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David Chapman
Copper Development Association
david.chapman@copperdev.co.uk
Easy to joint
• resistant to corrosion
At working temperature:
– by convection
– by radiation
7.66 θ 1.25
Pcv = 0.25
Pcv2 Pcv1 v
v
where
θ is the temperature rise above ambient
v is the vertical height of the surface
160
Power dissipation per metre length (W)
120
80
40
0
0 50 100 150 200
Vertical height (mm)
Pr = 5.7ε ( T24
− T14
) ×10 −8
Pr
where
Pr is the power dissipated per square metre
T2 is the working temperature, K
T1 is the ambient temperature, K
ε is the emissivity
Pr Pr
Pr Pr
Pr Pr
100
80
Power dissipation (W per sqm)
60
40
20
0
273 323 373
Absolute Working Temperature (K)
Copper Development Association
www.leonardo- www.cda.org.uk
Busbar System Current Ratings
for 100 mm vertical height, 30 C ambient
Total power dissipation v Working temperature
1000
900 Convection
800
Power dissipation (W per sqm)
Radiation
700 Total
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
40 60 80 100 120 140
Working temperature (C)
2 ρl 2
P=I R P=I
a
where
ρ is the resistivity of the material
a is the cross sectional area
l is the length
Pi = [ Pc ] + [ Pr ]
Calculation method:
15
10
Cost of bar per metre ($)
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Cross sectional area (sqmm)
30
Cost of losses over 5 years ($)
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Cross sectional area (sqmm)
30
Cost of bar
Cost of loss
Total
Lifetime cost per metre ($)
20
10
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Cross sectional area (sqmm)
◊ high frequencies
Easy Formability
• due to small grain size and advanced production
technology
• easy to bend without surface deformation
Good Flatness
• simple reliable jointing
Good Straightness
• easy installation, lower joint stress
Copper Development Association
www.leonardo- www.cda.org.uk
David Chapman
Copper Development Association
david.chapman@copperdev.co.uk