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tJ;'H;x>.ftw>fuGJ;
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w>foH'd;oHuG>foe>.f
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0D2015eH.f
?=phzdw>fvJRcDzsdtrh>ftwD (phzd) = 37
ydmfrk.fwz.frh>fwy.fCkmfb.f'D; w>frkmfw>fck.ftd.fxD.fwohb.f'h.fngxD.f(2)
oDunDeH.f2754eH.f(5$4$2015)eH.f = 4

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?=eD>fr;El;(zHr;El;)tw>fvJRcDzsd'D;to;orlt*h>fzk.fudmf = 40

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?=zDzdv>uvkmft*D>f ('gtJ.fzdv;ph) = 5
?=unDrd>fzduxD.fzDvJvdmfo;oDrlvDRqD (eD>fvhck.f) = 6
?=w>ftJ.fwDvmft>tJ.feR (pH;pvH.fqDxH;w>ftJ.fzd) = 6
?=ClClzd;zd;rRoud; (od.f'lpDRypDRxH=ok;uh(5) = 7

w>fxH.fw>fqdurd.foe>.f
?=usJtnDuw>>fv>ew>fol.frHo;rkmft*D>f (tJ.fok= uyu) = 42
?=w>f[h.fyvD>fv>'hrk.feD>f[;ql.ft*D>f (eDrk.f) = 43

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?=vD>fc>.fo;unDydmfrk.fu&>vDRw>fu&>u&dql cs>.fvH>G fxl.fuD>f&h.fwDtluD>f ?=,td.f[J'.fzJeh.fvDR
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?=unDydmfrk.fu&>ul.fohvDRqDw>fwdmfusJRo&.fySReJ.fw>ftw>frRvd= 12 ?=Edik if aH &;ta-umif;aumif;aumif;od_yD
?=w>fol.fxD.fw>fohw>fb.ftuH>ftpDySR[h.fw>fod.fvdtw>frRvd(TOT) ?= t&Sed af v#mah rmif;
w>fys>fuHGmfw>frRvdtrl; (unDydmfrk.fu&>) = 13
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?=w>fud;xD.fv> w>fuywkmfuGHmfw>frRw&Dwyg [D.fcd.fzdcGJ;,mfv>uvkmf ?=Very dangerous Animals
'l.ft[D.fu0DRtylR (unDydmfrk.fu&>)= 15
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?=unDydmfrk.fu&>ur>ur.fv>UKrRp>R0J'.fuD>fy,DRok; = 16
?=zHo;yS>fv>to;td.f88eH.fw*Rw>f[H;e>ftDR*h>f0Dv>eRyF.fwDRpH.fyhRtq> o;p>f o e>.f
(yk'fr=26)vDRb.fCdmfwvg'D; zHo;yS>fv>to;td.f82eH.fw*RvDRb.fCdmfw ?=rk>fweHRw>ft>.fvDRv>ySJR (bkod.fzDzd) =46
vg0HRtvD>fcH w>f[H;e>fu'guhRu'D;*h>f0Dtq>(yk'fr=27) = 17
?=rk>feR,dmfw>fo,k>fzd (rkmf}wDRzD'GJ.fvd) = 47
?=w>ftJ.fw>fvDRz;trJmfxHzd (eD>f[JbSh.f)= 48
zd'Hzdo.foe>.f
?='DzdeHRclol.fv>t}wD;ylR (rkmf}wDRzDvhvh.f) = 19
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?=ydmfrk.f'D;w>fzH;w>frR (rkmf}wDRzDvhvh.f) = 27
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w>ftd.fql.ftd.fcsoe>.f
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?=w>fv>y}wDmfrd>f(rdcifavmif;)wz.fub.frRub.f[;qSJ; =29

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w>fbk.fw>fzD.foe>.f
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Luiz Kaypoe ,
Naw Tamla Saw
,British Minister
Desmond Swayne
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Thailand
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Thailand
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www.karenwomen.org
35

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