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CAPITOLUL 2

Formarea cererii
turistice

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Raporturile care se stabilesc ntre cererea pentru


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FORMAREA CERERII
TURISTICE
Introducere

PLANUL

2.1 Alegerea optLP

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turistice

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CONCEPTE

turism

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Elasticitatea cererii
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Efectul venitului real
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Efectul mob
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Formarea cererii turistice

Introducere
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turism.
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eciziei n turism, la nivel

microeconomic.
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Variabilele
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KRW

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ale cererii

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ntr-DGHY

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conomice ia n

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Prima parte a capitolului va examina teoria ecRQRPLF

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Decizia pentru
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servicii incluznd turismul. Procesul decizional referitor la turism se


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substituie alte produse. Apoi vor fi explicate

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bunuri

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acestea constituie venitul disponibil

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disponibil
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reduce venitul. UQHRULDSDUWRWXLWHQVLXQLvQWUHFHOHGRX componente


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buget variabil, care poate fi FKHOWXLW SHQWUX EXQXUL GH


servicii. &X FkW YDORDUHD UDSRUWXOXL GLQWUH PXQFD SO WLW

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Curbele de
n
consumul turistic
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L GLQ EXQXULOH

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SRDWH  SULPL DFHHDL XWLOLWDWH GLQWU

-o cantitate mai mare de bunuri

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cunoscute ca fiind
LQGLIHUHQW  ID

I1 L ,2I2 n figura 2.1. Curbele sunt

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HD RE LQH VDWLVIDF LD DWHSWDW  GH OD R VLQJXU  FRPELQD LH vQWUH
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PDL vQGHS UWDWH GH RULJLQHD JUDILFXOXL FRUHVSXQG YDORULORU FHOH PDL
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FHORU

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figura 2.1, coordonatHOH DFHVWXL SXQFW ILLQG GDWH GH WDQJHQ D vQWUH
FXUEDGHLQGLIHUHQ ,1I1 FDUH UHIOHFW  SUHIHULQ HOH LQGLYLGXDOH LOLQLD

Raportul
ntre consum
LWLPSXOQHSO

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WLW

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H[HPSOX R SHUVRDQ  SRDWH RE LQH DFHODL QLYHO DO VDWLVIDF LHL SULQ
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descrise de curba I2I2

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consumului OC2 FRPELQDW FX R YDORDUH PDL MRDV


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Efectul
GHVXEVWLWX LH

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SO WLW  L WLPSXO QHSO WLW &RQVXPXO L RIHUWD GH PXQF  VXQW
GHWHUPLQDQWH VLPXOWDQH GH ED]  6FKLPE ULOH vQ UHPXQHUDUHD PXQFLL
GHWHUPLQ VFKLPE ULvQFRQVXPXOLQGLYL]LORULvQWLPSXOQHSO WLW'H
H[HPSOX R FUHWHUH D QLYHOXOXL VDODULXOXL VDX R VF GHUH D WD[HL SH
YHQLWGHWHUPLQ RE LQHUHDXQXLYHQLWLFRQVXPPDLPDULvQFRQGL LLOH
DFHOHLDLFDQWLW

LDWLPSXOXLQHSO WLWLDFHDVWDGHRDUHFHRFUHWHUHvQ

UHPXQHUD LDRUDU vQFXUDMHD] LQGLYLGXOV VXEVWLWXLHPXQFDSO WLW L


FRQVXPXO FX XQ WLPS QHSO WLW PDL PDUH DD QXPLWXO

subVWLWX LH).

efect de

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FDQWLWDWH PDL PDUH GH WLPS SO WLW  V  FXPSHUH PDL PXOWH EXQXUL L
VLPXOWDQV UHGXF WLPSXOQHSO WLWIHQRPHQQXPLWHIHFWXOYHQLWXOXL

Efectul venitului

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LHIHFWXOQHW

efectul net. Efectul net

HVWH

R

FRPELQD LH

vQWUH

SUHIHULQ HOH

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H[SOLFDWH HIHFWHOH GH VXEVWLWX LH L GH YHQLW vQ FD]XO WXULVPXOXL L
P VXUDvQFDUHSRSXOD LDRSWHD] SHQWUXWXULVPvQGHIDYRDUHDEXQXULORU
LVHUYLFLLORU

5DSRUWXOvQWUHFHUHUHDSHQWUXWXULVPLFHUHUHD
SHQWUXEXQXULGHFRQVXPLVHUYLFLL

Cererea pentru turism depinde de bugetul total disponibil pentru


cheltuieli (format diQ YHQLWXUL GLQ PXQF  LVDX DMXWRDUH GH RPDM FD

Raportul
ntre consumul
de turism

FHOHGLVFXWDWHPDLVXV LGHSUHIHULQ HOHPDLPDULDOHSRSXOD LHLSHQWUX


WXULVP GHFkW SHQWUX FXPS UDUHD GH EXQXUL L VHUYLFLL Q FD]XUL
H[WUHPH LQGLYLGXO SRDWH DORFD WRW EXJHWXO V X ILH SHQWUX WXULVP ILH
QXPDL SHQWUX FXPS UDUHD GH EXQXUL L VHUYLFLL QWUH FHOH GRX 

LDOWHEXQXUL

H[WUHPH SRW IL SRVLELOH GLIHULWH FRPELQD LL $FHVWH FRPELQD LL VXQW
UHDOL]DWH GH OLQLD EXJHWXOXL L SDQWD FDUH LQGLF  SUH XULOH UHODWLYH DOH
EXQXULORULVHUYLFLLORULFDUHHVWHUHSUH]HQWDW

de TG n figura 2.2.

Turism

I1

D
I2

T1

G1

Alte bunuri

Varia LLDOHP ULPLL


consumului turistic

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D[D 2* UHSUH]LQW  FDQWLWDWHD GH EXQXUL L VHUYLFLL FDUH YD IL FRQVXPDW  vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH

bugetul n-a fost cheltuit n totalitate pentru turism.

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VHUYLFLL GHSLQGH GH SUHIHULQ HOH LQGLYLGXOXL &RPELQD LL DOWHUQDWLYH vQWUH WXULVP L DOWH

EXQXUL GH FRQVXP L VHUYLFLL SRW DGXFH FRQVXPDWRUXOXL DFHODL QLYHO DO VDWLVIDF LHL GH
H[HPSOX FRQVXPXO VF ]XW SHQWUX WXULVP L FRQVXPXO ULGLFDW GH DOWH EXQXUL SRDWH DGXFH

DFHHDL VDWLVIDF LH FD L FRQVXPXO PDUH SHQWUX WXULVP L FRQVXPXO VF ]XW GH EXQXUL Q
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GH LQGLIHUHQ

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SUHIHULQ DORUSHQWUXWXULVP LSHQWUX DOWHEXQXUL GDU LGH FRPELQD LD
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cheltui ntrHJXOEXJHWSHQWUXWXULVPSHQWUXYL]LWHODSULHWHQLLUXGHVDX

9DULD LLDOH

SHQWUX YDFDQ H vQ ORFDOLW

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FRPELQD LH D FHORU GRX  RS LXQL 'HFL]LD RSWLP  GHSLQGH GLQ QRX GH

diferitelor tipuri
de turism

EXJHWXOLQGLYLGXOXLLGHSUHIHULQ HOHVDOHDVWIHOvQFkWV

-LPD[LPL]H]H

VDWLVIDF LD&RPELQD LDRSWLP vQWUHWXULVPXOSHQWUXYL]LWHODSULHWHQLL


UXGHLYDFDQ HOHvQVWU LQ WDWHVXQWLOXVWUDWHJUDILFvQILJXUDDYkQG

diferite tipuri de turism reprezentate pe axe. n realitate, pot fi mai


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reprezentate grafic.
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Paris

Tp

I2

Tp1

TL1

TL

Londra
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acestora. Rezultatul este un anumit

WLS GH WXULVP GH vQORFXLUH VDX FRPSOHPHQWDU 'H H[HPSOX WXULWLL DPHULFDQL FDUH F O WRUHVF VSUH (XURSD
FRQVLGHU  WRDWH GHVWLQD LLOH LQGLIHUHQW GH

UL FD R SDUWH FRPSOHPHQWDU  D H[SHULHQ HL WXULVWLFH FD GHVWLQD LL

dHVXEVWLWX LH/RQGUDL3DULVSRWILFRQVLGHUDWHFDILLQGFRPSOHPHQWDUHLDUEXJHWXOVHvPSDUWHvQWUHDFHVWHD
Acest caz este descris n figura 2.3., unde linia bugetului TpL7lDUDW FDUHFRPELQD LLGHFKHOWXLHOLWXULVWLFH

SRWILDORFDWHVSUHFHOHGRX GHVWLQD LLLDUFXUED,,DUDW SURSRU LDvQFDUHSHUVRDQDGRUHWHV DORFHEXJHWXOXL

2S LXQHDSHQWUXGHVWLQD LLWXULVWLFHDOWHUQDWLYHGHVXEVWLWX LHFXPDU


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2S LXQLSHQWUX

destLQD LLWXULVWLFH
alternative

Linia bugetului TSTNY iQGLF


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&

FRQVLGHU  GH DVHPHQHD FHOH GRX  FRPELQD LL FD VXEVWLWXLELOH GDU D
DYXWSUHIHULQ HGLIHULWHLOXVWUDWHGHFXUEDGH LQGLIHUHQ

,C

ICLDOHJH

Sydney-ul.
&XQRDWHUHD P VXULL vQ FDUH WLSXULOH GLIHULWH GH WXULVP VDX GHVWLQD LLOH WXULVWLFH VXQW VXEVWLWXLELOH VDX
FRPSOHPHQWDUH HVWHvQPRGVSHFLDOXWLO SHQWUX SODQLILFDUHDWXULVPXOXL LPDUNHWLQJXOXLGDU HVWH LQVXILFLHQW
H[SORUDW vQOLWHUDWXUDGHWXULVP

)LJXUD6XEVWLWXLUHDGHVWLQD LLORUWXULVWLFHGDWRUDW

IDFWRULORUHFRQRPLFL

LFRPSRUWDPHQWDOLGHUHIHULQ

(IHFWHOHVFKLPE

ULORUGHYHQLWVLSUH XULDVXSUDFHUHULLWXULVWLFH

(FRQRPLWLL FRQVLGHU  F  FHUHUHD WXULVWLF  HVWH LQIOXHQ DW  vQ SULQFLSDO GH XUP WRULL IDFWRUL YHQLWXULOH
SUH XULOH L LQIRUPD LLOH UHIHULWRDUH OD RIHUWD WXULVWLF  'H

DVHPHQHD

DFHWL IDFWRUL LQIOXHQ HD] 

L

FRPSRUWDPHQWXO DWkW DO IXUQL]RULORU GH WXULVP FkW L DO LQVWLWX LLORU SXEOLFH UHVSRQVDELOH GH OHJLVOD LD GLQ

turism.
*UDILFHIHFWHOHILHF UHLDGLQWUHDFHVWHYDULDELOHOXDWHVHSDUDWVHSUH]LQW DVWIHOvQILJXUD

)LJXUD(IHFWHOHXQHLFUHWHULDYHQLWXOXLDVXSUDFRQVXPXOXLWXULVWLF

,QFD]XOXQHLFUHWHULGHYHQLW SUH XULOHU PkQkQGUHODWLYFRQVWDQWH 

Cererea pentru
WXULVPYDULD]

vQIXQF LHGHYHQLW

efectul acesteia asupra majoriW

LL WLSXULORU GH WXULVP L D PDMRULWDWLL

GHVWLQD LLORU WXULVWLFH HVWH SR]LWLY 'HFL R FUHWHUH D YHQLWXOXL


GHWHUPLQ RFUHWHUHDFHUHULLWXULVWLFHVLPLODUHIHFWXOXLSHFDUHvODUH

R FUHWHUH D YHQLWXOXL L DVXSUD FHUHULL SHQWUX DOWH EXQXUL L VHUYLFLL

FRUHOD LD HVWH QRUPDO  L YDORULOH VDOH VXQW SR]LWLYH SHQWUX WXULVPXO

GH PDV  (VWH WRWXL SRVLELO FD R FUHWHUH GH YHQLW V  DWUDJ  R
SU EXLUHDFHUHULLSHQWUXDQXPLWHIRUPHGHWXULVP FXPDUILFHOGH

PDV  'H DFHHD vQ WHRULH VH IRORVHWH FODVLILFDU

ea formelor de

WXULVP vQIRUPH VXSHULRDUH L LQIHULRDUH &D H[HPSOX SRDWH IL IRORVLW

FD]XO vQ FDUH R YDFDQ


YDFDQ

OD&RVWD%UDYD

 SH SODMD GLQ &DUUDLEH HVWH vQORFXLW  FX R

&HOHGRX HIHFWHVXQWLOXVWUDWHvQILJXUD$[DYHUWLFDO UHSUH]LQW 

valorile

WXULVPXOXL LDU FHD RUL]RQWDO  YDORULOH FHORUODOWH EXQXUL

/LQLLOH7*VL7C*CUHSUH]LQW OLQLDEXJHWXOXLvQDLQWHLGXS FUHWHUHD


YHQLWXOXL L VXQW SDUDOHOH SHQWUX F  V DX FRQVLGHUDW SUH XUL UHODWLY

FRQVWDQWHDWkWSHQWUXWXULVPFkWLSHQWUXFHOHODOWHEXQ

LQGLIHUHQ

uri. Curbele de

 LQGLF  SUHIHULQ HOH SHUVRQDOH SHQWUX GLIHULWH IRUPH GH

turism.

'DF  WXULVPXO HVWH XQ SURGXV GH X] FXUHQW SUHIHULQ HOH SRW IL
LOXVWUDWHGHFXUEDGHLQGLIHUHQ

,2

la OT2 , rezultnd punctul E.

I2 FUHWHUHDFHUHULLILLQGGHOD271

'DF HVWHXQSURGXVLQGLFDWGHFXUED,3

GHVFUHWHUHDWXULVPXOXLGHOD271

I3RFUHWHUHvQYHQLWDWUDJHR
la OT3, de unde rezulta punctul F.

6H WLH F  FHUHUHD HVWH GLUHFW SURSRU LRQDO  FX YHQLWXO (D FUHWH PDL

repede dect acesta atunci cnd produsul este cunoscut ca bun de

OX[ LDU GDF  FHUHUHD FUHWH PDL vQFHW GHFkW YHQLWXO SURGXVXO HVWH

cunoscut ca produs de uz curent.


'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO HODVWLFLW

LL FHUHUHD WUHEXLH V  ILH HODVWLF  SHQWUX XQ SURGXV GH OX[ vQ UDSRUW FX

VFKLPE ULOHvQYHQLWLLQHODVWLF SHQWUXXQSURGXVGHX]FXUHQW

$ GRXD VLWXD LH VH UHIHU  OD HIHFWHOH SURGXVH GH VFKLPE ULOH vQ SUH XUL UHODWLYH DVXSUD FHUHULL WXULVWLFH DWXQFL

FkQG YHQLWXO U PkQH FRQVWDQW &HUHUHD L SUH XULOH VXQW GH RELFHL LQYHUV SURSRU LRQDOH DD vQFkW R VF GHUH D
SUHWXULORU DWUDJH vQ PRG QRUPDO R FUHWHUH D FHUHULL L LQYHUV (IHFWXO VF GHULL SUH XULORU vQ WXULVP HVWH

reprezentat in figura 2.6.

)LJXUD(IHFWHOHVF GHULLSUH XOXLDVXSUDFRQVXPXOXLWXULVWLF

,QFRQGL LLOHvQFDUHWXULVPXOGHY

ine mai ieftin, bugetul personal poate

VXSRUWD R FKHOWXLDO  PD[LP  SHQWUX WXULVP UHSUH]HQWDW  GH 27C vQ ORF

de OT1 (mai mare), n timp ce maxima cheltuielii pentru celelalte

EXQXUL U PkQH FRQVWDQW  OD 2* FRQVLGHUkQG F  SUH XULOH U PkQ


FRQVWDQWH 5HSDUWL LD FRQVXPXOXL vQWUH WXULVP L DOWH EXQXUL vQ FD]XO
VF GHULL SUH XULORU HVWH UHSUH]HQWDW  GH OLQLD 7C* 5HSDUWL LD LQL LDO  L
FHD RSWLP  D FRQVXPXOXL vQWUH WXULVP L DOWH EXQXUL VXQW UHSUH]HQWDWH

Cererea pentru
WXULVPYDULD]

vQIXQF LHGHSUH

GHSXQFWHOH'UHVSHFWLY(QILJXUDVHSRDWHREVHUYDF RVF GHUH


DSUH XULORUvQWXULVPGXFHODFUHWHUHD FHUHULLLLPSOLFLWDVDWLVIDF LHL

turism (mai mult


= alte bunuri (tot attea bunuri), va consuma mai mult
dect n varianta OT1WXULVPL2*2 DOWHEXQXULvQDLQWHGHVF GHUHD
R SHUVRDQ  FDUH YD RSWD SHQWUX YDULDQWD 272

WXULVP  L2*2
SUH XULORU

&HD GH D GRXD VLWXD LH SRDWH DS UHD L DWXQFL FkQG FHUHUHD SHQWUX XQ
SURGXVWXULVWLFYDULD] vQIXQF LHGHSUH XODOWXLSURGXV

De exemplu, un rezident din Marea Britanie poate opta pentru


SHWUHFHUHDYDFDQ HLvQXQD VDXGRX  VWD LXQLOD0DUHD 0HGLWHUDQ  VDX
XQD vQ )UDQ D L XQD vQ ,WDOLD 'DF  YDORDUHD IUDQFXOXL IUDQFH] FUHWH
ID

 GH OLUD VWHUOLQ  LDU OLUD LWDOLDQ  U PkQH FRQVWDQW  HO YD DOHJH

VWD LXQHDLWDOLDQ  QILJXUD VXQWUHSUH]HQWDWH HIHFWHOHVFKLPE ULORU


SUH XULORU L YHQLWXULORU DVXSUD FHUHULL WXULVWLFH ILJXU  FDUH UHSUH]LQW 
GHIDSWRFRPELQD LHvQWUHILJXULOHVL

)LJXUD(IHFWHOHVF

GHULLSUH XOXLLFUHWHULLDYHQLWXOXLDVXSUDFRQVXPXOXLWXULVWLF

6  SUHVXSXQHP F  VH SURGXFH R VFKLPEDUH vQ SUH XO WXULVPXOXL vQ


VHQVXO F  WXULVPXO GHYLQH PDL LHIWLQ LQ UDSRUW FX DOWH EXQXUL L SDQWD
EXJHWXOXLSHUVRQDOVHVFKLPE GHOD7*LQ7C*
3XQFWXO RSWLP DO FRQVXPXOXL HUD LQL LDO vQ ' (IHFWXO VFKLPE ULL vQ
SUH XUL UHODWLYH FR

nsidernd venitul constant) este demonstrat trasnd

OLQLDGHUXSWXU 33FXDFHHDLSDQW FDLQRXDOLQLHDEXJHWXOXL7C*C


vQ UDSRUW FX QRLOH SUH XUL UHODWLYH WDQJHQ LDO FX FXUED LQL LDO  GH
LQGLIHUHQW  ,1

I1 GDF

 OLQLD 33 HVWH WDQJHQW  OD FXUED GH LQGLIHUHQ

LQL LDO VHFRQVLGHU F VDWLVIDF LDLYHQLWXOU PkQFRQVWDQWH 

Efectul de
VXEVWLWX LH
LGHYHQLW

(IHFWXO VFKLPE ULL vQ SUH XUL UHODWLYH HVWH DU WDW SULQ VFKLPEDUHD
SR]L LHL SXQFWXOXL ' FX 6 $FHVW HIHFW HVWH FXQRVFXW FD

efect de

VXEVWLWX LHGDWRULW VF GHULLSUH XULORUSRSXOD LDSUHIHU FRQVXPXOGH

turism (relativ mai ieftin) n detrimentul altor bunuri, deci cererea


SHQWUXWXULVPFUHWHLDUFHDSHQWUXDOWHEXQXULVFDGH

Cel de-al doilea efect este cel al venitului real&KLDUGDF

VHFRQVLGHU 

F WXULVPXOHVWHLHIWLQvQWHUPHQLUHDOLSRSXOD LDSRDWHV UHQXQ HODHO


SHQWUXF YHQLWXOUHDOQX LSHUPLWHV

-l cumpere.

,QGLYLGXOSRDWHGHFLGHV FKHOWXLDVF UHVSHFWLYDVXP FXFDUHDFUHVFXW


YHQLWXO UHDO SHQWUX WXULVP VDX SHQWUX DOWH EXQXUL VDX SX LQ SHQWUX
ILHFDUH 'DF  RSWHD]  D FKHOWXL WRDW  VXPD SHQWUX WXULVP HIHFWXO
VFKLPE ULORU vQ YHQLWYDIL LOXVWUDWGH VFKLPEDUHDSXQFWXOXL 6FX( Q

figura 2.7. unde sunt reprezentate OT2 WXULVPXO L2*2 (alte bunuri);

OLQLD33HVWHSDUDOHO  FX7C*LUDWDSUH XOXLHVWHPHQ LQXW FRQVWDQW 


SHQWUXDVHLQGLYLGXDOL]DHIHFWXOFUHWHULLYHQLWXOXL'DF WRDW VXPDFX
FDUH FUHWH YHQLWXO HVWH FKHOWXLW  SHQWUX DOWH EXQXUL HIHFWXO YD IL

ilustrat de schimbarea lui S cu F, fiind reprezentate OT3 respectiv


OG3.

'DF vQV VXPDFXFDUHFUHWHYHQLWXOYDILFKHOWXLW DWkWSHQWUXWXULVP

FkWL SHQWUXDOWHEXQXULSXQFWXO RSWLPVHYD DIODXQGHYD vQWUH(VL )


&X DOWH FXYLQWH FHUHUHD SHQWUX WXULVP SRDWH FUHWH vQ WLPS FH FHUHUHD
SHQWUXDOWHEXQXULSRDWHV VFDG SRDWHU PkQHFRQVWDQW VDXFUHWHvQ
UDSRUWFXSUHIHULQ HOHSHUVRQDOHDOHLQGLYL]LORU

Cererea
FRPSHQVDW

pentru turism

Q ILQDO HVWH ELQH V  QRW P F  HIHFWXO GH VXEVWLWX LH FDUH UH]XOW  GLQ
VFKLPEDUHD vQ SUH XUL UHODWLYH DD FXP HVWH GHPRQVWUDW vQ ILJXUD
 DIRVWGHILQLWvQFRQGL LLOHPHQ LQHULLXQXLYHQLWFRQVWDQW2DOW 
GHILQL LH D HIHFWXOXL GH VXEVWLWX LH VH ED]HD]  SH VFKLPE ULOH FHUHULL
UH]XOWDWH GLQ VFKLPE ULOH vQ SUH XUL UHODWLYH FD] vQ FDUH XWLOLWDWHD
SURGXVXOXL HVWH FRQVLGHUDW  FRQVWDQW  Q DFHVW FD] FHUHUHD SHQWUX
WXULVP HVWH FXQRVFXW  FD

cerere compeQVDW , deoarece individul

UHFXQRDWH FRPSHQVDUHD HIHFWXOXL VFKLPE ULORU HIHFWXDWH vQ SUH XUL


UHODWLYHSHQWUXF L DIRVWPHQ LQXWQLYHOXOGHVDWLVIDF LH

(YROX LDFHUHULLWXULVWLFH
3RSXOD LD DUH SRVLELOLWDWHD V  GHFLG  PRPHQWXO FRQVXPXOXL WXULVWL

c.

(FRQRPLWLLGLQGRPHQLXDILUP F DFHDVW GHFL]LHHVWHLQWHUWHPSRUDO 

Efectul timpului
asupra cererii
turistice

YDULD]  GH OD R SHULRDG  OD DOWD  'DF  GH H[HPSOX VXQW FRQVLGHUDWH
GRX SHULRDGHGHWLPSRSHUVRDQ DUSXWHDGHFLGHV FKHOWXLDVF WRDWH
YHQLWXULOH VDOH vQ SHULRDGD  L QLPLF vQ

viitor (perioada 2), avnd ca

VFRS PD[LPL]DUHD FRQVXPXOXL LQL LDO 2 DOW  DOWHUQDWLY  HVWH FD R


SHUVRDQ  V  GHFLG  D FKHOWXL L D FRQVXPD PDL SX LQ vQ SHULRDGD 

pentru a-L FUHWH FKHOWXLDOD L FRQVXPXO


alternative sunt ilustrate n figura 2.8.

vQ SHULRDGD  $FHVWH

)LJXUD9DULDQWHGHDOHJHUHLQWHUWHPSRUDO

vQFRQVXPXOGHWXULVP

6HFRQVLGHU R SHUVRDQ  FDUH DUHXQYHQLWGH YDORDUH <1

n perioada 1

L<2vQSHULRDGDLFDUHGHFLGHV FKHOWXLHWRW<1 SHQWUXWXULVPLDOWH

bunuri n perioada

 L WRW <2 SHQWUX WXULVP L DOWH EXQXUL vQ SHULRDGD

QDFHVWFD]SXQFWXORSWLPDOFRQVXPXOXLDUIL'$FHHDLSHUVRDQ 
DU SXWHD GHFLGH V  FRQVXPH PDL SX LQ vQ SULPD SHULRDG  SHQWUX D

5HSDUWL LD

consumului turistic
pe perioade de timp

consuma mai mult n cea de-a doua. n cazul extrem al unui individ
cDUH DOHJH V  QX FRQVXPH QLPLF vQ SHULRDGD  SHQWUX D-L PD[LPL]D
consumul n perioada 2, punctul optim al consumului ar fi C.
3RVLELOLW

LOHGHFRQVXPUHDOHvQFD]XOXQHLFKHOWXLHOLLQL LDOHPDLPLFL

L DO DOWHLD XOWHULRDUH PDL PDUL VXQW UHSUH]HQWDWH JUDI

ic prin dreapta

&' 5HSDUWL]DUHD FRQVXPXOXL vQWUH FHOH GRX  SHULRDGH GHSLQGH GH


SUHIHULQ HOHSHUVRQDOH$FHVWHDVXQWLOXVWUDWHGHR FXUE GHLQGLIHUHQ

FDUH vQ DFHVW FD] DUDW  PRGHOXO GH UHSDUWL LH D FRQVXPXOXL vQWUH FHOH

GRX  SHULRDGH PRGHO FDUH vQ DPEHOH FD]XUL RIHU  DFHODL QLYHO GH

VDWLVIDF LH

QFD]XO SUH]HQWDW vQ ILJXUD LQGLYLGXODGHFLVV  FRQVXPHvQFHSkQG FXSXQFWXO (FRQVXPkQGPDL SX LQ


WXULVPLDOWHEXQXULvQSHULRDGD

vQSHULRDGDXUP WRDUH

WHQGLQ

UHSUH]HQWDW GH2&1

pentru a putea consuma mai mult OC2

)LJXUD&RQVXPXOLQWHUWHPSRUDOGHWXULVPGDWRUDWvPSUXPXWXULORULvPSUXPXW

ULORU

$FHDVW  VLWXD LH LJQRU  SRVLELOLWDWHD FD SRSXOD LD V  DSHOH]H OD

mprumut pentru a-LSXWHDFUHWHFRQVXPXOFXUHQWVDXF DUSXWHDV 


dea bani cu mprumut pentru a-L SXWHD P UL FRQVXPXO vQ YLLWRU
/XkQG vQ FDOFXO DFHVWH SRVLELOLW

L FUHWH SUREDELOLWDWHD GH UHSDUWL LH

LQWHUWHPSRUDO  D FRQVXPXOXL DD FXP DUDW  vQ ILJXUD  GH &'& 

Modificarea
consumului turistic
GDWRUDW

vPSUXPXWXOXL

FDUH LOXVWUHD]  UHVWUkQJHUHD EXJHWXOXL /LQLD &' HVWH PDL DEUXSW 


GHFkW OLQLD HFKLYDOHQW  GLQ ILJXUD  GDW ILLQG IDSWXO F  R SHUVRDQ 

poate avea un venit viitor mai mare, prin urmare un consum viitor
PDL PDUH GDWRULW  GREkQ]LORU RE LQXWH GLQ vPSUXPXWXO DFRUGDW
,QGLYLGXO SRDWH GH DVHPHQHD V  IDF  vPS

rumuturi n scopul de a-L

FUHWH FRQVXPXO vQ SHULRDGD  OLQLD '&  UHSUH]HQWkQG UHSDUWL LD
YHQLWXOXLLDFRQVXPXOXLvQWUHFHOHGRX SHULRDGH PDLPXOWvQSULPD
LPDLSX LQvQDGRXD IRORVLQGYHQLWXORE LQXWSULQvPSUXPXW/LQLD
&'&  DUDW SRVLELOLW

LOHGHFRQVXPGLQ DPEHOHSHULRDGHvQIXQF LH

GH YHQLWXO RE LQXW DWkW SULQ vPSUXPXWXO GH EDQL FkW L GLQ GREkQ]LOH
OD vPSUXPXWXO DFRUGDW /LQLD 2&  H[SULP  OLPLWD SRVLELO  GH
FRQVXP PD[LP vQ SULPD SHULRDG  L ]HUR vQ D GRXD SHULRDG  2&
DUDW  OLPLWD vQ VLWXD LD LQYHUV  LDU &&  FRPELQD LD GH FRQVXP
LQWHUPHGLDU &XUED GH LQGLIHUHQ

 ,B

IB LOXVWUHD]
-

 FD]XO vQ FDUH R

SHUVRDQ  DOHJH V  vPSUXPXWH EDQL SHQWUX D L P UL FRQVXPXO LQL LDO

n timp ce ILIL LOXVWUHD]  FD]XO XQXL LQGLYLG FDUH SUHIHU  V  GHD EDQL
cu mpruPXW XUP ULQG D-L FUHWH YHQLWXO L FRQVXPXO vQ SHULRDGD D
doua.

([LVW  FkWHYD LPSOLFD LL vQ DFHVWH DQDOL]H GDWRUDWH VFKLPE ULORU UDWHL
GREkQ]LL L D UDWHL LQIOD LHL FDUH DIHFWHD]  SRVLELOLW

LOH GH UHSDUWL LH

LQWHUWHPSRUDO DFRQVXPXOXLSRSXOD LHLLLQGXFHXQFRPSRUWDPHQWGH


FRQVXPDOHDWRUPDLSX LQvQSUH]HQWLPDLPXOWPDLWkU]LXVDXLQYHUV
'H H[HPSOX vQ ILJXUD  OLQLD LQL LDO  D EXJHWXOXLSHQWUX WXULVP L
DOWH EXQXUL HVWH &&  2 FUHWHUH D UDWHL GREkQ]LL GHWHUPLQ  FUHWHUHD

Modificarea
consumului
WXULVWLFGDWRUDW
UDWHLLQIOD LHL
LUDWHLGREkQ]LL

SRVLELOLW

LORU YLLWRDUH GH FRQVXP SULQ IDSWXO F  SHUPLWH R FUHWHUH D

YHQLWXOXL YLLWRU L GHVFUHWHUHD SRVLELOLWDWLORU DFWXDOH GH FRQVXP SULQ

FUHWHUHD FRVWXOXL vPSUXPXWXOXL  1RXD OLQLH D EXJHWXOXL HVWH GHFL


&C&C vQILJXU 

Pentru cel care ia cu mprumut, efectul nHWDOFUHWHULLUDWHORUGREkQ]LL


DVXSUD FRQVXPXOXL FXUHQW HVWH QHJDWLY GDU SHQWUX FHO FDUH G  FX
vPSUXPXW HIHFWXOQHW SRDWHILDWkWSR]LWLYFkW LQHJDWLY GHSLQ]kQGGH
P ULPLOH UHODWLYH DOH vPSUXPXWXOXL vQ FRQFOX]LH DSDUH HIHFWXO QHW DO
VXEVWLWX LHL L HIHFWXO YHQLWXOXL (VWH GH DVHPHQHD LQWHUHVDQW V  QRW P
F RVF GHUHDLQIOD LHLDUHHIHFWHDVXSUDFRQVXPXOXLFXUHQWVLPLODUHFX
FHOHGHWHUPLQDWHGHRFUHWHUHDUDWHLGREkQ]LL
&RQVHFLQ HOH VXQW PDL FRPSOH[H GDF  VFKLPE ULOH UDWHL LQIOD LHL VXQW

acompaniDWH GH R VFKLPEDUH vQ SUH XULOH UHODWLYH DOH WXULVPXOXL L DOH
DOWRU EXQXUL FD] vQ FDUH WUHEXLH OXDWH vQ FDOFXO L HIHFWHOH VFKLPE ULL

volumului veniturilor.

)LJXUD(IHFWHOHFUHWHULLUDWHLGREkQ]LLDVXSUDEXJHWXOXLFRQVXPDWRUXOXLGHWX

&RQWH[WXOVRFLDODOOX

rism

ULLGHFL]LHLvQWXULVP

$WkW EXJHWXO GH YHQLWXUL L FKHOWXLHOL FkW L SUHIHULQ HOH SRSXOD LHL
FRQVWLWXLH YDULDELOH HVHQ LDOH FH VWDX OD ED]D IRUP ULL FHUHULL WXULVWLFH
,QIOXHQ D YHQLWXOXL vQ GHWHUPLQDUHD FHUHULL HVWH GH RELFHL H[DPLQDW 
XWLOL]kQG HFXD LL VLPSOH L VLVWHPH GH HFXD LL DOH FHUHULL WXULVWLFH
FRUHODWH FX GLIHUL L DO L IDFWRUL PDFURHFRQRPLFL 7HRULD WUDGL LRQDO  D

Rolul
comportamentului
individului
n formarea
cererii turistice

FHUHULL QX H[SOLF  PRGXO vQ FDUH VH IRUPHD]  DFHVWH SUHIHULQ H L

gusturi sau procesul prin care se iau deciziile ntr-un anumit context
HFRQRPLF L VRFLDO &HUFHW ULOH XOWHULRDUH V-au concentrat asupra
studierii comportamentului individual privind alocarea venitului fie
SHQWUX FRQVXP VDX HFRQRPLVLUH ILH SHQWUX DFKL]L LRQDUHD DQXPLWRU

produse.
RROXO LQGLYLGXOXL

vQ IRUPDUHD FHUHULL WXULVWLFH HVWH UHIOHFWDW L vQ

OLWHUDWXUDWXULVWLF WLPSXULH0DVORZ  DvQWRFPLWRLHUDUKLH


D

QHFHVLW

LORU

JHQHUDWRDUH

GH

VWLPXOL

SHQWUX

LQGLYLG

6WXGLLOH

HFRQRPLFH L QRQ HFRQRPLFH GLQ  L  V

-au ocupat de

PRWLYHOH DFKL]L LRQ ULL XQHL YDFDQ H *UD\   3ODJ  
6FKPROO  &URPSWRQ  L'DQQ  

2 WHP  IUHFYHQW DERUGDW  vQ VWXGLLOH WHRUHWLFH FDX]DOH HVWH QHYRLD


H[SULPDW  GH LQGLYLG GH D HYDGD GLQ SUHRFXS ULOH ]LOQLFH F XWkQG
H[SHULHQ HQRLFHQXSRWILFXQRVFXWHGHFkWSULQF O WRULL&DUH]XOWDW
DO DFHVWRU FHUFHW UL V D UHDOL]DW R FULWHUL]DUH D IRUPHORU GH WXULVP L

WLSXULORU GH WXULWL &DWHJRULD GH KRLQDUL U W FLWRUL  DL OXL *UD\

0RWLYD LLOH

comportamentale
GHF

WRULH

  VXJHUHD] RGRULQ

GHDSRUQLODGUXPGHDVHIDFHQHY ]XW

vQWLPSFHFDWHJRULDGHLXELWRULDLVRDUHOXL VRODUL LPSOLF RQHYRLH


FH QX SRDWH IL VDWLVI FXW  OD GRPLFLOLX &ULWHULLOH SVLKRORJLFH GH
FODVLILFDUHDWXULWLORUSURSXVHGH3OR\  DXDYXWvQYHGHUHPDL

mult dimensiunea

FRPSRUWDPHQWDO

 L PDL SX LQ PRWLYD LD SHQWUX D

F O WRUL $FHVWD D GHPRQVWUDW F  PRGHOHOH GH FRPSRUWDPHQW DOH


WXULWLORU

VXQW

LQIOXHQ DWH

GH

IDFWRUL

SVLKRORJLFL

GH

H[HPSOX

H[WUDYHUWLWXO HVWH PDL DYHQWXURV L vQFUH] WRU vQ VLQH vQ WLPS FH
LQWURYHUWLWXO SUHIHU  ORFXULOH IDPLOLDUH OLQLWLWRDUH L vQWkOQLULOH FX

prietenii. Iso-0ROD   6FKXQGH   &URPSWRQ   L


Dann (19  LGHQWLILF  WUHL PRWLYD LL SULQFLSDOH SHQWUX D F O WRUL
GRULQ DGHHYDGDUHFRQIRUWXOSVLKLFLSVLKRORJLFvQWU-un mediu fizic
diferit L LQWHUDF LXQHD VRFLDO . Alte modele comportamentale au
FRQVLGHUDW

FD

PRWLYD LL

SULQFLSDOH

GH

F O WRULH

SUHIHULQ HOH

L

DWHSW ULOH SHQWUX FRQVXPXO DQXPLWRU EXQXUL L VHUYLFLL FDUH V 


FRQGXF  OD QLYHOXUL FUHVFXWH GH VDWLVIDF LH LQGLYLGXDO  5RVHQEHUJ

1956, Tishbein, 1963).

Aceste studii cauzale non-HFRQRPLFH VDX VWXGLL PRWLYD LRQDOH


n unele cazuri, de geografi, constituie o

HIHFWXDWH GH SVLKRORJL L v

FRQWULEX LH LPSRUWDQW ODGH]YROWDUHDPRGHOHORUHFRQRPLFHGLQWXULVP


GLQFHOSX LQGRX PRWLYH

n primul rndFHUFHW

ULOHH[SOLF UD LXQLOH

L FRPSRUWDPHQWHOHGLQWXULVPSULQ SULVPDSUHIHULQ HORUWXULWLORUFDUH


VXQW UHIOHFWDWH SULQ YROXPXO FKHOWXLHOLORU SHQWUX EXQXUL L VHUYLFLL
6WXGLLOH PRWLYD LRQDOH RIHU  H[SOLFD LL PDL FRUHFWH DOH SURJUHVHORU
QLYHOHORU L PRGHOHORU GH FHUHUH WXULVWLF 

n al doilea rnd, aceste


-au concentrat pe contextul social al OX ULL GH GHFL]LL vQ

DERUG UL V

&HUFHW

ULOH

PRWLYD LRQDOH

sunt importante

WXULVP L GHWHUPLQDUHD SUHIHULQ HORU L JXVWXULORU SHQWUX FRQVXPXO GLQ


WXULVP$FHVWHDERUG ULH[SOLF LDQWLFLSHD] FRPSRUWDPHQWXOQRUPDO
DO WXULVWXOXL &RQWULEX LD H[SHULPHQWXOXL HFRQRPLF L D SVLKRORJLHL
HFRQRPLFH FRQVW  DWkW vQ H[WLQGHUHD QXP UXOXL GH YDULDELOH OXDWH vQ
FRQVLGHUDUH SHQWUX GHWHUPLQDUHD FHUHULL WXULVWLFH FkW L vQ XWLOL]DUHD
PHWRGHLDQDOLWLFHvQFDGUXOF UHLDDERUGDUHDHVWHvQJHQHUDOPDLPXOW
LQGXFWLY 

GHFkW

GHGXFWLY 

0XOWH

GLQ

LQIRUPD LLOH

IXUQL]DWH

GH

FHUFHW ULOH PRWLYD LRQDOH DX IRVW vQJOREDWH vQ FHOH PDL LPSRUWDQWH

modele economice. Experimentul economic este mai performant dect


H[SHULPHQWXO

GH

ODERUDWRU

SHQWUX

F 

UHDOL]HD] 

PHFDQLVPXO

LQYHVWLJDUHDOX ULLGHGHFL]LLGHF WUHFRQVXPDWRULHVWHXWLOL]DW

GH

atunci

FkQG QX VXQW GLVSRQLELOH DOWH LQIRUPD LL 3VLKRORJLD HFRQRPLF 


FRQVLGHU  F  WUHEXLH VXSXVH P VXU ULL L SHUFHS LLOH LQIRUPD LLOH
LQWHQ LLOHVSHUDQ HOHPRWLYD LLOHSUHIHULQ HOHLJXVWXULOHFDUHvQPDUH

parte sunt neexplicate sau desconsiderate n cadrul teoriei de


PD[LPL]DUHDHILFLHQ HL

(FRQRPLWLL SVLKRORJL VXV LQ F  H[SOLFDUHD SURFHVXOXL SULQ FDUH VXQW


OXDWH KRW UkULOH QHFHVLW  LQYHVWLJDUHD FRQWH[WXOXL VRFLDO vQ FDUH DUH ORF
DFHVW

SURFHV

PHGLXO

VRFLDO

LQIOXHQ HD] 

SXWHUQLF

LQWHQVL

tatea

FRQVXPXOXL L VHOHF LD SURGXVHORU OD QLYHO PLFURHFRQRPLF SUHFXP L


ULWPXOFRQVXPXOXLLDOHFRQRPLLORUODQLYHOPDFURQWHRULDVDOHJDW 

de venit, Duesenberry (1949), secondat de Liebenstein (1950), a


i anumit grup este

VXJHUDW F  QLYHOXO L PRGHOXO GH FRQVXP DO XQX

GHWHUPLQDW PDL SX LQ GH YHQLWXO DFWXDO VDX YLLWRU GHFkW GH QLYHOXO L

modelul de consum al altora, de obicei grupuri cu un venit mediu mai


ULGLFDW&XDOWHFXYLQWHXQJUXSGHFRQVXPDWRULREVHUY XQDOWJUXSGH
UHIHULQ

 L UHSURGXFH PRG

elul lui de consum. n felul acesta


teoria de grup)

SVLKRORJLD HFRQRPLF  SURSXQH FRQFHSWH SVLKRORJLFH

Concepte
psihologice privind
comportamentul
n turism

LDU SVLKRORJLD VRFLDO  SURSXQH SRVWXODWH GH FRPSRUWDPHQW FDUH V  ILH

utilizate n analiza la nivel microeconomic.


5HIHULULODDFHDVW WHRULHSVLKRORJLF VHUHJ VHVFLvQLVWRULFXOFUHWHULL
WXULVWLFH 7HRULD OXL 9HEOHQ   D FRQVXPXOXL DSDUHQW L FRQFOX]LD

lui Liebenstein a efectului  PRE SH EDQG

 UXODQW  H[SOLF  FXP

JUXSXULOH FX XQ YHQLW PDL VF ]XW XUPHD]  PRGHOHOH GH YDFDQ
FHORU

ERJD L

&ODVLILFDUHD

WLSXULORU

LQWURYHUWL L SUHFXP L FLFOXO GH YLD

GH

WXULWL

vQ

 DOH

H[WUDYHUWL L

L

 DO VWD LXQLORU UHIOHFW  LQIOXHQ D

H[HUFLWDW  GH JUXSXULOH VRFLDOH DOHVH FD HWDORQ 7XULVWXO H[WUDYHUWLW


LQJHQLRV GH H[HPSOX HVWH vQ F XWDUH GH QRL H[SHULHQ H LDU DO L WXULWL
PDLSX LQDYHQWXURL LI FkQGSDUWHGLQ JUXSXUL FXYHQLWPLFFRSLD] 
DFHVW WLS GH FRPSRUWDPHQW $VHPHQHD PDQLIHVW UL DX FRQGXV OD
PRGLILF ULvQPRGHOHOHGHFRPSRUWDPHQWWXULVWLF&HUHUHDSHQWUXXQHOH
GHVWLQD LL DOH SLH HL WXULVWLFH D VF ]XW vQ FD]XO FkWRUYD VWD LXQL OLWRUDOH

binecunoscute din Marea Britanie, determinnd intrarea n faza de


GHFOLQ D FLFOXOXL GH YLD

 )DFWRUL VRFLDOL LQFOXVLY FRPSDUD LLOH I FXWH

FXDO LFRQVXPDWRULGHWXULVPVXQWLPSRUWDQ LvQDQDOL]HOHSVLKRORJLFH


LVRFLD

le ale comportamentului turistic.

Socializarea
consumului turistic

3VLKRORJLD

HFRQRPLF 

HFRQRPLF 

FD

SH

XQ

L

VRFLRORJLD

GHWHUPLQDQW

FRQVLGHU 

LPSRUWDQW

DO

VRFLDOL]DUHD

PRGHOHORU

GH

FRPSRUWDPHQW SUHIHULQ HORU L JXVWXULORU 6RFLDOL]DUHD HFRQRPLF 


6WDFH\-XQGLQ VHUHJ VHWHLvQPRGXOvQFDUHFRSLLORU

OH VXQW SUH]HQWDWH DSWLWXGLQLOH SULYLQG FRQVXPXO L SH FDUH DFHWLD L

OHGH]YROW LvQVXHVFGHODRFXQRDWHUHDEDQLORULSRVHVLXQLORUL
SkQ 

OD GLIHUHQ LHUHD VRFLDO  L vQ HOHJHUHD DVSHFWHORU VRFLReconomice. Conceptul de socializare a consumului are n vedere
rolul indivizilorFKHLH VSUH H[HPSOX S ULQ LL vQ IRUPDUHD DWLWXGLQLL
copilului la diferite nivele de consum, respectiv modele de consum.
5ROXO E UEDWXOXL VDX DO IHPHLL vQ IDPLOLH SUHFXP L SURFHVXO GH

intHUDF LXQHGLQFDGUXOIDPLOLHLHVWHGHDVHPHQHDLPSRUWDQW

&HUFHW ULOH DX DU WDW F  UROXO VR LLORU vQ OXDUHD GHFL]LLORU SHQWUX R

SRVLELO DFKL]L LRQDUHGHEXQXULVDXVHUYLFLLSUHFXPLDPRPHQWXOXL

vQ FDUH VH LD DFHDVW  GHFL]LH HVWH LPSRUWDQW 3HQWUX PDMRU

itatea

EXQXULORU L VHUYLFLLORU FX FkW DFHVWHD VXQW PDL FRPSOH[H GLQ SXQFW

de vedere tehnic, cu att este mai probabil ca rolul preponderent n

OXDUHDGHFL]LHLV ILHDOE UEDWXOXL +/'DYLVDQG'HELQDQ

1979). In domeniul turismului s-au reali]DW SUHD SX LQH GRFXPHQW

UL

DVXSUDSURFHVHORUGHFRQVXPWXULVWLFGXUDELOHLQHGXUDELOHvQFDGUXO

VDX FKLDU vQWUH JUXSXULOH VRFLDOH 5HIHULWRU OD KRW UkULOH SULYLQG

PRGXOGHSHWUHFHUHDYDFDQ HL)LOLDQWLDQWL5LWFKLH  FRQVLGHU 


F  RSLQLLOH E UEDWXOXL WLQG V  GRPLQH GDU 4XDOHV   DILUP  F 

deciziile sunt luate n comun de ambii parteneri.

Q OXFU ULOH VDOH FX SULYLUH OD OXDUHD GH KRW UkUL SULYLQG YDFDQ D

Socializarea
consumului
turistic

.LUFKOHU   D DU WDW F  SULQWUH DOWH YDULDELOH FDUH LQIOXHQ HD] 

FRQVXPXO VH QXP U  L YkUVWD ID]D FLFOXO YLH LL DO SURGXVXOXL FODVD

VRFLDO  YHQLWXO L QD LRQDOLWDWHD Q PRG WUDGL LRQDO PDL DOHV vQ

familiile din clasele sociale privilegiate, deciziile privind consumul

HUDX OXDWH GH F WUH VR  Q FD]XO IDPLOLLORU FX XQ YHQLW PHGLX

majoritatea deciziilor privind consumul erau luate n comun. Din


punct de vedere al clasei sociale, luarea deciziei i revenea mai mult

E UEDWXOXL vQ FD]XO FODVHORU VRFLDOH LQIHULRDUH L VXSHULRDUH 6WXGLLOH


vQWUHSULQVH SkQ  vQ SUH]HQW DX GHPRQVWUDW F  SHUV
FDUH

GH LQH

SXWHUHD

ILQDQFLDU 

DUH

L

oana din familie

LQL LDWLYD

FKHOWXLHOLORU

I FkQGX VH U VSXQ] WRDUH GH UH]XOWDW vQ FD]XO vQ FDUH FRQGL LLOH

HFRQRPLFH L VRFLDOH VH VFKLPE  L DOWH SHUVRDQH SRW SDUWLFLSD OD

procesul decizional.
Experimentul eFRQRPLF

SUH]LQW  FKHOWXLHOLOH GH YDFDQ

SURFHV LQWHUDFWLY GLQ FDGUXO XQLW

Experimentul
economic
n turism

 FD SH XQ

LL GH FRQVXP IDPLOLD  SUHFXP L

vQWUH XQLWDWHD GH FRQVXP UHVSHFWLY  L DOWH JUXSXUL VRFLDOH H[SOLFkQG


FRQWH[WXO VRFLDO DO FHUHULL L FRPSRUWDPHQWXOXL WXULVWLF &RQIRUP

WHRULHLMRFXULORUUH]XOWDWHOHVXQWGHWHUPLQDWHGHVFRSXULOHSURSXVHL

GH VWUDWHJLD IRORVLW  GH SDUWLFLSDQ L 'H H[HPSOX XQXO VDX PDL PXO L

PHPEUL DL XQHL IDPLOLL VH SRW DVRFLD vQ VFRSXO HIHFWX ULL XQHL YDFDQ H
SH OLWRUDO LDU FHLODO L PHPEUL DL IDPLOLHL FDUH GRUHVF R YDFDQ

FXOWXUDO PDLDFWLY YRUvQFHUFDV RE LQ RVROX LHGHFRPSURPLV


/XDUHD GHFL]LLORU vQ VLWXD LL GH ULVF L QHVLJXUDQ

Deciziile pentru
consumul turistic
vQVLWXD LLOH

 SRDWH DYHD ORF L vQ

FD]XO YDFDQ HORU FDUH SUHVXSXQ FKHOWXLHOL VXEVWDQ LDOH HIHFWXDWH

perioade lungi de tiPSFXPDUILGHH[HPSOXLQYHVWL LLOHSHQWUXFDVHOH


GH YDFDQ

 $VWIHO GH GHFL]LL VXQW OXDWH vQ FRQWH[WXO XQHL QHVLJXUDQ H

SULYLQG YHQLWXO YLLWRU SUH XULOH LQIOD LD L GREkQ]LOH 8QLL SVLKR

diminua

VRFLRORJLVXV LQF GHLvQXQHOHFD]XULFRQVXPDWRUXODUSXWHD

de risc

GLQ QHVLJXUDQ

 SULQ RE LQHUHD GH PDL PXOW   LQIRUPD LH R GDW  FH YD

IRVW DWLQV XQ QLYHO DFFHSWDELO GH LQIRUPD LL F XWDUHD  GH LQIRUPD LL
VXSOLPHQWDUH FD L SUHOXFUDUHD DFHVWRUD vQFHWHD]  $FHVW IHQRPHQ

SRDWH DYHD ORF L vQDLQWH FD SRWHQ LDOXO FRQVXPDWRU V  IL DWLQV
FDQWLWDWHD PD[LP  GH LQIRUPD LH SH FDUH R SRDWH DFXPXOD L FRQIRUP

conceptului lui Simon (1957), el devine un consumator efectiv.

$FHDVW  VLWXD LH FRUHVSXQGH FRQFHSWXOXL GH UD LRQDOL]DUH FRUHODW  FDUH

este opus teoriei comportamentuOXL FRPSOHW UD LRQDO &RQFOX]LD SRDWH


UkULOH ORUH[SOLFkQGX-

ILDFHHD F  XWLOL]DWRULL QXVXQWFRQVWDQ L vQ KRW


VH DVWIHO IHQRPHQXO GH U

VWXUQDUH D SUHIHULQ HORU VXJHUDW L GH

VLVWHPXOGHHFXD LLDOWLSXULORUGHFHUHUHWXULVWLF 

Q FD]XO SUHIHULQ HORU GH FRQVXP SHQWUX WXULVPXO LQWHUQD LRQDO


XWLOL]DUHD PHWRGHL H[SHULPHQWDOH D SXV VXE VHPQXO vQWUHE ULL DFHOH

PRGHOH vQ FDUH FKHOWXLHOLOH HUDX VXERUGRQDWH GH H[HPSOX RS LXQLORU

I FXWH vQWU R DOW  SHULRDG  /RHZHQVWHLQ   $OWH FHUFHW UL DOH

modurilor

Metoda
H[SHULPHQWDO

n determinarea
SUHIHULQ HORU

pentru turism

vQ FDUH LQGLYL]LL L JUXSXULOH RE LQ VHOHFWHD]  L IRORVHVF

LQIRUPD LD vQ GHFL]LLOH SULYLWRDUH OD FRQVXP VXQW HIHFWXDWH FX DMXWRUXO

instrumentarului de marketing (exemplu, Middleton, 1988; Kotler,


scipline poate

 8WLOL]DUHDFXQRWLQ HORUIXUQL]DWHGHDOWHGL


vPERJ

L  VHPQLILFDWLY WHRULLOH HFRQRPLFH UHIHULWRDUH OD GHFL]LLOH GH

consum n turism. De exemplu, la nivel microeconomic s-a formulat

LSRWH]D F  FHUHUHD WXULVWLF  GHSLQGH GH SXWHUHD HFRQRPLF  D DQXPLWRU


LQGLYL]LLVDXGHFRQVXPXODQWHULR

r al grupurilor sociale etalon.

$U IL SRVLELO  GH DVHPHQHD R HVWLPDUH FDQWLWDWLY  D XQRU YDULDELOH L


LQFOXGHUHD DFHVWRUD vQ VLVWHPXO GH HFXD LL DO FHUHULL WXULVWLFH ,Q IHOXO

DFHVWDQXDUILRPLVHXQHOHYDULDELOHLV

-ar putea calcula magnitudinea


efectelor acestor variabile asupra cererii.

Rezumat

/XDUHD GHFL]LHL vQ WXULVP HVWH LQIOXHQ DW  GH R VHULH GH YDULDELOH FDUH SRW IL P VXUDWH FDQWLWDWLY FXP

sunt:

P ULPHDYHQLWXOXLGLVSRQLELO
P ULPHDFRQVXPXOXL
GXUDWDLP ULPHDPXQFLLSO WLWHLDWLPSXOXLQHSO

WLW

'LIHULWHOH FRPELQD LL vQWUH DFHVWH YDULDELOH GHWHUPLQ  DQXPLWH P ULPL DOH FHUHULL L FRQVXPXOXL

numite:

efectul venitului;
efectul net.

'H DVHPHQHD XQ ORF LPSRUWDQW vQ IRUPDUHD FHUHULL vO DX L YDULDELOHOH FDOLWDWLYH GH RELFHL JUHX GH

surat cantitativ, dar posibil a fi evaluate cu ajutorul modelelor comportamentale. Aceste variabile sunt:
vQFOLQD LDGHDFKHOWXLPDLPXOWSHQWUXWXULVPGHFkWSHQWUXDOWHEXQXULLVHUYLFLLLLQYHUV

SUHIHULQ DSHQWUXDQXPLWHIRUPHGHWXULVP

RS LXQHDSHQWUXGHVWLQD LLWXULVWLFHDOWHUQDWLYH

&RPELQDUHDFHORUGRX FDWHJRULLGHYDULDELOHSURGXFHDQXPLWHHIHFWHDVXSUDFHUHULLWXULVWLFH6XQWPDL

multe categorii de efecte:

HIHFWXOVFKLPE ULLGHYHQLWLSUH XULvQVHQVXOFUHWHULLVDXVF GHULLDFHVWRUD

efecteLQWHUWHPSRUDOHvQVHQVXOHIHFWX

ULLVDXDPkQ ULLFRQVXPXOXLWXULVWLF

HIHFWXOvPSUXPXWXULORULvPSUXPXW ULORU

5ROXOLQGLYLGXOXLvQIRUPDUHDFHUHULLWXULVWLFHHVWHUHIOHFWDWvQOLWHUDWXUDHFRQRPLF GHGLFDW WXULVPXOXL

de mult timp, de exemplu:


teoria ieUDUKLHLQHFHVLW

LORU

Maslow (1954, 1968);

WHRULDPRWLYD LHL*UD\  3ODJ  

S-DXHIHFWXDWRVHULHGHVWXGLLWHRUHWLFHFDX]DOHFDUHDXFRQGXVODRFULWHUL]DUHDIRUPHORUGHWXULVPL

WLSXULORUGHWXULWLLDPRWLYD LLORUGHF O WRULH

tipuri de WXULWL

H[WUDYHUWL LLLQWURYHUWL L 3OR\

GRULQ DGHHYDGDUHFRQIRUWXOSVLKLFLSVLKRORJLFLQWHUDF LXQHDVRFLDO

SUHIHULQ HOHLDWHSW ULOH 7LVKEHLQ

PRWLYD LLGHF O WRULH

KRLQDULLVRODUL *UD\

(Crompton, 1979)

Q VIkULW SVLKRORJLD HFRQRPLF  L VRFLRORJLD FRQVLGHU  VRFLDOL]DUHD HFRQRPLF  FD SH XQ GHWHUPLQDQW

LPSRUWDQWDOPRGHOHORUGHFRPSRUWDPHQWDOSUHIHULQ HORULJXVWXULORUSHQWUXWXULVP

Cuvinte cheie



elasticitatea cererii =

VHQVLELOLWDWHD FHUHULL vQ YROXP L VWUXFWXU  OD PRGLILF ULOH GLIHUL LORU IDFWRUL

GHWHUPLQDQ L YHQLWXULWLPSOLEHUSUH XULLWDULIHHWF

efect multiplicator = UH]XOWDWXO LQIOXHQ HL SH FDUH R H[HUFLW

 WXULVPXO DVXSUD FHORUODOWH UDPXUL L

VHFWRDUH DOH HFRQRPLHL QD LRQDOH VDX UHJLRQDOH H[SULP  IDSWXO F  RULFH FKHOWXLDO  I FXW  GH WXULVW VH

WUDQVIRUP  VXFFHVLY vQ YHQLWXUL SHQWUX DOWH GRPHQLL DOH HFRQRPLHL DJULFXOWXU  FRPHU  FRQVWUXF LL
VHUYLFLLD

FHUHUHWXULVWLF

GHVWLQD LH

DQVDPEOXOSHUVRDQHORUFDUHvLPDQLIHVW GRULQ DGHDVHGHSODVDSHULRGLFLWHPSRUDU

vQ DIDUD UHHGLQ HL SURSULL SHQWUX DOWH PRWLYH GHFkW SUHVWDUHD XQRU DFWLYLW
]RQ

 WXULVWLF

RELHFWLYH ORFDOLW

 WHULWRULX GH PDUH vQWLQGHUH GH R FRPSOH[LWDWH JHRJUDILF  FDUH LQFOXGH PDL PXOWH
L VDX FRPSOH[H WXULVWLFH L FDUH SRDWH SUH]HQWD R FDUDFWHULVWLF  DSDUWH ILLQG DVWIHO

SRVLELO GHOLPLWDUHDGHDOWH]RQH



SLD

 WXULVWLF

L UHPXQHUDWH OD ORFXO GH

 VIHUD HFRQRPLF  GH LQWHUIHUHQ

 D RIHUWHL WXULVWLFH PDWHULDOL]DW  SULQ SURGXF LD

WXULVWLF LFHUHUHDWXULVWLF PDQLIHVWDW SULQFRQVXPXOWXULVWLF

conglomerat = UH]XOWDW DO FRQFHQWU

ULL PDL PXOWRU WLSXUL GH DFWLYLW

L vQWU

-o ntreprindere de mari

GLPHQVLXQL FDUH RSHUHD]  vQ JHQHUDO OD VFDU  LQWHUQD LRQDO  8Q H[HPSOX GH FRQJORPHUDW vQ WXULVP vO

constituie asocierea unei mari companii dintr-XQ GRPHQLX RDUHFDUH FX XQ ODQ  KRWHOLHU VDX FX R ILUP
tour-operatoare.

HFRQRPLH GH VFDO

 DYDQWDMH FH GHULY  GLQ FUHWHUHD GLPHQVLXQLORU XQHL vQWUHSULQGHUL UHIHULWRDUH OD

UHSDUWL]DUHD SH PDL PXOWH VXEXQLW

L D XQRU HOHPHQWH GH FKHOWXLHOL

( de exemplu, cheltuielile de

SURPRYDUH DUHRODUJ DSOLFDELOLWDWHvQLQGXVWULDKRWHOLHU vQVHUYLFLLOHGHDOLPHQWD LHVDXGHWUDQVSRUW




efect de levier = VSRULUHDUHQWDELOLW


pozitive ale capitalului mprumutat

LL FDSLWDOXULORUSURSULLDOHXQHLvQWUHSULQGHULFDXUPDUHDHIHFWHORU

%LEOLRJUDILHVXSOLPHQWDU

CROMPTON, J.L.

DANN, G.M.S.

),/,$875$17L

RICHIE

GRAY, H.P.

SCHMOLL, G.A.

Motivation for pleasure vocation, Annals of Tourism Research, nr.6, 1979,


p. 408-421
Tourist motivation: an appraisal, Annals of Tourism Researck, nr.8/1981,
p. 187-219
Joint Purchasing decisions: a comparison of influence structure in family
and couple decision-making unit, Journal of Consumer Research, nr.
7/1980,
p. 131-140
The demand for international travel by the US and Canada, International
Economic Reviow, p. 83-92, nr. 7, 1966..
Tourism promotion, London: Tourism International Press (1977)
QWUHE

ULUHFDSLWXODWLYH

DHILQL LFRQFHSWXOGHEXJHWGLVSRQLELOSHQWUXWXULVPLQXPL LIDFWRULLGHFDUHGHSLQGHP

ULPHDDFHVWXLD

'HILQL LFRQFHSWHOHGH

consum;

PXQF SO WLW 

WLPSQHSO WLW
&HUHIOHFW FXUEHOHGHLQGLIHUHQ

PDLvQGHS UWDWHGHRULJLQHDVLVWHPXOXLGHD[HFRQVXP

-timp?

&XPVHQXPHWHFRPELQD LDvQWUHHIHFWXOGHVXEVWLWX LHLHIHFWXOYHQ

itului?

&H LQIOXHQ HD]  VHPQLILFDWLY GHFL]LD RSWLP  GH DOHJHUH D WXULVPXOXL FD ILUP  GH FKHOWXLUH D EXJHWXOXL

disponibil?
&DUHVXQWHIHFWHOHVFKLPE ULORUGHYHQLWLSUH XULDVXSUDFHUHULLWXULVWLFH"
&DUHVXQWHIHFWHOHVF GHULLFUHWHULLSUH XOXLLYHQL

tului asupra consumului turistic?

&XPLQIOXHQ HD] vPSUXPXWXULOHLvPSUXPXW ULOHFRQVXPXOLQWHUWHPSRUDOGHWXULVP"


&XPLQIOXHQ HD] PHPEULLIDPLOLHLOXDUHDGHFL]LHLSHQWUXDFKL]L LRQDUHDGHEXQXULLVHUYLFLLVDXSURGXVH

turistice?

Teste de autoevaluare


Care sunt determinantele cheie ale cererii pentru turism?


a) WLPSXOOLEHUWLPSXOSO WLWFHUHUHDHIHFWLY 
b) FHUHUHDPXQFDSO WLW LWLPSXOOLEHU
c) FRQVXPXOPXQFDSO WLW LWLPSXOQHSO WLW

(2 pct.)

5HSUH]HQWD LJUDILFGRX FRPELQD LLvQWUHFRQVXPGHWXULVPLWLPSXOSO WLW

(2 pct.)

(IHFWXOQHWHVWHRFRPELQD LHvQWUH

a)
b)
c)


(2 pct.)

WLW

SUHIHULQ HOHLQGLYLGXDOHLFRQVXPXOGHWLPSSO

WLWVDXQX

HIHFWXOYHQLWXOXLLSUHIHULQ HOHLQGLYLGXDOH

5HSUH]HQWD LJUDILFRS LXQHDSHQWUXGHVWLQD LLOHWXULVWLFHDOWHUQDWLYH

a)


YHQLWXOQHWLWLPSXOSO

OLWRUDOXO0

ULL1HJUHL0kQ

(2 pct.)

VWLULOHGLQ0ROGRYD

(IHFWHOHVFKLPE ULORUGHYHQLWDVXSUDFHUHULLWXULVWLFHSRWIL

(2 pct.)

a) exclusiv pozitive;
b) exclusiv negative;.
c) ambele.



CeLQGLF

vQDOHJHUHDGLIHULWHORUIRUPHGHWXULVP"

(2 pct.)

Momentul consumului turistic este decizie:


a) cu risc nalt;
b) LQWHUWHPSRUDO 
c) cu risc intertemporal.

(2 pct.)

&HvQ HOHJH LSULQ

(2 pct.)

a)
b)


FXUEHOHGHLQGLIHUHQ

WXULWLU

FLW

ori

WXULWLVRODUL

5ROXOVR LORULVR LLORUvQOXDUHDGHFL]LLORUSHQWUXWXULVPDIRVWVWXGLDWGH

(2 pct.)

a) Davis, Debinan, Ritchie.


b) Veblen, Liebenstein.
c) Kirchler.


3UHIHULQ HOHGHFRQVXPSHQWUXWXULVPXOLQWHUQD LRQDOSRWILHVWLPDWHLSULQ

a) PHWRGDH[SHULPHQWDO 
b) PHWRGDFRPSRUWDPHQWDO
c) teoria jocurilor.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

c
UHSUH]HQWDUHJUDILF

b
UHSUH]HQWDUHJUDILF

c
SUHIHULQ HOHSHUVRQDOHSHQWUXGLIHULWHIRUPHGHWXULVP

b
DGRULQ DGHDSRUQLODGUXP

b. iubitori ai soarelui
9. a.
10.a.

VSXQVXUL

(1 pct.)

Studiu de caz nr. 1


SWXGLD LFXDWHQ LHXUP WRUXOFRQWUDFWGHF O WRULHWXULVWLF LU VSXQGH LDUJXPHQWDWODXUP
&DUHVXQWFOLHQ LL-WXULWLF URUDOLVHDGUHVHD] DFHVWFRQWUDFW"
&DUHYRUILHIHFWHOHVFKLPE ULORUGHSUH YHQLWDVXSUa cererii turistice?

WRDUHOHvQWUHE UL

3UH]HQWD LFkWHYDFDWHJRULLGHWXULWLFDUHYRUvQFKHLDDFHVWFRQWUDFW

Care va fi momentul consumului turistic?


6&&5,67,$18/6$%5$29

Str. Toamnei nr.2


Telefoane:068186346;068187033 Fax 068310810
%21'(&20$1'

&2175$&7'(&

725,(785,67,&

NR................din.........................
6XEVHPQDWXO D Q VFXW ODGDWDGHvQORFDOLWDWHD

MXGH XOILXO ILLFD  OXL  L DO  FX GRPLFLOL

ul n ...............
.str. ............................ nr...... bloc........... scara ........ apartament ..... etaj ... posesor al BI.......................
HOLEHUDW GH  OD GDWD GH  YDODELO SkQ  OD GDWD GH...... salariat la .............n
IXQF LDGH

7(/()21VHUYLFLXDFDV PRELO

&RPDQG6&&5,67,$18/6$%UDRYSDFKHWXOGHVHUYLFLLSUH]HQWDWvQ

.....................
(catalog / pliant / alt nscris):.................................
-'HVWLQD LD
- PerioadDQU]LOHQUQRS LFD]DUH
-0LMORDFHGHWUDQVSRUWLFDWHJRULDORU........................
-7LSXOLFDWHJRULDVWUXFWXULORUGHSULPLUH
-6HUYLFLLGHPDV SHQVLXQHFRPSOHW GHPLSHQVLXQHPLFGHMXQI U PDV .............................
- Programul turistic ....................................................................................................................................
-$OWHVROLFLW ULVSHFLDOH................................................................................
1XP UXOGHSHUVRDQHSHQWUXFDUHVHFRPDQG SDFKHWXOGHVHUYLFLLF O WRULD
GLQFDUHFRSLLvQYkUVW GHLDF

tele de identitate ale acestora:


....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................................................
&DWDORJXO SOLDQWXODOWvQVFULV  FRQGL LLOHJHQHUDOH GH YkQ]DUH L Youcherul fac parte din prezentul
contract.
 ,QIRUPD LLOH FXSULQVH vQ PDWHULDOHOH SXEOLFLWDUH SUH]HQWDWH ILHF UXL WXULVW DQJDMHD]  YkQ] WRUXO GH

pachete de servicii n afara cazurilor n care:


- HYHQWXDOHOH VFKLPE UL vQ DFHVWH LQIRUPD LL DX
contractului.
- PRGLILF ULOHDXIRVWHIHFWXDWHFXDFRUGXOS U LORU

IRVW FRPXQLFDWH

turistului naintea ncheierii

 7XULWLL FDUH vQFHDUF  SULQ RULFH PLMORDFH V  RE LQ  SH QHGUHSW GHVS JXELUL VDX FHL FDUH vQOHVQHVF

asemenea fapte vor suporta rigorile legii.


6. La data
&20$1'

FRQILUP ULL GH F WUH DJHQ LH D VHUYLFLLORU FRPDQGDWH GH WXULVW SUH]HQWXO %21 '(

GHYLQHFRQWUDFWGHF O WRULHWXULVWLF vQWUHS U L


6HPQ WXUDWXULVWXOXL

............................................
Data...................................

6HPQ WXUDDJHQWXOXL

..........................................

'DWDFRQILUP ULL

Studiu de caz nr. 2


SWXGLD L FX DWHQ LH XUP

WRUXO ERQ GH FRPDQG  OD ELOHWXO GH RGLKQ  L WUDWDPHQW (O HVWH RIHULW GH F WUH 6&

&ULVWLDQXO6$%UDRYLHVWHRIHULWWXWXURUWXULWLORUFDUHDSHOHD] ODDFHDVW VRFLHWDWH


5 VSXQGH LODDFHOHDLvQWUHE ULFDvQVWXGLXOGHFD]QU

A.
B.

3UH]HQWD LDVHP Q ULOHLGHRVHELULOHGLQWUHFHOHGRX FRQWUDFWH

6&&5,67,$18/6$%5$29

Str. Toamnei nr.2


Telefoane:068186346;068187033 Fax 068310810
%21'(&20$1'

&2175$&7'(&

725,(785,67,&

LA BOT nr................/.........................
1XPHOHLSUHQXPHOHWXULVWXOXL

Adresa .........................................................................................................................................................
7HOHIRQ FRPDQG OD 6& &ULVWLDQXO 6$ %UDRY SDFKHWXO GH VHUYLFLL vQ

statiunea........................................ SHQWUX SHULRDGD SUH]HQWDW vQ RIHUWD DJHQ LHL


Sume achitate n avans:
- FKLWDQ DQU OHL
- FKLWDQ DQU........................./ .........................= .................................................. lei
Total ncasat ..........................................................lei
CONTRACT
2%,(&7 7XULVWXO FDUH SRVHG  %27 ELOHW GH RGLKQ -tratament) bHQHILFLD]  GH VHUYLFLLOH vQVFULVH vQ
DFHVWGRFXPHQWODQLYHOXOFDOLWDWLYLFDQWLWDWLYSHFDUHO-DDOHVGLQRIHUWDDJHQ LHL
MOD DE UTILIZARE: Cele 2 exemplare BOT sunt prezentate de turist la unitatea prestatoare de la

FDUHSULPHWHWLFKHWHOHGHFD]DUHLPDV SURJUDPXOGHPDV LSHQWUXWUDWDPHQW


5(63216$%,/,7

,,'(63

*8%,5,$VLJXUDUHDVHUYLFLLORUODQLYHOXOFDOLWDWLYLFDQWLWDWLYvQVFULV

vQ %27 UHYLQH vQ H[FOXVLYLWDWH SUHVWDWRUXOXL 'DF  DFHVWD QX HVWH DVLJXUDW WXULVWXO VH DGUHVHD]  vQ VFULV

pUHVWDWRUXOXLvQPRPHQWXOSURGXFHULLLDUDFHVWDDUHREOLJD LDUHPHGLHULLVLWXD LHLQFD]XOQHVROX LRQ


YDFRQWDFWDDJHQ LDYkQ] WRDUHSHQWUXUH]ROYDUHDSUREOHPHORU

ULL

7XULVWXO FDUH VH SUH]LQW  OD WUDWDPHQW I U  UHFRPDQGDUHD PHGLFDO  VDX I U  ILD PHGLFDO  FRPSOHWDW 
VDXFRPSOHWDW HURQDWVXSRUW WRDWHULVFXULOHFDUHGHFXUJGLQDFHVWHD

'HWHULRUDUHD EXQXULORU SUHVWDWRUXOXLSH SHULRDGD VHMXUXOXLGLQ YLQD WXULVWXOXLLQWU  vQ UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD

DFHVWXLDFDUHYDVXSRUWDFRQWUDYDORDUHDGHVS JXELULLSHFDUHRY

a achita direct la prestator.


OT WXULVWXO YD VXSRUWD SHQDOL] ULOH
precizate n CONDI IILE GENERALE DE VNZARE A SERVICIILOR TURISTICE.
- DDF LQWHUYLQH FD]XO GH IRU  PDMRU  GRYHGLW FXDFWH  turistul va suporta numai cheltuielile efectuate

Q FD]XO QHXWLOL] ULL VDX UHQXQ

ULL OD VHMXUXO FRQWUDFWDW SULQ %

GHDJHQ LHSkQ ODGDWDUHVWLWXLULL

'DF  VHUYLFLLOH FXPS UDWH QX VXQW FRQVXPDWH LQWHJUDO DJHQ LD QX L DVXP  UHVSRQVDELOLWDWHD

GHVS JXELULL5HJXODUL]DUHDVHIDFHFXSUHVWDWRUXO

QVLWXD LDvQFDUH DSDUHRUHFODPD LHXOWHULRDU VHMXUXOXLDFHDVWD HVWH FRQVLGHUDW QHDYHQLW LQX HVWH

vQU VSXQGHUHDDJHQ LHL

$JHQ LD DUH REOLJD LD V  LQIRUPH]H WXULWLL GHVSUH FRQGL LLOH L VHUYLFLLOH FH XUPHD]  D IL SULPLWH vQ

cadrul tarifului achitat. Alte cheltuieli care

QX VXQW SUHY ]XWH vQ %27 VHUYLFLL VXSOLPHQWDUH WD[H GH

VWD LXQHGHSDUFDUHHWF FDGvQVDUFLQDWXULVWXOXL

$POXDWODFXQRWLQ

FRQGL LLOHJHQHUDOHGHYkQ]DUHDVHUYLFLLORUWXULVWLFH

6HPQ WXUDDJHQWXOXL

............................................

6HPQ WXUDWXULVWXOXL

..........................................

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