STRUCTURE DESIGN AND STRENGTH

ASSESSMENT
LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) VESSEL

PREPARED BY :
GROUP 9

24 APRIL 2014

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report provides a structural design which consist of amidships scantling and strength
assessment for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) vessel with the basic overall length (LOA) of 226
meter. Firstly, at the beginning of the project we determine the s tiffening size, prepare the midship
scantling drawing, prepare scantling list , and lastly calculating the midship section modulus and its
strength. The procedure in the scantling design include the calculations of rule dimension, material

selection, framing system selection, framing spacing calculations, midship structure drawing,
scantling calculations and safety factor analysis. Other calculations including the overall ships
dimension and drawing of midship section are attached in the appendices. All the design including plate

thickness and section modulus are calculated based on formula provided by the Lloyds Register
Rules and Regulations.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER

TITLE

PAGE

TABLE OF CONTENT
1
2
3

INTRODUCTION
AIMS OF PROJECT
STRUCTURES DESIGN PROCEDURES
3.1
Rule dimension
3.2

4
5
6
7
8
9
10

4
5
5 - 10

Material Selection Properties

3.3
Selection of Framing System
3.4
Plating Thickness
3.5
Stiffener Scantlings
3.6
Strength Assessment
MIDSHIP STRUCTURES DRAWING
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
APPENDIXES

11
12 - 13
13
14
14
15
16

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO.
Table 3.1
Table 3.2
Table 3.3
Table 5.1
Table 5.2
Table 5.3

TITLE
Calculation of Midship Section Modulus
Calculation of Actual Section Modulus
Calculation of Safety Factor
Plate Thickness
Longitudinal Stiffening Members
Strength Assessment

PAGE
8
10
10
12
12
12

1. INTRODUCTION

This project is carried out in order to prepared structural design which consist of amidships
scantling and strength assessment for LNG vessel. The ship of interest is a LNG vessel with the
basic principles of 226.5 m length, 38 m breadth and 21 m depth. The main purpose of writing this
report is to provide clear and detail explanation on the several matters including scantling design
procedure where consist of step required in assuring the project is in the schedules. Besides, this
report also are prepared to illustrate the final results of this project where consists of actual
sectional modulus and the required sectional modulus result by referring to Lloyds Register Rules

and Regulations to complete the task. The sectional modulus is basically prepared based on midship
scantling drawing.
In order to come out with perfect scantling design result, the calculation process is conducts
based on equation taken from ship classification rules and regulation book. For this project, Lloyds
Register book is chosen for reference purpose. This project are mainly covers several important part
which are started from taking out the particular dimension based on general arrangement drawing,
designing the midship section structure for the LNG vessel using longitudinal framing system and
at the end prepared the final results of analysis in form of strength assessment referred to lines plan
drawing and also midship section drawing.
This report is prepared to briefly explain and discuss with respect to the project finding
which involved the calculation and results for midship section thickness and modulus for plating
and stiffening member parts. Hence, the midship scantling drawing is prepared to give a graphical
view of previous calculation results. Next, followed by discussion part where discuss the suitability
of the final result for plating thickness, sectional modulus and finally for the safety factor. At the
end of this report, conclusion is prepared to conclude the project.

2. AIM OF REPORT
The aims of the report are as follows:
i.
ii.

To discuss the design procedure in preparing midship scantling design.

To present the result of scantling list, moment and strength of 226.5 meter (LOA) of LNG

iii.

vessel.
To determine safety factor of the ship.

3. STRUCTURE DESIGN PROCEDURES

3.1 Rule dimensions
5

All dimensions are obtained from previous lines plan and general arrangement plan.
Rule dimension calculated are as follows:

Length Rule
96% of extreme length of summer load waterline.
96
( 226.5 m ) =217.95 m
>> 100

Breadth Rule
>> 38.7 m
Depth Rule
>> 21 m

3.2 Material Selection Properties

Material chosen was High Tensile steel

Tensile Steel Factor, KL = 0.78
Specified minimum yield stress, O = 315 kg/mm2

3.3 Selection of Framing System

For LNG vessel, the longitudinal framing was more suitable as it will give extra strength to the
ship structure which spans about 226.5m of LOA. It is found that a transverse system only gives
approximately a quarter of the strength of a longitudinally framed panel of the same size and
thickness. Hence it decided that the ship designed will opting longitudinal framing systems.
3.4 Plating Thickness
The proposed LNG vessels plating thickness was calculated using Lloyds Register Guidelines
software. Plating that had been calculated are as follows which arranged from top to bottom:

Trunk deck plating

Upper deck plating
Inner upper deck plating
Side plating
Inner bulkhead plating
Stringer plating
Bottom plating
Inner bottom plate
Upper hopper plating
Lower hopper plating
Bilge plating
6

Sample calculation for plating

Upper deck plating calculation (referring to Lloyds rule)

PARTICULAR
L
217.95
S
2.7
FD
0.67
s1
700
KL
0.78
h4
0.91
s
900
k
0.75
tc
2
f
1.1
L1
190

From the rule, it is found that the calculation from (a) produced the greatest
result:t = 0.001s1 (0.059L1 + 7) (FD/kL)
t = 0.001(900) (0.059*190 + 7) sqrt(0.67/0.78)

t = 11.8 mm
note: to achieve production friendly, we taken the value for upper deck plating thickness as
12mm
where :t

- Thickness of plating

- Length rule (96% of extreme length of summer load waterline)

- Spacing transversely

FD - FD is 0.67 for longitudinal stiffener

kL - tensile steel factor, 0.78 (High Tensile Steel)
s1 - s1 = s (spacing at longitudinally)
L1 - L1 = L but not taken greater than 190m

3.5 Stiffener Scantlings

Same as plating, the stiffener calculation to determine the section modulus was done by
referring to Lloyds Register Guidelines. All stiffener in this project will be standardised using
7

T section to save calculation, cost and to achieve production friendly status. Among the
stiffener that has been calculated for this project are as follows:

Deck longitudinal
Inner deck longitudinal
Side longitudinal
Bottom longitudinal
Inner bottom longitudinal
Bilge longitudinal
Hoppers longitudinal
Bulkhead longitudinal

Sample calculation for stiffening member is as follows:

Deck longitudinal calculation

PARTICULAR
L
S
FD
s1
KL
h4
s
k
tc
f
hT1
le
c1
F1
p
y, flat
bars

217.
95
2.7
0.67
700
0.78
0.91
900
0.78
2
1.1
2.7
2.7
0.59
0.14
75
1.02
5
1.6

For (a) calculation, Z value is:Z

= 0.043 s k hT1 le2 F1

Z = 0.043(900)(0.78)(2.7)(2.7)2 (0.1475)
Z

= 84.27 cm4

where :Z

- Longitudinal section modulus

- Length rule (96% of extreme length of summer load

- Spacing transversely

waterline)

FD - FD is 0.67 for longitudinal stiffener

F1
c1

- equals to 0.25c1 (0.25*0.524) = 0.1475

- equals to 60/(225 165FD)

- 60/(225 165*0.67) = 0.524
8

le

- effective length of stiffening member

hT1 - equals to L1/70, (190/70) = 2.7

k

- k = kL , tensile steel factor, 0.78 (High Tensile Steel)

s1 - s1 = s (spacing at longitudinally)
L1 - L1 = L but not taken greater than 190m

3.6 Strength Assessment

Example of Calculation :
Table 3.1 : Calculation of MidshipSection Modulus

N
O

STRUCTURE
DESCRIPTION

BOTTOM PLATE

INNER BOTTOM
PLATE
TRUNK DECK
PLATE
UPPER DECK PLATE

INNER DECK PLATE

SIDE PLATE

7
8

SIDE BULKHEAD
PLATE
DECK GIRDER

CENTER GIRDER

SIDE GIRDER X 3

LxT

ZxA

Z x 1ST

1ST
MOMENT
(m2.mm)

2ND
MOMENT
(m3.mm)

HP

lo

TY
PE

(
m
)
16
.3
13
.6
18

(m
m)

(m From
Keel)

(m.
mm)

14

12

2.3

375.36

863.33

HP

12

21.0

228.
2
163.
2
216

4536.00

95256.00

HP

2.
4
14
.1
17
.8
10
.2
1.
6
2.
3
2.

12

18.7

28.8

538.56

10071.07

HP

19.4

98.7

1914.78

37146.73

HP

12

11.5

2456.40

28248.60

11.1

1358.64

15080.90

12

20.2

387.84

7834.37

67677
.02
12734
.50
49.15

VP

12

213.
6
122.
4
19.2

20

1.15

46

52.90

60.84

VP

14

1.15

96.6

111.09

127.75

243.3
4
170.3

VP

(m3.
mm)

AN
GLE
(de
g)

L/2 x
Sin(ANGLE )
h
(m)

VP
VP

10

0
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
2
0
2
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6

LOWER HOPPER
UPPER HOPPER
BILGE PLATE PART
1
BILGE PLATE PART
2
BILGE PLATE PART
3
BILGE PLATE PART
4
BILGE PLATE PART
5
DECK LONGI X 16

3
5.
2
4.
6
0.
9
0.
9
0.
9
0.
9
0.
9

12

4.14

62.4

258.25

1068.82

4
70.32

12

17.83

55.2

984.02

17541.70

48.68

IP

45

1.627

12

0.024

10.8

0.26

0.01

0.00

IP

0.024

12

0.211

10.8

2.28

0.48

0.09

IP

21

0.161

12

0.689

10.8

7.44

5.13

0.30

IP

40

0.289

12

1.290

10.8

13.93

17.97

0.55

IP

60

0.390

12

2.142

10.8

23.13

49.54

0.70

IP

79

0.442

20.975

15.3
6
8.4

322.18

6757.88

162.96

3161.42

2.20

0.15

61.00

140.29

17.7

32.4
8
26.5
2
3.9

69.03

1221.83

4.3

8.7

37.41

160.86

10.7

116.84

1250.23

95.24

1057.14

25.58

107.43

Se
c
Se
c
Se
c
Se
c
Se
c
Se
c
Se
c
Se
c
Se
c

INNER DECK LONGI

X 15
BOTTOM LONGI X
16
INNER BOTTOM
LONGI X 13
UPPER HOPPER
LONGI X 5
LOWER HOPPER
LONGI X 5
SIDE LONGI X 14

19.400

SIDE BULKHEAD
LONGI X 11
BILGE LONGI 1 X 3

11.1

10.9
2
8.58

4.2

6.09

0.068
2.3

IP

45

1.839

11

2
7

BILGE LONGI 2 X 5

0.9

10.1
5
1535
.40
A

9.14

8.22

13922.46

227238.7
1
2ND
MOMENT

8099
5.08
lo

1ST
MOMENT

Se
c

From calculation above, value obtained:

A = 1535.40 m.mm
1ST MOMENT = 13922.46 m2.mm
2ND MOMENT = 227238.71 m3.mm
lo = 80995.08 m3.mm

Table 3.2 : Calculation of Actual Section Modulus

FORMULA
A

ITEM
Total Area =

VALUE
1535.40

UNIT
m.mm

VALUE

UNIT

12

b
c

1ST MOMENT
b/a

Total 1st. Moment =

Dist of NA from Keel
=
Total 2nd. Moment =

2ND MOMENT

e
f

lo
d+e

f - (a*(c^2))

Total I about NA =

h
i
j

Measure
h - c or c
whichever greater
g/i

jx2

Height of Deck =
Max y (y deck or y
keel) =
Section Modulus
(Half) =
Section Modulus
(Full) =

Total Io =
Total I about Keel =

13922.46
9.07

m2.mm
m

227238.71

m3.mm

80995.08
3082337.8
8
2956093.9
2
13.6
4.53

m3.mm
m2.cm2

2272387.0
6
809950.82

m2.cm2

9.07

65.20

m3

m2.cm2

m2.cm2

or

m
8.90

326004.58

m.cm2

652009.15

m.cm2

Calculation of Required Section Modulus (Lloyds Rules) :

Zmin = f1 kL C1 L2 B ( Cb + 0.7) X 10-6

Zmin = 1.0 (0.78)*(10.11)*(226.5)2 *(38.7)*(0.74 + 0.7) *10-6
Zmin = 22.54 m3
Where :F1 - 1.0
B

- breath of ship*
13

C1 - for ship length of 90m < L < 300m, C1 = 10.75 [ (300 L) /100]1.5
- 10.75 [(300 226.5)/100]1.5 = 10.11
L

- length of ship*

KL - tensile steel factor, 0.78 (High Tensile Steel)

Cb - block coefficient of ship *
Note: * taken from ship particular

Table 3.3 : Calculation of Safety Factor

SM actual =
SM required =
SF = SM actual / SM required =

65.20
22.54
2.89

m3 Calculated based on actual section modulus

m3 Calculated based on emphirical formula
acceptable but overly design

14

4. MIDSHIP STRUCTURE DRAWING

TOLONG PASTE DARI AUTOCAD.. KALAU XNAK PADAM LA PAGE NIE..

HEHEHE

5. RESULT
5.1 Data Specification
5.1.1

Plate Thickness
Table 5.1 : Plate Thickness
Plate

Thickness(mm)

Bottom Plate
Inner Bottom Plate
Trunk Deck Plate
Upper Deck Plate
Inner Deck Plate
Side Plate
Side Bulkhead Plate

14
12
12
12
7
12
12

Deck Girder
Center Girder
Side Girder
Lower Hopper Plate
Upper Hopper Plate
Bilge Plate

5.1.2

12
20
14
12
12
12

Longitudinal Stiffening Members

Table 5.2 : Longitudinal Stiffening Members
Stiffener

Dimension (dw,bf,t) (mm)

Deck Longitudinal
Inner Deck Longitudinal
Bottom Longitudinal
Inner Bottom Longitudinal
Upper Hopper Longitudinal
Lower Hopper Longitudinal
Side Longitudinal
Side Bulkhead Longitudinal
Bilge Longitudinal

50,30,12
50,30,7
100,45,14
110,60,12
100,45,12
45,20,12
45,20,12
45,20,12
100,45,12

5.2 Strength Assessment

Table 5.3 Strength Assessment
Section Modulus Actual
Section Modulus Required
Safety Factor

65.20 m3
22.54 m3
2.89

4.3 Scantling Drawing

The midship scantling drawing A3 size is attached with the report.

6. DISCUSSION
To complete this project, Lloyd's Register rules are used as a guideline. All the
calculation is based on the formula provided by the rules. Also, the general structure is
based on the General Arrangement and Lines Plan from the previous course, SMK 4532
Ship Design II. The scope of the project only involve around the midship area only.

In this project, there are many assumptions being made to complete the project.
The first assumption made in this project is the spacing between the secondary supporting
members, s, is 0.9 meter and the spacing between the primary members, S, is three times
s which is 2.7 meter. The second assumption is that the local scantling deduction factor,
FB and FD are 0.75and 0.67 for plate and longitudinal respectively. Besides that, some
assumptions had to be made to solve the problem easily for example is the calculation of
the sectional modulus, Z. Then, the shape of the longitudinal is a T shape is assumed to
ease the calculation. The value obtained from thickness calculation of all plating and
stiffening members are not really exact hence, to avoid any misconception during
production process and to achieve production friendly status, we assumed all the plate
and stiffening members thickness are to be the same.
The values of bf and dw is changing as the iteration process goes to obtain an
appropriate value of Z. The number had to be in between 0.5 until 1.0 so we must be
creative enough to manipulate it. Another assumption is the t w = tf tp. This is another
example of assumption that is made to make the calculation process to be less
complicated since as an engineer good estimation is important in solving problem with
lots of unknown.

Based on the result calculated, the value of the safety factor is 2.89 which are in
range of 2 until 5.

7. CONCLUSION
The midship scantling of a Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) vessel is done with a safety
factor of 2.89. Although the value of safety factor is in range, the design can be improved by
reducing the dimension of the major and minor structures. All the design including plate
thickness and section modulus are calculated based on formula provided by the Lloyds
Register Rules and Regulations. The drawing of the LNG vessel midship scantling is
provided with this report in A3 size.

8. REFERENCE
i.

YahyaSamian (2005). Structural Design and Strength Assessement, Lecture

ii.

Note. UniversitiTeknologi Malaysia.

Lloyds Register (1997). Classification of Ships, Rules and Regulation

9. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The success and final outcomes of this project required a lot of guidance and
assistance from many people and we extremely fortunate to have got this all along the
completion of our project work. Whatever we have done is only due to such guidance and
assistance and we would not forget to thank them.
Our deepest thanks to lecturers, Tn Hj Yahya Samian and Dr. Yasser for giving us an
opportunity to do this project and providing us all support and guidance which made us
complete on time. We also extremely grateful to both of them for providing such a nice
support though they had a busy schedule managing their work affairs.
We also wish to thank to our family for their tremendous contributions and support
both morally and financially towards the completion of this project. Last but not least, we
also show our gratitude to our friends and who contributed in one way or other in the course
of the project.

10. APPENDIXES