v/;k; r`rh;

'kks/k izjpuk
3-1- Hkwfedk
vuqla/kku] ,d tfVy izf;k gS] ftlesa lEiw.kZ v/;;u dks O;ofLFkr
:i nsuk rFkk mls lgh fn'kk iznku djus ds fy, ,d O;ofLFkr izk:i dk
fuekZ.k djuk vko';d gksrk gSA ;g izk:i

(Design)

lnSo 'kks/k ls lEc)

leL;k dh izd`fr] mn~ns';ksa ,oa izdYiuk ds vuq:i gksrk gSA bl izdkj

vuqla/kku ds vkjfEHkd Lrj ij gh cuk, tkus okys blh izk:i dks
vuqla/kku izk:i dgk tkrk gSA bl n`f"Vdks.k ls 'kks/k vfHkdYi ,d ,slh
izjpuk vFkok :ijs[kk gS tks u dsoy v/;;u dks O;ofLFkr cukdj mls
lgh fn'kk iznku djrh gS] cfYd v/;;u ls lEcfU/kr n'kkvksa ij fu;a=.k
yxk, j[kus esa Hkh lgk;d fl) gksrh gSA 'kks/k vfHkdYi dk fuekZ.k bl
n`f"Vdks.k ls Hkh mi;ksxh gS fd blds ek/;e ls fdlh Hkh 'kks/k dk;Z ds
fofHkUu vk;keksa rFkk mldh okLrfod izd`fr dks ljyrkiwoZd Kkr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA
'kks/k izjpuk dks ifjHkkf"kr djrs gq, ih0 oh0 ;ax us Bhd gh fy[kk
gS&
"A Research design is the logical and systematic
planning and directing of a piece of research." 1

1. P.V.Young - Scientific Social Survey and Research, P. 131.

 72

vFkkZr~ 'kks/k izjpuk ,d rkfdZd vkSj lqO;ofLFkr ;kstuk gS] tks 'kks/k
dk;Z dk funZs'ku djrh gSA
blh izdkj djfyaxj us fy[kk gS fd&
"Research design is the plan, structure and strategy
of investigation conceived so as to obtain answers

to

research questions and control variance".1

vFkkZr~ 'kks/k izjpuk ,d ;kstuk cukoV rFkk dq'kyrkiwoZd dh xbZ

Nku&chu dk ifj.kke gS] tks 'kks/k iz'uksa ds mRrj ds :i esa izkIr fd, tkrs
gSa rFkk tks fofo/krk dks fu;af=r djrh gSA bl lanHkZ esa ,dkWQ us fy[kk
gS&
"Design is the process of making decisions before the
situation arises in which the decision in to be carried out. It
is process of deliberate anticipation directed towards
bringing as expected situation under control."2

vFkkZr~ izjpuk fu.kZ; f;kfUor djus dh fLFkfr vkus ls iwoZ gh

fu.kZ; fu/kkZfjr djus dh izf;k gSA ;g lqfopkfjr iwokZuqekuksa dh ,slh
izf;k gS tks laHkkfor fLFkfr dks fu;a=.k esa ykus ds fy, funZsf'kr dh tkrh
gSA
blls Li"V gS fd 'kks/k&dk;Z esa mifLFkr gksus okyh fLFkfr;kas dk
lQyrkiwoZd lkeuk djus ds fy, 'kks/k dh tks :ijs[kk cukbZ tkrh gS]
mlh dks ^'kks/k&izjpuk* dgrs gSaA3
1. F.N. Kerlinger- Foundation of Behavioural Research, p. 300.
2. Acoff L. Russel- The Design of Social Research, p. 5.

3- johUnz ukFk eq[kthZ& lkekftd 'kks/k ,oa lkaf[;dh] i`0 152A

 73

3-2- 'kks/k fof/k

'kks/k fof/k dk fu/kkZj.k 'kks/k dh izd`fr

ij fuHkZj djrk gSA

fHkUu&fHkUu izdkj ds 'kks/kksa ds fy, vyx&vyx 'kks/k dh fof/k viuk;h

tkrh gSA 'kSf{kd vuqla/kkuksa esa eq[;r;k ikp izdkj dh 'kks/k fof/k;k gSa &
o.kZukRed fof/k] iz;ksxkRed fof/k] ?kVuksRrj fof/k] ,sfrgkfld fof/k ,oa
nk'kZfud fof/kA 'kks/kdkkZ ds }kjk p;fur leL;k o.kZukRed vuqla/kku ds
vUrxZr vkrh gS ftlesa 'kks/k dh losZ{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA

3-2-1 o.kZukRed vuqla/kku

'kSf{kd 'kks/kksa ds vUrxZr o.kZukRed vuqla/kku dk iz;ksx cgqrk;r ls
fd;k tkrk gSA o.kZukRed vuqla/kku dk lEcU/k orZeku dh ?kVukvksa ds
v/;;u ls gSA ;g vuqla/kku v/;;u ds fo"k; dh fLFkfr dks Li"V djrk
gSA o.kZukRed vuqla/kku fof/k esa 'kks/kdrkZ ;g tkuus dh dksf'k'k djrk gS
fd fdlh leL;k ls lEcfU/kr orZeku ifjfLFkfr esa D;k D;k fofHkUu n'kk,
;k lEcU/k ekStwn gSa \ fdl izdkj ds vH;kl ;k O;ogkj izpfyr gSa \
dSlh ekU;rk,] n`f"Vdks.k ;k vfHko`fRr;k yksxksa ds lkFk tqM+h gSa] os bl ij
fdl izdkj dk izHkko Mkyrh gSa rFkk fdl izdkj dh izo`fRr;k fodflr gks
jgh gSaA1
okLro esa fdlh leL;k ds lek/kku esa vkxs c<+us ds iwoZ O;fDr dks
ml oLrq ls ifjfpr gksuk vko';d gS] ftlds {ks= esa og dk;Z dj jgk
gSA o.kZukRed vuqla/kkudrkZ dk lEcU/k dsoy rF;ksa dks ,d= djus ek= ls
1- ikjl ukFk jk;& vuqla/kku ifjp;] y{eh ukjk;.k vxzoky ifCyds'ku]
vkxjk&3] 2002] i`0 119A

 74

ugha gS vfirq ,d dq'ky vuqla/kkudrkZ dk y{; rks fofHkUu pjksa esa lEcU/k
<w<uk ,oa Hkfo";ok.kh djuk gksrk gSA
tkWu MCyw0 csLV ds vuqlkj % ^^o.kZukRed vuqla/kku ^D;k gS* \ dk
o.kZu ,oa fo'ys"k.k djrk gSA ifjfLFkfr;k vFkok lEcU/k tks okLro esa
orZeku gS] vH;kl tks pkyw gS] fo'okl] fopkj/kkjk vFkok vfHko`fRr;k tks
ik;h tk jgh gSa] izf;k, tks py jgh gSa] vuqHko tks izkIr fd;s tk jgs gSa
vFkok u;h fn'kk, tks fodflr gks jgh gS] mUgha ls bldk lEcU/k gSA **1
mDr ifjHkk"kk ls Li"V gS fd o.kZukRed vuqla/kku dk lEcU/k
orZeku dh ?kVukvksa ls gksrk gS rFkk orZeku esa lapkfyr gks jgs ifjos'k ls
lEcfU/kr gksrk gSA
tktZ ,e0 ewys ds vuqlkj % ^^o.kZukRed vFkok losZ{k.k lEcU/kh
vuqla/kku f'k{kk ds {ks= esa lcls vf/kd O;ogkj esa vkrk gSA blds losZ
ukesZfVo losZ] fMfLfIVo losZ] LVsVl ,oa o.kZukRed vuqla/kku vkfn vusd
uke gSaA ;g ,d foLr`r oxhZdj.k gS] ftlds vUrxZr vusd fof'k"V
fof/k;k rFkk izf;k, vkrh gS] mn~ns'; dh n`f"V ls os lc yxHkx leku
gksrh gSaA o.kZukRed vuqla/kku ?kVukvksa dh tkp mudh izkd`frd fLFkfr esa
djrk gSA blds mn~ns'; rkRdkfyd ,oa nwjxkeh gksrs gSaA**2
tkWu MCyw0 csLV ds vuqlkj % ^^o.kkZukRed losZ{k.k dh fof/k iz;qDr
djus okys 'kks/kksa ds rgr ,slh ?kVukvkas dk v/;;u gksrk gS tks ?kfVr gks

1- ikjl ukFk jk;& vuqla/kku ifjp; y{eh ukjk;.k vxzoky ifCyds'ku] vkxjk&3]
2002] i`"B la0& 119A
2- George M. Moole- The Science of Education Research, 1963, p. 146..

 75

pqdh gSa] blesa 'kks/kdrkZ ,sls rRoksa esa gsjQsj yk ldrk gS tks izs{k.k ,oa
o.kZu lss lEcfU/kr gS rFkk ftuesa og lEcU/kksa dk fo'ys"k.k djrk gSA**1

3-2-1-1 o.kZukRed vuqla/kku dh fo'ks"krk,

o.kZukRed vuqla/kku ds Li"Vhdj.k ,oa ifjHkk"kkvksa ds vk/kkj ij
bldh fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk, n`f"Vxr gksrh gSa&2
1-

o.kZukRed vuqla/kkuksa esa ,d gh LFkku ,oa le; esa cgqr ls

O;fDr;ksa ds lEcU/k esa vkdM+s izkIr fd;s tk ldrs gSaA

2-

bl vuqla/kku dh izd`fr kl lsD'kuy

(Cross-Sectional)

gksrh gSA

rFkk blesa ^D;k* gS \ bldk Li"Vhdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA

3-

o.kZukRed vuqla/kku dk lEcU/k fdlh O;fDr ls u gksdj

lEiw.kZ tula[;k vFkok mlds U;kn'kZ ls gksrk gSA

4-

blds vUrxZr Li"V ,oa ikfjHkkf"kr leL;k ij dk;Z fd;k

tkrk gSA

5-

o.kZukRed vuqla/kku dk ,d fof'k"V mn~ns'; gksrk gSA

6-

blds fy, fof'k"V ,oa vuqekukRed iwoZ fu;kstu fd;k tkuk

vko';d gSA

7-

blesa vkdM+ksa dh O;k[;k ,oa fo'ys"k.k esa lko/kkuh j[kh tkrh

gSA

1- ikjl ukFk jk;& vuqla/kku ifjp;] y{eh ukjk;.k vxzoky ifCyds'ku] vkxjk&3]
2002] i`0 120A
2- ogh] i`0 120A

 76

8-

o.kZukRed vuqla/kku dh izd`fr vR;Ur ljy ,oa tfVy nksuksa

gks ldrh gSA

9-

o.kZukRed vuqla/kku esa o.kZu 'kkfCnd Hkh gks ldrk gS rFkk

bls xf.krh; lw= }kjk Hkh O;Dr dj ldrs gSaA

10- blds vUrxZr fdlh oSKkfud fu;e dk fu/kkZj.k ugha djrs gSa
vfirq leL;k ds lek/kku gsrq mi;ksxh lwpuk izkIr djrs gSaA

3-2-1-2 o.kZukRed vuqla/kku ds mn~ns';

o.kZukRed vuqla/kku ds fuEufyf[kr mn~ns'; gSa&1
1-

orZeku fLFkfr dk Li"Vhdj.k rFkk Hkkoh fu;kstu vFkok

ifjorZu esa lgk;rk djukA

2-

Hkkoh vuqla/kku ds izkFkfed v/;;u esa lgk;rk djuk ftlls

vuqla/kku dks vf/kd fu;fU=r ,oa oLrqfu"B cuk;k tk ldsA

3-

ekuo O;ogkj ds fofHkUu i{kksa dh tkudkjh izkIr djukA

4-

euksoSKkfud fo'ks"krkvksa ls ifjp; izkIr djuk rFkk 'kSf{kd

fu;kstu esa lgk;rk djukA

3-2-1-3 o.kZukRed vuqla/kku ds izdkj

o.kZukRed vuqla/kkuksa dk oxhZdj.k fofHkUu fo}kuksa us fHkUu&fHkUu
:iksa esa fd;k gSA

okWu Mysu egksn; us o.kZukRed vuqla/kku ds

fuEufyf[kr izdkj cryk;s gSa&

1- ikjl ukFk jk;& vuqla/kku ifjp;] y{eh ukjk;.k vxzoky ifCyds'ku] vkxjk&3]
2002] i`0 120A
2- ogh] i`0 120&121A

 77

1-

losZ{k.k v/;;u

2-

vUrj lEcU/kksa dk v/;;u

3-

fodklkRed v/;;u (Development Studies)

(Survey Studies)
(Inter-Relationship Studies)

izLrqr 'kks/k leL;k esa 'kks/kdkkZ }kjk losZ{k.k 'kks/k v/;;u dk iz;ksx
fd;k gSA blds vfrfjDr vU; izdkjksa dk mYys[k fd;k tkuk v/;;u dh
n`f"V ls mi;ksxh ugha gSA vr% losZ{k.k v/;;u fof/k dh gh tkudkjh izkIr
dh x;h gSA

3-2-1-4 losZ{k.k fof/k

losZ{k.k lEcU/kh vkdM+s laxzg djus ds rhu mn~ns'; gksrs gSa&
1-

orZeku Lrj dk fu/kkZj.kA

2-

orZeku Lrj ,oa ekU; Lrj esa rqyukA

3-

orZeku Lrj dk fodkl djukA1

losZ{k.k fof/k ds rgr okLrfod ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls lEcfU/kr rF;ksa dh

'kh?kzrk ,oa 'kq)rkiwoZd vkdyu eq[; eqnn~ k gksrk gSA blesa vk/kkj lkexzh
ladfyr djus gsrq lexz ls pquk gqvk izfrn'kZ vis{kkd`r cM+k j[kk tkrk
gSA losZ{k.k fof/k esa O;fDr dh vis{kk lkekU;hd`r rF;ksa] ifjfLFkfr;ksa ,oa
x.kukvksa dks izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA losZ{k.k lEcU/kh v/;;u dk {ks= rFkk
xgjkbZ leL;k dh izd`fr ij fuHkZj djrh gSA
blds vuq:i gh losZ{k.k foLr`r ;k laf{kIr gks ldrk gSA losZ{k.k
fof/k dk iz;ksx orZeku esa cgqrk;r :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA blesa
1- ikjl ukFk jk;& vuqla/kku ifjp;] y{eh ukjk;.k vxzoky ifCyds'ku] vkxjk&3]
2002] i`0 120A

 78

i<+k;h&fy[kk;h NksM+ nsus okys ckydksas] rykd'kqnk iq#"kksa ;k efgykvksa] mPp

,oa fuEu 'kSf{kd vfHko`fRr okys Nk=&Nk=kvksa] fdlh dk;Ze dh xq.kokk
;k mlds izfr n`f"Vdks.k fu/kkZj.k esa izfrfuf/kRo djus okys izfrn'kZ dk p;u
djds v/;;u fd;k tkrk gSA ,sls 'kks/kksa dks gh izfrn'kZ losZ{k.k ds uke
tkuk tkrk gSA
djfyaxj ds vuqlkj 1 % ^^losZ{k.k v/;;u dbZ izdkj dk gks ldrk
gSA ;g 'kks/k dh izd`fr ij fuHkZj djrk gS fd fdl fof/k dk p;u fd;k
tk,A** losZ{k.k fof/k ds eq[; izdkj fuEufyf[kr gSa&
1-

fo|ky; losZ{k.k

2-

dk;Z fo'ys"k.k

3-

izys[kh fo'ys"k.k

4-

tuer losZ{k.k (Public Opinion Survey)

5-

leqnk; losZ{k.k

(School Survey)

(Job Analysis)
(Documentary Analysis)

(Community Survey)

1- fo|ky; losZ{k.k & fo|ky; losZ{k.k esa fo|ky; esa miyC/k

lwpukvksa ;k mlls lEcfU/kr fofHkUu midj.kksa }kjk iznkksa ds fo'ys"k.k ls
izkIr fu"d"kksaZ ds vk/kkj ij fo|ky;ksa dh {kerk vkSj izHkko'khyrk dk
fodkl djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA blesa fo|ky;ksa ds losZ{k.k ds vk/kkj
ij mudk fodkl ,oa fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA losZ{k.k esa lwpuk, fujh{k.k]
iz'ukoyh] lk{kkRdkj] ekud ijh{k.k] fu/kkZj.k ekiuh ,oa izkIrkad i=
Cards)

(Score

vkfn ds }kjk izkIr djds muds vk/kkj ij vusd iz'kkldh;] 'kSf{kd]

1- ikjl ukFk jk;& vuqla/kku ifjp;] y{eh ukjk;.k vxzoky ifCyds'ku] vkxjk&3]
2002] i`0 123A

 79

vkfFkZd rFkk ikB~;e lEcU/kh lq/kkj fd;s tkrs gSaA fo|ky; lEcU/kh
losZ{k.k rhu rjg ls fd;k tkrk gS&
i.

ok O;fDr;ksa }kjk losZ{k.kA

ii.

vkRe losZ{k.kA

iii.

ljdkjh losZ{k.kA

fo|ky; losZ{k.k ds vUrxZr fuEufyf[kr pkj izdkj ds iznkksa dk

laxzg fd;k tkrk gS&
i.

v/;;u dh lqfo/kk,A

ii.

f'k{kd lEcU/kh lwpuk,A

iii.

Nk=ksa dh izd`fr ls lEcfU/kr lwpuk,A

iv.

'kSf{kd izf;k dh izd`frA

2- dk;Z fo'ys"k.k & blds vUrxZr dk;Z i)fr] mldh leL;kvksa]

leku dk;ksZa dk leqfpr oxhZdj.k djus fofHkUu dk;ksaZ esa layXu O;fDr;ksa
ds fy, osru HkRrk vkfn fuf'pr djus] dk;Z {kerk ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z
forj.k djus] lsokdkyhu rFkk Hkkoh dk;ZdrkZvksa ds izf'k{k.k dk;Ze rFkk
'kSf{kd lkexzh dk fuekZ.k djus gsrq dk;ZdrkZvksa dh izksUufr] LFkkukUrj.k]
iqu% izf'k{k.k rFkk iz'kkldh; laxBu ,oa f;k ds v/;;u gsrq lS+)kfUrd
:ijs[kk dk fuekZ.k vkfn f;k, vkrh gSaA
3- izys[kh losZ{k.k & 'kks/kdkkZvksa ds fy, iznRr ladyu dh ;g
egoiw.kZ fof/k gSA bls oLrq fo'ys"k.k] dk;Z fo'ys"k.k ,oa lwpukRed
fo'ys"k.k Hkh dgrs gSaA bl fof/k dk iz;ksx ,sfrgkfld vuqla/kkuksa esa Hkh
fd;k tk ldrk gSA blds }kjk fo|ky; rFkk lekt dh fof'k"V voLFkkvksa

 80

rFkk f;kvksa dk Kku izkIr gksrk gSA blesa Nk=ksa ds dk;Z dk fodkl] f'k{kk
ds mn~ns';ksa dk fu/kkZj.k rFkk O;fDr;ksa dh euksoSKkfud n'kkvksa] ewY;ksa]
#fp;kas] vfHko`fRr;ksa rFkk i{kikr dk Kku gksrk gSA
4- tuer losZ{k.k & vkS|ksfxd] jktuSfrd] 'kSf{kd ,oa vU; {ks=ksa esa
vusd uhfrxr ,oa rF; iw.kZ fu.kZ; ysus iM+rs gSaA blds fy, fdlh vuqeku
;k oS;fDrd fopkj dks vfHkO;Dr u djds tuer dks Kkr djus dk iz;kl
fd;k tkrk gSA ,d f'k{kk'kkL=h blds ek/;e ls ;g Kkr djus dk iz;kl
djrk gS fd fo|ky; f;kvksa] blds mRFkku ,oa blesa vko';drkvksa ds
lEcU/k esa turk D;k vuqHko dj jgh gSA tuer losZ{k.k ds fy, eq[;
:i ls iz'ukoyh ,oa lk{kkRdkj fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
5- leqnk; losZ{k.k & fo|ky; ,oa lekt ds ?kfu"V :i ls
lEcfU/kr gksus ds dkj.k f'k{kk'kkL=h lkeqnkf;d ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lEcU/k esa
vkdM+s izkIr djrs gSaA leqnk; losZ{k.k }kjk fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA tSls& LokLF; lsok] cky vijk/k] tkrh; fHkUurk ,oa mlds
dkj.kksa dk v/;;u vFkok fdlh fof'k"V lkekftd vax ds fofHkUu igyqvksa
dk v/;;u vkfnA leqnk; losZ{k.k esa vuqla/kkudrkZ iz'ukoyh lk{kkRdkj]
izR;{k fujh{k.k rFkk vU; lkaf[;dh; fof/k;kas }kjk vf/kdkfj;ksa] lekftd
laLFkkvksa] ckydksa] f'k{kdksa rFkk fofHkUu vfHkys[kksa ls vkdM+s izkIr djrs gSaA
budh izd`fr vUrj&fo"k;kRed gksrh gS ftlds dkj.k fofHkUu lkekftd
izf;kvksa ds fo"k; esa vkdM+s izkIr djuk ljy gksrk gSA

 81

3-2-1-4-1 losZ{k.k fof/k dh fo'ks"krk,

bls vkfne izdkj dk vuqla/kku ekuk tkrk gSA bldk okLrfod
Lo:i xos"k.kkRed ;k vUos"kh gksrk gS vkSj fdlh O;ogkj ls lEcfU/kr 'kks/k
ds izkjfEHkd pj.k esa bldh fo'ks"k :i ls mi;ksfxrk ns[kh tk ldrh gSA 1
bldh fo'ks"krkvksa dks fuEukafdr :iksa ls Li"V fd;k tk ldrk gS&
1-

leL;k ls lEcfU/kr laxr pjksa dh tkudkjh vR;Yi gksus ij

;g fo'ks"k izklafxd gSA

2-

blesa fdlh ifjfLFkfr dk tk;tk ysus rFkk mldh oLrqfLFkfr

Kkr djus ij fo'ks"k cy fn;k tkrk gSA

3-

bl fof/k esa loZizFke ml lexz dks ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tkrk gS

ftl ij lkekU;hdj.k visf{kr gksrk gSA

4-

losZ{k.k fof/k ds vUxZr miyC/k vk/kkj lkexzh ds fo'ys"k.k

,oa la{ksihdj.k esa dbZ izdkj dh lkaf[;dh; fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx
fo'ks"k :i ls pfpZr jgk gSA

5-

izk;% {ks= v/;;u

(Field Study)

(Experimental Research)

,oa iz;ksxkRed vuqla/kku

dh fof/k;ksa ds vuqiz;ksx ls iwoZ bls

vfuok;Z ekuk tkrk gSA

6-

O;kogkfjd n`f"V ls losZ{k.k fof/k dks vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ ekuk

tkrk gSA

1- ikjl ukFk jk;& vuqla/kku ifjp;] y{eh ukjk;.k vxzoky ifCyds'ku] vkxjk&3]
2002] i`0 124&130A

 82

7-

blds ek/;e ls fdlh dk;Z ;k ifjfLFkfr ds orZeku Lrj dk

fu/kkZj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSA

8-

fdlh rF; ;k ?kVuk dh orZeku fLFkfr rFkk blds fy,

visf{kr vkn'kZ ,oa ekU; fLFkfr dh rqyuk bl fof/k ds }kjk
dh tkrh gSA

9-

losZ{k.k fof/k ds }kjk izkIr fu"d"kks ds vk/kkj ij orZeku Lrj

dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA

10- iznk fo'ys"k.k dh lkaf[;dh; fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx djus ds

dkj.k bl fof/k ls izkIr ifj.kke vis{kkd`r fo'kq) ,oa
rF;kRed gksrs gSaA

3-2-1-4-2 losZ{k.k ds vfHkdYi

losZ{k.k ds vfHkdYiksa dks QsfLVatj ,oa dkV~t 1953 us ikp oxks
esa foHkkftr fd;k gS ftlesa ls fdlh ,d dk iz;ksx losZ{k.k fof/k esa djuk
vko';d gksrk gSA ;s vfHkdYi ,d nwljs ls nks ckrksa esa fHkUurk j[krs gSaA
izFke izfrn'kZ pquus dh izf;k esa ,oa f}rh; izfrn'kZ ls fofo/k izdkj dh
lwpuk, ;k muls vk/kkj ij lkexzh izkIr djus dh izf;k esaA losZ{k.k fof/k
ds vUrxZr iz;qDr gksus okys ikpksa izdkj ds vfHkdYi fuEufyf[kr gSa&
1-

Hkkj jfgr izfrfu/;kRed izfrn'kZ vfHkdYi

2-

fo'ks"k vkHkkj;qDr izfrfu/;kRed izfrn'kZ vfHkdYi

3-

fojks/kh izfrn'kZ p;u vfHkdYiA

4-

vkuqfed izfrfu/;kRed izfrn'kZ vfHkdYiA

5-

iqu% lk{kkRdkj vfHkdYiA

 83

3-2-1-4-3 losZ{k.k fof/k esa iz;qDr lksiku

losZ{k.k fof/k ;k fdlh Hkh 'kks/k v/;;u esa fu/kkZfjr ;k ekU; lksikuksa
dh vfuok;Zrk gksrh gS ftldk ikyu fd;k tkuk vko';d gksrk gSA bUgha
lksikuksa dks losZ{k.k izokg Hkh dgk tkrk gSA blds vUrxZr losZ{k.k dh
leL;k ls ysdj mlds ifj.kkeksa dk fo'ys"k.k ,oa O;k[;k rd dh f;k,
lEiUu dh tkrh gSA bl fof/k ds vUrxZr fuEufyf[kr lksikuksa dk vuqlj.k
fd;k tkrk gSA
1-

lkekU; mn~ns';ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djukA

2-

v/;;u ds fof'k"V mn~ns';ksa dk fu:i.k djukA

3-

leL;k losZ{k.k gsrq izfrn'kZ

4-

vk/kkj lkexzh ds ladyu gsrq leqfpr izfof/k dk p;u djukA

5-

losZ{k.k ds fy, dk;Z&{ks= dk fu/kkZj.k djukA

6-

ladfyr iznkksa ds vk/kkj ij fo"k;&oLrq dk fo'ys"k.k ,oa

(Sample)

dk p;u djukA

fu"d"kZ izkIr djukA

bl izdkj bu lksikuksa dk leqfpr iz;ksx djrs gq, fdlh 'kks/k
leL;k ds leqfpr funku dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA1
izLrqr vuqla/kku dh izd`fr fooj.kkRed gSA vr% blesa losZ{k.k
i)fr dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA Nk= la?k dh izklafxdrk dks tkuus ds fy,
lEcfU/kr fo'ofo|ky;] egkfo|ky; ds Nk=] vfHkHkkod] izk/;kid vkSj
iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh@deZpkfj;ksa ls oS;fDrd Lrj ij 'kks/kdkkZ }kjk lEidZ
LFkkfir fd;k x;kA iz'ukoyh ds ek/;e ls muds vfHker dks tkuk x;kA
1- ikjl ukFk jk;& vuqla/kku ifjp;] y{eh ukjk;.k vxzoky ifCyds'ku] vkxjk&3]
2002] i`0 136&140A

 84

3-3 'kks/k lef"V ;k tula[;k

izLrqr vuqla/kku dk fo"k; {ks= ,oa bdkb;k lekt ds O;kid {ks= dk
izfrfuf/kRo djrh gSaA bl vuqla/kku eas fo'ofo|ky; ,oa egkfo|ky; ds
Nk=] muds vfHkHkkod] Lukrdkskj ,oa Lukrd Lrj ds izk/;kid] lEcfU/kr
{ks= ds iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh vkSj deZpkjh v/;;u dh bdkb;ksa ds :i esa
gSaA
izLrqr vuqla/kku dks lhferrk iznku djrs gq, blesa okjk.klh tuin
ds egkRek xka/kh dk'kh fo|kihB o tkSuiqj ds ohj cgknqj flag iwokZapy
fo'ofo|ky; rFkk bu nksuksa fo'ofo|ky;kssa ls lEc) ,oa tuin ehjtkiqj]
lar jfonkl uxj] lksuHknz] xkthiqj rFkk vktex<+ ds egkfo|ky;ksa esa
v/;;ujr Nk=&Nk=kvksa] muds vfHkHkkod] iz'kklfud vf/kdkjh@deZpkfj;ksa
dks v/;;u dh bdkbZ ds :i esa U;kn'kZ i)fr dk iz;ksx djrs gq,
lekfo"V fd;k x;k gSA
lef"V dk rkRi;Z bdkb;kas ds ml lEiw.kZ lewg ls gS ftlds fy, pj
dk eku Kkr fd;k tkrk gSA lef"V dk lcls izeq[k xq.k ;g gS fd bl ij
fd, x, v/;;u ls tks ifj.kke izkIr gksrs gSa os izfrfuf/kdkjh] fo'kq) ,oa
fo'oluh; gqvk djrs gSaA
bdkb;ksa ds lewps lewg dks ftlds fy, pj dk eku fudkyuk
vHkh"V gS] tula[;k dgrs gSaA tula[;k dk vFkZ v/;;u dh lEiw.kZ
bdkb;ksa ds lewg ds :i esa fy;k tkrk gSA v/;;u dh bdkb;k euq";]
i'kq] dksbZ oLrq] dksbZ ijh{k.k ;k iz;ksx ;k dqN Hkh gks ldrh gSA fdlh Hkh

 85

'kks/k v/;;u esa loZizFke tula[;k dks ikfjHkkf"kr fd;k tkuk vfuok;Z
gksrk gSA D;ksafd blh ds ij bldh bdkb;ksa dh ifjHkk"kk vkfJr gksrh gSA
tula[;k ds }kjk bl ckr dk iwoZ Li"Vhdj.k gks tkrk gS fd bdkb;ksa ds
fdu lewgksa dk p;u fd;k tkuk gS rFkk fdu lewgksa dks blls i`Fkd~ ekuk
x;k gSA1 tSls fdlh cqf) ijh{k.k ds v/;;u esa d{kk 10 ds 'kgjh {ks= ds
ckydksa dks tula[;k ds :i esa p;fur djrs le; bl ckr dk Li"V
mYys[k djuk iM+rk gS fd d{kk 10 ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa fdl vk;q oxZ ds Nk=
gSaA 'kgjh {ks= ls vk'k; fdu {ks=ksa ls gS \ fo|ky; lEcU/kh mYys[k D;k gS
\ blls Li"V gS fd tula[;k dks bl :i esa Li"V fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd
blds vk/kkj ij fu/kkZfjr fd;k tk lds fd dkSu&lh oLrq tula[;k dh
bdkbZ gS vkSj dkSu&lh ughaA blh tula[;k ds ifjf/k ls izfrfuf/kdkjh
U;kn'kZ dk p;u fd;k tkrk gSA

3-4 U;kn'kZ
tc fdlh tula[;k esa ls fdlh pj dk fof'k"V eku Kkr djus ds
fy, mldh dqN bdkb;ksa dk p;u dj fy;k tkrk gS rks bls U;kn'kZ dgrs
gSa rFkk bu bdkb;ksa dks p;u djus dh izf;k dks U;kn'kZu dgrs gSaA p;u
dh x;h bdkb;ksa dks gh U;kn'kZ dgsaxsA2
U;kn'kZ fdlh lEcfU/kr lexz dk ,d va'k gksrk gS] ftls fdlh
v/;;u ;k 'kks/k ds fy, pquk tkrk gS] D;ksafd lEiw.kZ lef"V dk v/;;u
1- ikjl ukFk jk;& vuqla/kku ifjp;] y{eh ukjk;.k vxzoky ifCyds'ku] vkxjk&3]
2002] i`0 286A
2- ogh]] i`"B 286&289A

 86

djuk u rks lEHko gS vkSj u gh okaNuh; gSA U;kn'kZ esa pquk gqvk y?kq :i
gh lEiw.kZ lef"V dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gSA ftu vuqla/kkuks esa lef"V dk
vkdkj cgqr cM+k gksrk gS vkSj mlds lEiw.kZ Hkkx dk v/;;u fd;k tkuk
lEHko ugha gksrk gS rks ogk U;kn'kZ ds p;u dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
Li"Vr% U;kn'kZ lewps bdkbZ ls pquh gqbZ dqN ,slh bdkb;ksa dk lewg gS tks
lewph 'kks/k lef"V dk izfrfuf/kRo djsaA
U;kn'kZ dh vko';drk bl ckr esa gS fd tula[;k dh lHkh bdkb;ksa
dk v/;;u u rks okaNuh; gS vkSj u lEHko gh gSA tSls& fdlh cVyksbZ ds
lHkh pkoyksa dk ijh{k.k djuk fd og id x;k gS ;k ugha ;g ,d jlksb;s
ds fy, vko';d ,oa lEHko ugha gSA U;kn'kZ dk p;u djus ls vuko';d
Hkze ls cpk tk ldrk gSA U;kn'kZ dk eq[; mi;ksx fuEufyf[kr gS&

1- le; ,oa Je dh cpr

U;kn'kZ dk mi;ksx losZ{k.kksa esa vf/kd gksrk gSA blesa lhfer /ku]
le;] O;fDr ,oa lk/kuksa ls tula[;k ds fo"k; esa fdlh pj dh
izHkkodkfjrk dks Kkr djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA ;fn tula[;k dh
lHkh bdkb;ksa dk v/;;u fd;k tk,xk rks ;g vf/kd O;; lk/; gksxkA
vr% U;kn'kZ p;u dh vko';drk gksrh gSA
2- n{krk esa o`f)
ifj.kke ,oa mldks izkIr djus ds fy, fd, x, O;; ds vuqikr dks
gh n{krk dgrs gSaA ;fn lHkh bdkb;ksa dk v/;;u u djus ls ifj.kke esa
dqN =qfV jg x;h rks Hkh O;; esa vf/kd deh gks tkus ds dkj.k losZ{k.k dh
n{krk c<+ tkrh gSA

 87

3- ifj.kke dh 'kq)rk
ifj.kkeksa dh 'kq)rk ifj.kkekas dh tkudkjh esa iz;qDr dh x;h
tu'kfDr dh izfrfuf/kdkfjrk ij fuHkZj djrh gSA lHkh bdkb;ksa dk v/;;u
djus ds fy, O;fDr;ksa ,oa le; o lk/kuksa dh vko';drk iM+sxh ftUgsa
lhfer lk/kuksa ls izkIr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA
U;kn'kZ dk fu/kkZj.k djus ds fy, dqN fuf'pr izf;kvksa dk lgkjk
fy;k tkrk gSA ftls U;kn'kZu dgrs gSaA blds vUrxZr U;kn'kZ dh izd`fr ds
vuq:i vyx&vyx izfof/k;ksa ds }kjk U;kn'kZ dk p;u djrs gSaA
blds izeq[k xq.k fuEufyf[kr gSa&
1-

U;kn'kZ lef"V dh rqyuk esa lhfer gksrk gSA vr% le;] Je

,oa fok dh cpr gksrh gS vkSj blls iz'kklu esa ljyrk gksrh
gSA

2-

U;kn'kZ dk p;u 'kks/k dk egRoiw.kZ Hkkx gSA ;fn U;kn'kZ dk

p;u oSKkfud fof/k;ksa ls fd;k tkrk gS rks vuqla/kku ds
ifj.kke vf/kd fo'oluh; gksrs gSaA

3-

U;kn'kZ dk p;u djds fd;s x;s vuqla/kkuksa esa =qfV;ksa dh

vk'kadk de jgrh gS] D;ksafd lef"V dh rqyuk esa U;kn'kZ NksVk
gksrk gS vkSj bldk ijh{k.k vf/kd 'kq)rk ls fd;k tk ldrk
gSA blds ifj.kke Hkh vf/kd 'kq) ,oa lR; gksrs gSaA

4-

U;kn'kZ ds ek/;e ls fd;s x;s 'kks/k ds ifj.kke lEiw.kZ

tula[;k ds ij ykxw fd;s tk ldrs gSaA

 88

5-

U;kn'kZ vuqla/kkuksa ds fu"d"kksaZ dks lerqY; lef"V ij Hkh ykxw

fd;k tk ldrk gSA

fdlh Hkh U;kn'kZ p;u ds fy, U;kn'kZ esa izfrfuf/kRo ,oa i;kZIrrk dk
xq.k gksuk vko';d gSA izfrfuf/kRo dk rkRi;Z gS & ;fn pj dh ewY;kuqlkj
bdkb;ksa dk eku mlh vuqikr esa gks tks vuqikr tula[;k esa gS rks mls gh
izfrfuf/kdkjh ekuk tk,xkA tSls 10 oxZ vUrjky esa 100 Nk=ksa dh
tula[;k ls 20 Nk=ksa ds p;u eas izR;sd oxZ ls 2 Nk=ksa dk p;u djuk
izfrfuf/kdkjh ekuk tk,xkA
i;kZIrrk ls rkRi;Z U;kn'kZu esa ;g fu/kkZfjr dj ysuk fd mldk eku
fdu nks ekuksa ds e/; gksxkA tSls fdlh O;fDr dks ns[kdj ;g fu/kkZfjr
djuk fd bldh vk;q 50&60 o"kZ ds e/; gksxhA ;fn vuqekfur oxZ dk
eku de gksrk gS rks vuqeku vPNk le>k tkrk gS vkSj mlesa i;kZIrrk dk
xq.k vk tkrk gSA
U;kn'kZu p dks fuEufyf[kr :iksa esa O;Dr fd;k tk ldrk gS&
lexz tula[;k

fu"d"kZ ,oa lkekU;hdkj.k

vkefU=r
U;kn'kZ

p;fur U;kn'kZ

iznk ladyu gsrq iz;qDr U;kn'kZ

3-4-1 U;kn'kZ dh fof/k;k

U;kn'kZ dks izfrfuf/kdkjh cukus ds fy, rFkk blesa i;kZIrrk dk xq.k
fodflr djus ds fy, U;kn'kZu dh f;k dqN fof'k"V fof/k;ksa }kjk dh

 89

tkrh gS] D;ksafd leqfpr fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx U;kn'kZ dh fo'oluh;rk gsrq

vko';d gSA bldks eq[;r% nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk ldrk gS&
1-

lEHkkO;rk U;kn'kZu

2-

vlEHkkO;rk U;kn'kZu (Non-Probability Sampling)1

(Porbability Sampling)

tc tula[;k dh fdlh bdkbZ dks U;kn'kZ esa lfEefyr djus ds fy,

mldk p;u la;ksx ij fuHkZj djs ;k fdlh bdkbZ ds pqus tkus dh laHkkouk
cjkcj gks rks ml p;u fof/k dks lEHkkO;rk U;kn'kZu dgrs gSaA lEHkkO;rk
U;kn'kZu esa dksbZ O;fDr fdlh fof'k"V bdkbZ dks viuh bPNkuqlkj U;kn'kZ esa
ugha j[k ldrk gSSA bl U;kn'kZu izf;k ds fdlh u fdlh Lrj ij p;u
la;ksxo'k gksrk gSA laHkkO;rk U;kn'kZu dh izeq[k fof/k;k fuEufyf[kr gSa&
1-

;kn`fPNd U;kn'kZ izfrp;u fof/k

2-

;kn`fPNd la[;k lkj.kh dk iz;ksx

3-

Lrjhd`r ;kn`fPNd U;kn'kZu

4-

xqPN U;kn'kZu

5-

f}'k% U;kn'kZu

6-

ec) U;kn'kZu

7-

nSo fun'kZu fof/k

3-4-2 U;kn'kZ vkSj mldh izfof/k

izLrqr vuqla/kku esa nSo fun'kZu i)fr dk iz;ksx djrs gq, dqy 15
'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa ls v/;;u bdkb;ksa dk pquko fd;k x;k gSA v/;;u dh
1- ikjl ukFk jk;& vuqla/kku ifjp;] y{eh ukjk;.k vxzoky ifCyds'ku] vkxjk&3]
2002] i`0 291A

 90

xq.kokk dks cuk, j[kus ds fy, blesa xzkeh.k vkSj uxjh; {ks= dk
lekos'ku] fo|kFkhZ lewg esa foKku] dyk] okf.kT;] O;kolkf;d {ks= dk
lekos'ku okafNr :i esa fd;k x;k gSA
fy, x, U;kn'kZ dk fooj.k lkj.kh la0 3-1 ds ek/;e ls izLrqr
fd;k x;k gS&

lkj.kh la0 3-1

fo'ofo|ky;@egkfo|ky; okj U;kn'kZ dk fooj.k
e
la0
1-

fo'ofo|ky;@egkfo|ky;
egkRek xka/kh dk'kh fo|kihB]
okjk.klh

fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dh la[;k

v/;kidksa vfHkHkkodksa deZpkfj;ksa

dh la[;k dh la[;k dh la[;k

25

07

20

39

28

21

22

21

21

14

17

10

18

11

15

05

18

17

15

17

dUgS;kyky claryky
2- Lukrdkskj egkfo|ky;]
ehjtkiqj
xkso/kZu nkl fcukuh
3- Lukrdkskj egkfo|ky;]
ehjtkiqj
dk'kh ujs'k jktdh;
4- Lukrdkskj egkfo|ky;]
Kkuiqj
vkj0ds0,l0 iksLV xzstq,V
5- dkWyst] dyokjh] efM+gku]
ehjtkiqj

 91

bfUnjk xka/kh jktdh;

6- Lukrdkskj egkfo|ky;]

15

16

12

15

17

18

13

15

15

20

11

18

18

18

14

08

11

09

09

06

11

12

08

11

16

10

11

08

11

09

08

09

12

08

08

08

20

10

17

10

256

200

200

200

ykyxat] ehjtkiqj
7- ih0th0 dkyst] xkthiqj
89-

vkscjk ih0 th0 dkWyst]

vkscjk] lksuHknz
ohj cgknqj flaag iwokZapy
fo'ofo|ky;] tkSuiqj
jkenso Lukrdkskj

10- egkfo|ky;] taxhxat] lar

jfonkl uxj
1112131415

,l0th0vkj0ih0th0 dkWyst]
MksHkh] tkSuiqj
xka/kh Lekjd ih0 th0
dkWyst] ekYVkjh] vktex<+
vkj0ih0 fMxzh dkWyst]
?kksjkoy] lksuHknz
iq"ik flag fof/k egkfo|ky;]
cjsok] pqukj
uUgdw jke egkfo|ky;]
eqfM+ykMhg] lksuHk
;ksx

 92

lEcfU/kr U;kn'kZ esa nSo fun'kZu izfof/k dk iz;ksx djrs gq, 256
fo|kFkhZ] 200 f'k{kd] 200 deZpkjh rFkk 200 vfHkHkkod 'kkfey fd, x,
gSaA U;kn'kZ ds ys[kkfp= ds ek/;e ls nf'kZr gksus okyh fLFkfr bl izdkj gS&

ys[kkfp= la0 & 3-1

U;kn'kZ dk forj.k
fo|kFkhZ
v/;kid
vfHkHkkod
deZpkjh@iz'kkld

 93

lkj.kh la0 3-2

U;kn'kZ esa fyax vkSj fuokl {ks= ds vk/kkj ij Nk=ksa dh fLFkfr
e la0

fyax@fuokl {ks=

xzkeh.k

uxjh;

;ksx

1-

Nk=

64

64

128

2-

Nk=k,

64

64

128

;ksx

128

128

256

ys[kkfp= la0 & 3-2

fyax rFkk fuokl {ks= ds vk/kkj ij Nk=ksa dk forj.k
xzkeh.k {ks= ds Nk=
xzkeh.k {ks= dh Nk=k,
uxjh; {ks= ds Nk=
uxjh; {ks= dh Nk=k,

 94

lkj.kh la0 3-3

U;kn'kZ esa ladk;okj v/;;ujr Nk=@Nk=kvksa dh fLFkfr
e la0

ladk;

fyax
Nk=

Nk=k,

;ksx

1-

foKku

32

32

64

2-

dyk

32

32

64

3-

okf.kT;

32

32

64

4-

O;kolkf;d

32

32

64

;ksx

128

128

256

ys[kkfp= la0 & 3-3

ladk; ds vuqlkj Nk=ksa dk forj.k
Nk= % foKku ladk;
Nk= % dyk ladk;
Nk= % okf.kT; ladk;
Nk= % O;kolkf;d ladk;

 95

lkj.kh la0 3-4

U;kn'kZ esa fyax vkSj fuokl {ks= ds vk/kkj v/;kidksa dh fLFkfr
e la0

fyax

xzkeh.k

uxjh;

;ksx

1-

v/;kid iq#"k

50

50

100

2-

v/;kid efgyk,

50

50

100

;ksx

100

100

200

ys[kkfp= la0 & 3-4

fyax vkSj fuokl {ks= dh i`"BHkwfe ds vk/kkj ij v/;kidksa dk forj.k
xzkeh.k i`"BHkwfe ds v/;kid

xzkeh.k i`"BHkwfe dh v/;kfidk,

uxjh; i`"BHkwfe ds v/;kid
uxjh; i`"BHkwfe dh v/;kfidk,

 96

lkj.kh la0 3-5

U;kn'kZ esa fyax vkSj fuokl {ks= ds vk/kkj ij vfHkHkkodksa dh fLFkfr
e la0

fyax

xzkeh.k

uxjh;

;ksx

1-

vfHkHkkod iq#"k

50

50

100

2-

vfHkHkkod efgyk

50

50

100

100

100

200

;ksx

ys[kkfp= la0 & 3-5

fyax vkSj fuokl {ks= dh i`"BHkwfe ds vk/kkj ij
vfHkHkkodksa dk forj.k
xzkeh.k i`"BHkwfe ds iq#"k vfHkHkkod
xzkeh.k i`"BHkwfe dh efgyk vfHkHkkod
uxjh; i`"BHkwfe ds iq#"k vfHkHkkod
uxjh; i`"BHkwfe dh efgyk vfHkHkkod

 97

lkj.kh la0 3-6

U;kn'kZ esa fyax vkSj fuokl {ks= ds vk/kkj ij deZpkfj;ksa@iz'kkldkssa dh
fLFkfr
e la0

fyax

xzkeh.k

uxjh;

;ksx

1-

deZpkjh@iz'kkld iq#"k

50

50

100

2-

deZpkjh@iz'kkld efgyk

50

50

100

;ksx

100

100

200

ys[kkfp= la0 & 3-6

fyax vkSj fuokl {ks= dh i`"BHkwfe ds vk/kkj ij
deZpkfj;ksa@iz'kkldksa dk forj.k

xzkeh.k i`"BHkwfe ds iq#"k deZpkjh@iz'kkld

xzkeh.k i`"BHkwfe dh efgyk deZpkjh@iz'kkld
uxjh; i`"BHkwfe ds iq#"k deZpkjh@iz'kkld
uxjh; i`"BHkwfe dh efgyk deZpkjh@iz'kkld

 98

3-5 rF; ladyu gsrq midj.k

vuqla/kku ;k v/;;u ds lEcfU/kr {ks= ls pqus gq, lexz ;k izfrn'kZ
ds ek/;e ls ftu lk/kuksa ;k izfrfuf/k;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, rF; ,d=
fd, tkrs gSa] mUgas 'kks/k ds midj.k dh laKk nh tkrh gSA 1 ;s lk/ku ;k
izfof/k;k igys ls gh miyC/k gks ldrh gSa vFkok 'kks/k dh vko';drkuqlkj
bls 'kks/kdkkZ }kjk Lo;a fufeZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bu nksuksa gh n'kkvksa esa
'kks/k ds midj.kksa dk iz;ksx vkB egoiw.kZ fo'ks"krkvksa dh vis{kk j[krk gSA
1- oS/krk& fdlh ekiu ds fy, ;g vko';d gksrk gS fd og mu
xq.kksa dk Hkyh&Hkkfr ekiu dj lds ftlds fy, mldk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk
gSA
ksuosd ds vuqlkj& ^^fdlh ijh{k.k dh oS/krk mldh og lhek gS
ftl lhek rd ogh ekirk gS] ftlds fy, mldk fuekZ.k fd;k x;k gSA** 2
bl izdkj ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;fn dksbZ ijh{k.k mu xq.kksa ;k
;ksX;rkvksa dk ekiu djrk gS] ftlds fy, mldk fuekZ.k fd;k gS rks
ijh{k.k ds bl xq.k dks mldh oS/krk dgrs gSaA oS/krk dk vfHkizk; 'kks/k
midj.k ds tfj, izkIr vk/kkj lkexzh dh okLrfodrk ;k lksnn~ s';rk ls gSA
;gk izkjEHk esa gh mYys[kuh; gS fd 'kks/k midj.k dh fo'oluh;rk mlds
oS/k gksus dk Hkh ifjlwpd gks] ;g vko';d ugha gSA blds foijhr ;fn
'kks/k midj.k dh oS/krk lqfuf'pr gks rks bls fo'oluh; Hkh vo';eso ekuk
1- vkj0 ,0 'kekZ& f'k{kk vuqla/kku] lw;kZ ifCyds'ku] esjB] lu~ 1995 bZ0] i`0
216A
2- ogh] i`0 221A

 99

tk ldrk gSA blfy, mi;ksx ls iwoZ 'kks/k midj.k dh oS/krk lqfuf'pr

djuk 'kks/k dkkZ dh igyh ftEesnkjh gksrh gSA1
2- fo'oluh;rk& ;fn dksbZ ijh{k.k mu ekih; xq.kksa] ftuds ekiu
ds fy, og cuk;k x;k gS] dk lgh&lgh ekiu djrk gS rks ijh{k.k ds bl
xq.k dks ijh{k.k dh fo'oluh;rk dgrs gSaA ijh{k.k dh fo'oluh;rk dk
vFkZ ml lhek ls ysrs gSa ftl lhek rd og pj =qfV;ksa ls eqDr gksrk gSA
,ukLrklh ds vuqlkj& ^^ijh{k.k dh fo'oluh;rk fHkUu voljksa ij
vFkok lerqY; inksa ds fofHkUu foU;klksa ij fdlh O;fDr ds }kjk izkIr
vadksa dh laxfr crkrh gSA**2
LVksMksyk o LVksMZy ds vuqlkj& ^^fdlh ijh{k.k dh fo'oluh;rk dks
fdlh lewg ds O;fDr;ksa ds fy, lerqY; ijh{k.kksa ij izkIrkadksa ds nks ;k nks
ls vf/kd foU;klksa ds e/; lg^lEcU/k ds :i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA**3
3- oLrqfu"Brk& og ijh{k.k ftlds ekiu ifj.kke] ekiudkkZ dh
O;fDrxr ekU;rkvksa ls izHkkfor ugha gksrs] mlds }kjk dksbZ Hkh O;fDr ekiu
djs] ekiu ifj.kke leku gksrs gSa] oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k dgykrs gSaA tSls fdlh
Nk= ij iz'kkflr fdlh miyfC/k ijh{k.k dk vadu nks ;k vf/kd
ekiudkkZvksa }kjk djk;k tk, vkSj nksuksa }kjk leku vad izkIr fd, tk,

1- MkW0 dkerk izlkn ik.Ms;& 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku] i`0 153A

2- vkj0 ,0 'kekZ& f'k{kk vuqla/kku] lw;kZ ifCyds'ku] esjB] lu~ 1995 bZ0] i`0
222A
3- ogh] i`"B 224A

 100

rks ,sls ijh{k.k dks oLrqfu"B ijh{k.k dgrs gSa vkSj ijh{k.k ds bl xq.k dks
oLrqfu"Brk dgrs gSaA
4- ekud& ekud fdlh ijh{k.k ij izkIr izkIrkadksa ds os ifjofrZr
vk/kkj fcUnq gSa] ftuds vk/kkj ij izkIrkadksa dh O;k[;k dh tkrh gS] mldh
lkis{k fLFkfr Li"V dh tkrh gSA
bZcsy ds vuqlkj& ^^fdlh ijh{k.k ds ekud crkrs gSa fd fdlh
fo'ks"k lUnHkZ lewg ds ln`'; ijh{k.k ij fdl izdkj ls vad izkIr djrs
gSaA1
jselZ] xst rFkk :esy ds vuqlkj& ^^ekud Nk=ksa ds fdlh ifjHkkf"kr
lewg }kjk ijh{k.k ij izkIr fu"iknu Lrj gSA **2
5- foHksndrk& fdlh xq.k vFkok ;ksX;rk dk ekiu djus okys
midj.k esa ;g xq.k gksuk vko';d gS fd mlds ekiu ifj.kkeksa dk forj.k
foLrkj dkQh cM+k gksA mlh fLFkfr esa Nk=ksa esa Hksn fd;k tk ldrk gSA ,sls
midj.k ftlesa ;g xq.k gksrk gS mls foHksnd ijh{k.k dgrs gSaA
6- O;kidrk& fdlh midj.k esa ;g xq.k Hkh gksuk pkfg, fd og
fdlh xq.k ;k fo'ks"krk ds lHkh igyqvksa ij cjkcj /;ku nsA bls ekiu
midj.k dh O;kidrk dgrs gSaA
7- O;kogkfjdrk& fdlh midj.k dks rHkh vPNk ekuk tkrk gS tc
mldk iz'kklu ljyrk ls fd;k tk lds vkSj de le; ,oa Je rFkk

1- vkj0 ,0 'kekZ& f'k{kk vuqla/kku] lw;kZ ifCyds'ku] esjB] lu~ 1995 bZ0] i`"B
224A
2- ogh] i`"B 224A

 101

vYi O;; esa bldk iz'kklu lEHko gksA midj.k ds bl xq.k dks gh
O;kogkfjdrk dgrs gSaA
8- izekihdj.k& fdlh ekiu midj.k dk iz;ksx rHkh vPNk ekuk
tkrk gS tc og izekihd`r gks] D;ksafd blesa ijh{k.k dh lHkh fo'ks"krk,
ik;h tkrh gS vkSj blds }kjk ladfyr iznkksa esa fo'oluh;rk vf/kd gksrh
gS] ftlds ifj.kke vf/kd 'kq) :i esa izkIr gksrs gSaA
izLrqr vuqla/kku ^^mPp f'k{k.k laLFkkvksa esa Nk= la?k dh izklafxdrk
dk leh{kkRed v/;;u** ds lanHkZ esa mPp f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr Nk=ksa]
v/;kidksa] deZpkfj;ksa] iz'kkldksa ,oa lEcfU/kr Nk=ksa ds vfHkHkkodksa dk
vfHker tkuus ds fy, Nk= la?k izklafxdrk ls lEcfU/kr iz'ukoyh@erkoyh
dk fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA bl Nk= la?k izklafxdrk ekiuh
Relevance Scale)

(Student's Union

ds fuekZ.k esa vko';d ekxZn'kZu] 'kks/k funsZ'kd ds ek/;e ls

izkIr fd;k x;kA

3-5-1 iz'ukoyh erkoyh dk fuekZ.k

Preparation of Student's Union Relevance Scale (SURS)

Nk= la?k izklafxdrk ekiuh fuekZ.k ds fy,] bl fo"k; ls lEcfU/kr

v/;;u lkexzh dk xgu v/;;u fd;k x;kA fofHkUu i=&if=dkvksa]
lekpkj i=ksa ls Nk= la?k dh izklafxdrk ls lEcfU/kr eqnn~ ksa dk fujis{k <ax
ls fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA leLr v/;;u lkexzh eas rkjrE; LFkkfir djrs
gq, mlds fed lksikuksa dks O;ofLFkr fd;k x;kA v/;;u lkexzh dh
lkFkZdrk dks vfHkKku esa j[krs gq, fofHkUu izdkj ds vfHker dks le>k
x;kA iz'uksa ds lanHkZ esa fofHkUu izdkj dh vfHk;qfDr;ksa ds ekiu gsrq vad

 102

fu/kkZfjr fd, x,A dqN fo"k; fo'ks"kKksa ls ekxZ&n'kZu izkIr djrs gq, muls
erkoyh ;k vfHker le>k x;kA fo"k; fo'ks"kKksa ds ijke'kZ ls erkoyh esa
vko';d la'kks/ku vkSj ifjo/kZu djrs gq, bldk izkjfEHkd Lo:i fu/kkZfjr
fd;k x;kA

3-5-2 iz'ukoyh erkoyh dk iwoZ ijh{k.k

iz'ukoyh erkoyh dh izklafxdrk vkSj oS/krk dks le>us ds fy,
dqN mRrjnkrkvksa ij bldk izkjfEHkd ijh{k.k fd;k x;kA ftu mRrjnkrkvksa
ij bldk izkjfEHkd ijh{k.k fd;k x;k muesa 10 lEcfU/kr {ks= ds fo"k;
fo'ks"kK] 10 vfHkHkkod] 10 izk/;kid] 10 deZpkjh@iz'kkld] 30 fo|kfFkZ;ksa
dks 'kkfey fd;k x;kA lEcfU/kr mRrjnkrkvksa ls fuosnu fd;k x;k fd os
vius vfHker dk izdVhdj.k ;Fkksfpr txg ij izLrqr djsaA lEcfU/kr
iz'uksa ds lEcU/k esa tgk dgha Hkh dfBukbZ mRi gqbZ] 'kks/kdkkZ }kjk mldk
Li"Vhdj.k fd;k x;k gSA

3-5-3 rF;ksa dk ladyu

iw.kZ :i ls larqfyr iz'ukoyh ds ek/;e ls 'kks/kdkkZ }kjk lkSgknZiw.kZ
okrkoj.k esa lEcfU/kr mRrjnkrkvksa ;Fkk Nk=] muds vfHkHkkod] v/;kid
,oa fofHkUu 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa ds deZpkfj;ksa rFkk iz'kklfud vf/kdkfj;ksa ls
lEidZ LFkkfir fd;k x;kA U;kn'kZ esa ftu 15 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa dks
mi;qDrrk ds vuq:i lekos'ku fd;k x;k gS mls tuinokj i`Fkd~ djds
fu/kkZfjr frfFk vkSj mi;qDr le; esa lk{kkRdkj djds erkoyh ds ek/;e ls
rF; ladfyr fd, x,A

 103

3-5-4 erkoyh

(SURS)

ls izkIr rF;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k

vuqla/kku rF;ksa dk ladyu djus eas pkgs fdlh Hkh fof/k dks iz;qDr
fd;k tk,] ladfyr rF; brus vlEc)] fc[kjs gq, vkSj tfVy :i esa
gksrs gSa fd bUgsa ljyrk ls le>uk vkSj rdZiw.kZ O;ofLFkr :i ls fu"d"kksZa
dks izkIr djuk dfBu dk;Z gksrk gSA blds fy, vko';d gS fd vO;ofLFkr
rF;ksa dks muds fofHkUu xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij Hkyh&Hkkfr lEikfnr djds mUgsa
fofHkUu Jsf.k;ksa vkSj lkjf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr djds mudk fo'ys"k.k ,oa
foospu fd;k tk,A
izLrqr vuqla/kku esa Nk= la?k izklafxdrk ekiuh

(SURS)

ds }kjk 90

vfHkdFkuksa ds lkis{k 5 vadh; ekiuh iz;qDr dh xbZA vfHkdFkuksa ds izR;qkj

5 i{kksa ij vo/kkfjr fd, x, Fks&

iw.kZr% lger
lger
rVLFk
vlger
iw.kZr% vlger

mi;qZDr izR;qRrjksa ds ifjizs{; esa mUgsa vyx&vyx vf/kdkj iznku

fd, x,A izR;qkj iw.kZr% lger gksus ij mlds fy, 5 vad dk vf/kHkkj]
izR;qRrj lger ds fy, 4 vad dk vf/kHkkj] izR;qRrj rVLFk gksus ij 3
vad dk vf/kHkkj] izR;qRrj vlger gsrq 2 vad dk vf/kHkkj rFkk izR;qkj
iw.kZr% vlger gsrq 1 vad dk vf/kHkkj fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;kA izkIr vadksa
dk ;ksx dj izR;sd O;fDr dk dqy vad Kkr fd;k x;kA bl rjg Nk=
la?k izklafxdrk ekiuh ds 300 fun'kZu esa ls 300 fo"k;ksa dks vojksgh e

 104

vFkkZr~ vf/kdre ls U;wure e esa yxk;k x;kA mPp oxZ esa mPp fun'kZu
okys 25% dks pquk x;k rFkk uhps okys 25% fun'kZuksa dks ysdj voj oxZ dk
fuekZ.k fd;k x;kA bl izdkj 75 mnkgj.k mPp oxZ ds rFkk 75 mnkgj.k
voj oxZ ds feysA tSlk fd ,MoMZ us lq>ko fn;k gS fd izR;sd vfHkdFku
dk
t-

t-

eku fudky dj enksa dks pquk tk ldrk gS vkSj bu vfHkdFkuksa dks

eku dh dksfV ds vuqlkj ec) fd;k tk ldrk gSA

bl izdkj leLr vfHkdFkuksa ^^t** eku Kkr djds mUgsa ,d e esa

O;ofLFkr fd;k x;kA os vfHkdFku ftuds ^^t** dk eku 1-75 ls ij

jgk] mUgsa gh dsoy p;fur fd;k x;kA lkj.kh la0 3-7 esa bldk fooj.k
izLrqr fd;k tk jgk gS&

lkj.kh la0 3-7

"t" eku

ds vuqlkj vfHkdFku la[;k

e la0

vfHkdFku la0

1-

4-68

p;fur

2-

5-96

p;fur

3-

5-99

p;fur

4-

5-90

p;fur

5-

1-60

fujLr

6-

4-06

p;fur

7-

4-77

p;fur

8-

5-91

p;fur

"t"

eku

p;fur@fujLr

 105

9-

5-85

p;fur

10-

10

5-71

p;fur

11-

11

5-39

p;fur

12-

12

5-75

p;fur

13-

13

5-24

p;fur

14-

14

5-55

p;fur

15-

15

5-18

p;fur

16-

16

1-48

fujLr

17-

17

1-61

fujLr

18-

18

1-42

fujLr

19-

19

5-73

p;fur

20-

20

5-30

p;fur

21-

21

5-35

p;fur

22-

22

5-16

p;fur

23-

23

5-14

p;fur

24-

24

4-81

p;fur

25-

25

4-93

p;fur

26-

26

4-66

p;fur

27-

27

4-86

p;fur

28-

28

1-37

fujLr

29-

29

4-75

p;fur

 106

30-

30

4-45

p;fur

31-

31

4-45

p;fur

32-

32

3-55

p;fur

33-

33

3-57

p;fur

34-

34

3-62

p;fur

35-

35

4-70

p;fur

36-

36

4-00

p;fur

37-

37

4-17

p;fur

38-

38

3-51

p;fur

39-

39

3-19

p;fur

40-

40

4-32

p;fur

41-

41

3-31

p;fur

42-

42

3-73

p;fur

43-

43

1-55

fujLr

44-

44

3-29

p;fur

45-

45

5-17

p;fur

46-

46

3-25

p;fur

47-

47

3-34

p;fur

48-

48

2-84

p;fur

49-

49

3-29

p;fur

50-

50

4-13

p;fur

 107

51-

51

2-85

p;fur

52

52

2-96

p;fur

53-

53

3-64

p;fur

54-

54

3-30

p;fur

55-

55

3-39

p;fur

56-

56

3-34

p;fur

57-

57

3-65

p;fur

58-

58

3-38

p;fur

59-

59

1-39

fujLr

60-

60

3-32

p;fur

61-

61

3-03

p;fur

62-

62

3-29

p;fur

63-

63

2-80

p;fur

64-

64

2-80

p;fur

65-

65

3-41

p;fur

66-

66

4-58

p;fur

67-

67

2-92

p;fur

68-

68

3-30

p;fur

69-

69

4-66

p;fur

70-

70

4-86

p;fur

71-

71

4-64

p;fur

 108

72-

72

5-18

p;fur

73-

73

2-76

p;fur

74-

74

2-65

p;fur

75-

75

3-34

p;fur

76-

76

1-47

fujLr

77-

77

5-81

p;fur

78-

78

2-48

p;fur

79-

79

3-27

p;fur

80-

80

4-11

p;fur

81-

81

4-08

p;fur

82-

82

2-15

p;fur

83-

83

3-46

p;fur

84-

84

4-79

p;fur

85-

85

3-70

p;fur

86-

86

3-25

p;fur

87-

87

2-85

p;fur

88-

88

3-38

p;fur

89-

89

3-29

p;fur

90-

90

2-19

p;fur

 109

3-5-5 p;fur vfHkdFku

lkj.kh la0 3-7 esa iz;qDr vfHkdFkuksa] ftls Nk= la?k izklafxdrk
ekiuh

(SURS)

ds rkSj ij fufeZr fd;k x;k Fkk] esa ls 82 vfHkdFku fo'ys"k.k

ds lanHkZ esa j[ks x, gSaA 8 vfHkdFku fu/kkZfjr

"t"

ds eku ls de ik;s tkus

ds dkj.k NksM+ fn, x, gSaA

fo'ys"k.k gsrq mi;qDr ik, x, 82 vfHkdFkuksa esa ls 11 vfHkdFku
Nk= la?k ds laxfBr gksus ls lEcfU/kr gSaA 39 vfHkdFku Nk= la?k ds izfr
ldkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k j[krs gSaA 32 vfHkdFku Nk= la?k ds izfr udkjkRed
n`f"Vdks.k j[krs gSaA
lkj.kh la0 3-8 esa ldkjkRed ,oa udkjkRed n`f"Vdks.k ds
vfHkdFku la[;k dks vyx&vyx izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA
lkj.kh la[;k 3-8

Nk= la?k izklafxdrk ekiuh (SURS) esa ldkjkRed vkSj udkjkRed

vfHko`fk okys vfHkdFkuksa dk fooj.k
e la0

vfHko`fk

vfHkdFku la[;k

;ksx

1] 4] 8] 9] 11] 15] 16]

19] 20] 22] 25] 27] 29]
32] 33] 37] 39] 44] 46]
1-

ldkjkRed

48] 50] 51] 54] 56] 58]

59] 61] 63] 65] 67] 68]
70] 72] 74] 77] 78] 79]
81] 82

39

 110

2] 3] 5] 7] 10] 13] 14]

18] 21] 23] 24] 28] 30]
2-

udkjkRed

31] 34] 36] 38] 40] 41]

32

43] 45] 49] 52] 53] 57]

62] 64] 69] 71] 75] 76]
80

mi;qZDr 82 vfHkdFkuksa esa Nk= la?k izklafxdrk ds lanHkZ esa vk;ke

lekfo"V gSaA ;s gSa& fo|kFkhZ fgrdkjh] iz'kklfud] 'kSf{kd] lkekftd]
jktuSfrd ,oa Nk= la?k dk laxBukRed igywA
lkj.kh la[;k 3-9

Nk= la?k izklafxdrk ekiuh esa fofHkUu vk;keksa dk Lo:i

e la0

vk;ke&Lo:i

vk;ke ls vfHkdFku la[;k,

;ksx

1] 7] 14] 18] 22] 29] 32]

1-

Nk= fgrdkjh

37] 40] 45] 50] 54] 57] 62]

19

65] 70] 75] 79] 82

2] 8] 13] 19] 23] 28] 33]
2-

iz'kklfud igyw 36] 41] 46] 51] 58] 61] 68]

17

71] 76] 81
3-

'kSf{kd igyw

3] 9] 16] 20] 24] 31] 39]

44] 52] 59] 64] 69] 72] 77

14

 111

4-

5-

6-

lkekftd igyw

jktuSfrd igyw

4] 10] 15] 21] 25] 34] 43]

49] 56] 67] 78
5] 11] 27] 30] 38] 48] 53]
63] 74] 80

laxBukRed

6] 12] 17] 26] 35] 42] 47]

igyw

55] 60] 66] 73

;ksx

3-5-6 Nk= la?k izklafxdrk ekiuh

(SURS) dh

11

10

11
82

fo'oluh;rk

fo'oluh;rk dk vFkZ 'kks/k midj.k }kjk izkIr vk/kkj lkexzh esa

le;] LFkku ;k ifjfLFkfr ds vuqlkj n`f"Vxr le:irk ;k ,d tSls Lo:i
ls gSA izLrqr vuqla/kku esa Nk= la?k fo'oluh;rk ekiuh

(SURS)

dks nks

fgLlksa esa i`Fkd~ djds lg&lEcU/k xq.kkad dh x.kuk dh xbZ] ftldk eku
0-79 jgkA lEcfU/kr ekiuh esa Lih;j eSu czkmu ds Hkfo"; dFku lw= dks
fo'oluh;rk ifjeki ds lanHkZ esa leku i`FkDdj.k dks vk/kkj cuk;k x;kA
bl vk/kkj ij ekiuh esa fo'oluh;rk lg lEcU/k 0-88 ik;k x;kA

3-5-7 Nk= la?k izklafxdrk ekiuh

(SURS) dh

oS/krk

oS/krk dk vfHkizk; 'kks/k midj.k ds tfj, izkIr lkexzh dh

okLrfodrk ;k lksnn~ s'; ls gSA oS/krk dk lEcU/k bl ckr ls Hkh gS fd
lEcfU/kr midj.k ls okLro esa ogh lwpuk, izkIr dh tk jgh gSa] ftl gsrq
mls fufeZr fd;k x;k gSA bl n`f"Vdks.k ls izLrqr Nk= la?k izklafxdrk

 112

ekiuh

(SURS)

viuh dlkSVh ij iwjh rjg ls [kjh mrjrh gSA ekiuh esa tks Hkh

vfHkdFku izLrqr fd, x, gSa] os iw.kZr;k 'kks/k dks oS/k Lo:i iznku djus esa
l{ke gSaA

3-6 'kks/k midj.k dh iz;qDrrk

'kks/k midj.k dh iz;qDrrk rF;ksa ds ladyu ls lEcfU/kr gSA bl gsrq
Lo;a 'kks/kdkkZ lkj.kh la0 3-1 ds of.kZr fo'ofo|ky;@egkfo|ky; esa
igqpk rFkk mlds }kjk lEcfU/kr 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa esa lcls igys v/;kid
ca/kqvksa ls lEidZ fd;k x;kA muls iw.kZ fuosnu ds lkFk mius mn~ns';ksa dks
Li"V fd;k x;kA rRi'pkr~ iz'ukoyh iznku dh x;hA fuosnu fd;k x;k fd
os lcls igys iz'ukoyh esa fn, x, vko';d funsZ'k dk voyksdu dj ysa]
rRi'pkr~ mlesa vius ls lEcfU/kr lwpukvksa dks iwfjr djasA vfHkdFkuksa ds
lanHkZ esa ftls os viuh vfHko`fk ds lanHkZ esa le> jgs gSa ml [kkus esa
lgh dk fu'kku yxk nsaA
lEcfU/kr laLFkku ls v/;kidksa ls iz'ukoyh iw.kZ djus ds ckn ;gh
i)fr Nk=ksa] deZpkfj;ksa@iz'kkldksa ds lkFk iz;qDr dh xbZA var esa blh
i)fr ds ek/;e ls lEcfU/kr Nk=ksa ds vfHkHkkodksa ls lEidZ dj iz'ukoyh
iw.kZ dh xbZA
;gh izf;k vyx&vyx 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa esa viukbZ xbZA bl izdkj
lkj.kh la0 3-1 ds of.kZr lHkh 15 'kSf{kd laLFkkvksa esa fu/kkZfjr U;kn'kksZa ls
iz'ukoyh dk iz;qDrhdj.k djrs gq, okLrfod rF;ksa dh izkfIr dh xbZA

 113

3-7 vfHkdFku( vfHk;qfDr vadu ds vad

iz'ukoyh esa vfHkdFkuksa ds lEeq[k 5 ikp izdkj dh vfHk;qfDr;k
izLrqr dh xbZa& iw.kZr% lger] lger] rVLFk] vlger] iw.kZr% vlgerA
vfHkdFku dks ldkjkRed] udkjkRed Lo:i esa j[krs gq,] blls lEcfU/kr
vfHk;qfDr ij vadksa dk vf/kHkkjkad fuEufyf[kr lkj.kh ds vuq:i j[kk
x;kA
lkj.kh la0 3-10
Nk= la?k izklafxdrk ekiuh

(SURS)

e
vfHkdFku dh
iw.kZr%
la0 izd`fr@vfHk;qfDr;k lger
1ldkjkRed
5

lger

rVLFk

vlger

iw.kZr%
vlger
1

2-

udkjkRed

esa vfHk;qfDr vf/kHkkjkad

3-8 lkaf[;dh vuqiz;ksx

izLrqr vuqla/kku eas 'kks/kdkkZ }kjk ftl x.kukRed lkaf[;dh i)fr;kas
dk vuqiz;ksx fd;k x;k mldk fooj.k bl izdkj gS&

ek/;

(Mean)
M = A..M. +

fd
N

tgk
M = Mean
A.M. = Assumed Mean
fd = Summation of Multiplication of frequencies and deviation
N = Total of frequency
i = Class interval

 114

ekud fopyu

Standard Deviation

S. D. or = i

fd2
N

fd
N

tgk
= Standard Deviation
i = Class interval
fd = Summation of multiplication of frequencies and deviation
fd2 = Summation of multiplication of frequncies and square of deviation of
mid point Score from A.M.
N = Total of frequencies.

Significance of difference between means

M1 - M2
.d
d = m12 + m22
1
m1 =
N1
2
m2 =
N2
t=

d.f =

tgk -

(N1 1) + (N2 - 1)

t = Critical Ratio
= the Standard error of difference between the two Sample means.
m1 = the standard error of first group.
m2 = the standard error of second group.
1 = Standard deviation of first group.
2 = Stadard deviation of second group.
N1 = total number of first group.
N2 = total number of second group.
M1 = mean value of first group.
M2 = mean value of second group.

 115

Significance of difference in percentage

Difference %
SEd %

t=

(SE1%)2 + (SE2%)2

SEd % =

SE1 % =

P1Q1
N1

SE2 % =

P2Q2
N2

where SE1% = Standard Error of percentage of first group.

SE2% = Standard Error of percentage of second group.
P1 = Percentage of Subject of first group agreed with the item.
P2 = Percentage of Subject of Second group agreed with the item.
Q1 = Percentage of Subject of first group disagreed with the item.
Q2 = Percentage of Subject of Second group disagreed with the item.
N1 = total number of Subjects in first group.
N2 = total number of Subjects in Second group.

Split Half Reliability

2(r . )
R=
1+ r.

Where R= Reliability Coefficient

r.. = Correlation between two Splited groups.