ELECTRIC TECHNOLOGY, U.S.S.R. EDITORIAL BOARD 1 M. BARLOW, London: FW BOWDEN, Sov Lu Obup F, RAILSFORD, LondowG.S, BROWN, Emin ie: EM BRUCE: Glagons C6. CARR, totira: GW. CARTER, Leads A CONRAD, eviews 6 CORCORAN Cg Por Ma) D- CRAGES, rrpot A. CULLEN, Silt 115 GOUEIEY, Plo Ans, EDREUPRE. Son AR: ECKELS, Vomont Wi. PISMWICE, Sana FROBHLIC, few York. G- CARTON, Levhad Se GREIG, Londo, HARRIS, Lats Cy: B HORGAN Mt, E € JONES neous 8 € HORDAN re LOVETE oe Ts MERnepadt 1 Wo MULLIGAN. INR, ew Yor) PARTON, rdahan,W. AcFETERSON, etn: bs PORTER: Lado, © READ, Rag WG SULEPIERD. Neots WP SIETH, Leone, ‘Ken Lt SPOR (Chea) New Yen: A STRELZOPE, en Lamang FW TATUM, Dy, Tee Evo. TERVILLIGER, storey Dy He TOMPSEYT. Sif TUSTIN, Londo 5, REID WARREN. Suk, Pidndepe A: Revan € WARRINGTON, Sores A WAWNICK, Pos © BL WILBIAMS, Rhine FLCWILLIANS. Mv. WOOD. laches CS ZIEMAN, Oc: 8. GENS, Por ‘Translator/Eaiwor: O. M, Blan ELEKTRICHESTVO Nos. 7, 8 and 9, 1981 Ealitorin-Chief: LG. MAMIKONYANTS, EDITORIAL BOARD V. ¥, AFANASTEV, A. L BERTINOY, I. A. BUDZKO, V. A. VENIKOV, L A. GLEBOV, LS. YEPREMOV, A.V. IVANOVSMOLENSKIL, P.M. IPATOY, iV. KOSTENKO, MF. OSTENKO, VeP-LARIONOV, 8-8. LIDORENKO, EA. MEEROVICH, GF. MUCHNIK, A.V. NETUSHI PETROV (Assistant Elton: Ohief, SL RABINOVICH, 0. V. SLEZHANOVSKLI,8. A, SOVALOY, BLMLTARGEV, Yu.G-TOLSTOV, AM: PEDOSEEV, AC. CHILIKIN, A 8. SHATALOV. Four bsuesperanran. Approxinately 70 pas per eu, 1982 Annual Subsrpion Rete: $240.00 (cluding postage nd insurance) Two-year rate (1982183) $456.00 Subscsition cngules from customers in North Americ should be seat to: Patgamon Pres In ‘Manvel Hows, Favew Puk, Elstar, NY 10529, USA. and for the eanae of the Word To Pergamon Pres Lt, Hediagton Hil Ha, Osford OXS OFW, UK. Meroform Subscriptions and Back Jes ‘Copyright © 1982 Porgamon Pres Lt, ‘ete im, msn ioe rn Shea wihan proc tng Ro the Cr Usps Lv pat ernie "The Ae ec Cour nee pg ade io init cenit or ape Segre: b ee sore verano era mens cara etre aro ea ‘ee Co nC Set Say SA T0 nd ene of esc bees, ‘SESE me sig wert cae SURE pa Se eo Pe oe sep tn Sa son pn ese yar ee Pon PERGAMON PRESS Mosel Hous, Feieow Pak, Elmsford, Headington HH, ‘New York 10833, U5. ‘oxford OX3 OW, Elana ‘tec Technology US.SR No.3, 99.1 Puan rent Bits on13-nss/au/osooni-14s075070 ‘saz Pergamon Pes Lid OVERHEAD TRANSMISSION LINES OF ULTRA-RAISED CURRENT CAPACITY* G.N. ALEKSANDROV Leningrad Polytechni (Received 25 November 1980) Hnstiate SUMMARY — From the theory of bundie conductors, line current capacity ean be increased arbitrarily by maximuna utilisation of conductor surface area and cross-section and increase of thebundle conductor radius and number of components per phase conductor. Bundle conductor patterns illustrate a fundamentally new design solution fo: compact lines with ‘implications for 110-1800 kV subject to cost-effestiveness analysis and ‘measures for inter-phase overvoltage i ruction of test spans awaited, INUSS.R. intensive development of network constru:tion an urgent problem is that of increasing the current capacity of transmissionsand improving their cort cffeciveness, In recent yeats several methods have bees proposed for increasing 2c transmission current capacity — drawing conductors cf eircuits ofa line loser logether [1-3], drawing conductors of adjoining phase: of one circuit closer together [4 5}, and increase ofthe bundle conductor radius (6). However none of ‘these methods increases line current capacity more than one and a half times, so confirming a widespread opinion thet transmission current capacity i limited. Research and development in 1979 at Leningrad Potytechnical Institute Extra-High Voltage Laboratory and Energosser‘procket Tastitute (fer power network projection) has shown this opinion o be erroneous and based on out-of-date ideas about possible conductor designs and their mutual arrangement. Effective use of conductors is a general pre-condit on for overhead! economy. A quantitative criterion of such effectiveness is energy transmission at an economic current density. On the other hand, to limit corona discharge, the conductor turface field strength must not exoeed a permieible value (E) which depends on the conductor radius. SBikckrno, No.7, 1-6 19812 GN Aleesandoe For a. transmission lines, the conductor current and charge are single- -valuedly inter-related. In natural power transmission conditions (7) In qow=UsCow, o where ne — electromagnetic wave propagation veodty, C— line operating capacitance, q— charge per unit of bundle conductor length. Since natural power transmission, ora closely similar duty, isthe most evonomical for a.c, overhead line, relation (I) is adopted for further analysis of ‘operating conditions of overhead line conductors. For the case P # Py, however all the following formulae are readily convertible from consideration ofthe relation Pp nB ® “The permissible conductor charge with maximum utlsation of conductor surface area is @ “where ky — coefficient for non-uniformity ofthe field strength distribution over the surface ofthe conductors, y = Kak, qs — Coefficient for non-uniformity ofthe charge distribution between the components ofthe bundle conductor, equal to the ratio of the maximum charge tothe average, kya — coefficient for non-uniformity of the field strength distribution over the surface of the conductor with maxianum change, equal to the ratio of the maximum strength to the average forthe particular conductor. Consequently, from (1) and (3, the permissible line current is dessus i: and theline wave impedenceis Ay hb our ey, ~ Ey io Tronnison lies of rare arentcopecy ‘Thus line current is proportional to the number ani radius of components per ‘phase, whilst ine wave impedance is inversely proportional tothe product ny Correspondingly the line indvetive reactance (eferred toa unit of Fine length) is also inversely proportional tthe product 17 axel te oe © ‘where L— inductance per unit of line length, —angular Frequency 3 — ‘electromagnetic wave propagation velocity. Given constant radius a ofthe components, the inductive reactance decreases inversely as the number n of components in the phase, also the resistance ofthe conductors ae, o where p— conductor resist facior. x)— conductor eross section ative material fill- ‘As mentioned above, for effective use of conductox the curcent density must correspond to @range of economic values. Since the busdle conductor cross-section is Q=aaraxs 1 ow g BO yee,” * Wy, ® But since , is function ofthe conductor radius the range of possible values of the conductor radiusis limited. For example, for ky = 1.2, x)= 0.61-0.67 and j= 0.8-1.2 A/mm?, the choice of conductor radius i limited to the interval (09 0.25) Cr 1.95eall/S+09). co) Dining the permissible operating capacitance in terms ofthe permissible charge like (12) its foune thet t Seat L409) = Zee 195s, (5-109) = 5h, hence the permissible phase transverse section ength is tm s( “ie -— 08) 6)0 GN Aleantor Formula (16) defines the minimum number of conductors per phase of compact line aot e (Clearly, tm is proportional tothe operating voltage and inversely proportional to the conductor radius. forthe minimum natural By substituting (17) inte formula (9), an expres power of a compact line is Pann = 0.0047 Pn a and it depends only on the line voltage clas. However, this does not imply that lines of lower natural power cannot be designed. By inoreasing the interphase spacing, natural power can be reduced ‘considerably. But these lines do not correspond to the nation of a compact line pease ary WWW \s WV \ ANS ‘hs} ay okt | ee oO 20 30 1G. 5 Pazerean transverse seion length (9 (1) and waveimpedane(-8)n esti the ‘be componente per phase of ine wi AS-20/S5 and ASA0/S1 conduc (0,3) ORV ine,S= 3 (2.9) SOKV Be, S43 mG, 7) 1150 V tne, “S=7 mt 18008V Tranison es ofoirorated curr capacity u In Fig. 5 relationships = fy) from formula (16) are plotted for voltage lasses from 500 to 1800KV. In all eases the phase transversesection length is much less than withthe traditional arrangement of conductors. Since the bundle diameter of traditional lines exceeds the phase transverse section ength(), the bundle inter- component distance af compact lines is much les tha for traditional ines of the same voltage class, and this too determines more effective us ofthe sapee occupied by the line (see Table). The variant of Fig, 4,2 ensures a uniform distribution of eharges and currents between components forthe same distance between them within each phase. From purely design considerations, however this variant only enables a line of very great current capacity to be designed. Thus, for instance, fr $00 KV lines with inner phase diameter of | m and insulation spacing $= 25 m the diameter of the middle phase is 6 m anc/= xD = 188 m, which provides curtent capacity of 8 GW, i.e almost 10 times more than on a line of traditional des gn. The “shortcoming” ofthe variant in Fig 4,b is the same. In the other cited variants the length /of the mile phase isnot limited from below. For this reason, sucha ine eaa be used to create Single-cireut transmissions which replace (Wo, three cr more circuits of traditional lines. 1 should be mentioned that in the versions of Fig 4c, in order to ensure ‘uniform distribution ofthe charge and current by components, i is necessary to range them at different distance one from the other, e. at greater distance inthe ‘middle part ofthe phase and at less distance at phase edges. In addition to this, ‘compact lines possess phase parameter asymmetry. Tae capacitance of the middle phase is greter, but the inductive reactance less, than for extreme phases. For ‘uniform current loading ofthe conductors, itis expedient forthe midéle phase to have slightly more components than the extreme phases. One possible way of reducing current asymmeitycan be “compression” ofthe rida phase. Thus, for example, ifthe middle phase of a $00KV ine with S= 3is “compressed” two-fold, given the same number of components pr phase (a= 10), the following ine parameters are obtained: inductive “eactance 0.139 and 0.124 A/km apd capacitive suscepance 0.942" 10 ard 0.69: 10% mho/km forthe ‘middle and extreme phases respectively. It should be mentioned that in the considered case ofa “compressed” middle phase the non-uniformity ofthe current distribution by components of extreme phases is +3 per cent ofthe mean value and #5 per eet for the middle phase.R GN. Aenean Reduction of the space occupied by the conductors of a compact line leads to considerable reduction ofthe horizontal dimensions of towers and to redvetion of their weight and cost, Thus, for instance, from Energase'proeks estimates for towers of 500 kV lines with aluminium-steel conductors AS-240/56 for which n = 10, S=3 mand/~ 3,3 m (P, = 2.6 GW), the weight and cost are half that of the towers of a two-circuit line of the same current capacity (with phases dravn together). 7 “The small space ovcupied by ine conductors permits a new approach to tower design, A compact arrangement of line conductors aso simplifies solution of the lightning protection problem. Neither can the effect of the reduced width ofthe line path be disregarded, Whereas, for example, in the case ofthe 500 KV line considered the distance betwoen extreme components of ine conductorsis z= 25=6m,ona singl-circuit line with phases drawer together and te same current capacity 2 6r., ive. form= 10, P,= 2.6 GW, 2ry=4 m (in accordance with Fig. 1),z= 18m. Yet for Aline of traditional design this distance is 2 = 2D + 2r, = 29 m, On compact lines the closer proximity ofthe phases lends to considerable reduction ofthe field strength under the line. Fora compact 500 kV line, the field strength is no more than 9kV/m. Drawing of the conductors closer together for minimal spacing, determined by the electri stzength ofthe inter-phase gaps, necessitates mounting of insulating spreaders, preferably vitreous plastic insulators. My a s AD 18 22 20 30 3 8 FIG. 6 The OR-Roshover tgs (1) and Share tenes elation to he ng of he ‘ir exp (8 bxtween plane pases ofan overead line Guing eiching urges with 300 psec buoy Tromso liner of ured ret copy B From Leningrad Polytechnical Institute Extra-High Voltage Laboratory research into electric strength of iter-phase air gaps forthe plane-type line (Fig, 4,4) with n= IZ and /= 6, the mean discharge strength is £y 2 4 kV/em right up to S = 4m, the value of E here decreasing quite slowly with increase of distance (Fig, 6) ‘These data were used in assessing the necessary insulation spacings with regard !0 ight scatter ofthe discharge voltages (coefficient of variation o* 0,02) and crease ofthe gap by about I mto low for possiblefluctuation of conductors in spans between spreaders. ‘The fundamentally new design solution for overkead lines needs to be approved on test spans constructed as soon as possible. CONCLUSIONS (1) The current capacity of a.¢. overhead lines is 10t limited. Proposed variants ‘of compact lines with bundle conductors enable ine current cepacity to be increased with considerable improvement of eost-ffectivenesscriter (2) Absence of any direct relation between line r:ted voltage and current capacity necessitates revision of fields of application of different voltage classes on the bass of cost-offectiveness analysis. (9) To make compact-type overhead line variants effective in practice, itis necessary fo elaborate measures for deep limitation of inter-phase overvollages. Translated by O.M. Blunn 1. YON, Autkbov, ¥.A, Veo nd Pier lsreasec troie ‘ack Ge Renin en AN SSSR. Energie ranipon No.5 (96 sisson ine caren 2. Yo.N.Asathow,V. A. Veitowand EP. Zier: tneense df mest capaciy by rational {rangement of toca aren line condor (it Rusia) AN SSSR. vegeta? Iromport.No. 61963). 2. V.A.Yenikow,Ya.N,Asathovand VM. Postlay: ltiheta, No 12 (1969) Eapish ‘Teanation published o Canad ae trata ger capaci, lecreTektogy USSR vol 0-99 (196), 4. L:Ranold; Roundtable o he transmission of lst iat the epnning of the lt cetuy Fiera, No. 610978) 5 GN. Alctsendor TV. Lisoehkina Engl pape pubes Conroe UCEINOGnES ef ai lec Techtlgy USSR..¥2. 69. 1e-1S4(191); i “ NM Belton et 86 GAN Atekundeor,5.V. Klos TV. Litochking a al: 08 expedianyofcrentinga.c vera Aesth ierensed onal condi asin Russian). lesan No, (97) #1. G.N-Aletsandro; Theory ofbunde conductors. Ton. IEE, Power Apert ard Syste, BEN 7(90 _G.N.Atssanéroy, Yu. A. Gerasinoy, VL Ianove al; Eletrc strength fai pps Between Sore uring sting srg (in Rssan- Ett, Stans, No, AC). 13-4541 000141075070 tere Telnlogy USSR. No.3, 99. 18-27, 1981 ‘ez Peron Pros Lid, Printed in Great Bain SINGLE-PHASE AUTORECLOSING ON 750 kV TRANSMISSIONS WITH SHUNT REACTORS* N.N. BELYAKOV, ¥. V, BURGSDORF, V.S. RASHKES and K. Y. KHOETSIAN All-Union Power Engineering Research Institute (Received 30 June 1980) SUMMARY — From tests on five 750 kV transmissions, current arc extinction time is related to tripped phase voltage and steady-state current, ‘Minimum extinction time is determined by a transient aperiodic current ‘component (upto 0.2-0.3 sec), On 750 KV lines up to 525 km in length with shumt reactors the arc is extinguished by gap dielectric strength recovery after ‘one or several attempts at current interruption, the are channel losing ‘uniformity lengthwise, Gap strength build-up is estimated in fll recovery taking 0.15-0.22ec, A compensating reactor in shunt reactor neutrals can accelerate extinction with moderate currentiess pauses. A method is described for modelling without short cireits. ‘SINGLE-PHASE faults in extr-high voltage transmissions are the cause of 70-90 per cent ofall ine disconnections, such faults being acing faults in 70-80 per cent of the cases and so being clearable by automatic relosure. “The currentless pause in single-phase automatic reclosure (SPAR) is determined by the time necessary for sel-extinction of a secondary make-up current are caused by capacitive and inductive couplings between the tripped phase of the line and the ones a operation. Sef-extinction time rapidly increases with increase of ‘the make-up current J ripped phase recovery voltage Uj and its build-up rate. Any increase ofthe fine voltage and its length increases the current [5 and the shunt reactors increase U, but reduce its build-up rate. All these parameters can be reduced by connecting a compensating reactor in the neutral ofa group of shunt reactors[!]. Gerichee, N71, 10 Single pase euorcosing with shut riacirs bs “The dependence of fa and Uion the degree of compensation of line capacitance (q and compensating reactor resistance is considered al different values of the transmitted power in (2). Innes with shunt reactors th tipped-phase voltage recovers inthe form of low-frequency beat, and then its build-up rate cen be characterised by a tangent to the beat envelope and by the maximum value of the ‘voltage andthe time taken to reach it and equal to the teat half-period a7 wi), where (o—) i the difference between the operating and natural Frequencies across the tripped phase. The build-up time r increases with increase of a In 750 KV line design the feasibility of SPAR with moderate currentles pauses nd without additional measures is problematical. Procedure for theoretical estimation of the extenction time fx by postulating pul. of the are to its critical Iength [3 led to such great elongation of the arc for 75C KV lines thats extinction {is impossible or else very long currentess pauses were recestary. However these ‘estimates are not confirmed by te test results considered below. “Tne investigations were performed on five 750 kV overhead lines by VNTTE. ‘with participation of VEI in some of the tests(4, 5}* ‘SINGLE-PHASE AUTOMATIC RECLOSURE TESTS ON 1750 kV TRANSMISSIONS “The SPAR investigations were performed on lines(see Table) which for the ‘most part were one-way connected. In tests with transit power this was 300-1280 MW. Ttis stressed thatthe make-up current ses only 10-15 per cent even intrinsmission of natural power. ‘The are arose on burnout of copper or aluminium wire shunting the supporting, 750 KV insulator string, on live connection of a line with such a string (87 km line ‘and some ofthe tests on 334 km ine) or on connecting this string to a live line (479 ‘and 525 km lines and some tests on the 334 km line). The duration ofthe short circuit eurrent Flow was 0,02-0.84 ec at 5.2-19.6 KA stock current. In some tests on the 479 kn line and in tests on the 417 km linea shunted string was connected to the line phase immediately after disconnection from the supply. In this ease there was rio short citeuit stage. The wind speed in the tests was (.5 m/sec. TInssconpcation Depa Consol afte USSR Powe Poste South and Noses, ‘DAIIEL of Dont Power Sytem and oter power sytems actively cooperate it tbe 1s.