). (n) 0 (mod 4), .

n = 2r pk .
r 3 (r 6= 2 n 6= 4) ,

(n) = 2r1 pk1 (p 1) 0

(mod 4), .

, r = 0, 1 (r 6= 2 n 6= 4)

n = pk n = 2pk .
p 3 (mod 4). p 1 (mod 4)( 12 ) ,
( n)

(n) = pk (p 1) 0

(mod 4), .

(ii) .
2

Euler .
. Euler ,
( ),
Fermat .
4.1 ( Euler ) a n

a(n) 1

(mod n).

: n = p, Fermat .
12

p 6= 2, p p 0, 2 (mod 4)

49

4.4 (9) = 6, (9, 4) = 1 46 1 (mod 9).

4.1 a n, k l (mod (n)),

ak al

(mod n).

:
k l. k l
(mod (n)), k = (n) + l
, Euler ,

ak = al a(n)

l

al 1l al

(mod n)
2

Euler

.
6 1989 :
5.1 n N 1n + 2n + 3n

7;
: (1 ) . (2
) .

1 (. )
n = 1 7, n = 2 7
n = 3 7.
n = 2k

12k + 22k + 32k = 1 + 4k + 9k = 1 + 4k + o.7 + 2k = o.7 + 1 + 2k + 4k (1)

{ k = 3l (1)

o.7 + 1 + 23l + 43l = o.7 + 1 + 8l + 64l

= o.7 + 1 + o.7 + 1l + o.7 + 1l
= o.7 + 3
50

{ k = 3l + 1 (1)

o.7 + 1 + 23l+1 + 43l+1 =

=
+
=

o.7 + 1 + 2 8l + 1 64l
o.7 + 1 + 2(o.7 + 1l )
4(o.7 + 1l )
o.7 + 1 + 2 + 4 = o.7

{ k = 3l + 2 (1)

o.7 + 1 + 23l+2 + 43l+2 =

=
+
=

o.7 + 1 + 4 8l + 16 64l
o.7 + 1 + o.7 + 4 1l
o.7 + 16 1l
o.7 + 1 + 4 + 16 = o.7

n = 2k , k = 3l + 1 k = 3l + 2, n = 6l + 2

n = 6l + 4.
n = 2k + 1

12k+1 + 22k+1 + 32k+1 = 1 + 2 4k + 3 9k = 1 + 2 4k + o.7 + 3 2k

= o.7 + 2(1 + 2k + 4k ) + 2k 1
k = 3l + 1 k = 3l + 2, 1 + 2k + 4k = o.7, .
2k 1 k = 3l + 1 k = 3l + 2.
{ k = 3l + 1

2k 1 = 23l+1 1 = 2 8l 1 = o.7 + 2 1l 1 = o.7 + 1

o.7
{ k = 3l + 2

2k 1 = 23l+2 1 = 4 8l 1 = o.7 + 4 1l 1 = o.7 + 3

o.7
2k 1 o.7 k = 3l

23l 1 = 8l 1 = o.7 + 1l 1 = o.7

1k +2k +4k o.7 . n o.2
o.3, n = 6k + 2 n = 6k + 4 n = 6k 2.
.

51

2 7 (7, 2) = 1 = (7, 3),

Fermat
271 1

(mod 7) 26 1

(mod 7)

371 1

(mod 7) 36 1

(mod 7)

, 2n 7, 6
( 3.1), 6 ( 13 )
( 1, 2, 3, 6). 3n 7.
,
1n + 2n + 3n ,
n = 6k + , = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
2n 3n 7.

= n (mod 6)
1n (mod 7)
2n (mod 7)
3n (mod 7)
n
1 + 2n + 3n (mod 7)

0
1
1
1
3

1
1
2
3
6

2
1
4
2
0

3
1
1
6
1

4
1
2
4
0

5
1
1
4
3
5
6
3

1n + 2n + 3n
7, n n = 6k + 2 6k + 4. ( ,
1n + 2n + 3n , 7 2, 4, 5.)

2

, , ,
.
5.2
A = 2 3n + 3 7n+1 + 53n+1 7 11.

:
n + 1 3n + 1
.
(11, 3) = (11, 7) = (11, 5) = 1, 3n , 7n , 5n
(11) = 10 ( 1, 2, 5
10) ( 14 )
13

n, 6, 1
.
14
3n (mod 11), 5n (mod 11), 7n (mod 11)
.

52

n (mod 10)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
n + 1 (mod 10) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

3n + 1 (mod 10) 1 4 7 0 3 6 9 2 5 8
n
3 (mod 11)
1 3 9 5 4 1 3 9 5 4
5
n
2 6 7 10 8 2 6 7 10 8
5
2 3 (mod 11)
7n (mod 11)
1 7 5 2 3 10 4 6 9 8
10
3 7n+1 (mod 11) 10 4 6 9 8 1 7 5 2 3
10
n
5 (mod 11)
1 5 3 4 9 1 5 3 4 9
5
5 9 3 1 4 5 9 3 1 4
5
53n+1 (mod 11)
A
10 1 9 2 2 1 4 8 6 8

n n = 10k + 2, A
11, 1. , ()
:
: n 2,
A 1 11.

2
:
1.
.
.. , ,
, , 1998.
n 1 24n+1 22n 1
9. , (2, 9) = 1 (9) = 6, 2n
9 6.
( ),
,

!
2.

:
1: n 6= 0 (mod 6)

1n + 2n + 3n + 4n + 5n + 6n 0

(mod 7).

.
.

53

2

Forum ( 15 ) :
2: n 6= 0 (mod (p 1))
p1
X

in 0

(mod p)

i=1

: ( ) ,
.

n+2


n+2
= p+
[1 + 2 + + (p 1)]
1



n+2  2
+
1 + 22 + + (p 1)2
2



n + 2  n+1
1
+ 2n+1 + + (p 1)n+1
+ +
n+1

p | [1k + 2k + + (p 1)k ] k = 1, 2, , n, n
{1, 2, , (p 3)}, p | [(n + 2)(1n+1 + 2n+1 + + (p 1)n+1 )]
n {1, 2, , (p3)} p (n+2).
p | [1n+1 + 2n+1 + + (p 1)n+1 ].
p | [1+2+ +(p1)] =
p | [1k + 2k + + (p 1)k ] k = 1, 2, , (p 2)
a(p1)m+u (ap1 )m au au (mod p) a (a, p) = 1

p(p 1)
2
( 16 )

p | [1n + 2n + + (p 1)n ] n N n 6 0 (mod p 1),

p 2.
: , , ChevalleyWarning
,
.
. .

2

.
:
15
16

www.mathlinks.ro/F orum/viewtopic.php?t = 112234

Fermat ap1 1 (mod p) (a, p) = 1

54

5.1 p > 3, 6k +1 6k +5 (
n. n = 6k + , = 0, 1, . . . , 5 ()
6= 2, 3, 4 n )
5.3 (2 1989)
p , 42p | 3p 2p 1.
:
42p = 237p A = 3p 2p 1
2, 3, 7, p ( 17 )

(i) 2: A A 0 (mod 2).

(ii) 3: A = 3p (2p + 1) = 3p (2 + 1)(2p1 + 2p2 + + 2 + 1) 0
(mod 3)
(iii) p: 3.1(i)
3p 3

(mod p) 2p 2

(mod 2)

A = 3p 2p 1 3 2 1 = 0 (mod p).
(iv) 7:
5.1,

p = 6k + 1 p = 6k + 5.
p = 6k + 1 Fermat ,
(2, 7) = 1,

26 1

(mod 7) 26k 1

(mod 7) 26k+1 2

(mod 7)

, (3, 7) = 1

36k+1 3

(mod 7)

A = 3p 2p 1 3 2 1 = 0

(mod 7)

p = 6k + 5

26k+5 25 = 32 4

(mod 7)

36k+5 35 = 243 5

(mod 7)

A = 3p 2p 1 5 4 1 = 0

(mod 7)

A 0 (mod 7)
17

p, q n , p | n q | n
p q | n.

55

: (2, 7) = 1 = (3, 7) (7) = 6 2k 3k 7, ,

6.
, ,
p = 6k + 1, p = 6k + 5 A 0 (mod 7).

mod 6 (
) 5.1.

56