Composite Structures 82 (2008) 346361

www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct

Boundary layer theory for the buckling and postbuckling

of an anisotropic laminated cylindrical shell. Part I:
Prediction under axial compression
Hui-Shen Shen
School of Ocean and Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China
State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, PR China
Available online 30 January 2007

Abstract
A boundary layer theory for the buckling and postbuckling of anisotropic laminated thin shells is developed. The material of each
layer of the shell is assumed to be linearly elastic, anisotropic and ber-reinforced. It is also assumed that the well-known von Karman
nonlinear straindisplacement relationships are valid. The governing equations with transverse displacement and stress function as independent variables are deduced to a boundary layer type, which includes the eects of nonlinear prebuckling deformations, large deections in the postbuckling range, and initial geometric imperfections of the shell. A postbuckling analysis is presented for axially loaded,
perfect and imperfect, anisotropic laminated cylindrical shells with dierent values of shell parameters and stacking sequence. A singular
perturbation technique is employed to determine the buckling loads and postbuckling equilibrium paths. The joint eects played by
anisotropy, nonlinear prebuckling deformations, as well as initial geometric imperfections are studied. The new nding is that there exists
a compressive stress along with an associate shear stress and twisting when the anisotropic laminated cylindrical shell is subjected to axial
compression, and all the results published previously need to be re-examined.
2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Anisotropic cylindrical shell; Boundary layer theory; Buckling; Postbuckling; Axial compression

1. Introduction
In the recent years, ber-reinforced composite laminated shell structures have been widely used in the aerospace and
other engineering industries. There has been considerable interest in the structural instability of laminated shells made
of anisotropic materials. The buckling and postbuckling behavior of axially compressed laminated cylindrical shells is a
major concern for structural instability and it represents one of the best known examples of the very complicated stability
behavior which can occur with thin-walled shell structures. Many experiments have observed buckling [17], and the buckling loads were found to lie within 5399% of the theoretical predictions.
Numerous studies on the modeling and analysis of anisotropic laminated cylindrical shells have been performed, see, for
example [810]. However, the theories used in these analyses are mostly extensions of the various isotropic models. Since
the laminated composite cylindrical shells generally exhibit extension/twist and exural/twist couplings when ber angles
exist that do not lie parallel to the cylindrical axis or in a circumferential plane, the traditional double Fourier expansion of
the transverse displacement [8,1114], like W W 1 sinmpX =L sinnY =R or W 1 sinmpX =L cosnY =R which is suitable
for the cross-ply laminated cylindrical shells, is no longer a capable solution for asymmetric spiral buckling modes.
Recently, Weaver [15,16] suggested a solution formed as
E-mail address: hsshen@mail.sjtu.edu.cn
0263-8223/$ - see front matter 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2007.01.024

H.-S. Shen / Composite Structures 82 (2008) 346361

W W 1 sinnY =R  knX =R

347

where k is the slope of the spiral. Eq. (1) comes from torsional buckling mode and is similar to that previously proposed by
Khot and Venkayya [17], i.e.
W W 1 sinmpX =L cosnY =R  knX =R

It is worthy to note that both Eqs. (1) and (2) cannot satisfy boundary conditions such as simply supported or clamped at
the end of the cylindrical shell and can be as approximate solutions [18]. It seems reasonable to conclude, therefore, that the
current conventional wisdom concerning the buckling of anisotropic laminated shells omits some crucial physical factor
from the analytical scheme.
Donnell and Wan [19] reported that the initial geometric imperfection has a signicant eect on the buckling and postbuckling behavior of cylindrical shells subjected to axial compression. In their analysis, however, the membrane prebuckling state was assumed, like von Karman and Tsien [20] did and, therefore, the boundary conditions cannot be
incorporated accurately. The importance of the nonlinear prebuckling deformations and its role in the buckling analysis
of cylindrical shells has been discussed [2123]. It has been shown in Shen and Chen [24,25] that in shell buckling, there
exists a boundary layer phenomenon where prebuckling and buckling displacement vary rapidly. They suggested a boundary layer theory of shell buckling, which includes the eects of nonlinear prebuckling deformations, large deections in the
postbuckling range, and initial geometric imperfections of the shell. Based on this theory, postbuckling analyses for perfect
and imperfect, isotropic and cross-ply laminated cylindrical shells under various loading cases have been performed by
Shen and Chen [26], Shen et al. [27] and Shen [2831]. The present paper extends the previous works to the case of fully
anisotropic laminated cylindrical shells subjected to axial compression.
In the present study, the material of each layer of the shell is assumed to be linearly elastic, anisotropic and ber-reinforced. The governing equations are based on the classical shell theory with von KarmanDonnell-type of kinematic nonlinearity and including the extension/twist, extension/exural and exural/twist couplings. A singular perturbation
technique is employed to determine the buckling loads and postbuckling equilibrium paths. The nonlinear prebuckling
deformations and initial geometric imperfections of the shell are both taken into account. The numerical illustrations show
the full nonlinear postbuckling response of anisotropic laminated cylindrical shells under axial compression.
2. Theoretical development
2.1. Governing equations
Consider a circular cylindrical shell with mean radius R, length L and thickness t, which consists of N plies of any kind.
The shell is referred to a coordinate system (X, Y, Z) in which X and Y are in the axial and circumferential directions of the
shell and Z is in the direction of the inward normal to the middle surface. The corresponding displacement are designated
by U ; V and W . The origin of the coordinate system is located at the end of the shell on the middle plane. The shell is
assumed to be relatively thin and geometrically imperfect, and is subjected to an axial compressive load P0. Denoting
the initial geometric imperfection by W  X ; Y , let W X ; Y be the additional deection and F X ; Y be the stress function
for the stress resultants dened by N x F ;yy , N y F ;xx and N xy F ;xy , where a comma denotes partial dierentiation
with respect to the corresponding coordinates.
As von Karman and Tsien [20] argued at the time, geometrical nonlinearity must play an important part in the phenomenon of thin shell buckling. Based on classical shell theory (i.e. transverse shear deformation eects are neglected) with a
von Karman-type of kinematic nonlinearity, the nonlinear dierential equations for an anisotropic cylindrical shell can be
expressed in terms of a stress function F , and transverse displacement W , along with initial geometric imperfection W  .
These equations in the Donnell sense are [1]
1
e
L 11 W e
L 12 F  F ;xx e
LW W  ; F
R
e 21 F  L
e 22 W 1 W ;xx  1 e
LW 2W  ; W
L
R
2
where
4
o4
o4
o4
o4
 o
e
L 11 D11 4 4D16 3 2D12 2D66 2 2 4D26

D
22
oX
oX oY
oX oY
oX oY 3
oY 4
4
4
4
4
o
o
o
o4
 o
e
L 12 e
L 22 B21 4 2B26  B61 3 B11 B22  2B66 2 2 2B16  B62

B
12
oX
oX oY
oX oY
oX oY 3
oY 4

3
4

348

H.-S. Shen / Composite Structures 82 (2008) 346361

o4
o4
o4
o4
o4
e
L 21 A22 4  2A26 3 2A12 A66 2 2  2A16
A11 4
3
oX
oX oY
oX oY
oX oY
oY
2
2
2
2
2
2
o o
o
o
o o
e

L
2
oX oY oX oY oY 2 oX 2
oX 2 oY 2

Note that the geometric nonlinearity in the von Karman sense is given in terms of e
L() in Eqs. (3) and (4).
Eqs. (3) and (4) are remarkable not only for the coupling between transverse bending and in-plane stretching which is
given in terms of Bij i; j 1; 2; 6, but also for the exural/twist and extension/twist coupling indicated by D16 ; D26 ; A16 and
A26 . Note that for the cross-ply laminated cylindrical shells (using only 0- and 90-plies) all terms A16 ; A26 ; D16 and D26 are
zero-valued.
The two end edges of the shell are assumed to be simply supported or clamped, so that the boundary conditions are
X = 0, L:
W 0;

Mx 0

simply supported

6a

W W ;x 0 clamped
Z 2pR
N x dY 2pRtrx 0

6b
6c

where
M x B21

2
2
2
2
o2 F
o2 F
 o F

 o W
 o W
 o W

D

B

B

D

2D
11
61
11
12
16
oX oY
oX oY
oX 2
oY 2
oX 2
oY 2

is the bending moment and rx is the average axial compressive stress. Also, we have the closed (or periodicity) condition
Z 2pR
oV
dY 0
8a
oY
0
or
Z

2pR

"

#

 2

2
2
2
2
2
2

o
F
o
F
o
F
o
W
o
W
o
W
W
1
oW
oW
oW
 B21
A22 2 A12 2  A26
B22 2 2B26


dY 0
oX oY
oX oY
R 2 oY
oY oY
oX
oY
oX 2
oY

Because of Eq. (8), the in-plane boundary condition V 0 at X 0; L is not needed in Eq. (6).
The average end-shortening relationship is dened as
Z 2pR Z L
Z 2pR Z L 
Dx
1
oU
1
o2 F
o2 F
o2 F
dX dYr 

A11 2 A12 2  A16
2pRL 0
2pRL 0
oX oY
L
oY
oX
0 oX
0
#


 2
2
2
2

oW
oW
oW
1 oW
oW oW
 B11
B12
2B16


dX dY
oX oY
2 oX
oX oX
oX 2
oY 2

8b

where Dx is shell end-shortening displacement in the X-direction.

In the above equations and what follows, Aij ; Bij  and Dij  i; j 1; 2; 6 are reduced stiness matrices, dened as

A A1 , B A1 B and D D  BA1 B, where A, B and D are dened by
N Z tk
X
Aij ; Bij ; Dij
Qij k 1; Z; Z 2 dZ i; j 1; 2; 6
10
k1

tk1

in which Qij are the transformed elastic constants, dened by

2

Q11

c4

6 Q 7 6 c2 s2
6 12 7 6
7 6
6
6 Q22 7 6 s4
7 6
6
6 Q 7 6 c3 s
6 16 7 6
7 6
6
4 Q26 5 4 cs3
Q66
where

c2 s2

3
72 Q 3
c4 s4
c 2 s2
4c2 s2
7
11
76
76 Q12 7
2c2 s2
c4
4c2 s2
7
76
7
4
5
cs3  c3 s cs3 2csc2  s2 7
Q
7
22
7
3
3
3
2
2
5
c s  cs c s 2csc  s
Q66
2c2 s2

2c2 s2

s4

c 2 s2

4c2 s2

c2  s2

11a

H.-S. Shen / Composite Structures 82 (2008) 346361

Q11

E11
;
1  m12 m21

Q22

E22
;
1  m12 m21

Q12

m21 E11
;
1  m12 m21

Q66 G12

349

11b

E11 ; E22 ; G12 ; m12 and m21 have their usual meanings, and
c cos h;

s sin h

11c

where h is the lamination angle with respect to the shell X-axis.

2.2. Boundary layer-type equations
Before proceeding, it is convenient rst to dene the following dimensionless quantities
x pX =L;

y Y =R;

Z L2 =Rt;

b L=pR;

W ; W  eW ; W  =D11 D22 A11 A22 

1=4

e p2 R=L2 D11 D22 A11 A22 

F e2 F =D11 D22 

1=4

1=2

c11 ; c12 ; c13 ; c214 D16 ; D12 2D66 ; D26 ; D22 =D11
1
c21 ; c22 ; c23 ; c224 A26 ; A12 A66 ; A16 ; A11 =A22 ; c5 A12 =A22
2
1=4
c30 ; c31 ; c32 ; c33 ; c34 B21 ; 2B26  B61 ; B11 B22  2B66 ; 2B16  B62 ; B12 =D11 D22 A11 A22 

12

1=4

c311 ; c322 ; c316 ; c326 B11 ; B22 ; B16 ; B26 =D11 D22 A11 A22 
M x ; M y e2 M x ; M y L2 =p2 =D11 D11 D22 A11 A22 1=4 ;
kp rx =2=RtD11 D22 =A11 A22 1=4 ;

dp Dx =L=2=RD11 D22 A11 A22 1=4

The nonlinear Eqs. (3) and (4) may then be written in dimensionless form as
e2 L11 W ec14 L12 F  c14 F ;xx c14 b2 LW W  ; F
1
L21 F  ec24 L22 W c24 W ;xx  c24 b2 LW 2W  ; W
2

13
14

where
L11

4
4
o4
o4
o4
2
3 o
2 4 o

2c

4c
b
b

4c
b

c
b
11
12
13
14
ox4
ox3 oy
ox2 oy 2
oxoy 3
oy 4

L12 L22 c30

4
4
o4
o4
o4
2
3 o
4 o

c
b
b

c
b

c
b
31
32
33
34
ox4
ox3 oy
ox2 oy 2
oxoy 3
oy 4

4
o4
o4
o4
o4
2 4 o
L21 4  2c21 b 3 2c22 b2 2 2  2c23 b3

c
b
24
ox
ox oy
ox oy
oxoy 3
oy 4

15

o2 o2
o2 o2
o2 o2


2
ox2 oy 2
oxoy oxoy oy 2 ox2

The boundary conditions expressed by Eq. (6) become x 0; p :

W M x 0 simply supported
W W ;x 0 clamped
Z 2p
1
o2 F
b2 2 dy 2kp e 0
2p 0
oy

16a
16b
16c

and the closed condition expressed by Eq. (8b) becomes

Z
0

2p






2
2
o2 F
o2 F
o2 W
o2 W
2o F
2o W

c
b

c
b
c

c
b

2c
b

ec
5
21
24
30
322
326
ox2
oy 2
oxoy
ox2
oy 2
oxoy
 

1
oW
oW
oW
c24 W  c24 b2
 c24 b2
dy 0
2
oy
oy oy

The unit end-shortening relationship becomes

17

350

H.-S. Shen / Composite Structures 82 (2008) 346361




Z 2p Z p 
2
2
1
o2 F
o2 F
o2 W
o2 W
2o W
1
2 2o F
dp  2 e
c24 b
 c5 2  c23 b
2c316 b
 ec24 c311 2 c34 b
4p c24
oy 2
ox
oxoy
ox
oy 2
oxoy
0
0
 2

1
oW
oW oW 
 c24
 c24
dx dy
2
ox
ox ox

18
1=4

FurIn Eq. (12), we introduce an important parameter e. For most of the composite materials D11 D22 A11 A22  0:3t, p

thermore, when Z L2 =Rt > 2:96, then from Eq. (12) e < 1. In particular, for isotropic cylindrical shells, e p2 =Z B 12,
where Z B L2 =Rt1  m2 1=2 is the Batdorf shell parameter, which should be greater than 2.85 in the case of classical linear
buckling analysis [32]. In practice, the shell structure will have Z > 10, so that we always have e  1. When e < 1, Eqs. (13)
and (14) are of the boundary layer type. We will show that, in the next section, (1) the nonlinear prebuckling deformations,
large deections in the postbuckling range and initial geometric imperfections of the shell could be considered simultaneously; and (2) it is no longer to guess the forms of solutions which will be obtained step by step, and such solutions satisfy
both governing equations and boundary conditions accurately in the asymptotic sense.
3. Solution procedure
Having developed the theory, we are now in a position to solve Eqs. (13) and (14) with boundary condition (16) by
means of a singular perturbation technique. The essence of this procedure, in the present case, is to assume that
e x; n; y; e W
b x; f; y; e
W wx; y; e W
F f x; y; e Fe x; n; y; e Fb x; f; y; e

19

where e is a small perturbation parameter providedZ > 2:96) as dened in Eq. (12) and wx; y; e and f x; y; e are called
e x; n; y; e; Fe x; n; y; e and W
b x; f; y; e; Fb x; f; y; e are the boundary layer
the outer or regular solutions of the shell. W
solutions near the x = 0 and x = p edges, respectively, and n and f are the boundary layer variables, dened as
p
p
20
n x= e; f p  x= e
p
This means that for isotropic cylindrical shells the width of the boundary layers is of order Rt. In Eq. (19) the regular and
boundary layer solutions are taken in the forms of perturbation expansions as
X
X
wx; y; e
ej wj x; y; f x; y; e
ej fj x; y
21a
j1

e x; n; y; e
W

j0

j1

e j1 x; n; y;
W

Fe x; n; y; e

j0

b x; f; y; e
W

ej2 Fe j2 x; n; y

21b

ej2 Fb j2 x; f; y

21c

j0

b j1 x; f; y;
ej1 W

Fb x; f; y; e

j0

X
j0

Substituting Eq. (21) into Eqs. (13) and (14), collecting the terms of the same order of e, we can obtain three sets of perturbation equations for the regular and boundary layer solutions, respectively, e.g. the regular solutions wx; y and f x; y
should satisfy
Oe0 : c14 f0 ;xx c14 b2 Lw0 ; f0
22a
1
22b
L21 f0 c24 w0 ;xx  c24 b2 Lw0 ; w0
2
Oe1 : c14 L12 f0  c14 f1 ;xx c14 b2 Lw1 ; f0 Lw0 ; f1 
23a
1
23b
L21 f1  c24 L22 w0 c24 w1 ;xx  c24 b2 Lw0 ; w1
2
24a
Oe2 : L11 w0 c14 L12 f1  c14 f2 ;xx c14 b2 Lw2 W  ; f0 Lw1 ; f1 Lw0 ; f2 
1
24b
L21 f2  c24 L22 w1 c24 w2 ;xx  c24 b2 Lw1 ; w1 Lw2 2W  ; w0 
2
1
0
0
Because of the denition of W given in Eq. (12), we assume that w0 0 and w1 A00 , along with f0 B00 y 2 =2  b00 xy
1 2
1
and f1 B00 y =2  b00 xy. Since the exural/twist coupling is included in L11() and the extension/twist coupling is included in L21 ; sin mx sin ny is no longer the solution of Eq. (24), hence we assume the initial buckling mode to have
the form
2

w2 x; y A00 A11 sin mx sin ny a11 cos mx cos ny A02 cos 2ny

25

H.-S. Shen / Composite Structures 82 (2008) 346361

351

and the initial geometric imperfection is assumed to have the form

2

W  x; y; e e2 lA11 sin mx sin ny a11 cos mx cos ny

26

where l is the imperfection parameter.

It is noted that Eq. (1) can be re-written as w1 sin mx cos ny  cos mx sin ny analogous to the second and third components of Eq. (25) but with the same amplitude. From Eq. (24) one has
2

f2 B00

y2
2
2
 b00 xy B11 sin mx sin ny
2

27

and
2

B11

c24 m2 2
A ;
g21 11

b2 B00

g221

c24 m2 g21
;
 g222 1 l

bb00 

c24 m3 g22
 g222 1 l

2nbg221

28

where g21 and g22 are given in detail in Appendix A.

e x; n; y and Fe x; n; y which should satisfy boundary layer
Now we turn our attention to the boundary layer solutions W
equations of each order, for example
e1
o4 W
o4 Fe 2
o2 Fe 2
c14 c30
 c14
0
4
4
on
on
on2
e1
e1
o4 Fe 2
o4 W
o2 W

c
c

c
0
24 30
24
4
4
on
on
on2

Oe2 :

29a
29b

which leads to
e1
e1
o4 W
o2 W
e1 0
2c
b2 W
4
on
on2

30

where
c c c
c  14 24 30 2 ;
1 c14 c24 c30


b

c14 c24
1 c14 c24 c230

1=2
31

The solution of Eq. (30) can be written as

1
1
e 1 C 10
W
sin /n C 01 cos /nean

where

1=2
bc
;
a
2

bc
/
2

32

1=2
33

b x; f; y and Fb x; f; y can be obtained in the same manner.

Similarly, the boundary layer solutions W
Then matching the regular solutions with the boundary layer solutions at the each end of the shell, e.g. let
e 1 w1 W
e 1 ;x 0 and w1 W
b 1 w1 W
b 1 ;x 0 at x = 0 and x = p edges, respectively, so that the asympw1 W
totic solutions satisfying the clamped boundary conditions are constructed as





x
a
x
x
1
1
p

W e A00  A00 cos /

sin /
exp a
e /
e
e




px a
px
px
1
 A00 cos / p sin / p exp a p
/
e
e
e
2

e2 A00 A11 sin mx sin ny a11 cos mx cos ny A02 cos 2ny




x
a
x
x
2
2
2
 A00 a11 cos ny A02 cos 2ny cos / p sin / p exp a p
e /
e
e




px a
px
px
2
2
2
 A00 a11 cos ny A02 cos 2ny cos / p sin / p exp a p
/
e
e
e
e3 A00 A11 sin mx sin ny a11 cos mx cos ny A02 cos 2ny
4

e4 A00 A11 sin mx sin ny a11 cos mx cos ny A20 cos 2mx A02 cos 2ny
4

A13 sin mx sin 3ny a13 cos mx cos 3ny A04 cos 4ny Oe5

34

352

H.-S. Shen / Composite Structures 82 (2008) 346361




2
2
y2
0
1 y
1
2 y
2
2
 b00 xy e B00  b00 xy e2 B00  b00 xy B11 sin mx sin ny
2
2
2








x
x
x
px
px
px
1
2
2
1
2
2
A00 b01 cos / p b10 sin / p exp a p A00 b01 cos / p b10 sin / p exp a p
e
e
e
e
e
e





2
x
x
x
3 y
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
e B00  b00 xy B02 cos 2ny A00 a11 cos ny A02 cos 2ny b01 cos / p b10 sin / p exp a p
2
e
e
e




p

x
p

x
p

x
2
2
2
3
3
A00 a11 cos ny A02 cos 2ny b01 cos / p b10 sin / p exp a p
e
e
e


2
4 y
4
4
4
4
4
4
e B00  b00 xy B20 cos 2mx B02 cos 2ny B13 sin mx sin 3ny b13 cos mx cos 3ny Oe5
35
2
0

F B00

Note that, all of the coecients in Eqs. (34) and (35) are related and can be expressed in terms of A11 , as shown in Eq.
2
j
(28) for B11 , except for A00 j 14 which may be determined by substituting Eqs. (34) and (35) into closed condition
(17), and then we obtain
1

c5
c
2
3
kp  21 ks ; A00 A00 0;
c24
c24
1
g2 g 2
2 2
2 2
n2 b2 21 2 22 1 2lA11 n2 b2 A02
8
g21

A00 2
4

A00

36

where ks is the non-dimensional shear stress dened by

0

ks e bb00 ebb00 e2 bb00 e3 bb00 e4 bb00   

37

Next, upon substitution of Eqs. (34) and (35) into the boundary condition (16c) and into Eq. (18), the postbuckling equilibrium paths can be written as
2

2
4
kp k0
p  kp A11 e kp A11 e   

ks k0
s 

2 2
k2
s A11 e

2 4
k4
s A11 e

38



39

2
4
dp d0
x dx A11 e dx A11 e   

40

and
2

In Eqs. (38)(40) A11 e is taken as the second perturbation parameter relating to the dimensionless maximum deection.
From Eq. (34), by taking x; y p=2m; p=2n, one has
2

A11 e W m  H2 W 2m   

41

where Wm is the dimensionless form of maximum deection of the shell that can be written as

Table 1
Comparisons of buckling loads Pcr (lb) for laminated cylindrical shells under axial compression (R 6:26 in:)
Lay-up
(0/70/70)Ta
90=20=  20T b
45=  45=90T c
90=45=  45T d
30=90=30T e
a
b
c
d
e
f

A16 =A26
e14/13
e8
e14
e14
e13/14

D16 =D26
e3/1
e1/2
e1
e1
e8/9

Tennyson and Muggeridge [1]

Present

Pexp (lb)

Pcr (lb)

Pcr (lb)

5855
5525
5075
5595
5655

8622.97
8969.16
8120.00
7450.07
8822.15

7591.69
8455.49
7507.55
7124.95
8312.99

E11 5:03 106 psi, E22 2:58 106 psi, G12 0:837 106 psi, m12 0:345; L 12:42 in:, t 27:0 103 in:
E11 5:42 106 psi, E22 2:6 106 psi, G12 0:687 106 psi, m12 0:365; L 12:42 in:, t 27:6 103 in:
E11 6:109 106 psi, E22 2:697 106 psi, G12 0:517 106 psi, m12 0:317; L 12:45 in:, t 27:3 103 in:
E11 5:424 106 psi, E22 2:603 106 psi, G12 0:687 106 psi, m12 0:365; L 12:41 in:, t 26:7 103 in:
E11 5:42 106 psi, E22 2:6 106 psi, G12 0:687 106 psi, m12 0:365; L 12:41 in:, t 27:6 103 in:
The number in brackets indicate the buckling mode (m, n).

(9,13)f
(8,13)
(7,13)
(1,6)
(8,14)

H.-S. Shen / Composite Structures 82 (2008) 346361

Wm

353

"
#
1
t
W
H1

C 3 D11 D22 A11 A22 1=4 t

42

All symbols used in Eqs. (38)(42) are also described in detail in Appendix A.
The perturbation scheme described here is quite dierent from that of traditional one [33,34]. In the present analysis e is
2
denitely a small perturbation parameter, but in the second step A11 e may be large. In contrast, the perturbation parameter e is dened as a characteristic amplitude non-dimensionalized with respect to the shell thickness [34], which is no longer

Table 2
Comparisons of buckling loads Pcr (kN) for laminated cylindrical shells under axial compression (L 540 mm, R 350:6 mm)
Lay-up

A16 =A26

D16 =D26

Bisagni [4]
Pexp (kN)

Pcr (kN)

Pcr (kN)

0=45=  45=0T a
45=  45S a
45=  452S b
90=02S b
90=
30=90T c

45T c

e24
e25
e15
0
e16/17
e17

e17
e8
e0
0
e8/9
e7

172.877(2,9)
120.236(1,8)
92.269(1,8)
92.049(2,10)
196.230(2,10)
159.055(2,8)

240.000
120.580
173.676
170.022
289.025
159.840

246.05
149.66
147.57
118.49
248.80
160.13

a
b
c
d

Present
(3,12)d
(1,7)
(1,7)
(7,12)
(9,15)
(1,7)

E11 E22 52:0 GPa, G12 2:35 GPa, m12 0:302; t 1:32 mm.
E11 113:0 GPa, E22 9:0 GPa, G12 3:82 GPa, m12 0:73; t 1:2 mm.
E11 113:0 GPa, E22 9:0 GPa, G12 3:82 GPa, m12 0:73; t 1:5 mm.
The number in brackets indicate the buckling mode (m, n).

300
250

(0/45/-45/0)T
R/t = 292.167, Z = 693.07

W /t = 0.0
*

W /t = 0.3
Exp Bisagni [4]

Px (kN)

200
150
100
50
0
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

2.0

2.5

X (mm)

200
(45/-45)2S
R/t = 292.167, Z = 693.07
150

W /t = 0.0

Px (kN)

W /t = 0.7
Exp Bisagni [4]
100

50

0
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

X (mm)
Fig. 1. Comparisons of postbuckling loadshortening curves for anisotropic laminated cylindrical shells under axial compression. (a) 0=45=  45=0T
shell and (b) 45=  452S shell.

354

H.-S. Shen / Composite Structures 82 (2008) 346361

a small perturbation parameter in the deep postbuckling range when the shell deection is suciently large, e.g. W =t > 1,
and in such a case the solution is questionable.
Eqs. (38)(42) can be employed to obtain numerical results for full nonlinear postbuckling loadshortening or load
deection curves of anisotropic laminated cylindrical shells subjected to axial compression. The initial buckling load of
a perfect shell can readily be obtained numerically, by setting W  =t 0 (or l = 0), while taking W =t 0 (note that
W m 6 0). In this case, the minimum buckling load is determined by considering Eq. (37) for various values of the buckling
mode (m, n), which determine the number of half-waves in the X-direction and of full waves in the Y-direction. Note that
because of Eq. (34), the prebuckling deformation of the shell is nonlinear. It is evident that, from Eq. (35) there exists a
compressive stress along with an associate shear stress when the shell is subjected to axial compression. Such a shear stress,
no matter how small it is, will aect the buckling and postbuckling behavior of the anisotropic laminated cylindrical shell
as shown in Eqs. (38)(40) but is missing in all the previously analyses.

Table 3
Comparisons of buckling loads/stresses for laminated cylindrical shells under axial compression (R=t 200; t 1:0 mm; E11 149:62 GPa,
E22 9:93 GPa, G12 4:48 GPa, m12 0:28)
Lay-up

Ai6

Di6

(0/90)2S
(45)2S
452 =  302 =602 =152 T
152 =602 =  302 =  452 T

0
e16
e9
e9

0
e0
e1
e1

Z 200

Z 450

Z 800

P cr =rcr (kN/MPa)

ss (MPa)

P cr =rcr (kN/MPa)

ss (MPa)

P cr =rcr (kN/MPa)

ss (MPa)

97.25/77.39
136.72/108.80
113.70/90.48
138.58/110.28

0
4.05
1.20
+2.22

96.31/76.64
131.79/104.87
114.92/91.45
132.31/105.29

0
2.22
0.66
+1.20

96.42/76.73
125.16/99.60
114.58/91.19
133.98/106.62

0
2.11
0.08
+1.45

a 200

Px (kN)

150

R/t = 200, Z = 450

1: (0/90)2S , (m, n) = (4, 10)
2: (45/-45)2S , (m, n) = (1, 6)
3: (-452/-302/602/152) T , (m, n) = (2, 11)

3
100

50

W /t = 0.0
*

W /t = 0.1
0
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

X (mm)

b 200

Px (kN)

150

R/t = 200, Z = 450

1: (0/90)2S, (m, n) = (4, 10)
2: (45/-45)2S, (m, n) = (1, 6)
3: (-452/-302/602/152)T, (m, n) = (2, 11)
2

100
1
50

3
*

W /t = 0.0
*

W /t = 0.1
0
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

W (mm)
Fig. 2. Anisotropic eect on the postbuckling behavior of cylindrical shells under axial compression. (a) Loadshortening and (b) loaddeection.

H.-S. Shen / Composite Structures 82 (2008) 346361

355

4. Numerical results and discussions

Numerical results are presented in this section for perfect and imperfect, anisotropic laminated cylindrical shells with
extension/twist, extension/exural and exural/twist couplings, where the outmost layer is the rst mentioned orientation.
We now rst examine the eect of stacking sequences on the buckling loads of laminated cylindrical shells. The buckling
loads are calculated and are compared in Tables 1 and 2 with the theoretical and experimental results of Tennyson and
Muggeridge [1], and Bisagni [4] with their computing data shown. The extension/twist and exural/twist couplings denoted
by Ai6 and Di6 i 1; 2 are also listed in Tables 1 and 2. It can be seen that the present results are in good agreement with,
but lower than those of Tennyson and Muggeridge [1], because the shear stresses are included in the present analysis. In
contrast, for shell type-a, the present results are greater than, whereas for shell type-b, the present results are much lower
than those of Bisagni [4] obtained from a classical linear theory without nonlinear prebuckling deformations and eect of
couplings. On the other hand, the discrepancy is due to the dierent buckling mode (m, n) adopted. In addition, the postbuckling loadshortening curves for 0=
45=0T and
452S laminated cylindrical shells under axial compression are
compared in Fig. 1 with the experimental results of Bisagni [4]. The computing data adopted here are: L = 540 mm,
R = 350.6 mm; and E11 E22 52:0 GPa, G12 2:35 GPa, m12 0:302, t = 1.32 mm for the (0/45/0)T shell, and
E11 113:0 GPa, E22 9:0 GPa, G12 3:82 GPa, m12 0:73, t 1:2 mm for the
452S shell. The results calculated show
that when an initial geometric imperfection is present, i.e. W  =t 0:3 for the 0=
45=0T shell and W  =t 0:7 for the

452S shell, the limit point loads are 153 kN and 97 kN, respectively, then the present results are in reasonable agreement
with the experimental results.
A parametric study intended to supply information on the postbuckling response of anisotropic laminated cylindrical
shells subjected to axial compression was undertaken. Typical results are shown in Table 3, and Figs. 25. Graphite/epoxy
composite material was selected for the shells in these examples. However, the analysis is equally applicable to other types
of composite material. For these examples R=t 200, all plies are of equal thickness and the total thickness of the shell is
t 1:0 mm and the material properties, adopted as in [35], are: E11 149:62 GPa, E22 9:93 GPa, G12 4:48 GPa,

200

1: Z = 100, (m,n) = (2, 15)

2: Z = 200, (m,n) = (2, 13)
3: Z = 450, (m,n) = (2, 11)

(-452/-302/602/152)T
R/t = 200
150

Px (kN)

1
3

100

50

W /t = 0.0
*

W /t = 0.1
0
0.0

0.2

0.4
X (mm)

b 200
(-452/-302/602/152)T
R/t = 200
1

150

0.6

0.8

1: Z = 100, (m,n) = (2, 15)

2: Z = 200, (m,n) = (2, 13)
3: Z = 450, (m,n) = (2, 11)

Px (kN)

2
100
3
50
*

W /t = 0.0
*

W /t = 0.1
0
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

W (mm)
Fig. 3. Eect of shell geometric parameter on the postbuckling behavior of 452 =  302 =602 =152 T cylindrical shells under axial compression. (a) Load
shortening and (b) loaddeection.

356

H.-S. Shen / Composite Structures 82 (2008) 346361

200

150

R/t = 200, Z = 450

1: (-452/-302/602/152)T, (m, n) = (2, 11)
2: (152/602/-302/-452)T, (m, n) = (1, 8)

PX (kN)

2
1
100
1
50

W /t = 0.0
*

W /t = 0.1
0
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

X (mm)

200

R/t = 200, Z = 450

PX (kN)

150

1: (-452/-302/602/152)T, (m, n) = (2, 11)

2: (152/602/-302/-452)T, (m, n) = (1, 8)

100
2
50

W /t = 0.0
*

W /t = 0.1
0
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

W (mm)
Fig. 4. Comparisons of postbuckling behavior of 452 =  302 =602 =152 T and 152 =602 =  302 =  452 T cylindrical shells under axial compression. (a)
Loadshortening and (b) loaddeection.

m12 0:28. It should be appreciated that in all of the gures W  =t denotes the dimensionless maximum initial geometric
imperfection of the shell.
Table 3 gives buckling load/stress P cr =rcr (in kN/MPa) and associated shear stress ss (in MPa) for (0/90)2S symmetric
cross-ply,
452S symmetric angle-ply, 452 =  302 =602 =152 T and 152 =602 =  302 =  452 T laminated cylindrical shells
with dierent values of shell parameters Z 200; 450 and 800 subjected to axial compression. As expected the shear
stresses ss are zero-valued for the (0/90)2S shell because of no couplings. Due to the geometrical symmetry the extension/twist couplings Ai6 i 1; 2 are approximately zero-valued for the
452S shell, and the shear stress ss is negative
and its absolute value decreases as the shell parameter Z is increased. It is noted that the 152 =602 =  302 =  452 T shell
has the reverse stacking sequence to the 452 =  302 =602 =152 T shell and the shear stress ss is positive.
Fig. 2 presents the postbuckling loadshortening and loaddeection curves for 0=902S ;
452S and
452 =  302 =602 =152 T laminated cylindrical shells subjected to axial compression. It is found that the slope of the postbuckling loadshortening curve for the (0/90)2S shell is largest among the three, and both buckling load and critical endshortening for the (45)2S shell are much higher than others. It can also be seen that the well-known snap-through
behavior of shells occurs and the imperfection sensitivity can be predicted.
Fig. 3 shows the eect of shell geometric parameter Z 100; 200 and 450 on the postbuckling behavior of
452 =  302 =602 =152 T laminated cylindrical shells under axial compression. It can be seen that the cylindrical shell
becomes stier as the shell geometric parameter Z is decreased, which conrming the nding of Shen and Chen [25] for
isotropic cylindrical shells.
Fig. 4 compares the postbuckling loadshortening and loaddeection curves for 452 =  302 =602 =152 T and
152 =602 =  302 =  452 T laminated cylindrical shells under axial compression. The results show that the slopes of the postbuckling loadshortening curves for these two shells are almost the same, whereas the 152 =602 =  302 =  452 T shell has
higher buckling load and lower postbuckling strength than the 452 =  302 =602 =152 T one.
Fig. 5 shows curves of imperfection sensitivity for the same four laminated cylindrical shells under axial compression.
Here, k* is the maximum value of rx for the imperfect shell, made dimensionless by dividing by the critical value of rx for

H.-S. Shen / Composite Structures 82 (2008) 346361

357

1.0

R/t = 200, Z = 450

0.8
1

0.6

0.4

0.2

1: (0/90)2S
2: (45/-45)2S
3: (-452/-302/602/152)T

0.0
0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

W /t

1.0

R/t = 200, Z = 450

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.0

1: (-452/-302/602/152)T
2: (152/602/-302/-452)T

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

W /t

Fig. 5. Comparisons of imperfection sensitivities of laminated cylindrical shells.

the perfect shell as shown in Table 3. These results show that the imperfection sensitivity of the
452S shell is weaker than
others, and that for larger imperfection amplitudes, e.g. W  =t > 0:4, the postbuckling behavior becomes stable, so that no
imperfection sensitivity can be predicted for the (0/90)2S shell. They also show that the imperfection sensitivity for the
452 =  302 =602 =152 T shell is larger than that of the 152 =602 =  302 =  452 T one.
5. Concluding remarks
A boundary layer theory for the buckling and postbuckling of anisotropic laminated thin shells is developed. The nonlinear prebuckling deformations and initial geometric imperfections of the shell are both taken into account. A singular
perturbation technique is employed to determine buckling loads and postbuckling equilibrium paths. The solutions presented give an insight into interaction between the extension/twist, extension/exural and exural/twist couplings. The
present study raises some new issues in the eld of shell buckling, both for the understanding of buckling phenomena
and for the relational design of shells by engineers against buckling. The new nding is that there exists a compressive stress
along with an associate shear stress and twisting when the anisotropic shell is subjected to axial compression. The results
show that the anisotropy has a signicant eect on the buckling load and the postbuckling behavior of laminated cylindrical shells under axial compression. The results also conrm that the characteristics of postbuckling are signicantly
inuenced by shell geometric parameter, stacking sequence, as well as initial geometric imperfections.
Acknowledgements
This work is supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 50375091. The
author is grateful for this nancial support.

358

H.-S. Shen / Composite Structures 82 (2008) 346361

Appendix A.
In Eqs. (38)(42)
2c5 0 c21 0
k
k
c24 p
c24 s

 4

 2
1
c224
m 1 l 1
c224
m g21 g31  g22 g32
H2
e

C3
c14 c24 c234
c14 c24 c234
16n2 b2
16n2 b2 g221

 2 2

c34
m g21  g222
2c5 2 c21 2

1 2l
k
k
c14 c24 c234
c24 p
c24 s
32n2 b2 g221

1
c24 m2 g21
g g g22 g32 2 l
0
e1 c24 21 31
kp
2
2 g21  g222 1 l
g221  g222
1 l2
"
#
1
g11
c24
g21 g231 g232 2g22 g31 g32

e
1 lm2 c14 1 l2
g221  g222
"
#
l
g11 g31 g12 g32
c24
g21 g31 g231 3g232 g22 g32 3g231 g232 2

e

g221  g222
c14
1 l2
m4 1 l2

l2
g11 g231 g232 2g12 g31 g32

c14
m6 1 l3
# )
c24
g31 g21 g31 g22 g32 g231 3g232 g32 g21 g32 g22 g31 3g231 g232 3

e
g221  g222
1 l2
(

1
c224
c24 m6 g221 g222 1
2
kp
e
2
2
2
c14 c24 c34
4g221  g222



c224
c24 m4 g22
2
2

2g


g
g
g
g
32
21
22
31
21
22
2
3
c14 c24 c34 2g221  g222 g21 1 l


c34
c24 m4 g221 g222
2
1 2l 1 l 

c14 c24 c234 8g221  g222 g21 1 l


 2 2
c14
m g21 g222

1 2le
c14 c24 c234 16
g221

H1

1 c24 m2 n4 b4 g221 g222 g221  g222 21 l 31 2l 16m4 g21 1 l

e
4 g21 1 l g221  g222
g221  g222 1 l  4m4 g21



c224
lm2
g11 g221 g222 2g12 g21 g22

2
2
2
c14
c14 c24 c34 8g21  g22 g21
!
c24
g21 g231 g232 g221 3g222 2g22 g31 g32 3g221 g222

2
g221  g222
1 l
 2
c24 m2
g21 3g222 g231  g232

 g221 3g222 g231 g232 16g21 g22 g31 g32

2
1 l
8g221  g222 1 l

2g
 2 22 g21 g22 g32 8g21 g32 g22 g31  g221 g31 g21 g32 g22 g31 g322 g232  e
g21 1 l
"



c34
c24 m2
2l 

g21 g31 g221 g222 g22 g32 5g221 g222

2
2
2
2
2
c14 c24 c34 8g21  g22 g21 1 l



g22 g32 2g221  g222  g21 g31 3g221  2g222 e

A:1

H.-S. Shen / Composite Structures 82 (2008) 346361

kp4

359

(

2
1
c224
c24 m10 1 l
g222 3g221 g222

4
1
2
2 c14 c24 c234 64g221  g222 g21
g221  g222
1 l
g g2 g222 3g221 g222  2g24 g21 g22 2g221 g222 
g221  g222 g223  g224 g21 23 21


g221 g222 g21 g23  g22 g24
g21 g23  g22 g24
g221 g222
1 l
2g21
3
R1
g21
g21
g223  g224
g223  g224



g2 g222 g22 g23  g21 g24
g g  g21 g24
1 l 21
2g21 22 23
 2g22 R2 e1
2
2
g21
g23  g24
g223  g224

m2
c24 m2 g22
g g g22 g31 2 l
0
e1 c24 21 32
ks 
2
2
2mnb g21  g222 1 l
g221  g222
1 l
"
#
1
g12
c24
g22 g231 g232 2g21 g31 g32

e
2
1 lm2 c14 1 l
g221  g222
"
#
l
g11 g32 g12 g31
c24
g22 g31 g231 3g232 g21 g32 3g231 g232 2

e

2
2
c14
g221  g222
1 l
m4 1 l

l2
g12 g231 g232 2g11 g31 g32

3
c14
m6 1 l
# )
c24
g32 g21 g31 g22 g32 3g231 g232 g31 g21 g32 g22 g31 g231 3g232 3

e
2
g221  g222
1 l
(

m2
c224
c24 m6 g21 g22 1
2
ks 
e
2
2mnb
c14 c24 c34 2g221  g222 2


c224
c24 m4 g22
g g  3g22 g32

2
2
c14 c24 c34 2g21  g222 2 1 l 21 31


c34
c24 m4 g22
2
1 2l 1 l 

c14 c24 c234 4g221  g222 1 l


 2
c14
m g22
1 2le

c14 c24 c234 8 g21

1 c24 m2 n4 b4 g22 g221  g222 21 l 31 2l 16m4 g21 1 l

e
2 g221  g222 1 l
g221  g222 1 l  4m4 g21



c224
lm2
g12 g221 g222 2g11 g21 g22

2
2
2
c14 c24 c34 8g21  g22 g21
c14
!
2
2
2
2
c24
g22 g31 g32 3g21 g22 2g21 g31 g32 g221 3g222

g221  g222
1 l2

c24 m2
g22 3g221 g222 g231  g232

 g22 g231 g232 3g221 g222

1l
8g221  g222 2 g21 1 l

2
g g g 4g g g22 g31
1 l 21 22 32 21 32


g221 g31 g21 g32 g22 g31 5g322 g232  e



c34
c24 m2
21 2l
g g2 2g222 g21 g22 g31 

c14 c24 c234 8g221  g222 g21 1 l2 32 21


g32 2g221  g222  g21 g22 g31  e
4g21 g31 g32 g221 3g222 

A:2

360

ks4

H.-S. Shen / Composite Structures 82 (2008) 346361

(

2
m2
c224
c24 m10 1 l
g22 g221 3g222 g22
4

 2
2
2mnb c14 c24 c234 64g221  g222
g21
g221  g222
1 l
2
g g2  g222 2g21 g22 g23 3g221 g222  2g221 g24 g221 3g222 
g221  g222 g223  g224 g221 24 21


1 l g22 g23 3g221  g222  g21 g24 g221 g222
g22 g21 g23  g22 g24
g22

2
6
R1
g21
g21
g2
g223  g224
g223  g224
 21
 
1 l g22 g24 3g221  g222  g21 g23 g221 g222
g22 g22 g23  g21 g24 g221 g222


2
R2 e1
g221
g223  g224
g21
g223  g224
g221




1 2
4 a 2 1=2
1
4a
c5 e
c5 c21 e1=2 ks

c24 
c23
kp 
c24
pb
2c24
pb

2
2
2
1 b g22 1=2
g g
g g2 g222  2g32 g21 g22 2

e m2 1 2l 21 2 22 e  2 31 21
e
2
16 pa g21
g21
g221
3 g2 g222 g231 g232  4g21 g22 g31 g32 3
2 21
e
m
g221

2 g31 g221 g222 g231 3g232  2g32 g21 g22 3g231 g232 4
 4
e
m
g221


2 8
1
b
c224
m 1 l2 3=2

e
128 32pa c14 c24 c234
n4 b4 g221

 2
c224
g21 g222
2
2
1 l m4 m2  g31 ee
c14 c24 c234
g321
 2
2  2
2 )
2
g21  g222 1 2l 8m4 g21 1 l 3
2 g 21  g22
2 4 4
m n b 1 l
e
g221  g222 1 l  4m4 g21
g221

d0
x
d2
x

d4
x

A:3

A:4

in the above equations

g11 m4 2c12 m2 n2 b2 c214 n4 b4 ;

g12 4mnbc11 m2 c13 n2 b2

g13 m4 18c12 m2 n2 b2 81c214 n4 b4 ;

g21 m4 2c22 m2 n2 b2 c224 n4 b4 ;

g14 12mnbc11 m2 9c13 n2 b2

g22 2mnbc21 m2 c23 n2 b2

g23 m4 18c22 m2 n2 b2 81c224 n4 b4 ;

g31 c30 m4 c32 m2 n2 b2 c34 n4 b4 ;

g24 6mnbc21 m2 9c23 n2 b2

g32 mnbc31 m2 c33 n2 b2

g33 c30 m4 9c32 m2 n2 b2 81c34 n4 b4 ;

g34 3mnbc31 m2 9c33 n2 b2

D1 g21 g223  g224  g23 g221  g222 1 l;

A:5

D2 3g22 g223  g224  g24 g221  g222 1 l

D3 g223  g224 g21 g23  g22 g24 1 l; D4 g22 g23  g21 g24 1 l
D3 D1 D4 D2
D3 D2 D4 D1
g g g g
R1
; R2
; C 3 1  21 31 2 22 32 e
2
2
2
2
m g21
D1  D2
D1  D2
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