T M T T H A 8 L N 2

INGUYN T HA HC:
1. nh ngha: NTHH l tp hp nhng nguyn t cng loi, c cng s proton trong
ht nhn.
2. K hiu ha hc:
- K hiu ha hc: thng ly ch ci u( in hoa) tn Latinh, trng hp nhiu nguyn
t c ch ci u ging nhau th KHHH ca chng c thm ch th hai( vit thng).(
tr.42)
- VD: Cacbon: C , Canxi: Ca, ng: Cu
- ngha ca KHHH: Ch NTHH cho, ch mt nguyn t ca nguyn t .
- VD: 2O: Hai nguyn t Oxi.
3. Nguyn t khi:
- NTK: L khi lng ca mt nguyn t tnh bng n v Cacbon(vC)
1vC =

1
12

1
12

khi lng ca mt nguyn t Cacbon

1vC = . 1,9926.10-23 = 1,6605.10-24g = 1,6605.10-27 kg

- VD: NTK C = 12vC, O = 16 vC
4. Phn t: L ht i din cho cht, gm mt s nguyn t lin kt vi nhau v th hin
y tnh cht ha hc ca cht.
5. Phn t khi: L khi lng ca phn t tnh bng n v cacbon, bng tng nguyn
t NTK ca cc nguyn t trong phn t.
VD: PTK ca H2O= 1.2+16 = 18 vC
II- N CHT HP CHT :
1. n cht: L nhng cht c to nn t mt NTHH.
Kim loi: Al, Fe, Cu
n cht:
C, S, P
Phi kim:
O2, N2, H2
2. Hp cht:L nhng cht c to nn t 2 hay nhiu NTHH(H2O, NaCl, H2SO4)
III- CNG THC HA HC:
1. ngha ca CTHH:
- Nhng nguyn t no to thnh cht.
- S nguyn t ca mi nguyn t to thnh mt phn t cht.
- Phn t khi ca cht.
2. CTHH ca n cht:
- Kim loi(A): Al, Fe, Cu
X: S,C,P
- Phi kim:
X2: O2, N2, H2
3. CTHH ca hp cht: gm KHHH ca nhng nguyn t to thnh phn t hp cht,
c ghi ch s chn k hiu. (VD: H2O, NaCl, H2SO4) AxBy
IV- HA TR:
1. KN: Ha tr ca mt nguyn t(nhm nguyn t) l con s biu th kh nng lin kt
ca nguyn t nguyn t vi nguyn t nguyn t khc.( Bng 1 tr.42).

- Ha tr c ghi bng ch s La M v c xc nh theo ha tr ca H bng I. Ha

tr ca O bng II.
- VD: HCl th( Cl:I ), NH3 th( N:III ), K2O th( K: I ), Al2O3 th( Al: III ).
2. Quy tc ha tr:
a

x
b

y
a

Ax By

- Ta c:
a.x = b.y
hay
3. p dng QTHT:
- Tnh ha tr ca mt nguyn t:
+ VD: Tnh ha tr ca Al trong hp cht Al2O3
Gi ha tr ca Al l a.
a

II

Al2 O3

Ta c:
a.2 = II.3
a = 3 . Vy Al(III)
- Lp CTHH ca hp cht theo ha tr:
+ VD1: Lp CTHH ca st oxit, bit Fe(III).
III

II

Fex Oy
t cng thc dng chung:

x II 2

y III 3

ADQTHT: III.x = II.y

. Vy x = 2, y = 3
Vy: CTHH ca st oxit l: Fe2O3
+ VD2: Lp CTHH ca hp cht gm Na(I) v SO4(II).
I

II

Nax ( SO4 ) y
t cng thc dng chung:

x II 2

y I 1

ADQTHT: I.x = II.y

. Vy x = 2, y = 1
Vy: CTHH ca hp cht l: Na2SO4
CHNG 2: PHN NG HA HC
--------------I.

S BIN I CHT
1.

Hin tng vt l: l hin tng cht b bin i v hnh dng hoc b bin i v
trng thi (rn, lng, kh) nhng bn cht ca cht vn khng thay i (khng c s to thnh
cht mi).
VD: cht dy thp thnh nhng on nh, tn thnh inh

2.

Hin tng ha hc: l hin tng c s bin i cht ny thnh cht khc, ngha l
c sinh ra cht mi.
VD: t chy than (cacbon) to ra kh cacbonic
B I KI M TRA M U

I/ TRC NGHIM KHCH QUAN (4 IM )

Cu 1 ( 2 im ) Hy chn nhng t ( cm t ) thch hp in vo ch trng :
1. dng biu din cht gm 1 k hiu ho hc ( n cht ) hay hai, ba ,k hiu
ho hc ( hp cht ) v chn mi k hiu.

2. Nguyn t c cu to t ba loi ht c bn l : , electron,

Cu 2 ( 1,5 im ) Hy chn mi khi nim ct (I) sao cho ph hp vi mt cu tng
ng ct (II)
Ct (I)

Ct (II)

1. Hp cht
2. Nguyn t
3. Nguyn t ho hc
4. Nguyn t khi l
5. Phn t khi l
6. n cht l

a. Tp hp nhng nguyn t cng loi c cng s proton

trong ht nhn
b. Tp hp nhiu cht trn ln
c. Ht v cng nh, trung ho v in.
d. nhng cht to nn t hai nguyn t ho hc tr ln.
e) khi lng ca phn t tch bng vC
f) nhng cht c to nn t mt nguyn t ho hc.
g) khi lng ca nguyn t c tnh bng vC

p n : 1 ; 2 .
; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6
Cu 3 (0.5 im ) Hy khoanh trn vo mt trong cc ch ci A, B, C, D ng vi mt kt
lun ng
Phn t khi ca hp cht N2O5 l :
A. 30 vC
B. 44 vC
C. 108 vC
D. 94 vC
II/ T LUN ( 6 IM)
Cu 4 ( 3 im ) Lp cng thc ho hc theo cc bc v tnh phn t khi ca cc hp cht.
a) Hp cht gm st ( Fe ) c ho tr III v nhm Sunfat (SO4 ) c ho tr II
b) Hp cht gm lu hunh ( S ) c ho tr VI v nguyn t oxi ( O ) c ho tr II
Cu 5 ( 3 im) Mt hp cht gm c nguyn t R v nguyn t Oxi c cng thc ho hc
dng R2O3
a) Tnh ho tr ca nguyn t R
b) Bit rng phn t R2O3 nng hn nguyn t Canxi 4 ln. Tm tn nguyn t R, k hiu ?
( Cho bit nguyn t khi : S =32, H = 1, Fe = 56, O = 16, Ca = 40, N =14 )