Thick Walled Cylinders

Lecture 13
Engineering 473
Machine Design

Axisymmetric Equation of
Equilibrium
(Geometry)

p i internal pressure
angular position coordinate
r radial position coordinate
u displacement in r - direction
v displacement in - direction
Axisymmetric Nothing varies in the - direction.

=0

Ugural, Fig. 8.1(a)

Axisymmetric Equation of
Equilibrium
(Differential Element)

r
d
r +

r
r
= 0, due to axisymmetric constraint

r = 0, due to stress compatibility

Ugural, Fig. 8.1(b)

Axisymmetric Equation of
Equilibrium
r
d

dr (r + dr )d dz - 2 sin drdz - r rd dz + Fr rd dr dz = 0
r +
r
2

d r
+ r + rFr = 0
dr

d r r
+
+ Fr = 0
dr
r
Fr radial body force per unit volume

Strain Displacement Equations

u
dr + dr dr
du

r
=
r =
dr
dr

(
r + u )d - rd u
=
=

du
u
r =
, =
dr
r

rd

Constitutive Equations
Hookes Law
r =

1
( r )
E

1
= ( r )
E
E
( r + )
r =
2
1
=

E
( + r )
2
1

Stress-Strain equations are often

referred to as constitutive
equations, because they depend
on what the part is made of.
The equilibrium and straindisplacement equations are
independent of the material.
Webster, constitutive - making
a thing what it is, essential

Summary of
Axisymmetric Equations
Equilibrium Equation

Constitutive Equations

d r r
+
+ Fr = 0
r
dr

1
r = ( r )
E

Strain-Displacement Equations

du
u
r =
, =
r
dr

1
= ( r )
E

Thick Walled Cylinders

(Displacement Differential Equation)
E
( r + )
r =
2
1
E
( + r )
=
2
1
E du
u
r =
+
2
1 dr
r

a inside radius
b outside radius
p i internal pressure
p o external pressure

E u
du
=
+
2
1 r
dr
d 2 u 1 du u
+
2 =0
2
dr
r dr r
Ugural, Fig. 8.2

Thick Walled Cylinders

(General Solution & Boundary Conditions)

r =

E du
u

2
1 dr
r

E u
du
=
+
2
1 r
dr
d 2 u 1 du u
+
2 =0
2
dr
r dr r
General Solution
C2
u = C1r +
r

E
r =
1 2

1
C1 (1 + ) C 2 r 2

E
=
1 2

1
C1 (1 + ) + C 2 r 2

Ugural, Fig. 8.2

Thick Walled Cylinders

(Boundary Conditions)
r =

E
1 2

1
(
)
C
1

C
+

2
1
2
a

E
1
C (1 + ) C 2 2
po =
2 1
1
b
pi =

Boundary Conditions

r
r

r =a

r =b

= p i
= p o

1
(
)
C
1

C
+

2
1
2
r

E
1 2

1 a 2 pi b 2 po
C1 =

E b2 a 2

1 + a 2 b 2 (p i p o )
C2 =

E b2 a 2
Ugural, Fig. 8.2

Thick Walled Cylinders

(Lame Equations)

a 2 p i b 2 p o (p i p o )a 2 b 2
r =

2
2
b a
b2 a 2 r 2

a 2 p i b 2 p o (p i p o )a 2 b 2
=
+
2
2
b a
b2 a 2 r 2

1 a 2 p i b 2 p o r 1 + (p i p o )a 2 b 2
u=
+
2
2
E
b a
E
b2 a 2 r

Ugural, Fig. 8.2

Longitudinal Strain
(Unconstrained and Open Ends)
1
z = ( z r )
E
2E
r + =
[C1 (1 + )]
2
1
Ends are unconstrained
and open, z = 0
2 C1
z =
1

z = ( r + )
E
2 a 2 p i b 2 p o

z =
2
2

E
1

E b a
(
)
+

C
1

C
r =

1
2

2
1 2
r

E
1
=
C (1 + ) + C 2 2
Note that r + = Constant
2 1
1
r

Longitudinal Stress
(Constrained Ends)
1
z = 0 = ( z r )
E
z = ( r + )

1
C1 (1 + ) C 2 r 2

E
1
=
C (1 + ) + C 2 2
2 1
1
r

E
r =
1 2

2E
[C1 (1 + )]
r + =
2
1
2EC1
z =

1
a 2pi b2po

z = 2
2
2
b a

Note that z = Constant

Longitudinal Stress
(Closed and Unconstrained Ends)
z
po

pi

z b 2 a 2 + po b 2 pi a 2 = 0
pi a 2 p o b 2
z =
b2 a 2

Special Cases
External Pressure Only

Internal Pressure Only

a 2 pi b 2
1 2
r = 2
2
b a r

b2po a 2
1 2
r = 2
2
b a r

a 2 pi b 2
1 + 2
= 2
2
b a r

b2po a 2
1 + 2
= 2
2
b a r

z = 0, unconstrained

z = 0, unconstrained

2
b
po
2 a p i
=

, constrained
, constrained
z = 2
z
2
2
2
b a
b a
2
2
b
po
a pi
, closed & unconstrained
z = 2
2
,
closed
and
unconstrai
ned
z = 2
b a
b a2

Stress Variation
b/a=4

Internal Pressure Only

External Pressure Only

Ugural, Fig. 8.3

Assignment
1. Show that the Lame equations for the case of
internal pressure reduce to the equations for a thin
walled cylinder when the ratio b/a approaches 1.
2. A thick walled cylinder with 12 and 16 inch internal
and external diameters is fabricated of a material
whose tensile yield strength is 36 ksi and Poissons
ratio is 0.3. Calculate the von Mises stress when the
internal pressure is 10 ksi. The cylinder has closed
but unconstrained ends. Will the material yield?