CH II - 2010a Kimia

UNIVERSIT Y OF INDONESIA
Atoms, Molecules, and Ions
Atoms,
Molecules and
Ions
The Atomic Theory of Matter

The Discovery of Atomic Structure
The Modern View of Atomic Structure
The Periodic Table

Molecules and Molecular Compounds
Ions and Ionic Compounds
Naming Inorganic Compounds
The Atomic
Theory of
Matter
Early in the nineteenth century, John

Dalton put forth the first useful
theory
describing
matter
as
consisting of atoms.
Dalton's atomic theory can be
summarized in the following four
postulates:
Postulate 1:
The Atomic
Theory of
Matter
each
element
is
composed
of
extremely small particles called atoms.
Postulate 2:
all atoms of given element are

identical;
the atoms of different elements are
different and have different properties.
Postulate 3:
The Atomic
Theory of
Matter
Atoms of an element are not changed

into
different
types
by
chemical
reactions;
atoms are neither created nor destroyed
in chemical reactions.
Postulate 4:
Compounds are formed when atoms of

more than one element combine;
a given compound always has the same
relative number and kind of atoms.
The Atomic
Theory of
Matter
Dalton's theory was used to explain the

law of constant composition
and
the
law of conservation of mass .
The law of constant composition says that
any given compound always consists of the
same atoms and the same ratio of atoms.
For example, water always consists of oxygen
and hydrogen atoms, and it is always 89
percent oxygen by mass and 11 percent
hydrogen by mass.
The Atomic
Theory of
Matter
The law of conservation of mass says

that the total mass of materials
before and after a chemical reaction
must be the same.
For example, if we combine 89 grams of
oxygen with 11 grams of hydrogen
under the appropriate conditions, 100
grams of water will be producedno
more and no less.
The Atomic
Theory of
Matter
In addition to explaining these two wellknown laws, Dalton used his atomic
theory to predict another law.
The
law of multiple proportions,
which states that
if two elements combine to form more than
one compound, the masses of one of the
elements that can combine with a given
mass of the other element are related by
factors of small whole numbers.
The Atomic
Theory of
Matter
For example, water has an oxygento-hydrogen mass ratio of 7.9:1.

Hydrogen
peroxide,
another
compound consisting of oxygen and
hydrogen,
has
an
oxygen-tohydrogen mass ratio of 15.8:1.
The ratio of these two ratios gives a
small whole number.
The Atomic
Theory of
Matter
Multiple Proportion
The Atomic
Theory of
Matter
The Discovery
of Atomic
Structure
By the middle of the nineteenth century,

there was evidence to suggest that the
atom, once thought to be the smallest
indivisible particle of matter, was actually
made
up
of
even
smaller
subatomic particles.
Some of the experiments that led to the
discovery
and
characterization
of
subatomic particles are cathode-ray tube
experiments.
The Discovery
of Atomic
Structure
Figure 2.4. Cathode-ray tube with perpendicular magnetic and electric fields. The
cathode rays (electrons) originate from the negative plate on the left, and they are
accelerated toward the positive plate, which has a hole in its center. A beam of
electrons passes through the hole, and its motion is subsequently deflected by the
magnetic and electric fields. The charge-to-mass ratio of the electron can be
determined by measuring the effects of the magnetic and electric fields on the
motion of the beam.
The Discovery
of Atomic
Structure
The Discovery
of Atomic
Structure
The Discovery
of Atomic
Structure
The Discovery
of Atomic
Structure
The Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment
The Discovery
of Atomic
Structure
The Discovery
of Atomic
Structure
Experiments with Radioactivity

Separation of Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Rays
Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment

Rutherford Experiment: Nuclear Atom
The Discovery
of Atomic
Structure
The Discovery
of Atomic
Structure
The Discovery
of Atomic
Structure
The Discovery
of Atomic
Structure
Canal Ray
The Discovery
of Atomic
Structure
The Modern
View of Atomic
Structure
Our modern view of the atom is that

it consists of a positively charged
nucleus surrounded by electrons.
The nucleus contains two types of
subatomic particles:
protons, which are positively charged;
and
neutrons, which are not charged.
The Modern
View of Atomic
Structure
Together they make up nearly all of

the mass of an atom, but they
occupy only a very small percentage
of its total volume.
The electrons, which occupy most of
the volume, constitute only a tiny
percentage of the mass of an atom.
The Modern
View of Atomic
Structure
The Discovery
of Atomic
Structure
The Discovery
of Atomic
Structure
The Modern
View of Atomic
Structure
Atoms of a particular element all

have the same number of protons.
The number of protons is called the
atomic number.
The sum of the protons and neutrons
in an atom is that atom's mass
number.
The Modern
View of Atomic
Structure
Isotopes are atoms of a given element that have

the same number of protons but different numbers
of neutrons and therefore have different mass
numbers.
A superscript to the left of the element symbol
indicates its mass number, which specifies the
isotope.
The atomic number can be shown as a subscript
below the mass number; however, since every
atom of a given element has the same atomic
number, it is not necessary and very often is not
done.
The Modern
View of Atomic
Structure
Isotopes are atoms of a given element that have the

same number of protons but different numbers of
neutrons and therefore have different mass numbers.
A superscript to the left of the element symbol
indicates its mass number, which specifies the isotope.
The atomic number can be shown as a subscript below
the mass number; however, since every atom of a
given element has the same atomic number, it is not
necessary and very often is not done.
11
C,
C,
12
13
C,
14
The Periodic
Table
Elements are arranged in the

periodic table in order of increasing
atomic number.
The columns are called groups and
contain
elements
with
similar
physical and chemical properties.
There are several ways to categorize
the elements in the periodic table.
The Periodic
Table
The elements can be separated into

individual groups, each labeled with a
letter and a number; some of the groups
have special group names.
The elements can also be separated into
metals, nonmetals, and metalloids.
Finally, the elements can be separated
into
main-group elements
and
transition elements .
The Periodic
Table
The Periodic
Table
The Periodic
Table
The Periodic
Table
Periodic Table
Molecular and
Molecular
Compound
As we saw in Chapter 1, matter can exist as a

mixture or as a pure substance.
Pure substances can be elements or
compounds, and compounds can consist of
molecules or ions.
A molecule is an electrically neutral "package"
of two or more atoms tightly bound together.
Substances that exist as molecules are said to
be
molecular.
Molecular and
Molecular
Compound
Molecular and
Molecular
Compound
Both elements and compounds can
exist as molecules.
For example, bromine and water are
both molecular substances.
The composition of a molecule is
given by its chemical formula.
The chemical formulas of bromine and
water are Br2 and H2O, respectively.
Molecular and
Molecular
Compound
The subscripts in each formula denote

the number of atoms of each element
in the molecule.
Thus, a bromine molecule consists of
two bromine atoms.
A water molecule consists of two
hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
These
two
formulas
are
molecular formulas.
Molecular and
Molecular
Compound
Molecular and
Molecular
Compound
Hydrogen
peroxide's
molecular
formula is H2O2.
Each hydrogen peroxide molecule is
made up of two hydrogen atoms and
two oxygen atoms.
There is another way to express the
formula for hydrogen peroxide,
though.
Molecular and
Molecular
Compound
The
empirical formula
of
a
substance simply gives the ratio of
the combination of the constituent
elements.
Hydrogen peroxide, then, with a ratio
of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms
of 1:1, has an empirical formula of
HO.
Molecular and
Molecular
Compound
Obviously, an empirical formula does
not contain as much information as
does a molecular formula.
Molecular substances have both
molecular formulas and empirical
formulas.
In many cases, as with water and
carbon dioxide, they are the same.
Molecular and
Molecular
Compound
Molecular and
Molecular
Compound
Ion and Ionic

Compound
Many compounds consist of ions rather

than molecules.
Such compounds are said to be ionic.
An ion is an electrically charged "package"
consisting of one (monatomic ion) or
more (polyatomic ion) atoms.
An ion with a positive charge is called a
cation (CAT-ion), while an ion with a
negative charge is called an anion (ANion).
Ion and Ionic

Compound
Ionic compounds do not exist as

molecules and so do not have
molecular formulas.
Rather, ionic substances such as
sodium chloride and magnesium
chloride have only empirical formulas
NaCl and MgCl2, respectively.
Ion and Ionic

Compound
The charges on many atomic ions can

be predicted using the periodic table.
In general, for a nonmetal to form an
ion, it will gain as many electrons as it
needs in order to have the same
number of electrons as a noble gas.
Metals will lose electrons to become
cations, while nonmetals will gain
electrons to become anions.
Ion and Ionic

Compound
Sodium will lose one electron, giving it

a total of 10. (The noble gas neon has
10 electrons.)
When it loses one electron, the
sodium atom (Na) becomes the
sodium ion (Na+).
Note that the name of the cation is
simply the name of the element plus
the word "ion."
Ion and Ionic

Compound
Chlorine will gain one electron, giving

it a total of 18. (The noble gas argon
has 18 electrons.)
When it gains one electron, the
chlorine atom (Cl) becomes the
chloride ion (Cl).
Note that the name of the ion is
simply the element's name with the
ending changed to ide.
Ion and Ionic

Compound
Ions such as sodium and chloride

combine in ratios to give empirical
formulas with no net charge.
Ion and Ionic

Compound
Ion and Ionic

Compound
Naming
Inorganic
Compounds
In order to deduce the names and

formulas of ionic compounds, it is
important to know the names,
charges, and formulas of the ions
involved.
Names of main-group monatomic
ions are straightforward.
Naming
Inorganic
Compounds
A cation takes the name of the

element plus the word "ion."
Na, Sr, Ba, Li, K Al
Na+ sodium ion
Zn2+ zinc ion
Al3+ Aluminum ion
Naming
Inorganic
Compounds
Naming
Inorganic
Compounds
For anions, the element name has its

ending replaced with ide.
N, O, Cl, I, Se, S
Naming
Inorganic
Compounds
Naming
Inorganic
Compounds
Some transition metals can form more

than one ion.
Iron, for example, forms both Fe2+ and Fe3+.
To name such an ion unambiguously, we
use the name of the element, a Roman
numeral in parentheses to denote the
charge, and the word "ion." Fe2+ and Fe3+
would be iron(II) ion and iron(III) ion,
respectively.
Naming
Inorganic
Compounds
Most of the common polyatomic ions

are anions, although a few are
cations.
It is important to know the names,
charges, and formulas of all of these
ions.
Naming
Inorganic
Compounds
Remember that ions combine in

ratios that give neutral compounds.
The charge on an ion is unambiguous
and, provided it is named correctly, it
is not necessary to specify the
relative amounts of each ion in the
name of an ionic compound.
Naming
Inorganic
Compounds
For example, NaCl is sodium chloride.

MgCl2 is magnesium chloride.
We don't use a prefix to denote the
number of chloride ions; we know
that there are two because of the
charges on Mg (+2) and Cl (1).
There is only one possible ratio in
which they can combine.
Naming
Inorganic
Compounds
Names and formulas of acids follow

naturally from the naming of ionic
compounds. (Even though acids are
not ionic!)
Thus, Cl requires one hydrogen ion
to become HCl, a familiar acid.
SO42 requires two hydrogen ions to
become H2SO4, another familiar acid.
Naming
Inorganic
Compounds
To name an acid derived from an atomic

anion, remove the ide ending from the
anion, replace it with ic, and surround the
new name with the prefix hydro and the
word acid.
Example: The anion in HCl is the chloride
ion.
Remove the ide ending, and replace it with
ic. Surround the new word with hydro and
acid, and you have hydrochloric acid.
Naming
Inorganic
Compounds
For acids derived from polyatomic anions, simply

replace the suffix of the anion name and add the
word acid.
The ending ate gets replaced with ic; the ending ite
gets replaced with ous.
The acid derived from nitrate ion becomes nitric acid.
That derived from nitrite ion becomes nitrous acid.
(Some of the anion roots change slightly for acid
names. Example: The acids derived from sulfate and
sulfite ions are sulfuric and sulfurous acids,
respectively.)
Naming
Inorganic
Compounds
Naming
Inorganic
Compounds
Naming
Inorganic
Compounds
Naming
Inorganic
Compounds
Naming
binary
molecular
compounds is very much like naming
ionic
compounds,
with
one
difference.
With molecular compounds, we use
Greek prefixes to denote how many
of each atom are present.
Naming
Inorganic
Compounds
The procedures used for naming binary

(two-element) molecular compounds are
similar to those used for naming ionic
compounds:
The name of the element farthest to the left
in the periodic table is usually written first.
If both elements are in the same group in the
periodic table, the lower one is named first.
The name of the second element is given an
-ide ending.
Naming
Inorganic
Compounds
The procedures used for naming binary

(two-element) molecular compounds are
similar to those used for naming ionic
compounds:
Greek prefixes (Table 2.6) are used to indicate
the number of atoms of each element.
The prefix mono- is never used with the first
element.
When the prefix ends in a or o and the name of
the anion begins with a vowel (such as oxide),
the a or o is often dropped.
Naming
Inorganic
Compounds
Examples:
Naming
Inorganic
Compounds
Cl2O dichlorine monoxide

N2O4 dinitrogen tetroxide
NF3
nitrogen trifluoride
P4S10 tetraphosphorus decasuldife
Naming
Inorganic
Compounds
Thank You

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UNIVERSIT Y OF INDONESIA

Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

The Atomic Theory of Matter

The Periodic Table

Early in the nineteenth century, John

all atoms of given element are

Atoms of an element are not changed

Compounds are formed when atoms of

Dalton's theory was used to explain the

The law of conservation of mass says

For example, water has an oxygento-hydrogen mass ratio of 7.9:1.

By the middle of the nineteenth century,

The Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment

Experiments with Radioactivity

Rutherford's Gold Foil Experiment

Our modern view of the atom is that

Together they make up nearly all of

Atoms of a particular element all

Isotopes are atoms of a given element that have

Isotopes are atoms of a given element that have the

Elements are arranged in the

The elements can be separated into

As we saw in Chapter 1, matter can exist as a

The subscripts in each formula denote

Ion and Ionic

Many compounds consist of ions rather

Ion and Ionic

Ionic compounds do not exist as

Ion and Ionic

The charges on many atomic ions can

Ion and Ionic

Sodium will lose one electron, giving it

Ion and Ionic

Chlorine will gain one electron, giving

Ion and Ionic

Ions such as sodium and chloride

Ion and Ionic

Ion and Ionic

In order to deduce the names and

A cation takes the name of the

For anions, the element name has its

Some transition metals can form more

Most of the common polyatomic ions

Remember that ions combine in

For example, NaCl is sodium chloride.

Names and formulas of acids follow

To name an acid derived from an atomic

For acids derived from polyatomic anions, simply

The procedures used for naming binary

The procedures used for naming binary

Cl2O dichlorine monoxide

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